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Finland Trip [Research Materials, 1992] [OA 6900] [2]
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323154441
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Finland Trip [Research Materials, 1992] [OA 6900] [2]
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13862-004
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Carol Aarhus Alpha Files
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MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Aarhus, Carol, Files
Subseries:
Alpha File, 1990-1992
OA/ID Number:
13862
Folder ID Number:
13862-004
Folder Title:
Finland Trip [Research Materials], 1992 [2]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
19
2
5
3
background
notes
Finland
United States Department of State
August 1990
Bureau of Public Affairs
Finns, Swedes, Lapps, Gypsies, Tartars.
(pork and beef), grain (wheat, rye, barley, oats),
Religions (1987): Lutheran 88.7%, Orthodox
dairy products, potatoes, rapeseed.
1.1%. Languages: Finnish 93.6%, Swedish 6%.
Industry (27% of GDP): Types-metal and
Norwegian
Education: Years compulsory-9. Atten-
steel, forest, foodstuffs, textile and clothing.
Sea
dance-almost 100%. Literacy-almost 100%.
Trade (1989): Exports-$23.2 billion: paper
Health (1989): Infant mortality rate-6/1,000.
and paperboard, machinery and equipment,
Life expectancy-males 71 yrs., females 79 yrs.
SWEDEN
ships, lumber, woodpulp, chemicals. Major
Work force (1989, 2,559,000): Agriculture-
markets-USSR 14.5%, Sweden 14.4%, UK
FINLAND
8.7%. Industry, commerce, and finance-
12%, FRG 10%, US 6.4%. Imports-$24.6
53.3%. Services (public and personal)-24.7%.
ENORWAY
Helsinki
billion: fuels and lubricants, machinery and
a
Government-5.4. Transport (storage and
equipment, including motor vehicles, basic
communication)-7.1%.
manufactures, chemicals; foodstuffs. Major
SOVIET UNION
suppliers-FRG 17.3%, Sweden 13.6%, USSR
Baltic
11.4%, US 6.3%.
Sea
Government
Official exchange rate (1989): 4.295
Finnmarks=US$1.
Type: Constitutional republic. Constitution:
Fiscal year: Calendar year.
July 17, 1919. Independence: December 6,
1917.
Official Name:
Branches: Executive-president (chief of
Republic of Finland
Membership in
state), prime minister (head of government),
Council of State (cabinet). Legislative-
International Organizations
Unicameral parliament. Judicial-Supreme
UN and some of its specialized and related
PROFILE
Court, regional appellate courts, local courts.
agencies, including the International Bank for
Subdivisions: 12 provinces, provincial
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),
self-rule for the Aland Islands.
International Monetary Fund (IMF), General
Geography
Political parties: Four largest, in order:
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),
Social Democratic Party (SDP), National
International Finance Corporation (IFC),
Area: 337,113 sq. km. (130,160 sq. mi.); about
Coalition (Conservative) Party, Center Party,
International Development Association (IDA);
the size of New England, New Jersey, and
Leftist Alliance.
Bank for International Settlements (BIS);
New York combined. Citles: Capital-
Central government budget (1989):
Asian Development Bank; Inter-American De-
Helsinki (pop. 484,399). Other cities-Tampere
$28.91 billion.
velopment Bank (IDB); Council of Europe;
(167,335), Turku (163,655). Terrain: Low but
Defense (1989): 1.4% of GDP.
Nordic Council; European Free Trade
hilly, more than 70% forested, with more than
Flag: Light blue cross on a white field.
Association (EFTA); European Community
60,000 lakes. Climate: Cool; mean annual
(EC)-free trade agreement; Organization for
temperature in Helsinki (1977-86) +5 °C (41 °F);
Economic Cooperation and Development
July +17 °C (63 °F); January °C (21 °F).
Economy
(OECD); INTELSAT.
GDP (1989): $114.9 billion. Annual growth
People
rate: 5% (GDP). Per capita Income (1989
est.): $23,153. Inflation rate (1989): 6.6%.
Nationality: Noun-Finn(s). Adjective-
Natural resources: Forests, minerals
Finnish. Population (1989): 4,971,844. Annual
(copper, zinc, iron), farmland.
growth rate (1989): 0.4%. Ethnic groups:
Agriculture (3% of GDP): Products-meat
16
20
24
28
32
36
NORWEGIAN
SEA
Kistrand
FINLAND
R
International boundary
*
National capital
Nordmannvik
Railroad
NORWAY
Road
+
International airport
O
25
50
75
100 Miles
Ivalo
0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers
68
Kandalaksha
Tornlojok
Ounasjoki
Kemijärvi
Lulealu
Rovaniemi
SWEDEN
Kemljoki
Kuusamo
Tornio
Kemi
Luleá
Skelieftealo
Oulu
Kem'
Raahe
Olujoki
BOTHNIA
64
64
Kajaani
Umea
Kokkola
3
U.S. S. R.
N
lisalmi
Vaasa
GULF
Kuopio
Joensuu
Jyväskylä
Kyronjoki
&
Savonlinna
in
Mikeel
NB
Pari
Tampere
0
Rauma
Lappeenranta matra
Lahth
LAKE
Rameenlinna
Kouvola
LADOGA
Po woonjoki
Vyborg
Turku
Kotka
Marienamm
+
60
0201
60
HELSINKI
Dr
1
Leningrad
BALTIC
SEA
Hango
GULF OF FINLAND
The United States Government has not recognized
the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
into the Soviet Union. Names and boundary
20 representation are not necessarily authoritative
28
32
2
PEOPLE
Finland enjoys complete religious
freedom as well as free education through
The origins of the Finnish people are still a
the university level. An extensive social
matter of conjecture, although most
welfare system, constituting about one-
scholars agree that their original home
fifth of the national income, includes a
was in what is now west-central Siberia.
variety of pension and assistance pro-
The Finns arrived in their present
grams and a comprehensive health
territory thousands of years ago, pushing
insurance program.
the indigenous Lapps into the more
In the mid-1970s, the educational
remote northern regions.
system was reformed with the goal of
The Finnish language is Finno-Ugric,
equalizing educational opportunities.
of the Uralic language family (of which
Beginning at age 7, all Finnish children
Hungarian and Estonian also are a part)
are required to attend a "basic school" of
and not Indo-European. Lappish, the
nine grade levels. After this, they may
language of the small Lapp minority, also
elect to continue along an academic
is Finno-Ugric.
(lukio) or vocational (ammattikoulu)
Swedish became the dominant
line. However, most pursue vocational
language following Finland's incorporation
studies. About one child in four receives a
into Sweden in the 12th century. Finnish
higher education in this highly competi-
recovered its predominance after a
tive system. The number of openings in
resurgence of Finnish nationalism in the
higher educational institutions is less than
19th century. Today, although 94% of the
the demand.
Finnish folkdancing.
people speak Finnish as a first language,
both Finnish and Swedish are official
languages.
HISTORY
Finland, and other territory along the
The population is ethnically homogene-
former eastern border. Another provi-
ous with no sizable immigrant population.
Finland's nearly 700-year association with
sion, terminated in 1956, leased the
Few tensions exist between the Finnish-
the Kingdom of Sweden began in 1154
Porkkala area near Helsinki to the USSR
speaking majority and the Swedish-
with the introduction of Christianity by
for use as a naval base and gave free
speaking minority.
Sweden's King Eric. During the ensuing
access to this area across Finnish
Finns are highly literate, and poetry
centuries, Finland played an important
territory. The peace treaty also called for
has played a key role in Finnish history.
role in the political life of the Swedish-
Finland to pay to the Soviet Union
Publication in 1835 of the Finnish national
Finnish realm, and Finnish soldiers often
reparations of 300 million gold dollars
epic, The Kalevala, a collection of tradi-
predominated in Swedish armies. Finns
(amounting to an estimated $570 million
tional myths and legends, first stirred the
also formed a significant proportion of the
in 1952, the year the payments ended).
nationalism that led to independence in
first "Swedish" settlers in 17th-century
1917.
The United States was not a signatory to
America.
the treaty because it had not been at war
An important theme in Finnish
In 1809, Finland was conquered by
with Finland.
literature is humanity's unity with nature,
the armies of Czar Alexander I and
which identifies human fate with imper-
thereafter remained an autonomous
sonal forces and which gives Finnish
grand duchy connected with the Russian
GOVERNMENT
literature a somber, sometimes tragic,
Empire until the end of 1917. On Decem-
sometimes heroic, tone. Another theme is
ber 6, 1917, shortly after the Bolshevik
Under the Finnish constitution, political
the importance of the common people-the
Revolution in Russia, Finland declared its
power is divided between the Eduskunta
Finnish folk. One of the country's major
independence. In 1918, Finland experi-
(parliament) and the president of the
writers, Frans Emil Sillanpaa, received
enced a brief but bitter civil war that
republic, with the highest executive
the Nobel Prize for literature in 1939.
colored domestic politics for many years.
power vested in the president.
Finland is one of the most active
During World War II, Finland fought
Elected for a 6-year term, the
publishing countries in the world. Al-
the Soviet Union twice-in the Winter
president:
though major literary works have been
War of 1939-40 and again in the Continu-
translated into English, Finnish
ation War of 1941-44. This was followed
Handles foreign policy, except for
music, because it does not require transla-
by the Lapland War from 1944-45 when
certain international agreements and
tion, is better known. This is especially
Finland fought against the Germans as
decisions of peace or war, which must be
true of the works of Jean Sibelius who,
they withdrew their forces from northern
submitted to parliament;
along with many other Finnish artists, was
Finland.
Is commander in chief of the armed
profoundly influenced by The Kalevala.
The Treaty of Peace, signed at Paris
forces and has wide decree and appointive
Finns also are outstanding in other
on February 10, 1947, limited the size of
powers;
artistic fields; their jewelry, textile, glass,
Finland's defense forces and provided for
May initiate legislation, block
and furniture designs have gained promi-
the cession to the Soviet Union of the
legislation by pocket veto, and call ex-
nence throughout the world.
Petsamo area on the Arctic coast, the
traordinary parliamentary sessions; and
Karelian Isthmus in southeastern
Appoints the cabinet.
3
A view of Helsinki's neoclassic center.
The Council of State is made up of the
The judicial system is divided
recently by the Act on Aaland Self-
prime minister and ministers for the
between courts with regular civil and
Government of 1951. The islands are
various departments of the central
criminal jurisdiction and special courts
further distinguished by the fact that
government as well as an ex-officio
with responsibility for litigation between
they are entirely Swedish speaking. Gov-
member, the Chancellor of Justice.
the public and the administrative organs
ernment is vested in the provincial
Ministers are not obliged to be members
of the state. Finnish law is codified.
council, which consists of 30 delegates
of the Eduskunta and need not be
Although there is no writ of habeas
elected directly by Aaland's citizens.
formally identified with any political
corpus or bail, the maximum period of
party.
pre-trial detention was recently reduced
to 4 days. The Finnish court system
Principal Government Officials
Constitutionally, the 200-member,
unicameral Eduskunta is the supreme
consists of local courts, regional appellate
President-Mauno Koivisto
authority in Finland. It may alter the
courts, and a supreme court.
Prime Minister-Harri Holkeri
constitution, bring about the resignation
Finland's 12 provinces are divided
Foreign Minister-Perti Paasio
of the Council of State, and override
into cities, townships, and communes ad-
Ambassador to the United States-Jukka
presidential vetoes; its acts are not
ministered by municipal and communal
Valtasaari
subject to judicial review. Legislation
councils elected by proportional represen-
Ambassador to the United Nations—
may be initiated by the president, the
tation once every 4 years. The 11 main-
Klaus Tornudd
Council of State, or one of the Eduskunta
land provinces are administered by
members.
provincial boards composed of civil
Finland maintains an embassy in the
The Eduskunta is elected on the basis
servants and each headed by a presiden-
United States at 3216 New Mexico
of proportional representation. All
tially appointed governor. The boards are
Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016
persons 18 or older, except military
responsible to the Ministry of the Interior
(tel. 202-363-2430).
personnel on active duty and a few high
and play a supervisory and coordinating
judicial officials, are eligible for election.
role within the provinces.
The regular parliamentary term is 4
The island province of Aaland is
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
years; however, the president may
located near the 60th parallel between
dissolve the Eduskunta and order new
Sweden and Finland. It enjoys local
Finland's proportional representation
elections at any time.
autonomy by virtue of an international
system encourages a multitude of political
convention of 1921, implemented most
parties and has resulted in many coalition
governments.
4
Political activity by communists was
legalized in 1944. Although four major
parties have dominated the postwar
political arena, none has a majority
position. The largest is the Social Demo-
cratic Party (SDP), which commands the
support of nearly 25% of the electorate,
mainly among the urban working class
but also with some support among small
farmers, white-collar workers, and
professionals. The SDP's rival on the left
is the Leftist Alliance, formed in May
1990, which replaces the People's Demo-
cratic League (SKDL), the parliamentary
group in the Eduskunta that represented
the Finnish Communist Party. The
SKDL's parliamentary effectiveness and
potential participation in government
were impaired, however, by the deep split
in the Communist Party between its
"moderate" majority and "hardline"
minority.
The two other major parties are the
Center Party, traditionally representing
the 1980s, Finland's economic growth rate
rural interests, and the Conservative
was one of the highest of industrialized
Party, which draws its major support
countries. Exports contribute more than
from the business community and urban
20% of the gross domestic product (GDP);
professionals.
combined exports of goods and services
In the February 1988 election, Presi-
amount to about 25% of GDP. Exports
dent Koivisto won a new 6-year term.
and imports of goods total about 40% of
Parliamentary elections in March 1987 led
GDP. Timber and steel are the main
to the formation of a ed-blue" coalition
industries, but other industries produce
government that includes both the SDP
manufactured goods ranging from
and the National Coalition (Conservative)
electronics to motor vehicles. Finnish-
Party.
designed consumer products such as
textiles, porcelain, and glassware are
world famous.
ECONOMY
Finland is self-sufficient in dairy
products and meats, as well as in grains in
Finland has a dynamic industrial economy
good harvest years, but it imports large
based on abundant forest resources,
amounts of fruits and vegetables. Farms
capital investments, and technology. In
tend to be small, but sizable timber stands
littala Glassworks are famous worldwide.
are harvested for supplementary income
Classic designs capture the atmosphere of
in winter.
Finland's clear, cold waters.
Except for timber and several
Political Parties
minerals, Finland depends on imported
DEFENSE
raw materials, energy, and some compo-
In order of respective seating placement
nents for its manufactured products.
Finland's active duty defense forces are
Traditionally, Finland is a net importer of
Democratic Alternative
4
limited by the 1947 Treaty of Peace to
Leftist Alliance
16
capital to finance industrial growth.
41,900 troops (army 34,400, navy 4,500, air
Social Democrats
56
Finland imported 70% of its energy in
force 3,000). The country has military
Rural Party
8
1989. Oil imports met 31% of Finnish
conscription under which all young men
Free Democrats
1
requirements while nuclear power
serve from 8 to 11 months. A reserve
Center Party
40
provided 15%, coal 11%, and natural gas
force of about 700,000 ensures readiness
National Coalition Party
53
6%. Domestic energy sources include
Swedish People's Party
13
as one means of deterring involvement in
Greens
hydroelectric power, peat, and wood
4
war. The basic tenet of Finnish security
Christian League
5
products.
policy is that, while foreign policy is
important, the nation's ability to defend
new Conservation - Center
itself is a prerequisite for a successful
policy of neutrality.
cabinet, charch '91
seet Embassy materials and attached
5
FOREIGN RELATIONS
In April 1948, Finland signed an
Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation,
Further Information
Finland's basic foreign policy goal since
and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet
1944 has been to avoid great-power
Union, under which Finland is obligated
Available from the Superintendent of Docu-
conflicts and to build mutual confidence
(with the aid of the Soviet Union, if
ments, US Government Printing Office,
with the Soviet Union. Although the
necessary) to resist armed attacks by
Washington, DC 20402:
country is culturally, socially, and politi-
Germany or its allies against Finland, or
cally Western, Finns realize they must
against the USSR through Finland. At
American University. Area Handbook for
live in peace with the USSR and take no
Finland. 1974.
the same time, the agreement recognizes
US Department of Commerce. "Finland."
action that might be interpreted as a
Finland's desire to remain outside great-
Foreign Economic Trends and Their
security threat.
power conflicts. This agreement was
Implications for the United States. Inter-
The principal architect of the post-
renewed for 20 years in 1955, again in
national Marketing Information Series:
1944 foreign policy was J.K. Paasikivi,
1970, and most recently in 1983 to the
Published annually.
who was president from 1946 to 1956.
year 2003.
Urho Kekkonen, president from 1956
Finland joined the United Nations
until 1981, further developed this policy,
and the Nordic Council in 1955, is a full
stressing that Finland should be an active
member of the European Free Trade
trade agreements with Czechoslovakia,
rather than a passive neutral. This policy
Association, and in 1973 signed a free
Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and the
is now popularly known as the "Paasikivi-
trade agreement with the European
German Democratic Republic; a 15-year
Kekkonen Line."
Community. It also has entered into free
economic cooperation agreement with the
6
Soviet Union, last extended in 1980; and a
The US educational exchange
cooperation agreement with the Council
Travel Notes
program in Finland, comparatively large
for Mutual Economic Assistance.
for a West European country of Finland's
Finland also emphasizes cooperation
Climate and clothing: Helsinki's winter
size, is financed in part from a trust fund
with the other Scandinavian countries
climate is similar to Boston's; summer
established in 1976 from Finland's final
and has been a member of the Nordic
temperatures rarely exceed +24 °C (75 °F).
repayment of a US loan made in the
Council since 1955. Under the council's
Northern and parts of interior southern
aftermath of World War I.
Finland sometimes experience Arctic
auspices, the Nordic countries have
conditions in mid-winter. Buildings are well-
created a common labor market and
heated. Bring warm outdoor clothing during
have abolished immigration controls
late autumn, winter, and early spring.
Principal US Officials
among themselves. The council also
Sweaters and raincoats are recommended
for other seasons.
Ambassador-John Giffen Weinmann
serves to coordinate social and cultural
Deputy Chief of Mission-Max N.
policies of the participating countries and
Health: Public health standards are similar
Robinson
has promoted increased cooperation in
to those in the United States. Tapwater is
potable. Medical facilities are good.
Public Affairs Officer-William P. Kiehl
many fields.
Chief, Political Section-William Kushlis
In recent years, Finland has empha-
Telecommunications: Telephone and
Chief, Administrative Section-William J.
sized its participation in international
telegraph-services are efficient and
organizations. In proportion to its popula-
available to most parts of Finland and the
Burke, Jr.
world. Helsinki is seven time zones ahead
Defense and Air Attache-William A.J.
tion, Finland is well represented in the
of eastem standard time.
Mackie
UN civil service. Finnish troops have par-
Transportation: Bus and taxi service is
Chief, Economic Section-Lawrence E.
ticipated in UN peacekeeping activities
available in most cities as well as tram and
Butler
since 1956 and Finns now serve with UN
subway service in Helsinki. At least one
Commercial Attache-Richard Newquist
forces in the Middle East and with the
US carrier provides US-Finland flights 5
Consul-Robert O. Tatge
UN good offices mission in Afghanistan.
days a week. Finnair flies to New York
Finland has hosted major interna-
daily and offers flights to Los Angeles
several days a week. Flights to many
The US Embassy in Finland is at
tional meetings such as the first and final
European cities depart Helsinki daily.
Itainen Puistotie 14 B, Helsinki 14
stages of the Conference on Security and
Finland's domestic air network is one of
(tel. 171931). The public affairs section is
Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). The
the best in Europe. The country also has
located at Kaivokatu 10 A, Helsinki 10
summit-level CSCE meeting in July and
efficient rail and long-distance bus service.
August 1975 brought 35 heads of state
Roads are well maintained; nearly all major
(tel. 176599).
highways ,and most important secondary
from Europe and North America to
roads are paved.
Helsinki for a conference unique in
diplomatic history. Finland also hosted a
Tourist attractions: With many islands
and lakes, evergreen forests, and granite
10th anniversary CSCE commemorative
outcroppings, Finland's countryside is
meeting in the summer of 1985 and will
striking. Many tourists enjoy cruises on
Published by the United States Department
host the next CSCE review meeting in
stately historic steamers that travel on
of State
Bureau of Public Affairs
Office
1992.
Finland's biggest lake, Saimaa. Lapland,
of Public Communication
Editorial Divi-
with its flora and reindeer, also is popular.
sion
Washington, DC
August 1990
Editor: Juanita Adams
US-FINNISH RELATIONS
Department of State Publication 8262
and economic ties with the West. Eco-
Background Notes Series
This material is
Relations between Finland and the
in the public domain and may be reprinted
nomic and trade relations between
without permission; citation of this source
United States are cordial. It has been
Finland and the United States are active.
is appreciated.
longstanding US policy to support
President Reagan proclaimed 1988 the
Finnish neutrality while maintaining and
Year of US-Finnish Friendship.
For sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
reinforeing Finland's historic, cultural,
ments, US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402.
7
United States Department of State
1992
POST REPORT
Finland
SWEDEN
Gulf 01 Bothnia
RUSSIA
Helsinki
Lake
Ladoga
Baltic
Sea
Gulf of Finland
ESTONIA
Table of Contents
Preface
1 The Host Country
The Finnish character-as a nation and a
1 Area, Geography, and Climate
people-has been forged by the severity of
1 Population
life in this northern corner of Europe, the
1 Public Institutions
challenge of being between contending
3 Arts, Science, and Education
powers, and the influence of lakes and
3 Commerce and Industry
forests that separate the country into small
4 Transportation
5 Communications
communities, even as they serve to inspire
a national culture.
6 Health and Medicine
6 Employment for Spouses and
Finnish pride focuses on Finnish in-
Dependents
dependence and the modern, industrial-
ized democratic Finnish state, which ac-
9 American Embassy
commodates a generous social welfare sys-
9 Helsinki
tem and vigorous individualism. To Finns,
9 The Post and Its
being close to nature is an everyday occur-
Administration
rence: the freedom of the forests is guaran-
9 Housing
teed by law, and there they pick berries,
10 Food
gather wild mushrooms, and fish, hunt, ski,
11 Clothing
and swim. Americans are quick to take
11 Supplies and Services
advantage of the outdoor activities in Fin-
12 Religious Activities
land.
12 Education
After Rekjavik, Helsinki is the most
14 Recreation and Social Life
northerly capital in the world. Seasonal
18 Official Functions
changes in Finland are dramatic, and the
country is noted for its thousands of lakes,
19 Notes for Travelers
great forests, and rocky islands. Short
19 Getting to the Post
winter days contrast with the summer
19 Customs, Duties, and Passage
"white nights." In addition to its wealth of
19 Firearms and Ammunition
unspoiled scenery, Finland offers medi-
19 Currency, Banking, and
eval churches, ancient culture, and mod-
Weights and Measures
em, progressive cities. Finland also offers
20 Taxes, Exchange, and Sale of
the intellectual challenge of learning its
Property
language.
20 Recommended Reading
20 Local Holidays
This is the official post report prepared by
DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 9308
the post. The information contained herein
Office of Information Services
is directed to official U.S. Government em-
Publishing Services Division
ployees and their families. Any other infor-
mation concerning the facts as set forth
Revised February 1992
herein is to be regarded as unofficial infor-
mation.
The Host Country
Area, Geography,
summer period. Precipitation, averaging
church. The Finnish Orthodox congrega-
23-25 inches annually, is distributed over
tion, with 1.2% of the population, is also a
and Climate
all seasons. Winters are long and cold.
state church, but it owes allegiance to the
Snow is possible from October through
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
Finland, the sixth largest country in Eu-
April, with January through March having
Finland has complete freedom of worship,
rope, occupies an area of 338,312 square
the heaviest accumulations. Temperatures
and several smaller church organizations
kilometers-about twice the size of the
may vary from north to south, as does the
have congregations totaling about 8.3% of
United Kingdom. Its coastline, excluding
snow coverage from one winter to the next.
the population. Bishops of the eight dio-
indentations, is 1,100 kilometers long.
Because of Helsinki's location on the
ceses of the Evangelical Lutheran Church
Finland is bordered on the east and south-
Gulf of Finland, the humidity there is high.
are appointed by the President of the Re-
east by the U.S.S.R., on the west by Swe-
The city's average temperature is +5°C.
public on the basis of elections held in each
den and the Gulf of Bothnia, on the north
February and July mean temperatures are
diocese. The bishop of the Diocese of
by Norway, and on the south by the Gulf of
-5°C and +17°C, respectively. Average
Turku is the Archbishop of the Church of
Finland. Most of the country is low but not
temperatures in Lapland are-12°C in Janu-
Finland.
necessarily flat. Because the soil, mainly
ary and +17°C in July.
Historically, Finland was controlled
moraine deposits from ice age glaciers, is
for long periods of time by Sweden and
very thin, the topography reflects the con-
Russia. From its first conquests in the 12th
tours of the archean bedrock. Elevations
Population
century until the surrender of Finland to
greater than 650 meters are found along the
Russia in 1809, Sweden ruled. Then, Fin-
northwestern frontier with Norway and in
the extreme northern region of Lapland.
Finland's population of over 5 million in-
land became an autonomous Grand Duchy
Most of Finland's 60,000 lakes, compris-
cludes some 3,000 Lapps. Since World
of Russia but kept its old constitution,
War II, a rapid industrialization, the growth
government, laws, and administration. A
ing 10% of the total area, lie in the southern
of service industries, and expanded educa-
growing sentiment on the part of the Rus-
half of the country and provide important
waterways and logfloating routes. An ex-
tional opportunities have fostered a move-
sians to absorb Finland, paralleled at the
tensive and imposing archipelago, reach-
ment of people from rural areas to urban
same time by an increasing awareness on
centers, but in recent years this decline/
the part of the Finns of their distinct char-
ing from the Russian border on the south
westward to the Aland Islands and there
growth cycle has stablized.
acter and spirit, led finally to the creation of
Finland has-two official languages-
an independent Finland in 1917 amidst the
northward, provides an important fishing
Finnish and Swedish. Under the constitu-
chaos of the Russian Revolution. The im-
and vacation area known for its magnitude
tion, the government must meet equally
mediate result of this proclamation of inde-
and grandeur.
Another impressive physical feature
the cultural and economic requirements of
pendence was a 3-month civil war between
and natural resource of Finland is its forest,
both language groups. Finnish is spoken
the "Reds" and the eventually victorious
covering about 65% of the land area (the
by 94% of the population and Swedish by
"Whites." A new constitution was pro-
6%. Finland also has a small Lapp-speak-
claimed in 1919.
highest percentage in Europe). The forests
ing minority.
During World War II, Finland twice
of Finland are mainly coniferous; a limited
The local school curriculum, espe-
fought the Soviet Union: in the Winter
area in the south and southwest contains
hardwood deciduous trees. In Lapland, the
cially at the secondary level, emphasizes
War of 1939-40, and again in the Continu-
spruce and pines disappear and dwarf birch
foreign language study. The most widely
ation War of 1941-44. Finland suffered
usually forms the timber line.
spoken foreign languages are English and
heavy casualties and lost 11% of its terri-
German. English-speaking visitors to Fin-
tory to the Soviet Union. Over 400,000
Virtually all of Finland lies between
latitudes 60°N and 70°N, but the Gulf
land will generally have little difficulty
Finns had to be resettled. The Treaty of
communicating in Helsinki.
Peace between Finland and the U.S.S.R.,
Stream and the prevalence of warm west-
signed in Paris on February 10, 1947, pro-
erly winds make the climate several de-
vided for the cession to the Soviet Union of
grees warmer than elsewhere at the same
latitude. Summers are short and mild, and
Public Institutions
the Petsamo area on the Arctic coast and
the Karelian Isthmus in southeastern Fin-
the days are long. In June and July only a
land. Another provision leased the Porkkala
2-3 hour period of twilight separates sun-
King Eric of Sweden introduced Christian-
area near Helsinki to the U.S.S.R. for use
set from sunrise. In the extreme north the
ity to Finland in 1155. For 300 years the
as a naval base and for free access to this
sun does not set for 73 days during the mid-
Catholic Church was influential, but dur-
area across Finnish territory. In late 1955
the Reformation the Protestant religion
became predominant. Today, some 90.5%
of the population belong to the Finnish
Evangelical Lutheran Church, the state
1
View of the Helsinki Sailing Club, with the Neo-Classic Center in the background.
Soviets returned the Porkkala area to Fin-
ish desire to remain outside great power
U.S.S.R., countries of Eastern and West-
land. The treaty also provided that Finland
conflicts. This agreement was extended
em Europe, Canada, and the U.S. This
pay the U.S.S.R. reparations in goods val-
for 20 years in 1955, 1970, and again in
conference culminated in a summit meet-
ued at an estimated $570 million (com-
1983.
ing of 35 heads of state and the signing of
pleted in 1952). Finland's defense forces
In the U.N., which it joined in 1955,
the Final Act-often called the Helsinki
were limited by the Peace Treaty to 41,900
Finland favors membership for all nations,
Accords-on August 1, 1975. The 10th
troops (army 34,400; navy 4,500; air force
usually takes no stand on major East-West
Anniversary of the CSCE meeting was
3,000). However, in 1990 Finland stated
issues, stresses neutrality as a policy of
held July 30-August 1, 1985 and was at-
that it no longer felt bound by these limits.
active participation in international life,
tended at the Foreign Minister level. Fin-
In April 1948 Finland and the U.S.S.R.
and channels the bulk of its foreign assist-
land has also supported the Strategic Arms
signed an Agreement of Friendship, Coop-
ance to developing countries through vari-
Limitation Talks, which began in Helsinki
eration and Mutual Assistance, by which
ous U.N. agencies. Finland supports and
in 1969. The next CSCE Review Confer-
Finland was obligated to resist armed at-
actively participates in the U.N.'s peace-
ence is scheduled to be held in Helsinki
tacks by Germany or its allies against Fin-
keeping activities.
starting March 1992. In the Nordic Coun-
land or against the U.S.S.R. through Fin-
Finland's official policy of neutrality
cil, an interparliamentarian organ of coop-
land, with, if necessary, the aid of the
and nonalignment has led to the establish-
eration among Nordic nations, Finland
Soviet Union. At the same time, the agree-
ment of relations with other countries re-
works closely with its Scandinavian neigh-
ment recognizes, in its preamble, the Finn-
gardless of their political systems. Finland
bors on matters of intra-Nordic concern.
worked for the convening of the Confer-
Today Finland is a Western-oriented
ence on Security and Cooperation in Eu-
rope (CSCE) in July 1973, involving the
2
republic. Under the constitution of 1919,
days of arrest. Civil rights are deeply
tutes. This program supplements and/or
the President, elected for a term of 6 years,
entrenched and strictly observed by the
completes the basic education and pro-
has powers stronger than those of his coun-
police and courts.
vides for advanced vocational training or
terparts in most European countries, al-
cultural and intellectual pursuits.
though not as great as those of the Presi-
The Finnish higher education system
dent of the U.S. The President has full
Arts, Science,
has undergone a major expansion since
power over foreign affairs, is the Com-
1958, the national government now being
mander in Chief of the Armed Forces, and
and Education
the major financing source for this new
can dissolve Parliament.
state-supported system. The largest uni-
The Cabinet includes the Prime Min-
Much of the richness of Finnish culture
versity is the University of Helsinki, which
ister and the ministers and associate minis-
derives from the folk element. A wealth of
recently celebrated its 350th anniversary.
ters in charge of the 13 government depart-
songs, costumes, traditions, and buildings
It has spearheaded the country's intellec-
ments. The Parliament (Eduskunta) is uni-
has been carefully preserved over the years.
tual life since the 17th century. The Helsinki
cameral and consists of 200 members
Finnish literature in its oldest form com-
University of Technology, located at
directly elected every 4 years through pro-
prises epic poems and tales passed from
Otaniemi in Espoo, is another well-known
portional representation. Suffrage is equal
generation to generation by word of mouth.
school of higher education. Finland has 20
and universal; all citizens over age 18 have
Since the first half of the 19th century, a
university-level institutions and 3 art
the right to vote. Finland was the first
determined effort has been made to pre-
schools. The facilities in Helsinki, Turku,
country in Europe to grant full political
serve the Finnish national culture through
Tampere, Oulu, and yvaskyl are the larg-
rights to women (1906), well before the
creation of a Finnish-language literature.
est.
U.S.
Many of the resulting literary masterpieces,
Finnish policies on most basic do-
both in poetry and prose, reflect a historical
mestic and foreign issues have been con-
context and regional spirit.
Commerce and Industry
sistent, notwithstanding a relatively rapid
Finnish architecture is justly famous,
turnover of cabinets since World War II
from the earliest achievements seen in
Finland has become a modern industrial-
and periods when no government com-
medieval castles, through the elaborate
wooden buildings of the 18th century, to
ized nation. The standard of living is at the
manded a parliamentary majority.
Nine political parties are represented
the innovative and functional design preva-
same high level as the other Scandinavian
in Parliament. Most Finnish governments
lent today. Alvar Aalto (1898-1976), the
countries, with Finland ranking in the top
are coalitions of several parties, although
modern Finnish architect, influenced ur-
10 nations in personal income. Finland's
at times it has been necessary to form
ban and regional planning, interior decora-
economic development has taken place in
cabinets composed of nonparty technical
tion, and industrial art.
the face of many obstacles. At the time of
experts. The average life of Finnish cabi-
In the fields of music, painting, and
independence from Russia in 1917,
sculpture are found many fine examples of
Finland's economy was that of an undevel-
nets has been 12 months. By contrast,
Finland has had only three presidents since
Finnish genius. Glass (e.g., Ittala,
oped, remote Russian province; about 20
Nuutajarvi, Humppila,), porcelain
years after independence, Finland was
1946. Recently, however, the duration of
thrust into a series of three destructive
cabinets has lengthened considerably.
(Arabia), textiles (Marimekko, Vuokko,
Justice is administered by independ-
and Pentik), jewelry (Lapponia and
wars-two against the U.S.S.R. and one
ent courts. The public courts of justice try
Kalevala Koru), and furniture (Alvar Aalto
against Germany. Wartime damage was
and Ilmari Tapiovaara) are some of the
heavy, and peace terms imposed on Fin-
both civil and criminal cases. In rural
many items that bear the unique stamp of
land included large reparation payments to
areas, courts of the first instance are known
the Soviet Union.
as circuit courts, the judicial authority rest-
Finnish handiwork and design. Hvittrask,
ing in a legally trained judge and a jury of
now a museum and restaurant, served as
Today, Finland is an essentially pri-
5-12 lay members. Cities have municipal
home and studio to Finnish architects Eliel
vate economy. Most businesses are pri-
courts, each presided over by a legally
Saarinen, Armas Lindgren, and Herman
vately owned; however, some larger in-
trained magistrate and two counselors.
Gesellius.
dustrial enterprises are government owned
Finland, with virtually no illiteracy,
in areas such as steel and mining. Rail-
Other courts are the Courts of Appeal and
the highest judicial authority, the Supreme
has an advanced educational system that is
roads are state owned, and the Finnair
free and includes all textbooks and a broad
airline is majority state owned. The tele-
Court, to which appeals may be made
against the judgments of the Courts of
medical care program. In addition, pupils
phone system is split between government
receive a hot lunch daily. Special schools
and privately owned companies. Oil refin-
Appeal.
Judicial procedure differs from that in
have been established in the larger cities
ing has been a government monopoly, but
Anglo-Saxon countries. Finnish law is
for children who are handicapped or have
retail gas stations are both state and pri-
codified and does not provide for habeas
learning disabilities. Four basic levels
vately owned; sales of high alcohol-con-
comprise the school system: preschool
tent beverages are all channeled through
corpus or bail. Formal charges must be
education, compulsory education (the 9-
government-owned stores.
brought within the first 7 days of detention
year comprehensive school), upper sec-
Overall, Finland's economic situa-
on suspicion, and in practice charges are
usually brought within 3-4 days. Courts of
ondary education, and the universities and
tion is impressive. Over the past half-
first instance must hear a case within 30
similar institutions.
decade, Finland has led Europe in terms of
Finland has a strong state-subsidized
adult education program, with classes held
at community schools or workers' insti-
3
economic growth. Inflation has been at
over the years, been declining, but farmers
firms in the U.S., including four banks in
higher than prevailing European levels but
are still encouraged by government support
New York City.
has recently been brought under better
to maintain national self-sufficiency in ba-
Finland is also active in the field of
control. Still, for a variety of reasons,
sic food production, the quality of which is
foreign aid to less-developed countries, the
very high. The ser-
primary recipients of which are in Africa
vice industries are
and Asia. Support for foreign aid is high
enjoying a healthy
among Finnish citizens.
growth in fields
such as banking,
insurance, and en-
Transportation
gineering/design
services.
Automobiles
Foreign trade is
All staff members may import at least one
very important;
car duty free. The Foreign Office, upon
Finland must im-
request, may authorize importation of a
port all of its oil,
second vehicle duty free based on demon-
às well as some
strated need. A car imported duty free may
metals, chemicals,
be sold without taxes after it has been in the
and food products.
country for 3 years. The Foreign Office
Machinery im-
reserves the right to refuse permission to
ports are high but
sell any additional vehicles before leaving
are balanced by a
Finland. Your car should be shipped to
high number of
arrive as soon as possible, as the date your
machinery ex-
car is registered determines the 3-year eli-
ports. Forestry
gibility date for duty-free sale. Most cars
products such as
purchased new at the time of arrival and
paper are a pri-
sold after 3 years sell for about the original
mary export, as are
purchase price.
ships, furs, cloth-
Duty-free cars may also be purchased
ing, and glass-
upon arrival in Finland. Prior to registra-
ware. The U.S.,
tion, which must be done within 30 days of
the U.S.S.R., Swe-
the car's arrival, a car must pass inspection
den, West Ger-
and be insured. Inspection costs about
many, and Britain
FIM 110, and an appointment can be
are the primary
arranged through the General Services
sources of product
Office. Cars must meet Finnish safety stand-
imports. In 1990,
ards; cars with U.S. specifications nor-
10% of Finland's
mally require changes in the lighting
trade was with the
system, headlight-cleaning equipment,
Soviet Union.
rear-window defogger, and rust-proofing.
Finland, as a par-
Costs average about $1,000. Catalytic con-
ticipant in interna-
verters should not be removed, as they are
tional economic
required in Finland.
or anizations,
Third-party liability insurance is man-
supports free trade
datory and must be purchased locally. The
policies and is a
General Services Office can arrange for
member of the Eu-
coverage, which is unlimited for personal
ropean Free Trade
injury and limited to FIM 1,800,000 for
Association (EF-
property damage. The basic cost of cover-
TA). Although
age is about $750 per year. A statement
Finland is not a
from your former insurance company(s) as
member of the
Turku Cathedral, overlooking the Aura River in Turku.
to the total number of years of accident-
European Eco-
free driving will substantially reduce your
nomic Commu-
premium. Bring it with you, if possible.
nity, the impact of
Drivers licenses and autom obile reg-
prices are very high by American stand-
the 1992 Single Market and the European
istration plates are issued by the Foreign
ards.
Economic Area neogtiations will be felt
Office. A valid drivers license from the
Finland's main economic force is in
strongly here. Investment abroad is increas-
manufacturing- often for export. Forest
ing as well, with nearly 200 Finnish-owned
industries are still strong. Agriculture has,
4
Helsinki's City Theatre, with "Thalia and Pegasus" in the foreground.
U.S. or a third country needs to be pre-
open to suburbs in the east, with plans for
ries to Sweden, Germany, Poland, and the
sented along with your application. An
further expansion of this network to other
U.S.S.R.
international drivers license is not accept-
areas.
able. The drivers license is valid until the
age of 70; persons over 45 years of age
Regional
Communications
must have a health certificate, issued by a
The Finnish State Railways operate on
Finnish doctor, to qualify for a license.
9,000 km of track, with links to Sweden
Telephone and Telegraph
Two identical passport photos are also
and the U.S.S.R: Public roads and high-
The government operates the domestic tele-
needed. Vehicle license plates cost FM
ways are well maintained but not as effi-
graph and most of the country's telephone
120.
cient at transporting traffic as expected for
services. The Embassy will assist new
The operation of a motor vehicle is
a modern industrial nation, so travel time is
arrivals in obtaining telephones; the em-
strictly forbidden after the consumption of
frequently longer than might be antici-
ployee is assessed a standard monthly
alcohol; the law is explicit and the penalities
pated. Finnair, the majority state-owned
charge, as well as an additional charge for
severe.
airline, has regular service throughout Fin-
each local call. Direct dialing is available
land and Scandinavia; to major European
to many foreign locations, including the
Local
capitals; and to Montreal, New York, Se-
U.S. Direct dial through AT&T is avail-
Helsinki offers excellent bus and tram serv-
attle, and Los Angeles, among cities on
able in Finland.
ice. Taxis, readily available at taxi stands
other continents.
throughout the city, are obtained by plac-
Most freight and much of the passen-
Mail and Pouch
ing a call to the taxi stand closest to your
ger traffic is by sea; harbors are kept open
Personnel at post use both APO and inter-
location. Certain suburban areas are served
year round, with regularly scheduled fer-
national mail facilities. APO mail is dis-
by commuter trains, and a subway line is
patched and received by air. Under normal
5
conditions, letters can take 5-10 working
Newspapers, Magazines,
compositions or brand names prescribed
days, and packages 1-4 weeks. APO mail
and Technical Journals
by U.S. physicians. Bring a supply of the
costs the same as current domestic U.S.
The first Finnish newspaper was printed in
medicine you will need until you have time
rates. Parcels are limited to a maximum of
1771. Today over 300 regular newspapers
to consult a doctor to determine the proper
70 pounds and 108 inches in length and
are published in Finland. The largest cir-
Finnish equivalent.
girth. The APO address is:
culation newspaper is the politically in-
The Embassy has a Medical Unit that
Name
dependent Helsingin Sanomat (470,137
consists of a contract nurse as well as an
American Embassy-Helsinki
daily circulation and 557,087 on Sunday).
Embassy medical adviser from one of the
APO New York 09664-5000
It is also the largest circulation morning
local hospitals. The regional medical offi-
International airmail takes about 5
newspaper in Scandinavia. The daily
cer is headquartered in Moscow and makes
days from Helsinki to New York, but post-
Hufvudstadsbladet (circulation 66,680) is
periodic visits to Helsinki for consulta-
age rates are more expensive. Official
the nation's leading Swedish-language
tions on any medical problems.
pouch facilities cannot be used for per-
paper. Nearly 1,100 periodicals are pub-
sonal mail.
lished in Finland annually. There is no
Community Health
In order to avoid problems receiving
English-language paper published in Fin-
The general level of community sanitation
mail at post, please notify the Embassy
land.
is high. Public cleanliness and controls are
APO of your expected date of arrival in
Time, Newsweek, the Wall Street
good and adequate to prevent serious out-
Helsinki.
Journal, U.S.A. Today, and the Interna-
breaks of disease. Helsinki water is de-
tional Herald Tribune are sold locally.
pendable but not fluoridated; fluoride
Radio and TV
Other English-language newspapers and
tablets are available for children. The sani-
books can be obtained at the main train
Finland has two television broadcasting
tation standards and safety of locally pur-
station, in lobbies of larger hotels, and at
companies: state-owned Yleisradio Oy,
chased goods are comparable to those in
which broadcasts on Channels One and
the two main bookstores. All imported and
the U.S. Sewage and garbage disposal are
foreign-language publications are more
excellent.
Two, and commercial television MTV
(Mainos Televisio) on Channel Three.
expensive than in the country of origin, but
Helsinki's long, cold winters may
Channel Four carries an amalgam of Swed-
magazine subscriptions and book club se-
aggravate conditions such as neuralgia,
lections can be received through the APO.
asthma, rheumatism, and sinus disorders.
ish-language programs from Swedish TV
The USIS library has a good selection
by special arrangement.
of books as well as U.S. magazines and
Preventive Measures
Cable television is available in many
current events publications and periodi-
areas of Helsinki and throughout Finland
At least 2 months prior to departure for
cals.
but requires an initial hook-up charge and
Finland, ascertain what current inocula-
The British Council Library also has
a monthly fee. Cable carries CNN, BBC
tions and vaccinations are required. Since
a good selection of English-language books,
1 and 2, Estonian- and Russian-language
there are long periods without adequate
as do many of the local Finnish libraries.
television, as well as sports, children's,
sunshine, multiple vitamins for the whole
and entertainment channels.
family are recommended.
Foreign programs shown on Finnish
television, including American, British,
Health and Medicine
Canadian, and Australian, are broadcast in
Employment for Spouses
the original English and subtitled in either
Medical Facilities
The level of public health in Helsinki is
and Dependents
Finnish or Swedish. Since Finnish TV
uses the PAL standard, it is advisable to
comparable to that of any city in Western
There are occasional employment oppor-
obtain television sets and VCRs with the
Europe or the United States. There are no
tunities at the Embassy for spouses and
proper technical standards in Finland.
special precautions for dining and water
dependents. At present, several PIT posi-
Multi-system TVs and VCRs are recom-
and food preparation recommended be-
tions are filled by spouses: CLO coordina-
mended for use with local systems and
yond normal caution and habits of good
tor, Embassy nurse, secretary to the admin-
U.S.-produced video tapes. These ma-
hygiene. The level of medical care avail-
istrative counselor, and APO clerk. The
chines are available at PXs in Europe and
able is also comparable to that of a Euro-
American Embassy Employees' Associa-
by mail through AAFES.
pean or American city of similar size.
tion (AEEA) employs a General Manager,
A fair selection of musical programs,
Finnish medical standards are high.
a Club Manager, a Store Manager, and a
Physicians are educated at the University
bookkeeper. Also, occasional contract
mostly popular, are available throughout
the day on Finnish AM and FM radio, but
of Helsinki, and many have studied or done
work is available for spouses. Some, for
bring audio equipment and an assortment
research abroad. Many physicians speak
example, have also been trained to operate
English, as do other medical professionals.
the switchboard in the absence of the regu-
of compact discs and/or tapes for your
Hospitals are modern and well
lar operator. The CLO also tries to find
personal enjoyment; VOA and BBC trans-
missions can be received on shortwave and
equipped and the treatment is good. Op-
work for teenage dependents during the
medium wave radio.
tometrists and ophthalmologists are avail-
summer vacation period.
able, and opticians fill most prescriptions
Finding employment locally is diffi-
promptly. Professional dental care is readily
cult, and opportunities are limited, but it
available, including orthodontic treatment.
has been done. Several spouses have been
Most medicines are available locally.
They might not, however, be the same
6
able to teach English at various local firms,
pay Finnish taxes on income earned and to
between the Embassy and the Finnish com-
business schools, and even at the Univer-
give up diplomatic privileges and immuni-
munity.
sity of Helsinki. In addition, some quali-
ties while actually "on the job."
The CLO Office houses a small but
fied teachers have found employment as
growing library of U.S. catalogues, Scan-
full-time or substitute teachers with the
Community Liaison Office
dinavian, Russian, and Finnish travel in-
International School. If you would like to
The Community Liaison Office was rees-
formation, and information about Helsinki
teach at the school, it is recommended that
tablished in the fall of 1988 with the ap-
and the environs. The CLO resource li-
you apply prior to arrival.
pointment of a part-time CLO coordinator.
brary also contains a growing collection of
Once a spouse or dependent receives
The CLO serves all American U.S. Gov-
boarding school, summer school, and col-
a written offer of employment, the Em-
emment employees at the Mission and is
lege information.
bassy Administrative Section will assist in
responsible for developing many different
The CLO coordinator is selected by
obtaining a work permit from the Foreign
programs; assisting new arrivals; distrib-
the Embassy's "Dependent Employment
Ministry, which is usually granted. All
uting information and maintaining files on
Committee" from among the applicants
dependents working locally are required to
U.S. and Finnish educational opportuni-
for a 1-year period; the appointment may
ties; guiding employees and dependents
be extended for a second year if the com-
departing post; and maintaining a "skills
mittee agrees.
bank" for dependents seeking employment.
The CLO also serves as an important link
Alvar Aalto's Finlandia Hall in central Helsinki.
7
HELSINKI
Airport
VASTRA-MOTORVAGEN
29
27
26
21
23
ITAVAYLA-
100
28
22
20
25
17
12
16 2
USIS
4
24
10A
Presidential Palace
8
OSTERSJOGATAN
U.S.
Embassy
1. City Tourist Office
11. Pohjoisranta (Ferry to Korkeasaari)
22. City Theatre
7574 5-88 STATE (INR/GE)
2. Railway Station
12. Finnish National Theatre
23. Linnanmaki Amusement Park,
3. Helsinki Congress Bureau
13. Swedish Theatre
Peacock Theatre
4. Bus Station
14. Finnish National Opera
24. Uspensky Cathedral
5. Air Terminal
15. Art Museum of the Ateneum
25. Temppeliaukio Church
6. Olympic Harbour
16. Main Post Office
26. Olympic Stadium, Swinning Stadium
7. Passenger Harbour K5
17. Parliament House
27. Ice Rink
8. Katajanokka Harbour
18. National Museum
28. Sibelius Monument
9. Senate Square, Cathedral
19. City Museum
29. Helsinki International Fair Center
10. Market Square (Ferry to
20. Finlandia Hall
Suomenlinna)
21. House of Culture
8
American Embassy
Helsinki
1952 summer games), the Sibelius monu-
Upon arrival new personnel are met
ment, the "Church in the Rock," Finlandia
by members of their section and/or their
Hall, the City Museum, the National Mu-
sponsors. The latter are designated by the
Helsinki, capital and principal city, is a
seum, and Seurasaari and Suomenlinna
Embassy and will provide basic informa-
Baltic port on Finland's southern coast. It
Islands.
tion and answer initial questions about life
is a modern city, yet it has areas that give a
in Helsinki. Write to the administrative
genuine and comprehensive picture of the
officer as soon as your assignment is firm,
atmosphere and architecture of the past.
Helsinki was founded in 1550 by
The Post and
giving family size, special requirements, if
any, and travel plans so that suitable ar-
Swedish King Gustav Vasa. Great fires
Its Administration
rangements can be made.
destroyed the old wooden Helsinki many
State and USIA employees are paid
times, but it was always rebuilt. The mas-
The Embassy residence, Chancery, and
biweekly for salary and allowances in U.S.
sive walls of the Suomenlinna Island for-
Chancery annex occupy a large tract at
Treasury checks prepared by the Consoli-
tress date from the 18th century. Helsinki
Itainen Puistotie 14, overlooking the en-
dated American Payroll Processing Sys-
became Finland's capital in 1812. Many of
trance to Helsinki's south harbor. The
tem (CAPPS), Washington, D.C.. A pay
the city's historically interesting sights date
residence and Chancery are in a Georgian
lag of about 4 weeks may occur while leave
from the beginning of the 19th century,
red-brick building designed by an Ameri-
and pay records are transferred from the
when the administrative center was built
can architect and completed in 1940. A
former post to the Regional Finance Center
around Senate Square. The cathedral, the
four-story converted apartment building at
in Paris.
university, and the Government Palace, for
Itainen Puistotie 14B, acquired in 1947
example, are among the finest architec-
and subsequently renovated, houses the
tural achievements of Helsinki. It has been
Administrative, Commercial, and Consu-
said of the Helsinki of the Empire period
Housing
lar Sections; the Defense Attache Offices
that it was the last European city designed
(DAO); the Community Liaison Office,
as an entity and created as a work of art.
Temporary Quarters
Medical Unit, Embassy Club, gameroom,
The historic Senate Square is one of the
New arrivals stay either in a hotel or in one
and large sauna; Marine Detachment
most remarkable achievements of neoclas-
of the Embassy's two transient apartments.
Commander's Office, and the mailroom/
The latter are furnished with basic necessi-
sicism at its height.
APO offices.
Helsinki today has a modern look,
ties and are assigned on a first-come, first-
USIS offices are in the center of the
served basis. New arrivals should advise
with some buildings designed by interna-
city on the fourth floor of an office building
tionally known contemporary Finnish ar-
the Embassy of their travel plans as far in
at Kaivokatu 10A. This building, across
chitects Eliel Saarinen and Alvar Aalto. In
advance as possible in order to secure
the street from Helsinki's central railway
planning new areas and developing old
adequate accommodations.
station, is about 2.5 kilometers from the
ones, the aim has been to make the city a
Embassy. The Embassy unit established to
balanced whole with several regional cen-
support U.S. posts in the former Soviet
Permanent Housing
ters, each with its own schools, sport fields,
Union consists of two separate facilities
The Ambassador's residence is an attrac-
libraries, and shopping centers. The idea is
for secure and nonsecure logistical sup-
tive three-story, red-brick, Georgian colo-
to combine the advantages of urban living
nial-style building, one wing of which is
port.
with those of rural life. Half a million
The Embassy switchboard is open
the main Chancery. The main floor has a
people reside in the city, which is the
during working hours; the number is 171-
dining room that seats 16 comfortably,
administrative, cultural, commercial, and
931. The after-hours emergency number is
living room, paneled library (with 60 feet
industrial center of Finland. Including
605-414 or 171-337. USIS offices may be
of shelving), powder room, and two lava-
suburbs, the population of Greater Helsinki
reached through the Embassy switchboard,
tories, as well as a large kitchen and pantry
is over 800,000.
or directly during working hours by dialing
complex. The second floor has a master
Helsinki has many points of interest:
175-138 (PAO). USIS fax number is 656-
bedroom with dressing room and bath, two
One of the most popular is the harbor area
other bedrooms with bath, and a small
846.
and the Market Square, where the Havis
The Embassy is open to the public 5
sitting room with bath. The third floor has
Amanda fountain symbolizes Helsinki ris-
days a week, excluding American and lo-
two bedrooms, two bathrooms, a sitting
ing out of the waves. Other attractions
cal holidays, between 8:30 am and 5 pm.
room, and a sauna with an adjoining after-
include: the Olympic Stadium (site of the
Duty personnel are assigned on a weekly
sauna area. The house also has, a large
basis starting Fridays at 8:30 am and are on
garden.
call during the entire week.
9
The house is tastefully furnished and
Furnishings
for much of the year, many items are im-
fully supplied to meet all representational
An Embassy Welcome Kit is available for
ported and are expensive. Many vegetables
requirements. An Ambassador normally
use by newly arriving personnel until their
and especially berries, plentiful in sum-
brings personal items such as decorative
airfreight shipments arrive. The Welcome
mer, are frozen for year-round use. Wil
china, pictures (Art in Embassies program
Kit includes bed linens, towels, dinner-
mushrooms abound in late summer and
may be useful in decorating), vases, and art
ware, cooking utensils and kitchen appli-
fall, and mushroom-picking excursions are
objects.
ances, and miscellaneous tools. Airfreight
quite popular among Finns and foreigners
The DCM's home is located on the
should contain these same basic items to
who have studied the many species avail-
Baltic Sea in the Helsinki suburb of
allow maximum use of Embassy kits, es-
able. Baby formulas and baby foods are
Westend, about 11 kilometers from the
pecially during the heavy summer person-
produced locally and are of very good
Chancery. The house is basically on one
nel turnover.
quality. Generally, however, locally pur-
level. The dining and living rooms are
Note: Since Finnish living space is
chased food will be more expensive than in
separated by glass shelving, and when com-
smaller than in the U.S., contact the
the U.S.
bined offer a representational area of about
Embassy's General Services Office to de-
The Embassy Association consists of
44 X 18 feet. Also included are a study
termine room dimensions and whether any
all American employees at the Embassy.
with fireplace, a built-in desk and book-
personal furniture items that you might
At present, a refundable deposit of $500
shelves, master and spare bedrooms with
decide to bring will fit into your assigned
per family or $250 per single employee is
bath, and an additional bedroom. The
quarters. The Embassy does not have a
required for membership, entitling partici-
remainder of the house consists of a large
warehouse or other storage space available
pants to use the Country Store. Orders are
kitchen, pantry and breakfast room, a sew-
for the personal use of Embassy personnel.
made from a comprehensive computer
ing room, and a cold-storage room. A fully
printout of products available. Billing for
equipped laundry and additional storage
Utilities and Equipment
APO charges, Country Store purchases,
rooms are in the basement. The house is
Finnish homes and apartments are well
personal food orders, and the video club is
fully furnished, but the DCM should bring
heated. Electricity is 220v, 50-cycle, AC.
provided monthly.
pictures and personal decorative objects.
Therefore, any 110v appliances, radios,
Several times a year the Embassy
A small guesthouse situated along-
side the main building consists of a bed-
etc., require stepdown transformers that
Association places group orders for dry
room, bath, and a sitting room and is ideal
you should bring with you, since trans-
goods and frozen food caselots with a
for a live-in couple. A two-car garage also
formers are very expensive in Finland.
distributor in the U.S. Special cuts and
houses a freezer and second refrigerator. A
Refrigerator/freezers and stoves are gener-
quantities of frozen meats can also be or-
dered at that time. Prices are generally less
sauna house is on the shoreline of the large
ally provided in rented apartments but are
grounds.
small by American standards. A supple-
than local prices, and the selection includes
All Embassy staff members (State,
mental refrigerator and freezer are avail-
many U.S. products not usually available
in Finland.
DAO, USIS, FCS) occupy government-
able to Embassy personnel if needed. Eu-
ropean washers, dryers, and dishwashers
The small Country Store is located in
leased or -owned quarters. Many of these
homes are fully furnished. Newly as-
are normally provided by the landlord or
the basement of the Chancery and is open
signed personnel should contact the post
the Embassy. It is often impossible to
4 days a week for 4 hours each day. The
regarding the furnishing of their assigned
provide or install some American appli-
store is stocked with high-demand items
ances due to space or electrical restrictions.
procured from the U.S., a limited assort-
quarters.
An electric roaster oven is a useful appli-
ment of frozen items, but no fresh produce.
Dwellings are normally described by
ance to have, as Finnish ovens are small
Although there is a slight markup on these
the number of square meters (1 square
meter equals about 10 square feet). Typi-
and often do not have broiling facilities. It
items, they remain well below local costs.
cal dwellings average from 140-180 square
is also advisable to bring a good oven
A ship chandler in Helsinki provides
thermometer.
foodstuffs, nonalcoholic beverages, ciga-
meters for a family with two or more chil-
dren, depending on availability and repre-
U.S. light fixtures can be used merely
rettes, cosmetics, etc., at prices cheaper
sentational responsibility. Helsinki itself
by changing the electrical plugs.
than in the local market. The shipstore
generally makes its pricelist of products
is an apartment-living community, but some
available to Embassy personnel for large
detached homes and rowhouses are avail-
able in the suburbs. Newly assigned per-
Food
caselot orders. Orders can be placed by
phone for delivery to the Embassy or picked
sonnel should advise the Embassy as soon
up in person. A Finnish discount grocer
as possible of any special housing require-
Most food items and speciality items can
also provides services to members of the
ments that need to be considered by the
be found in Helsinki. In addition to a
Embassy staff. These stores are particu-
Post Housing Board. The Embassy tries to
plentiful supply of local fish, various cuts
larly useful when purchasing large quanti-
locate suitable housing for new personnel
of beef, pork, lamb, reindeer, and local
ties.
prior to their arrival at post, but because of
fowl are available. Eggs, milk, and milk
A variety of items may also be or-
the tight housing market and the difficulty
products, especially the local yogurts and
dered through the free-port concerns Peter
of locating rental properties exceeding 200
cheeses, are excellent. Because the selec-
Justesen Co. and Ostermann Peterson Co.
meters, families with more than five mem-
tion of fresh fruit and vegetables is limited
in Denmark. Catalogs are available in the
bers should anticipate a 3-6-month stay in
Embassy's General Services Section and
transient quarters or a hotel.
in the CLO coordinator's office.
10
comacttis
Helsinki's open market.
Clothing
Men. Fall-weight suits can be worn
participates in winter sports. A fall-weight
throughout the year; winterweight suits
coat or jacket is necesesary during spring
When preparing your wardrobe for
from October through May. Tuxedos or
and fall.
dark suits are worn to the Marine Ball and
Helsinki, remember that winters are long
The DAO can provide specific uni-
and cold, fall and spring are rainy and cool,
other social functions during the year. You
form requirements upon request.
and summers are short. Layered outfits are
will need raingear, overcoats, overshoes,
ideal for differences in seasonal tempera-
and boots. Fur hats, available locally, are
tures as well as the changes from indoors to
popular and very warm. "Informal" on a
Supplies and Services
outdoors. All clothing items can be pur-
dinner invitation usually means dark suit
and tie.
chased locally, but prices are higher than in
Supplies
the U.S. Good sales occur locally during
Women. A useful wardrobe will include
Bring a good supply of toiletries, cosmet-
January and August, so it is best to shop at
one formal dress or skirt; several short
ics, and home medicines. Local and Euro-
these times. Locally available winter
cocktail/dinner dresses; sports attire; ca-
pean brands are available, but the cost is
outergarments and boots for men, women,
sual dresses, skirts, and pants; and sweat-
high. Some toiletries are available at the
and children are well made and ideally
ers and blouses. Raingear and heavy win-
Embassy Country Store, but quantity and
suited to the climate; they are generally
ter coats are a must; beautiful fur coats and
variety are limited.
worth the extra cost. Items can be pur-
leather coats are available locally. Acces-
chased from the U.S. through mail order. If
sories depend on your needs and tastes.
Basic Services
you are difficult to fit for shoes or clothes,
Laundry and drycleaning are expensive.
bring extra items with you.
Children. Warm, water-resistant winter
snowsuits and boots are a must. Rubber
Bring your own cleaning compounds for
overalls from local department stores are
spot removals. Certain neighborhood
useful during periods of rain and thaw. It
drycleaners offer "kilo pesu" or drycleaning
may be advisable to have a second set of
outdoor clothes for the winter if your child
11
of items with the charge based on weight.
Education
The International School occupies a
These items are not steam pressed, but the
section of a private Finnish school, so it is
cost is less than cleaning the items indi-
Dependent Education
able to take advantage of its facilities;
vidually.
extracurricular activities are also offered
At Post. The International School of
after school. Bus and metro transportation
Domestic Help
Helsinki is operated as a private, nonprofit
are available; school and bus fees along
Household servants are difficult to find,
with tuition are within the authorized al-
educational institution under a school board
but you can place an ad in the local paper
lowances. Additional information can be
elected by the parents of the enrolled chil-
for domestic help or inquire among your
obtained from the Office of Overseas
dren. Many different nationalities are rep-
Embassy colleagues for recommendations
resented, both in the school and on the
schools or by writing directly to the Head-
and names. The CLO office has a file of
nine-member Board of Directors. Chil-
master:
maids who are looking for work. Some
The Russian Orthodox Church in Hamina, with City Hall in the background.
cleaning women are available part time,
dren 5 through 16 years old (kindergarten
International School of Helsinki
and it is possible to hire extra help for
through grade 10) are eligible for enroll-
Stahlberginkuja 1
dinners and receptions.
ment. Children who will be 5 during the
00570 Helsinki
first school term are usually accepted. Ex-
Telephone: 684-8166
ceptions to this policy are decided at the
The English School, a Catholic-affili-
Religious Activities
discretion of the principal and the school
ated institution, is supported by the Finnish
board. The school is made up of 10 classes,
Government, since it is primarily intended
with an average size of 14 students each,
for Finnish students who wish to learn and
Many religions are represented in Helsinki.
Services in English are offered weekly by
using a curriculum based on American and
maintain English-language skills; religious
the Anglican Church at the Cathedral
British standards, with a full-time staff
studies are not part of the curriculum. About
Chapel, Saalem Free Gospel Church, and
consisting of American and British teach-
450 students are enrolled, of whom some
ers. It also has a learning disabilities pro-
10% are non-Finnish. Classes run from
the Temppeliaukio Lutheran Church; St.
Henrik's Catholic Church offers English
gram and hopes to expand to include grades
kindergarten through the grade 10. There
services two Sundays a month. Other
11 and 12. The school is accredited by the
is normally a waiting list, so you should
places of worship include: Uspensky Rus-
New England Association of Schools and
contact the school as early as possible to
sian Orthodox Cathedral; two churches of
the European Council of International
ensure enrollment. Additional informa-
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; Helsinki's
Schools.
tion can be obtained from the post admin-
Jewish Synagogue; and Islam House.
12
istrative officer or by writing directly to the
all ages, including kindergarten, and fol-
high school, leading to a choice of either a
school principal:
lows the studies set down by the French
German or a Finnish high school diploma.
The English School
Ministry of Education. The staff is com-
The school has a reputation for giving its
Mantytie 14
posed of French teachers provided by the
students a very good education. The teach-
00270 Helsinki
French Government or recruited locally.
ers are German and Finnish; instruction is
Enrollment of about 30 children of various
entirely in German. German-language
Private bus transportation is not avail-
nationalities is open to any French-speak-
books and materials are up to date and
able to this school, but all tuition, school
ing family. Again, private bus transporta-
attractive. The school is a part of the
fees, and the cost of public transportation
tion is not provided, but tuition, fees, and
Finnish school system with similar holi-
are covered by the post educational allow-
the cost of public transportation are cov-
days, number of school days, and regula-
ance.
ered by the post educational allowance.
tions. The staff welcomes children with-
A small private French school,
The German School, long established
out fluency in German in the first few
'Ecole Francaise Helsinki, is run by the
in Helsinki, offers kindergarten through
grades but generally discourages those who
French Embassy. Schooling is assured for
are at higher levels from entering due to the
difficulty of catching up to classmates in
the language.
Finnish- and Swedish-language pub-
lic schools accept foreign students. Begin-
ning school age is 7. The post education
allowance will normally cover expenses
for a private tutor. Local kindergartens are
also available. Parents can obtain more
specific information on arrival or by writ-
ing to the administrative officer.
Away From Post. The Defense Depart-
ment school serving Finland is London
Central High School in High Wycombe,
England, which is a pleasant suburb lo-
cated about halfway between downtown
London and Oxford. DOD dependents
attend this school, which has an excellent
athletic and social program; it is also the
most similar to U.S. schooling, with full
credits for high school graduation and col-
lege entrance.
Under the post education allowance,
State and USIS personnel may currently
send their 9th-through 12th-grade depend-
ents to private boarding schools in Eng-
land, Switzerland, other European coun-
tries, or the U.S. Some boarding schools in
the U.S. offer special tuition arrangements
for dependents of Embassy personnel. The
Overseas Briefing Center at F.S.I. has more
information.
Special Educational
Opportunities
In addition to the University of Helsinki,
which is the largest university in the Nor-
dic area, Helsinki has a technical univer-
sity and two schools of economics and
business administration; all are very good.
Although courses in the English depart-
ment are taught in English, instruction in
the other departments is in Finnish or Swed-
ish, making it difficult for most students to
carry a full academic course load.
The Savonlinna Castle in eastern Finland, where the-annual Opera Festival is held.
13
Sibelius monument, Helsinki
The University of Helsinki offers ex-
Post Orientation Program
enjoyable after physical exercise, espe-
cellent language courses in Finnish and
Recently, the CLO coordinator, along with
cially cross-country skiing, and as a means
Swedish for foreigners, charging only a
section chiefs, has developed a new post
of socializing. Mixed saunas are not cus-
nominal FIM 10 materials cost fee. Courses
orientation program for Embassy newcom-
tomary.
are taught at all levels of proficiency, dur-
ers. In view of the post's small size, the
The purpose of taking a sauna is to
ing the day and after working hours, pro-
orientation program is offered only during
cleanse the body by undergoing great
viding an excellent opportunity to learn
periods of high personnel turnover. A
changes in temperature. After the heat of
Finnish and meet other foreigners.
sponsorship program has been established,
the sauna, you either shower or swim in a
Special educational opportunities in
and all new arrivals are assisted in finding
pool or lake, or plunge through a hole in the
Finnish schools are available for children
their way around Helsinki, placing com-
ice. After a sauna, a cold beer or soda is a
with learning disabilities and the physi-
missary orders, and are briefed regarding
necessary thirst quencher. Most Finnish
cally handicapped, but all instruction is
life at post and security practices. Chiefs of
apartment buildings have saunas, and their
either in Finnish or Swedish. Families
sections assume responsibility for orient-
residents have regularly scheduled sauna
coming to post with physically handicapped
ing employees to U.S. policy objectives.
periods each week. Almost all houses have
children should write to the Headmaster of
saunas, some with pools. Summer houses,
the International School, or to the post
although quite modest, are usually on a
administrative officer, to ascertain what
Recreation and
lake or the sea, and all have saunas.
facilities are available in each case.
Any employee or dependent wishing
Social Life
Sports
to learn Finnish may join the excellent
Finland first rose to prominence in sports at
Finnish-language daytime courses offered
The sauna is a national institution in Fin-
the 1912 Olympics, when it took first place
year round at the University of Helsinki.
land. Finns normally take a sauna once a
in wrestling and second place in track and
week, and it is a custom that most Ameri-
field. In succeeding, years Finland has
cans learn to enjoy. Saunas are particularly
14
Winter cross-country skiing in Finnish Lapland.
15
The Neo-Classic Center, where many movies have been filmed.
become famous for long-distance running,
extends into September. Swimming and
Fishing is popular, especially salmon
cross-country skiing, ski jumping, speed
sunbathing at Helsinki's numerous mu-
fishing in northern Finland, and ice fishing
skating, and target shooting. Sports unique
nicipal beaches and outdoor pools are also
is quite popular throughout Finland during
to Finland are bandy, a form of ice hockey,
a popular summertime leisure activity.
the long winter months. Moose, deer, hare,
and pesapallo, a game resembling Ameri-
Swimming is also possible year round at
and bird hunting is possible, but on a lim-
can baseball. Soccer, hockey, and basket-
several indoor pools.
ited basis.
ball are popular spectator sports.
Winter sports include both cross-coun-
Ten-pin bowling is popular in Fin-
From the first of June until late Au-
try and downhill skiing, skating, ice hockey,
land. The Embassy has an active bowling
gust, daylight hours are long, and outdoor
and ice fishing. Excellent trails for cross-
league and dart league that compete weekly
activities such as boating, sailing, sunbath-
country skiing are available in and around
throughout the year. The Embassy also has
ing, swimming, hiking, picnicking, and
the city, many of which are lighted for
a vollyball team and plays against vollyball
motor trips may be enjoyed in the immedi-
evening use. Several smaller towns within
teams from other Embassies during the
ate vicinity of Helsinki.
a few hours' ride offer good weekend ski-
September through May game season.
Helsinki has four golf courses, two of
ing, and spring skiing trips to Lapland are
Sports clothing and equipment made
which have 18 holes, and a few excellent
popular. Downhill skiing is increasingly
and used in Finland are of excellent qual-
outdoor clay tennis courts, as well as sev-
popular, with several areas located near
ity, but, with the exception of cross-coun-
eral indoor year-round tennis courts. Two
Helsinki. For the best conditions and hills,
try skiing equipment, it is more expensive
of the golf clubs allow diplomats to play
however, most skiers go further north and
than in the U.S.
without paying a membership fee; tennis
into Lapland, especially during the spring
courts must usually be booked in advance
skiing season. The city has many good
Touring and Outdoor
and sometimes at inconvenient hours.
outdoor skating rinks and a few indoor
Activities
Squash is also popular; court time is
rinks. Figure skating lessons are available
Fine museums, parks, and playgrounds are
booked on a half-hour basis. Cycling pos-
for children.
located throughout the city. A ZOO on an
sibilities are excellent in the Helsinki sub-
island just outside Helsinki harbor is open
urbs, and hiking and jogging trails abound.
year round. Marvelous outdoor recreation
Sail and motor boating begins in May and
16
and touring opportunities are plentiful
style wooden houses. Porvoo, another
Entertainment
throughout Finland, particularly to Lapland
idyllic old coastal town, is located east of
Since its designation as the nation's capital
and the lake district.
Helsinki and can be reached by car in about
in 1812, Helsinki has developed into a
Lapland, land of the midnight sun,
1 hour or, during the summer, by boat from
cultural center. Many of Finland's most
northern lights, and reindeer, is the north-
Helsinki harbor. Porvoo was the home of
important museums are located here. The
emmost province of Finland. The princi-
the poet Runeberg and is the site of a
largest is the National Museum, with its
pal towns in Lapland-Kemi and
charming, historic "Old Town" area, as
extensive prehistoric, historic, and ethno-
Rovaniemi-are about 8001 kilometers from
well as a popular Doll Museum.
graphic collections. The largest art mu-
Helsinki and are accessible by air (2 hours)
A tour in Helsinki provides excellent
seum is the Art Museum of the Athenaeum,
and rail (9 hours) and, of course, by car.
opportunities to travel to Sweden and the
located across the street from the railroad
The overnight train, with space for cars, is
U.S.S.R. Two ferry lines have overnight
station. It contains Finnish art from the
apopular way to get
18th century to the
to Rovaniemi, a
present and foreign
transit point to the
works of art. Occa-
tourist and resort
sionally large for-
areas of Pallas-
eign exhibitions are
tunturi, Kilpisjarvi,
shown there. The Art
and Inari farther
Collections of the
north. You can also
drive north and
City of Helsinki and
the Amos Anderson
view the Norwe-
Museum of Art are
gian fjords. Lap-
also noted museums,
land is especially
which often have ex-
popular in early
hibitions in addition
April, when days
to their regular col-
are longer and ski-
lections.
ing excellent; in
June, for midsum-
Many good
movie theaters in the
mer's night to view
the bonfires and
city and suburbs of-
fer the lastest Ameri-
other midsummer
festivities; and in
can, British, Italian,
September, when
French, German, and
other films in their
the foliage changes
color.
original versions as
The lake dis-
well as locally pro-
duced films in Finn-
trict, comprising
most of southeast
ish. Strict regulations
and central Finland,
prevent children from
provides excellent
attending movies fea-
opportunities for
turing violence,
scenic travel by car
whether accompa-
and steamer ship. A
nied by parents ornot.
Helsinki has
woodburning
steamer offers an
two permanent sym-
Historical section of Porvoo, dominated by the Old Cathedral.
unusually scenic
phony orchestras-
the Helsinki Philhar-
12-hour trip from
monic and the Radio
Savonlinna to Kuopio. The Olavinlinna
service between Stockholm and Helsinki;
Castle, in Savonlinna, dating back to 1475,
Symphony Orchestra-plus the National
ships also travel to Tallinn, Travemunde,
is the site of the worldclass Savonlinna
Opera with both opera and ballet compa-
and Gdansk; and daily Finnair and Aeroflot
Opera Festival in July.
nies, and the government-sponsored Na-
flights, as well as trains, link Finland with
tional Theatre. Concerts and recitals are
Day tripsto Turku, Hanko, and Porvoo
Leningrad and Moscow. All excursions to
are popular. In Turku, 2½ hours west of
performed the renowned Finlandia Hall,
the U.S.S R. require a Soviet visa. Since
Helsinki, the Turku Cathedral and Castle,
the Taivallahti Church, the Sibelius Acad-
accommodations must be booked before a
both dating from the 13th century, and the
emy, and the House of Nobility, among
visaisissued, have atravel agent in Helsinki
summer open-air handicrafts museum are
others, making for a rich and varied musi-
make all arrangements. The Embassy can
popular attractions. Hanko, a coastal city
callife. Summer festivals throughout Fin-
request visas by diplomatic note from the
2 hours west of Helsinki by car, is one of
land feature noted Finnish and interna-
Soviet Embassy in Helsinki, but visa proc-
the best Finnish saltwater bathing resorts
tional artists and musicians; included are
essing can take from 10 days to 2 weeks.
during July and August. Enrouteto Hanko
the Kuopio Dance and Music Festival, the
is Tammisaari, a charming seaside town
Jyvaskyla Arts Festival, the Kaustinen In-
with narrow lanes bordered by Empire-
17
ternational Folk Music Festival, the
Savonlinna Opera Festival, the Pori Jazz
Festival, the Turku Music Festival, the
Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival, the Lahti
International Organ Festival, the Tampere
Summer Theater, and the Helsinki Festi-
val.
Social Activities
The American Embassy Employees Asso-
ciation is run by an appointed board. In
addition to its official functions of main-
taining the Country Store and Embassy
Club, it also sponsors Christmas parties for
Embassy children and employees and
spouses, "Hail and Farewell" parties, and
the annual July Fourth family picnic.
The American Women's Club,
founded in 1969 by a group of Embassy
wives and American women living in Fin-
land, has expanded over the years to in-
clude Finnish women and women of other
nationalities who have an interest in Ameri-
can life. The group meets on the second
Thursday of every month from September
through May. Monthly tours to points of
interest are arranged, and a variety of inter-
est groups are maintained. Members pay
annual dues established by the club.
The Helsinki Chapter of Finnish-
Finnish folkdancing.
American Society is a cultural and social
organization linked to the League of Finn-
ish American Societies (LFAS), with some
Standards of Social Conduct
Finns observe the name day as well as
70 chapters and 60,000 members through-
In Finland, both men and women shake
the birthday of close friends, relatives, and
out Finland. The Chapter sponsors many
hands upon meeting each other. Children
prominent people. The really important
cultural and social activities throughout
also shake hands with adults and should
birthday celebrations are the 50th and 60th,
the year. A special Ladies' Club and a
not be excluded from the ceremony. Punc-
which are recognized by extending best
Men's Club meet monthly. All Americans
tuality is a must. Guests are expected to
wishes personally, by phone or telegram,
may join for a nominal fee.
arrive within 5 minuutes of the stated ar-
or by sending flowers. Names for the day
Other clubs include the Finnish-
rival time for a dinner party.
are published in local newspapers.
American Chamber of Commerce, the Club
When visiting a Finnish home, it is
A 15% service charge is included in
of '32, Consular Corps, Helsinki Diplo-
the custom to take flowers to the hostess or
all restaurant bills. There is no need to tip
matic Association, Helsinki Spanish-
to send flowers preceding or following the
additionally. Bellhops, hat-checkers, and
Speaking Club, International Women's
visit. Flowers taken to the hostess are
door attendants are given a minimum of
Club, Rotary, Lions, etc.
usually presented to the hostess inwrapped
FIM 3 for their services. A posted charge
and in numbers of 3, 5, or 7. In lieu of
is usually paid to coatroom attendants in
flowers, other small gifts may also be pre-
most public places such as restaurants or
Official Functions
sented.
concert halls, theaters, and elsewhere.
At a dinner party it is customary for
Calling cards are necessary only for
Social life in Helsinki, apart from official
the host to make the welcoming speech as
personnel on the diplomatic list. Bring at
dinners and receptions, is basically what
soon as the first course is served and all the
least 100 officer's cards and 100 "Mr. and
you make it. Cocktail parties, dinners,
wine glasses filled. No one touches his or
Mrs." cards for personal and professional
informal gatherings, coffees, and card par-
her glass until the ritual has been per-
purposes. Printed calling cards and invita-
ties can all be part of your social calendar.
formed. The honored guest makes a toast
tions are of good quality and can be easily
Embassy officers and their spouses might
and thanks the host and hostess as soon as
obtained locally, but prices are high for
find the pace demanding for a good part of
the dessert has been served.
such items, so you may wish to bring them
from the U.S.
the year, but July and August often provide
a respite from a busy schedule.
18
Notes for Travelers
Getting to the Post
imported into Finland. However, no more
or Finnish holidays. Personnel bringing
than FIM 5,000 may be exported from the
pets should furnish information on the type
Travelers should make sure their routings
country without a Bank of Finland license.
and size before arrival and be able to pro-
comply with the Fly America Act. Ameri-
All Americans, except the Marine
duce the necessary health certificates upon
can Airlines no longer has direct flights to
Security Guards, may import at least one
arrival.
Helsinki, but it does fly to New York and to
automobile duty free.
Stockholm. Under current Fly America
regulations (check to be sure) you may
Passage
Firearms and Ammunition
have the option of taking the ferry boat
A visa is not necessary for entry into Fin-
from Stockholm to Helsinki. It is a delight-
land. Americans planning to remain in
Firearms and ammunition may be shipped,
ful way to arrive in Helsinki.
Finland more than 90 days must obtain a
but not mailed, to post without an export
Use unaccompanied airfreight to ship
residence permit after arrival.
license provided they are consigned to
a wardrobe of suitable clothing, bedding,
Diplomatic members desiring to bring
U.S. personnel for their personal use and
towels, and kitchen equipment needed to
domestic help from abroad may obtain a
are not for resale. Prior approval of the
set up housekeeping until the arrival of
work permit for the domestic immediately
Chief of Mission is not necessary provided
household effects.
after their arrival. With the exceptions of
post is given advance notification.
Shipments by air average 3-4 weeks.
Scandinavian citizens, a nominal Finnmark
Only the following nonautomatic sport
Household effects arriving by sea from the
fee (depending on nationality) is required
and hunting firearms may be brought into
U.S. take a minimum of 6-8 weeks in good
to obtain a residence permit and work
Finland: pistols and revolvers, caliber not
weather. On occasion, ice conditions de-
permit. The renewable work permit is
to exceed 9mm or .357, with a barrel length
lay arrivals.
valid for 1 year.
of 4" or more; and shotguns and rifles. No
At least 12 photos (13/4" X 1½") of
No regulations govern movement of
military or police-type firearms are per-
each adult family member are required on
travelers, personal baggage, or vehicles
mitted.
arrival. Do not ship them in airfreight.
when arriving in Finland by car. A valid
Local requirements for hunting li-
passport, U.S. or foreign auto registration
censes are handled by the police. The
certifying vehicle ownership, and an inter-
Embassy can assist you in obtaining both a
Customs, Duties,
national "Green Card" (liability insurance)
license to carry a gun and a hunting license
and Passage
are the only travel documents required.
from the police department in the section
For automobile safety modifications re-
that handles licensing. Fishing licenses, at
quired under Finnish law, see Transporta-
Customs and Duties
a modest charge, are also required.
tion.
The Embassy's General Services Section
Personnel traveling to Finland do not
clears unaccompanied baggage. House-
need a smallpox inoculation certificate.
hold and personal effects of officers on the
Currency, Banking, and
diplomatic list are cleared without excep-
Pets
Weights and Measures
tion. Although effects of nondiplomatic
Effective June 1988, the quarantine re-
personnel are legally subject to inspection,
quirements applicable to all cats and dogs
The unit of Finnish currency, the "markka"
this right is not generally exercised by
were removed. Instead, a veterinarian's
or Finnmark (FIM), has a floating exchange
customs authorities. No special charges,
certificate from the country of origin indi-
rate. Bank notes are in denominations of
quotas, restrictions, waivers, or exemp-
cating that the animal has been vaccinated
10, 50, 100, and 500 marks; coins are in
tions are levied other than those cited above.
against rabies at least 30 days but not more
denominations of 5, 10, 20, and 50 pennies
All personnel are granted free entry of
than 365 days prior to entry must be pre-
and 1 and 5 marks. The Bank of Finland
personal and household effects; shipments
sented. The document may be written in
establishes the rate of exchange daily. As
may arrive duty free at any time during
Finnish, Swedish, English, or German and
of February 1992, 4.30 markka = US$1.
their tour for persons on the diplomatic list.
should include the name and official posi-
Banks and international newspapers have
Parcel post packages sent through
tion of the veterinarian who has issued the
current rates of exchange.
Finnish postal facilities are subject to cus-
certificate, as well as the date and place of
Personal dollar checking accounts in
toms clearance before release to the Em-
issuance.
U.S. banks are useful to pay for goods
bassy.
The Embassy needs to know the exact
bought outside Finland as well as to buy
No restrictions are placed on the
time of arrival of the pet and whether it is
Finnmarks locally. Travelers checks may
amount of currency, travelers checks, bank
drafts, letters of credit, etc., that can be
arriving as airfreight or accompanied bag-
be purchased at local banks for dollars or
gage. Pets should not arrive on weekends
19
dollar instruments. A local Finnmark
than those with duty-free import privileges
Upton, Anthony. The Finnish Revolution.
checking account can also be useful, al-
requires Embassy notification. Such infor-
University of Minnesota Press: Min-
though payment of local bills is accom-
mation must be submitted in writing to the
neapolis, 1981.
plished easily through local banks and post
administrative officer.
Wuorinen, John. A History of Finland.
offices. Dollars are not accepted by most
Columbia University Press: New York
vendors.
1985. Perhaps the best overall surve
Finland uses the metric system.
Recommended Reading
of Finnish history; written in English.
These titles are provided as a general indication
Finnish Culture and Society
Taxes, Exchange,
of the material published on Finland. The De-
partment of State does not endorse unofficial
Bradley, David. Lion Among Roses. Holt,
and Sale of Property
publications.
Rinehart & Winston: New York, 1965.
An account of the experiences of an
Finnish currency regulations are reason-
Finnish History and Politics
American family during a 2-year stay
able, and clearance formalities upon ar-
Armstrong, Roy. Finland'. s Relations with
in Finland.
rival are not demanding. Personnel may
the Soviet Union 1944-84. Macmillan:
Finland: An Introduction. Sylvie Nickels,
bring Finnish marks, foreign currencies,
London, 1985.
ed., et al. A collection of articles on
and other means of payment, such as trav-
Jakobson, Max. Finland Survived: An Ac-
Finnish culture, politics, and econom-
elers checks, in an unlimited amount.
count of the Finnish-Soviet Winter War
ics. Last revised in 1977.
The Embassy Budget and Fiscal Of-
1939-40. Otava Publishing Co.:
Kalevala. Francis Peabody Magnoun, Jr.,
fice provides accommodation facilities for
Helsinki, 1984. (This book was pub-
trans. Harvard University Press: Cam-
exchanging dollars and dollar instruments
lished earlier by Harvard University
bridge, 1963. An excellent translation
to Finnmarks, or employees may exchange
Press under the title Diplomacy and
of Finland's epic poem.
dollars for Finnmarks at any authorized
the Winter War.)
Kolehmainen, John. Epic of the North. A
Finnish source such as banks, Stockmann's
Jakobson, Max. Finnish Neutrality.
study of the Kalevala.
Department Store, hotels, or the like. These
Praeger: New York, 1969. An ac-
Linna, Vaino. The Unknown Soldier.
authorized sources will accept U.S. cur-
counting of Finnish foreign policy fol-
Nicol, Gladys. Finland. Hastings: New
rency, foreign currencies, and travelers
lowing World War II.
York, 1975.
checks for Finnmarks, and some banks
Kling, Matti. Sixty Years Independent Fin-
Smith, John Bolton. The Golden Age of
will accept the personal check of personnel
land. Otava: Helsinki, 1977. A con-
Finnish Art. Otava Publishing Co.:
accredited to the Embassy. The Budget
cise outline of Finland's principal
Helsinki, 1975.
and Fiscal Office has only a limited amount
achievements.
of U.S. currency, and its disbursement is
Koivisto, Mauno. Landmarks: Finland in
restricted by regulations.
the World. Kirjayhtyma: Helsinki,
Local Holidays
The importation, sale, or export of
1985. Views of Finnish and interna-
personal property, including cars of Ameri-
tional affairs by Finland's current presi-
New Year's Day
January 1
can employees, must be in accordance with
dent.
Epiphany
Saturday between
the laws, regulations, and conventions of
Nousiainen, Jaakko. The Finnish Political
January 6 and 12
the host country. Personal, property, in-
System. Harvard University Press:
Good Friday
Friday before Easter
cluding motor vehicles, brought to Finland
Cambridge, 1971.
Easter Monday
Monday after Easter
by American employees must be for bona
Rakamem, Aini. Of Finnish Ways. Dillon:
May Day
May 1
fide personal use or that of their depend-
Ascension Day
Saturday about 40
New York, 1981.
days after Easter
ents and not with intent of sale or transfer.
Ries, Tomas. Cold Will: The Defence of
Whitsun Eve
Saturday before Whit
Autos purchased for shipment to post should
Finland. Brassey's Defence Publish-
Sunday
be unostentatious and modestly equipped.
ers: London, 1988. A history of the
Midsummer's Eve
Friday preceding
At present, employees are not allowed
Finnish defense forces from 1918-
Midsummer's
to sell personal property, including motor
1987.
Day
vehicles, for profit; however, permission
Midsummer's Day
Saturday closest to
Salem, Erik. The Nordic Council and Scan-
June 25
to do this iscontinuously under review and
dinavian Integration. Praeger: New
All Saints Day
Saturday closest to
subject to change. Such profits would be
York, 1977.
November 1
subject to U.S. taxation under the provi-
Schwartz, Andrew J. America and the
Independence Day
December 6
sions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code.
Russo-Finnish War. Public Affairs
Christmas Eve
December 24
The sale of major items of personal
Press: Washington, D.C., 1960. An
Christmas Day
December 25
property, including cars, to persons other
account of U.S.-Finnish relations
Boxing Day
December 26
through the Winter and Continuation
Wars.
20