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Finland Trip [Research Materials, 1992] [OA 6901] [5]

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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)

Carol Aarhus Alpha Files

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Originally Processed With FOIA(s): FOIA Number: S FOIA MARKER This is not a textual record. This is used as an administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential Library Staff. Record Group/Collection: George H.W. Bush Presidential Records Collection/Office of Origin: Speechwriting, White House Office of Series: Aarhus, Carol, Files Subseries: Alpha File, 1990-1992 OA/ID Number: 13862 Folder ID Number: 13862-007 Folder Title: Finland Trip [Research Materials], 1992 [1] Stack: Row: Section: Shelf: Position: G 19 2 5 3 With the compliments of The Embassy of Finland Washington, D. C. HITH il i Helsinki City Tourist Office Pohjoisesplanadi 19, SF-00100 Helsinki Tel. (90) 1693757 and (90) 174088 Tel. +35801693757 and +3580174088 Telefax (90) 169 3839, +35801693839 Helsinki Daughter of the Baltic Hagnäskajen A B akaniemen Sörnäisten ta satama agnäs bre Sörnäs hamn ninkatu KORKEASAARI Kruunun- haank atu HOGHOLMEN Liisan Tervasaari 52 2 - puistikko Elisabets järholmen Maneesik skvären Hylkysaaren salmi Pohjoissatama Vrakholmssundet Fredsgatan Norra hamnen Meritulhn- Meritullinlaituri Sjötullskajen Katajanokan 48 rinro Laiva- 28 puisto pajank Luotsik KATAJANOKKA sotilaantori SKATUDDEN C 9 Kauppi- aankatu Linnanpuisto Matkustaja terminaali K6 Key aituri Tourist Information 33. City Art Museum B7 Kaupungin matkailutoimisto Stadens turistbyr& 3 I. City Tourist Office F 3 34. Mannerheim Museum G2 10 2. Finnish Tourist Board 35. University Botanical City Tourist Office Katajanokan Städt. Fremdenverkehrsamt terminaali Information F 3 Gardens F 4 Eteläsatama 3. Hotel Booking Centre E 4 36. City Conservatories E 6 Södra hamnen 37. Linnanmäki Amusement Katajanokan Transport Park E 6 Valkosaari luoto 8 Valkosaarenkari Blekholmen Skatakobben 4. Railway Station F 4 38. Fair Centre E 8 Blekholmsgrundet 5. Bus Station E 4 39. Sibelius Monument D 5 lympia- 6. Air Terminal E 4 40. School of Economics D4 terminaali Valkosudren-salmi Ehre 7. Air Terminal E5 41. Swedish School Bierholmssundet Ryssänsaari Welcome to Helsinki Luoto Ryssholmen 34 8. Olympic Harbour G3 of Economics D4 lytie Klippan AS 9. Passenger Harbour K5 G 3 42. University Central 10. Katajanokka Harbour G 3 Hospital C6 12 Points of Interest Luotonen Churches Siltat Bro Lillklippan Every capital city has a character of its own. 2 11. Senate Square F 4 43. Cathedral, Lutheran F 4 G Puolimatkansaari H 12. Government Palace F 4 44. Temppeliaukio Church E 4 Some boast a magnificent past, others are Halvvärsholmen 13. University F 4 45. Johannes Church F 3 UISTO modern and fast-paced. 14. University Library F 4 46. Kallio Church F 6 PARKEN 15. Bank of Finland F 4 47. Old Church E 3 Helsinki is an enchanting combination 16. Market Square F 3 48. Uspensky Cathedral, of old and new, city and country. It is cer- Pikku Musta Greek Orthodox Lilla Osteksvarti 17. City Hall F 4 G4 252 18. Presidential Palace F 4 49. St Henrik's Church, tainly a very European city - equally proud 19. Parliament House E4 Catholic F 2 of its modern architecture and its neoclas- Länsi Musta 54 20. Main Post Office E 4 Västersvartö 50. Hietaniemi Cemetery C4 1so Mustasaar 21. Finnish National sical city centre that reminds one of old St. Stora Östersvartö Theatre F 4 Four Tourist Islands Petersburg. Visitors are charmed by the SUOMENLINNA 22. City Theatre F 5 51. Motor boat for Pihlajasaari 0 SVEABORG 23. Swedish Theatre F 3 Island F 2 blue sea and the green islands, the parks and kka Varvilahti 24. Finnish National Opera E 3 52. Korkeasaari Zoo H4 Räntan Varusutken forests that surround it everywhere. And by 1 25. Finlandia Hall E5 53. Seurasaari Open-air 26. Sibelius Academy E 4 Museum B6 the abundance of northern light in summer. Tykistölahti Artilleribiken 27. House of Nobility F 4 54. Suomenlinna Fortress HI You are cordially welcome to Helsinki. Susisaari 28. Students' House E 4 Vargön 29. House of Culture F6 Sports We hope that you will enjoy it. 30. National Museum E 4 55. Olympic Stadium E6 Lemmenlammikke ärleksdammen 31. City Museum E 4 56. Swimming Stadium E6 Ulmaranta Kustaanmiekk D 32. Finnish National Gallery F4 57. Indoor Ice Rink D6 Badstrand Gustay SEK & GREY B/B / Helsingin Liikekirjapaino Oy 1991 urgardsviken äästöpan Siltasaari Dune kerink Paasi Broholmen karki saaren vuorenk Mr esperiag Hakasalmen puisto 25 Finlandia- III Siltavuoren salmi eriagatan Brobergssundet Pitkäsilta Bro- Pitalo Lânga oron senk Finlandia- Kirjatyö Krist 17 pautarha 16 Museigatan Karamzi Botaniska tradgård Siltavuoren Unioninkatu Gsk 30 31 KLUUVI 35 Oikok Pk GLOET 29 16 19 saniemig Liisank Elisabetsga Kaisaniemi 20 25 12 44 Kajsaniemi 21 KRUUNUNHAK hally KRONOHAGEN Helsingfors 75 Vuorik Vironk Auroran 6 4 Vilhonk 26 40 Fabianinkatu S 10 Rauta- 16 15 auhank 20 3 tientori 35 Arkadiagatan Unions Marlankatu Postikatu torget TU-TÖÖLÖ 2 alomong Mannerhe Asema AMRE TOLO aukio aivok Brunnsg 32 Mikonkatu Mikaelsg 10 14 Kirkkokatu 5 12 15 43 Linja Busstation 28 Keskusk 14 13 ena 11 12 asema 27 nonkatu 7 19 13 Alexandersgatar Aleksanterinkatu: Yrjönkat 52 44 3 16 Glog 17 18 minkaty 27 1 39 Norra esplanader Malmgatan Poh sesplanadi 28 23 16 nlah denk rinne ksgatan Södra Lappyiksg Frottaja 18 2 Kolerabass Laphilahden vagatan Skillnaden KAARTIN KAUPUNKI ybeckskajen puistikko Avanha tenkoding rotsgatan 47 Vironallas Estbassängen Kasar- Pakkahuoneen KAMPEN Sulevaro killnadsg mitori Packhuskajen Et. Makas GARDES Pieni Roobertink STADEN onink 2 24 92 Södra kajen Lönnro Hieta OF Stora Kaartinkj hahdentori Högbergsg 4 ran Sinebrychoffin puisto Latyurinrinne Kaserngatan Tähtitornin vuori Observatorieberget Sínebrychoffsparkep Johan 45 Rovaniemi PUNAVUORI neksentSig Sionance ogatan 9 2 RODBERGEN 20 Hietalahden skajen gatan 15 Punay Jääkärinkatu 22 2 Batsman Bergmansgatan quellity Skeppsbr viken Smed ULLANLINNA My N° 34 Vuorimiehenkatu Tehtaan La Pursimichenk ULRIKASBORG Pk Tehtaankatu Munkkisaarenk Docksg Kapteenink 22 Tampere 40 Rehbin Rehbin Pietar inkatu Turku Elternesaaren linaukio Oslo HELSINKI EIRA Munkholmen Enrensvärdsva Villag Kaptensg varustajank Munkkisaar KAIVOF Ahon Stockholm Tallinn St. Petersburg BRUNNE Ursa. 29 erisatamarant Merisatama LAtten Matatasal- Ursininkallio 51 Havshamnen Ursins klippa United Sirpatesalmi Flissundet Liuskaluoto SOITH Copenhagen Pohjoiner Junisaari We are not far away Henty Skitfergrundet Norra lagsholmen Uimaranta Fordin Badstrand Sirpalesaari Travemünde Flissundet Uunissari nnsulunn UNIVERSITY You can reach us by plane: in 8 hours Lübeck S.Ungsholmen from New York; 3 hours from Hamburg ranta London, Paris, Brussels, and Vienna; Liuskasaari Skifferholmen 2 hours from Amsterdam, Moscow, Har esaari Stora and many German cities; 1.5 hours olmen from Oslo and Copenhagen; / hour 0 500m from Stockholm and St. Petersburg. 1:18000 Or come by boat: in 16 hours from Stockholm, 23 hours from KAUPUNKIMITTAUSOSASTO, HELSINKI Travemünde, 28 hours from Gdansk, 14 hours from St. Petersburg, Julkaistu kaupungingeodeetin luvalla 1991 2 hours from Tallinn. 485/91 E F Roddstadior Toivo Kuulan puisto Toivo Kuulas park elininkatu Döbelnin Taivalsaari Taivallahti 35 The past and the present esperiankatu Runeberginkatu Norra SHespe Edesholmen Edesviken desperiankatu Pohjoinen Södra Hesperiag Apollonkatu Taivalluoto 27 Edesgrundet Hietaranta Sandstrand Tenniskenttä Pk Museokatu Tennisplan 39 34 Mu Though definitely a modern city, present-day UNIVERSITY uutalainen Simstrand hautausmaa 26 udiska Tuntur egravnings Hieta 18 kannas Urnalehto Helsinki clearly illustrates Finland's eventful his- Hietaniemi Urnelunden Sandnäs aisenk Sandudd 1 emppe Temp 44 Sammonk tory. Helsinki was founded in 1550 by the Swed- 8 rinkatu Luther 16 ish King Gustavus Vasa. Finland's long history 40 Hietaniemen bautausmaa Arkadiankatu 64 Ourit Sandudds kyrkogård 41 (1155-1809) as part of Sweden left a lasting im- Orarna pression on Finnish culture and institutions. Hel- I sinki remained a small town until 1809, when the Lappviken Mechelingatan Perhonka ETU-TO Hietaniemen karit FRAMRE Sanduddsgrunden Lapinlahti Hietaniemenkatu Lapinlahti Russian Empire conquered Finland and made it laine Lappviken an autonomous Grand Duchy directly under the Iso Pässi Morsian Sulhanen Malminka Stora Bassen Bruden Brudgummen Russian czar. Länsiväylä Lapiniahdenk The turning-point for Helsinki was 1812, Lapinlahdentie Suomen todoksinen when it became Finland's capital. The country's Kaartin hautausmaa Pikku Pässi- Ruoholahti hautausmaa Ortodoxa Lastenkodie administrative and cultural centre was built I Lilla Bässeh Gräsviken Finska Gardens begravnings- Pässinkari begravningsplats platsen Bässkrevan around Senate Square, with the Government Salmisaari Porkkalankatu Ruoholahd Sundholmen Palace (the former Senate) on one side, the Uni- Porkkalagatan Eerlkin 21 Östersjögatan versity on another and on the third the Cathe- Itämerenkatu 18 Kellosaarenk Skällargatan auttasaaren silta 24 dral, which dominates the square and the view Drumsö bro Kellosaaren ranta from the sea. B Skattarstranden Selkämerenkj Lauttasaarensalmi Ruoholahti The Russian period ended in 1917, when Drumsösundet Gräsviken with Hie Finland became independent. Ever since then, Hietasaarenkuja Hietalaht Helsinki has been a fast-growing modern cap- Sandviken ital, with a population today of about 500,000 Koirakivenniemi Saukonpaasi Hundstensudden Utterhällan people. Utterkajen Helsinki is a bilingual city, S Lantinen Tarmonkuja about 7 per cent of the popu- Busholmskajen lation being Swedish-speaking. A granden There are two official state churches: the Lutheran and unokka VASTRA HAMNEN onnäsudden the Greek Orthodox. the Henry Valtamerilaituri Munksho nokankari nnäsgrundet laituri rant Lauttasaarenselkä I Hernesaa Artholme Drumsöfjärden I Artholmskajen Hernesaarea laiture C D Rautaviltta Järnpricken Seurasaarenselkä Fölisöfjärden Mustasaari Syartholmen Porsas Grisen 4 : Hevossaari Hästholmen Haapasaari Pieni-Porsas Aspholmen Lilla Bässen Lapinlahdensilta Lappviksbron Maamonlahti Morsviken Maamon Västerleden The Suomenlinna fortress island south of Helsinki dates from the 3 18th century. Lemissaari Lahnalandent Lemislahti Lemisholm PohloiskaarT 40 Ornate details from the Grand Lemisviken Duchy period can still be seen in Kotkavuori the old city centre (the Czarina's Ornberget 12 Cemissaarent väggen Stone on the Market Square). Policient A 51 9 #uukinlahdentS Lielah- dent Gyldensvagen Klaar Mele- Aleksanterinkatu - Alexander 6 Marcie Street - is the busy banking and Lauttasaarentie Dyviksy Beckasinv shopping centre of the city. 2 11 2 renmaki Pk 10 Myllyk Lahnaruohont Lahna Drumsövägen lahden Sarkiniementle 21 24 puisto Kaupp Sjöallen Gyldenintle aneuyoksent 11 Viksvägen Pohjoiskaari Myllykallio Brax- Kvarnberget viks Palalahdentic Smedjey parken Karlavagen 14 Lanaki LAUTTASAARI Tallbergin Pajalahden DRUMSÖ Isokaari puistot púisto Lohiapajanlahti Haahkakuja 10 Tallbergs Laxvarpsviken allen Smedjeviks Haahkatie Advägen parken kolahdent arinne Helkasvagen Perttulant Vattunfemenkatu Lauttasaaren 16 laivalalturi Turasaarent Tirholmsy ertasy Drumsö kaj Uimaranta Badstrand 10 THE Rajavaren Lewer Vat nantie Hevosenkenkälahti Hallonnäsg Hal Hästskoviken Takaniemi Taxnäs a Itälahdenkatu Veneen Salakka Vattuniemi Vattunlemen D Rauh.linnustonsuojelualue Hallonnas Tiiraluoto Skinnbyxorna 15 Tirklacken Nat ahousuntie Österviksgatan ekijäntie Batbyggary Vatt Fridl.fågelskyddsomr, Hall ankahousut Skinnbyxv Nahkehout Melkögatan denkuh- Melko Länstlahti Sarkikuja 2 Västerviken Lauttasaaren ulkoilupuisto C Drumsö friluftspark 4 DD Vadelmatie Floorant H B Old and new architecture Mustikkatie E4 Arabianranta 60k Arabiastranden, Jyrankovagen 8 The Swedish period has left very few traces in Helsinki's architecture. The old wooden centre tolapuutarha oloniträdgård was destroyed several times by fire and again Kiiskinkatu Kyläsaari Byholmen rebuilt, but has now vanished. Among the few Kumpulank Tavastvagen Haukilahdenk Gaddviksg enduring remnants of 18th century Helsinki are the massive walls of Suomenlinna fortress (ori- 99 IOV Kaupungin karttapalvelu ginal Swedish name Sveaborg). Violank astokatu Stadens karttjanst City Map Service F6 Helsinki's finest architectural achievement santie 94 Stadt. Kartendienst Saarenkll Euray HERMANNI is the neoclassical centre around the Senate Orionink ©HERMANSTAD Hermanninranta Square, which was created at the beginning of Keskusvankila Centralfängelset Hermanstadsstranden 7 the 19th century to match the growing dimen- 69 Hauhov sions of the brand-new capital. Enarel wellamonkatu Trons Pk Vanajas Gallervagen Helsinki also boasts several interesting Art They Vallgårdsy or Valilantie Päijänney Nouveau buildings from the beginning of this 2 century, most of them in the southern parts of Päijänteent MUXSHERN the city, as well as beautiful examples of the Na- atan Hameentie Tatal Verkko- 55 E Verkkosaari tional Romantic style such as the Railway Station, Junatie Natholmen is Kivis gata 10 the National Theatre, the National Museum and Syalbog Verkkok Nate 9 Vasagatan Kutmak Paskylank Verkstadsk others. 9 METRO Har- M.54 Most of Helsinki's architecture, however, elsinginkatu I randyag Itäkeskus M Kuorekarin Suvilahti centrum salmi tori is quite modern. Works by world-famous archi- St Södervik 170 Norsörs- Adolfsg Katri nkatu puisto SHOPS SÖRNÄINEN Valan Itäväylä tects such as Alvar Aalto and others can be seen SÖRNAS puisto alinmaki Kaasutehtas Camping all over the city. The concert and congress hall Rastila Finlandia and Temppeliaukio Church are the elsbacken Parrukatv best-known examples. vägen The fast-growing city has devel- l'avast Lintulabd Väinö Tenkatu oped several older and newer Cannerin kenttä business and residential centres Hanasaari Hanaholmen laituri Sompasaari in all directions and suburbs, Sumparn making the city a balanced whole lairuri 26 / squint that combines the advantages of Hakaniemenranta Sornaisten Sornaskajen laiturl Isoisänniemi Farfarsudden cityscape and countryside. 10 20 Hagnäskajen Hakaniemen Sörndisten satama Hagnäs bre Sörnäs hamn The Railway Station is a good example of the Finnish National Romantic style. tek.kom The magnificent Lutheran Cathedral dominates the 4 Notra Kruunun KORKEASAARI old Empire centre. haank HOGHOLMEN Art Nouveau architecture on Huvilakatu street. 7 an Maurink Liisan Tervasaari 52 2 Temppeliaukio Church is built inside a rocky hill. Tjärholmen Elisabets Maneesik skvären anta 137 Käpylän urheilupuisto Kätilöopisto Kottby idrottspark and Barnmorske Institutet Sofianlehdon vastaanotto koti niexuo la Suopolku 38 Messukeskua le Pyöräilystadion Sofielunds Massreitrum Velodrom upptagningshem Itä-Pasila Ostra Böle Vaunukuja Lentoasem Pasllankatu III Vetur Ratamesta vastationen läisenk 2 Rau-3 Vallilanlaakso PASILA Vallgårdsdalen Pasllanraitlo nkatu atalantie Vallilan sii BÖLE Radanrake Vallgårds Veturitori 8 3 Bölegatan Pasilan ascina 6 MakelHop mary AT Vallga Fredriksbe station 12 angårdsvägen gränden 580 Vallilan Boletaet Kanga 2 Kumpulantie Gumak puisto tori Jamsank Kuortaneenk Lenus portt Team R VALLILA Nilsia STATE maank / Auroran sairaala Lokvagen I E doeent VALORI myoonkatu SPOOTK AMOUNT Gsk Aurora sjukhus Siunk Kiven Pk kank katu 16 regatan Firtaint Neurua Jeinolan 29 Stur Alppipuisto Valan Eläintarhan urheilukenttä Alpparken 20 Pohjoinen Vauhtitie Hango Viborgsgatan 17 Djurgardens) idrottsplan Vesilinnank Vilpurink Industria Alppila Alphyddan aborgsg 1183 Flemings- Uimastadion Tivolive 4 70 a Simstadion Harju Alek: Protincle As 18 dintle 2 Läntinen Brahenkatu Kallion gatan Gus Linnanmak 21 56 Borgbacke 29 urhellu- Kalliolanrinne kenttä Vaasankatu Fartyägen 6 Berghäll Pk OLYMRIASTADION 37 Helsin- Kirstinkatu idrotts- ginkuja 9 Vesisäihő plan Vattenborgen losafatink Kaarlenkatu 21 Kustaank Л Kaupunginpuutarha 12 16 Aadolfink Stadsträdgård 15 Paavo 30 22 55 36 Helsingegatan 50 Kolmas llingatan Alpgatan Kristineg Cinnunlaulunt Street It.Alppirn It.Papin Franzensg Papink linkuja 25 11 13 Karlsgatan Franzen Normen- Walli- gatan 26 Porkk Mantymäentle THE 32 Nellas Tork Mäntymäki NW KALLIO 46 Agricolan Agricolag Tallbacka link Toolon katu BERGHALL Pk Penso Akisahalli Helsingink line Linjat Andra Traile is 15 Linjerna 60 1 Etai linela alinien Inien OF 22 Töðlönlahti OLO gs 22 Tölöviken Djurgardsvägen TOLO Hamee entie Naking Kivelänk Tokoinranta Hesperian Tokoistranden puisto Haka- 7 Hesper ia Eldintarhanlahti niementor parken Djurgårdsviken Hagnas torg Dune anienenk kerink äästöpan Siltasaari an Pas Broholmen karki saaren vuorenk Hakaniemenranta Me esperiag K Hakasalmen III Pitkansillanrante Siltavuoren puisto salmi 2 LSte Brobergssundet 25 Finlandia- Pitkäsilta ranta Bro- talo I Lânga bron Finlandia- Kirjatyö Kasvilieteelinenist Krist 17 you medit! 16 Museigatan Karamz* Botaniska tradaard Slitavuoren 6 penger Gsk 30 31 0, KLUUVI 35 2 Pk Oikok and 0 GLOET 29 NEIV aniemig Unioninkatu Liisank Snellmanink Elisabetsga Kaisaniemi 20 25 12 44 Anderin Kajsaniemi 19 21 K.k hak KRONOHAGEN 3 Ruskeasuon siirtolapuutarha Brunakärrs E79 koloniträdgård 38 Culture to your taste Sauvont gasvägen Kiskovägen Tenalavagen Radlog Länsi-Pasila Västra Böle Tenholantie 10 Jousiammuntarata 4 13 Bågskyttebana Radiokatu Paraistentie RUSKEASUO As a meeting-point between West and East Leankatu 166 BRUNAKARR Pasflankatu 2 Helsinki has a lot to offer visitors who take an in- 1 Maskunt Maskuy penger 10 puist terest in culture. Helsinki is not only the capital Pasilanraitio of the country, but also its intellectual centre, Koroisvagen Nousiaistentie 2 8 Ruskeasuon urheiluhalli Tilkka 1 Raisiontie Brunakärrs idrottshallen Böle where the widest variety of musical events, theatres, museums, art galleries and exhibitions Ratsastie Ridvägen is available. The Finnish National Gallery is one 52 Boletaet of the most popular. 156 Pihlajatie 6 Palkkatila tor The over 350-year-old Helsinki University, 5 the country's most important academic institu- Kuusitle Granyagen 91 Aurora tion, has greatly influenced the development of Pk LAAKSO Laakson Valpurinpuisto the city's intellectual life. Nowadays Helsinki also Vallborgsparken 10 Almy DAL Lakaregatan kentta Ridfältet Dal has several other colleges and institutes. Telephone: Pk OF There are three permanent symphony or- 33 21 aakson sairaala Dals sjukhus D Nord chestras performing in the city: the Helsinki Phil- Tukholmankatu Stockholmsgatan Töölön harmonic, the Radio Symphony Orchestra and MEILAHTI puisto Income 57 Pohjoinen MEJLANS the orchestra of the National Opera. The new arken 42 Reijolankatu Jähalli Me n sairaala shallen Mejians sjukhus opera building is an important addition to Hel- 39 2012 Töölon sinki's cultural offering. Friends of light music pallokenttä Messeniuks Tölö bollplan will also find a varied programme to suit their Fölisövägen personal tastes. COMMISSION katuria Those interested in famous Finnish design Lybeckin 14 0 Mikael Toivor Uma Paavo Eläir OL D 11 will have the best opportunity to study it in Hel- Linnakoskigatan Linnankoskenkatu sinki. There are permanent and temporary exhi- 24 Humallahti Kesaranta bitions and collections to impress you, and shops Hummelviken Merlkannon Hummels 38 tonk that have lots to Rajasaarentie umalist Eino Leinon 12 Rajasaari 39 Topelluksen puisto offer anyone who Råholmen Topelius parken Sibeliuksen puisto is keen on taking Humalluodot Sibelius barken Pooton 80 uusulankati Hummelgrunden Valsk eliusgatan Tolo sjukhus home lovely sou- Sibeliuksen TAKA TOOLO BORTRE TOLO venirs. Merikantovägen Kivelä Kesäkatu Soutustadion 2 Mechelininkatu V-9 Tykistön Roddstadion Töölöntori Sandelsinkatu.S Toivo Ruulan puisto Toivo Kuulas park Döbelnink 21. Taivalsaari Taivallahti Edesholmen Edesviken 35 iesperlankatu Runeberginkatu Norra :8Hespe Södra Hesperiag Pohjoinen 23 desperiankatu Taivalluoto 27 Edesgrundet Hietaranta Tenniskenttä Pk Museokat Sandstrand Tennisplan isenk Mu 34 Juutalainen Simstrant hautausmaa Calonlukset 19 Judiska Tuntur The Helsinki City Theatre. begravningsplats Hieta- 18 kannasi Hietaniemi Uurnalehto Sandnas Urnelunden Sandudd Sammonk Tempr Temp 44 arannantic A Raumant ilantie Porintie A B 15 Ulfsbyvagen Luuvanlement Niemenmäenkj 8 moottoritie Niemenmäki 1 Läntinen fessorint 2 Huopalandentle 2 Näshöjden Tietoku Pk MUNKKINIEMI MUNKSNAS Tuula / Tillimäki Munksnäs 36 Docenting? 37 allen Perustle professorv 23 29 Lokkalantie Gsk Locklaisy dottakis STATE , TS Dragan Laajalahden Pikku Huopalahti 81 ken Tiilipolky Rishitie. aukio Munkkiniemen 19x0 as iniemen 14 puistotie Lilla Hoplaxviken Laajalah- Vanha Munkkiniemi Gamla Munksnäs OHIO Munkkiniemen silta st Munksnäs bro Kadetintie 7 Kasinoviken Sauna FinDatky intorpantic sentle dentle 13 Bastuviks Härkä hakammit V Karrania Uima- 14 Kasinonlahti Ramsys strand ROAD Gert Skytten Meilahden silta puisto Ramsay Mejlans bro Kalastajatorppa iskartorsy Gert Uddvägen park Sigurd Skyttes cree Fiskartorpet g 33 Meilahdentie Steniuksen puisto Saunalahti ramminiementie ttelkinnieme Bastuviken Sigurd Pikku Stenius I Meilahden Mejlasn I Kuusisaari Kärkitie Tamminiemi Lilla Pikkunie Pikkuniemi Ekudden Grano Lillnäset Läntinen Seurasaarentie Pukkisaari Kuusime Granövägen Kuusisaaren salmi 1/1 Västra Itäinen Pukkisaari Bocholmen W Östra Bocholmen Kuusisaarentie Granösundet Eteläinen Seurasaaren salmi Pukkisaari Fölisösundet Södra Bockholmen Kroguksentle 53 00 D Ulkomuseo Uimalaitos Friluftsmuseum Siminrättning Seurasaari ¥ Fölisön Varissaari 0 Kråkholmen 5 Seurasaaren ulkoilupuisto Fölisöns friluftspark Morsianluoto Brudhällen The Sibelius monument is a tribute to the great Finnish Rautaviitta Järnpricken composer. Seurasaarenselkä Most symhony concerts are Fölisöfjärden given in the Finlandia Hall, which is also the venue for congresses and conferences. Mustasaari 3 Syartholmen How to spend your spare time One of the most impressive things about Hel- sinki is the sea, which surrounds it on three sides. Helsinki is a city by the sea. Whoever takes pleasure in the sea and na- ture should visit some of Helsinki's beautiful is- lands: the historical sea fortress Suomenlinna, the unique national park and open-air museum on Seurasaari, the zoological park on Korkea- saari, or the beach on Pihlajasaari. The colourful Market Square, which itself is worth a visit, is the place to start out on most of the sea trips. As a seaside city Helsinki also has a lot to offer anyone who appreciates fish. Salmon, her- ring, pike perch, whitefish, burbot roe, crayfish - to mention the most usual ones. And how about other Finnish specialities: reindeer, elk, cloudberries, arctic brambles, pies, casseroles, or the specialities of the Russian tradition? And if sport is more in your line, there is a lot to do in Helsinki - both in summer and winter. The Finns themselves are very keen on athletics, football, ice hockey, Finnish baseball - take your pick. The sauna is naturally the most typical Finn- ish way of relaxing during one's spare time - SO don't forget to try it too. These cute red panda brothers live in the Helsinki Zoo on Korkeasaari island. A light, warm summer day in an outdoor restaurant is a treat for anybody. Olympic Stadium is the meeting- place for all sport lovers. Linnanmäki Amusement Park is one of the city's most popular at- tractions. The Market Square is the heart of the city, where natives and tourists meet on warm summer days. Finns in North America by Eloise Engle E. Finns in North America by Eloise Engle LEEWARD PUBLICATIONS, INC. Copyright © 1975, by Eloise Engle LEEWARD PUBLICATIONS, INC. P.O. BOX 149 ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND 21404 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY COLLINS LITHOGRAPHING AND PRINTING COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND USA $3.15 per copy Contents Meet the Finns 4 The Land 7 The Finno-Ugrians 7 A Duchy of Sweden 12 Finns Along the Delaware 14 Finns in Alaska 22 The Great Migrations 28 The "Fri Kontri" 35 Back to the Land 44 Religion 55 Social Movements 57 Cooperatives 60 Swedish-speaking Finns 61 Finnish-Canadians 63 Americanization 69 The Winter War 73 Post War America 74 The Finnish-American Bicentennial 76 Crosscurrents 76 Architecture 85 Appendix Independent Work by Eero Saarinen 92 Finno-Ugrians-Chart 93 Distribution of Finns in U.S. 94 Bibliography 96 Acknowledgments 99 Index 102 3 MEET THE FINNS Any mention of Finns in North America is bound to bring a gleam of recognition. Sauna, sisu, Sibelius and those honest, blond blue-eyed people who paid their World War I debt. Of course, everyone knows about. the Flying Finn, Paavo Nurmi, who won all those Olympic gold medals. But what about the others? Depending on where you live, you might think of Finns as miners, lumberjacks or fishermen. Maybe you see them as dairy farmers, dress designers, architects or sculptors. Some well-to-do Americans and Canadians remember those won- derful Finnish maids they said goodnight to as they rode off in their carriage to enjoy a Sibelius concert. The more fortu- nate recall the grandmother Finn whose iron fingers kneaded their aching muscles after a sizzling sauna. But times change. Today, North American Finns are into just about every profession and occupation you can think of. They sing in the opera and dig in the mines; they teach and preach and work for NASA to put men on the moon. They are lumbermen, foresters, and fishermen, they work on en- vironmental and pollution problems, they carve granite monu- ments, build cabinets and furniture, design great buildings. and lay brick walls. Some Finns work with computers, some are dentists, and others may sell you an insurance policy, or build you a sauna (if you're lucky). It's not always easy to single out Finns. by their appear- ances. Many have dark hair and gray eyes; others are blue- eyed blonds. Family names such as Virtanen, Mäkinen and Sjöblom have often been Americanized* to Virta, Mackey and Blum, and second and third generation Finnish- Americans no longer have an Old Country accent. Many Finns no longer live where their ancestors settled. Where once the immigrants headed for the dark forests and mining com- munities of the cold north, their descendants now bask in the Florida and California sunshine. The Canadian Finns say, "We don't think much about the imaginary border. When it " gets cold here, we hop a plane for your southern states However, most North American Finns live in the snowy rugged north. Furthermore, they haven't lost their Finnishness at all, even though you may suspect they have. They are still a hardworking, tenacious and enduring ** Finnish-Americans often dropped the ä and ö in order to simplify their names. Names of Finns in the Old Country are spelled in the traditional way. 4 ONE Towering 750 feet abote the Mississippi River at St Louis, the Jefferson National- Expansion: Memorial-designed by Eero Saarinon-is-inshis words, "a triumphat arch-for-our.age" Dazzling in concept. the huge arch and-shabe peòple with a strong streak of creativity and fantasy in their veins. They love the theater, arts, music, poetry and design; their old country mysticism, humor and folklore seeps through their most sophisticated enclaves. Finland's great folk epic, Kalevala, from which Longfellow took the rhythm and meter for Hiawatha continues to be read aloud in some school- rooms and homes of Finnish communities. Sisu The reason the Finns have been able to preserve their ethnic identity, no matter where live or despite whatever strange fates destiny has in ste for them, can be summed up in a single word-sist Sisu has no exact syno- nym in any other language; it means something like solid- even stolid-obstinance, patience, bull-headedness and down- right cussedness. The closest English equivalent would be "guts." Jingo Viitala Vachon, the Finnish-American author, wrote: "Sometimes I think the incomparable Finnish sisu was born in the infernal heat of a primitive sauna where they were tested for endurance." Sisu isn't subdued, whether Finns go to Sweden, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, Germany, Spain or South America. Where Finns go, there goes sisu. In the Far East, "Hong Kong Hannu" has gained fame for Finnish sisu in his foreign trade operations. The United Nations peace- keeping forces in the Middle East, benefit by the courageous sisu of their leader, Finnish General Ensio Siilasvuo. The most notable example of sisu is the Finnish language, which, in spite of Swedish and Russian efforts to stamp it out, remains one of the oldest living European languages. In Baraga, near Hancock, Michigan, the school teacher was delighted when the Robert Burns family settled there. It was hoped that the young Burns children would soon have the Finns speaking English. Not so. In short order, the Burns children were all speaking fluent Finnish. In North America, the Census Bureau indicates that Finnish has a longer sur- vival rate among children and grandchildren than do most other languages. In some parts of America, one can still hear youngsters of various ethnic backgrounds singing Fin- nish songs, or young housewives ordering in Finnish from a Slovenian butcher. Where does this striking characteristic come from? Most authorities agree that it's a combination of inheritance and environment; that because the ancient tribes chose to settle where they did, they would forever have to resist man and nature's constant efforts to destroy them. 6 THE LAND The natural background of Finland had a lot to do with shaping the character of the people who have come to North America. "You made me what I am today," could refer to the land they left, land that stands on some of the most ancient rocks in Europe. The oldest goes back twenty-nine million years, the newest about eighteen million, and some- how this obdurate granite seems to have become a part of the Finnish soul. But before Finland could be inhabited, the land itself had to be born-out of the sea. The last Ice Age covered all of northern Europe with a layer of ice, miles deep. Slowly the icecap melted, then froze, then melted again, and froze. Finally, the glaciers receded for the last time, leaving nearly a hundred-thousand lakes dotting the land that would become known as Suomit-Finland. As the climate warmed and the land dried out, there ap- peared willow and dwarf birch trees, and finally great forests of fir and spruce. The country became dominated by three elements, forest, water and rock, varying from region to region, but unique from any other landscape in Europe. These elements have always been an integral part of the people who lived there; in all their music, architecture, sculp- ture, poetry and artistic design, whether ancient or extremely contemporary. Philosophy and religion were also styled by the natural elements. The Finns are born with a deep love of nature and solitude. Their creative works in the mother country, as well as those in North America, are all admired for these same reasons. THE FINNO-UGRIANS* About eight thousand years ago, a tribal nomadic people known as Finno-Ugrians began wandering from somewhere between the Ural Mountains and the big bend of the Volga River. They lingered a while along the Baltic until two tribes, the Tavasts and the proper Finns (varsinaissuomalaiset) crossed the sea and settled in central Finland. Some stayed behind in Estonia; others, the Magyars, settled in the plains of Hungary in about the eighth. century A.D. There is a language relationship between all of these groups. The Kare- lians came by land from the region of Lake Ladoga and made their homes in the large area north of today's Lenin- grad. From the west and south came the Scandinavians, par- t Suo means swamp, or bog, in Finnish. However, Suomi is a word in itself, having no connection with swamp or bog. * See Appendix. 7 ticularly the Swedes, who became colonists and administrators after the annexation of the country by Sweden in the late thirteenth century. The groups who came to the country by different routes, settled in their respective areas and remained there for cen- turies. The long hard winters, heavy forests and thousands of lakes made communication difficult, if not impossible. Generally, they kept to themselves in their own communities, and only when the recent industrial revolution disrupted their lives did the villagers see much of anything outside. Accord- ingly, they maintained their identities and peculiarities longer than most ethnic groups. Even today, reference is often made to "tribes" and "stock" when Finns meet each other for the first time and it's probably their way of giving each other a clue as to what can be expected in the way of behavior and attitude. Of course, generalities are dangerous. Communications, intermarriage, migrations within the country, along with Swedish and Russian dominance over long periods have diminished many of the old clear-cut lines. But it's still inter- esting to make comparisons. Karelians and people from the province of Savo are often slightly built, with dark hair, gray eyes and delicately chiseled features. Many are extraordinarily handsome, which may ac- count for their gay optimism and lively sense of humor. In the old days, they were the poets and peddlers, the rune sing- ers, the imaginative compulsive monologuists the charmers who might have a streak of laziness. But who cared? By contrast, the Tavast, whom many think of as the "typical Finn," is usually short and stocky, with light hair, blue eyes and a round face with a turned-up nose. Some Tavasts will wear a perpetual grin-happy or not-but more often Tavasts are noted for silent, immobile features that hide their deep emotions. Many old classic jokes concern the Tavast woodsmen or farmers who start a story with a few words and after a silence of a week or two, will finally man- age to complete it. A typical anecdote about the "silent" Finns concerns a group of farmers on their way to market. As they left their homes in a sleigh, one of them noticed tracks in the freshly fallen snow, and said: "These must be hare tracks." Hours passed. Then a second man said: "No, they were those of a lynx." No one said another word. Dusk was falling when they reached the town and a third Finn said, "They were the footprints of a fox." Later, as they got ready for sleep, a fourth Finn concluded: "Oh well, what difference does it make?" 8 American school teachers often became exasperated with their Finnish students' reticence to speak up in classroom discussions. The Finn's reply is: "If no one speaks, it is also possible that someone is thinking." Tavasts from central Finland, Ostrobothnians, and people from Vaasa and Oulu were the hardest hit by the nineteenth century industrial revolution, lack of job opportunities and the fact that those areas had become overpopulated. They were the people who accounted for the largest numbers com- ing to North America in the great emigration waves from 1893 through 1914. Between these two extremes are the Swedo-Finns. Some are racially Finns, but speak a different language, and some are descendants of German or Balt immigrants or Swedish administrators and colonists. Where the Tavasts and Kare- lians are high-strung, emotional and imaginative, Swedo- Finns have a cooler, more formal approach. They tend toward realism, intellectual analysis and a carefully defined social structure. The most famous Swedo-Finn was Marshal Gustav Mannerheim, hero of the Independence War, Winter War and World War II, who also served as President. Al- though he was Finnish by temperament and fluent in the cultural languages of Europe, he never learned Finnish until he was past fifty-and then it was only enough to work with his troops. CHAMPION OF LIBERTY This stamp, in four and eight cent values, honors the great Finnish soldier, statesman and strategist-Baron Karl Gustav Mannerheim, Marshal and Presi- dent of Finland. The Mannerheim GUSTAF stamps, a part of the "Champions of Liberty" series, were first placed on sale in Washington, D.C., on October 16, 1960. Courtesy U.S. Postal Service UNITED STATES POSTAGE 9 The Mongol Myth When the Finns first reached North America in great numbers, immigration authorities weren't sure of their nationality. Certainly it would have been useless for the newcomers to explain their ancient heritage to untutored clerks who had other things on their minds besides Finnish history. Even if the Finns had tried to explain nobody could understand their language. So they shrugged their shoulders with characteristic stoicism and accepted whatever classification the uniformed men gave them. But immigration authorities weren't the first to confuse the issue. Throughout history, Finns have been entangled in identity crises, one after the other. Islandic sagas call Lap- landers Finns, or Finns Lapps, although they are completely different ethnic groups. At times Finns were called Swedes, Scandinavians, even Russians. Sweden periodically claimed such geniuses as the poet Runeberg, and while Finland was a Grand Duchy of Russia, the Russians claimed Jean Sibelius was one of their composers. The most persistent myth was the Mongolian one that started when Blumenbach wrote the first book on racial differences, De Generiis Humani Varietate Nativa, in 1775, and divided the world's races into five, based on the color of the skin. The Finns didn't fit into any of these five so he lumped them in with the Mongols. Later, this classification was passed from one reference book to another, until anthro- pologists finally realized something was wrong. In 1908, a Duluth, Minnesota Judge, W. A. Cant, made a bold decision. He officially declared that Finns were not of the yellow race. From Tribesmen to Swedish Subjects The map of northern Europe will show that descendants of those early settlers of Finland were slated for trouble because their home- land is wedged between two nations that sought control of it. In The Land and People of Finland, Erick Berry wrote, "With the Swedish and Russian nutcrackers to west and east, it is a wonder that little Finland survived. The answer begins gradually to appear. Finland was too hard a nut to crack. She was made of obdurate Finnish granite " By the eighth century, the Finns had given up their wan- derings and were well into perfecting their own unique skills -skills they would later bring with them to North America when the time came. Using handcrafted implements, they became expert foresters and builders, felling trees and fitting the interlocking logs into strong walls for their homes. A single smoke hole in the roof provided ventilation. America's Pilgrim fathers had no such knowledge of how to construct a wilderness cabin of this sort. Finns roofed their dwellings 10 with birchbark, and over it laid insulating turf to keep out the cold. Since birchbark was available everywhere, they used it for shoes, tents, leggings, baskets, plates and platters. And in a manner similar to that of the American Indians, they built sturdy canoes. These early people apparently did not venture over the seas as did the Vikings, but instead became skilled trappers, car- penters and shipwrights. Some specialized craftsmen settled along the Norwegian fjords, making their living by shipbuild- ing. Vikings who looted and plundered monasteries and castles along the Irish and English coasts and sailed as far west as Greenland and south to the Mediterranean often sailed in Finnish-built ships.* The Church Christianity came to Finland from the East and the West over a thousand years ago. Southern Scandinavia was brought into the Western church through English and German missionaries while at the same time, Russia adopted Christianity under the Byzantine influence. Karelians, the largest of the Finnish tribes, were dominated by the Eastern Orthodox Church of Constantinople. Sweden's Eric IX had considerable difficulty converting the Finns in the West. Church historians refer to Christian approaches from the West as crusades, but for those involved, it was out and out war. After a number of bloody fights, the Swedes returned home, leaving behind the Bishop of Uppsala, believed to have been an Englishman. His assignment was to convert the Finns who still clung to their mysterious magic, nature worship and curative shamans. Unfortunately his prospec- tive converts murdered him. Later they repented and canon- ized him. He is now known as Saint Henry, patron saint of Finland. In the thirteenth century, another Englishman brought along a number of warriors and priests who accomplished their mission. The Bishop Thomas was so successful he al- most managed to win the country away from Sweden and make it a province, subject to Rome and the Pope. The city of Turku became the political-religious capitol of Catholic Finland and records indicate that between 1300 and 1400, two Finnish rectors were serving in the University of Paris. Catholicism in Finland ended in the 16th century when Swedish King Gustav Eriksson Vasa shed the Roman yoke and switched his domain to the Lutheran church. * According to Erick Berry, in The Land and People of Finland, Nor- wegian history records "Sea-Finns," specialized craftsmen who lived entirely by their shipbuilding, but never went to sea. See Bibliography. 11 A DUCHY OF SWEDEN By 1362 Finland had become a duchy of Sweden with various Swedish noble families setting up their estates there. Finland enjoyed the right of any other Swedish province to send a delegation to the capital to help elect a king. There were many advantages to this political arrangement, notably the Swedish shield against the German Knights of the Sword who enslaved the Baltic States and against the Tartars of the East who founded modern Russia. Neither country's people suffered under a feudal system; peasants were never serfs and there was no middle class of any importance. By the end of the Middle Ages, free peasant farm owners could be used in warfare between the nobility and the monarchy. There was a time between 1388 and 1412 when three other Scandinavian countries and Finland were united under Queen Margaret of Norway. During the many wars, Finnish men were drawn from farm and forest to fight on land and sea. No matter which side won-Finland won nothing for herself. The peasants of Sweden and Finland never lost their free- dom. Certainly they could not count on fleeing to the protec- tion of walled cities because there were no great and powerful centers like Rome, Paris or London. The rural countryside remained unchanged and village life continued as it had for a thousand years. Dairy farming, for which Finnish immigrants later became well-known in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, was im- portant to the medieval peasants. Butter accounted for one- quarter of Finland's foreign trade and was a convenient substitute for money. In the Finnish epic Kalevala, the beauti- ful heroine Aino is urged by her mother: Eat, a whole year long, fresh butter That your form may grow more rounded. Eat thou pork the second season That your form may grow more charming. And the third year eat thou cream cakes, That thou may become more lovely. In 1260, Finland paid half her taxes in butter and by 1560 half of her exports to Holland, Danzig, Lübeck and Denmark was butter. So in spite of wars, Finland and Sweden's wilder- ness areas were being cleared and farmed. Gustav Vasa In 1520, Christian II of Denmark invaded Sweden, and in order to crush all opposition within the country ordered the massacre known to historians as the Stockholm Bloodbath. Nobles were slaughtered, churchmen 12 hauled off to Denmark and hostages dragged away in chains. Among the latter was a young Swedish nobleman, Gustav Eriksson Vasa. Swashbuckling young Gustav soon made his daring escape, disguised as a cowhand, and galloped away to his refuge in Lübeck. When the Danes demanded his return, the citizens not only refused to part with him but they helped him get back to Sweden. He landed near Kalmar in May, 1520, where he discovered that his sister and mother had been captured by the Danes and that his brother-in-law and father were dead. Vowing revenge, he headed for Dalarna where he be- gan raising troops. For months afterwards he went from village to village inciting peasants to revolt against the foreigners. By January 1521, news of his mischief reached the Danish king; the revolt was in full swing. Although young Gustav began his campaign with no money or arms, province after province came to his aid so that by June of 1523, the Danish king had been driven out of Sweden and Gustav Vasa was elected king. Founder of the Vasa line, he was the first to proclaim a hereditary monarchy to prevent any further Danish claims to the Swedish throne. It was during Gustav Vasa's reign that Sweden broke with the Catholic Church as Henry VIII had done in England. Seizing papal-held wealth and property on behalf of the Lutheran Reformation, he proclaimed himself head of the Church and by the end of the century the Lutheran faith was officially and generally accepted. These events had a profound effect on the Finnish language because Martin Luther insisted on the use of the vernacular instead of Latin in holy services. This led the Bishop of Turku, Michael Agricola, who had earlier written a Finnish-language primer, to translate into Finnish the Prayer Book and the New Testament in 1548. They were the first works to be published in Finnish and led to Agricola's memorial title, "Father of Finnish Literature." Under Gustav Vasa, the Finns had a sizeable voice in the developing political organizations in Sweden, certainly more so than in other European countries at that time. Common yeomen and ordinary peasants could speak as free men and air complaints, a habit not easily changed by whim or circum- stance. Gustav worked to improve economic activity by favoring Dutch merchants over the Germans in the Baltic trade, so by the end of the sixteenth century many were solidly entrenched in Finland's coastal towns. It was the Dutch who later brought the first Finns to the New Sweden colony in Delaware. Gustav Vasa founded Helsinki, hoping to divert Russian 13 trade from Tallinn in Estonia; he also initiated the exploita- tion of Finland's mines and forests. He started a postal system, developed towns and roadways where none had existed before. Later, in the mid-seventeenth century, Count Per Brahe, the most famous of Swedish governors-general of Finland, founded Turku University, thus establishing the country's intellectual life. But there were disadvantages to life under Swedish rule. Swedish administrators who settled in the country brought their own laws, culture and language, which dominated intel- lectual and commercial activity. By the time of Charles XI (1660-1697) efforts were made to totally absorb Finland into the Swedish realm. "One religion, one law, one language, identical customs," meant that Swedish would be used in schools, churches, administrative and commercial activities, in the army and in the law courts. Although the general population clung to their Finnish, the burghers and gentry spoke Swedish which created some social problems that lasted a long time. Today, Finland is a dual language country. The worst effect, however, was that Finns had to fight and finance Sweden's wars, and endure devastation of their land and crops. Russia and Sweden fought five wars, lasting more than sixty years altogether, between 1570 and 1809. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the so-called Great Wrath occurred when Charles XII of Sweden led his vic- torious armies into Russia while Peter the Great invaded Fin- land from Lake Ladoga in the east. For eleven years, Finland was partly or completely occupied by Russian armies, with accompanying vandalism, destruction and reduction of the population by a quarter. In four centuries, Finland had only a few decades of peace. It was no wonder then, that in 1580 when the Swedish crown began offering Finns a chance at some tax-free home- steading land in central Sweden in exchange for clearing the forests and developing farms, many of them jumped at the chance. At least they would be away from what had become a battleground. Little did they realize that their children and grandchildren would be the first of their countrymen to travel across the Atlantic to the New World. FINNS ALONG THE DELAWARE The first Finns in America came to set up a trading post at what is now Wilmington, Delaware. They left Gothenburg, Sweden, early in November 1637, and sailed in two small ships, Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip, to Holland. There the 14 ships fitted out for a stormy three-month crossing of the Atlantic. They arrived at the mouth of the Delaware River in March, 1638. The expedition, led by Dutchman Peter Minuit, included 26 Finnish and Swedish crew members, some soldiers and Minuit's Dutch aides. There were no firm plans for colonies such as those established in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and Virginia or, later, in Pennsylvania. For the Swedes and Dutch, it was strictly a commercial venture. 1638 U.S.POSTAGE-1938 This special stamp commemorated the tercentenary anniversary of the first colony of Swedish and Finnish settlers in America. The central design is from a painting by Stanley M. Arthurs. Courtesy U.S. Postal Service 3 LANDIBO OF THE SWEDES AND FIRES 3 At that time, Sweden was emerging as a new power in European politics, anxious to compete for markets and raw materials around the world. William Usselinx, promoter of the Dutch West India Company, was the first to approach the Swedish government about a New World venture, but he was unsuccessful. Then, in the 1630s, other Swedes and Dutch took up the idea. One of them was Peter Minuit, once director of the Dutch trading colony of New Netherland (later New York City). He convinced Finnish nobleman Klaus Fleming, a vice admiral in the Swedish Navy, and various private in- vestors that grand profits could be made once the New Sweden Company was chartered. Minuit's instructions were to lay claim to the west shore of the South (Delaware) River between what is now Chris- tina Creek, Delaware, and Trenton, New Jersey, and to pur- chase the land from the Indians. Profits would come from beaver pelts obtained from the Indians in trade and from the tobacco to be purchased for liquor and wines in the West Indies. The immense tract, named New Sweden, included parts of Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. To the nature-loving Finns, the new land was a paradise 15 of thick forests, estuaries and landlocked harbors. Game roamed the area and the waterways teemed with fish. Equally important was the Delaware river, which Finns one day would use as a means of getting into the back country. Fort Christina The stillness of the forest was soon shattered by the sounds of ringing axes and falling timber, as men began work on Fort Christina, named in honor of Sweden's child queen. Inside the log palisade, they built a log house for storing the ammunition and merchandise they would trade with the Susquehannock and Delaware Indians. Their second log building, a communal residence, with gabled ends, was roofed with split limbs. The 500 bricks brought from Stockholm were used for making their fireplace and oven. By July, the communal house was ready for occupancy. FINLAND Pennsylvania is deeply conscious Name given to tract of early Finnish contributions along Delaware River from Marcus Hook to to its settlement, as shown by Chester-River. Grant for this historical marker near tract was given Captain Marcus Hook on the Delaware Hans Ammundson Besk. a native of Finland. by River. Photo by Lauri Paananen Queen Christina in 1653. Site of first Finnish settlement in America. PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL AND MUSEUM COMMISSION When Minuit and his party sailed away, they left behind a commander along with a few Swedes, Finns and Dutch soldiers who began building three more log houses; one at Crane Hook to be used as a church, and the others as residences. Minuit never saw the new buildings; he was killed in a ship- wreck in the West Indies. Two years passed before the first colonists arrived. Expeditions to New Sweden In the seventeen years of Swedish control of the colony, from 1638 to 1655, eleven expeditions, including whole families, sailed for the New World. Although the settlers were Swedish subjects, about half were of Finnish origin because at that time, Finland was an integral part of Sweden. The two groups had different languages, customs and ethnic traditions, but both had one thing in common; few wanted to cross the stormy Atlantic to fulfill the Crown's expansionist dreams in New Sweden. 16 The royal government devised a number of arm-twisting edicts and lures, but with little success. It was then decided that the Finns would be good pioneers. Why not round them up, ship them overseas, and solve several problems all at once? The Finns' trek from homeland, to Sweden, to America, actually began about seventy years before when the kingdom urged them to leave their homes (mostly in Savo province) to pioneer the wilderness land of west central Sweden. It was an ambitious plan in which some 12,000 to 13,000 Finns sought new opportunities and homesteads that would be tax- free for ten years. The only requirement was that they hack at the forests and turn the land into productive farms. Histori- ans call it "the most systematic pioneering enterprise within the Swedish Kingdom during the sixteen hundreds." The traditional Finnish method of clearing land was simple and expedient; they cut down trees and underbrush, usually in the autumn, and in the spring they set fire to it. This cleared the land and provided wood ashes for fertilizer. After superficial cultivation, they could harvest a reasonably good crop. It was a wasteful method, but accepted in those days when all of Sweden was covered with forests. Then, in the 1630s, the situation changed. Valuable iron and copper deposits were discovered in Finnish-occupied lands. The price of timber soared as the need for charcoal for the mining industry increased. Swedes began complaining about the Finns' intrusion on their hunting grounds and there were numerous squabbles over property rights. Finally, the Swedish government began issuing edicts against the land- clearing practices of the "burnbeater Finns." Offenders were driven from their farms, jailed, or deported. Those who of- fended a second time faced a death penalty. Many "burnbeaters" were rounded up and herded aboard ships bound for the Delaware colony. Included were young men who refused to fight any more of Sweden's wars in foreign lands. They were let out of jail and allowed to sail for New Sweden with their families. Some farmers and woodsmen who had unwittingly failed to legalize their homestead rights, decided that the colony across the sea was probably their last chance for property ownership. From the very beginning, New Sweden was poorly main- tained. Expeditions were never properly planned; colonists set out in small bands aboard ships of questionable seaworthi- ness, even for those days. They sailed without escort or pro- tection from pirates and privateers, .and some vessels never reached the new land. Supplies promised to be sent later sometimes failed to appear. 17 The 1640 expedition of thirty settlers, directed by Gov- ernor Peter Holland Ridder, landed safely. However, the Finns soon rejected the confining life inside Fort Christina and left to establish their own settlements. These were Fin- land, located between present-day Marcus Hook and Chester, Pennsylvania, and Uppland, where Chester now stands. They were the first permanent settlements of what later became the state of Pennsylvania. The first Lutheran church in America was established at Fort Christina with the Finnish Reverend Roerus Torkillus as preacher. Seventy Finns in the 1649 expedition were not so fortunate. They were shipwrecked off the coast of Puerto Rico, im- prisoned by the Spanish, freed, then captured by the French at St. Croix and sold into slavery. Another group of about 100 Swedes and 250 Finns was attacked off the Canary Islands by three Turkish ships in 1654; their ultimate fate is unknown. Many Finnish refugees traveled via northern Norway, hoping to reach Holland, then America. One such group landed in New Amsterdam and never got to New Sweden at all. Nevertheless, the Finns who survived the Atlantic crossing gradually swelled the population of the three little settlements. They had large, healthy families who pitched in to clear land for their homes, and it was they who introduced to the New World what became known as the American log cabin. First Homes The Finns, with their natural atunement to the forests, were skilled craftsmen in several forms of log housing; they used both round and dressed logs, and their methods of corner timbering were unique. Even though family names were sometimes changed, shortened, or appeared to be Swedish, it was the characteristic Finnish log cabin that has allowed historians to track the original builders. The Finnish rail fence was another important clue. The earliest homes along the Delaware were one-room Building a log cabin, Finnish style, called for skill with an axe in order to fit logs of various sizes into a solidly constructed wall. Photo by Michael Kárni cabins hastily built of round, undressed logs, by peasant farmers who had very few tools to work with. The logs were saddle-notched, the doors fitted badly and the windows were simple, uneven openings, covered with movable boards. Cracks and holes in the walls were chinked with clay or moss. Chimneys were made of sticks covered with clay; the roofs were insulated with turf laid over tree limbs or puncheon planks. All the timbers were cut by hand. Cabins were erected without the use of a square or level. In spite of their crude construction, they held up for many years. The Nothnagle house near Wilmington was built by a Finn, Antti Niilonpoika, for a well-to-do Swede, and has lasted three hundred years. The current owners were married in the original cabin, and now live in the adjacent addition. Unfortunately, except for those preserved as historical memorials, these cabins are be- coming rare as the lower Delaware Valley becomes more urbanized. This log and stone structure at Prospect Park, near Philadelphia, was built by Martti Marttinen from Rautalampi, Finland. He later changed his name to Morton Mortonson. Photo by Lauri Paananen The Morton Homestead One of the more historic cabins was built at what is now Prospect Park, near Essing- ton, a few miles south of Philadelphia, about 1655. The builder was Martti Marttinen, from Rautalampi, Finland. Marttinen, who reached Delaware in 1641, soon found his name simplified to Morton Mortonson, although the memorial 19 Interior of the Morton home. The building has been restored and is administered as a memorial by the Pennsyl- vania Historical and Museum Commission. It is thought to be the oldest building in the state. Photo by Lauri Paananen in the churchyard of his hometown in Finland bears his orig- inal name. He was the great grandfather of John Morton who cast the deciding vote in favor of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. The old Finn died 31 May 1706 at the age of 100. The original cabin is of closely-fitted hewn oak logs which are dovetailed and flush at the corners. About 1698, a second log house was built close by for the son, Mathias, and family. Later, the intervening space was enclosed with walls of stone for added strength, and eventually a continuous roof covered the entire long, narrow structure. Colonial Life As settlers gradually improved their liv- ing conditions, they installed larger windows in their log houses. When bricks became available, they built fireplaces large enough so that outdoor ovens were no longer needed. By 1655, everyone had a log cabin sauna, with a mound of rocks to be heated for bathing, a soot-blackened interior, a sheaf of cedar or birch branches hung on a hook, and a smoke hole in the ceiling. Many families built their sauna first, and lived in it until the main house was completed. Transplanted Finns carried their customs and manners to the banks of the Delaware almost intact. Old skills inherited from their ancestors were put to steady use in the great forests of America. Almost everything they used was made of wood; plates, bowls, spoons, forks, ladles and beer jugs with hinged lids and spouts were handcrafted with small puukko knives. They made their own sleighs, skis, boats and wagons as they'd done in their homeland. The familiar birch bark went into baskets, boxes, sieves, graters, even containers for salt and pepper. The women braided grasses, reeds and cord to make shoes and cultivated flax from which they wove intricately patterned linens. Food was plentiful, and probably not as monotonous as in New England. Rye bread was baked and strung on a pole 20 to harden over the fireplace where it kept for weeks. Women made beer from persimmons, brandy from peaches and wines from the native grapes. There were so many grapes growing near New Castle that the place was first known as Grapevine Point. In all, it seems to have been a happy colony. It was small -probably no more than 400 people at the time the Dutch took over-but well managed. There were no slaves, and the settlers were friendly with the Indians from the beginning. The Finns, particularly those who headed for the backwoods, quickly learned the Indian dialects and during the Revolu- tionary War were invaluable as interpreters. There is no evidence of protective stockades built by Finns in the back- woods; there seemed to be no need for them. Lasting Impressions History has a way of deglamoriz- ing events of the past but the settlers of New Sweden have stood the test of time without serious blemish. In spite of neg- lect from the home country, political rivalries and economic crises, they contributed admirably to their adopted land. They brought the first Lutheran ministers, built the first churches, the first flour mills, the first permanent homes and the first roads in what are now Delaware and parts of Pennsylvania. They mapped the regions, set up the first organized govern- ment and introduced both the court and jury system. It was the Finns and Swedes who prepared the way for William Penn who arrived in 1682 to found the colony of Pennsyl- vania. When the Dutch and later the English took over New Sweden both were impressed with the people, their skill with the axe and their physical and moral strength. William Penn wrote of them, "As they are People proper and strong of Body so they have fine Children, and almost everyhouse full; rare to find one of them without 3 or 4 boys, and as many Girls; some six, seven and eight Sons; And I must do them that right, I see few Young men more sober and laborious " By the 1700s the Finns had begun to fade into the main- stream of American life; distinctive characteristics and cus- toms, along with the language disappeared. At the close of the Revolutionary War, the new nation numbered three million English speaking people. Minorities like the Finns and Swedes bent with the wind and became Americans along- side their neighbors. An historical mark was made by John Hanson, great grandson of a Sweden-Finland colonist. He was elected President of the United States by the Continental Congress-an office he held for a year. The four-lane high- way from Annapolis to the District of Columbia is named for 21 him. Eight years later in 1798, George Washington became President under the revised Constitution. Professor John I. Kolehmainen has an afterthought: "The transformation of the Finns, who had settled in Sweden in the years following 1580, had already begun there; it was com- pleted almost imperceptibly in America. FINNS IN ALASKA In 1727, Peter the Great of Russia sent an expedition led by Vitus Bering, a Dane, to determine whether or not Alaska was a part of the Asiatic continent. Peter the Great, and later his widow Catherine, hoped to set up a profitable fur trade in North America, as other European powers were then doing. Bering's second voyage in 1741 took him to the strait between Siberia and North America which now bears his name. In 1784, Russia took possession of Kodiak Island as a fishing and hunting base for the Russian-American Fur Company. In the 1790s, Governor Baranov seized Sitka Island from which the whole of Alaska was to be governed. The capital city was Nova Archangel, or Sitka, for short. The southernmost base of the Sitka colony was Fort Rossia in California, near present day San Francisco. Meanwhile, thousands of miles away in Europe, events that drastically affected Finland were taking place. Most of the continent was under the dominance of France's Napoleon Bonaparte and Russia's Alexander I. The French emperor teamed up with Demark to close the Baltic to British trade, but when he approached Gustav IV of Sweden, the offer was refused. Napoleon then persuaded the Czar to declare war on Sweden, a not too difficult task since the two countries had been warring off and on for centuries. At the same time Sweden would be attacked by Denmark, and Russia would receive Finland as the prize in these maneuvers. In September 1809, in accordance with the general re- drawing of the map of Europe, Sweden signed a treaty with Russia, and gave up Finland. With Finland a Grand Duchy of Russia, Finns began ac- tively participating in the Russian-American Company in Alaska. Finnish sailors in Finnish-built vessels made the thirteen-month journey around Cape Horn. Some Finns were political prisoners, sent from Siberia to do construction work. Others were employed in fairly high positions. Alexander Baranov, a former Siberian merchant, ruled Sitka like a Czar. He built an impressive governor's palace, * Kolehmainen, John I, The Finns in America, Teachers College Press, Columbia University, New York, 1968. 22 and furnished it with art treasures from St. Petersburg, grand pianos and a fine library of some 1,200 works in many languages. Vodka flowed freely at palace parties, to which Indian women were frequent visitors. When Baranov died in 1818, he was succeeded by a series of governors of questionable ability and morals. Able admin- istrators weren't too eager to settle in that remote outpost. However, events in Finland began to point toward better things in Alaska. With the country's new status as a Grand Duchy having its own Diet and Senate, gifted Finns could rise to a new status in Russia. Such was the case of Admiral Arvid Adolf Etholen who served as Governor-General of Alaska from 1840 to 1845. He, with his wife and children sailed aboard the 350-ton Turku-built Nikolai on September 12, 1839, along with fifty-three others, including Pastor Uno Cygnaeus who would serve a five-year assignment as Sitka's first Lutheran Minister, and R. F. Sahlberg, a scientist-doctor who would serve for a year as a medical officer. Sahlberg's diary later provided a fascinating insight into the early life of the colony. The Nikolai reached Sitka in the summer of 1840 after a perilous and stormy voyage around the Horn. Sahlberg wrote: "To be sure, the sleet and hailstones dampened the pleasure that being on deck brings, but one had to suffer this dis- comfort in order to see the wild seas. The waves rose high, higher than half-mast, and broke against the ship, threatening to engulf it completely." Life in the northern frontier post was both profitable and gay, with a dizzy round of receptions, balls, drinking bouts and card parties. Homesick aristocrats did their best to re- create something of the grandeur of St. Petersburg. "God is high and the Czar is far away," was the standard response to criticism. Many were hopelessly in debt. Some were married to Indian women. "They have been in Sitka so long that they have abandoned all hope of getting home," Sahlberg wrote. Although morals were low, profits were apparently high. The company carried on large scale trading, hunting for furs, fishing and gold washing. Company-owned trading ships sailed to China, the Philippines, California and Japan. At the same time, the company's ruthless quest for profit drove Alaska's sea cows to extinction. Governor Etholen and his wife began their massive pro- gram of reform, changing drastically the lives of company employees as well as native Alaskans. A forty-bed hospital, a public library, a playground, and a clubhouse for unmarried men were all built under their auspices. Madame Etholen, a pious woman, made the altar linens for the new Lutheran 23 chapel and with her husband, donated a small pipe organ which was still in use during the 1880s. The Etholens were particularly concerned about the exploitation of the natives and in 1841 issued an order aimed at correcting the problem. The sale of liquor at all posts was banned even for whites. According to Sahlberg, "Some of the Russians wept at receiv- ing the order." Fairs were begun at which natives could display their handiwork. The most lasting gift of Madame Etholen was her establishment of the first boarding school for native girls in Alaska. Etholen Island, near Sitka, is named for these good people. Another prominent Finn was Captain Hampus Furuhjelm, who served as a company official, and later as Alaska's 13th Governor-General. He was first assigned to Admiral Putjatin's research expedition to the Arctic where he christened two un- known islands in Possiet Bay the Furuhjelm Islands. The European community in Sitka grew steadily until in 1861, its population was 2,500. It was the busiest port on the Pacific Ocean, not excluding San Francisco. Furuhjelm handled his duties with skill and tact. One mission in partic- ular called for the utmost discretion and diplomacy. It in- volved the aggravating Ice Agreement the company had with the U.S. which required the Sitka colony to deliver thousands of tons of ice to San Francisco to cool American drinks. New Englanders had made a big business of packing ice in sawdust and shipping it as far away as India. But Alaska didn't have enough woods and woodsmen to produce enough sawdust and the result was shipload after shipload of melted ice. Furuhjelm approached the problem literally by the back door. He located the lady friend of the leader of the San Francisco businessmen's caucus, and presented her with the most beautiful fur in Alaska. A few days later, the Ice Agree- ment was canceled. St. Petersburg was delighted. Another coup for Furuhjelm was the acquisition of the whole of Sakhalin Island from Japan in exchange for a few of Russia's Kurile Islands. But all Russian deals were not so successful. Some historians say that the extraordinary sale of Alaska in 1867 to the United States, came about because Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevitz of the Imperial family needed an impressive dowry for his daughter to marry the King of Greece. The sale was arranged in Washington between the Russian envoy, Baron Stoeckel and Secretary of State William Seward. Furuhjelm, who opposed the sale to his dying day, muttered angrily that the sale of Alaska was a dirty affair With the transfer of Alaska to the United States, many Finns stayed on and settled, particularly in Sitka, Juneau, 24 (Above, left) Early Finnish home. (Middle) Finnish Lutheran Church at Nisula, is one of the oldest of the early Michigan churches. Photo by Lauri A. Paananen. (Above, right) Two young ladies enjoying a Finnish sauna. (Be- low) Emigrants boarding ship at Hanko. Water color painting by Emil Danielsson in 1909. Courtesy of Na- tional Museum of Finland. 1302 "We realize that light is an effective agent in creating a spiritual atmosphere."- Eero Saarinen. Kramer Chapel. Photo courtesy Concordia Senior College, Fort Wayne, Indiana. 26 Fairbanks and Anchorage. Some drifted south to Seattle and other mainland communities where they could find work. Gustav Wilson became the first Finnish Consul in the terri- tory. An early pioneer pastor of the region was Reverend Heikki Sarvela. The Gold Rush In 1898 news flashed around the world that an enormous gold strike had been made in the Klondike, in northwestern Canada. Hordes of gold seekers passed through Seattle on their way to the northland in search of riches. It seemed a miracle at a time when the world was still suffering from the depression and panic of 1893. Before the gold rush ended, one man brought out one ton of gold. A year later, there was a second great gold discovery near Nome, in Alaska. In ten years, $200 million in gold came through Seattle. And some of that gold found its way to Turku Uni- versity in Finland, thanks to a pair of Finnish adventurers who made good. Karl Frederick Joutsen and Anton Fabian Johnsson, sons of Juho Johnsson, a Turku blacksmith, were typical of many young Finns who heard about the gold strikes. Finnish restaurants and bars in Seattle were swarming with would-be sourdoughs, listening eagerly to the wild tales of sudden wealth. Sailors, railroad workers, miners, longshoremen and carpenters bragged about getting as much as $700 worth of gold just by dipping a pan into the streams. The stories were so exciting that a lot of the men lost what little money they had, drinking and gambling, before they ever got started. But Karl Joutsen had a level head on his shoulders. Although he knew English, he kept his mouth shut and listened. Before long he'd made careful notes on how to prepare for the trip, when to go, and where. "Don't go in the fall or you'll freeze to death," said the old hands. "And take several reliable, experienced men with you.' But where would Karl find someone like that? He was pondering the problem one evening in the Finnish restaurant when he looked up to see a ragged young fellow who looked vaguely familiar. It was his younger brother Anton who had come to America a few years before and had been working in blacksmith shops from Fitchburg, Massachusetts, to Hancock, Michigan. He had last worked in the copper mines in Montana and was now in Seattle, out of a job, with a fortune of 25 in his pocket. Anton couldn't speak a word of English but he was talented and reliable. Karl had saved $650 for a grubstake, enough to buy two and a half tons of equipment and ship it to Alaska. From then on, it would be a fifty-fifty proposition. It was the be- ginning of a forty-five year partnership. 27 They soon had a fortune in gold and began sending money back to a Helsinki bank. On return to Finland, they heard that one of the leading banks had failed. There were many property liquidations and, of course, great bargains. One was a large building on Esplanade, today an enormously valuable piece of real estate. The brothers bought it, and carried on their various businesses there, for many years. Neither of them married, and when they died, they willed their fortunes of $5 million to Turku University which at that time was in great financial need. Today, a plaque on the wall of the university library credits Alaskan gold and the Joutsen brothers for its existence. Professor Olavi Koivukangas adds: "In addition to the university library, half of the mathematics and science buildings also came, indirectly from Alaskan gold." Finns in Alaska became somewhat more active in politics than elsewhere in North America. The Finnish Consul in Anchorage, William Alex Stolt, served as mayor of the city during World War II. The last acting governor of Alaska before it became a state, Waino Hendrickson, was born of Finnish parents. Jalmar Kerttula, at present the Majority Leader of Alaska's Senate, is of Finnish descent. THE GREAT MIGRATIONS I'm going to America Everyone is on his way. The American shores are sanded With gold they say I'll embark from Hankoniemi On a small boat and go, 'Cause Finland can't support The children of her poor. -Finnish immigrant ballad- Between the years 1864 and 1920, about 360,000 Finns set sail for America, in what historians call the "new immi- gration" of people from Eastern, Central and Southern Europe. Like Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, Italians, Greeks and Russians, the Finns would provide manpower for Ameri- ca's expanding industrial economy. Most men headed for the mines and mills, factories, lumber camps and sawmills but some became fishermen. Many of the women would work as domestics. Although few Finns could speak English, they were about eighty percent more literate than the other groups. Their most serious handicaps from the beginning were language 28 and lack of industrial skills. As latecomers, they generally had to take the most menial jobs. The new immigrants did not quickly disappear into the American scene as the Finns did in Delaware in the 1630s and in Alaska in the mid 1800s. Their adjustment to Ameri- can life was slow, and often painful though partly softened by the lively subculture that Finnish-speaking Americans developed to keep in touch with each other. Many of the more homesick soon wondered how in the world they ever fell victim to "America fever." About one-third of them eventually returned home for good. The lure from across the sea came from several sources; from northern Norway, from Sweden, and from talkative Finnish sailors who had gone ashore in California during the gold rush and returned to Finnish seaports with pockets full of money. Dozens followed seaman Edvard Kohn of Turku back to the California Gold Coast. Earlier, in the 1830s, a Finnish farmer, William Lundell had settled in the Fitchburg area of Massachusetts. Carl Sjökahl (Charles Linn), born in Pojo parish, went to Ala- bama, then returned to Finland where he recruited fifty-three workers; women went to work as maids in Montgomery and New Orleans, and men to work on the railroad. But beyond that, there was no mass exodus from Finland until after the American Civil War. The real "fever" began in Arctic Norway's Finnmark and Tromso Provinces where, by 1865, some 6,000 Finns, mostly from northern parts of Oulu Province, were working as fish- ermen, miners and farmers. Life there was severe and dangerous, particularly for fishermen who sailed the Arctic Ocean in icy winds and storms, earning barely enough to exist. "Few of the poor fishermen end their days in bed," was the old saying. Often they spent what little money they had in the local saloon, fortifying themselves for their next gamble with death. Farmers were not much better off. Northern Norway's poor peat soil, sudden frosts and bitter cold made for sparse crops and many farmers lived on the brink of starvation. Probably the unhealthiest jobs were in the copper mines at Kaafjord where men faced bitter cold and the constant threat of accidents. But even those ugly jobs slacked off dur- ing the 1860s, then stopped, leaving many Finns with no place to go. No wonder then, that the two Quincy Mining Company agents were so successful in recruiting Finns for work in northern Michigan's Copper Country. During the next twenty years, some 700 to 1,000 Finns came to the United States, 29 via Norway. Although their numbers were not great, their departure was enormously influential. The jobless in Finland proper began to talk about America's need for miners be- cause of the Civil War. News carried to Russian Kola in Lapland where 700 Finns lived. By the 1880s, every sixth person in a single community of 200 had left for the States. "America fever" first reached epidemic proportions in Oulu Province in northwestern Finland. From there it spread south to Vaasa and eventually to urban areas such as Helsinki and Tampere. The majority of "victims," however, were un- skilled peasants from the countryside. At first young unmar- ried men left home, then as time went on, girls left to work as servants or become brides of Finns in America. Finally, whole families came to America. The Atlantic Crossing Finnish immigrants fared some- what better than their English, Irish and German predecessors who crossed the Atlantic aboard American packet sail ships. Jammed in like cattle, the early immigrants were nearly as bad off as slaves from Africa. On some voyages, up to ten per cent of them died. Conditions had improved by the time the Finns set out, but they were still pretty grim. Certainly it was an emotional and cultural shock to even consider leaving friends and family, perhaps forever, to be suddenly thrown among strangers in foreign places. During the 1870s and 1880s, most travelers left Finland via Sweden, but after 1883, when the Finnish Steamship "Gut Bai!" Up to 500 emigrants could be packed aboard the little steamer Urania for the Hanko- to-Hull passage. From Hull in England, emigrants went by rail to Liverpool where they boarded ships for the Atlantic crossing to America. Photo courtesy of National Museum of Finland, Helsinki Company was organized, they sailed directly from southern Finland's port of Hanko to Hull in England. Ships such as Sirius, Urania, Arcturus and Polaris were well known throughout the country for their "first leg" transport. At Hull, travelers clutching their shawls, packages and sacks of food, boarded trains for Liverpool or Southampton where trans- atlantic steamships took them to New York, Boston or Quebec. Varied emotions touch the faces of these emigrants, leaving Finland in 1893 aboard the Urania. The ship, operated by the Hanko-Copenhagen-Hul Line, carried thousands of Finns on the first stage of their trip to the new land. Photo courtesy of National Museum of Finland, Helsinki Hanko was often crammed to overflowing with people having no place to stay while they waited for their un- scheduled departure. Up to 700 of them could be milling around, talking, walking the streets, clutching their meager belongings. The town had no accommodations for poor transients; usually every inch of floor space was spoken for. Often, crowds were stopped before they reached the port. They were told they must wait several days before proceed- ing to the docks where they would have to wait again. Foreign observers were sympathetic and often shocked at what they saw. One Britisher described the scene at the wharves: " the emigrants were collected like sheep," 31 whose "passports, tickets and goods were examined as though they belonged to beasts." By far the most treasured goods were the tickets, often sent by friends or relatives in America or paid for with borrowed money, and addresses of Finnish contacts in the States. Sometimes departures were emotional but often they were marked with forced gaiety or apparent passiveness. One woman wrote: "The emigrants marched on board-without a wet eye or a smothered sob. Will nothing move these people? Is it that they hide their feelings, or is it that they have none to conceal?" But there were those, particularly the older ones, who wept, knowing they might never see Finland again. Disapproval at Home As the emigration tide swelled, so did the cries of righteous indignation rise at home. The clergy and government officials with whom the emigrants registered for passports condemned those who forsook their home country for the evils and dangers of America. There seemed to be no understanding of the economic pressures that forced the poor people to look for livelihoods else- where. Instead, they insisted there was plenty of work in Finland, and that America was a sinkhole of vice, where so- called freedom led to people behaving like "horses without bells." They referred to "American widows," and neglected children, meaning young husbands who abandoned their families to satisfy their greed for gold. In truth, however, records indicate that few of the men were married, and those who were, went ahead and saved enough money to send for their families in a year or so. At one point, the clerics refused to recognize any marriage contracted by Finns in America. There was resentment too at the loss of draft- age men which supposedly threw the burden of military duty on those left behind. A number of writers warned of the awful dangers and moral degeneracy that emigrants would face. America was described as a burial ground where workers suffered from long hours, low pay, shameful diseases, drunkenness, loss of religious values, and persecution by big bosses. When those arguments didn't seem to work, they tried the "sour grapes" approach by saying there was no loss to the home country because the low classes were nothing but trouble anyway. Finnish officials tried to discourage emigration as late as 1873 when the Senate urged pastors to issue warnings against it. But in 1898, a Senate committee declared that emigration could not be prohibited. In retrospect, the only real defenses against the "gospel of America," would have been jobs for the masses in the home 32 country, along with a suspended mail service to and from America. It was the letters sailing back across the Atlantic that gave Finns the courage to pack up and go; letters that told what season to travel in, where the jobs were, what the living conditions were, and where they could find a com- munity of their own kind. Would-be emigrants were sur- prisingly well-informed about seasonal economic conditions in America. When times were good, they came, but when there was a recession they waited for better days. Any number of reasons were given for going to America; an unhappy love affair, overbearing parents, escape from creditors, and flight. from army conscription. Some longed for adventure in a far-off land. One father sent his son thousands of miles across the sea where hopefully the young man would forget his gypsy sweetheart. After the ascension of Czar Nicholas II to the throne in 1893 and the subse- quent launching of a "Russification" program, political persecution became yet another reason for leaving. By far the overriding factor was economic, " the heart pleaded No, but the stomach commanded Yes.' The horrible famine of 1866-1868 killed 107,000 more people than were born in that three-year period. In 1868, in one parish alone, 765 people starved to death while only thirty-one were born. People mixed pine bark with ground-up straw in feeble at- tempts to stay alive; the lucky ones existed on tough rye- flour bread and skimmed milk or ate potatoes, salted cod and drank salt water. Their miserable condition was caused by a series of chain reactions set off by overpopulation in some areas, and by Finland's new industrialization. With the Imperial Decree of 1861 freeing industry from rigid regulation, lumber and sawmill industries boomed. The government began chartering companies, organizing banks and issuing currency. Where earlier Finnish society had been completely agrarian, traditional and immobile, the people now began to think in terms of jobs that paid money. Farm households got rid of their old-fashioned wooden utensils and homespun clothing, preferring manufactured goods from the store. The guild system disappeared, along with the old ways of barter. Farmers turned from grain crops to dairy products which could be sold to sawmill communties. During winter, they worked at the mills for cash. With the commercialization of agriculture, scattered land holdings were combined into individual farm units; more and more people found themselves tenants instead of land own- ers. A new and rootless labor force developed; seasonal workers who had few opportunities except as laborers, began 33 moving to the cities in southern Finland, hoping to find work. But there simply weren't enough jobs to go around. For many Finns, their move to the city was the first step in emigrating to America. "Gut-Bai!" Two young Swedo-Finns, walking along a New York sidewalk, spotted a half-dollar lying in the gutter. One of them immediately bent down to pick it up but the other kicked it into the center of the street. "We are not going to start that small, now that we are in America. Leave it alone!" -Anders Myhrman, Finlands Svenskar i Amerika Finland's hungry and jobless were convinced that once they reached America their money worries would be over. For about 150 Finnmarks (today worth about $50) for third-class tickets to the "fri kontri" they would soon be laughing about the old days when their sawmill wages were only two Finnmarks a day. Most of the people had never ridden fast trains before, let alone travel through a foreign land. The trip from Hull to Liverpool or Southampton across the English countryside took them past fields of grazing sheep and pleasant farmers who waved cheerfully. The Finns responded, shouting in their best phonetics, "Gut bai!" But there were ominous signs too -soot-blackened homes and buildings of the industrial towns. Could this be what people called "modern living?" At the wharves, they found themselves competing with all kinds of foreigners for cheap hotel lodging. They ate strange foods-tomatoes for example-and sampled English biscuits with tea. Young men wasted their meager savings in saloons and dance halls or buying novelty souvenirs and junk jewelry. The girls bought fancy hats and corsets-symbols of the upper classes in the Old Country. The Atlantic crossing usually took about ten days, but storms and rough seas made the voyage seem like years. Pas- sengers were crammed into poorly ventilated quarters with few sanitation facilities. People were violently sick and the stench of vomit was unbearable. For those who could eat, rations of potatoes and herring were often cut short. Professor Reino Kero of Turku University cites one unhappy traveler's experi- ence in the 1870s: "The agent took all Scandinavians, Finns, and Germans together to a dark and stinking coop in the forward hold of the ship. This disgusted us all for which reason we resisted going into the hold. The steerage deck was com- pletely empty and we stowed our junk in the couple of sections, but at the same time the agent came with other 34 officials and drove us out of there. All brought their stuff below, except I didn't hurry with my suitcase, which was my only luggage. I told the agent that I had a steer- age ticket and I wouldn't go into that coop which wasn't fit for a man who murdered his own father. The agent said that it was the steerage advertised " THE "FRI KONTRI" Immigrants arriving in New York were thrilled by the Statue of Liberty which symbolized "land of hope, land of freedom." Those landing in other ports stared in awe at the high build- ings and factory chimneys that belched black smoke. Officials examined the newcomers for signs of illness and made sure they had their disembarkation money. In Canada in the 1920s, the sum was twenty-five dollars. Since recruiting in foreign lands by American companies was unlawful during some periods, Finns suspected of having prearranged jobs were turned back. Interpreters were usually on hand to help Finns find tempo- rary lodging in boarding houses or private homes and as soon as possible, get them onto trains headed for their destinations. This kindly voluntary service was a lifesaver to bewildered people who were suddenly thrust into the "beehive god- less, cold, hodgepodge of tongues " of a strange city. Settling Down Had the Finns chosen to come to North America in 1800 they would have shared the continent with only 5.7 million people. A hundred years later, however, the population had increased to 81 million. During the years 1840-1850, immigrants came at the rate of 150,000 a year, establishing themselves in good jobs and homesteading choice property. The Catholic Irish stayed mainly in the cities, with many of them helping to build railroads and canals. Most of the English remained near seaports, while the Germans moved west to the rich farmlands of Wisconsin and Missouri. Competing with their entrenched predecessors for land and jobs, Finnish-speaking Americans scattered in all directions— wherever they could find employment. Coincidentally, the land most of them chose-Michigan, Minnesota and Wiscon- sin-resembled their native country. By 1900, the majority were living and working in the copper and iron ore mining settlements of counties bordering Lake Superior. This north country is peculiarly their own; it is like their homeland, rocky and rough, with long winters, covered from November to May with snow, speckled with bluewater lakes and mantled with trees that are ever green. -John Bartlow Martin 35 Finns soon realized they were hopelessly unprepared for the American job market. A. William Hoglund wrote, in Finnish Immigrants in America, " Entering the mine and mill, men found few occasions to show their skills in horse- shoeing, butchering and wood carving. Entering domestic employment, women found little occasion to show their skills in weaving, buttermaking and milking " It was more important to learn to push an ore cart or open a tin can. "When they moved to farms, immigrants without money for all the desired goods and services often resorted temporarily to their old skills as jacks of all trades " Farmers, when they first began working the cutover land of the Great Lakes region, used their ancient skills to build cabins and barns. Later, when they could afford it, they changed to American-style buildings, and operated their farms on a cash basis. Miners What jobs, then, were open to Finns whose chief qualifications were that they were " stiff-necked, having the strength of a bear, the endurance of a mule, and disci- plined in the Old Country to perform even the most dismal jobs " ? The answer: mining. Most Finns were hopelessly unprepared for the American job market. Thou- sands went to work in the mines, where they earned from $30 to $50 a month. This is the entrance to the Tamarack Mine at Red Jacket, Michigan. Photo courtesy of Michigan Technological University Library Archives "You dropped into pits of darkness into the black resisting bowels of Butte and Pittsburgh into the red entrails of Cuyuna the tunnels of Houghton swallowed you down and the taste of copper burned your mouth. O children of labor rising like red ghosts out of Mesabi coated with iron Did you dream of Tuonela in the bowels of Keewatin? or of Pyha-tunturi as you coughed up your lungs in the carbon pits of Wyoming?" -Irene Paull, from the Walter Harju Collection, Immigration Research Center, University of Minnesota. Some mines were bigger than others, but few could be said to be better. Here, at least, the men rode down the mine shaft to work. Note lights atop their hats, and the tin dinner pails. Photo courtesy of Michigan Technological University Library Archives Thousands of Finns were described as having gone directly from the trains into the bowels of the earth. For wages ranging from $30 to $50 a month "they dug copper in Upper Michi- gan, Montana, and Arizona; iron ore in Michigan's Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Counties, Wisconsin's Iron Belt and Hurley regions, Minnesota's rich Vermillion and Mesabi 37 Ranges; coal in Pennsylvania, Montana, Wyoming, and Washington; gold or silver in South Dakota's Black Hills, Colorado's Telluride and Leadville.* Skilled and supervisory jobs were generally held by the English, the Cornish, other foreign-born workers and Ameri- cans who had come to the mining districts with previously acquired skills. The only Finns with mining experience were those few from Norway; the others, unable to communicate in English, were assigned to the very lowest levels in the hierarchy. Professor Matti Kaups, University of Minnesota-Duluth, describes the miserable working conditions: "Besides a physic- ally taxing ten-hour day (six days a week) spent in the shaft mines, some of which reached to depths of more than 2,000 feet below ground level, the miners and laborers were exposed to hazards associated with mining. Particularly the use of explosives, falling rocks, and cave-ins of the hanging walls supported by timber, resulted in injuries and death Ventilation was poor; sanitation was left to the scavenging rats and there was always a danger of fire in that strange frightening world where "darkness was ruler and lord." One newcomer described his first day in a Butte, Montana mine: "I felt severe pains, and something like seasickness came over me, and my stomach emptied completely. There- after I felt a little better, but I was so weak that during the afternoon I was not able to do much more than push a cart of timbers and give my partner a little help in putting them into place. This was the way my first shift went. The second was easier, and by the third I began to feel like an old-timer " But aside from the job, the whole regimented system was completely opposite to the personal, folk-agrarian life they'd always known. The mining company set up the jobs, the pay, the working hours, and that was that. There were no festivals, no "blue Mondays," no nonsense about personal problems. Workers who couldn't stand the strange new industrial disci- pline were fired. The company's only interest in employees was production. Not all Finns went underground in the mining communities. Some worked as carpenters, tailors, shoemakers and team- sters. Others found jobs as semi-skilled lumberjacks and fishermen. Of the many mining communities in North America, Calu- met, Michigan, twelve miles north of Hancock became the most important working center for Finns. They called it pesapaikka or nesting place, and it was here that they estab- lished a number of Finnish-American institutions that had * From John I. Kolehmainen, "The Finns in America." 38 FOREIGN - BORN FINNS DISTRIBUTION BY STATE IN 1920 o- 200 200 3000 3000 6000 6000-9000 9000 12000 12000 - 15000 No states fall within 15000-27000 this ronge o 250 500 39 27000 - 30000 Scale in Miles 'C'RS " Returns Finns settled in the wooded northern tier of states, then along the Pacific coast. As this 1920 map shows, there were none in the southern states, except for Florida. From A. William Hoglund, Finnish Immigrants in America 1880-1920. The University of Wisconsin Press, 1960. Used by permission. lasting importance. By 1880, Calumet had the Apostolic- Lutheran Church, Saturday and Summer School, Evangelical Lutheran Church, Calumet Finnish Mutual Aid Society, Literary Society, Printing Company, Colorado-Calumet Gold Mining Company, Book Company, Lending Library, Land Company, and a weekly newspaper, Amerikan Suomalainen -The American Finnish Journal. Of great importance was the Temperance Society, patterned after the Norwegian Good Templar organizations. There were a number of Finnish businesses in Calumet by 1880; a general store, a watchmaker-shop, a saloon, and nine public saunas. Calumet served as a kind of springboard for movement to other parts of the United States and Canada. It was also a bulwark against some of the anti-Finnish feeling that sprang up because of their over-zealousness on the job. The Irish were puzzled by the close-mouthed Finns; they couldn't understand what made them tick. An Irishman's assessment: "All week he works like a damned ape, not saying a word. On Sunday all he wants to do is to sweat in his bloody hot sauna," was a fairly common feeling. But tempers could get nasty too. One Finnish miner described his first experience in Calumet: " when I finally got a job, the other miners gathered around me and wanted to know what nationality I was. When they heard I was Finnish, they damn near ex- ploded. "Don't you dare spoil this job for us!" they warned me, "or we'll fix you for good." Finns had a reputation for being trouble breeders, leading dozens of wildcat strikes in protest to their exploitation by the big bosses in the Michigan and Minnesota mines. Nevertheless, those Finnish miners who kept working at it fared well in their pursuit of the "almighty dollar." They loved adding up their money on payday and figuring what it would be in Finnmarks-sometimes as much as clergyman would make in the Old Country. Lumberjacks Finnish immigrants were excellent woods- men; strong, tough and able to endure the rigors of working the northern forests in the severe cold. Thousands found jobs in logging camps scattered across the country from Maine to Washington, along the Oregon and California coast, and north to Canada. There were no bulldozers and trucks for heavy work; horses skidded the logs, helped the derricks load them, then hauled the loads to water. Finnish teamsters shiv- ered at the rollways on the banks of rivers and lakes as raft- ing crews, working in waist-deep, freezing water, floated logs out to the SCOWS or rafts. 40 Used to bitter cold and the deep woods, Finns were excellent woodsmen, and felt at home in the logging camps. The heavy logs could be moved only when there was ice for the sledge runners to travel on. This scene is in northern Mich- igan. Photo courtesy of Michigan Technological University Library Archives Lumber camp living quarters were miserable. Inside the huge, drafty and foul-smelling bunkhouses, cots were often so close together there was no room to walk between them. Men climbed into these "muzzle-loader" bunks from the ends. Their mattresses, usually crawling with bedbugs and lice, were filled with hay or straw; some had boards instead of springs underneath. Married men who came home on week-ends, de-loused themselves in the sauna, hanging their clothes on a pole over the steaming rocks of the kiuas-a simplified exterminating method. Although the usual ethnic slur was "dirty Finns," they were far from that. Only their work was dirty; all traces of filth disappeared in the sauna, along with the suds of their harsh yellow laundry soap. Men who were too old to pull a crosscut saw were called "soupbones," and given odd jobs such as cooking or filling the woodboxes. Others, the "road monkeys," sanded the icy hills or cleaned up after the horses. Finnish loggers earned a reputation for tough, drunken fighting, particularly when they came out of the woods after 41 Most Swedish-speaking Finns settled in Washington, where the weather was somewhat milder than in the north woods. The scene here is a logging camp near Tacoma, about 1900. Photo courtesy of National Museum of Finland, Helsinki a long winter with the season's pay-sometimes as much as $500-bulging in their pockets. In California, those working in the redwood forests often joined their equally boisterous brethren of the "Finnish navy," sailors from the lumber schooners along the coast. Lumbering and mining lured thousands of Finns to Minne- sota. The first group settled in Red Wing in 1864, but a severe epidemic of cholera killed many of them. Those who survived decided the unfamiliar open fields and hardwood groves of Goodhue County were not for them so they moved north, and west. Crow Wing, Wadena and Otter Tail coun- ties still have a large Finnish population although St. Louis county has more Minnesotans of Finnish descent than any of the others. By 1930, there were 60,000 Finns in the state- making them the largest nationality group of the "late" wave of immigrants. Fishermen Some Finns became fishermen and by 1897, about 2,000 of them were living in Astoria, Oregon, and fishing for salmon in the Columbia River. But weather was capricious, and so were the salmon catches. In the 1890s, fish sold for about four cents a pound so a man had to haul a ton of fish to make $80. Fishing was dangerous work; in 1906 alone, 78 Finnish fishermen lost their lives. Jobs were spotty and seasonal, and there were no relief pro- grams or unemployment compensation. During labor strikes or lay-offs, many fishermen tried their luck in Alaska. 42 Railroads "They are a hearty set of men, steady of purpose and habit, frugal, sober and industrious," wrote the Ashtabula, Ohio, Telegraph reporter in 1872. This was prob- ably true, since there wasn't much choice anyway for the crews laying tracks for the Ashtabula-Youngstown & Pitts- burgh Railroad, the Northern Pacific, sections of the Duluth- South Shore & Atlantic and the Duluth-Mesabi & Iron Range Railroads. North of the border, Finns worked on the Canadian Pacific Railroad that eventually reached to British Columbia. The country was still in the railroad building business when the Finns came; miles of track across the northern states and Canada were laid by these hard- working people. Photo courtesy of Sudbury Star Millworkers A number of Finns found jobs in the fac- tories and mills of New England; Fitchburg, Worcester, May- nard and Gardner in Massachusetts became home to many of them. Their clean, hard-working and thrifty ways brought favorable comments from observers who noted their similar- ity to solid New Englanders. Elsewhere, the steel mills in 43 New Castle and Monessen in Pennsylvania, in Warren and Girard in Ohio and Weirton in West Virginia attracted many job-seekers as did the wire plants in Waukegan and DeKalb in Illinois. Low Pay A number of Finns worked in the harbors of the Great Lakes, loading and unloading ore boats. This in- volved low pay and heavy work, particularly before labor- saving machinery was used. In 1899, a shoveler earned 101/2 c a ton (100 shovels-full, each weighing 20 pounds) which meant he had to shovel about fifty tons to make five dollars. Those who worked in the stone quarries of New England, the midwest, and California, worked just as hard and earned just as little. "City Finns" By 1920, 19,000 foreign-born Finns were living in eight major cities; Boston, New York, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Minneapolis, Los Angeles and San Fran- cisco. As with those who settled in the more rugged wilderness areas, they formed their own social communities and stayed to themselves. Dr. Richard A. Bassler, now a professor at The American University in Washington, D.C., was born in New York City but spoke only Finnish when he entered public school. He typifies numerous first and second genera- tion Finnish Americans for whom English became the princi- pal language and Finnish was necessary from time to time. The "city Finns" worked mainly as tailors, goldsmiths, silver-smiths, watchmakers, carpenters, masons and at other jobs requiring special skills. Girls, brought up in a world of clean houses and immaculate kitchens, found jobs as domes- tics. The Nation in 1918, reported that, " the Finnish servant is one of the most sought for and best-paid on account of her nature, intelligence and efficiency." BACK TO THE LAND Finns seldom stayed put in their first jobs; they seemed to be endlessly searching for the good life, a better position and a kinder employer. And as time went on, they became in- creasingly frustrated with industrial life, factory whistles, saloons and drunken fights in the soot-blackened towns, and the arrogant paternalism of the mining company bosses. Strikes, lay-offs, low pay and aggravated claustrophobia all seemed to remind them of the old proverb: "Oma tupa, oma lupa," which means, "When one has his own place, he is his own boss." Much of the feeling was based on disappointment at being unable to afford to own land in the Old Country. By the early 1900s, miners from Minnesota's Iron Range were spending more and more time in the northern wilder- 44 In order to obtain land, the Finnish immigrant took cutover acreage no one else in the world would have had the courage to tackle. Calumet, Michigan, became the "nesting place" for Finns in America, who were pleased to call such rude buildings as these their home. Photo courtesy of Michigan Technological Univer- sity Library Archives ness, clearing small patches of land they could call their own. During weekends, strikes and lay-offs, they gathered up friends and family members and headed for small hold- ings of cut-over stumps and brush they bought for next to nothing. Together they constructed their saunas where the families lived until the main houses were built. Finally, they began wintering on their homesteads, living on provisions stored up during the autumn. Some Finns in Upper Michigan worked at the mines only between potato crops-just long enough to earn some necessary cash for their farms. Even in Wyoming, coal miners found valleys in which to farm. The Minnesota strike of 1907 sent thousands of miners to homestead lands; in Michigan during the copper strike of 1913-1914, thousands more headed for cheap stump lands where fires still smouldered from the lumber companies' mas- sive sweeps. Cheap land was not only poor, it was remote-out where the trails ended. The crude roads were miles away. The silence 45 Double rows of log cabins and church belfry mark the village of Clifton, Michigan, the home of Finnish miners who worked the Cliff Mine in Keweenaw County. Photo courtesy of Michigan Technological University Library Archives. of the vast wilderness was broken only by the sounds of forest animals and birds. Bachelor Finns settling in these lonely regions came to be known as "hermits." Power tools were unknown and often there was no money with which to buy dynamite. Settlers removed stumps with double-bitted ax and grub hoe. Whole families worked to fell and burn old snags and fill the stump holes. When it came time to cultivate the soil, they hitched up their horses, shoved the points of their plows into the earth and literally bounced from rock to rock. One brawny Minnesota Finn, Otto Walta, decided he could do the job better than any horse. He fixed up a pair of old shoes with hooks jutting down from the toes, harnessed himself, handed the reins to his brother and pro- ceeded to plow his land. Out in Washington state, the stumps were particularly hard to remove because they were of old evergreen trees surround- ed by huge growths of underbrush. In the Dakotas, settlers fought sudden rain storms, blizzards, and crop-scorching sum- mer droughts in their efforts to farm their homesteads. But somehow they did it. The jack-of-all-trades skills helped them to clear land and construct farm buildings. A New Englander said of them; "Every good Finnish farmer can, turn his hand to anything, from making furniture to making shoes 46 A distinguishing feature of Finnish homesteads was the hay drying barn, purposely built with air spaces between the logs. This barn still stands on the Heikkinen farm at Nisula, Michigan. Photo by William Heikkinen Settlers had few tools with which to build their homesteads, but their structures were sturdy and lasted many years. Nestor Kutsi built this house around 1910 at Alango, Minnesota. Photo courtesy of Immigration History Research Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 47 Most Americans thought the land was impossible for farm- ing. The Houghton, Michigan Sunday Mining Gazette wrote that the Finnish immigrant took cutover land when nobody else in the world had the courage to tackle it. " he turned that worthless stumpage into mighty valuable farm land." The director of Minnesota's Northeast Experimental Sta- tion wrote: "Of all racial stocks, the Finns have created wealth where none existed before in greater measure and degree than any other." A New York Times reporter observed that the Finns in the Lake Superior region were taking a land of charred stumps and "creating a paradise." Finnish-American homesteads were different from those of other Americans; usually they had smaller buildings, but more of them. Besides the distinctive sauna, there was a hay-drying barn out in the fields. It was purposely built with air spaces between the logs. When the hay was dry, it was hauled to the cattle barn in the farm yard. Finns homesteading along the so-called Canadian Shield, about 100 miles north of Minneapolis and St. Paul used pine and poplar logs for their buildings. Their tools were simple; a saw, two kinds of axes-a broad ax for hewing, and the ordinary double-bitted ax for chopping-a plumbline, and an auger. They used stone and mortar for the chimneys and greased paper, or glass if they could afford it, for windows. Although none of the immigrants were professional log house builders, they were usually able to construct a livable cabin within a few days. Often, friends or family members who were skilled carpenters or cabinet makers helped put on the finishing touches. By 1920, over half the Finnish population in the Lake Superior region had left the mines and camps to settle in their home-made log structures. Minnesota alone had 4,700 Finnish farms, most of which were adjacent to the Vermillion and Mesabi iron-bearing mountain ranges in St. Louis county. The Finnish Farm Wife The most valuable asset a Finn had was his Finnish wife. It was she who held things together in the home and community while the husband was at work in the mines or the forests. And it was she, with her incredible stamina, sisu and ability as jill-of-all-trades, who made survival in the wilderness possible. Professor John I. Kolehmainen cites the example of a Toivola, Michigan woman, one of thousands who took it all in stride. "She bore thirteen children, ten growing to adulthood; for forty years she was the region's only midwife, making 103 safe deliveries. When her husband worked at distant logging camps, she took charge of the farm; she hitched the horse, plowed and har- rowed, sowed seed by hand from a dishpan; she milked the 48 Graced with the serenity of many long and useful years, Hilja Knuutila, a farm wife in upper Michigan, keeps to the old ways, and still practices the ancient art of blood-letting on ailing friends and neighbors. Photo by Peter Oikarinen cows and nursed the ailing stock. She tanned hides and made footwear, spun wool and knitted garments. She hauled food supplies from the nearest store, a round-trip journey requiring three days. She kept the farmhouse in repair, raised the chimney, and found time to help the neighbors; once she rescued a child from a 28-foot well. She felt no sense of being a heroine, wrote a reporter, but because she had versa- tile ability and unquenchable energy, she lived up to the standards of that day. These people had to work hard, do those things, or go under."* Children in these families worked hard too, and grew up being poor; many brought great pride to those who struggled so hard to make their future brighter. Dr. Jacob W. Heik- kinen, professor of the New Testament at Lutheran Theo- logical Seminary in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and Director of the Lutheran House of Studies in Washington, D.C., is the youngest of seven sons born to Herman and Amanda Heik- kinen. "My father was a tailor by trade. He came from Fin- land to Upper Michigan for adventure but my mother emigrated from Suomussalmi out of sheer necessity. Her Kolehmainen, John I., The Finns in America, Teachers College Press, Columbia University, New York, 1968. 49 family was large, and from the age of 12 she had to make her own way in the world. She worked in America for two years to pay for her passage " The Heikkinen family moved from Baraga to Nisula, about thirty miles south of Hancock, Michigan in 1899. "All their worldly belongings were put into the wagon. The cow came along behind." But with all the privations and difficulties, Herman lived to be 82, and Amanda never required medical attention until the end-at 92. One of today's landmarks in the Nisula area is the classic hay-drying barn on the Heikkinen farm where brother Viljo now lives, and as a hobby, maintains his own private museum of Finnish pioneer implements and artifacts. Dr. Heikkinen's wife, Toini, is one of four sisters whose parents emigrated from Ostrobothnia in Finland. Her father was a sheet and tin plate mill worker in western Pennsylvania. An accomplished pianist, church organist and music teacher at Gettysburg College, she took her undergraduate work at Oberlin College, received her master's degree from Peabody Institute in Baltimore, Maryland and studied further with artist teachers. "Yes," they agree, "our parents were incredible people. We're very proud of what they and others like them did." Following World War II, Dr. Heikkinen traveled to Fin- land to serve as administrator of a million dollar American Lutheran reconstruction program. But the wives paid dearly for the chance to live on their own land and rear their children on those remote farms. Lonely, fearful and tired, young women became old long before their time. Many depended on their Bibles for com- fort and solace. Most of the lonely homesteads are abandoned now; the unpainted, bleak-looking houses stand empty. Children and grandchildren prefer scrambling for a living in the cities to grubbing for an existence under harsh conditions in the coun- try. Some descendants auctioned off the family farms; others use them only for hunting or fishing camps. Perhaps, some- day, those farms will be settled again in another back-to-the land movement. One fine example of a Finnish-American homestead farm is the Musakka home in St. Louis county, Minnesota, in the township of Idington. Built about 1910 by an immi- grant from Viipuri, Finland, it has been abandoned for thirty years, but still stands, sturdy and beautiful. Otto Walta, Folk Hero Folklore in America usually involves characters who are uniquely compatible with the local scene. They fit in, make do with their clever native in- 50 telligence and cunning, and outfox the bureaucrats or city slickers. A well-known American hero was Davy Crockett who supposedly wrestled bears, and tamed both man and beast on the wild frontier. But Otto Walta was different. A giant hero to the Finns in Minnesota, he didn't fit in at all; in fact, he stood out like a sore thumb. A kind of Paul Bunyan, he was reputed to be six-foot four and weigh at least 240 pounds. "Hard as nails," they said. "Tough as a bull moose." He was so strong he could rip good-sized trees out of the ground and carry huge boulders like they were armloads of feathers. Some yarn spinners swore he could bend a three-inch steel pry-bar into the shape of a fish hook. And eat? Why, he could devour several loaves of bread and drain a bucket of milk in a gulp. Once Otto Walta won a big row with the railroads. The big Finn wanted to speed up clearing land on his homestead, but didn't like to work his animals, and couldn't afford dynamite. He hiked across the swamp, some three miles, to the Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific railroad tracks, ripped up an 800-pound rail, and carried it home. It made a fine crow- bar for prying out stumps. They "came out of the ground just like potatoes," folks said. One day some railroad people came looking for their miss- ing rail, and asked Otto who had helped him haul it to his farm. "Nobody," said Otto, but they didn't believe him until he hoisted it to his shoulder and walked around with it as if it was a broom handle. The railroad men looked at each other, and did some fig- uring. It would take a whole crew of men to build a road across the swamp to Otto's farm, and another whole crew to haul the rail back to the tracks. They walked off, defeated; it would be cheaper to let Otto keep the rail. Otto had a sense of humor too. One Saturday night he and his brother went to town for some fun. After the saloons closed, they went looking for a poika talo, a Finnish boarding house for unmarried men. They were singing and shouting, and an English policeman told them to quiet down. They did, for a bit, and then started in again, louder than ever. The furious policeman called them stupid Finns and was about to use his club on them, but Otto grabbed him by his coat collar and hung him from a lineman's spike on a lamppost. Then they went off to bed. Next morning six policemen hauled the brothers off to court, where the judge asked Otto if he had hung the police- man from a lamppost. "No," said Otto. Then he thought a moment and said "Well, come to think of it, I did hang a coat on a pole, but I didn't know there was anyone in it." Although stories about Otto Walta were exaggerated, he 51 was indeed eccentric and strong and he did have an aura of mystery in his past. Born in Pomarkku, Finland in 1875, one of nine children of Lauri and Sofia Kulmala, he changed his name to Walta when he came to America in the late 1890s. He brought with him his reputation for feats of strength in contests, and fights with knives and fists. Some said he had probably accidentally killed someone in a fight, and that's why he changed his name. At any rate, after a stint in the mines at Hanna, Wyoming, he wound up in northern Minne- sota about 1911. Michael Karni, a specialist in Finnish-American culture at the University of Minnesota explains the big Finn's popularity as a folk hero. Otto, he says, fit the pattern of many Finns who suffered guilt and frustrations at leaving the home country. To compensate, he stayed as "Finnish" as possible, never learning English, and shunning the regulated work ethic. He talked about going back to Finland, but never did. He re- mained alienated all his life. As a folk hero, he did easily what for others was a struggle; he plowed his own ground, cleared his own stumps, and never had to worry about payments on farm implements. Few people remember Otto Walta anymore. He was a hero at a special time, for a special set of circumstances.* Community Life Immigrant Finns soon realized that one way of easing life's difficulties in America was to band together; collective action would change the new country into the land they had dreamed of. Leisure time, they reasoned, should be used for good purpose-to educate themselves and their children, and to keep Finnish culture alive. Although unmarried men would live in rooming houses and single girls were offered their own cooperative boarding houses, community activity halls and churches would provide the real home away from home. Finns maintained hundreds of buildings, often worth thousands of dollars each, to improve their community life. Each organization wanted its own building for a particular purpose, and "Finn Halls" soon became landmarks wherever Finns lived in large numbers. All Finnish communities had political organizations, gym- nastic societies, fraternal orders, glee clubs and mixed chor- uses. There were all sorts of activities, which today would be called "enrichment programs." Violin, piano and mandolin recitals were scheduled, along with readings, speeches, ba- * Karni, Michael, "Otto Walta: Finnish Folk Hero of the Mesabi Range," Minnesota History (Winter, 1967). Reprinted in Roots (Spring, 1973). 52 zaars, debates and dramas. Sewing circles and reading study groups flourished, as did publishing associations. All groups collectively sponsored publishing networks which held them together ethnically. In the 1920s, each Finnish household subscribed to an average of three Finnish language publications. Family Life Even with all the hardships of the immi- grant's world, first generation native Finnish Americans often recall their childhoods with great fondness. Many think they had a richer and better life in those days than children do today. During the 1920s, schools in western rural areas were often one-room cabins, built of hand-hewn timbers, reached by country roads that were little more than wagon tracks. Gray, grim and forbidding on the outside, they were usually warm and cheery inside with their box stoves glowing red hot to counter the forty-below zero winter temperatures. Teachers in lumbering and farming communities were usually girls fresh out of high school, although some had no more than an eighth grade education. It was considered sufficient to teach young Finns to speak English, read, write and learn their numbers. This they did quite well. Finnish children usually skiied to school in winter, some- times a distance of three or four miles, carrying their lunches in a canvas bag over their shoulders. When they walked, they toted their lunches of salted herring, a couple of slices of homemade bread, milk in whiskey bottles or mustard jars, and sometimes an apple-all wrapped in a Finnish language newspaper which their mothers stuffed in an empty lard or coffee pail. Sauna A rune of Kalevala says that Kotihenki, or the "home spirit" dwells not in the house but in the sauna and the Finns believed this with all their hearts. Since ancient times, sauna had been associated with birth, rite-of-passage, love, health and death. To Finns in America, no matter how poor they were or how humble the building, sauna gave them a stability and link with the past that was almost as neces- sary as food or shelter. For this reason, they built and lived in their sauna before putting up their homestead cabin. Just like grandfather used to make. This drawing of a typical rural smoke sauna was made by V. Svaetichin. From the collection of the National Museum of Finland, Helsinki There are thousands of Finnish saunas such as this in the United States and Canada. The branches of birch-vihta-are used to swat the body and stimulate circulation. Photo courtesy of Finnish Sauna Society, Helsinki The typical immigrant sauna was a small log hut with one door, one window and one airhole. The wood-burning kiuas or stove, was made out of fist-sized igneous stones that didn't crack from the heat. As the stones heated, smoke poured into the sauna and out the airhole. When the heat had risen to a high enough temperature, the fire was allowed to go out and the airhole was plugged with a cloth. The sauna was then ready for bathing. Inside the little hut was a big pot of water to be heated hot. A barrel-sized tub of cold water stood on the floor near the door. Lying on the bench or in the cold water tub were switches (vihta) of cedar or birch branches, with which bathers beat themselves to stimulate circulation. There was, of course, a high platform on which to lie down. On the wall shelf were kitchen brushes and the bar of yellow laundry soap for lathering and scrubbing. There were no dressing rooms; in summer, family members left their clothes outside the door on a bench; in winter, they disrobed inside. After bathing, they simply picked up their dirty clothes and walked into the house, nude. To the oldtime Finns, nudity and cleanli- ness went together; sex belonged in the bedroom. Immigrant Finns went to their saunas after the day of exhausting labor, sweated out their weariness along with the grime, and emerged refreshed and relaxed. In the absence of medical specialists, Medicaid, Medicare or Blue Cross, they treated their rheumatism, arthritis, colds and flu in the sauna. Sometimes mothers bore their babies there because it was clean, warm, private and there was plenty of hot water handy. 54 They used to say: "If a drink of whiskey and a hot sauna won't cure you, your ailment is fatal." Clannishness Outsiders considered the Finns a clannish bunch. They stuck to their language and customs, married within their own community, and stubbornly insulated them- selves against too much interference from strangers. Often they lived in their own part of town or in settlements that became replicas of those in the Old Country. In reality though, things never came together that peace- fully. By nature, Finns are individualists rather than mass followers, and in America with their new freedom from strait jacket rules, they decided now was the time to express those long smoldering social and religious convictions. Their newly formed groups were usually at odds with each other for one reason or another; at times they were openly hostile. Most of the immigrants fitted themselves into one of several strong factions; the "Church Finns," the Lutherans, the "Temperance" or "Dry Finns," whose participants were usually Church Finns, and the "Labor Finns," socialists, who generally shied away from formal religious activities. And be- cause of the Finnish penchant for being Chief rather than Indian, there were splinter groups within the major fac- tions, along with breakaway rebels, hard-liners, pacifiers and dissenters-in-general. All appear to have been stormy in nature and outspoken in their beliefs. RELIGION Religious groups had a rough time resolving their differ- ences. For the first time, the people were without any coercion to belong to any church or pay taxes in order to maintain their status; even so, more than 25 per cent of the immigrants did work for and develop churches of their choice. The first arrivals in copper country in Michigan were the Laestadians, named for the powerful revival preacher L. L. Laestadius of northern Sweden and Finland. At first they joined with other Lutherans, but later separated from the Norwegians and Swedes and formed their own association. This group believed in lay ministry, confession of sins, absolu- tion and congregational self-rule. By 1884, twenty-two lay preachers were serving in the loosely organized religious bodies. These Apostolic Lutherans, a name coined in Calumet, Michigan, have now split into at least four different religious bodies and apparently have no plans for merging with any other American group. Many immigrants wanted to continue church life in the spirit and style of the mother-church. Their first pastor from 55 (Above) Old Main, at Suomi College, Hancock, Michigan, was dedicated in 1900. About a third of the students are of Finnish background. (Below) The Paavo Nurmi Center for Physical Education at Suomi College, is named for Finland's great Olympic runner. Photos courtesy of Suomi College NURMI CENTER PAAVO EDUCATION physical the Church of Finland, Alfred E. Backman arrived in Calu- met, Michigan in 1876. He served for seven years before he returned to Finland because of ill health. Ordained ministers from Finland had a hard time of it in America. None were prepared for the moral decay they found in rough mining and lumbering communities. They were dis- couraged by language problems, Americanization of the church, religious indifference and anti-clericalism that was rife among late 19th century immigrants. The energetic min- isters were badly overworked; in ten years, one hardworking cleric traveled 84,560 miles, gave 1,533 sermons and con- ducted 769 worship services. Of the 63 Church of Finland clerics who served before 1925, about forty returned to the home country. Several leading clerics remained; among them were V. Rautanen, Rautalahti and Setälä. It was clear from the beginning that trying to transfer the doctrine of the Church of Finland to America intact would not work, nor would control by the mother church be ac- ceptable. By the same token, trained pastoral leadership and parish education were greatly needed. In 1885, Pastor J. K. Nikander arrived from Finland with what became the solution to the dilemma; he became the father of the Suomi-Synod, Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. Further- more, he established a college and seminary, Suomi, and served as its president until his death. The Suomi Seminary educated 119 pastors during its time of existence from 1904 to 1958, when it joined the Lutheran School of Theology in Chicago, with two professors representing the Finnish heri- tage. Suomi College in Hancock continues as a privately supported junior college for liberal arts, vocational and social programs, as well as courses in religion. The Suomi Synod, in 1962, shared in the founding of the Lutheran Church of America. In 1964, some of the National Lutherans with their emphasis on the people's church govern- ance and accent on the Gospel, affiliated with the orthodox Missouri. Synod. By then, their clergymen were almost all American-born and educated. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Drunkenness was a big problem to immigrant men, par- ticularly those who were unmarried. According to temperance journals, hundreds of saloons run by Finns, Poles and other immigrants, parted the bored, thirsty miners and loggers from their wages at the rate of about $61/2 million a year. And Finns were the first to agree that alcohol brought out the worst in them. 57 Temperance A number of local abstinence societies appeared in the mid-1800s, but the first big blow against the demon rum was the Finnish National Temperance Brother- hood, organized in 1889. By 1909, membership rolls boasted an impressive 7,057. Of course there was a certain amount of backsliding which undoubtedly produced tears among the ladies, along with a few hundred temporary suspensions from the societies. Finns who joined with American prohibition- ists were elated over the passing of the Eighteenth Amend- ment. The Finnish National Temperance Brotherhood was organized in 1889 to fight the demon rum. By 1909 the membership had reached 7,057, including the ladies of Eveleth, Minnesota, pictured in 1904. Photo courtesy of Institute for Migration, Turku University, Fin- land "Labor" Finns The Labor Finns had the bitterest time of all. Their group was started by refugee radicals who fled the 1899-1905 Russification program in Finland, and by 1906, had organized a national Finnish Socialist Federation. They built a successful and powerful socialist organization -then wrecked it because of ideological squabbling, issues of industrial unionism and later communism. By 1913, there were 13,847 members of the far leftist group. Finnish socialists established several newspapers; Raivaaja in Fitchburg, Massachusetts; Työmies in Hancock, Michigan; Industrialisti of Duluth, Minnesota; Naisten Viiri of Superior, Wisconsin; Toveri, in Astoria, Oregon, and Vapaus in Sud- bury, Canada. Much of their activities involved "Hall social- ism," which was mostly cultural and social. But there were 58 painful controversies too which finally broke the force of the movement. During the 1930s, almost all Finnish socialists were shocked to learn the true nature of Red communism in Russia. One Finnish American said that communism was "like a beautiful toy with which we played, giving luster to our dances and plays. We spoke with a Communist mouth, but out of a Social Democratic head. We knew nothing of Communism's severity, iron discipline, and demand for com- plete self-abnegation." Not much is left of these radical groups; even their news- papers now concentrate almost entirely on social and cultural aspects of life in North America. As one of them commented: "We tried to fly higher than our wings could carry us." There is little doubt, however, that the early Finnish social- ists and unionists contributed greatly to America's social consciousness. They braved the establishment's wrath before it became fashionable to do so. The one thing that united all the disparate factions in the United States and Canada was the Russian attack on Finland in 1939, the Winter War. All organizations worked in har- mony to collect relief funds and send medical help to the defenders of the Old Country. Sven Stadius, Finnish vice consul in Toronto for forty-one years, explained the situation in Canada: "The political line is sharply drawn here. You are either this or that, and never the twain shall meet. In order to help Finland during the Winter War, we formed organizations that wanted sole rights to collect funds for Finland. One was the extreme left, the communist group; another was the extreme right, and a third group was in the center. All three groups applied for permission to collect money, but officials in Ottawa said 'no'. Only one group would be allowed-and there could be no Sven Stadius went to Canada in search of adventure, and found a career. He recently retired after serving the Finnish community as Vice Consul for 41 years. Photo by Eloise Engle 59 political overtones. So, finally we got permission to organize the 'Finnish War Aid Association in Canada.' I headed the Association, and it was one of the highlights of my life. For the first time, the two extremes met and worked together very harmoniously. After the war, the factions split and were never again united." Stadius says that today, things are different. "There is a tendency now to get together in the 'Finnish Canadian Cul- tural Federation'. Any non-political organization can join and participate in cultural work among the Finns. Already we have one organization from the extreme left. I hope we can make this work. I say, let bygones be bygones. There is no room for the kind of divisiveness we used to have." COOPERATIVES Today the term "consumer cooperative," has a sensible, down-to-earth ring to it. Organizations owned and operated by and for the benefit of participating members are great ways to stretch the household income. But when the immi- grant Finns organized their cooperatives, the idea was an ethnic curiosity different maybe a bit dangerous. "The Finns brought in the co-ops. To the Finns, let the co- ops belong," were the skeptical comments. One American said: "Those Finns have consumer co-ops for everything from baby shoes to coffins." And this was just about the case. The need for co-ops was basically economic. People wanted to save money on things they needed to buy. At the same time, they wanted to shop in places they could call their own and where they could conduct their business in Finnish. Some co-ops began as buying clubs where money was pooled in order to buy goods in large quantities at reduced prices. By 1916, the Finns were running about seventy cooperatives, with twelve of the larger ones reporting a combined business of $450,000-a whopping amount for that day and age. Most of the businesses were general stores; unhappily a number of them ran into financial trouble because of inexperience and lack of business training of their hired personnel. In 1917, delegates from nineteen cooperatives in the Mid- west organized the Cooperative Central Exchange in Superior, Wisconsin. Three years later, this wholesale organization's sales to thirty-one Finnish co-op members was $409,591, and in 1963, shortly before its merger with Midland Cooperatives, Inc., its sales to 242 cooperatives, ninety of which were begun by Finns, was $21.7 million. Americans decided this was more like it! By 1943, Americans' attitudes had changed so much that about half the members in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne- 60 sota served by the Superior exchange were non-Finnish. This general trend was evident in almost all communities where co-ops flourished. Meanwhile, English was replacing Finnish for conducting business. An employee remarked: "There are two hard nuts to crack-to teach English to a Finlander, and Cooperation to an American." The Finnish language died hard, however, and it wasn't until the 1950s that English replaced Finnish at virtually all levels. "Now," complained an oldtimer, "we have to take an interpreter to our own store!" In 1948 the large, Finnish Cooperative Trading Company of Waukegan, Illinois, merged- with the North Chicago Con- sumers Cooperative which had been started by Slavic immi- grants. In a sense, both groups submerged their identities for the good of all. According to Michael Karni of the Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota, the co-op move- ment was an important unifier in Finnish-American society. A co-op store was the one neutral territory where former radicals and church Finns could meet and work together on a strictly consumerism basis. In recent years, co-ops have made a triumphant return in the form of huge and powerful credit unions, buying services, food chains, travel clubs, department stores, banks and many other areas. The Finnish consumer cooperative movement isn't considered odd anymore. They were just ahead of their time. Of course, almost all of them are without any special ethnic identity nowadays. SWEDISH-SPEAKING FINNS Immigration authorities and census takers had all sorts of unique ways of categorizing Finns. Some decided that every- body born in Finland was a Finn; others maintained that since Finland was a Grand Duchy of the Czar, those Finns traveling with a Russian passport were Russian. A number of newcomers whose passages originated in Sweden and Norway wound up on those countries' lists, and Finns moving to Canada from the United States were considered Americans. A favorite system, particularly in Canada, was to count every- body by mother tongue. The idea that thousands of people could be born in Finland, yet speak nothing but Swedish, didn't make any sense at all on this side of the ocean. After about 1910, word sifted through that about one-fifth of the so-called Swedes were actually Finns, but by that time the damage had already been done. The impact of those early mistakes was later felt when the quota system was in effect. 61 Only 3 per cent of the number of Finns already in the United States could be admitted each year. Once the quota was filled, the gates were closed until the following year. This was one of the reasons many Finns emigrated to Canada and Australia during the 1920s where no such rules applied. The national quota system was finally abolished in 1965. Most of the Swedish-speaking Finns (labeled as Swedes), were from the southwest and coastal communities of Finland, and from Ostrobothnia. Their reasons for emigrating were like those of other Europeans; jobs, opportunities, land, ad- venture and a chance for a new life. By 1870, a number of them had settled in New York and in Ludington, Michigan. During the 1880s, more came to New York City, to Worcester, Massachusetts and southern Michigan. By the time of World War I, there were clusters of Swedish-speaking Finns in Philadelphia, Boston, other parts of Massachusetts, New York State, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, northern Illinois, the Rocky Mountain states and in Canada. By far the greatest number settled in Washington state. The Swedo-Finns were generally good businessmen. They opened small shops-watchmaker, locksmith, food, bakery, etc.-started fire and life insurance companies, timber com- panies and sawmills. Some businesses progressed convention- ally, others took the co-op route. Big Business An example of a successful co-op was Olympia Veneer which became one of the biggest veneer producing companies in the United States. It began soon after World War I at a time when salaries and working conditions in the Puget Sound area were grim for the woodworking industry. Edward Westman, Axel Erikson and J. Lucas got together 125 people from Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia and Hoquiam, each of whom put up $500, for equal ownership of the company. Of the members, 63 were Swedish-speaking Finns, the rest were Swedes and Norwegians, but they all called themselves Americans. Leadership was selected by the part-owners, with each having one vote. Everyone worked for $4 a day, regardless of the job-a system not understood nor appreciated by the financial community. During the first eight months, there were no salaries at all. Their first factory was a "fire sale" bargain, a saw mill near Tacoma which had been burned out earlier but could be purchased for $7,000. The owners pitched in and rebuilt it, bought machinery on credit and were ready for business by fall of their first year. Almost none of the part owners had any experience in 62 veneer work. When their machines arrived, they had to hire outside help from Portland to demonstrate how to run them. The first order came from California for cheap orange packing crates. Everyone worked frantically for the first three months, but because of a frost, some of the orange crop was ruined, cancellations came in, and the co-op wound up $19,000 short. Capital was badly needed and some of the part-owners tried without success to borrow from the banks. The Swedes had already taken what advances they could out of the company, but the Swedo-Finns left their money in-an action that saved the company. Many wives went to work elsewhere to earn money to save the company. Finally it was decided that everybody would have to put up another $500 to buy stock, lumber, fir and other materials. But many had already put in their life savings; from then on they would have to borrow from friends and relatives and go without salaries for some time to come. At last, orders began coming in and the company showed small gains. Some of the 8 per cent loans were paid off and in 1923, the company paid its first dividend-$300 per share. The following year, Olympia Veneer Company had total assets of $75,000, and the banker who had earlier turned down the loan request now offered to help, in return for 51 per cent of the stock. Needless to say, the offer was rejected. The history of Olympia Veneer is a saga in itself-the coming of age of an industry started by poor immigrants, the hard work, the sacrifice, and finally the success. In 1951, thirty-one of the original part-owners were still living but were mostly inactive or retired. In 1954, after considering many offers to buy their holdings, the committee decided to sell to U.S. Plywood. Their total holdings, exchanged for stock in U.S. Plywood, were valued at $20 million. All monies were divided among the share owners.* FINNISH-CANADIANS Athough a small group of Finns lived in Vancouver, British Columbia as early as 1840, and were joined by others from Alaska in 1867, the first real emigration to Canada was in the late 1800s when Delaware Finns moved north to work on the Welland Canal. In 1882, jobs opened up on the Canadian Pacific Railroad, attracting sizeable numbers from * For the full story of Olympia Veneer, see Finlands Svenskar i Amerika, by Anders Myhrman, Helsinki, 1972. 63 Michigan, Minnesota and Finland. Yet, before 1900, there were probably no more than 1,000 Finns in the whole of Canada. The situation changed after the turn of the century when a series of depressions in the U.S. made the other side of the border increasingly inviting. Finns refer to this period as "Canadian time,' when many of them left the Dakotas and Montana to work in Canadian mines, lumber camps and on the railroad. They were joined by a number of immigrants from the Old Country. By 1911, some 15,000 Finns (5,000 from the States) had settled in and around Thunder Bay, Sudbury, Timmins, Toronto, Sault Ste. Marie in Ontario; in Montreal, and in various spots across the country to Van- couver. In 1900, a unique and successful experiment in co- operative community living was started in Sointula on Malcolm Island, B.C. by a Finnish idealist, Matti Kurikka. The community is still flourishing. A second wave of immigrants went to Canada in the 1920s-a period of hard times in Finland because of her recent Independence War. The 1920 enactment of a national origins quota system in the U.S. prevented thousands of Finns from entering America; Canada, however, was open, and needed laborers willing to work. They needed only to be healthy and have $25 in their pockets. About 20,000 came during the 1920s. Kalle and Ida Kuusisto built their home in the wilderness at Lappe, Ontario, Canada. This 1912 photo included children, chickens and pets. Photo courtesy of Finnish-Canadian Historical Society With all the Finns in Canada, it was only fitting that in 1961 Urho Kekkonen, the President of Finland, should visit them. Here he is greeted at Port Arthur, Ontario, by charming twin Finns. Photo courtesy of Vapaa Sana Press, Ltd., Toronto A third wave emigrated between 1950-1960, following the long war years when Finland's borders were closed. Today, there are about 60,000 Finns in Canada, with more than half of them living in Ontario. Making a Living Reverend Yrjo Raivio who emigrated from the Tampere area of Finland to the mining town of Copper Cliff in 1970 discusses those early immigrants with great love, humor and empathy. He visits them regularly in their homes or hospitals where many of the oldsters now live. "They were brave, respectable people. Many came without any formal schooling at all, because Finland had no compul- sory education until 1922. So they were largely unskilled which meant that the men had to be content with low level jobs as miners, lumberjacks, farm hands and railroad work- ers-and the girls as domestics But Finns are a resourceful lot and many found ways of making a good living. Sven Stadius emigrated from Hämeen- linna, Finland in 1923. "I was looking for adventure and when the promised job in Singapore fell through, I considered Ceylon for a while and then decided on Canada. Everybody else was going to the States but I wanted to be different." Although Stadius spoke several European languages, he knew no English, but he figured he'd make out somehow. "The first thing I did in Montreal was spend $5 of my $25 fortune on a pair of pointed shoes I saw in the window. That was a small fortune in those days but I wanted to be up to 65 Finnish-Canadian Grand Festivals, now held each year in a different community, were begun during the 1939-40 Winter War to raise funds for refugee relief. When that need ceased, funds were diverted to Finnish-Canadian charities. Photo by Eeva, courtesy of Vaapa Sana Press, Ltd., Toronto date. Well, on that same day I went to see the colonization department of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and the chap there placed me on a farm near Cherbourg, Quebec. I put on my new pointed shoes, climbed aboard the train and got off at the station in the eastern township. From there, I walked miles and miles to the farm. I'm telling you, my feet were never so sore-I didn't put those shoes on again for a long, long time." "I was supposed to work on the farm for the summer. They asked if I knew how to milk a cow so I said, 'Just show me which end to start at.'" Stadius later teamed up with a Norwegian friend to go harvesting in western Canada. "There were hundreds and hundreds of men on the train, and we were all looking for harvesting work. Our fare from Montreal to Winnipeg was $15 and from there on, it was a half-cent a mile. Farmers lined up along the tracks yelling their bids we made about $1 or $1.50 a day with board, and those who could handle machinery made up to $3 a day." Stadius tried other jobs too. At one point he rode horse- back into the valley of New Finland, selling life insurance. Unfortunately, a number of Finns had lost their savings earlier when the Home Bank went bankrupt. "Finally I 66 decided it was time to learn English so I joined Regina Collegiate. I picked it up fast because I already knew Swed- ish, Latin, French and German." After ten years in western Canada, Stadius headed east. The Depression was on and work had to be found. In Montreal, he got a job as secretary to the YMCA and shortly after began his own business-importing granite from Finland. In 1933, he was asked by the Consul General in Montreal if he'd be interested in the job of Vice Consul in Toronto. Indeed he would. A Canadian lawyer, Kingsley Graham, was appointed Consul, and the two men worked together for many years. "I assisted in the Finnish end of it, the Consular busi- ness and carrying on my own importing. I expanded my granite importing, and added to it Valio cheese and Fazer chocolates, sporting goods and so on. I was finally able to open my own store, but only for Finns to buy things. The rest was strictly wholesale." Sven Stadius is 75 years old now, and recently retired after serving Finland in Canada for 41 years. Bakers, Bankers, and Bootleggers In Finnish com- munities, many kinds of businesses sprang up. Finns organized lumbering and engineering firms, started small restaurants and bakeries, set up shop as watchmakers and tailors. And there were the co-ops, some successful, others not. Today, in Toronto, the Finns have a bank, and a credit union with a capital of close to $3 million. Kormak Lumber Company, begun by the Korpela father and sons, controls large lumber holdings and sawmills in northern Ontario. In Sudbury, Carl Lehto developed his menswear business in a unique way. After opening a store on Main Street, he put an ad in the paper, challenging anyone to wrestle him in the show window of his new store. Whoever succeeded in throwing him won a new suit of clothes. Kalle Brofeldt started his printing business on Main Street in Calumet, Michigan, the "nesting place" for Finns in America. Photo courtesy of National Museum of Finland, Helsinki The Suo METAR JOB PRI TING. Since Lehto was not a big man, he had plenty of burly challengers, much to the delight of crowds who gathered outside to watch the matches. But because of his technique, no one could throw him, even as he got older. He knew ex- actly how to handle the daring young giants from the mines and woods. Lehto is over 80 years old now and one of the wealthiest Finns in Canada. A number of rough, tough puukko-carrying Finns became quite adept at a different form of enterprise; brewing, boot- legging and smuggling. "Base operations" were koira torppa, little houses where farm hands lived. These were guarded by German shepherd dogs, trained to be as fierce as wolves and hold authorities at bay until incriminating evidence could be hidden. In 1916, when alcohol was prohibited in Canada, smuggling liquor across the border and from province to province became a very lucrative business. It was a rough life in those early days, particularly for men without the sobering influence of mothers, sisters and wives. There was heavy drinking and a lot of fighting; the Sudbury funeral home shows a 1913 Christmas day statistic. The funeral home's first three corpses were brought in from the Castle mine; two murders and a suicide-all Finns. The Depression Years Finnish immigrants in Canada as well as those in the United States, suffered horribly during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The unemployed had no place to go for help; there were no agencies set up to care for thousands of laborers out of work, many of whom had language difficulties. The Finns did what they could to help their own. Sven Stadius recalls how bad it was: "The unemployed built for themselves small cabins from old boxes and sheet metal pieces. These little huts were clustered under the bridges or along the river, and the people cooked whatever they could find or beg, in tin cans over open fires. At night as you walked along the river bank you could see Finns cooking their evening meal. The two girls at the Finnish consulate, Helmi Suutinen and Margret Holmquist made daily trips down there with food, blankets and cloth- ing. Carrying supplies down to the poor Finns lasted about two years. I won't forget that experience." A Little Favoritism There is no secret about the fact that for years the Canadian government favored Scandinav- ians as immigrants. The Finns had a reputation for themselves as a hard-working reliable people who adapted well to the pioneer country. They also earned a reputation for loyalty, especially during World War II, when Finns technically be- came enemy aliens. Radar, at that time a top secret invention, was heavily guarded at all laboratories, but a Finnish radar 68 technician who was born in the Old Country, was routinely allowed into classified areas all during the war. There was no question as to his sympathies-he was Canadian. Also during this period, the Canadian government required German aliens to report to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police once a month. For the Finns, it was once a year, and then with apologies for the inconvenience. Finns are intensely proud of being Canadians. Most of those who have overcome the language barrier have received their citizenship papers. Others who have lived for 50 or 60 years in Finnish communities where they had no particular need for English, continue to shy away from possible embar- rassment about naturalization procedures before a judge. But Canadian? Indeed they are. AMERICANIZATION After World War I and Finland's independence, immigra- tion to North America never again reached the volume it had earlier. For the next few years, a number of Finns sailed to Canada and some of the newer arrivals in America returned home. But those who had been in the States long enough to put down roots, raise a family, own land and have good jobs, stayed on and involved themselves in American life. They held fast to their societies, newspapers, causes, move- ments, traditions and language, but gradually, much to the dismay of oldsters, things began to change. Youngsters wanted This 5-cent stamp commemor- Finland ating the 50th anniversary of independence for the Republic Independence 1917-67 of Finland, and a tradition of friendship between the United States and Finland, was released ... on October 6, 1967 at Finland, Minnesota. The Finnish coat of arms, reproduced on the stamp, dates back to 1781 when Finland became a grand duchy under Sweden. The roses surrounding the crowned lion are believed to represent the nine original provinces. Reproduced by per- mission of the U.S. Postal Service United States 5c C 69 TAPIOLA Mi. PELKIE 15MI. The landscape and the names tell the traveller he is in Finland, but actually this is in the byways of Upper Michigan. Photo by Lauri Paananen American clothes instead of old-fashioned homemade things. They started using slang words, chewing gum and wonder- ing why they had to drink milk instead of soda pop; store- bought bread in school lunch pails seemed preferable for appearance's sake instead of mother's home-baked rye. Young men no longer wore their pieksu boots with the turned-up toes and women discarded their unfashionable shawls and homespun dresses for the mail-order catalog or drygoods store variety. For a while, even the Finnish language seemed endangered, particularly during the 1920s and even into the 1930s when the big "Americanization," or melting pot atti- tudes were so strong. Finns were not the only victims of this movement for all racial and ethnic groups to shed their ancient heritages and become as one people-Americans. It happened all over the country to all groups, particularly minorities whose ways and languages were strikingly different. Some children were ashamed of their parents' heavy accents, old-fashioned ways and ethnic customs. Many changed their names for simplicity's sake but often it was sheer necessity. The 19th century work advertisement, "No Irish need apply" was only one facet of the cruel scene where ethnic slurs and slights were accepted usage. There were many unkind designations for recent new- comers to America-Micks, kikes, wops, niggers, mackerel- snappers, frogs, limeys, canucks, polacks, chinks, Japs and squareheads. Finns came out fairly well on the list- they were termed "round-heads" because their hair was often cut round, across the forehead, sometimes with a bowl to guide the scissors. Finglish Old Country Finns struggled hard to learn English-at least that's what they claimed. Some coyly de- clared they were mastering one new English word each year. but most of them settled for a curious mixture of the two languages which H. L. Mencken lists as "Finglish," in his 70 book The American Language. It was an easy dialect for the immigrants, and even non-Finns advertised their products in Finglish when they were selling in Finnish communities. As time went on, however, the dialect became so "in-house," that neither Americans nor Old Country Finns could under- stand it. Archaic words, long since forgotten in Finland, continued happily as Finglish in America. Richard A. Bassler, is a native American, born in New York, but spoke only Finnish when he entered public school. Now a Ph.D., he is a professor at The American University in Washington, D.C. Photo courtesy of Richard A. Bassler Suffragettes Finnish American women were enthusiastic boosters for the right to vote. Finland had granted women that right in 1907-the first country in Europe to do so (second in the world after New Zealand)-and the immigrants participated avidly in colorful cyclist parades in New York, Minneapolis, Duluth and other cities. Suffragettes founded their own newspaper, Toveritar in Astoria, Oregon, in 1907. In the 1930s, its name was changed to Naisten Viiri and it was moved to Superior, Wisconsin. Loyalty Early Finns were almost solidly Republican. They somehow associated the Democratic party with hard times, Catholicism, and monkeying around with the currency. Said one oldtimer, "I have always voted for the Republicans and I always will, so long as my eyes see the blue of the heavens and my ears hear the echoes of the backwoods." Even today, "Democratic" (dark) bread can be purchased in some Finnish.communities-as a reminder of hard times. President McKinley was a great favorite of the immigrants. They lovingly sent him a pair of slippers and a $500 gold and silver memento. Teddy Roosevelt, another hero, received a beautiful hand-made puukko sheathed knife, delivered to the White House. 71 But times changed and by 1932, Finns, both conservative and liberal were supporting Franklin Delano Roosevelt. To- day, Finnish-Americans seem to follow no particular voting pattern. "Birds of Passage" Homesickness for the Old Country was not so acute during the years when the children were growing up and everyone was working hard. There wasn't so much time to miss the birch forests, the fragrant spring flowers or cuckoos singing in the woodlands. Most families had learned to appreciate the climate in America and had adjusted to life in a country that had no midnight sun in June. But as people grew older, nostalgia gnawed at them; they longed to return to the Old Country. Some of their unhappiness stemmed from guilt because they left in the first place, and they knew they faced dis- approval. In the early days, this was expressed in statements such as: "Never trust a Finn who is living abroad." Or, "Once one has crossed the ocean once, he is always on the wrong side." Nevertheless, they did go home, often seven or eight times, before America or Canada finally "took." These travelers became known as "Birds of Passage." With today's jet travel, there is a constant stream of such "birds" among second and third generation Finns who love to see places they'd always heard about as youngsters. But the longer new settlers were away, the more evident it was which side of the ocean they belonged on. "I always urge people not to fight it (homesickness)," says Sven Stadius. "Go, see for yourself. You'll never be satisfied if you don't." Rev- erend Yrjo Raivio says the same thing. "Not too long ago a Finnish-Canadian family sold everything they had and moved to Finland. Five months later they were back and had to start all over again." Stadius explains his feelings: "I love Finland. I like to go back to get a good cup of coffee and see what's happened to my old friends. But most of them are gone now, or else they're so old." He laughs. "That's the way life is." Attitudes in Finland Finns as visitors from America soon changed attitudes in the Old Country. It was obvious they had made something of their lives and had found oppor- tunities across the sea that simply hadn't existed in Finland. They no longer felt guilty because of their new citizenship. Besides, the United States and Canada were fast friends with Finland at the government level. America had helped Finland at the time of her Independence War, and Finland had be- come famous. as the only debtor to repay her loan. American Finns took great pride in sending gifts to the Old Country: Chinook salmon spawn from Astoria, Oregon, white-tailed 72 deer from Minnesota, black grouse and capercaille from Wisconsin along with seeds and plants. There are even red deer from Virginia thriving in the Finnish forests. Trade between the two countries flourished during the 1920s with Finland importing American automobiles, machin- ery, hardware, metals and raw cotton. The U.S. imported Finnish cellulose and paper and wood-working products. After the Depression, trade dwindled, but by 1934 the U.S. was in a position to negotiate reciprocal trade agreements with foreign countries on the basis of the unconditional most-favored nation principle. In 1936, Finland became one of 16 nations signing the agreement which removed or re- duced excessive trade barriers. A solid foundation was laid upon which to build up a mutually profitable exchange of goods. Today, some 70 American companies have established trade relations with the Soviet Union, using Finnish com- panies as agents, distributors, service centers or exhibition arrangers. Meanwhile, during those early years, cultural and social ties were binding the two countries. The music of Jean Sibelius thrilled American audiences, and Paavo Nurmi, the "Flying Finn" became a household word as he broke Olympic track records. American novels and plays as well as scientific achievements were eagerly followed by Finns. Eugene O'Neil's plays were almost immediately translated and performed in Helsinki theaters. THE WINTER WAR With all the outpourings of cultural, social and economic friendship between the three countries through the years, the one event that mobilized the Finns' love for the mother country was the Soviet attack on Finland in 1939-40-the Winter War. Although the United States and Canada were officially neutral, there was no doubt as to the people's sympathies. Former U.S. President Herbert Hoover spoke out strongly on behalf of the Finns, whom he had long admired. When Congress failed to act on his recommendations to break diplomatic relations with the Soviets, he established a fund- raising organization for the relief of the wartime homeless in Finland. In New York City, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia formed a committee to sponsor a "Let's Help Finland" mass meeting in Madison Square Garden on December 20, 1939. The American Red Cross appropriated $25,000 for initial relief measures; an additional $10,000 was immediately sent 73 to London for the purchase of medicines to be flown to the Finnish Red Cross. All Red Cross chapters in the United States were urged to collect contributions for the relief of Finnish war victims. Meanwhile American-Finnish clubs and associations formed a relief committee, composed of 39 societies, and set a goal of $1 million to be raised for the Finnish Red Cross. At the Finnish Workers Educational Alliance, huge cartons packed with old clothes and shoes and labeled with the Red Cross emblem were shipped to war sufferers. In Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, Carl Lehto gathered six of his friends to- gether in the sauna where they organized the Finnish-Canadian Grand Festivals, the proceeds of which would go to Finnish relief, to veterans and to children of war veterans. From various parts of the States and Canada men of Fin- nish origin headed for New York to go abroad and fight. There were volunteer women, too, who sailed on the Swedish liner Gripsholm to do war work and nursing. In Delaware a group of 60 farmers raised $500 for the cause. Four Finnish seamen jumped ship at Portland, Maine, and made their way to New York where they would sail on the Grips- holm with the other volunteers. An American pilot signed on, hoping he could organize a Finnish-American flying corps. Probably at no time in American history had public opinion been so concerned as to the fate of a small foreign country. Sibelius concerts were conducted for Finnish relief by Tosca- nini and Stokowski; American teen-agers collected coins on street corners for the cause and 44 Brewster aircraft were declared "surplus" so as to be sent to Finland. But not enough help came in time, and Finland was forced to sign an agreement with Russia after 105 days of bitter fighting. POST WAR AMERICA Finland's close ties with North America continued after the war. New immigrants flew across the ocean in a matter of hours instead of sailing for days and days. Many wore fine clothes rather than homespun costumes, and carried smart luggage in place of knapsacks and crudely-tied boxes. The majority spoke several languages, although English was some- times their poorest, and a sizeable percentage were ac- complished artists, scholars, technicians, businessmen and professional people. The post-war years also saw a change in second and third generation Americans and Canadians of other foreign back- 74 grounds. Military men and women returned from overseas duty with a new respect for the countries of their forefathers. Many got to know Americans of different ethnic origins for the first time; they talked about their family life, compared notes, and decided it was pretty nice to be who they were after all. There was something very solid and secure, knowing one belonged to a people or tribe whose roots were in antiquity. Then too, the G.I. Bill made it possible to educate thou- sands for managerial and skilled work. Many children of immigrants grew up to be prominent educators, ministers, scientists, executives and community leaders. They had almost everything money and position could buy, but there was some- thing missing. Many questioned the old "melting pot" theory and began digging into their family histories for answers. And about this time, historians and sociologists were taking a second look too. Those immigrant laborers and industrial workers, they decided, were strong cultural entities-not just ingredients flavoring the stew. America was a mosaic of many cultures instead of a melting pot. "New ethnicity," pride in Old World heritage, is the term used today. Many oldsters could say, "And high time too!" Finns on the Move A number of American and Cana- dian Finns resettled during and after World War II. Thou- sands left their "Finntowns" and family farms in the north to serve in the military or in defense jobs in distant cities. During the 1940s and 1950s, many developed a great fond- ness for Florida sunshine, particularly when it came time for retirement. Lake Worth-Lantana, in Palm Beach county, now has a permanent Finnish population of about 15,000, which nearly doubles during the winter months. There are two weekly radio programs in Finnish, two large halls and three churches, all supported by the community. Since the 1960s, immigrants have been arriving in Florida directly from Finland. Cuisine With all the post war changes in Finnish- American life, the church, sauna and kitchen continued as the most vigorous outgrowths of Finnishness. Bread remained the mainstay of the meal, coffee continued to be the world's greatest, and the smell of cardamon coffee bread was synono- mous with home. The Finnish smorgasbord, soup bubbling on the stove in heavy iron pots, Glass Master's Herring and Cobbler's Salmon meant hospitality, Finnish style. Mojakka, a fish and potato chowder, uunijuusto, a custard made with the first milk from a cow after she has calved and even kala- kukko, a pie made from bread dough with whitefish inside, 75 lost none of their charm for even the most worldly. In recent years, two Finnish cookbooks, written for Americans, de- scribe in detail the glorious mysteries of Finnish cookery. (See Bibliography.) THE FINNISH-AMERICAN BICENTENNIAL When the American Bicentennial Administration began planning the country's big 1976 birthday celebration, Finnish- Americans responded enthusiastically with the formation of their own U.S.A. Bicentennial group. Almost simultaneously, the Republic of Finland became one of the first nations to offer substantial participation in the U.S. Bicentennial. The goal was educational, cultural and artistic exchanges which would make the Finnish-American contribution to American life better known to all Americans. With a "cast of thousands," -workers, performers, artists, planners, fund-raisers and patriotic boosters-the Finnish-American community is dedi- cating itself to the Bicentennial spirit. CROSSCURRENTS The exchange of people, ideas and culture between Finland and North America has been underway for more than 300 years. Although there have been pauses along the way, Fin- land's gifts to the United States and Canada are more strongly felt today than ever before. People in all walks of life are familiar with things "Made in Finland." Cross coun- try skiers snap on their Järvinen or Karhu models as they set out across the snow. Fishermen attach Järvinen or Rapala lures to their lines or perhaps prefer the Finnish-American version, Helin's "Flatfish" line. Outdoorsmen have learned to appreciate the usefulness of several models of the puukko (sheathed knives). Fiskars scissors are popular tools, indoors or out. Americans have become increasingly fond of Finn foods they find in the supermarkets or specialty stores. Valio cheeses, Finn Crisp, tinned herring and sometimes tinned sausage are available. Liqueurs such as Mesimarja, Lakka and Karpalo are eagerly sought by gourmets, as is the famed Finlandia vodka. Finnish Design Influence In recent years, there has been wide recognition of Finnish design applied to art, archi- tecture, fabrics, rugs, glass, jewelry, wood, pottery and wearing apparel. All have characterstic clean lines without 76 ........ The basic elements of good design-form, color, texture, and attention to function-make Finnish products at home anywhere. Fine fabrics, porcelain, enamel ware and stainless steel com- bine to create a harmonious whole. 77 any disturbing extras. The Finns say: "Simple, plus practical, equals beautiful," and this holds true for a modest family setting as well as an architectural masterpiece. Good design has moved into the industrial field as well. Heavy machinery made in Finland is now seen in America; in particular, the paper industry uses much Finnish equip- ment. Fabric designers Dora Jung, Eva Brummer, Kirsti Ilvessalo, Marjatta Metsovaara and Eva Anttila are well-known in America and Canada. The finest department and specialty stores carry the fashions of Marimekko, Vúokko and Finn Flair along with jewelry bearing the trade names of Kalevala- koru and Lapponia. Ceramics and pottery designed by Kaj Franck, Birger Kaipiainen, Rut Bryk and Toini Muona are highly prized by galleries and collectors. The clean lines of Finn glass can be found in the designs of Gunnel Nyman, Tapio Wirkkala, Kaj Franck, Timo Sarpaneva and Saara Hopea. Furniture marketed under the names Artek, Asko and Polar, features designs by Alvar Aalto, Ilmari Tapiovaara, Totti Laakso and Antti Nurmesjärvi. (See Bibliography for Scandinavian Design.) Sports Sports enthusiasts have applauded the feats of Finland's contestants in the Annual Boston Marathon. Spon- sored with money collected by Finnish-Americans, eight Finns are by heritage lively and athletic. Fine form on the tennis court is displayed by Barbara and Bever Black, whose mother's maiden name was Heikkila. Photo courtesy of Vapaa Sana Press, Ltd., Toronto (Above) Dulles International Airport, one of Eero Saarinen's architectural masterpieces. Photo courtesy U.S. Dept. of Transportation. (Below, right) Kalervo Kallio executed this bust of America's first Secretary of Defense, James Forrestal. It can be seen at the Mall entrance to the Pentagon, Washington, D.C. Photo by Eloise Engle. (Below, left) "Pallo" design of tablecloth by Marjatta Metsovaara. Photo by Tampella. 79 "Kukka" cotton sateen tablecloth, designed by Marjatta Metsovaara. Finnish fabrics are highly prized in North America. Photo by Tampella. 80 Finnish-Canadian gymnasts demonstrate their skill. Gymnast societies are traditionally popular with American and Canadian Finns. Photo courtesy of Vapaa Sana Press, Ltd., Toronto Finns finished first between the years 1934 and 1972. Other long distance runners performing in the U.S. were Hannes and Wiljo Kolehmainen. In 1966, the great Paavo Nurmi symbolically ran one lap of the two-mile race he had first won in Madison Square Garden 41 years earlier, with a record time of 8:52.2. Boxing fans remember Gunnar "Gee- Bee" Bärlund who migrated to the United States in 1936 after winning the Finnish and European heavyweight titles. Music Music from Finland has been loved by North Americans for a long time. Jean Sibelius conducted the world premier of his Oceanides, in 1914, in Norfolk, Virginia. During the 1965 centennial of the composer's birth, more than 50 concerts were performed by American symphony orchestras across the country. In 1968 the Helsinki Phil- harmonic gave a number of concerts on this side of the Atlantic; the University of Helsinki singers are always in demand in America. Finnish conductors George Sohneevoigt, Tauno Hannikainen, Boris Sirpo, Martti Similä, Jussi Jalas, Okko Kamu and Leif Segerstam have directed American orchestras in concerts. At least seven Finns have sung with the Metropolitan Opera in New York; dancers from the Finnish State Ballet performed in America in 1960. And on the other side of the ocean, American playwrights Max- well Anderson, Thornton Wilder, Eugene O'Neil, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller continue to be favorites of Finnish theater audiences. Art There have been a number of exhibitions of Finnish art in the United States. One of Finland's greatest painters, Akseli Gallen-Kallela spent the years 1923-25 at the art 81 colony in Taos, New Mexico. Another world renowned painter, Johan William (Juho) Rissanen, moved to Miami in 1938 where he spent the last twelve years of his life. Exhibi- tions of his paintings have been held in almost all European capitols and in Asia. In America, the Finnish-American Historical Society commissioned Juho Rissanen to paint the much-beloved fresco which depicts the life of a Finnish immigrant family on a Minnesota farm. Reproductions hang in thousands of Finnish-American parlors. Kauko Rissanen, nephew of Juho, is an artist of a differ- ent sort. He specializes in portraits carved in wood, using photographs as models. Trained in oil painting, interior decorating, sculptoring and wood carving at the Helsinki Athenaeum Art School, he completed his first portrait, that of Marshal Mannerheim, while in service during World War II. His next subject was King Gustav V of Sweden. In 1956 Rissanen moved to the United States. He and his wife are Kauko Rissanen uses small woodcarving tools and a tiny blow- torch to achieve true likenesses in his portraits on wood. Photo by Lauri A. Paananen now U.S. citizens. He has been commissioned to do portraits of President Kekkonen of Finland, several American presi- dents, and many other prominent Americans. The sculptor Kalervo Kallio, son of Finland's fourth president, came to the United States in 1949, after becoming famous in Finland for his portrait busts of composers Jean Sibelius, Madetoja, Palmgren and Kilpinen, as well as for 82 Johan William (Juho) Rissanen was deeply moved by stories of Finnish immi- grants' life on the frontier. Reproductions of this mural, depicting a Minnesota farm family, hang in thousands of Finnish-American parlors. Reproduced by courtesy of Kauko Rissanen various statues and war memorials. He executed busts of three Finnish Presidents and two of Finland's Nobel Prize winners. He gained initial fame in America by winning the international competition in Washington, D.C. for the bust of James Forrestal displayed in the Mall entrance to the Pentagon. His monumental bust of Hans Kindler is at the George Washington University. Kallio was highly accomplished in the use of marble, granite, diorite and nickel-ore. Among his subjects were Presidents Harry S. Truman and Herbert Hoover, and scientist Albert Einstein. Kallio's bust of Vice President Alben Barkley is housed in the Gallery of the Capitol Build- ing in Washington, D.C. His bust of General George C. Marshall was unveiled at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, by President Eisenhower and Mrs. George Marshall. In 1960 Kallio went to Lambarena in Gabon, Africa, to do a bust of Dr. Albert Schweitzer. One of the most beautiful works of Finnish sculpture in 83 America is Wäinö Aaltonen's granite memorial to the Dela- ware colonial Finns. It was dedicated at Crozier Park, Chester, Pennsylvania in 1938 during the tricentennial cele- bration. Student Exchanges In 1949, President Harry S. Truman was instrumental in having the remainder of Finland's World War I debt converted to Amerikan Suomen-Laina Apuraha (ASLA) scholarships which would enable 80 scholars from Finland to study in the U.S. each year. In 1952, ASLA was incorporated into an expanded Fulbright-Hays Exchange Program. Between the years 1949 and 1971, 467 Americans studied in Finland, while 1,487 Finns were similarly edu- cated in the States. By June of 1971, 40 former Fulbrighters had become professors in Finland. In 1960, Finland became affiliated with the American- Scandinavian Foundation and currently, their fellowship division provides for several Americans to study in Finland each year, and about the same number of Finns to study in America. There is also an extensive trainee program whereby 15 to 20 Finns arrive each. year to serve as interns in American establishments. During the Leader Program of 1957-1960, which was financed by a Ford Foundation grant, ASF provided study tours lasting several months for some 50 Finns who were outstanding in journalism, art, law, and theology. There have been other exchanges, arranged at the high school level by the Finlandia Foundation, the American Field Service, and by the YFU (Youth for Understanding). Some American colleges and universities also have exchanges with Finland. Dr. Vaino Hoover, president and chief engineer of Hoover Electric Company in California, has been decorated by Finnish presi- dents J. K. Paasikivi and Urho Kekkonen for his efforts on behalf of good relationships between the United States and Finland. Photo courtesy of Suomi College 84 Finlandia Foundation In January 1953, the Finnish Consul A. Paloheimo, and his prominent Finnish-American friend Vaino Hoover, organized a national foundation, dedi- cated to furtherance of Finnish-American culture, education and social life. Through the years, chapters have been formed in cities across the country. In 1974, the Finlandia Founda- tion became one of eight organizations belonging to the Scandinavian Council of Washington, D.C. ARCHITECTURE Although the Finnish log cabin will always remain a unique part of early North America's colonial building de- velopment, the works of contemporary Finnish architects stand in a class by themselves as timeless masterpieces of design. Alvar Aalto "In architecture there are no solitary prob- lems; everything is related to everything else The archi- tect has to know everything, from town-planning to the smallest accessory. He is the coordinator of all the specialized fields, because he has to discover and render visible the shape of the emergent culture The architect is in fact the only possible kind of dictator remaining in our century."- Alvar Aalto, friend of the late Frank Lloyd Wright, is essentially a national architect whose major works stand in Finland and other European countries. Americans were first attracted by his Finnish Pavilion at the New York World's Fair in 1939-40. His imaginative use of timber construction with free-flowing lines earned him a professorship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1940. Earlier in 1938, the Museum of Modern Art in New York held an exhibition of Aalto's work which was later shown in other cities in the States. That same year, he lectured at Yale University. Shortly after World War II he designed Baker House, a Senior Dormitory at M.I.T., with its bold departure from old pseudogothic and colonial forms. In 1964, he designed the Kaufman Conference Room in New York, and in 1970, the Benedictine Monastery Library in Oregon. The model city of Tapiola in Finland, near Helsinki, was designed by Aalto, and architects and city planners from all parts of the world have journeyed there to see and eventually emulate his concepts for modern living. In keeping with his philosophy that everything is related to everything else, Aalto is also famed for his furniture designs, marketed under the name Artek. 85 Eliel Saarinen (1873-1950) For three decades, this im- migrant from Finland left his mark on his new land. He arrived in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan the year after he won second prize in the Chicago Tribune Tower design competi- tion in 1922. There, he inspired and directed the Cranbrook Foundation's Academy of Art for twenty years. In addition to buildings at Cranbrook, he designed the performance halls at the Berkshire Music Center, Lenox, Massachusetts and the Nikander Hall at Suomi College. Together with his son Eero, he designed the First Christian Church, Columbus, Indiana; Crow Island School, Winnetka, Illinois; Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio; Campus Plan, and Dormitory; Bran- deis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, Campus Plan and Dormitory, Dining and Social buildings; Christ Church Lutheran, Minneapolis and the Smithsonian Art Gallery in Washington, D.C. (First Prize Winning Design). Mrs. Eliel Saarinen, who had studied design in Helsinki and Paris, introduced Finnish weaving and fabric design to America by opening a department at Cranbrook Academy in 1927. With support from leading Finnish designers and artists from other countries she set the stage for the famed exhibition: "Cranbrook Weavers; Pacesetters and Proto- types," held at the Detroit Institute of Art, July through September 1973. Eero Saarinen (1910-1961) "Great architecture," Eero Saarinen once said, "is both universal and individual. The universality is achieved because the architecture is a true expression of its time. The individuality comes through as a "Our architecture is too humble," said Eero Saarinen. "It should be prouder, more aggressive, much richer and larger than we see it today. I would like to do my part in expanding that richness. There is always a way or a way must be invented so that the old which is good does not become obsolete because of its new neighbor. Photo by Kevin Roche, courtesy of John Dinkeloo and Associ- ates, Hampden, Connecticut 86 result of a special quality This quality is the philosophy and thinking behind architecture. It is the expression of one man's unique combination of faith and honesty and devo- tion and beliefs in architecture, in short, his moral integrity." Eero Saarinen was born at Kirkkonummi, Finland and became a naturalized American citizen at the age of thirteen. After study at Grande Chaumiere, Paris, and receipt of his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Yale University, he worked with his father Eliel until the latter's death in 1950. His honors include Master of Arts, Yale University; Doctor of Humane Letters, Valparaiso University; Doctor of Hu- manities, Wayne University; Doctor of Engineering, Tech- nische Hochschule, Hanover, Germany; Fellow, American Institute of Architects; Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Letters; and award of an A.I.A. Gold Medal in 1962. The younger Saarinen was interested in everything from lamps and other furniture to massive buildings and great arches.' A close friend of American designer Charles Eames, for whom he named his son, he participated in Organic Design Furniture, a Museum of Modern Art competition in 1938. For Knoll Associates, he designed the plywood chair in 1964, the "Womb" Chair in 1948 and Pedestal Furniture in 1958. He also designed furniture for the General Motors Technical Center lobbies in 1950. But Saarinen's real genius is seen in his independent work from 1941 through 1964, some of which was completed after his death on September 1, 1961, at the age of 51. In reviewing Saarinen's Beaumont Theater in Lincoln Center, Wolf Von Eckhardt wrote in The Washington Post that "we weren't quite sure just what it was he had contributed. His work was pragmatic and always still probing." "He was not, like Mies or LeCourbusier, a 'formgiver' who created a style into which others could pour their talent as into a mold. He never repeated himself and each of his buildings was so different from his others that he seemed an eclectic." "It is only now, as his last designs are one by one turning into buildings, that the full measure of our loss is beginning to reveal itself." "First was that soaring, brawny sculpture-Dulles Airport; then the elegant steel construction for the Deere & Company headquarters at Moline, Illinois; next, the proudly assertive CBS tower in New York, with its granite simplicity, and now the Beaumont Theater." * His awe-inspiring "Gateway to the West," (see page 5) will stand for all time as the greatest arch in the world. 87 "These buildings are still different from one another. There is still no personal style, let alone a self-repetition that might turn into a cliche. But these last Saarinen buildings are no longer probing. You look at them and you say to your- self, "This is it. They somehow could not be designed in any other way. * Viljo Revell "I have two very vivid memories of Viljo Revell. The earliest was on being with him on his first sight of Toronto, and I recall, as if it were yesterday, his digni- fied presence, his handsome smiling face and his shyness before the most modest of his new friends, not to mention civic officials, reporters and television inter- viewers. On that first day, we talked little about archi- tecture, but, for some reason, much about the sea. I had come to pay homage to a supremely great archi- tect, and I left with an additional deep obeisance to a man who had been round the Horn in sail. The com- bination of such distinctions must be rare in history, and is never likely to be equalled " -Eric R. Arthur F.R.A.I.C., F.R.I.B.A., Professional Advisor, Toronto City Hall Competition Viljo Revell * See Appendix for complete list of Eero Saarinen's work. 88 Like a hymn to the sun, the Toronto City Hall lifts into the wide Canadian sky. 'Viljo Revell did not live to see his dream building soar to completion," wrote Mayor Philip G. Givens of Toronto, "but he knew his slim, curved towers and shell-like podium had generated in this city a new excitement and pride " Photo courtesy of Parkin Architects Planners, Toronto Viljo Revell was born in Vaasa, Finland, and was edu- cated as an architect at the Institute of Technology in Hel- sinki. From 1936-1937 he was professor Alvar Aalto's assistant, and his collaborator on the Finnish Pavilion in the 1937 World's Fair in Paris. In Finland, Viljo Revell designed schools, churches, houses, industrial and commercial facili- ties. Always interested in architectural competitions, from 1940 until his death in 1964 at the age of 54, he received over 20 awards. The culmination of his career came when he was awarded first prize in the international competition for the new Toronto City Hall in 1958. His design was selected from 520 entries from 42 countries by an eminent jury of architects. Among the judges was Eero Saarinen, himself a contestant, who voted in favor of Revell's design. Revell died before his great masterpiece was completed. Finnish-Canadians recall the birch tree placed on the roof- top for the customary topping ceremony-the same birch now growing in the square below. 89 In a letter of condolence from His Worship, Mayor Philip G. Givens, Q.C. and the Council, appreciative Canadians had this to say: "When each of us is gone and little- remembered, when what we say and do in these days and in this council are forgotten, the world will still arrive in pilgrimage at the door Viljo Revell opened to our future. Generations to come will stand in awe and admiration be- fore the monument he left, and the flame of his genius that smoldered in his quiet eyes and gentle heart will be forever lit in the modern Athens he began in this 'Place of Meeting' As with the strange and haunting strains of that other Finn, Jean Sibelius, the music that Viljo Revell built from concrete and steel will echo around the world and come back to our ears in plaudits we must always share with this great man it had been our privilege to know for such a little time." The Finnish-American from Stray Horse Gulch Prob- ably the most widely-known member of the Finnish- American community is Dr. Vaino Hoover whose true-life success is reminiscent of a sentimental Horatio Alger story. The saga begins in Finland where Ernie Huovinen, a woods- man, and his wife Maria Matilda Kosunen Huovinen worked at various lumber camps-Ernie with the ax and saw, and Maria cooking and baking for the camp crews. In 1903 the family decided Ernie should go to America where he would save money so he could send for his wife and five children. Maria helped by saving camp-cook and homeweaver money, and the family sailed to America the following year. The family settled in Stray Horse Gulch, near Leadville, Colorado, where Maria ran a boarding house for Finnish miners and her own brood. Ernie worked as a timberman in the mines. Once he worked as a fruit picker in Cuba for two years. On returning to Colorado, the family moved to Tellu- ride, where Ernie died in 1912, the victim of years of hard work and silicosis. Maria Huovinen, with her six children (Vaino being the youngest) moved to Wisconsin where the family grew up on a farm and finally went their individual ways, leaving young Vaino and his mother at home. Vaino worked in sawmills and lumber camps even during grammar school. With the help of his high school principal, the young Finn took a home study course which allowed him to work in the woods for the badly needed income. Between 1919 and 1923, he attended high school in Chicago and Hollywood, studying college preparatory courses in engineering, while at the same time supporting himself by working evenings, week ends and vacations as a telegraph messenger. 90 As an outstanding student in physics, he was awarded a scholarship in electrical engineering at the California Insti- tute of Technology. During that period, Vaino who by then had Americanized his name to Hoover, showed his athletic prowess by becoming the best javelin thrower the school had yet produced. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science dégree in 1927, and in 1931 received his Ph.D. Magna Cum Laude in electrical engineering, physics and mathematics. Since that time, Dr. Hoover has been involved in the design and manufacture of electrical motor and generating machinery, control systems, gear drives, variable speed drives, hydraulic and pneumatic units, and specialized equip- ment for mining, petroleum, chemical, and aircraft industries. For the past 35 years, the aircraft industry has benefited from Dr. Hoover's design and manufacture of alternating and direct current motors and generators, magnetic clutches and brakes, gun turret drives and controls, electro-mechanical actuators, electric power flight control systems, and missile guidance actuators and fuel control systems. For the Lock- heed C5A, he designed and manufactured the high powered, multiple speed electric winches for handling heavy cargo containers and vehicles. Recently he has been involved in the design and manufacture of electric motor propulsion units and exploration equipment for deep submergence underwater vehicles. Dr. Vaino Hoover from Stray Horse Gulch in Colorado is as Finnish as they come. A sports enthusiast, serving as the National Chairman for The Finnish American Olympic Fund Drive during the 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972 Olympic Games, he also served as the Attaché for the Finnish Olym- pic Team during the 1960 Winter Olympic Games at Squaw Valley in California. His pet projects involve helping Suomi College with fund raising and generous contributions for building programs and scholarship funds-and cultural and educational ex- changes between Finland and America. He is national presi- dent of the Finlandia Foundation, and national vice president of the American-Scandinavian Foundation. In short, a man who can't say, "Ei kiitos," (no thanks) when it comes to helping out in the Finnish-American community. Generally, every story has an ending, but this is one that does not. It will go on, chapter after chapter, each one better than the last, as the Finns in North America continue to share with their adoptive homelands their rich culture, their endless talents and boundless energy, and, above all- their sisu. 91 Appendix INDEPENDENT WORK BY EERO SAARINEN 1941-1964 Project, Community House, 1941. Project, Unfolding House, 1945. Music Tent, Aspen, Colorado, 1949. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial "Gateway to the West", St. Louis, Missouri, 1948-1964. General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan, 1948-1956. Pharmacy Building, 1947-1950; Dormitories and Dining Hall, 1951-1955, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa. Irwin Union Trust Company, Columbus, Indiana, 1952-1955. Auditorium and Chapel, 1953-1956, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Master Plan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1954. Milwaukee County War Memorial, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1953- 1957. Chapel, Stephens College, Columbia, Missouri, 1953-1957. Residence in Midwest, 1953-1957. Concordia Senior College, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1953-1958. Dormitory, 1954-1958, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. Women's Dormitory and Dining Hall, 1955-1958, University of Chicago, Illinois. U.S. Chancery Building, Oslo, Norway, 1955-1959. U.S. Chancery Building, London, England, 1955-1960. Law School, 1956-1960, University of Chicago, Illinois. International Business Machines, Rochester, Minnesota, 1956- 1959. David S. Ingalls Hockey Rink, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 1956-1959. Trans World Flight Center, Idlewild, New York, 1956-1962. Women's Dormitories, 1957-1960, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois, 1957-1963. Thomas J. Watson Research Center, International Business Ma- chines, Yorktown, New York, 1957-1961. Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, New Jersey, 1957-1962. Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 1958-1962. Dulles International Airport Terminal Building, Chantilly, Vir- ginia, 1958-1962. Repertory Theatre and Library-Museum, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, New York City, 1958-1964. International Airport, Athens, Greece, 1960-1964. North Christian Church, Columbus, Indiana, 1959-1963. Columbia Broadcasting System, Headquarters Building, New York City, 1960-1964. 92 20 o 500 km 60° is Barents Sea 6 Murmarisk OF Vorkuta Salehard 06 1B 60 10 B 1B° 1A 1C elsora Berezovo, Archan 12 11 60' 10 viena 12 Surgut Ob 10 12 Petroska Helsinki river A CCC Manty-Mansijsk C Sykiyvicar Tallinm Leains 20 grad 2 Tobolsk Irlys 10 Qudymkar Baltic Rigo 09 Perm Volsa 9 Jokkar- Ola **vsk Kalinin Gaiki Moscow. 158 9 8 50 Kazan 7 Saransk Kuibyrev 50° Sudap 1 Finns and Karelians 10 Ziryans 13 1A Finns 11 Ostyaks 1B Finns living in the forest regions 12 Voguls 93 3 of Sweden and Norway (Vermland Finns) 13 Hungarians 1C Karelians 5 Vepsians - 1D Tver Karelians 6 Lapps 1E Ingrians 7 Mordvians 2 Estonians 8 Cheremis Areas where the Finno-Ugrians settled. 3 Livonians 9 Votyaks Map: Courtesy Werner Soderstrom OY. 4 Votes FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION FINNS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATE: 1970 Native of Foreign or Foreign Foreign Mixed Stock Born Parentage United States 203,826 45,499 158,327 Alabama 109 25 84 Alaska 681 133 548 Arizona 1,347 176 1,171 Arkansas 67 29 38 California 22,792 5,449 17,343 Colorado 1,228 184 1,044 Connecticut 4,307 1,596 2,711 Delaware 163 23 140 Dist. of Columbia 248 70 178 Florida 6,665 3,004 3,661 Georgia 376 88 288 Hawaii 222 64 158 Idaho 975 173 802 Illinois 7,603 1,586 6,017 Indiana 849 176 673 Iowa 420 88 332 Kansas 233 56 177 Kentucky 235 33 202 Louisiana 334 122 212 Maine 1,653 377 1,276 Maryland 1,490 323 1,167 Massachusetts 15,503 4,378 11,125 Michigan 35,871 5,383 30,488 Minnesota 27,297 4,628 22,669 Mississippi 143 21 122 Missouri 520 110 410 Montana 2,010 278 1,732 Nebraska 242 86 156 Nevada 426 72 354 New Hampshire 1,507 257 1,250 New Jersey 5,094 1,572 3,522 New Mexico 313 24 289 94 Native of Foreign or Foreign Foreign Mixed Stock Born Parentage New York 15,970 6,605 9,365 North Carolina 429 125 304 North Dakota 921 80 841 Ohio 7,576 1,209 6,367 Oklahoma 234 59 175 Oregon 7,075 1,302 5,773 Pennsylvania 3,511 835 2,676 Rhode Island 977 330 647 South Carolina 161 16 145 South Dakota 961 39 922 Tennessee 208 24 184 Texas 1,217 181 1,036 Utah 728 153 575 Vermont 655 103 552 Virginia 806 187 619 Washington 13,200 2,576 10,624 West Virginia 163 38 125 Wisconsin 7,526 976 6,550 Wyoming 585 77 508 Puerto Rico - - - Source: U.S. Department of Commerce-Social and Economic Statistics Admin. 95 Bibliography Researchers tracking down information about the Finns in North America have a rich lode to mine, thanks to a number of dedicated second and third generation Finnish Americans, Fin- nish Canadians and Professors at Turku University in Finland. Without their scholarship, understanding of the people and their language, and the care with which they have chronicled the lives and experiences of thousands of their countrymen, the Finnish experience in the New World might well have been lost, or at best, badly distorted. The University of Minnesota, Immigration History Research Center, in St. Paul, Minnesota, is a repository of excellent ma- terial, The Institute for Migration, University of Turku in Fin- land, is yet another source for the serious scholar. The University of Minnesota's "Selected Readings," list (abridged) with several additions by the author follows: Arra, Esa. Illinoisin Suomalaiset. New York Mills, 1971. Beer, Eileene Harrison, Scandinavian Design: Objects for a Life Style, Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, and American Scandinavian Foundation, 1975. Illus. Engelberg, Rafael. Suomi ja Amerikan Suomalaiset. Helsinki, 1944. Hoglund, A. William. Finnish Immigrants in America, 1880-1920. Madison, 1960. Holmio, Arma K. E. Michiganin Suomalaisten Historia. Hancock, 1967. Jalkanen, Ralph (ed.). The Finns in North America; A Social Symposium. East Lansing, 1971. (ed.). The Faith of the Finns: Historical Persepectives on the Finnish Lutheran Church in America. East Lansing, 1972. Jokinen, Walfrid. "The Finns in the United States: A Sociological Analysis," Ph.D. thesis, Louisiana State University, 1955. Karni, Michael G. "Honey Heat and Healing Vapors: the Sauna in Finnish Immigrant Life," Northwest Architect (March/ April 1973). "Otto Walta: Finnish Folk Hero of the Mesabi Range," Minnesota History, (Winter, 1967). Reprinted in Roots (Spring, 1973). and Robert Levin. "Northwoods Vernacular: Finnish Log Architecture in Northeastern Minnesota," Northwest Architect (May/June 1972). Kaups, Matti. "Finnish Place-Names in Michigan," Michigan History, 4 (1967). 96 "Finnish Place-Names in Minnesota: A Study in Cul- tural Transfer," Geographical Review, 3 (1966). "A Finnish Riihi in Minnesota," Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science, 2, 3 (1972). "Suuri Länsi: The Finnish Discovery of the West," Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1967. Kero, Reino. Migration from Finland to North America in the Years between the United States Civil War and the First World War. Turku, 1974. Loggers of the West. Turku, 1975. Kolehmainen, John I. Epic of the North. New York Mills, 1974. The Finns in America: A Bibliographical Guide to their History. Hancock 1947. The Finns in America, Finland, and Other Writings of John I. Kolehmainen. Heidelberg College, 1971. (A Bibliogra- phy of Prof. Kolehmainen's writings). The Finns in America: A Student's Guide to Localized History. New York, 1968. Sow the Golden Seed. Fitchburg, 1955. and George W. Hill. Haven in the Woods: The Story of the Finns in Wisconsin. Madison, 1965. Michigan Academician, 3 (Winter, 1971). Contains proceedings of the Finnish Culture Symposium, Northern Michigan Uni- versity, 1971. Myhrman, Anders, Finlands Svenskar i Amerika, Svenska Littera- tursällskapet i Finland, Helsinki, 1972. Niemi, John T. "The Finnish Lutheran Book Concern, 1900- 1950," Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, 1960. Ollila, Douglas J., Jr. "The Formative Period of the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, or Suomi Synod," Ph.D. thesis, Boston University, 1963. "The Suomi Synod as an Ethnic Community" and "The Suomi Synod, 1890-1920" in Faith of the Finns. Puotinen, Arthur E. "Ameliorative Factors in the Suomi Synod- Socialist Movement Conflict" in Faith of the Finns. Raivio, Yrjö, Kanadan Suomalaisten Historia I, Kanadan Suo- malaisten Historia Seura, Vancouver, B. C., Canada, 1975. Sulkanen, Elis. Amerikan Suomalaisen Työväenliikkeen Historia. Fitchburg, 1951. Temko, Allan, Eero Saarinen, George Braziller, Inc., New York, 1962. Wasastjerna, Hans R. (ed.). History of the Finns in Minnesota (trans. Toivo Rosvall). Duluth, 1967. 97 Wuorela, Toivo, The Finno-Ugric Peoples, Indiana University, Uralic Altaic Series, Vol. 39, 1974. Wuorinen, John H. The Finns on the Delaware, 1638-1655. New York, 1938. Reprinted 1966. - In addition - The Finnish Experience in the Western Great Lakes Region: New Perspectives, Michael G. Karni, Matti E. Kaups, Douglas J. Ollila, Jr., (eds.). Vammala 1975. pp. 232. Space does not permit a listing of the many wonderful books about Finland. These are recommended as a starting point. Finland, an Introduction, edited by Sylvie Nickels, Hillar Kallas and Philippa Friedman, Praeger Publishers, Inc., New York, 1973, which includes a "Selected Books," section by Yrjö Aav. Also recommended are: Berry, E. The Land and People of Finland, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, Revised edition 1972, 155 pp., ill. Engle, E., and Paananen, L., The Winter War: The Russo-Finnish Conflict of 1939-40, Chas. Scribners Sons, New York, 1973, 176 pp., ill. Hall, W., Green Gold and Granite. A Background to Finland. 2nd ed., London, Max Parrish, 1957. 190 pp., ill. The Finns and their Country. London, Max Parrish, 1967. 224 pp., ill. Kekkonen, U. Neutrality: The Finnish Position. Transl. by P. Ojansuu and L. E. Keyworth. London, Heinemann, 1970. 235 pp. Mannerheim, C.G. The Memoirs of Marshal Mannerheim. Lon- don, Cassell and Co., 1953; New York, E. P. Dutton, 1954. XII, 540 pp., ill. Cookbooks Käkönen, Ulla, Natural Cooking the Finnish Way, New York, Quadrangle, 1974, 198 pp., ill. Ojakangas, Beatrice A., The Finnish Cookbook, New York, Crown Publishers, 1964, 232 pp. Periodicals Suomen Silta, bi-lingual magazine published by Suomi Seura. Suomi-Finland USA, published by the League of Finnish- American societies. The American-Scandinavian Review, the quarterly magazine published in New York by the American-Scandinavian Foun- dation. Their monthly newsletter is SCAN. Design in Finland, published annually by the Finnish Foreign Trade Association in Helsinki. 98 Finnish-American Chamber of Commerce Newsletter, published monthly in New York. Finn Facts, published by the Finn Facts Institute of Helsinki. Finnish Government publications for American readers include: Look at Finland, The Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, and The Finnish Trade Review. About the Author: ELOISE ENGLE (Mrs. Lauri Paananen) is from Seattle, Washington and received her education in Foreign Affairs from George Washington University in Washington, D.C. She is the author of 18 books, numerous articles and film scripts. She recently co- authored The Winter War with her husband, and America's Maritime Heritage, with Arnold S. Lott. Acknowledgments The author has received advice and assistance from numerous persons in many parts of the world. Beginning with Washington, D.C., which is "home base." I would like to thank Ambassador Leo Tuominen for his interest and kind "blessings," and Jaakko Bergqvist, Press Counselor, Embassy of Finland, for his encour- agement and valuable help with research. Much of Mr. Bergqvist's interest in Finns in North America stems from his visits to Fin- nish settlements around the country and from his own American experience as a graduate student at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Also Mr. Rolf Leppanen of the Embassy in Wash- ington, who acted as chairman of our editorial council meetings, was always ready to help in whatever manner was necessary. Miss Pirkko Marttinen was always a cheerful ally. The editorial council in Washington provided excellent advice and ideas. Dr. Jacob W. Heikkinen, Dr. Richard A. Bassler and Dr. Oiva Juusela read the manuscript and offered useful criticism. Dr. Bassler kindly offered to do the awesome indexing job; his wife Anne contributed her editorial expertise for which I am most grateful. It is always exciting to turn up a new friend on a writing project. This happened at the Census Bureau, where Ms. Pat Zimmerman whose mother is Finnish, and father is Lithuanian, offered to compile the population distribution of Finns, seen in the Appendix. Another new friend, Leslie W. Simo, provided materials from his own personal archives. At the Morton Home- stead, near Chester, Pa., John J. Tisdale conducted a personalized tour of that famous landmark. Amelia Graves, a longtime friend 99 who is personal secretary to Senator Stuart Symington, of Mis- souri, furnished the photos of that amazing steel arch that soars above St. Louis, Eero Saarinen's "Gateway to the West." Mrs. Mary H. Boesche at Dulles International Airport provided striking photos and information about the terminal building there, another Saarinen creation. The architectural firm of Rouche Dinkleloo Associates provided the informal portrait of the late great genius. Kauko Rissanen, himself an artist in wood carving generously provided information and photos of his uncle, the late Juho Rissanen, world renowned painter. For details on Finns in Alaska, I would like to acknowledge the cordial reception and help of Finnish Consul William A. Stolt and Mrs. Stolt, who entertained us in their beautiful home over- looking the bay in Anchorage. Research for this book took us to Finland where we talked with Counselor Kalle Salo, Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Hel- sinki, who had been following its progress with great interest. Mairé Walden, of the Press Office, Foreign Ministry, expedited our research on the Swedish-speaking Finns in America. Dr. William Copeland, specialist in the field of Finnish emigration, offered whatever assistance was needed. At the Institute for Migration at Turku University, we had productive work sessions with Dr. Reino Kero and with Dr. Olavi Koivukangas, who later read the manuscript for accuracy and content. In Canada, we were fortunate in having a long and fruitful conversation with Sven Stadius, Finnish Vice Consul in Toronto for 41 years until his recent retirement. Consul Stadius made him- self available on very short notice and for this we are most grateful. Messrs. L. Toiviainen and Veikko Rukkila, editors at Vapaa Sana, located a number of interesting photos for use in the book, and passed along other leads to information sources. Mr. Gastons Korulis of Parkin Architects, supplied photos and first- hand observations of Viljo Revell, the architect of Toronto's City Hall. Kerttu Sundstrom, our Finnish-Canadian aunt, faithfully sent issues or clippings of interest from Vapaa Sana and Isien Usko. Our trip to Sudbury led us to the Reverend Yrjö Raivio, a scholarly and warm-hearted man of God who arranged for us to talk with some of the early immigrants and learn of their experi- ences in Canada. Reverend Raivio's courtesies included a Satur- day night sauna at the Bible School, Hannah Lake-a truly memorable experience. Suomi College at Hancock in upper Michigan was another source of information. I would like to thank Dr. Ralph Jalkanen, President of Suomi College for his interest in this book, and I certainly recommend his own book on the Finns (see Bibliogra- 100 phy) for further study. Other helpful allies at Suomi College were Laina Makela, Dr. Arthur Puotinen, and several members of the Bicentennial committee: Dr. Hilkka Malaska, Dr. John Saari, Dr. Anna Elonen, Dr. Walter Holmlund and Dr. Raymond Wargelin. At Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Robert D. Patterson, David Bezotte and Margaret Carlson handled requests for photos from their library archives with friendliness and efficiency. In New York, Anita Valkama of the Finnish Consulate Office, supplied material on the Delaware Finns; and Mr. Tatu Tuohi- korpi, Cultural Counselor, was most encouraging and helpful. Ginger Larson, of the Minnesota Department of Economic Development at St. Paul, is responsible for the beautiful cover photograph, along with several others. Pat Coleman from Senator Hubert Humphrey's office gave me several good leads. Senator Birch Bayh's office provided the photo of the Saarinen-designed chapel at Concordia Senior College, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Michael G. Karni, Research Fellow and specialist on Finnish- American culture at the University of Minnesota, sent me copies of his excellent articles on Otto Walta, sauna and log cabins, along with several photos. He also agreed to read and critique this manuscript. Although much of the research was done in far-flung places and through many personal contacts, I found myself returning often to the works of the real pioneers in this field; Professors John I. Kolehmainen, John W. Wuorinen and A. William Hog- lund (see Bibliography). Their works are highly recommended, not only for information but for sheer reading enjoyment. Lastly, I want to thank my husband, Lauri A. Paananen, him- self an immigrant, to whom this book is dedicated. Lauri traveled with me everywhere, taking pictures, translating written and verbal accounts, participating in interviews, meetings and overall plan- ning sessions. I often suspect writers of giving credit to their spouses just to keep peace in the family. Not so in this case. I honestly could not have written the book without Lauri's help. E.E. 101 Index Aalto, Alvar, 85 Delaware River-continued: Agricola, Michael, 13 earliest homes along the, 19 Alaska, Finns in Democratic party, 71 18th century exploration, 22 Depression years, 68 sale of territory to U.S., 24 Design influence, Finnish, 76 gold rush, 27 Disembarkation money, 35 American Indians, canoe Dutch West India Company, 15 building, 11 Emigration from Finland 1893- Americanization of Finns, 69 1914, 9, 32 American-Scandinavian Estonia, 7 Foundation, 84 Ethnic groups, 70 Amerikan Suomalainen, 40 Apostolic Lutherans, 55 Family life, 53 Architecture, 85-87 Farmwife, Finnish, 48 Art, 81-83 "Finglish," 70 Atlantic crossing, 30 Finlandia Foundation, 85 Attitudes in Finland, 72 Finnish activities in Alabama, 29 Bassler, Richard A., 44 Alaska, 22, 42 Bicentennial, Finnish- Astoria, Oregon, 58, 71, 72 American, 76 Boston, 44 Boston Marathon, 78 California, 40, 42 "Burnbeater Finns," 17 Calumet, Michigan, 38, 40, Canadian Pacific Railroad, 63 55, 57 Catholic Finland, 11 Canada, 63 Catholic Irish, 35 Chester, Pennsylvania, 18 Church in Finland, 11 Chicago, 44 Church of Finland, 57 Cleveland, 44 City Finns, 44 Colorado, 38 Civil War (U.S.), 30 Dakotas, 38, 46, 64 Clannishness of Finns, 55 Delaware, 13-19, 21, 29 Coal mining, Finns in, 38 Detroit, 44 Colonial life, 20 Duluth, Minnesota, 58 Communism, 59 Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Community life, 52 27, 29, 43, 58 Consumer cooperatives, 60-61 Gardner, Massachusetts, 43 Copper deposits Hancock, Michigan, 27, 38, in New Sweden, 17 57, 58 in Michigan, 29 Illinois, 61, 62 along Lake Superior, 35 Lake Superior vicinity, 35 in Wisconsin and Minnesota, Lake Worth-Lantana, 37 Florida, 75 Cuisine, 75 Los Angeles, 44 Czar Nicholas II, 33 Ludington, Michigan, 62 Declaration of Independence Maine, 40 (U.S.), 20 Massachusetts, 27, 29, 43, Delaware River 58, 62 Finns along the, 14, 17 Maynard, Massachusetts, 43 102 Finnish activities in-continued: Finns in America working as- Michigan, 12, 35, 40, 45, continued: 50, 55, 56, 60, 62 domestics, 29, 44 Minneapolis, 44 engineers, 67 Minnesota, 12, 35, 40, 42, fishermen, 38, 42 44, 45, 50, 51, 52, 60 goldsmiths, 44 Montana, 27, 38, 64 lumberjacks, 38, 40, 65 Montreal, 64 masons, 44 New Jersey, 15 millworkers, 43 New Orleans, 29 miners, 36, 38, 44, 45, 65 New York City, 35, 44, 62 railroaders, 43, 65 New York State, 62 saloonkeepers, 40 Ohio, 44 silversmiths, 44 Oregon, 40, 42, 56 space engineers, 4 Pennsylvania, 15, 19, 21, storekeepers, 40 38, 44 tailors, 44 Philadelphia, 19 watchmakers, 40, 44 San Francisco, 44 First Finn homes in America, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, 64 18 St. Louis County, "Flying Finn," 73 Minnesota, 42, 50 Fort Christina, 16, 18 Sudbury, Ontario, 58, 64 Fraternal orders, 52 Superior, Wisc., 58, 60, 71 Gallen-Kallela, Askeli, 81 Thunder Bay, Ontario, 64 Germans in Baltic trade, 13 Timmins, Ontario, 64 Glee clubs, 52 Toronto, 64 Gymnastic societies, 52 Vancouver, 64 Washington, 38, 40, 62 Heikkinen, Jacob W., 49 Waukegan, Illinois, 61 Hendrickson, Waino, 28 West Virginia, 44 Hoover, Herbert, 73 Wisconsin, 12, 35, 37, 60 Hoover, Vaino, 90-91 Worcester, Mass., 43, 62 Industrialisti, 56 Wyoming, 38, 52 Iron deposits Finnish Canadians, 63 in New Sweden, 17 Finnish Canadian Cultural bordering Lake Superior, 35 Federation, 60 in Wisc. and Minn., 37 Finnish language, 6, 69, 70 Finnish National Temperance Kalevala, 6, 12, 53 Brotherhood, 58 Kallio, Kalervo, 82 Finnish Workers Educational Karelians, 7, 8, 9, 11 Alliance, 74 Kaups, Matti, 38 Finno-Ugrians, 7 Kerttula, Jalmar, 28 Finns in America working as Koivukangas, Olavi, 28 architects, 85 Kolehmainen, Hannes and bakers, 67 Wiljo, 81 bankers, 67 Kolehmainen, John I., 22, 48 bootleggers, 67-68 Labor Finns, 58 carpenters, 44 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 73 dairy farmers, 12 Land, back to the, 44 103 Land clearing, 17 Religion, 55 Laplanders, 10 Republican party, 71 Laestadians, 55 Revell, Viljo, 88-90 Log housing, 18 Rissanen, Johan William Loyalty, 71 (Juho), 82 Lutheran church Russian dominance of Finland, King Gustav Vasa and, 11 8, 22 in America, first, 18 Saarinen, Eero, 5, 86-88, 92 altar linens for in Alaska, 23 Saarinen, Eliel, 86 Calumet, Michigan, 40 Sauna, 4, 6, 40, 41, 48, 53, strong faction, 55 54, 74, 75 Lutheran minister, first in Savo province, 17 America, 21 Sibelius, Jean, 4, 10, 81, 82, 90 Lutheran School of Theology, "Silent" Finns, 8 57 Sisu, 4, 6, 48, Luther, Martin, 13 Socialists, Finnish, 59 Magyars, 7 Social movements, 57 Mannerheim, Gustav, 9 Sports, 78, 79 Marttinen, Martti, 19 Stadius, Sven, 59, 65-67, 72 Migration from Finland, 28 Statue of Liberty, 35 Mixed choruses, 52 Steel mills of Ohio, Pennsyl- Mongol myth, 10 vania, West Virginia, 43,44 Morton Homestead, 19 Stockholm Bloodbath, 12 Naisten Viiri, 58, 71 Stolt, William Alex, 28 Newspaper, Finnish Suffragettes, Finnish-American language, 40, 58, 69, 71 women, 71 Suomi, derivation of name, 7 New Sweden colony in Delaware, 13 Suomi College, 57, 91 Sweden, Finland a duchy of, 12 Company, 15 Sweden, Swedes, 8, 10, 13, 15 expeditions to, 16 poorly maintained, 18 Swedish-speaking Finns, 61 Swedo-Finns, 9, 32, 62 English takeover, 21 Niilonpoika, Antii, 19 Tavast as "typical Finn," 8, 9 Nothnagle house, 19 Temperance, 40, 58 Nurmi, Paavo, 4, 56, 73, 81 Toveri, 58 Turku University, 14, 27, 28, 34 Olympic Fund Drive, 91 Työmies, 58 Oulu, 9, 29, 30 Paananen, Lauri, 101 Uppsala, Bishop of, (Saint Peasants of Sweden and Henry), 11 Vaasa, 9 Finland, 12 Pesäpaikka, 38 Vapaus, 58 Vasa, Gustav Eriksson Political organizations, 52, 71 hauled off to Denmark, 12-13 Postwar America, 74 founded Helsinki, 13 Puukko, 20, 68, 71 Vihta, 54 Raivaaja, 58 Raivio, Yrjo, 72 Walta, Otto, folk hero, 46, 50-52 Red Cross, Finnish, 74 Winter War, 59, 73 104 Cover photo-The Boundary Waters Canoe Area of the Superior National Forest, is a land of lakes, streams, ridges and muskeg, and is almost like Finland. Photo courtesy Minnesota Department of Economic Development, St. Paul, Minnesota Inside front cover-Winters in northern Minnesota leave the forests heavily blanketed with snow. Photo courtesy Minnesota Department of Economic Development, St. Paul, Minnesota 1 - DECEMBER 1991 FINLAND 75 YEARS FINLAND CELEBRATES 1992 FINLAND 75 YEARS ANNIVERSARY BROCHURE IN DECEMBER 1991 The anniversary emphasizes Finland as a part of the world community 4 Esko Aho: Finland faces the challenges of Europe 5 Kalevi Sorsa: The anniversary brings the Finns together 5 Matti Wuori: Mankind is living through dramatic changes 7 Tuula Arkio: Culture is the foundation of Finnishness. 8 A large family from present-day Finland: Well-being is made up of little things 9 Culmination of the anniversary will be the Independence Weekend 10 Programme of the Anniversary Celebration in December 1991 11 State events and the festive tradition in Finland 11 Exhibitions in Finland 12 Music in Finland 14 Culture in Finland 15 Social projects in Finland 17 Other projects in Finland 20 Finland abroad 22 Publications 33 Anniversary products bring happy faces 36 The Finland 75 Committee prepares the Anniversary Celebration 37 Governors' Working Groups operating in the provinces 37 Anniversary secretaries, experts and personnel 38 Brochure for the 75th Anniversary Celebration of Finnish Independence, December 1991 Publisher: The Finland 75 Committee appointed by the Government Responsible Editor: Pasi Natri Editors: Hilkka Hyrkkö and Marjo Nummelin Illustrations: Hannu Väisänen Graphical layout: Advertising Agency Erma & Horelli Date and place of printing: Salpauselän Kirjapaino, November 1991 Editorial Staff: Box 103, SF-00161 Helsinki, tel (+358 0) 134 151, fax 1341 5845. 3 THE ANNIVERSARY EMPHASIZES FINLAND AS A PART OF THE WORLD COMMUNITY The Anniversary Celebration of Independence has the The multiplicity of different following aims: happenings and events I to boost the nation's self-esteem and capacity for The Anniversary Celebration starts on Independence Day international cooperation 1991 and continues until the end of 1992. Naturally, most 2 to promote the implementation of social aspirations of the events take place on or around Independence Day, important for the nation 6 December 1992. 3 to enhance a feeling of unity and cohesion within the The programme of the anniversary is highly varied, nation including small events and social work, official pomp and 4 to value the nation's heritage and history free performance. 5 to make Finland's cultural contribution available for other nations to enjoy Programme in Finland 6 to promote Finnish success through accurate The programme of the Anniversary Celebration includes information about Finland national events, some days commemorating the Finnish 7 to have a joyous celebration for Finns and for the festival tradition as well as cultural and social events. Friends of Finland. The state tradition is most visible in the programme of the President of the Republic of Finland. The The Anniversary Celebration communications programme for the Independence Weekend includes, The slogan of the anniversary is "Finland 75 Years". among other things, "Finland Celebrates" in Tampere, the The themes of the Anniversary Celebration are festive session of Parliament, "Finland Rocks" in Turku, a nature, culture and lifestyle. The three elements of the fireworks display and various other civil celebrations. emblem symbolize the living foliage of trees, the joyous A joint celebration in the summer will be the Day of sound of the bassoon and the solid steps of human Democracy to be held for the first time commemorating growth. The emblem was designed by Esko Heikkinen the passing of Finland's Constitution Act on 17 July 1919. and graphic instructions for its use have been drawn up. An animated video version of the emblem has been Finland abroad designed by Touko Yrttimaa and music has been Internationality is the hallmark of 1992. The Anniversary composed by Kaija Saariaho. Celebration of Finnish Independence will be celebrated in This brochure is available also in Finnish and Swedish. many ways abroad thus emphasizing the interrelation The programme of the Anniversary Celebration will be between and dependence upon other nations. updated and published again in May 1992. The closing Most of the events abroad will take place in the date for material is 31 March 1992. neighbouring countries or in countries with which Posters illustrating the emblem of the anniversary Finland has in otherwise close relations. have been printed in Finnish and Swedish. In addition, the themes of the Anniversary Year have a poster of their Publications in different own in Finnish, Swedish and English. languages Anniversary material can be ordered from the Finland In addition to numerous literary works, audio-visual 75 Office. programmes will be made for the anniversary, including a The anniversary products are described on page 36 of laser video disc on Finland using the latest this brochure. communications technology. 4 Prime Minister Esko Aho FINLAND FACES THE CHALLENGES OF EUROPE 1992 is the 75th anniversary of Finland's independence. saving and enterprise. In particular, the operational In the history of nations, Finland's independence has prerequisites of Finnish industry must be ensured. Only lasted only a short time, a man's lifetime. There are still those welfare services which are based on profitable many Finns who can recollect the dawn of our production can endure. independence. The economic and political changes taking place in The history of the nation's independence has had its Europe will not leave Finland unscathed. Although the ups and downs. It has meant hard work and a merciless nation's basic situation is still secure and stable, the new struggle to build up the fatherland and defend its scenarios demand answers even from Finns. freedom. It has also contained magnificent achievements Economic integration, enormous environmental which have made it possible to build this northern problems and bridging the welfare gap which divides country into a unique welfare society. Europe will demand clear-sighted and far-reaching Finnish society which is soon to celebrate 75 years of solutions. The Finns must become increasingly independence is currently in the midst of dramatic responsible Europeans. change and crisis. The long period of prosperity is over Economic growth and strengthening Finland as a part and the economic recession is stabbing at the of the new European architecture also require fundamental structure of our society. The very basis of fortification of the nation's mental backbone. The this affluence is at stake. Anniversary Celebration of Independence gives us With the same resolution that took Finland through excellent scope for that. It is still a privilege to be a Finn. the all the purgatorial sufferings of the past, we must now It is worthwhile being proud of our starting-point. The overcome the present difficulties which pale into challenges of the future must now be met with heads insignificance in the light of the recent history. Finns held high. must return to the ABC of economic welfare — work, Esko Aho Mr. Kalevi Sorsa, Chairman of the Finland 75 Commitee THE ANNIVERSARY BRINGS THE FINNS TOGETHER The celebration of the 75th anniversary of Finland's Finland as a nation and its need for national sovereignty. independence will take place under very different Now, there is a marked social order for the concept of circumstances from what was envisaged only two years independence and its celebration. ago. The dramatic changes in Europe and the tumult in The mainstream of European integration and the the Soviet Union underline in a new way the existence of consequent demand for internationalization are not 5 incompatible with the concept of independence. The The anniversary has been planned as a colourful decision on national independence taken in 1917 created spectrum of events for Finns and Friends of Finland a highly organized framework within which to live and lasting one whole year and covering everything from be. The success of this basic solution also provides the extempore performances to formal occasions in tails. The foundation for Finland to engage in full international task of formal Finland is not to confine and restrict the cooperation on its own terms. forms of celebration. There must be room for every Without underestimating the reasons for the present sincere endeavour. difficulties in the economy, one has to admit openly that The motto for the Anniversary Year of Independence one of the factors is the very lack of a feeling of is simply "Finland 75 Years". The themes reflect the inner self-assurance. The immaturity and uncertainty came out resources of the nation - nature, culture and lifestyle. into the open at the end of the 1980s when the economy The unique natural surroundings, free and unpolluted overheated and the Finns overindulged themselves. Now compared with many other countries, is an asset which that economic conditions have changed, Finns have has to be preserved for future generations of Finns. The donned sackcloth and ashes. No matter how well or how strength of the Finnish culture lies in our national badly Finns are doing, this reserved nation easily falls into languages whose viability depends on Finns themselves. extremes. Lifestyle is not just a material concept but is based on The Finland 75 Committee appointed by the spiritual values. In the emblem of the anniversary, Government has drawn up objectives for the Anniversary lifestyle is represented by a series of steps made up of Celebration of Independence. Firstly, the Anniversary education, affinity and openness. Year should serve to boost Finns' self- esteem and In Finland, independence means a remembrance of readiness to take part in international cooperation. After things past, which harks back to our history and if all, we are on a par with everyone else. nothing else our December weather. To preserve a living Secondly, the anniversary should contribute to the relationship between independence and the present day promotion of social aspirations. Even in hard economic Finland, the concept of independence both in thoughts times, it is important for a nation to look to the future by and behaviour has to be updated. In addition to investing in social reform. recollections, independence ought to be a springboard Thirdly, one of the aims of the anniversary is to for decisions vital for national survival. boost a national feeling of solidarity. According to Finns are invited to take part in the activities of the international studies, Finns have a strong sense of Anniversary not only as passive but also as active solidarity, so, relatively speaking, all is well. However, participants. The programme of the Anniversary solidarity is a wide concept within which tolerance and Celebration naturally has its own official character, but consideration of other people play an important role. there is no need to go to extremes. If joy and Here, there is clearly room for improvement. independence have more closely approached each other, Fourthly, during the Anniversary Year, history and The Finland 75 Committee will feel that it has achieved heritage occupy a place of honour. The independence of its aim. Finland is a story of success which is worth remembering. Fifthly, one objective is to have a happy celebration. Kalevi Sorsa 6 Mr. Matti Wuori, Chairman of Greenpeace International MANKIND IS LIVING THROUGH DRAMATIC CHANGES There is no longer any totally "clean" unpolluted nature of civilization will retire further into the background. left on this planet. The "advances" of science and Then science also will have to prepare to change its views technology have turned almost unchecked into the and concepts." greatest threat to the natural order of our entire From the viewpoint of the international environmental civilization and at the same time our way of life. This fact movement, Weber's "some day" is now at hand. The can be considered to be the deepest undercurrent of the bounds of man's freedom will have to be redefined. The great historical upheavals which have taken place during arts and sciences are the first and the most susceptible - Finland's existence as a sovereign state. as always - to reflect the changes in development. The struggle for the environmetn has focused, to an Through far-reaching changes, old self-evident truths - increasing extent, on warding off dangers brought about including the prevailing plundering system of production by wars and the refugee problem. At the same time, more and consumption - will have to be replaced by a new immediate threats such as pollution across borders have and, hopefully, more enduring one. raised environmental questions to a central position i the A peripheral area like Finland may have an important foreign policy of the industrialized world. role to play in these changes, since it is small in size and Nation states and the concept of sovereignty are now far the main centres. The strength of this highly educated, i crisis. We still have a long way to go before realizing the although so far isolated, people could well lie in boosting completely incommutable community of fate between an unprejudiced environmental consciousness. So far, it mankind and this planet. There are, however, ever clearer seems as if the ordinary population is more willing to singns that territorial units are considered to be accept this than the political leaders. responsible for their use resources even outside their own Finns still retain close connections with nature. On borders. Neither man, the community nor the individual the other hand, they do not need to look back on a state is an island unto. itself. colonial past. Rather than paying attention to the The whole of Western civilization is on the threshold environmental problems of the nearby areas, the Nordic of dramatic change. When the Grand Duchy of Finland countries, including Finland, should have the readiness to was evolving to become "a nation among nations", Max see the necessity for bridging the gap between the rich Weber wrote: "Some day the colour will change and North and the poor South. self-evident truths, viewpoints adopted without This is essential in preserving some kind of bearable reflection, will become uncertain and the path forward and worthwhile life over the entire globe. will plunge into darkness. The light of the great beacons Matti Wuori 7 Ms. Tuula Arkio, Director of the Museum of Modern Art CULTURE IS THE FOUNDATION OF FINNISHNESS What does it mean to be Finnish? What are the consti- realism and pleinair painting prevailing in European art tuent elements of Finnishness? in the 1880s coupled with the symbolism and synthetism Finnishness is naturally composed of racial, linguistic, of the 1890s were the trends Gallen-Kallela, Edelfelt and geographical and historical elements, but also of rock Halonen brought back with them from Paris. By exploit- paintings, brooches and pendants from the Iron Age, ing the international stylistic tendencies, they were able medieval stone churches, old cottages, national poetry to create something we experience as the most Finnish such as the "Tales of Ensign Stül", the national epic the aspect in the nation's culture. Kalevala, architecture from the National Romantic Vacuums or closed borders do not usually produce period, representatives of our national culture such as anything significant. Interaction between cultures artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela, composer Jean Sibelius, provides a fertile soil for creative work as history has prosaist Aleksis Kivi, architect Alvar Aalto, designer taught us. The fact that something is "national" does not Tapio Wirkkala, artist Kain Tapper. necessarily carry us very far. The very elements which can The above have an essential significance for all Finns create strong Finnish culture are individual creative power as to what we really are. They form part of the cultural and significance together with extensive awareness. heritage without which the Finns would have no identity Without appreciation and support for artists, Finland of their own. would have nothing to leave future generations as a What is the heritage we are going to leave to future national heritage of our time. In addition, the renewable generations? What are the values of our time? The values strength of culture has always been found among living which will in turn strengthen the Finnish identity? artists who have an influence on society at any given What are the phenomena in present-day Finland which time. will secure a place among the nations of the world? In times of economic downswing, it seems easy to The cultural achievements of Finnishness have always give up support for culture first of all. It does not seem to been a product of the creativeness of one or several be something concrete. But a nation which discards its individuals. They have not become the heritage of the artists, discards itself and its own spiritual development. nation until later on. We create an illfare state. Especially in difficult times, culture has been the Society has to encourage its citizens to discover binding force that has made the nation unite and culture. Cultural interest shown by the nation is directly overcome its misfortunes. At the beginning of the last reflected among the artists. The result can be a rich and century, the new concept of a national consciousness was strong culture which can stand comparison with that in largely based on images conveyed by painters and other countries not only because of its national character writers. One cannot exaggerate the significance of the but also because of its high level. creative power of our writers, painters and composers in Now, when economic circumstances are going giving birth to the strong national spirit during the through a difficult period, Finland is faced with a special Period of Oppression. choice: either to secure the cultural foundation and future The Düsseldorf Academy of Art was a mecca for of the nation or to break up into driftwood in the stream Finnish landscape painters in the middle of the 19th of materialism. century. After that it was the Academies of Paris. The Tuula Arkio 8 A Large Family from Present-day Finland WELL-BEING IS MADE UP OF LITTLE THINGS In Klaukkala, just a few one-family houses have been put Naturally, the dominating factors in the Mäkinen's life up so far. Built in the middle of the fields, they have made are the home and the children. They have no dreams or on Finnish dream come true: "my home is my castle". illusions. Life is here and now, even though they live in Anni and Timo Mäkinen have other reasons, too, for Finland - a country in the grip of recession. The having a house of their own in Klaukkala: two of their Mäkinens had their share of misery when they sold their four small children suffer from asthma. Home is the only former flat. There was a delay in the sale and the price possible place where they can be taken care of, and thus dropped. They had to take a bigger housing loan than both home and its surroundings must be of a certain type. anticipated and that will cut deep into their pockets well The Mäkinens used to live in Klaukkala even before into the future. they built their own house, but before that they used to Timo Mäkinen would like the tax authorities not to live in Vantaa, in the neighbourhood of the Martinlaakso stop at two when counting the number of children. On coal-fired power station close to one of the main the contrary, it would be better if they took into account highways from Helsinki to the north. After moving to the the full number of children when estimating the countryside, the children have clearly enjoyed better deductible share of interest paid on the housing loan. health. Now, life in this family suffering from asthma is Naturally, you could always say that there should be much better. The medication for the six-year-old Tero and more money. But when you have felt the pinch for many Taru, who is four, is now correct and asthmatic spells are years and got used to the idea, then you know that you rare. They have only had to resort to hospital care on a can manage, says Timo Mäkinen. couple of occasions this year. For her part, Anni Mäkinen explains that they lack Anni Mäkinen takes care of two other children at for nothing as far as the real values of life are concerned, home: Tuomas, who is one, and Tommi, who is school- even if there is no one to help with cleaning the house or age, as well as Tero and Taru. In addition, she takes in no one shows an interest in mother's cooking. children for day care and has working facilities for her In spite of criticism, the Finland of Timo Mäkinen, own job as a masseuse in the same neat brick house the cost accountant, and Anni Mäkinen, the housewife painted in a light colour. and masseuse, is "an unbelievably good country", quiet The Social Insurance Institution pays FIM 900 a and unpolluted, if you avoid the big centres of month for nursing a sick child at home and in addition population. asthma patients are reimbursed 90 per cent for their Their views on Finland and Finnishness date back to medicine. their childhood. Their fathers both served in the war "Now things are much easier. Once the right balance when the fatherland and Finnishness were held in great of medication has been found, all we have to do is to esteem. fight the dust and otherwise take care of the children's "I am content that our parents' generation took care physical well-being in other respects." of our independence. We were never forced into the "Every flu is different from that of a healthy child. You situation that, for example, prevails in the Baltic countries have to keep a closer watch on the patient. We are lucky at the moment." in that respect that neither of them suffers from any other "Our fathers protected Finland, others have developed allergy except asthma. You do not have to be so careful it. We just live on without quite realizing how good a with animals, dust or flowers." country Finland really is." 9 CULMINATION OF THE ANNIVERSARY WILL BE THE INDEPENDENCE WEEKEND The Anniversary Celebration of Independence will begin on Independence Day 1991 and end at the end of 1992. Of the hundreds of projects in this jubilee year, some of the events which will take place in Finland are mentioned in chronological order below. The anniversary will offer new experiences for all Finns. The New Year 1992 will be celebrated in different parts will be held in Helsinki at the turn of July - August. of Finland with themes taken from the anniversary of Hundreds of expatriates and Friends of Finland will independence. The President's New Year Speech and his gather for this main celebration. Among them will be a greetings to Finns abroad and to the Friends of Finland group of descendants of the Finns who were forcibly will form part of the New Year's Day programme. The deported to Siberia in the 19th century. receptions held by the governors will start the The Helsinki Festival will be associated with the Anniversary Celebration in the provinces. Anniversary Year among other things through the "Night Festivals of Finnish culture will be held in February on of the Arts" event. At the end of August, translators and Runeberg's Day and on Kalevala Day. The Nordic researchers of Finnish literature will assemble in Council will assemble for its 40th anniversary session in Helsinki. Helsinki at the beginning of March. The cultural United Nations Day will also be celebrated in many programme of the session will form part of the ways as part of the anniversary of independence. On that anniversary of independence. day, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs will celebrate the In April, National Veterans' Day will be celebrated day with its own programme. The opportunity to vote to more festively than usual. An impressive ceremony will be arranged for five-year-old children will culminate in also be held on Mother's Day. On the Flag Day for the the events of United Nations Day. Armed Forces, 125 years will have passed since the birth The time around Independence Day 1992 will be of Marshal Mannerheim. filled with various official and private festivities. The Many of the annual summer events will form part of Arctic Centre which was started as a project for the 70th the anniversary; the independence celebration will give anniversary of Finnish independence will be opened on 2 these occasions a special character. One of the major December 1992. events of the anniversary will be the Song Festival in The "Independence Weekend", a three-day Joensuu. In June, the main exhibition of the anniversary programme, will begin at the Tampere Hall on Friday which examines Finnishness will be opened at Heureka evening 4 December 1992. Saturday will bring with it the Science Centre in Vantaa. festive session of Parliament and the "Finland Rocks" To commemorate the ratification of the Constitutional concert for the youth in Turku. Act on 17 July 1917, the first Day of Democracy will be In addition to the traditional programme for held in July. The idea is to make this a day of happy Independence Day, a mass celebration will be arranged in celebration of togetherness for the Finns, where the Helsinki. The festivities will include a fireworks display. municipalities will play an important role. The main The final programme of the day will be the President's festivities of the day will be held in Savonlinna. Festive Reception. The main event of the "Roots in Finland" project The Declaration of Christmas Peace on 24 December which comprises hundreds of events all over the country 1992 will also form part of the anniversary programme. 10 PROGRAMME OF THE ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION IN DECEMBER 1991 The Finland 75 Committee publishes the following project information subject to confirmation. Additional information can be obtained from the liaison persons indicated in the catalogue. The programme will be updated in May 1992. PROGRAMME IN FINLAND STATE EVENTS AND THE FESTIVE Runeberg's Day 5 February 1992 TRADITION IN FINLAND The anniversary of national poet Runeberg's birthday is an important national cultural event. On this occasion, the anniversary of the Swedish Literature Society, The anniversary programme of the President of arranged in Helsinki, will be more festive than usual. the Republic of Finland Svenska litteratursällskapet, Head of the Office Magnus The traditional anniversary programme of the head of Petterson, (+358 0) 636 738. state includes the President's New Year's Day Speech, a wreathe-laying ceremony at the War Heroes' Grave at Kalevala Day 28 February 1992 Hietaniemi and the Independence Day Reception at the Kalevala Day forms part of the Anniversary Celebration Presidential Palace on 6 December 1992. In addition, the and it will be celebrated as the Day of Finnish Culture. President will honour various selected Anniversary The Annual Festival of the Finnish Cultural Foundation Celebration events with his presence and convey will be arranged in Helsinki on 27 February 1992. Finnish presidential greetings to several projects. Office of the Cultural Foundation, Chief Executive Timo Arjas, President of the Republic, Special Adviser Martti (+358 0) 602 144. Manninen, (+358 0) 661 133. National Veterans' Day 27 April 1992 The anniversary programme The National Veterans' Day will be a more impressive of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs celebration than usual in the Anniversary Year. The main The Ministry for Foreign Affairs will arrange special ceremonies will be arranged in Helsinki. Secretary of the program in honour of United Nations' Day on 24 Veterans' Day Project Group, Major Olli Ollila, October 1992. Finland's diplomatic missions abroad will (+358 0) 161 2283. arrange more impressive Independence Day receptions than usual. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Under- Mother's Day 10 May 1992 secretary of State Mauri Eggert, (+358 0) 134 151. The traditional Mother's Day will be a more impressive celebration than usual in the Anniversary Year. The main The anniversary programme of celebration will be held in Finlandia Hall. Population and the Defence Forces Family Welfare Federation in Finland, Information A reception given by the Minister of Defence on 1 Secretary Paula Alkio, (+358 0) 640 235. January 1992, the Flag Day of the Defence Forces to com- memorate the 125th anniversary of the birth of Marshal Day of Democracy 17 July 1992 Mannerheim on 4 June 1992 (main parade in Helsinki), Day of Democracy as the confirmation of the and the Independence Day ceremony (national parade in Constitution Act of Finland will be celebrated as a Joensuu), are all part of the Anniversary Celebration. national day. It will be arranged for the first time on 17 General Staff Headquarters, Chief Information Officer, July 1992. The aim is to create a joyous nationwide Colonel Kari Kokkonen, (+358 0) 160 2410. celebration, with the municipalities playing a central role. The main ceremony will be held in Savonlinna. The The anniversary programme Ministry of Justice, Head of Information Pirkko of the provinces Kauppinen, (+358 0) 182 5306, Finland 75 Years, The receptions given by the Governors on I January Secretary Pirkko Lahti, (+358 0) 670 560, Suomen 1992 launch the celebrations arranged in the provinces. Kaupunkiliitto (Association of Finnish Cities), Head of The secretaries of the Finland 75 working groups of the Information Kimmo Kajaste, (+358 0) 771 2014, Suomen provincial administrations. Kunnallisliitto (Association of Finnish Municipalities), Head of Cultural Affairs Seppo Korpipää, (+358 0) New Year's reception 31 December 1991 1311 2298, and Finlands Svenska Kommunförbund Several localities will arrange New Year 1992 Celebra- (Association of Finnish-Swedish Municipalities), tions where the main theme will be the Anniversary Year. Information Secretary Brita Hagman-Forsman, (+358 0) In Helsinki, the New Year reception on the Senate Square 1311 2480. will usher in the Anniversary Celebration 31 December 1991 to 1 January 1992 in Helsinki. Helsinki-Seura, Chief Swedish Day 6 November 1992 Executive Rolf Martinsen, (+358 0) 601 775, and the The celebration of the Swedish-speaking Finns will be organizers of various events. more impressive than usual. The main event will be 11 held in Närpiö. Svenska Finlands Folkting, Secretary held at the Helsinki Ice Hockey Stadium beginning at General Christian Brandt, (+358 0) 135 1355. 3 pm. In the evening, there will be a fireworks display in Helsinki. Finland 75 Years, Secretary General Pasi Natri, "Finland Celebrates" in Tampere (+358 0) 1341 5909, and the organizers of the various 4 December 1992 events. An evening celebration will be arranged at the Tampere Hall, where not only classical but also new Finnish music Declaration of the Christmas Peace and modern dance will be presented. A reception given 24 December 1992 by the Prime Minister will conclude the programme. The The City of Turku declares the traditional beginning of event will be broadcast live on TV, and a special train for the Christmas Peace at 12 pm in the Old Market Square. the invited guests is being planned. Finland 75 Years, City of Turku, Secretary General Paavo Heinonen, Secretary General Pasi Natri, (+358 0) 1341 5909. (+358 21) 627 224. Special session of Parliament 5 December 1992 A festive session of Parliament and a reception given by EXHIBITIONS IN FINLAND the Speaker will be arranged on the eve of Independence Day beginning at noon. Parliament, Secretary General Erkki Ketola, (+358 0) 4321. "Jukola - Jakomäki Brussels - Finland 75" in Vantaa "Finland Rocks" in Turku 5 December 1992 An extensive and multifaceted exhibition of the A nationwide rock concert for the Anniversary Anniversary Celebration studying the Finnish Identity Celebration forms part of the ancillary programme. will be staged at Heureka, the Finnish Science Centre, Typhoon Hall, Programme Manager Jyrki Kangas, from 13 June to 30 December 1992. The exhibition is (+358 21) 677 111. being sponsored by the Finland 75 Committee and SITRA, the Finnish National Fund for Research and Visits of respect by Council Development. Heureka Science Centre, Special Planner of State 5-6 December 1992 Jaakko Pöyhönen, (+358 0) 857 9218. Government visits of respect to the graves of late presi- dents on 5 December 1992 is part of the anniversary Helene Schjerfbeck in Helsinki programme. Visits of respect to the Hietaniemi War I February — 5 April 1992 Heroes Monument, the Monument of those who fell in An exhibition of the works of painter Helene Schjerfbeck the Civil War and the Monument of the Finns who fell in will be assembled and on show at the Athenaeum in the capture of Helsinki in 1918 on 6 December 1992 will Helsinki from 1 February to 5 April 1992 and later in the also form part of the Anniversary Year. Prime Minister's United States. The exhibition is sponsored by the Finland Office, Under-secretary of State Nils Wirtanen, (+358 0) 75 Committee. Athenaeum, Intendant Helmiriitta Sariola, 160 2007. (+358 0) 173 361. Religious events Finnish design in Helsinki 8 January The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the — I February 1992 Orthodox Church of Finland and other religious 30 artists and industrial designers have been invited to denominations in Finland will celebrate the Anniversary take part in an exhibition of their work. Design Forum Year in many ways. The main religious events will Finland, Chief Executive Tapio Periäinen, (+358 0) include: 629 290. - a celebratory divine service of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland will be held in Helsinki Cathedral on Erik Bryggman in Turku 22 November 1991 - 6 December 1992 at noon. The Anniversary Celebration 31 March 1992 working group of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Exhibition "Architect Erik Bryggman 1891 - 1955" will Finland, Secretary Erkki Huhta, (+358 0) 180 2223 be held in the Castle of Turku. The Museum of Finnish - a special divine service of the Orthodox Church of Architecture, Head of the Exhibition Department Finland will be held in the Uspensky Cathedral on 6 Hannele Grönlund, (+358 0) 655 358. December 1992 at 10 am. The Helsinki Orthodox Congregation, Pastor Veikko Purmonen, (+358 0) "Finnish Wooden Church" in Seinäjoki 135 1788 5 December 1991 - 12 January 1992 - a special service in the Helsinki Jewish Synagogue will The exhibition will be staged in the Seinäjoki Art Hall. be held on 5 December 1992. Helsinki Jewish The Museum of Finnish Architecture, Head of the Congregation, Representative Dan Kantor, (+358 0) Exhibition Department Hannele Grönlund, (+358 0) 694 1302. 655 358. Civic occasions and fireworks display Architectural competitions in Helsinki Numerous institutions, including schools and working 18 February 24 March 1992 sites, will arrange their own celebrations in and around The Finnish Association of Architects will arrange this Independence Day. The celebration will begin with exhibition in the Museum of Finnish Architecture. The running up the flag on Observatory Hill in Helsinki at 9 Finnish Association of Architects, Project Secretary Kari am. A major civic celebration of independence will be Kuosma, (+358 0) 640 801. 12 Drawings by Finnish schoolchildren Private collections in Helsinki An anniversary drawing competition is held in the 5 June - 26 July 1992 autumn term in 1991. A circulating exhibition of the The "Privaatti 92" exhibition, staged at the Art Hall, entries will begin in March. The cultural department of shows Finnish Art during the period of independence town of Kankaanpää, Acting Cultural Secretary Leena from private collections. Lions Club Helsinki-City, M. Sc. Sivula (+358 30) 21 700. (Eng.) Eero Järviö, (+358 0) 444 724. "From Oppression "Four Nordic Masters" in Helsinki to the Blue Cross of Finland" 9 June - 25 October 1992 This postcard exhibition will show the development of This exhibition, which will also be on show in Norway Finnish independence from the 1890s to the end of the during the Anniversary Year, will present the works of 1910s. The exhibition will be held in the Central Finland four Nordic architects. The Museum of Finnish Museum, Jyväskylä, from 13 March to 12 April 1992, in Architecture, Head of the Exhibition Department the Postal Museum in Helsinki from 23 April to 19 July Hannele Grönlund, (+358 0) 655 358. 1992, and in the Ostrobothnian Museum in Vaasa from 5 to 30 August 1992. Postal Museum, Museum Director "Thousands of Skills" in Jyväskylä Jari Karhu (+358 0) 195 4724. II June - 30 August 1992 The exhibition will present the handicraft and industrial Design and tradition in Helsinki art work of young artists and professionals. The Museum An exhibition presenting the design of Finno-Ugrian of Domestic Arts in Finland, Assistant Seija Heinänen, artefacts will form part of the Finno-Ugrian Art Weeks in (+358 41) 624 941. April. Museum of Applied Arts, Director Jarno Peltonen, (+358 0) 174 455. Purnu in Orivesi 14 June - 2 August 1992 The exhibition that started the summer exhibition Biennale Balticum in Rauma tradition in Finland will have its 25th anniversary in 1992. II April 5 August 1992 Purnu 92 Art Exhibition, Professor Aimo Tukiainen, An international symposium of modern art will precede (+358 0) 672 468. the exhibition. The Rauma Art Museum, Assistant Riitta Säteri, (+358 38) 224 346. Victoria Åberg in Mikkeli 3 July - 13 September 1992 Vision of youth in Hyvinkää 2 — 31 May 1992 "Wings to Europe - Centenary of the death of painter The exhibition consists of the works of young amateurs Victoria Åberg" exhibition presents the pioneering work and art students. The Art Centre for children and young of this female Finnish landscape painter. The Mikkeli people, Chief Executive Tuula Pentti, (+358 14) 532 292. Museum of Arts, Assistant Laura Luostarinen, (+358 55) 194 424. Bear in Lahti 9 May - 27 September 1992 Parliamentary documents in Turku An exhibition to be held in the Ski Museum and 17 July - 10 August 1992 Historical Museum of Lahti will form part of the ancillary The parliamentary documents in the exhibition in the programmes for the Anniversary Celebration. The Lahti main library of Turku present the stages in the Town Museum, Assistant Esa Hassinen, (+358 18) 818 development of an independent country. City of Turku, 2466. Chief Librarian Keijo Perälä, (+358 21) 623 611. Tapiola in Espoo "Flags Fly, Ideologies Come Marching In" II May 1992 - 31 January 1993 in Turku 17 July - 24 November 1992 Tapiola's 40th anniversary will be celebrated as part of the This exhibition to be held in the castle of Turku will Espoo '92 Event. An exhibition staged in the Espoo City present the flag culture of Finland. The Historical Musem will be accompanied by a series of lectures. City Museum of Turku, Museum Director Osmo Rinta-Tassi, of Espoo, Museum Director Mariliina Perkko, (+358 0) (+358 21) 303 300. 505 0121. Baltic art in Suomenlinna "Game Hunting Presidents" in Riihimäki Finnish and Baltic sculpture will be presented at the 13 May - 13 December 1992 summer exhibition. The Nordic Art Centre, Director The exhibition will present former Finnish presidents Staffan Carlén, (+358 0) 668 143. fishing and hunting. The Hunting Museum of Finland, Museum Director Leena Hiltula, (+358 14) 722 293. Photographs in Espoo 16 - 23 August 1992 A photographic exhibition of the works of visual art "Golden Days of Art" in Punkaharju students with the Anniversary Celebration as the theme 23 May - 30 August 1992 will be held in the Espoo Cultural Centre. City of Espoo, The Finnish visual arts, industrial arts, photography and Lecturer Inari Grönholm, (+358 0) 883 022. architecture at the turn of the 20th century will be presented. Other exhibitions will also be held at the same Finnish documentary photography in Helsinki time. Retretti, Managing Director Timo Auvinen, I - 30 September 1992 (+358 57) 314 253. "Finland - Photographs of Finns" exhibition will be held 13 in the Gallery Diana. Lehtikuva, Managing Director singers, musicians and dancers. Its sponsors include the Patricia Seppälä, (+358 0) 122 7570. Finland 75 Committee. The programme will include the premiere of a new Finnish opera "Postineiti" (The Post "Helsinki 75 Years Ago" Girl), a related nationalities fair, and a meeting of the 10 September - 18 October 1992 small European nations. In addition, the festival will have The exhibition to be held in Anna House is oriented its own festival orchestra and choir composed of young towards children and young people. Cultural Centre of Finns. The festival will be preceded by a children's Helsinki, Chief Executive of Anna House Marianna performance of songs "The Beginning of the Finnish Kajantie, (+358 0) 169 2386. Summer" which will take place on 29 May 1992. Joensuu Song Festival, Chief Executive Tuula Linsiö, (+358 73) "Maps Tell the Story of the Years 167 5330. of Independence" Maps describing the development of independent Folk music in Kaustinen 18 - 26 July 1992 Finland in the map exhibition will tour the provinces The programme of the folk music festival will include from September to December and will be on show at the Finland House concerts by Finns living abroad, folk "Finland Celebrates" at the Tampere Hall on 4 December dancing, folk traditions and meetings of international 1992. National Board of Survey, Head of Information researchers. This will reach a climax in the grand finale Pirkko Yliselä, (+358 0) 154 3405. concert "Kaustinen - 25 Years of Folk Music". Kaustinen Folk Music Festival, Programme Manager Jyrki "Small Pictures" in Helsinki Heiskanen, (+358 68) 611 252. 5 October - 27 December 1992 The exhibition, which will also be on show in France and Opera in Savonlinna I - 31 July 1992 the Netherlands during the Anniversary Year, presents a The 25th anniversary programme of the Savonlinna picture of Finland through its philatelic art. Postal Opera Festival will include the ballet Romeo and Juliet, Museum, Museum Director Jari Karhu, (+358 0) the operas Fidelio, Aida and The Magic Flute, the musical 195 4724. Porgy and Bess, a series of lieder concerts as well as the Yrjö Kilpinen celebratory concert on 19 July 1992. "Finland Builds" in Helsinki Savonlinna Opera Festival, Marketing Manager Helena The Association of Finnish Architects (SAFA) and the Kontiainen, (+358 57) 514 700. Museum of Architecture will arrange SAFA's centenary exhibition "Finland Builds" in October. It will give a Jazz in Pori II - - 19 July 1992 picture of Finnish architecture in the 1980s. The Finnish The jazz celebration will also include a programme Association of Architects, Association Secretary Tuula related to the Anniversary Year. Pori Jazz, Managing Paalimäki, (+358 0) 640 801, and the Museum of Director Harri Kainulainen, (+358 39) 411 565. Architecture, Director Marja-Riitta Norri, (+358 0) 170 304. Chamber music in Kuhmo 12 26 July 1992 The anniversary of Finnish photography 1992 The theme of the festival is Nordic music. Kuhmo Finnish photography will have its 150th anniversary on 3 Chamber Music Festival, Secretary General Ritva Eerola, November 1992. As part of the anniversary, an exhibition (+358 0) 493 902. will be arranged at the Helsinki Art Hall in November. Ministry of Education, Counsellor Kari Poutasuo, Music in Turku 7 - 16 August 1992 (+358 0) 134 171. The programme of the music festival will include a performance of Jean Sibelius' Kullervo Symphony Independence as seen through parliamentary conducted by Paavo Berglund on 16 August 1992. Turku documents Music Festival Foundation, Chief Executive Kari Vase, An exhibition will be arranged in the Parliamentary (+358 21) 511 162. Library in the autumn presenting the independence process as seen through parliamentary documents. Solo singing in Lappeenranta Parliamentary Library, Chief Librarian Eeva-Maija I - 6 January 1992 Tammekann, (+358 0) 4321. The song competition will start the Anniversary Celebration's musical offering. National Solo Song "The Baltic Our Endangered Environment" Contest in Lappeenranta, Chief Executive Tuulikki An exhibition and symposium will be arranged during Närhinsalo, (+358 53) 11 061. the Anniversary Year in Helsinki, Mariehamn, Stockholm, Tallinn and Stralsund. University of Helsinki, Central Museum of Natural Sciences, Intendant Heinz- Yrjö Kilpinen anniversary The centenary of composer Yrjö Kilpinen will be Rudolf Voigt, (+358 0) 708 4702. celebrated with concerts, recordings and other events. The main celebration will take place in Helsinki on 4 MUSIC IN FINLAND February 1992. In addition, a concert tour to Stockholm, Gothenburg, Oslo, Copenhagen, Århus and Berlin will be arranged. The Yrjö Kilpinen Society, Secretary Olli "Finland 75 Sings" in Joensuu 7 - 14 June 1992 Perolahti, (+358 0) 670 370, and for the tour, Fazer Music, The Song Festival in Joensuu in 1992 is an event for Marketing Manager Jeremy Parsons, (+44 71) 351 2563. 14 Music for independence in Turku 28 March 1992 Choirs in Espoo 29 November The celebratory concert of cultural organizations will be - 6 December 1992 arranged at the Turku Concert Hall. The Central Union of City of Espoo will arrange its first international choral Education, Education Secretary Pirkko Siili, (+358 21) festival. Espoo International Choral Festival, Chief 330 093. Executive Eija Kurki, (+358 0) 455 1140. Church music in Kuopio 5 - 12 April 1992 A day for the Finnish symphony The programme includes not only concerts but also a Finnish symphony orchestras will include in their autumn seminar on "Church Music Preaching, Fishing or programmes a day devoted to the Finnish symphony. The Upbringing?" on 7 - 8 April 1992 as well as a survey of Symphony Orchestras of Finland, Chief Executive Alarik children's choirs on 11 - 12 April 1992. The Organizing Repo, (+358 21) 512 353. Board of the 5th Ecumenical Church Music Festival in Kuopio, Secretary Heikki Viitala, (+358 71) 182 045. An anniversary composition Nine composers have been invited to submit a new Music in Ilmajoki 4 - I4 June 1992 Finnish composition for the Anniversary Celebration. The first performance of the immigration opera The results will be announced in February. Finland 75 "Ameriikka" composed by Atso Almola is part of the Years, Secretary General Pasi Natri, (+358 0) 1341 5909. festival. Music Festival in Ilmajoki, Chief Executive Leena Pihlaja, (+358 64) 547 050. CULTURE IN FINLAND "Sata-Häme Plays" in Ikaalinen 5 - I4 June 1992 In the Accordion Festival, which is celebrating its 20th Museum of Modern Art in Helsinki anniversary, special programme will be arranged for Finns living abroad, for example a musical about A competition for the design of a modern art building in immigration. Sata-Häme Soi, Chairman Terhi Palonen, the Töölö Bay area will be declared in connection with the centenary of the Association of Finnish Architects. (+358 33) 88 188. Ministry of Education, Counsellor Aimo Murtomäki, (+358 0) 134 171. Hamina Tattoo 24 - 28 June 1992 A military music event will be arranged for the second time in Hamina. The Defence Forces will take an active Centre for Changeable Exhibitions in Helsinki part. Town of Hamina, Secretary for tourism Päivi A Centre for Changeable Exhibitions on the site of the Finnish Architectural Museum and the Museum of Ovaska, (+358 52) 495 250. Industrial Arts is being planned. Ministry of Education, Counsellor Aimo Murtomäki, (+358 0) 134 171. "Big Band" in Imatra 27 June — 4 July 1992 A many-sided musical event in its tenth year will include a celebration concert reflecting Finnish Big Band music "Design Village" in Fiskars and its performers through the decade. Imatra Big Band The establishment of an international workshop-type Festival, Public Relations Officer Hannu Hokkanen, Centre for Industrial Arts and Design to promote Finnish (+358 54) 201 2206. design is being planned. Ministry of Education, Counsellor Kari Poutasuo, (+358 0) 134 171. Finnish music Ethnographic Museum A special assembled symphony orchestra, conducted by The establishment of an Ethnographic Museum for the Paavo Berglund, will perform and record the works of important ethnographic collections in Finland and as a Jean Sibelius and other Finnish composers beginning in place to hold international visiting exhibitions is being June and later in the Anniversary Year. Finnish Chamber planned. Ministry of Education, Planner Tiina Eerikäinen, Orchestra, Intendant Ritva Kuoppamäki, (+358 49) (+358 0) 134 171. 415 560. A Toy Museum for Helsinki Brass bands in Lieksa 25 July 2 August 1992 A Toy Museum connected with the Linnanmäki The event will feature expatriate Finns as players: The Amusement Park is planned for the collection, Brass Band Week of Lieksa, Marketing Manager Anni preservation and exhibition of playing tradition. Muikku, (+358 79) 23 133. Foundation of Children's Day, Managing Director Kalle Justander, (+358 0) 750 391. Workers' music in Valkeakoski 31 July 2 August 1992 "Jyväskylä Winter" I — 10 February 1992 The event includes concerts and seminars. The Workers' The event will include an art programme, congresses and Music Festival, Chief Executive Liisi Suvisuo, (+358 17) debates on a special theme "The welfare state in Finland". 28 877. Workers' Cultural Event The Jyväskylä Winter, Chief Executive Olli Korhonen, (+358 41) 618 698. "Songs Ring Out, Brothers March" in Turku, 24 October 1992 "West Side Story" by the Helsinki art schools A great celebratory concert of veterans will be arranged The Sibelius Academy, the Helsinki Academy of at the Typhoon Hall. The Veterans of Turku, Chairman Dramatic Art and the School of Industrial Arts will stage Kalervo Kunnas, (+358 21) 315 350. a joint large-scale performance of "West Side Story" in 15 the former Nokia cable factory from 15 February to 6 Pispala Sottiisi in Tampere 4 — 7 June 1992 March 1992. West Side Story 1992, Producer Ritva The theme of the international folk dancing festival is Penttonen, (+358 0) 135 5286. ritual dance. The Union of Finnish Youth, Cultural Secretary Ulla-Kaarina Ijäs, (+358 0) 558 892. Anniversary short films The Finland 75 Committee sponsors a short film "Kuopio Dances and Plays" 4 — 10 June 1992 competition on the theme of the Anniversary The programme of the festival includes premiers of Celebration. Expatriate Finns are invited to participate. works of modern Finnish music and dancing, a visit of Entries will be screened at the Tampere Film Festival on 4 the Finnish National Ballet, exhibitions, concerts and - 7 March 1992. Tampere Film Festival, Chief Executive seminars. Kuopio Dances and Plays, Chief Executive Kirsi Kinnunen, (+358 31) 130 034. Tanja Rasi, (+358 71) 118 103. Carmen in Turku The Jyväskylä Summer 10 - 18 June 1992 The premiere of this music and dance performance will In this festival of different categories, young Finnish be held in the Turku City Theatre. It will also be seen in artists will be presented, modern Finnish music will be Eura, Harjavalta, Ikaalinen, Kemiö, Kokemäki, Parainen, performed and Finnish traditions will be discussed. Rauma, Salo, Somero, Uusikaupunki and Vammala. Jyväskylä Summer, Chief Executive Kaisa Hannikainen- Aurinkobaletti, Administrative Director Erkki Vainio, (+358 41) 615 624. Lehmussaari, (+358 21) 302 182. "The Unknown Soldier" in Jämsä Theatre for children and in Oulu 22 June - 16 August 1992 4 - 12 April 1992 A theatrical adaptation of Väinö Linna's novel "The During the Anniversary Year, the annual survey of Unknown Soldier" will run for 56 performances during Finnish theatre for children will be arranged for the 11th the summer of 1992 in the new summer theatre of Jämsä. time. Student theatres will be participating for the first Himos-Service, Sales Secretary Eija Lahtinen, (+358 42) time. The Cultural Office of City of Oulu, Cultural 86 262. Secretary Arja Huotari, (+358 81) 241 712. Culture of the lumberjacks in Varkaus The decades of independence 26 - 28 June 1992 in Finnish literature The festival "Jätkän kulttuuripäivät" includes the Finnish Finnish writers and literary specialists representing national chainsawing championships, discussions on different periods will take part in the events which will be forest industry policy, light music concerts, Lumberjacks' arranged in Vaasa on 7 April, in Kemi on 9 April, in Fair, exhibitions of hobbies and logging games. Kouvola on 22 September, in Joensuu on 24 September Educational Association of Workers, Lumberjacks' Tenth and in Helsinki on 26 November 1992. Lukukeskus, Cultural Day, Organizing Secretary Apeli Halinen, Chief Executive Marjatta Hartikainen, (+358 0) 760 551. (+358 0) 708 981. Finnish film in Turku Paltta Baltto in Anjalankoski I — 5 July 1992 The principle theme of the Turku Film Festival will be The general theme of this literary event is "Change versus Finnish lifestyle as portrayed on the screen. A seminar Constancy". The Literature Society of Kymi Province, and a publication are also being planned. The Varsinais- Chairwoman Kirsti Siraste, (+358 51) 66 028. Suomi Film Centre, Planner Ari Honka-Hallila, (+358 21) 374 359. Spelit in Kauhajoki 3 - 5 July 1992 The festival will provide a survey of the local culture. Creations by young Etelä-Pohjanmaan Spelit, Chairman of the Programme people in Turku Committee Seppo Kalliomaa, (+358 63) 24 453. 22 - 24 May 1992 A nationwide event shows the work of 10 - 24-year-old Ingrian culture in Nurmes 3 - 19 July 1992 young artists in different art categories. Nuorison taide- The celebration weeks include the play "Nouse Inkeri" tapahtumatoimikunta (Committee of Young Art), Project (Arise Ingermanland), concerts and other Ingrian Secretary Helena Peltola-Yrjölä, (+358 0) 558 892. programmes. Bomba Celebration Weeks, Chief Executive Juha Iso-Aho, (+358 76) 22 432. "Young Hands" The festival in May will include a competition for the Kuusamo Natura 10 - 20 July 1992 young, an exhibition presenting the results and an The theme of the event is "Roots in Finland". It will international seminar of experts. Young Hands, Head of include an art programme, family reunions, seminars, Information Nea Pitkänen, (+358 0) 694 1434. public occasions and evening entertainment. The Kuusamo Cultural Office, Chief Cultural Secretary Eero Poetry in Lahti Lindvall, (+358 89) 805 6024. A recitation night entitled "Ode to Work" will be held in the spring in Lahti and also in the autumn in Sweden and Kuopio at the centre of Finnish literature Estonia. An "Ode to Work" anthology will be published I4 - 16 August 1992 in December 1992. The Päijät-Häme Reciters, Chairman City of Kuopio together with some literature societies Antero Mäkelä, (+358 18) 822 678. will arrange a literary event entitled "Kuopio 16 - the focus of attention in Finnish culture at the turn of SOCIAL PROJECTS IN FINLAND the 1890s". Professor Kai Laitinen, (+358 0) 783 837. Arctic Centre in Rovaniemi Helsinki Festival 18 August - 6 September 1992 The theme of the celebration is the Baltic Sea. The The opening of the Rovaniemi Arctic Centre on 2 programme will include a Baltic Concert on 26 August December 1992 will form part of the anniversary 1992 and the Night of the Arts on 27 August 1992. programme. Arctic Centre, Managing Director Markku Helsinki Festival, Information Secretary Mari Karjalainen, Hyvönen, (+358 60) 322 2960. (+358 0) 633 276. Lake District Centre Translators of Finnish literature in Helsinki A Lake District Centre will be established in connection In August, a total of 80 translators and researchers will be with the Linnasaari National Park. It will include an invited to the meeting to be sponsored by the Finland 75 information centre, wildlife collections, premises to carry Committee. Information Centre of Finnish Literature, out research into the Lake Saimaa seals and camps for Director Marja-Leena Rautalin, (+358 0) 1312 3290. schoolchildren. Work will begin on construction of the centre in 1992. The foundation stone will be laid at the "On Land and Sea" in Kokkola 7 September 1992 end of the year. Ministry of the Environment, Planner A sculpture by the sculptor Ukri Merikanto will be Jukka-Pekka Flander, (+358 0) 199 1229. unveiled on the 372nd anniversary of town of Kokkola. Town of Kokkola, Head of the Cultural Department Information Centre for the Archipelago Sampo Purontaus, (+358 68) 289 264. National Park The establishment and preliminary plans for the Books in Turku 9 - II October 1992 Information Centre for the Archipelago National Park to The National Book Fair programme will include be located in Dragsfjärd have been approved by the seminars, exhibitions and visits by authors. The Art Ministry of the Environment and building work will Committee of the Turku and Pori Province, Consulting being in the spring. The topping-out ceremony is due to Province Artist Kari J. Kettula, (+358 21) 379 169. be held in 1992. National Board of Forestry, Park Director Jouko Högmander, (+358 26) 31 590. Culture of the Nordic countries Protection of the old national forests in Turku 25 - 27 October 1992 A seminar entitled "The Influence of the Nordic Preliminary inventories of the old natural forests in Countries in Finland and Finland among the Nordic southern Finland have been kept since 1989. A working Countries - What are the Visions of the Future?" will group has been set up to implement the protection discuss the possibilities for Finnish culture to gain ground programme. A decision in principle will be taken in 1992. in the Nordic Countries and vice versa. Pohjola-Norden, Ministry of the Environment, Chief Inspector Pertti Rassi, Managing Director Gustav af Hällström, (+358 0) (+358 0) 199 1236. 440 744. Protection of national landscape Legislative guidelines are to be drawn up to preserve the Museums and the Finnish cultural tradition most important examples of Finnish nature and Finnish 19 November 1992 culture. A brochure on Finnish national landscape will be A celebratory seminar will be arranged in the Assembly published during the Anniversary Year. Ministry of the Hall of the University of Helsinki. Advisory Board for Environment, Director Antti Haapanen, (+358 0) Museum Affairs, Chairwoman Päivi Setälä, (+358 0) 1911. 199 1220. "Dear Princess" Forest Museum and Forest Data Centre A play based on the exchange of letters between the A National Forest Museum and the Exhibition and Finnish Marshal Mannerheim and the Polish Princess Research Centre "Lusto" will be built in the Punkaharju Marie Lubomirska will be performed in different parts of municipality. The topping-out ceremony will be held in the country during the Anniversary Year. Theatre December. The Forest Museum Foundation, Project Services, Actor Seppo Heinola, (+358 31) 661 637. Director Markku Rauhalahti, (+358 0) 694 0300. Dance for the Anniversary Celebration Development of the war veterans' rehabilitation Two dance theatres, Raatikko and Aurinkobaletti, have services been commissioned to produce a combined work which The rehabilitation services for Finnish war veterans will will have its first performance at the "Finland Celebrates" be enhanced in the Anniversary Year. Ministry of Social at the Tampere Hall on 4 December 1992. Finland 75 Affairs and Health, Deputy Director General Pekka Years, Secretary General Pasi Natri, (+358 0) 1341 5909. Pitsinki, (+358 0) 1601. School plays for the Anniversary Strengthening senior citizen research Celebration Senior citizen research will be enhanced by appointing Finnish playwrights write school plays for the some university department to coordinate the work Anniversary. Competition results will be announced in which is being planned by a working group. Ministry of February. Association of Teachers of Finnish as a Mother Education, Acting Scientific Secretary Marja-Liisa Niemi, Tongue, Chief Executive Mervi Murto, (+358 0) 351 1763. (+358 0) 134 171. 17 Improving the living conditions of displaced third time. The main events will be held in Tampere. persons Fishing Week 92, Project Manager Rauno Kostiainen, A total of 13 social and health organizations are (+358 0) 640 126. launching a support project for those in difficult social conditions. Central Association for Social Assistance, Healthy brains in Helsinki 29 March 1992 Planner Pirkko Hakkarainen, (+358 0) 773 4045. The launching of a health information campaign will be held at the University of Helsinki. Project Office Healthy Information on science in Helsinki Brains, Project Secretary Minna Olkkonen, (+358 0) 13 - 15 January 1992 565 2546. The Science Days, arranged every five years, will during the Anniversary Year be held in the Assembly House of "Here We Come" 30 March - 3 April 1992 the Estates to make the general public aware of the The series of events "Täältä tullaan" is organized as part importance of science and its achievements. The Science of the international campaign "Childrens' Voices" which Days, Secretary Jan Rydman, (+358 0) 657 809. is aimed at bringing the voice of children and young people to the ears of the decision-makers. The On Finnish social security in Helsinki Mannerheim Association for Child Welfare, Secretary 29 January 1992 General Jaakko Itälä, (+358 0) 711 611. The theme of the celebratory seminar will be "The present stage and future of Finnish social policy". The SOS in Lahti 20 - 22 May 1992 Central Association of Finnish Social Security, Chief SOS '92 is a nationwide education, information and Executive Leif Rönnberg, (+358 0) 773 4101. exhibition event concentrating on expressing the new innovations in social policy and health care. Ministry for 60 years of student health care Social Affairs and Health, Project Manager Maija Ritamo, A student health care seminar will be arranged at the (+358 O) 3967 2073. University of Helsinki on 29 January 1992. Events will also be arranged in other university cities. A jubilee book Information society in Helsinki is also being planned. Foundation for Student Health The theme of the spring seminar will cover the Care (YTHS), Information Officer Martti Kukkonen, development of Finnish society into a modern (+358 0) 405 0672. information society. National Computing Centre, Director Ulla Lehtiniemi, (+358 0) 457 3676. Working life in Tampere II - 12 February 1992 A seminar will be arranged at the Tampere Hall. Ministry Nature and culture in Joensuu 7 - 10 June 1992 of Labour, Head of Information Karri Varmo, (+358 0) Seminars "Nation, Language and Culture" and "How 18 561. Long Can Finland Live from its Forests?" are arranged by the University of Joensuu and the Finnish Forestry Position of women in Helsinki Association. University of Joensuu, Dean Kim von 17 - 18 February 1992 Weissenberg, (+358 73) 151 3623. The seminar will be arranged in the Assembly House of the Estates. Council for Equality between Men and Sport and cultural minorities in Turku Women, Special Researcher Liisa Husu, (+358 0) 8 - 13 June 1992 160 5705. An international congress "Sport and Cultural Minorities" is an interdisciplinary congress of specialists. War Veterans' Week 8 - 15 March 1992 Finnish Society for Research into Sport and Physical The national opening ceremony will be in Joensuu on 8 Education, Secretary General Joel Juppi, (+358 0) 444 582. March 1992 and the closing ceremony in Kerava on 15 March 1992. Finnish Association of War Veterans, Chief Position of disabled in Savonlinna Executive Esko Kosunen, (+358 0) 631 470. 10 - 12 June 1992 A seminar on "The Disabled in Independent Finland" is New challenges to social responsibility arranged in conjunction with the Summer University of The social and health organizations will celebrate the Savonlinna. Society for the History of the Disabled, anniversary under the theme "Direct responsibility". New Chairman Veikko Niemi, (+358 55) 150 018. approaches to civil responsibility will be discussed at a seminar on 16 March 1992. The Cooperative Body of the The special characteristics of Finnishness Social and Health Organizations, Project Secretary Mervi in Haapavesi 13 - I4 June 1992 Tolonen, (+358 0) 580 3775. The seminar will discuss the characteristics of Finns as seen through religion, work ethics and the role of the "Myths in Finnish History" sexes. Haapavesi Open College, Principal Marja-Leena A series of lectures in five parts will be held in the Salkola, (+358 83) 459 1244. Assembly House of the Estates in Helsinki on 17 25 March 1992. Finnish Historical Association, Chief Urban planners in Kuopio 13 - 18 June 1992 Executive Rauno Enden, (+358 0) 440 369. The theme of "The 22nd John Hopkins International Urban Fellows Conference" covers environment and On fish 23 - 29 March 1992 health. The Centre for Educational Development at "The Fishing Industry in a Developing Society" is the University of Kuopio, Planner Sirkka-Liisa Pamilo- theme for the week devoted to fishing being held for the Östberg, (+358 71) 163 925. 18 Young environmental experts in Rautavaara the Assembly House of the Estates. University of 23 - 28 June 1992 Helsinki, Department of Political History, Committee A "Pro Silva Europea" camp for the young environmental Secretary Mikko Majander, (+358 0) 191 2580. specialists of the CSCE countries will be arranged at Rautavaara. Metsäkartano Camp and Course Centre in International status of Finland in Tampere Rautavaara, Acting Chief Executive Riitta El-Nemr, The studia generalia lectures will discuss the theme (+358 71) 780 510. "Independent Finland in the International Community". The Paasikivi Society of Tampere, Chairman Jyrki Homeland nationwide 10 - 12 July 1992 livonen, (+358 0) 170 434. "Roots in Finland Future in the Homeland" is the theme for a festivity organized in southern Ostrobothnia. The The Union of Finnish Towns 80 years theme will also be dealt with in a seminar "From 8 October 1992 Emigrants to Immigrants". Town of Alajärvi, Festivity A seminar will be held at the Finlandia Hall in Helsinki. Secretary General Liisa Heinilä, (+358 66) 75 561. The Union of Finnish Towns, Head of Information Kimmo Kajaste, (+358 0) 7711. A collection for war invalids I August - 30 November 1992 A collection during the municipal elections 18 A collection is arranged for the rehabilitation of war October 1992 invalids. Disabled War Veterans Association of Finland, Federations of national health and the handicapped will Secretary General Juhani Saari, (+358 0) 177 003. arrange a national collection for health in connection with the municipal elections on 18 October 1992. The History of the Finnish horse in Helsinki Allergy Foundation, Chief Executive Aulis Potinkara, 15 - 16 August 1992 (+358 0) 441 911. Events illustrating the importance of the Finnish horse in the national history will be held in connection with the A Day's work 1992 National Trotting Championships. Vermo Race Track, A collection will be arranged in September and October Managing Director Jorma Ojapelto, (+358 O) 515 022. for the education of children in Calcutta, India and for child care in Nicaragua. Finnchurchaid, Project Secretary Rural life in Vantaa 19 - 20 August 1992 Anne Meretmaa, (90) 18 021, and the International Fund Current agricultural issues will be discussed at a seminar for Solidarity, Development Cooperation Secretary Jukka to be held in Königstedt. National Farm Board, Planner Pekkala, (+358 0) 701 1200. Helena Serén, (+358 0) 1342 1436. Forum on power in Kouvola Peace movement in the third millennium 16 - 18 October 1992 25 30 August 1992 A national cultural event for open discussion on power The International Peace Bureau will celebrate its and independence. Union for Christian Culture, Project centenary in Finland with open seminars and other Secretary Ulla Lötjönen, (+358 0) 177 334. events. Finnish Peace Bureau, Project Manager Kari Välimäki, (+358 0) 160 3831. Anniversary elections for children Elections for children will be held in October 1992 as About immigration in Vaasa 28 - 29 August 1992 part of the work on improving democracy. Five-year-olds The symposium is called "The Return of the Emigrant". will be asked their opinions of when full-time education Österbottens traditionsarkiv (Ostrobothnia"s Archive of should begin in order to encourage discussion of issues Traditions), archive keeper Carsten Bergenhoej, (+358 61) on the status, growth and raising of children. The results 176 305. of the elections, as well as of the research work done by ITLA (National Children's Fund for Research and Tules conference 1992 Development), will be published in December 1992. The A Nordic conference under the title "Problems of the National Board of Social Affairs and Health, Special Locomotor System" is organized in Helsinki at the turn of Researcher Monika Riihelä, (+358 0) 3967 2220, and for August September. Finnish Rheumatism Association, information on the ITLA fund, the Central Union for Project Secretary Anu Salmi-Savilampi, (+358 0) 566 4211. Child Welfare in Finland, Chief Executive Mauri Upanne, (+358 0) 625 901. Ageing societies in Espoo 2 4 September 1992 An international conference "Revival of Ageing The Gypsy minority in Finland and Europe Societies", which will discuss the consequences of the A two-day seminar on the rights and social status of the developments in the Finnish population structure, will be minorities in Finland and elsewhere in Europe will be held at the Dipoli Conference Centre. Population and held in October. The Advisory Board on Gypsy Affairs, Family Welfare Federation, Secretary of International Secretary General Paavo Lounela, (+358 0) 160 4310. Affairs Hilkka Vuorenmaa, (+358 0) 640 235. A Decade for the Disabled in Helsinki History of neutrality in Helsinki 19 - 20 November 1992 9 - 12 September 1992 The end of the UN Decade for the Disabled 1982-1992 The history of neutrality from the 17th century until the will be marked by a seminar at the Finlandia Hall and a 1960s will be discussed at an international conference in cultural and social evening at the Helsinki Fair Centre. 19 Advisory Board of the Associations for the Disabled, Expatriate Finns in Helsinki Chairman Jussi Särkelä, (+358 0) 3960 4330. 31 July - 2 August 1992 "Roots in Finland", a project organized by the Finland Nordic universities in Rovaniemi Society in cooperation with the Finnish Tourist Board 30 November - 3 December 1992 and Finnair for Finns living abroad, will involve hundreds The role of the universities in cooperation within the of events throughout Finland in 1992. The main event Nordic area will be discussed. University of Lapland, will be held in the Helsinki Ice Hockey Stadium. Roots in Secretary for International Affairs Outi Snellman, Finland, Project Manager Paula Selenius, (+358 0) (+358 60) 3241. 174 255, and on the main event, Finland Society, Chief Executive Martti Häikiö, (+358 0) 174 255. Anthropology academics from abroad Anthropology academics from those countries Finnish Wonderful Uusimaa Province anthropologists have worked in will lecture in a seminar The main events involve the "Uusimaa Night" on New in the autumn. The Finnish Anthropological Society, Year's Eve, the Senate Square Festival on 13 - 15 June Secretary Laura Assmuth, (+358 0) 191 7039. 1992 and events on 6 December 1992. The Uusimaa Provincial Federation, Project Director Tarja Haili, On public administration (+358 0) 642 021. for developing countries A two-week course on public administration for 30 The Anniversary Celebration in schools representatives from developing countries will be hosted Schools and other educational institutions will celebrate by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Finnish International the Anniversary Year in various ways. For example, the Development Agency, Special Advisor Helena comprehensive schools will be provided with material to Allahwerdi, (+358 0) 1341 6424. boost the campaign "Be a Finn Proudly". Anniversary Committee of the National Board of Education, Chief Living standards in Espoo Inspector Ritva-Sini Härkönen, (+358 0) 706 2273, I December 1992 provincial school boards, educational institutions, and on The development of Finnish welfare society during the the campaign, the Centre for School Societies, Chief time of the country's independence will be the theme of Executive Vuokko Valkamo, (+358 0) 135 6973. this seminar to be held at the Hanasaari Cultural Centre. Government Institute for Economic Research, Head of Finland in motion Research Pekka Parkkinen, (+358 0) 160 4109. The following national events will form part of the Anniversary Celebration: Finnish social security 1992 - Finlandia Cross Country Skiing from Hämeenlinna to The 55th anniversary of the National Pensions Institute Lahti 23 February 1992 will be marked by exhibitions and new releases. The - National Championships for Women's Team highlight of the year will be the seminar in Helsinki on Gymnastics in Jyväskylä 16 - 17 May 1992 16 December 1992. National Pensions Institution, Chief - Schools Relay Race Festival in Helsinki 22 - 23 May Medical Officer Antti Huunan-Seppälä, (+358 0) 1992 434 1414. - Provincial Festival of the Workers' Sports Association of Varsinais-Suomi in Kaarina 28 May 1992 "First Prize for Finnish Women" - 10 km Marathon for Women in Helsinki 31 May 1992 A nationwide collection for the establishment of a - International Tournament for Wheelchair Basketball in Women's Fund is arranged in 1992. The Central Union of Helsinki 5 - 7 June 1992 Women's Organiztions, Chief Executive Leena Krohn, - Jukola Orientation in Vehkalahti 13 - 14 June 1992 (+358 0) 135 6626. - Helsinki Cup Junior Soccer Tournament 6 - 11 July 1992 Collection for voluntary national - Rowing Race in Sulkava 10 - 12 July 1992 defence work 1992 - East-West Finnish Baseball Match in Seinäjoki 25 - 26 The purpose of the collection "Supporting Security" is to July 1992. improve the dissemination of information about defence - Jyväskylä Motor Racing Rally 26 - 31 August 1992 policy, voluntary national defence work and about the - International Wrestling in Vantaa 12 - 13 December organizations engaged in the field. Supporting 1992 Association for National Defence, Commissioner Reijo Finnish Central Sports Federation (SVUL), Head of Kuusisto, (+358 0) 440 471. Information Ari Aalto, (+358 0) 158 2213. Poster contest for the young OTHER PROJECTS IN FINLAND 7 January 31 March 1992 The theme for the poster contest will be "Work in The Nordic countries in Helsinki Finland". Association of Finnish Domestic Work, Head of 2 - 7 March 1992 Information Eeva Pentikäinen, (+358 0) 645 733. Various cultural events will be organized in connection with the 40th anniversary session of the Nordic Council. Centenary of the National Board Delegation of Finland to the Nordic Council, Secretary of Farming 19 March 1992 General Guy Lindström, (+358 0) 432 3501. The main event will take place in the assembly hall of 20 University of Helsinki. National Board of Farming, Karelian culture in Turku 12 - 14 June 1992 Lawyer Marit Ilveskero, (+358 0) 1342 1224. The Karelian Summer Festival will include a seminar "Roots in Finland and Karelia" on 12 June 1992. The main Nordic festival 23 March 1992 festival will be held in the Turku Sports Park on 14 June 50 towns in Finland will join the festival under the theme 1992. Karelian Society, Secretary Helena Valta, (+358 0) "Finland and the Nordic Countries 1917 - 1992 - what 799 077. about the future?". Pohjola-Norden, Managing Director Gustaf af Hällström, (+358 0) 440 744. Architecture in the Arctic area The Finnish Association of Architects will organize a Uusikaupunki 375 years 19 April 1992 conference on the Arctic Area in the Nordic countries. The anniversary of Uusikaupunki will be commemorated The conference to commemorate the centenary of the by various events. Town of Uusikaupunki, Information association will take place in Kemi in June. This event is and Tourist Officer Heli Kruuna-Rouvola, (+358 22) traditionally organized in cooperation with the Nordic 155 218. Architecture Associations. Finnish Association of Architects, Project Secretary Kari Kuosma, (+358 0) Rauma 550 years 22 - 26 April 1992 640 801. The anniversary of Rauma will be commemorated among other things by concerts given by the pianist Ralf Science of dreams in Helsinki 5 — 10 July 1992 Gothoni and a fair. Rauma Tourist Office, Head of The Finnish Dream Research Society and the Finnish Tourism Pekka Oivanen, (+358 38) 224 555. Society for Mental Health will organize the 11th scientific congress on dream diagnosis. Finnish Society National defence in Helsinki 15 - 17 May 1992 for Mental Health, Chief Executive Pirkko Lahti, (+358 0) The Helsinki War Veterans Association is the main 670 560. organizer of the "M 92" Defence Exhibition to be held at the Helsinki Ice Hockey Stadium. The Defence Forces are Physics in Espoo 5 — 13 June 1992 also involved in the event. Mark 2020, Managing Some 200 participants from 35 countries are expected to Director Rolf Eklund, (+358 0) 857 3764. join the Physics Olympics for students of senior secondary school level at Helsinki University of "Up to Europe" in Espoo 20 - 24 May 1992 Technology. Organizing Committee of the Physics This international event for young people will include Olympics 1992, Secretary Ari Hämäläinen, (+358 0) seminars, concerts and an exhibition. Up to Europe, 191 8311. Project Manager Eero Vanne, (+358 0) 625 200. Tall ships in Kotka 23 - 28 July 1992 Cultures meet in Heinola 26 - 27 May 1992 The "Cutty Sark Tall Ships' Race" will be held in New possibilities for local cultural and freetime activities connection with the Kotka Sea Festival. Kotka Sea will be discussed in connection with this major motion Festival, Managing Director Veli-Matti Rytkö, (+358 52) event. Finnish Central Sports Federation, Project Manager 183 031. Maija Innanen, (+358 0) 625 200. Lace festival in Rauma 24 July 5 August 1992 Independence Park in Helsinki 4 June 1992 Finnish lace throughout the ages will be presented at the Independence Park will be established in Oulunkylä by Rauma Lace Festival. "The Night of Black Lace" is one of City of Helsinki. It will be inaugurated on the National the events. Rauma Tourist Office, Head of Tourism Pekka Defence Forces Flag Day on 4 June 1992. A total of 75 Oivanen, (+358 38) 224 555. lime trees will first be planted in the park. City of Helsinki, Chief City Gardener Pekka Jyränkö, (+358 0) Information about Finland for young people in 1661. other Nordic countries Some 150 young participants are expected at a seminar to Marshal Mannerheim in Mikkeli 4 - 5 June 1992 be held in Rautavaara in July. The Youth Association of A seminar of specialists including various events Pohjola-Norden, Nordjobb Secretary Sanna Segersven, commemorating the 125th anniversary since the birth of (+358 0) 440 744. Marshal Mannerheim is arranged in Mikkeli. Mikkeli Provincial Administration, Information Officer Pirkko Satahanka for scouts 29 July 5 August 1992 Nuotio-Myllys, (+358 55) 191 2035. A camp will be held by Lake Saimaa for sea scouts from the Baltic area. Finnish Scouts Organization, Information Karelia County Fair in Joensuu 4 - 7 June 1992 Officer Salla Halme, (+358 0) 728 2811. The fair will present the development of welfare and industry in Northern Karelia during the time of Genealogy Fair in Turku 30 July I August 1992 independence. Northern Karelian Chamber of The fair will include a seminar on genealogy, exhibitions Commerce, Managing Director Esa Komulainen, and meetings of specialists. Migration Institute, (+358 73) 125 412 Departmental Secretary Marja-Liisa Kalhama, (+358 21) 317 536. Autonomous Åland 9 June 1992 Special festive events will be arranged to commemorate Agriculture in Seinäjoki 30 July 2 August 1992 the anniversary. Åland Provincial Administration, "Pohjanmaa 92 Österbotten" exhibition will present the Research Secretary May Wideman, (+358 28) 28 050. history, present state and future of agriculture and rural 21 life. South Ostrobothnian Agricultural Centre, Director International connections of children Antti Siljamäki, (+358 64) 163 111. Children from all over the world will gather for a video conference on 4 December 1992. The event will Finns from Siberia in Finland commemorate the 110 anniversary of the Helsinki 16 descendants of Finns deported to Siberia in the 19th Telephone Company. Helsinki Telephone Company century, now living on a collective farm in Orlovka, will (HPY), Head of Information Risto Niku, (+358 0) visit Finland in the summer. Finland Society, Project 606 3970, and the Centre for Continuing Education at Manager Paula Selenius, (+358 0) 174 255. Helsinki University of Technology, Editor-in-chief Heikki Korpinen, (+358 0) 451 4007. The Finnish Bible 350 years The main event will be held in the University of Helsinki Youth culture and the "R.Syke" project on 6 September 1992. Ministry of Education, Senior A programme on social skills and youth culture will Government Secretary Marjatta Lehtinen, (+358 0) discuss dating, sexuality and other activities. Foundation 134 171. for Youth Education, Programme Officer Antti Väisänen, (+358 0) 694 2488. Centenary of the Finnish Association of Architects Facts about Finland through distance education The anniversary of the Association will be celebrated at A course on Finland in five parts by means of distance the House of Culture in Helsinki on 24 October 1992. education will be organized for the first time by Finnish Association of Architects, Project Secretary Kari University of Helsinki. University of Helsinki, Planner Kuosma, (+358 0) 640 801. Seija Malmi, (+358 0) 708 4419. Information technology in Helsinki Scholarships for young athletes DATA 92, a major national event in the field, will be held Scholarships will be granted to ten young athletes who in Helsinki in the autumn. Association of Information have shown outstanding progress in their school work as Technology, Deputy Director Seppo Rautakivi, (+358 0) well as in sports. Ministry of Education, Director General 512 1255. Harri Syväsalmi, (+358 0) 134 171. FINLAND ABROAD SWEDEN May. It gives an overview of Finnish glass production from the 1920s until today. The exhibition will also be shown in Iceland and in Belgium. Finnish Glass Museum, Main event in Stockholm 6 December 1992 Amanuensis Kaisa Koivisto, (+358 14) 741 494. The main event, a gala in honour of Finnish independence, will take place in the Concert Hall in Finnish Day in the Stockholm Historical Museum Stockholm. Samfundet Sverige - Finland (The Swedish - 5 April 1992 Finnish Foundation), Chairman Per A. Sjögren, (+46 8) The programme will include exhibitions and concerts. 666 9722, and the Finnish Embassy in Stockholm. Historiska Museet, Intendant Gunilla du Rietz, (+46 8) 783 9459. Autumn of Finnish music Finnish music will be performed througout Sweden in Erik Bryggman in Stockholm the autumn. Svenska Rikskonserter, Producer Hugo "Erik Bryggman 1891 - 1955 architect" exhibition will be Ramsten, (+46 8) 791 4600. held in the Stockholm Museum of Architecture in the spring. Finnish Museum of Architecture, Head of the Finnish sculpture in Stockholm Exhibition Department Hannele Grönlund, (+358 0) An exhibition of Finnish sculpture is on show at the 655 358. Millesgården Art Museum during the summer. Finnish Association of Sculptors, Chief Executive Eero Hellsten, Finland 75 Years! (+358 0) 649 277, and the Millesgården Art Museum, An essay competition about Finland will be arranged for Intendant Elisabet Lidén, (+46 8) 767 8219. 7th and 8th grade students at Swedish comprehensive schools. Föreningen Norden, Secretary Raili Rajavuori, VIVO in Stockholm 12 January 1992 (+46 8) 654 1990. VIVO, a symphony orchestra consisting of young Finnish students from various music Colleges, will perform in Finland and Sweden in the new Europe Sweden and the United States during the Anniversary A one-day seminar will be organized in Stockholm in the Year. VIVO Youth Symphony Orchestra, Intendant Riitta spring. Föreningen Norden, Secretary Raili Rajavuori, Nisonen, (+358 14) 722 722. (+46 8) 654 1990. Finnish glassware in Gothenburg Finnish Day at Skansen 7 June 1992 Exhibition "The Modern Spirit - Glass from Finland" is A Finnish Day will be held at the Skansen Outdoor on show in Röhsska Konstlöjdsmuseet through April and Museum in Djurgården in Stockholm. The Finnish 22 Society in Stockholm, Chairman Harry Anttila, (+46 8) Finnish women writers in Sweden 202 996. During the Anniversary Year, an exhibition will tour some central libraries and cultural institutions in the Bilingualism in Finnish and Swedish schools Nordic countries. Information Centre of Finnish A seminar for Finnish and Swedish educational decision- Literature, Director Marja-Leena Rautalin, (+358 0) makers will be organized in the castle of Hässelby in 1312 3290. Stockholm. Finnish-Swedish Educational Council, Secretary Pirkko Tjärnå, (+46 8) 242 810. "The Baltic - Our Endangered Environment" in Stockholm Literature for children and young people in See Exhibitions in Finland. Gothenburg A major exhibition of Finnish literature for children and NORWAY young people will be on show at the Nordic Book Fair to be held in September. It will be shown elsewhere at a later date. Information Centre of Finnish Literature, Director Finland in Akershus Marja-Leena Rautalin, (+358 0) 1312 3290. The Akershus Fortress in Oslo will have Finland as its theme for the cultural summer festival in 1992. The event Kaj Franck in Stockholm will include Finnish literature as well as a showing of the Art by designer Kaj Franck will be on display at the movie "The Finnish Winter War", which will also be the National Museum in Stockholm in September. The theme for a photographic exhibition. A display of the exhibition will also be shown in Norway and Denmark. Finnish forests and a seminar "Facts about Finland" for Museum of Applied Arts, Director Jarno Peltonen, Norwegian writers of school books will also be (+358 0) 174 455. presented. Embassy of Finland in Oslo, Press Secretary Timo Heino, (+47 2) 430 400. "Finland i Blå Hallen" in Stockholm 8 - 10 October 1992 Facts about Finland for journalists An event at the City Hall of Stockholm presents Finland A seminar trip to Häme, Finland will be organized for ten as a country of culture and tourism. Finnish Tourist Norwegian journalists to acquaint them with the SO Office in Stockholm, Assistant Office Manager Martin called "twin communities" of their home towns. Pohjola- Ahlberg, (+46 236 875. Norden will participate in the planning of the seminar. Embassy of Finland in Oslo, Press Secretary Timo Heino, Facts about Finland for writers of school books (+47 2) 430 400. A seminar about Finland will be organized for Swedish writers of school books. The theme will relate to a special Kaj Franck in Oslo from 23 May 1992 See Sweden. issue of a magazine for history teachers describing 20th century Finnish history. Nordic Language and Information Centre, Director Marja-Liisa Karppinen, Tove Jansson's Moomins (+358 0) 706 2402. The Blaafarveverket Art Centre will display Tove Jansson's Moomin trolls in the summer. Embassy of Finland in Oslo, Press Secretary Timo Heino, (+47 2) Security policy in Stockholm 19 October 1992 430 400. A Nordic symposium on security policy will commemorate the Anniversary Year. Finnish Institute of Finnish textiles and design in Oslo Foreign Policy, Director Tapani Vaahtoranta, (+358 0) 13 July - 30 August 1992 174 434. Textile designer Riita Hytönen-Pasanen's exhibition will Economic relations in Stockholm be on show at the Norsk Skogsbruksmuseum. Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Counsellor for Press and Cultural A symposium on economic cooperation between Finland Affairs Matti Isoviita, (+358 0) 1341 5823. and Sweden will be organized in October November. Finnish-Swedish Chamber of Commerce, Managing Director Leif Hernberg, (+46 8) 667 9210. Finnish music in Norway The theme of the Oslo Chamber Music Festival on 7 - 15 August 1992 will be Finland. In addition, the Oslo Art by young Finnish artists in Stockholm Art, design, fashion, music and architecture by young Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Paavo Berglund, Finnish artists will be exhibited in September October. will perform Finnish music. Embassy of Finland in Oslo, Samfundet Sverige Finland, Youth Section, Architect Press Secretary Timo Heino, (+47 2) 430 400. Jan-Krister Boman, (+46 8) 679 7230. Music by Yrjö Kilpinen in Oslo March 1992 See Music in Finland. Music by Yrjö Kilpinen in Stockholm and Gothenburg in November 1992 "Four Nordic Masters" at the Norsk See Music in Finland. Arkitekturmuseum in Oslo in the autumn See Exhibitions in Finland. Poetry recital in Stockholm and Gothenburg in the autumn Edith Södergran in Oslo See Culture in Finland. The play "Hallonbacken" featuring the life of Edith 23 Södergran will be performed in the National Theatre of Embassy of Finland in Copenhagen, Counsellor for Press Norway. Embassy of Finland in Oslo, Press Secretary and Cultural Affairs Kristofer Gräsbeck, (+45 33) Timo Heino, (+47 2) 430 400. 134 214. Finnish women writers in Norway Finnish women writers in Denmark See Sweden. See Sweden. Public lectures at University of Copenhagen DENMARK A series of lectures will be organized in the autumn. Embassy of Finland in Copenhagen, Counsellor for Press and Cultural Affairs Kristofer Gräsbeck, (+45 33) The Art Collections of Gullichsen in Aalborg 134 214. A selection of art from the collections of the Maire Gullichsen Foundation will be displayed at the North Jutland Art Museum from 6 December 1992. Pori ICELAND Museum of Art, Director Marketta Seppälä, (+358 39) 412 220. Finlandia Sinfonietta in Reykjavik Finland Institute in Copenhagen 17 October 1992 The Finland Institute will be inaugurated in Copenhagen The orchestra conducted by Ralf Gothoni will give in January. Embassy of Finland in Copenhagen, concerts in Iceland, Ireland and Canada. Finlandia Counsellor for Press and Cultural Affairs Kristofer Sinfonietta, Secretary Leena Kantola, (+358 0) 499 900. Gräsbeck, (+45 33) 134 214. Finnish glassware in Nordens Hus in Reykjavik Denmark and Finland in the new Europe 28 November - - 20 December 1992 13 - I4 February 1992 See Sweden. A seminar with the main themes economy, foreign affairs as well as environmental and cultural cooperation, will be Finnish women writers in Reykjavik arranged in Christiansborg in Copenhagen. Pohjola- See Sweden. Norden, Managing Director Gustaf af Hällström, (+358 0) 440 744. SOVIET UNION Kaj Franck in Copenhagen in February - March See Sweden. Finnish and Russian history in St. Petersburg The architecture of Kristian Gullichsen in Gamle A symposium on Finnish and Russian history will be Dok in March arranged in December. Finland 75 Years, Secretary An architectural exhibition will be arranged in the General Pasi Natri, (+358 0) 1341 5909. Danish Centre for Architecture. Embassy of Finland in Copenhagen, Counsellor for Press and Cultural Affairs Finnish production in St. Petersburg Kristofer Gräsbeck, (+45 33) 134 214. 6 - 12 April 1992 Finnish commercial and industrial life will be widely Finnish Chamber Orchestra in Copenhagen exhibited in St. Petersburg. The main events will take 9 August 1992 place on the Island of Vasilyev. Finnish Foreign Trade Concerts conducted by Jukka-Pekka Saraste will be held Association, Regional Director Heikki Savonlahti, in Denmark and Germany on 7 9 August 1992. The (+358 0) 69 591. concert in Copenhagen will be held in the Tivoli Gardens. Finnish Chamber Orchestra, Intendant Ritva Edith Södergran's centenary in St. Petersburg Kuoppamäki, (+358 49) 415 560. I4 - 16 June 1992 1992 will mark the centenary of the birth of poetess Music by Yrjö Kilpinen in Århus in September Edith Södergran. For the Anniversary, international and in Copenhagen in November seminars will be arranged in St. Petersburg, Switzerland See Music in Finland. and the United States as well as a symposium in the Netherlands. Information Centre of Finnish Literature, The Nordic countries through Director Marja-Leena Rautalin, (+358 0) 1312 3290. the Middle Ages in Copenhagen 15 December 1992 - 15 March 1993 Finnish applied arts in Moscow After Germany and France, this exhibition will be Finnish glassware, textiles and ceramics will be exhibited arranged at the National Museum in Copenhagen. at the State Historical Museum. Museum of Applied National Board of Antiquities and Historical Arts, Director Jarno Peltonen, (+358 0) 174 455. Monuments, Director Torsten Edgren, (+358 0) 40 501. St. Petersburg 92 Finnish opera at the Royal Danish Opera Finland is presented in St. Petersburg on 26 July - 2 Finnish opera will be performed at the Royal Danish August with the event "Our Mutual Environment" and Opera in Copenhagen during the Anniversary Year. "Finland Days" with music exhibitions, dance and theatre 24 performances. Finland Soviet Union Society, Head of Finnish art in Tallinn the Culture and Services Unit Riitta Niemi, (+358 0) Paintings from the collection of the National Art Gallery, 693 831. presenting Finnish art from the turn of the century, will be on show. Friedebert Tuglas Society, Exhibition Facts about Finnish democracy Secretary Heikki Rausmaa, (+358 0) 669 617. The exhibition will present the structure of Finnish democracy, social system and government. The "The Baltic - Our Endangered exhibition will open in St. Petersburg in September 1992 Environment" in Tallinn and then tour some of the larger centres of population in See Exhibitions in Finland. the Soviet Union. Institute of the Soviet Union, Director Valdemar Melanko, (+358 0) 651 201. LATVIA Modern dance in St. Petersburg A Finnish modern dance group will perform in Russia, the Baltic countries and Poland. Finland 75 Years, Symposium on Finnish-Latvian relations in Riga Secretary General Pasi Natri, (+358 0) 1341 5909. in December See Estonia. ESTONIA Finnish choral music in Riga in April See Estonia. Symposium on Finnish - Estonian relations Finnish flag tradition in Riga in August The symposium will be held in Tallinn at the beginning See Estonia. of December. Similar events will also take place in Latvia and Lithuania. Finland 75 Years, Secretary General Pasi Modern dance in Riga in October Natri, (+358 0) 1341 5909. See Soviet Union. Finnish Independence Day in Estonia Finnish folk music in December Special events will be organized in Tallinn in particular. See Estonia. Estonian-Finnish Society, Chairman Enn Kreem, (+70 142) 601 801. LITHUANIA Finnish choral music in Tallinn Akademiska Sångföreningen will tour the Baltic countries on 15 - 21 April 1992. Akademiska Symposium on Finnish-Lithuanian relations in Sångföreningen, Chairman René Söderman, (+358 0) Vilnius in December 14 801. See Estonia. Finnish flag traditions in Tallinn Finnish choral music in Vilnius in April An exhibition of Finnish flag traditions will be arranged See Estonia. for the Anniversary Celebration. The exhibition will tour the Baltic countries. The exhibition will take place in Finnish flag tradition in Vilnius in September Tallinn in May. Suomalaisuuden Liitto, Chief Executive See Estonia. Jari Havia, (+358 0) 442 842. Modern dance in Vilnius in October Modern dance in Estonia in October See Soviet Union. See Soviet Union. Finnish folk music in November Poetry recital in Tallin and Tartu in the autumn See Estonia. See Culture in Finland. The history of Finland and Estonia in Tallinn POLAND An exhibition illustrating the history of the two countries will be held in Tallinn from 6 December 1992 and from Modern dance in October the beginning of 1993 in the Crypt of Helsinki Cathedral. See Soviet Union. Friedebert Tuglas Society, Exhibition Secretary Heikki Rausmaa, (+358 0) 669 617. Finnish folk music in November See Estonia. Finnish folk music A Finnish folk music orchestra will perform in the Baltic Finnish modern graphic art countries and Poland in November and December. The This exhibition will be seen also in Germany. Finnish tour will finish up in Tallinn. Finland 75 Years, Secretary Artists Association, Exhibition Secretary Outi Arnold- General Pasi Natri, (+358 0) 1341 5909. Larsen, (+358 0) 493 919. 25 GERMANY - Soile Isokoski, Marita Viitasalo, Arja Saijonmaa and How Many Sisters at the opening ceremony 28 May 1992 Finland in Bonn - exhibition of women's architecture 17 - 23 May 1992 - "Lasimaalaus" (Glass Painting) poetry recital (see The Finnish week includes the following events: Switzerland) - concert by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra at the -dance group "Hurjaruuth" Beethoven Hall 19 May 1992 (see Austria) -Kaija Saariaho's music conducted by the Intendant of - a concert of Lieder at the Beethoven Hall 21 May 1992 the festival, Irmgard Schleier. - an exhibition of Finnish women's art at the Frauen Consulate General of Finland in Hamburg, Consul Museum 15 - 17 July 1992 Anneli Koch, (+4940) 350 8070. - Finnish art exhibition in the Galerie Rolandshof from 17 May 1992 Marja Kanerva's art at Eckenförd 10 January - 15 - Finnish colour graphics exhibition February 1992 - Erik Bruun's posters at the City Hall from 20 May 1992 The exhibition "Still Silent" will be on show at Gallery - Presentations on the history, graphic art and music of Nemo. Galleria Nemo, Director Norbert Weber, Finland at the Open University 20 May, 27 May and 3 (+49 4351) 2750. June 1992 - Finnish films at Brotfabrik 18 May 1992 Art from Lapland - "The Finnish Night" at Brotfabrik 22 May 1992 The exhibition "Jenseits des Polarkreises" (Above the - the final event, a Helsinki Festival in the Market Place Arctic Circle) shows modern art from Lapland. It will be of the Rathaus 31 May 1992 and a Helsinki Exhibition seen at the Kreishaus in Göttingen from 10 January to 7 in conjunction with this event at the City Hall of Bonn February 1992 and at the Potsdam Gallery from 5 March from 20 May 1992. to 19 April 1992. Art Historian Ritva Röminger, Embassy of Finland in Bonn, Counsellor for Press and (+49 228) 253 878. Cultural Affairs Ritva-Liisa Elomaa, (+49 228) 382 980. Music by Usko Meriläinen in Berlin 16 February Finland in Karlsruhe 12 - 25 June 1992 1992 The Finland Festival in Karlsruhe will include the Usko Meriläinen's violin concerto will be given its first following: performance in Germany on 16 February 1992, with - Alvar Aalto exhibition at Landesgewerbeamt 12 - 26 Götz Bernau of the Pihtipudas Quintet as the soloist. June 1992 (see below) Concerto Berlin, Luise Bernau, (+49 30) 741 5530. - exhibition of works by the students of the Lahti Institute of Design at Landesgewerbeamt 12 June - 25 "Ars Baltica" in Kiel from I March 1992 July 1992 Jussi Niva will be presented at the art exhibition of the - Erik Bruun's posters from 12 June 1992 Baltic countries. The Museum of Modern Art, Intendant - exhibition of Finnish technology and research at the Maaretta Jaukkuri, (+358 0) 173 361. University from 15 June 1992 - Hamina exhibition at Landesgewerbeamt 12 June - 25 Architecture of Alvar Aalto July 1992 "In Berührung mit Alvar Aalto", an exhibition of Aalto's - poetry recital "Lasimaalaus" (Glass Painting) at Theater works will tour Germany, France and Spain in 1992. In Inseln, performed by Liisi Tandefelt and Eija Ahvo, 16 Germany, the exhibition will be in Düsseldorf from 18 June 1992 and in Berlin and Dresden in the autumn March to 31 May 1992 and in Karlsruhe from 12 June to (see Switzerland) 25 July 1992. Alvar Aalto Museum, Researcher Kaarina - an open forum on the subject of Finland organized by Mikonranta, (+358 41) 624 807. Europa Union 13 June 1992 - performance by the Opera Studio of the Sibelius Tapio Wirkkala's design Academy 14 June 1992 "Tapio Wirkkala: Experimente in Porzellan" (Experiments - a concert by the Choir of the Student Union of the in Porcelain), an exhibition which will present Tapio Helsinki School of Economics and various Finnish Wirkkala's and Rosenthal's porcelain production, will be artists 17 June 1992 on display at Nürnberg Gewerbemuseum from 19 March - a concert given by violinist Pyry Mikkola and pianist to 19 May 1992 and at the Dresden Museum of Kalle Randalu 22 June 1992 Industrial Arts in September - October. Finnish Glass - Markku Johansson Jazz Band at Jubez 25 June 1992 Museum, Researcher Uta Laurén, (+358 14) 741 494. - Finnish Films at Schaumburg Cinema 18 June 1992 - "The Finnish Night" at the Gottesau Castle 19 June Music by Yrjö Kilpinen in Berlin 22 April 1992 1992. A concert in the State Opera will feature Jorma Embassy of Finland in Bonn, Counsellor for Press and Hynninen, Marianne Häggander and Ralf Gothoni. See Cultural Affairs Ritva-Liisa Elomaa, (+49 228) 382 980. Music in Finland. Festival der Frauen in Hamburg 28 May - 19 Jean Sibelius in Munich 24 April 1992 June 1992 Jorma Hynninen, accompanied by Gustav Djupsjöbacka Finnish women will be widely represented at this event in a Lieder concert, will perform works by Jean Sibelius. displaying various forms of art by women. The Embassy of Finland in Bonn, Counsellor for Press and programme includes the following: Cultural Affairs Ritva-Liisa Elomaa, (+49 228) 382 980. 26 Finnish films in Berlin Anniversary Year in Germany and Austria. Museum of Some recent Finnish full-length films will be shown in Finnish Architecture, Head of the Exhibition Department Berlin in the spring. The Finnish Film Foundation, Hannele Grönlund, (+358 0) 655 358. Information Officer Kirsi Tykkyläinen, (+358 0) 177 727. Finnish modern graphic art in Bonn Books in Leipzig 7 - 10 May 1992 See Poland. Finland will take part in the Leipzig Book Fair, the theme of which will be "Tourism and Languages". Embassy of "The Baltic - Our Threatened Environment" in Finland in Bonn, Counsellor for Press and Cultural Stralsund Affairs Ritva-Liisa Elomaa, (+49 228) 382 980. See Exhibitions in Finland. Finntreff in Stuttgart 5 - 8 June 1992 A traditional German-Finnish event organized by the AUSTRIA church and cultural institutions includes a Finno-Ugrian symposium. Finntreff 92, Chairwoman Aili Greis, (+49 7154) 6667. The Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra in Salzburg I and 2 June and in Vienna 3 and 4 June 1992 Kain Tapper in Rostock 3 July - 23 August 1992 The Helsinki Philharmonics will make a concert tour of Painter Kain Tapper is the Finnish representative at the Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, France and Italy Ostsee Biennale. Gallery Director Norbert Weber, between 15 May and 4 June 1992. The Helsinki (+49 4351) 2750. Philharmonics, Intendant Helena Ahonen, (+358 0) 402 4264. Finnish music in Oberaudorf-Reisach II - 19 July 1992 Alvar Aalto in photographs in Bregenz in January Finland will be the theme for the music festival in 1992. 1992 Oberaudorf-Reisach Musik Festival, Artistic Director See Germany. Graham Lack, (+49 89) 479 439. Kaija Saariaho's music in Vienna 21 May 1992 Finnish Chamber Orchestra The Ensemble 20. Jahrhundert will perform the works in Kiel 7 - 8 August 1992 Valokaari (Arc), Jardin Secret and Grammaire des Reves See Denmark. at a concert which will be televised as part of portrait of composer Kaija Saariaho. Embassy of Finland in Vienna, The Nordic countries through First Secretary Ilkka-Pekka Similä, (+43 1) 531 590. the Middle Ages at the Berlin Altes Museum I September - 15 November 1992 Finnish glass design in Graz See Denmark. The exhibition will be on display in the Joanneum in May - June. Finnish Glass Museum, Researcher Uta Laurén Finnish art in Berlin 3 - 30 September (+358 14) 741 494. A Finnish-German art exhibition will be on show at the Haus am Kleispark. Artist Knut Werner-Rosen, (+49 30) 611 5498. SWITZERLAND Central Ostrobothnian Chamber Orchestra The Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra 15 -17 May 8 - 15 October 1992 1992 The orchestra will perform in Neuss, Düsseldorf, See Austria. Ratingen, Castrop-Rauxel, Gitersloh and Altenburg. Central Ostrobothnian Chamber Orchestra, Intendant Finnish modern architecture Gun-Maj Peltoniemi, (+358 68) 20 146. The exhibition "An Architectural Present 7 "Broken Nest" Approaches" will be on display during the Anniversary Year in Switzerland, Italy and Czechoslovakia. In The KOM theatre group will perform the play Switzerland, the exhibition will be on display in "Pesärikko" in October in Düsseldorf, Bielefeld, Cologne, Solothurn in March - April. Museum of Finnish Frankfurt am Main, Kassel and Münster. KOM Theatre, Architecture, Head of the Exhibition Department Chairman of the Board Kaj Chydenius, (+358 0) 174 197. Hannele Grönlund, (+358 0) 655 358. Finnish books in Frankfurt 7 - 12 October 1992 "Glass painting" in Berne Finland will participate in the Book Fair in Frankfurt. The poetry recital "Lasimaalaus" by Liisi Tandefelt and Embassy of Finland in Bonn, Counsellor for Press and Eija Ahvo will be given during the Anniversary Year in Cultural Affairs Ritva-Liisa Elomaa, (+49 228) 382 980. Germany and Switzerland, where it will be in June. Artist Liisi Tandefelt, (+358 0) 793 191. Alvar Aalto in photographs in Berlin A photographic exhibition "Geheimnis der Form - Architektur von Alvar Aalto" (Secret of Form - Edith Södergran's centenary at Zürich University 10 - 12 September 1992 Alvar Aalto's architecture) will be staged during the See Soviet Union. 27 Finland in Solothurn Environmental technology in Amsterdam 24 October 15 November 1992 I - 4 September 1992 The programme of the celebratory weeks to be arranged A total of 15 Finnish companies will take part in the in the canton of Solothurn in northern Switzerland will exhibition which will also include a seminar. Embassy of include presentations of Finnish music, literature and Finland in The Hague, Commercial Counsellor Ole Silén, food. Schweizerische Vereinigung der Freunde Finnlands, (+31 70) 356 0109. Chairman of the Committee for Cultural Promotion, Deike Hodel von Westemhagen, (+41 61) 281 1402. Finnish literature An exhibition of Finnish literature which has been translated into Dutch will be held in the autumn. The BELGIUM Department of Finnish at University of Amsterdam, Lecturer Päivi Schot-Saikku, (+31 20) 525 3876. The Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra Finnish Christmas bazaar in Rotterdam in Brussels 20 May 1922 See Austria. The bazaar will take place in November. Finnish Seamen's Church, Pastor Toivo Loikkanen, (+3110) 436 6164. A. W. Finch in Brussels 16 January - 31 March 1992 An exhibition and publication of the work of the Finnish- Finnish travel posters Belgian artist A. W. Finch are made in cooperation with The exhibition will be on display in Amsterdam and The Finnish and Belgium experts. The exhibition will open in Hague. Amsterdam Office of the Finnish Tourist Board, Finland in the autumn of 1991 and in Belgium at the Marketing Representative Anne Lind, (+31 20) 671 9876. Royal Museum of Art. Atheneum, Project Secretary Anneli Lindström, (+358 0) 173 361. Finland in the magazines A supplement on Finland will be published in the biggest Finnish Glass in Ghent June October magazines in the Netherlands. Embassy of Finland in The See Sweden. Hague, Commercial Secretary Esko Haavisto, (+31 70) 356 0109. Helsinki Christmas tree for Brussels City of Helsinki's traditional gift of a Christmas tree to Brussels with additional events will form part of the UNITED KINGDOM Anniversary Celebration. City of Helsinki, City Clerk Simo Somiska, (+358 0) 169 222. "Some Like it Cold" in London 10 November — 13 December 1992 THE NETHERLANDS At the Scandinavian Art Festival at the Barbican Centre, the following events are from Finland: Finnish music in The Hague - the symphonies of Sibelius performed by the London The Hague Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leif Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sir Colin Davis and Karita Mattila as soloist Segerstam with a Finnish soloist will give a performance of Finnish music in December. The Finnish Performing - Sibelius's Kullervo Symphony on 6 December 1992 Music Promotion Centre (ESEK), Secretary General Leena (with soloists Jorma Hynninen and Soile Isokoski and Hirvonen, (+358 0) 443 527. the Helsinki University Chorus) - the opera "Maiden in the Tower" and the song work Kalevala Day at University of Amsterdam Luonnotar (Queen of Nature) by Jean Sibelius The event will include lectures on different historical - a seminar on Jean Sibelius topics. The Department of Finnish at University of - a piano concert given by Olli Mustonen 26 November Amsterdam, Lecturer Päivi Schot-Saikku, (+31 20) 1992 525 3876. — the first performance of Magnus Lindberg's composition given by the BBC Symphony Orchestra 27 November 1992 Finnish films for the Dutch A week of Finnish films in March will consist mainly of - a week of Modern Scandinavian Music 8 - 12 the production of the Finnish director Aki Kaurismäki. December 1992 (composer Kaija Saariaho will be The Finnish Film Foundation, Information Officer Kirsi responsible for the artistic direction and the Avanti! Tykkyläinen, (+358 0) 177 727. orchestra will be one of the main performers) - a series of Lieder at the Wigmore Hall (soloists will Edith Södergran's Centenary in Groningen 27 include Karita Mattila 20 November 1992 and Soile May 1992 Isokoski 10 December 1992) A symposium will be held at University of Groningen. - a weekend of jazz 27 - 29 November 1992 The Finno-Ugrian Department of Groningen University, - a Scandinavian design exhibition at the Museum of Lecturer Adriaan van der Hoeven, (+31 50) 732 2094. Design 12 November 1992 - 31 January 1993 (works by Alvar Aalto, Eero Saarinen and Eero Aarnio will be "Small Pictures" at the PTT Museum in the included) Hague 6 August 20 September 1992 - an exhibition of Scandinavian expressionism 11 See Exhibitions in Finland. November 1992 - 7 January 1993 28 - an exhibition of textiles by Kirsti Rantanen Finnish literature in France - an exhibition of the Muumin troll characters A series of events dealing with Finnish literature will be - exhibition "What is Scandinavia?" arranged in November in collaboration with the French - gift of a Finnish Christmas tree to London on 6 Ministry of Culture. Information Centre of Finnish December 1992 and Finnish Christmas Carols Literature, Director Marja-Leena Rautalin, (+358 0) performed by the Helsinki University Chorus. 1312 3290. Embassy of Finland in London, Press Secretary Frank Hellsten, (+44 71) 235 9531. Alvar Aalto in France in the autumn See Germany. Concerts by the Naantali Chamber Choir The choir will give concerts during the Anniversary Year Finnish jazz in Paris in Manchester and Scotland. Naantali Chamber Choir, Finnish jazz will be performed at the Finland Institute in Chief Executive Asta Kallio, (+358 21) 755 363. France in September. Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Press Secretary Hannele Voionmaa, (+358 0) 1341 5825. Finland at London University In the autumn, the University of London will arrange a lecture series on Finland. The lectures will also be SPAIN published. Finland 75 Years, Secretary Pentti Vesanen, (+358 0) 160 4000. Finland at the Sevilla World Exposition 1992 Finland will have its own pavilion at the Sevilla World IRELAND Exposition from 20 April to 12 October 1992. The programme will include performances by the Antti Sarpila Quartet and dance performances by Jorma Finlandia Sinfonietta in Dublin in January Uotinen and Carolyn Carlson. Finland Day at the See Iceland. Exposition will be on 4 June 1992. Expo 92, Chief Commissioner Peter Tallberg, (+358 0) 69 591. Reima and Raili Pietilä in Dublin The exhibition "Pietilä - Intermediate Zones of Modern Finland and the Olympic Games in Barcelona Architecture" which will be arranged in the RIAI 15 April 31 May 1992 Architecture Centre, will be on display in Ireland and The exhibition will present Finland's participation in the France. The exhibition will be in Dublin in March. Olympic Games. Finnish Sports Museum, Office Museum of Finnish Architecture, Head of the Exhibition Manager Kaisa Laitinen, (+358 0) 407 011. Department Hannele Grönlund, (+358 0) 655 358. "Transparencia Azul" in Madrid FRANCE An exhibition of recent Scandinavian Visual Art will be on display in Spain, Portugal and Venezuela during the Anniversary Year. The artists Martti Aiha and Silja The Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra Rantanen from Finland will take part. The Museum of 21 - 23 May 1992 Modern Art, Intendant Maaretta Jaukkuri, (+358 0) See Austria. 173 361. Akseli Gallen-Kallela in Paris Architecture of Alvar Aalto in the autumn 19 September 21 November 1992 See Germany. An exhibition of the works of Akseli Gallen-Kallela will be held at the Finland Institute in France. The Serlachius Museum of Art, Director Maritta Pitkänen, (+358 34) PORTUGAL 49 483. Reima and Raili Pietilä at the Finland Institute in "Transparencia Azul" at the Centro de Arte France in Paris 10 January - 16 February 1992 Moderna in Lisbon 5 May 7 June 1992 See Ireland. See Spain. Finnish Films in Rouen ITALY A series of Finnish films will be screened at the Rouen Film Festival. The Finnish Film Foundation, Information Officer Kirsi Tykkyläinen, (+358 0) 177 727. The Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra 25 - 29 May 1992 The Nordic Countries in the Middle Ages at the See Austria. Grand Palais in Paris I April - 15 July 1992 See Denmark. "Festival Nordico" in Rome The Festival of Nordic culture will be arranged for the "Small Pictures" at the Finland Institute in second time in September and the programme will France in Paris 3 June I4 July 1992 include, on Finland's part, modern art, a rya rug See Exhibitions in Finland. exhibition, jazz, cartoon films and a dance performance 29 by the choreographer Carolyn Carlson. Ministry for perform elsewhere in Czechoslovakia in May. Tapiola Foreign Affairs, Counsellor for Press and Cultural Affairs Choir, Intendant Heidi Heinänen, (+358 0) 455 0757. Matti Isoviita, (+358 0) 1341 5823. Finnish sculpture in Rome 20 January 1992 HUNGARY At the Santa Maria Sopra Minerva Church, the "Saint Henry" sculpture by Sakari Pyhälä will be unveiled. The Catholic Church in Finland, Bishop Paul M. Verschuren, The opening of the Anniversary Celebration in (+358 0) 637 907. Budapest The Embassy of Finland in Budapest will organize the Lectures on Finland in Rome opening ceremony of the Anniversary Year in conjunction with the visit of the Minister of Culture from In March April a series of lectures will be held at the Finland Institute in Rome to deepen knowledge of 27 to 31 January 1992. Embassy of Finland in Budapest, First Secretary Tiina Jortikka-Laitinen (+36 1) 185 0700. Finnish history, science and culture. Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, Amanuensis Simo Örmä, (+39 6) 654 674. Finnish art glass and ceramics in Budapest This exhibition will be arranged on the Embassy premises in January and February and later in some other towns. GREECE Arabia Company, Studio Manager Marjatta Pauloff, (+358 0) 393 9260. The Orchestra of the Sibelius Academy in Athens Literature events in Budapest The Orchestra of the Sibelius Academy will tour Athens A book exhibition, visits by authors and a photographic in cooperation with the Finland Institute in Athens. exhibition of Finnish authors by Irmeli Jung will be held A concert of symphonic music will be given at the Pallas at the Budapest Central Library. Information Centre of Concert Hall on 4 May 1992 and a concert of chamber Finnish Literature, Director Marja-Leena Rautalin, music at the Goethe Institute on 6 May 1992. In (+358 0) 1312 3290. conjunction with the concerts, a Finnish-Greek Chamber music in Budapest colloquium of experts will discuss "The National Chamber music ensembles drawn from the symphony Components of Music in an Integrating World". The orchestra of the Sibelius Academy will tour Hungary, Sibelius Academy, Orchestra Intendant Juhani Poutanen, Romania, Turkey and Israel. The concert in Budapest will (+358 0) 405 4582. be held at the Budapest City Hall. The Sibelius Academy, Secretary for International Affairs Antti Vihinen, (+358 0) Piano music in Athens 405 441. Pianist Reima Raijas will perform new Finnish and Greek music in the Assembly Hall of Athens University in "People without a Land" January - February. The Finland Institute in Athens, The drama "Maaton Kansa" will be performed in Docent Jaakko Frösen, (+30 1) 922 1152. Budapest and also in some other Hungarian towns in May. The Nurmes Drama Club, Secretary Maija-Liisa Finnish antiquity research in Athens Kettunen, (+358 76) 21 464. A lecture on Finnish antiquity research and an exhibition "Letters from Antiquity" will be arranged at the Hungarian-Finnish Friendship Week Goulandris Museum in April. The Finland Institute in The friendship week will be arranged in Hungary and Athens, Docent Jaakko Frösen, (+30 1) 922 1152. Finland in June. The main events will be held in Budapest and Helsinki. The Organizing Committee of the Finnish- "Festival of European History" in Greece Hungarian Friendship Week, chairwoman Anne Palm, During August and September, Finland will take part in a (+358 0) 69 381. Pan-European Festival to be arranged in different parts of Greece. A theatre performance of the Kalevala will form Finnish music in Budapest part of the programme. The Finland Institute in Athens, Finnish music will be one of the themes at the annual Docent Jaakko Frösen, (+30 1) 922 1152. Budapest Contemporary Music Festival in October. Fazer Music, Marketing Manager Jeremy Parsons, (+4471) A literature event in Athens 351 2563. The Greek translations of the Kalevala and fairy-tales by Topelius will be published in October. Additionally, there Lapland and Lappish culture will be lectures by experts and a reception. The Finland The cultural events on Lapland to be held in Hungary in November - December are as follows: Institute in Athens, Translator Maria Martzoukou, (+30 1) - an art exhibition of the works of Reidar Särestöniemi at 922 1152. the National Gallery - an exhibition of photographs of Lapland by Marja CZECHOSLOVAKIA Vuorelainen in Budapest in November and other parts of the country - a seminar on minority cultures. The Tapiola Choir at the Prague Spring Embassy of Finland in Budapest, First Secretary Tiina In addition to the Prague Spring, the Tapiola Choir will Jortikka- Laitinen, (+36 1) 185 0700. 30 ROMANIA Finnish Foundation for the Visual Arts Chief Executive Marjukka Kaminen, (+1 212) 996 2498. Chamber music in Bucarest Jarmo Mäkilä in New York See Hungary. The work of Jarmo Mäkilä will be on display at the Frank Bustamente Gallery in February. Finnish Foundation for the Visual Arts, Chief Executive Marjukka Kaminen, BULGARIA (+1 212) 996 2498. Translation of the Kalevala into Bulgarian "The Kalevala People" A translation of the Kalevala into Bulgarian will be The exhibition will be on display at the Nordic Heritage published during the Anniversary Year. Ministry for Museum in Seattle and from June through September at Foreign Affairs, Press Secretary Hannele Voionmaa, the Hancock Finland College in Michigan. Heureka (+358 0) 1341 5825. Science Centre, Planner Marjut Saloniemi, (+358 0) 805 3158. TURKEY Modern Finnish music in Washington D.C. 3 February 1992 The Contemporary Music Forum concert will be held at Chamber music in Istanbul in May the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Embassy of Finland in See Hungary. Washington, Press Secretary Pirkko-Liisa O'Rourke, (+1 202 )363 2430. ISRAEL Kain Tapper in New York The work of Kain Tapper will be on display at the Center Chamber music in Tel Aviv in May for International Contemporary Arts (CICA) in April. Finnish Foundation for the Visual Arts, Chief Executive See Hungary. Marjukka Kaminen, (+1 212) 996 2498. UNITED STATES Immigrant Publications in the Congress Library An exhibition of the publications of Finns who emigrated to the United States will be on display in the Library of Finnish National Opera in Los Angeles 25 Congress from May through August. Library of Helsinki February - 2 March 1992 University, Chief Librarian Esko Häkli, (+358 0) 1911. The Finnish National Opera will visit Los Angeles where it will give a first performance of Aulis Sallinen's Kullervo "Gifts from the Great Land" in Alaska opera on 25 February 1992. Finnish National Opera, 30 May - 6 September 1992 Information Officer Leena Nivanka, (+358 0) 12 921. The Anchorage Museum of History and Arts will display an exhibition of Alaskan artefacts found by Finnish The Helsinki University chorus in Los Angeles I4 explorers including A. A. Etholén from the collection in - 16 February 1992 the Finnish National Museum. The National Board of The chorus will perform and record Sibelius' Kullervo Antiquities and Historical Monuments, Exhibition symphony conducted by Esa-Pekka Salonen. The Commissioner Pirjo Varjola, (+358 0) 40 501. Helsinki University chorus, Chairman Juha Lappalainen, (+358 0) 435 011. FinnFest in Duluth 23 — 26 July 1992 The annual Finnish-American Celebration will be held for Helene Schjerfbeck in Washington D.C. the tenth time in Minnesota. Finland Society, Chief and New York Executive Martti Häikiö, (+358 0) 174 255. The exhibition of her works will be on display at the Phillips Collection in Washington D.C. from 16 May to Kaj Franck in New York 16 August 1992 and at the National Academy of Design The Museum of Modern Art will assemble the work of in New York in September - October. See Exhibitions in designer Kaj Franck for an exhibition opening in the Finland. summer. Museum of Applied Arts, Director Jarno Peltonen, (+358 0) 174 455. Sculpture in New York The monument sculpted by Martti Aiha will be on Environmental knowhow display from January through June at the Doris Friedman in Minneapolis Plaza on the corner of Central Park. Finnish Foundation University of Minnesota will host a two-day symposium for the Visual Arts, Chief Executive Marjukka Kaminen, "Forest Management and the Paper Industry: Status and (+1 212) 996 2498. Prospects for the Future", which will deal with the en- vironmental questions of the forest industry as a joint Kimmo Kaivanto in New York Finnish-American cooperative venture. Centre for The work of Kimmo Kaivanto will be on display at the Continuing Education, Helsinki University of Technology, Center for International Contemporary Arts (CICA). Training Manager Jorma Heinonen, (+358 0) 451 4059. 31 Biomedicine in Philadelphia from 5 December 1991 to 19 January 1992, the Alberta The symposium "Medicine in the year 2000 and beyond" Craft Council in Edmonton from 20 February to 28 will be organized in the Thomas Jefferson Medical March 1992, the Thunder Bay Art Gallery from 26 June School in Philadelphia in October as a part of Finnish- to 9 August 1992 and the Canadian Museum of American cooperation. Thomas Jefferson Medical Civilization in Ottawa from 5 November 1992 to 10 School, Professor Jussi Saukkonen, (+1 215) 955 6905. January 1993. Finnish Glass Museum, Amanuensis Kaisa Koivisto, (+358 14) 741 491. Edith Södergran's Centenary at Yale 15 - 17 October 1992 Finnish rya rugs A seminar on the Anniversary Year of the poetess Edith An exhibition of Finnish rya rugs will open at the Södergran will be held at Yale University as part of the Canadian Craft Museum in Vancouver from 5 February Scandinavian University Year 1991 - 1992. See Soviet to 29 March 1992 and the Museum for Textiles in Union. Toronto in July through September. Museum of Applied Arts, Director Jarno Peltonen, (+358 0) 174 455. Muumin troll in Washington D.C. A Muumin troll exhibition and seminar will be arranged Finnish Music in Thunder Bay 5 March 1992 in the Library of Congress and the Martin Luther King A concert of Finnish music will be performed by the Library in November. Information Centre of Finnish Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra with the pianist Ralf Literature, Director Marja-Leena Rautalin, (+358 0) Gothoni as soloist as part of the Finlandia 75 Festival in 1312 3290. Thunder Bay. Member of the Finlandia Festival Committee Peter Mäkilä, (+1 807) 345 3687. Finnish music in Washington D.C. The National Symphony Orchestra will give three Finnish Canadians in Vancouver 2 - 5 July 1992 concerts of Finnish music in December at the Kennedy The annual celebration of Finnish Canadians will be Centre with the cellist Arto Noras as soloist. Embassy of arranged for the 53rd time. A Finland conference of the Finland in Washington, Press Secretary Pirkko-Liisa Lutheran Church will be arranged for expatriate Finns on O'Rourke, (+1 202) 363 2430. 1 2 July 1992. Finland Society, Chief Executive Martti Häikiö, (+358 0) 174 255. The Youth Symphony Orchestra VIVO at the Carnegie Hall in New York in December See Sweden. VENEZUELA Scandinavian architecture at the University Three seminars on modern architecture will be arranged "Transparencia Azul" at the Museo de Arte in the autumn as part of the Scandinavian University Contemporaneo in Caracas Year. Texas A & M University, Professor Malcom 23 January - 3 March 1992 Quantrill, (+1 409) 845 1015, and the Embassy of Finland See Spain. in Washington, Press Secretary Pirkko-Liisa O'Rourke, (+1 202) 363 2430. CHILE Finnish films in Los Angeles A screening of Finnish films will be organized in Finnish modern graphic art cooperation with University of California (UCLA). The in Santiago de Chile Finnish Film Foundation, Information Officer Kirsi The exhibition will be on display in the autumn. Ministry Tykkyläinen, (+358 0) 177 727. for Foreign Affairs, Counsellor for Press and Cultural Affairs Matti Isoviita, (+358 0) 1341 5823. Finnish music on the radio A series of programmes "Finland Festivals" presenting Finnish music recorded in the summer of 1991 will be ARGENTINA broadcasted on several radio networks in the United States. Embassy of Finland in Washington, Press Secretary Finnish choral music in Argentina Pirkko-Liisa O'Rourke, (+1 202) 363 2430. Akademiska Sångföreningen will perform at the first "America Cantat" Choral Festival in Mar de Plata in October. At the end of the tour, the choir will give a CANADA concert in Buenos Aires. Akademiska Sångföreningen, Chairman René Söderman, (+358 0) 1480 4817. Finlandia Sinfonietta 20 - 23 October 1992 The orchestra will give concerts in Ottawa, Sudbury and Toronto. It will perform a new work by Srul Irwing Glick JAPAN dedicated to Finnish independence. See Iceland. Finnish music in Tokyo 13 May - 4 June 1992 Glass design by Oiva Toikka Tapiola Sinfonietta, conducted by Osmo Vänskä, the The exhibition "Oiva Toikka: Glass from Finland" will be Jubilate, conducted by Astrid Riska, and Erkki Rautio, on display at the Canadian Craft Museum in Vancouver Walton Grönroos, Jukka Tiensuu and Izumi Tateno will 32 perform at the festival to be arranged for the fourth time. arranged in Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia. Festival of Finnish Music in Tokyo, Professor Izumi Professor Izumi Tateno, (+358 0) 448 131. Tateno, (+358 0) 448 131. Kimmo Pyykkö in Sapporo THE PHILIPPINES 13 September - 18 October 1992 The work of sculptor Kimmo Pyykkö will be on display at the Sapporo Art Park Museum. Sculptor Kimmo Finnish piano music in Manila Pyykkö, (+358 0) 673 003. 2 - 3 March 1992 See Thailand. Kuhmo in Kitakyushu I - 8 November 1992 The Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival and City of Kitakyushu will jointly organize a chamber music INDONESIA happening. Finharmonia, Managing Director Oili Ruuskanen (+358 0) 443 504. Finnish piano music in Jakarta 4 - 10 March 1992 REPUBLIC OF KOREA See Thailand. Helsinki Junior Strings in Seoul 26 July I AUSTRALIA August 1992 An orchestra composed of music students will give a concert at the 20th World Congress of the International Finland days in Melbourne Society for Music Education (ISME) and in China and 17 - 20 April 1992 Hong Kong following this. Helsinki Junior Strings, The days will be organized for the 26th time. Finland Intendant Minna Launonen (+358 0) 755 3165. Society, Chief Executive Martti Häikiö, (+358 0) 174 255. CHINA TANZANIA Helsinki Junior Strings in Beijing in August The Kalevala in Swahili See Republic of Korea. The Swahili translation of the Kalevala will be published at an international seminar "Language, tradition and identity" at the University of Dar es Salaam from 30 HONG KONG March to I April 1992. The Kalevala has now been translated into 40 languages. The Society of Finnish Helsinki Junior Strings in Hong Kong in August Literature, Secretary General Urpo Vento, (+358 0) See Republic of Korea. 1312 3200, and for the seminar, the University of Helsinki, Professor Arvi Hurskainen, (+358 0) 191 2677. THAILAND Finnish modern graphic art in Dar es Salaam Graphics created as part of Finnish-Tanzanian Finnish piano music in Bangkok cooperation will be on display in Nyumba Yasana. II - 13 March 1992 Finnish Society of Artists, Secretary General Esko A concert of piano music by Izumi Tateno will be Vesikansa, (+358 0) 495 062. PUBLICATIONS Story of Finland Finnish photography A high-quality 30-page publication on Finland in 10 in English, German languages will be published in June. Story of Finland will and Spanish be released as wall pictures, booklets, transparencies and Three exhibitions of Finnish art photography will be in a PC format. The material will be distributed for produced for circulation during the Anniversary Year in international information about Finland. Finland 75 Years, January. Association of Photographic Artists, Secretary Secretary General Pasi Natri (+358 0) 1341 5909. General Marjatta Tikkanen (+358 0) 654 503. 33 "The Story of the Finns" Finnish social policy 2017 A book in two volumes on the history of the Finnish During the autumn, an investigation of Finnish social people from 1860 to 1990 will be published in the spring. policy in the next millennium will be published. Kirjayhtymä (publisher), Managing Editor Arno University of Helsinki, Department of Social Policy, Rautavaara, (+358 0) 694 4522. Researcher Timo Piirainen, (+358 0) 1911. The beginning of Finnish independence On the Finnish woman A book series in three parts on the beginning of Finnish A publication on the Finnish woman and her position in independence prepared by a committee set up by the Finland will be completed in different languages during Ministry of Education will be published during the the spring. The Central Union of Women's Organization, Anniversary Year. University of Helsinki, Project Chief Executive Leena Krohn, (+358 0) 135 6626. Manager Ohto Manninen, (+358 0) 1911. On Finnish work The history of independent Finland During the spring, a special issue of the magazine A four-volume book on the history of the period of "Työelämä" (Working Life) dedicated to Finnish work will independence will be published during 1991 - 1992. be published. Ministry of Labour, Head of Information Weilin+Göös (publisher), Publishing Manager Päivi Karri Varmo, (+358 0) 18 561. Väyrynen, (+358 0) 43 771. On the history of social security Independent Finland A book on the history of social security will be published A survey of Finnish history will be published in five during the autumn. Central Union for Social Security, languages. Otava (publisher), Managing Editor Aila Planner Pirkko Hakkarainen, (+358 0) 773 4045. Järvenpää, (+358 0) 19 961. The history of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Finnish literature in English Health An anthology covering the years 1945 - 1990 will be The 75-year history of the Ministry of Social Affairs and published with the support of the Finland 75 Committee. Health will be published in November. Ministry of Social An edition of 10 000 copies will be printed. Society of Affairs and Health, Head of Information Marja Rantanen, Finnish Literature, Publishing Director Matti Suurpää, (+358 0) 160 5417. (+358 0) 1312 3210. The history of the Accident Finnish literature in German Compensation Office The anthology will include literature from the 20th A history of the State Accident Compensation Office will century. Information Centre of Finnish Literature, be published in celebration of its 75th anniversary on 28 Director Marja-Leena Rautalin, (+358 0) 1312 3290. December 1992. State Accident Compensation Office, Information Officer Sami Moksunen, (+358 0) 708 3205. Finnish cultural history in German Finnish cultural history based on the history of the On the use of the Lapp language University of Helsinki completed for the 350th A guide to the Lapp people's language-related rights anniversary of the foundation of the university will be which are in accordance with the new law will be published in German during the Anniversary Year. The published with the support of the Finland 75 Committee. Finland 75 Committee, Secretary Pentti Vesanen, (+358 0) This guide will be delivered to all Lapp households. The 160 4000. Lapp Delegation, Secretary General Juha Guttorm, (+358 697) 51 181. Classics of Finnish literature Classics of Finnish literature will be published in different Sámegiela geavaheamis languages during the 1990s. In 1992, a selection of Edith Odda lágas oaivvilduvvon sápmelaččaid gielalaš Södergran's poems will be published in Spanish and vuoigatvuodain olggosaddojuvvo jagis 1992 rávagihppa. Mika Waltari's "The Egyptian" will be published in Dan goasttida Suomi 75 vuotta -doaibmagoddi ja dat Russian. Information Centre of Finnish Literature, juhkkojuvvo juohke sámedállui. Sámi Parlamenta, Director Marja-Leena Rautalin, (+358 0) 1312 3290. váldočálli Juha Guttorm, (9697) 51 181. Poems by expatriate Finns Architecture The results of a poem competition for expatriate Finns of Tapiola will be published in an anthology of 150 poems at the As part of the 40th anniversary of Tapiola, a book on its beginning of the Anniversary Year as an opening for the history and architecture will be published on 11 May "Roots in Finland" project. Finland Society, Manager of 1992. City of Espoo, Museum Director Mariliina Perkko, Studies Jyrki Ijäs, (+358 0) 174 255. (+358 0) 505 0121. Economics 2017 On the tradition of physical In November, a study on the possibilities for the exercise in Finland development of the national economy will be published A book on Finnish sports traditions will be published in by ETLA (Research Institute for Economic Life), Research the spring. The Sports Museum of Finland, Amanuensis Director Pekka Ylä-Anttila, (+358 0) 609 900. Riitta Forsman, (+358 0) 407 011. 34 An anniversary magazine of independence A multivision of Akseli Gallen-Kallela In November, an anniversary magazine of independence A multivision slide show on the production of artist will be published and distributed to households free of Akseli Gallen- Kallela will be completed in the spring charge. Finland 75 Years, Secretary General Pasi Natri, and later transferred to video. Gallen-Kallela Museum, (+358 0) 1341 5909. Director Erja Pusa, (+358 0) 513 388. A Nature Calendar 1992 Finland on video A wall calendar which shows the Finnish wilderness in During the Anniversary Year, a video dealing with text and pictures will be available in Finnish and Swedish, Finland mainly for international information activities as well as English, German, Russian and Estonian. will be completed. Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Suomen Luonnonsuojelun Tuki (Friends of Finnish Counsellor Tatu Tuohikorpi, (+358 0) 1341 5898. Nature Conservation), Marketing Manager Tuulikki Aaltonen-Jokela, (+358 0) 876 6150. A video on the Finnish flag A videotape about the Finnish flag, the main national Game of Finns symbol, will be made especially with the sponsorship of A game of general knowledge on the nature, culture and the Finland 75 Committee. Intertele, Producer Pasi welfare of the Finns will be ready in January. It will also Piirainen, (+358 57) 544 614. be available in PC format. The Timo Venhola Company, Managing Director Timo Venhola, (+358 0) 446 545. Getting to know the world through documentary videotapes "New Blue and White" Getting to Know the World will produce the videos The Tapiola Choir and the Tapiola Sinfonietta will record "Times - Customs" and "A disabled person is an some of the most well-known Finnish songs for the alternative" as well as a video on Finland and Sweden as Anniversary Year. Ondine, Managing Director Reijo neighbours. Getting to Know the World Campaign, Kiilunen, (+358 0) 493 913. Project Secretary Paul Lwoff, (+358 0) 654 809. Finland on a Video Disc Silver and gold commemorative coins A video disc about Finland based on laser techniques and A 100-mark silver commemorative independence coin allowing for interaction will be ready in June sponsored and a 1000-mark gold commemorative independence especially by the Finland 75 Committee and the Finnish coin will be issued in December 1992. This will be the Broadcasting Company. The video disc will present first time gold coins have been minted in Finland since Finland at the "Jukola Jakomäki Brussels - Finland 75" 1926. Bank of Finland, Senior Cashier Reijo Mäkinen, exhibition at the Heureka Science Centre and later it will (+358 0) 894 1473. be used by Finnish missions abroad and by schools. Datapelago, Producer Matti Vuorio, (+358 0) 752 3039, Jubilee minting of a 5-mark coin and Heureka Science Centre, Planner Tuomo Olkkonen, In the spring, a collector's batch of the 5-mark coin with a (+358 0) 857 9271. seal motif will be issued and the profit will be used to support the protection of the Saimaa ringed seal. The "Finland every minute" Finnish Mint, Director Raimo Makkonen, (+358 0) A 7-minute multivision slide show using 21 projectors 894 3362. dealing with Finnish work will first be shown at the anniversary exhibition at the Heureka Science Centre. Commemorative postage stamps Economic Information Bureau, Director Tuomo Haavisto, PTL-Posti will issue a commemorative independence (+358 0) 131 511. stamp as well as a stamp which is based on the winning work in a drawing competition "Independence through A Race for Life and Death the eye of a child" on 5 October 1992. Stamp Centre, A full-length feature film based on the novel by Laila Production Manager Erkki Tapanainen, (+358 0) Hietamies will have its premiere on 3 December 1992. 195 4688. Cinebon, Director Taavi Kassila (+358 0) 135 5500. Jubilee independence medal A film on the composer Aulis Sallinen The profit from the jubilee medal will be used for the A film produced in collaboration with the American benefit of the war veterans. The medal can be obtained Oldenburg Productions will be completed in December from the veteran organizations from the beginning of 1991. Marko Röhr Productions, Producer Marko Röhr February onwards. Finnish Medal Art Guild, Secretary (+358 11) 36 236. General Ilkka Voionmaa, (+358 0) 477 1163 35 ANNIVERSARY PRODUCTS BRING HAPPY FACES A wide selection of products will also herald the anniversary. Some of the products will be marketed commercially and some will devote part of the turn-over to charity, mainly disabled children. The following products are mentioned in the programme Anniversary T-shirts and sweatshirts of the Anniversary Celebration (page 35 of this T-shirts (FIM 98) and sweatshirts (FIM 189) printed with brochure): the Anniversary Year emblem will be available. 10% of - Silver 100 FIM commemorative coin the turn-over will go to disabled children. IloMetri, - Gold 1.000 FIM commemorative coin Managing Director Anneli Paalu, tel (+ 358 0) 694 8533, - An anniversary minting of the new 5 FIM coin fax 694 8916. featuring the ringed seal in 1992 - Commemorative stamp for independence Anniversary sparkling wine - Postage stamp depicting independence through Marli's Elysée Dry will be the Anniversary sparkling wine the eyes of children with Alko number 8519 available from Alko's retail stores. - Anniversary medal. Anniversary bread In addition, the products of the anniversary will include: The anniversary bread is the winner of a competition organized by the Finnish Bakers' Union. The bread An anniversary table-top flag standard combines the best qualities of Finnish dark and light The standard with a spectrolite base has the text "Suomi bread. Kotisaari, Managing Director Risto Korenius, 75" (Finland 75) on the pole. It costs FIM 300. Finnish tel (+ 358 0) 75 601, fax 795 372. Union, Chief Executive Jari Havia, tel (+358 0) 446 587, fax 496 871. Anniversary pastry Finnish confectioners have prepared a delicious An anniversary emblem table-top pennant anniversary pastry. The Finnish Bakers' Union, standard tel (+ 358 0) 1488 7300, fax 1488 7301. The standard with a marble base costs FIM 140 and with a spectrolite base costs FIM 300. Finnish Union, Chief Paper bag Executive Jari Havia, tel (+358 0) 446 587, fax 496 871. The Finland 75 office has produced an anniversary paper bag mainly for foreign PR purposes which has Writing pads and envelopes been supplied to Finnish missions abroad. Ministry for Writing pads, meeting notebooks and envelopes printed Foreign Affairs, Departmental Secretary Ritva Scott, with the anniversary emblem will be available from the tel (+ 358 0) 1341 5828, fax 1341 5845. bookshops. United Paper Mills, Product Manager Arto Yliherne, tel (+358 42) 493 408, fax 44 495. Emblem stickers Anniversary Year emblem stickers can be ordered for general use at a price of FIM 5 and letter sealing stamps for FIM 0,15. 10 % of the selling price will go to disabled children. Stiket, Managing Director Sakari Kuhanen, tel (+ 358 0) 804 1399, fax 804 1503. Anniversary matches Boxes of matches with the Anniversary emblem will be on sale throughout the country. Two pennies of the price will go to disabled children. Lehto Euromatches, Sales Manager Arto Widgren, tel (+ 358 45) 20 230, fax 20 210. Anniversary candles Independence Day candles will cost FIM 10 each and anniversary table candles will be sold in packs of two at FIM 17. In addition, six-pack slow-burning flickering candles in the anniversary emblem colours will be available at FIM 12. Päijät-Häme Product Ring, Manager of the Centre Erkki Leskinen, tel (+ 358 18) 550 750, fax 550 299. 36 THE FINLAND 75 COMMITTEE PREPARES THE ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION The Finland 75 Committee appointed by the Government Managing Director Tapani Kahri is responsible for the programme and PR of the Secretary General Jaakko Kalela Anniversary. Secretary of State Eino Keinänen Opera Director Ilkka Kuusisto Bank Director Kalevi Sorsa, Chairman Minister of Social Affairs and Health Eeva Kuuskoski Under-Secretary of State Mauri Eggert, Deputy Chairman Senior Lawyer Raimo Lehtinen Secretary General Jaakko Numminen, Deputy Chairman Professor Pertti Pesonen Mr. Erkki Aho, M.A. (Pedagogics) Director Bengt Pihlström Managing Director Jussi-Pekka Alanen Professor Erkki Salonen Radio Director Olli Alho Mr. Timo Soini, M.Sc. (Pol. Sc.) Mr. Jörn Donner, MP Rector Päiviö Tommila Director General Ralf Friberg Writer Kaari Utrio Ms. Elsi Hetemäki-Olander, Professor Olli Valkonen former Deputy Speaker and MP Architect Kari Virta Managing Director Carl-Olaf Homén Under-secretary of State Nils Wirtanen GOVERNORS' WORKING GROUPS OPERATING IN THE PROVINCES The preparation of the Anniversary Celebration in the Mikkeli Province provincial administrations takes place in Finland 75 Governor J. Juhani Kortesalmi, Chairman working groups under the leadership of the Governors. Information Officer Pirkko Nuotio-Myllys, Secretary, Contact the secretary to the working groups. (+358 55) 191 2035 Åland Islands Oulu Province Governor Henrik Gustafsson, Chairman Governor Eino Siuruainen, Chairman Research Secretary May Wideman, Secretary, Information Officer Kirsti Tolmunen, Secretary, (+ 358 28) 28 050 (+ 358 81) 314 1111 Häme Province Northern Karelia Province Governor Risto Tainio, Chairman Governor Esa Timonen, Chairman Executive Secretary Osmo Vuorenoja, Secretary, Schools Inspector Pentti Nuutinen, Secretary, (+358 17) 2288 (+358 73) 1421 Keski-Suomi Province Turku and Pori Province Governor Kalevi Kivistö, Chairman Governor Pirkko Työläjärvi, Chairman Director of Cultural Affairs Seppo Patrikainen, Secretary, Planning Officer Lea Hemminki, Secretary, and Planning (+358 41) 652 211 Officer Tove Saarto, Secretary, (+358 21) 660 111 Kuopio Province Uusimaa Province Governor Kauko Hjerppe, Chairman Governor Eva-Riitta Siitonen, Chairman Schools Inspector Marjatta Rajamo, Secretary, Planning Officer Virpi Einola-Pekkinen, Secretary, and (+358 71) 164 326 Schools Inspector Eija Haapanen, Secretary, (+358 0) 17 351 Kymi Province Governor Matti Jaatinen, Chairman Vaasa Province Information Secretary Terhi Niinikoski, Secretary, Governor Tom Westergård, Chairman (+358 51) 275 2243 Information Officer Erkki Peräsalo, Secretary (+358 61) 236 111 Lapland Province Governor Asko Oinas, Chairman Executive Secretary Kari Laine, Secretary, (+358 60) 2951 37 ANNIVERSARY SECRETARIES, EXPERTS AND PERSONNEL The secretariat of the Finland 75 Committee has four Expert on the "Roots in Finland" project persons, of whom the secretary general is full-time and Project Manager of the Finland Society Paula Selenius, the rest part-time. The postal address of the committee is (+358 0) 174 255 Box 103, SF-00161 Helsinki. The street address is Kanavakatu 3 D, Katajanokka. Telephone is Office Staff (+358 0) 134 151 and telefax 1341 5845. Assistant Kirsi Heinonen, (+358 0) 134 151 Information Secretary Hilkka Hyrkkö, (+358 0) 134 151 Secretaries Programme Secretary Marjo Nummelin, Secretary General Pasi Natri, (+358 0) 1341 5909 (+358 0) 134 151 Chief Executive Pirkko Lahti, (+358 0) 670 560 Editor-in-chief Hannu Taavitsainen, (+358 0) 771 2014 Archive Manager Pentti Vesanen, (+358 0) 160 4000 Permanent experts Senior Ministerial Secretary at the Ministry of the Environment Hannu Karjalainen, (+358 0) 199 1225 Director General at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health Arto V. Klemola, (+358 0) 160 3795 Junior Ministerial Secretary at the Ministry of Education Kirsi Nyman, (+358 0) 1341 7233 Senior Budgetary Secretary at the Ministry of Finance, Kaarina Suihkonen, (+358 0) 160 3024 Press Secretary at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs Hannele Voionmaa, (+358 0) 1341 5825 38 CONTACT US! THE FINLAND 75 YEARS OFFICE BOX 103 SF-00161 HELSINKI TEL (+358 O) 134151 FAX 13415845 R M A H 0 R E FINLAND 75 YEARS Motion STATE D TELE & Terinit Card SAMI ELOPURO HITS FOR GOLD 3 Terinit Soccer's The Long Run: Biomechanics Physical Education Explained Polka on Ice 1/92 The Finnish Society for Research in Sport and Physical Education New Opportunities to Cooperate International cooperation in sports is not an autonomous area, but its development complies with broader economic and political trends in the world. In Europe, there is a trend both towards subregional and all-Europan cooperation. The European Community is expanding its activities. The Community's policies purport to utilize sports for the implementation of its objectives in other areas, such as health, education and tourism, and to enhance its visibility in the world media. For this purpose the Community will arrange sports information campaigns to raise public awareness and interest among the people and to strengthen its presence in various sports events. The movement towards a single European market empha- sizes the general need of standardisation and harmonisa- tion and the promotion of the free flow of goods and people. In the sports area this means, among other things, the free flow of professional sportsmen and of certain types of sporting equipment. It also means the recognition of the qualification of trainers and the abolition of exclusive televi- sion rights. While the European Community stresses the instrumental value of sports, the Council of Europe aims to spread sports for all. It recognises the autonomy of sports and offers to sports organisations the right to decide about the rules of the game. The Council of Europe is currently facing new challenges. They are raised both by the expansion of the European Community and the complicated transformation of Eastern Central Europe to a new political and economic system. The Council of Europe has good possibilities to become a kernel of comprehensive all-European cooperation in sports. Naturally, such a system of cooperation is com- plemented by subregional sports contacts. The Nordic cooperation in sports can be traced back to the beginning of this century. Recently, it has been plagued, however, by routine and stagnation, and consequently needs new stimuli. Such stimuli is availabe from the expansion of available the sports cooperation in the Baltic Sea region. This would incorporate the newly independent Baltic republics to new fields of subregional cooperation, but also provide a chan- nel for the Russian territories adjoining the Baltic Sea to participate in sports activities. The German and Polish con- tributions would bring knowledge and ideas from Central and Eastern Central Europe. The economic problems in the eastern rim of the Baltic Sea naturally complicate any plans of cooperation. In practical terms, this means that the more affluent countries and organisations in the region must be prepared to share their experience and resources in various fields of sports research, policies and events. One could even consider the organisation of separate Bal- tic Sea Games to probe the new opportunities of cooper- ation. In addition to such multilateral events, the Finnish sports organisations and authorities should expand their cooperation in sports policies and research bilaterally with the Baltic countries. By Raimo Väyrynen Prof. Raimo Väyrynen is chairman of the Finnish Society for Research in Sports and Physical Education and Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki. 2 Columnist CONFESSIONS OF A FITNESS By Lord Mayor Kari Rahkamo of Helsinki FAN "Humans may be intelligent beings, but we were created to move." Finns are fitness fans. From toddlers to father-in-law spends a few minutes a day sports through voluntary activities as well senior citizens, nearly every one can ski, pedaling his exercise bike and appears to as lessons. Society, the state and local bike and swim - mainly just for fun, but have improved his muscle tone. But then government should likewise provide quite often to stay in shape. Exercise on a he has 30 years of hitting a tennis ball more financial support for sports clubs. regular basis is a ritual: at least three behind him. Competitive sports attract only a fraction times a week if you want to improve your What does exercise do for me? I have of athletes, but these also demand spe- condition. Of course, it depends on which notices that I work better when I am in cial attention. If family and friends are sup- form of exercise you choose and how long good shape. It builds self-confidence to portive, interest in improving perfor- or short you work at it. look in a mirror and really like what you mance grows. Young people need I confess I make it a point to exercise regu- see. encouragement and practical assist- larly with at least two good workouts Home and school play important roles in ance. weekly. My own advice from long experi- awakening children's interest in sports. All of us need exercise. For most people, ence is avoid breaks and unhealthy My own children did not have a lot of work is physically too easy. Sports offer a straining. As a former athlete I know my pocket money, but they always had the solution. Humans may be intelligent own performance level and what is good sporting equipment they needed. I myself beings, but we were created to move. for me. Winters I ski and summers are for was lucky to be born into a sporting family. Remember this and keep fit for life. jogging and orienteering. Setting goals is My grandfather was an athlete and my most important. I do. I work out to keep fit father was also involved in sports. My par- and fight the aging process. There is ents were patient, supportive and inter- nothing like being able to maintain the ested in my success. I consider it my duty Kari Rahkamo was appointed Lord Mayor same performance level as earlier. to support my own daughter, Susanna, as of Helsinki in 1991. He has had a long I was perhaps not a born athlete which she trains for the Olympics (See article on career in government service and was a means I had to practice harder, so even page 26). It has been a pleasure to follow prominent figure in the city's administra- now it is no problem to find the energy to and encourage her, despite the incredible tion. go running. Incidentally, if you become effort required to achieve such a high As an active athlete in the '50's and '60's, interested in sports at an early age, it can international level. he was the best in the triple jump in Scan- stick with you through life. My 83-year-old Schools should stimulate interest in team dinavia for years. 3 Editorial Only part of the programme holds interest imes are hard in Finland and elsewhere. An economic crisis result- T ing in rising unemployment has the entire nation worried. To make matters worse, Seppo Räty's world record in the javelin was recently taken away. The only bright spot on the horizon is the upcoming Winter Olympics in Albertville. The International Olympic Committee has always insisted that the Olym- pics be arranged in a single place, not just the same country or even prov- ince. In February 1992, however, international competitions in winter sports will be held all over Savoy. Albertville is just one site stuck away in a corner of this region. The entire conglomeration of competitions will go under the name of the Winter Olympics, but this is about all they have in common. Most Finns could hardly care less about the programme scheduled for Pralogna and La Plagne. Interest in what goes on in Albertville, Val d'Isère, Les Arcs, Tignes and Les Menuires will only be mild at best. On the other hand practically everyone in Finland will be following the events in Les Saisies and Courcheval, and some of the doings in Meribel will also attract a large audience. Most of the world views the Winter Olympics as a whole with the same indif- ference which Finns are likely to feel for the bobsledding and tobogganing in La Plagne. Judging from past experience, the very events which have the greatest fascination for Finns and in which Finland has made and can be expected to make the best showing are those which hold the least appeal for most other nations. Cross-country skiing has been an Olympic sport for nearly 70 years, yet only five nations have managed to win gold medals and only four other nations have come away with a silver or bronze! The corresponding figures are 6+4 for ski jumping and 4+6 for ice-hockey. Meanwhile 11 nations have won medals in sledding, 12 in speed skating, 15 in figure skating and 16 in Alpine skiing. It is worth pointing out that a total of 234 Olympic medals have been presented in cross-country skiing compared with 147 in bob- sledding and tobogganing. The Nordic countries would be only too happy if sledding were left out of the Winter Games. But it is likely that many more nations would just as well see cross-country skiing omitted. Finns dream of hosting the Winter Olympics one day (with or without sled- ding). According to an international sports guru, the problem in Albertville is not the geographical distance between sites and the poor roads con- necting them. Nor is it the obvious difficulties with arrangements at differ- ent locations. Instead the worst or actually only problem is a lack of five- star hotels. The most important elements for a successful Winter Olympics are high mountains and plenty of luxury accommodation. Finland has neither of these. Our chances of ever having the Winter Games here are nil. Göran Wallén 4 Motion Contents FINLAND The science of soccer 22 Soccer - a biomechanical skill and match analysis approach, a book written by Dr. Pekka Luhtanen, has only one aim: the total understanding of the game. 32 The continuing story of success: The flying javelin 32 the javelin and the Finns. Finns have always been the best in javelin throwing. How can a small nation dominate a sport for decades? Carnival in snow 46 Shrovetide is the one time of the year when no one is too old or too proud to go sledging. PHYSICAL EDUCATION Creating an active lifestyle 6 26 Susanna Rahkamo and Petri Kokko: In principle, every child in Finland should receive a versatile physical polka on ice. education at school. Yet the Finns are apparently becoming divided into first- and second-class citizens in this respect. 36 Anssi A new program for professionals 11 Rauramo: mastering A major reform is about to take place in the education of Finnish sports the ball, professionals. mastering politics. The success formula 15 No nation can rely only to its own resouces. The key to success in sports is the export and import of knowledge. PEOPLE A few polka beats from victory 26 Susanna Rahkamo and Petri Kokko are rapidly rising to the world's ice-dance elite. The desire to win 36 Leading Finnish politicians have backgrounds in sports. Playing is not enough 42 Sami Elopuro, now in the world's top ten in squash, has set his aims high. Motion is published biannually by The Finnish Society for Research in Sport and Physical Education, Stadion, 00250 Helsinki, Finland, tel. 358-0-444 582. Editor-inChief: Göran Wallen, editor Leena Nieminen. is Editorial Contents: Matti Sovijärvi/Helsingin Lehdentekijät, Eerikinkatu 7 C, 00100 Helsinki, Finland, tel. 358-0-693 3588. Layout: Helena Hajanti. Editorial Board: Ari Aalto, Jouko Jokinen, Joel Juppi, Mikko Karlsson, Raija Mattila, 6 Physical education: creating a healthy Reetta Meriläinen, Matti Sovijärvi, Reino Summanen. English Translation: Wortexport Advertising Sales and Subscriptions: Leena Nieminen, tel. 358-0-444 582. nation. ISSN 0788-0332 IS-Paino, lisalmi 1992. Cover Photo: Erkki Ruokonen 5 Education Let's Get Physical By Jouko Jokinen In principle every child in Finland should receive a good and versatile physical education at school. If schools achieved their objectives in this sphere, the entire population would be prepared for an active life- style, develop useful skills and enjoy opportunities for self-expression and an appreciation of sports culture by the age of 16. T here are certainly plenty of people in Finland who have been able to put these worthy goals into practice. In all probability they have managed in spite of school, since the biggest factor influencing physical education is chance. Eary training varies Many Finns first come into contact with physical education while still in their mother's womb. Expectant mothers receive information regarding exercise LEHTIKUVA through Finland's excellent network of 6 ПГО 130 SAAAAS According to the school syllabus, every According to the school syllabus, every child es expected to become familiar with Finn is expected to become familiar with gymnastics, athletics, ball games, winter gymnastics, winter sports, ball sports, sports, and swimming. athletics, swimming, orienteering and Gymnastics is supposed to account hiking. around 30 per cent of total PE instruction. Gymnastics is supposed to account for around a third of total PE instruction for girls and about a fourth for boys. The most prenatal clinics, and exercise sessions for important winter sport is cross-country pregnant women are quite popular. skiing. Major ball sports include Finnish Finns' physical education during their baseball, basketball and volleyball, plus early years depends entirely on what kind football and ice-hockey for boys. of family they are born into. If mom and In the lower stage of the comprehensive dad are interested in sports and take baby school (ages 7-13) the goal of physical to swimming lessons and parent-child education is to help children develop ver- exercise classes, for example, the child satilely, taking into account children's will naturally receive stimulation in this interests, needs and abilities. Instruction area. should provide a wide range of stimuli to Over half of all Finnish children under the awaken interest in sports. age of seven attend public day-care cen- Teaching initially concentrates on the tres. Physical education for pre- development of rhythm, balance, reaction schoolers depends entirely on teachers' and discrimination ability as well as basic own interests. Teachers may hold daily motor skills. Instruction in different sports exercise periods or simply depend on begins in the third grade. children to take care of their own needs. Physical education for girls focuses Most day-care centres arrange 30- especially on developing skills and minute exercise sessions weekly, how- aerobic endurance. The focus for boys is ever. Daily routines also include games also on skills and especially reaction and and other physical activities. discrimination ability, with emphasis also Day-care centres vary a great deal in this being placed on motion exercises. Fit- respect. Last autumn the Finnish Central ness exercises are also introduced. Sports Federation began a pilot project Instruction becomes more difficult in the under the slogan "Real Young Finland" to upper stage of the comprehensive school remedy the situation. (ages 13-16). New sports are included in Eleven day-care centres have so far been the syllabus, along with traffic and health included in the project. The idea is to education. expand it eventually to all of Finland's Up to now this is all fine and PE sounds 2,400 day-care centres. great. There's nothing wrong with the In September the day-care centres test- goals; the only problem is putting them ing the programme focused on outdoor into practice. sports such as hiking, biking and orien- Limited time allocated teering. In October the children played ball games indoors and outdoors, and in The first practical problem is the amount November they continued indoors of time available for physical education: around the theme of rhythm, music and 1-3 hours a week in the lower stage of the creative exercise. comprehensive school, 2-3 hours in the This project has been given an enthusias- upper stage and 1-2 hours a week in the tic reception and has been praised as a senior secondary school. With such a way to satisfy boys' need for exercise. short time available, PE can at best pro- The originators of the idea solemnly vide only an enjoyable break from other affirm that they are not pushing competi- school work. Various matters can be dis- tive sports into day-care centres. Accord- cussed during lessons, but real learning ing to the Finnish Central Sports Feder- and the development of skills have to take ation, the project actually works in the place on children's own time. opposite direction and helps keep differ- Another problem concerns teachers. In ent organisations from marketing individ- the first six grades PE is the responsibility ual sports aggressively to this age group. of classroom teachers. Some teachers are quite interested in sports, while others High goals a problem could hardly care less. It's not unknown Compulsory education in Finland begins for a teacher to "forget" the whole subject, at the age of seven, and every Finn is using the excuse that children get enough exposed to official physical-education exercise during breaks. LEHTIKUVA goals at this time if not earlier. All children Specialized teachers are responsible for attend PE classes during the compulsory this subject in grades seven through nine nine-year comprehensive school. and in the senior secondary school. In 9 sports are mainly the responsibility of non-school clubs. Since 1986 Finland has had a number of senior secondary schools specializing in sports. Last year there were 11 such schools, which cater to promising ath- letes. During the training and competition sea- son, pupils can reduce their course load and concentrate on sports. This idea is now being extended to the upper stage of the comprehensive school in some areas. Extremely good results have been obtained so far. Decline in physical condition How can the success or failure of physical education be measured? Some people declare that they developed a hatred for sports in school. Others say that PE les- sons stimulated a life-long interest in LEHTIKUVA sporting activities. Regardless of fine- sounding syllabuses, the most important factor is the teacher. If he or she is an enlightened and inspiring person, the A study completed in the late 1980s showed that in Finland the number of children in very good end result will most likely be good. shape has risen - as has the number of those in very poor condition. In the '80s young Finns' attitudes towards sports generally became more positive. Greater interest in sports has not led to an improvement in the average young per- recent years, however, there has been a physical education. In the senior second- son's physical condition, however. shortage of PE teachers, and particularly ary school attitudes are fairly positive. In the old days young people particularly in rural areas schools have had to rely on Physical education now faces an even in the countryside had to perform physi- unqualified substitutes to do the job. worse threat. A committee is currently at cal work and travel long distances to Young PE teachers have found better- work on a new syllabus which will also school - skiing, walking or biking. Nowa- paid positions working for organisations influence the goals of physical education. days children simply take the bus and with more money than the school system. There has already been talk of making PE generally lead a cushy life. Progress is Chance still influences school children's an optional subject. If this happens, the fine, but the down side is a decline in physical education even if they do have a most enthusiastic pupils will naturally young people's physical condition, which qualified teacher. If you ask people to select PE, but those who are not so a few hours of PE in school cannot cor- recall their own experiences of PE inclined would find themselves left out. rect. classes, the answers mainly fall into two "Teachers would no doubt like this sort of Mr Matti Yrjölä, a PE teacher and former categories. They remember PE either as division, since it would produce classes in shot-putter, has compared 13-year-old the most enjoyable subject or as the worst which all the pupils are motivated," notes boys' long-jump results in 1967 and 1983. subject of all. Ms Koskinen. Sports people are not The outcome was astonishing: the aver- This polarization can be attributed partly impressed by the idea, however, since it age fell from 341 centimetres in 1967 to to natural inclinations, but in most cases would allow pupils to drop out of physical 308 centimetres in 1983, a drop of 9.7%. the biggest factor is the personality of the education in their teens. During the intervening period Finland teacher. Even today you will find PE went through a major structural change instructors who seem to have adopted from a rural society to an industrial welfare their teaching style straight from the mili- state, and in the 1970s the educational tary. All too many teachers show little Sports clubs popular system was completely reformed. regard for pupils' development. If physical education were left entirely to A broad study of school pupils' physical According to Ms Pirkko-Liisa Koskinen the schools, the outlook would condition which was completed in the late of the National Board of Education, "In undoubtedly be gloomy. Over half of 1980s showed that Finnish school child- one school the teacher taught the boys school-age children in Finland belong to ren are still in fairly good shape. One inter- boxing the entire autumn. This would no some type of sports club, however. In esting finding was that the number of doubt have continued if one of the parents addition to non-school clubs, around pupils in really good condition and the had not given us a call." 30% of the clubs operating in compre- number in really poor condition had both According to Ms Koskinen, children are hensive schools focus on sports. risen. Despite the lofty goals set for physi- quite interested in sports in the early Although Finland is a sporting nation, cal education, Finns are apparently grades. In grades seven through nine, a competitive sports do not play a very becoming divided into first- and second- split takes place, with some pupils enjoy- important role in schools, as they do in the class citizens in this respect - super- ing sports and others taking a dislike to United States, for example. Competitive users and complete non-users. IO Exercise Winds of Change: Educating Sports Professionals By Kirsti Sintonen Photos by Jorma Puusa A major reform is about to take place in the education of Finnish sports professionals, which is of a very high standard internationally, especially in terms of duration. The goal is to shorten the period of schooling for PE teachers and sports instructors. Changes will also affect the training of coaches. T he highest level of instruction in the sports field is provided by the University of Jyväskylä in central Finland. Students at the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences can gene- rally be identified by their tracksuits and running shoes. Most of the staff can also be found in similar gear. Around 750 students attend courses at the sport faculty's main building, which was designed by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. The faculty awards more than 60 master's degrees a year. In addition to PE teachers, the faculty trains experts in sports administration, coaching, health education and physio- therapy. The faculty is divided into four departments: the Department of Physical Education, the Department of Biology of Physical Activity, the Department of Social Science and Sport and the Department of Health Sciences. The Faculty of Sport and Health Science at the University of Jyväskylä has 750 students. In addition to future PE teachers, the faculty trains experts in sports administration, coaching, and health education. II Five-year teachers' programme PE teachers have been trained at the university level in Finland since 1882, when the University of Helsinki estab- lished a department for this purpose. In 1974 the University of Jyväskylä assumed full responsibility for this activity. Since the 1970s, the training of all teachers has taken place at the university level and leads to a master's degree. Elementary-school teachers receive instruction in physical education along with other subjects at 12 teacher-training institutions around the country. Training for specialised PE teachers, who take over after pupils reach the age of 13, lasts slightly more than five years on aver- age. A degree can be obtained in a shorter period, but many students take as long as six years to complete the course. Professional and scientific The Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences at the University of Jyväskylä enjoys a high degree of popularity. Around a thou- sand young people apply for admission each year, though only 50 to 60 can be accepted. A mere five per cent of appli- cants pass the admissions test, which has been called the hardest in the world. The training of PE teachers can be described as professional, scientific and inter-disciplinary. Future PE teachers are required to study foreign languages, anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, his- tory, philosophy, psychology, social sciences and health education. The pro- gramme naturally includes various sports, didactics and practice teaching. In their final theses, students can delve into some special topic related to physi- cal education or sports psychology. Two broader specialisation options - dance pedagogics and applied physical educa- tion - are also offered. Further studies lead to the degrees of licentiate and doc- tor of sport and health sciences. The university has awarded around twenty doctorates in the field so far. Back to three years? In the opinion of the sport faculty's staff and other experts as well, a major change is required in the Finnish system of train- ing for PE teachers. According to Profes- sor Risto Telama, there is no reason why a bachelor's degree should not be awarded. All students would complete a B.A. programme lasting perhaps three years and could then specialise in coach- I2 EI There are plans to reduce the basic period to to two years. The training of sports instructors lasts three or four years, depending on previous schooling. Recreation or sports instructors' training is less theoretical in Sweden than in Finland. Physical Activity, which is mainly respon- sible for coach training, has always attracted top Finnish athletes. One of its current students is skier Harri Kirves- niemi, the winner of numerous world- championship and Olympic medals. Olympic javelin thrower Tapio Korjus graduated with good grades a couple of years ago. The job of sports instructor has been highly popular in recent years. Full-time coaches who have a master's Graduates have had little trouble in finding jobs. degree in sport and health sciences or have completed a sports instructor's course number somewhere about 150- ing, special sports, administration or ation sector, administration, tourism or 200. However around half of all coaches adult education, for example. youth work. lack such qualifications. There are plenty The training system also needs to be of coaches without professional training developed qualitatively. Reform is in fact in team sports, for example. already under way at the University of Good job prospects The Finnish Central Sports Federation, in Jyväskylä, with the goal being to bring Training for sports instructors is presently cooperation with different sports organ- theory and practice closer together. In the provided by four sports institutes located isations, has developed a special training past students have had to wait until a very in Vierumäki, Pajulahti, Rovaniemi and programme to remedy this situation. Ice- late stage before coming in direct contact Espoo. The job of sports instructor has hockey, basketball, football, athletics, with the real school world. Now they visit been highly popular in recent years. For orienteering, tennis and squash coaches schools annually, beginning with their first example, about 120 young people are already able to take advantage of this year. applied for a total of 39 places at the Fin- opportunity. nish Sports Institute in Vierumäki last May. In addition to general subjects and lan- Fast track for instructors guages, the syllabus for future sports Focus on the young Within a few years it should also be instructors includes administration and The Finnish coaching system is still possible for sports instructors to finish finance, pedagogics, health education, based mainly on volunteers who do this their studies in shorter time. The present sports biology, training theory and sports work in their spare time. There are an esti- course lasts three or four years, depend- education, as well as actual work experi- mated 35,000 such coaches in Finland; ing on previous schooling. The Ministry of ence. Graduates have had little trouble and training them is the responsibility of Education is currently working on a finding jobs. Courses prepare students the appropriate sports organisations. model which would reduce the basic for positions within municipal sports The Finnish Central Sports Federation period to two years. departments, sports organisations, re- is currently reforming its own coach train- Mirja Virtala, who is preparing the reform creation centres and treatment institu- ing. Coaches are now divided into A, B at the Ministry of Education, sees no tions. and C categories. A new feature is the obstacles to shortening the training Owing to a shortage of PE teachers, many possibility to specialize in coaching period. The field today includes a lot of sports instructors also take part in teach- children, young people or adults. Chil- new jobs such as fitness instructor and ing work. The suggestion has, in fact, dren and young people have long been aerobic teacher, jobs that which do not been made that sports instructors should trained by coaches in category C, while require such an intensive programme of be given the opportunity to qualify as PE adults have been able to enjoy the ser- studies. Many young people are also in a teachers. vices of a class A coach. The new system, hurry to get out into the working world. The which will be implemented in 1992, is new model, which could be introduced in designed to improve coaching for Graduate coaches are few 1993, would split current training in two. younger athletes. After basic instruction, students could Top-level coach training in Finland also The Workers' Sports Federation also specialise in some particular field such takes place at the University of Jyväskylä. arranges courses for coaches. The as administration or work involving spe- The 15 young people who are allowed to classification system is similar, although cial groups. choose this option each year eventually the numbers 1, 2 and 3 are used instead of In connection with a broader reform of go on to jobs in administration, research, the letters A, B and C, and a "key coach" occupational training in Finland, more development and special coaching. category also exists. The Workers' Sports advanced studies for sports instructors The course, which lasts roughly five years, Federation trains just over 2,000 coaches could take place at occupational col- is divided into endurance, strength and a year and the Finnish Central Sports leges and be integrated with the recre- skill sports. The Department of Biology of Federation nearly 10,000. 14 Sweden: The Practical Way T he training provided in Sweden Bosö Folk College, or at Lillfved Folk Col- and clubs. In Sweden as well, only top pro- - Finland's favourite rival in ath- lege. Studies are based on the same fessional coaches and sports directors letics and other sports - differs courses at both these colleges. Bosö is are trained at sports colleges. greatly from the situation in Finland. The run by the Swedish Central Sports Feder- Sports associations in different fields are highest level of training in the sports field ation and Lillfved by the National Gym- responsible for training coaches. Folk is offered by sports colleges in Stockholm nastics Association. Both are located colleges and numerous institutes offer and Örebro, which train PE teachers and near Stockholm. courses for coaches and instructors at top coaches. The two colleges specialise It takes two years of study to become a various levels. Bosö specialises in in different areas - Stockholm in physio- recreation instructor. Applicants must courses for more advanced coaches, logy and biomedicine, Örebro in beha- have a high school education and be 20 while Lillfved holds around 100 courses a vioural and social studies. years of age. Graduates are eligible for year mainly for exercise-class instructors. Training, which until recently took only two jobs in sports organisations and munici- While Finland may lead the way in terms of years, presently lasts three years. Studies pal sports departments. Actual sports scientific training, Sweden excels in emphasise actual skills such as teaching comprise around half of the programme, courses for volunteer coaches. A separ- practice and familiarity with different the remainder consisting of theory con- ate national organisation known by the sports, with less priority being given to cerning education, psychology, socio- initials SISU is in charge of this sector and theory. Compared with the Finnish sys- logy and political science. Last year arranges both traditional courses and tem, the Swedes give roughly double the roughly 200 young people applied for 25 study groups. Travelling consultants also amount of time to actual sports. Scientific places at Bosö and 100 applied for 20 assist sports associations in this activity. studies meanwhile constitute only five per openings at Lillfved. SISU has an enormous annual training cent of the total programme, compared capacity: around 120,000 trained with 20 per cent in Finland. coaches, with a similar number of partici- Recreation instructors - the Swedish Enormous training pants in study groups. SISU covers a total equivalent of Finland's sports instructor - In all the Nordic countries, coaching is of 62 different sports, compared with 54 are trained at Sweden's sports Mecca, mainly based on voluntary organisations for the Finnish Central Sports Federation. 15 Education An International Look by Matti Sovijärvi "There is no alternative to inter- national cooperation,' says the new head coach of Finland's at Coaching Olympic Committee, Heikki Kan- tola. "T he situation among coac- hes and trainers in Europe is more or less confusing. There are highly qualified coaches with a good education, often a college degree. On the other hand, there are people with no education, but they still hold very important jobs," Heikki Kantola says. According to Kantola, "Measures have been taken in the European Community to unify the education of coaches and also to set rules for their competence. Fin- land and Switzerland have been involved in this process. In some countries formal education is needed in certain areas of coaching, but these are exceptions. Usually there are no formal qualifications for coaches in Europe." Heikki Kantola does not believe that col- lege education is the only suitable back- ground for coaches. "Former athletes and players often make good coaches but not from experience only. They too need the- oretical knowledge and general princi- ples of what makes people tick," Kantola says. "There must be two ways of educating coaches, both the formal, college educa- tion and the less formal but still as good education for those beginner coaches with sports backgrounds," he says. But, according to Kantola, there is a defi- nite need for unified qualifications for coaches. "They should be more or less the same, regardless of the coach's back- ground or country. This would on the one hand help coaches moving from one country to another and, on the other, guar- antee that the atheletes' training is ade- quate," Kantola argues. Heikki Kantola says that international cooperation is a necessity in coaching, both between developed countries and between developed and developing countries. I6 "On a whole, international exchange fessionals. They have brought with them Cooperation works rather well in football or ice-hockey, new methods and ideas and often knowl- "Coaching is becoming increasingly but there is less internationalism in indi- edge that doesn't exist in Finland." He scientific, more and more based on vidual sports," Kantola points out. mentions sports such as tennis or Alpine research, not on gut feeling," Kantola He finds it strange that Finnish coaches, skiing. says. "There is no alternative to this, as the who formerly had international careers in On the other hand, importing players, in demands for success for individual ath- ice-hockey or football, are regarded as basketball for example, has brought letes and clubs keep on growing. Even if fine exporters of Finnish expertise. Those problems, even if imported players have coaching based on research is no guar- who have had careers in individual sports, been crucial to their own clubs' success. antee for success, trying to reach the top skiing for example, are renegades or trai- Finnish players have learned to lean on without it in any sport is practically tors. the imported stars and have taken less impossible." Yet in both cases the situation is the same. responsibility in the game. Heikki Kantola believes that international Usually those who have found coaching One of the best examples of foreign cooperation is the only solution; as it is in posts abroad come back more knowle- coaches' success in Finland was Arthur all scientific work. dgeable than when they left. Even if we Lydiard's work with Finnish long-distance "I really do not believe those who say that look at it from a narrow patriotic point of runners. He was able, in a few years, to we reveal our secret success formulas if view, Finns gain from Finnish coaches' change the training methods applied in we tell others about our work. The results international careers. Finland. The result was a number of vic- of scientific research cannot be trans- According to Kantola, "International care- tories in international venues in the formed overnight from one area or ers are rare for Finnish coaches. The first seventies. When Finns stopped listening country to another. There are no secrets, obstacle is usually the lack of mastering to others, the wins ceased. just results. The secret: How to apply cer- foreign languages. Young Finnish "The coaches hired by clubs, in ball tain methods on individual athletes sim- coaches seldom find schooling outside sports, have also brought beneficial ply cannot be stolen," Kantola notes. their own country and they have a limited changes with them. But I don't think we "Altough, to keep our results strictly to knowledge of what's going on elsewhere. should rely too much on imported ourselves and not listen to what others There is no organised financing in this coaches, we must be able to create our think, usually leads to mediocre or bad area, even if active students or coaches own culture in ball sports too. It is obvious, results. One example is long-distance can find scholarships or grants." however, that narrow-mindedness is even running. Finnish coaches believed some "There are also rather limited funds for a greater danger," Kantola reveals. years ago that they knew all they needed students and coaches for participating in According to Kantola, "There is a far to know. It did not take many years for us international congresses or seminars. greater need for funds in international Finns to find ourselves miles behind other The scientific community has usually cooperation in coaching, than for hiring top European countries," Kantola recalls. adequate finance in this respect," he coaches from abroad. What is needed is "There are always people that know more adds. knowledge as a starting point for long than we do, in specialised areas. We term-work in coaching." should listen to them. We could, on the other hand, help others with javelin throw- Successful coaches ing, cross-country skiing, or ski jumping," Says Heikki Kantola, "Coaches who come he says. to Finland have, as a rule, been good pro- Importing Knowledge There are definitely more foreign sports-mad. Occasionally, it seems as if A Finnish athlete's job comes first and coaches in Finland than Finnish the prefix "mad" is superfluous there. training second. Sport brings in extra Jarmo Punkkinen was the head coach of earnings. Finns are not especially eager coaches abroad. the Italian Nordic skiing squad for six to represent their country. In their view, by Erkki Lyytikäinen years and puts things this way - "Sport international caps take up too much time has enormous PR value all over the world. and the financial compensation is not in In Italy, for instance, sport is very signifi- proportion to income and leisure losses. T There are a few of them in foot- cant societally. We Finns tend to think that "The Italian attitude towards sport is more ball, a handful in ice hockey, and Finland is the only country which looks up professional than the corresponding Fin- one or two in basketball and vol- to sport and athletes. Mistakenly". nish outlook," Punkkinen points out. "And leyball as well. Yet there are hardly any in athletics. As far as that particular sport is Professional attitudes I'm not just talking about professional sports either. In Italy, all you have to do is concerned, the apex was reached when Perhaps Finnish sportsmen and women's tell athletes what they have to do to reach New Zealand's Arthur Lydiard came to chief characteristic is that they enjoy the top. They'll do everything else them- Finland in the late Sixties and revitalised being involved in congenial activities. selves after that". the country's athletics. When they train, they do what their "In some parts of the Soviet Union, sports- The Finns are sometimes said to be coaches tell them and nothing more. men and women train professionally but 17 hood. But for the players, basketball is just a hobby. If my team wins, I know that l'll keep my job. The players, however, don't think like that. They have other jobs. Even if they play badly and aren't offered a con- tract for next season, their financial posi- tion remains secure". Defeat is taken too seriously Jaak Salumets thinks that Finnish ath- letes react wrongly to wins and losses. "When they win, they're in seventh heaven and imagine that they're the best in the world. If they lose, they behave as if a close relative has died". "I've tried to stress that every defeat can bear the seeds of the next victory and that each win can imply a forthcoming loss. It's all very straightforward. People should Jarmo Punkkinen was the head coach for the Italian Nordic skiing team for six years. look at things over the long term and wait The Italians' achievements were impressive during those years. until the end of the season before they make judgments. Foreign language skills The Finnish coaches who have worked abroad are very few and far between. Nevertheless, Hannu Lepistö coaches Italy's ski jumpers despite the fact that Pulkkinen has now departed. In addition, a number of Finnish ice hockey ambassa- dors have worked overseas - Juhani Wahlsten, Juhani Tamminen, Alpo Suhonen and Timo Lahtinen. The only Finnish football coach who has worked professionally outside his own country is Martti Kuusela. Finland is a very long way from being a leading soccer country. But it is somewhat surprising that Finnish coaches do not work in the fields of athle- tics or Nordic skiing in other countries. Finland's achievements in those disci- plines prove that she certainly possesses the requisite expertise. Older coaches in Finland-especially where skiing is concerned-tend, like their Jaak Salumets became coach of the Finnish basketball team Lahti YMCA after protégés, to come from remote rural dis- several successful years with the Tallinn Kalev in Estonia. tricts. Their deeds speak louder than their words and the few words they do utter are inevitably in Finnish. A lack of foreign lan- the compensation they receive is on an ing yourself and that it's matches which guage skills makes it very difficult to oper- amateur level. Finnish athletes, on the ought to be fun. The fitter you are", he ate abroad. Whilst one can coach in Eng- other hand, often train like amateurs yet adds, "the easier it is to play". lish in Finland, one definitely cannot are rewarded as professionals". Jaak Salumets spent several years play- coach in Finnish in Britain! Jaak Salumets, the celebrated Estonian ing for the Estonian national team, He has "Finns who emigrate", says Jarmo Punk- basketball wizard who coached the Tal- travelled the world over as a player and kinen, "should conduct themselves mod- linn Kalevi team when they won the Euro- coach and speaks readily understand- estly and respect the traditions and pean Cup in 1989 and the Soviet Cham- able Finnish. His is also familiar with Fin- mores of the countries they go to. It would pionship in 1991, has been in charge of the nish society and sport. Still, "I have evi- be senseless to export Finnish rye bread Lahti NMKY (YMCA) squad since spring dently only glimpsed the tip of the to Italy. It's quite enough for people to take this year. "Finnish players want training iceberg", he says. "I've now seen things their own special skills with them-they sessions to be fun affairs. I've taught the which I didn't know existed earlier. I'm a shouldn't try to be king of the castle in lads that training sessions are for punish- basketball coach-coaching is my liveli- every domain". 18 WINTER LEHTIKUVA The Finlandia race attracts up to 10 Tis the season to 000 skiers to its 75 kilometre course compete on skis every year. The winter version of water-skiing: a horse without and a man with skis. C onsidering Finland's sub- of snow last year forced the Arctic location, it should Finlandia to be shortened from 75 not come to any surprise that km to 50 km. skiing is one of the country's Irrespective of age and sex, most popular sports. There are anyone can participate in the hundreds of skiing competitions Finlandia race. Some 10,000 which take place every winter. people participate annually. The Lahti is around 100 km north of fastest skiers can ski the 75 km in Helsinki and the home of the under four hours and the slowest Lahti Ski Games (February 28- in 10-12 hours. March 1, 1992). The Lahti Ski The Puijo Winter Games take Games, a real national and place on February 23, 1992 in Coming soon: a horse on skis international ski happening, have Kuopio, located around 400 km taken place every year since the north of Helsinki. The Puijo Winter beginning of this century. Some Games are also an important 80,000 spectators came to see skiing event and involve cross- T he idea behind the winter Finland. "The sport can be a nice the last Lahti Ski Games, which country skiing and ski jumping. equestrian sport is that you pastime for spectators who want included cross-country skiing, ski One of the biggest skiing events have one rider on a horse pulling to spend a sunny winter jumping and Nordic Combined in Lapland is the Ounasvaara a man on skis. Races are usually afternoon outdoors." (ski jumping and cross-country Winter Games in Rovaniemi one kilometer long and on a flat Even if a winter equestrian racing skiing). (April 4-5, 1992). surface with obstacles. The horse event does not attract thousands The famous 18-year-old is pulling the skier at around 400- of people in Finland, it is Finlandia race, which will take meter-a-minute speeds. considered to be more popular in place on February 22-23, 1992, "You need to be a good skier and the Nordic countries than requires a participant to ski from have good coordination and elsewhere in Europe. the southern Finnish city of reflects," explained Ulla Hämeenlinna to Lahti. The Lindgren, an official working for organizers said that a shortage the Equestrian Federation of I9 WINTER Jogging or running are unnecessary, if you walk the stairs. Climbing 125 flights a week is sufficient to stay in shape. Sport and Cultural Minorities in focus A special international seminar is being held in Walk a little Turku from June 8-12. "Sport and Cultural Minorities" is organised by the Finnish Society for Research in Sport and Physical P hysical exercise has Education in cooperation with positive effects on every the International Society for the aspect of life, from work to more History of Physical Education intimate matters. For most people and Sport. This English- it's not a question of maximising Since the sport is extremely difficult Racers do it with language seminar is sponsored performance. The main thing to to master, veterans dominate the ice spikes on their bikes by is the Finnish Ministry of consider is how your ordinary motorbike races. Education. couch potato can avoid the One of the main objectives of the deterioration in physical The racer's edge J seminar is to examine the fringes condition which results from a ussi Roine, team manager of sport and physical culture, the sedentary life style. of the Finnish ice motorbike traditions of distant peoples, Two examples show how much or ethnic minorities and local tribes. F racing team, says that this sub- actually how little exercise people ollowing 1982 Formula 1 Arctic offshoot of motorbike The main themes of the seminar absolutely need. A recent article World Champion Keke racing is a bit more dangerous are: people and tribes under in the American Journal of Rosberg, Mika Häkkinen is the than racing on soil heated by the foreign rule; nationalist Applied Physiology presented a latest Finn to show promise as a sun's warm rays. movements or ethnic groups; study concerning the importance F1 racer. Even if ice motorbike racing is linguistic minorities, worker of exercise on long space flights. Twenty-three-year-old Häkkinen practiced today in Germany, groups, etc.; women; children; The conclusion was that kicked off his international career Czechoslovakia, Italy, France, the and the "grey zones of the astronauts can decide for in 1988, when he dominated the UK, Sweden and Finland, the human body. Many of those who themselves whether they want to European Opel Lotus sport has its roots in the vast and plan to attend are historians and walk away under their own power, Challenge. Häkkinen's speed troubled lands of the former cultural historians. or be carried off on a stretcher and natural talent are his biggest USSR. If there are 30 and 50-60 after completing a flight. In order assets. ice motorbike racers in Finland to remain in shape, an astronaut He has also matured significantly and Sweden respectively, there has to spend at least a little time as an F1 racer. Häkkinen, who is are thousands of Russians who exercising every day. And this coached by Rosberg, scored his practice this sport according to Bishop Boys win by applies to the rest of us as well. first F1 World Cup points last Roine. In the early '70s an empirical April 28, when he placed fifth at These specially equipped a prayer study in Finland discovered the the Italian Grand Prix. motorcycles usually drive around effects of limited exercise on Risto Laine, a coach of the a 400 meter track with 28 Finnish Automobile Sports millimeter spikes sticking out of T people who did not go in for he Archbishop of Finland, sports otherwise. Half of the staff Association, believes that their tires. John Vikström, was not in a large office building in Häkkinen already has enough "Since this sport is so joking when he said that God and Helsinki stopped using the lift, hours and kilometers behind him demanding, most of the ice football were united in one spirit. while the remainder continued as to become a serious F1 World motorbike champions are Piispan Pojat, a team made up before. Cup contender. "I am positive that veterans," explained Roine. "The also of Finnish celebrities and The findings indicated a clear Häkkinen will be able to fill 1990 world championship was called "Bishop Boys" in English, rise in the physical condition of Rosberg's shoes," said Laine. won by a Finn called Jarmo was founded by center-field the test group, compared with the Hirvasoja. He is 36-years-old Archbishop Vikström. controls. It was concluded that and had to race for 10 years "Archbishop Vikström is not as climbing 125 flights of stairs a before he was crowned world good of a football player as his week was sufficient to stay in champion." brother Hakan, who also plays on passable shape. Speed was not Oulu, one of the most popular the team," explained Esko important. This study, centers in Finland for ice Lahtinen of the Football unfortunately, did not receive motorbike racing, will host on Association of Finland. much attention until it was February 8-11 the 1992 World Ice "Archbishop Vikström used to like repeated with similar results by Motorbike Racing World track and field sports during his the Bayer aspirin factory in Championships. youth more than football." Germany a couple of years later, NESTE The basic idea of the football GWS during the oil crisis. team is to keep in shape and set Authorities nowadays do not limit ILTALERTI HYALEHTI a good example for other people. themselves to talking about how Mika Häkkinen is now starting his Most recently, the team travelled exercise can help people prevent GWS to Spain, where it won its first heart disease, for example. The second year in Formula Ones. international match 2-0. Piispan point of departure is that Pojat have plans to travel to the insufficient exercise is a risk Vatican City and show off their factor in itself. So walk a little for talents to the Holy Father. your own sake. 20 WINTER A new international sport: sled-dog racing. However, the dogs are usually from Alaska. Putting on the dog Y ou do not have to watch an old WC Fields movie to enjoy sled-dog racing. The sport has been around for many years in Finland. But it was not until 1982 when the Finnish Kennel Club approved the first sled-dog racing rules. According to Anita Hellman, general secretary of the Finnish Winter triathlon Handball's King Kennel Club, Huskies are the time Källman most popular dogs used for sled racing in Finland, and to a lesser degree, Alaskan Malamutes. "Sled-dog racing is quite popular F or the first time in Finnish T he biggest name in Finnish in Finland and we practice this history, around 120 team handball is 27-year- sport throughout the country," triathlonists took part last old Mikael Källman. Since 1987, said Hellman. "We have such avid February-March in the first winter Källman has been playing dog-sled racers today that they triathlon games in Finland. The professionally for the German even travel abroad to take part in winter triathlon version involves Team Handball League. He was international competitions." skiing 10 km, indoor swimming crowned the best foreign player She added that sled-dog racers 1.5 km and running 5 km. during the 1989-90 German Team usually own at least five dogs. But Jaakko Jolkonen, secretary Handball League season and the number of dogs used at these general of the Finnish Triathlon second-best foreigner during the races vary. If there are seven dogs Association, expects that the 1990-91 season. Last year, he pulling a sled the race can be winter version of the triathlon will was also chosen to play on the between 20 km and 30 km long; 5 gain more popularity in the future A Finnish star in Spain: Lea Hakala. world handball team. dogs usually race between 8 km years. He does not believe, Tapio Arponen, general secretary and 20 km; and two to three dogs however, that it will ever be as of the Finnish Team Handball between 5 km and 8 km. popular as the original triathlon Association, is a close International sled-dog racing in version, which requires a person Lea Hakala on the acquaintance of Källman. "He is Finland got an important boost to swim 3.8 km, bicycle 180 km ball very fast and a sportsman in the three years ago when Finland and run the marathon (42.3 km). true sense of the word," he said. lifted its quarantine requirements "Triathlon has become a really Arponen also believes that there on dogs. Like future citizens of popular sport in Finland," he said. is life after team handball for the European Economic Area "Five years ago we had some F inland has not produced Källman. Källman, who is an (EEA), dogs can today travel 1,000 participants and today any international women elementary school teacher by freely between Finland and the there are around 8,000. Of these, basketball stars except for Lea profession and a father of two rest of Europe. 1,000 are full-time amateurs." Hakala, an 180 cm forward who daughters, hopes to become a Jolkonen said that swimming can plays for the Spanish team handball trainer when he be a problem for a triathlonist in Universidad de Barcelona team. retires from the sport. these northern latitudes. She averages between 20 and 23 "He is also a real planner," For every sport there is a winter "Triathlon rules prohibit outdoor points a game and already concluded Arponen. "Källman application. In triathlon the winter swimming when water showed promise at the early age once told me that he has planned version involves swimming 1.5 temperatures sink below 12 of 15, when she started to play for his life all the way to the grave. He degrees celsius. Last summer we the Finnish national women's said that everything was going kilometres - indoors, luckily - had a few competitions where the basketball team. At the beginning according to plan." running 5 kilometres and skiing water reached a cold 12.9 of the 1980s, she was chosen to 10 kilometres. degrees." play on the European All-Star basketball team. "Lea is an idol to all Finnish women basketball players," said Ulla Karlsson, a Finnish Basketball Association youth instructor. "Her brilliant career and example give confidence to other Finnish women who would also want to excel internationally in basketball." A Finnish star in Germany: Mikael Källman. 2I E 1 DE MASSACHUSETTS Science Goin' by the Book: The Biomechanics of Soccer By Patricia Gallo-Stenman D r. Luhtanen, who received a It may be II2 pages long and includes Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Jyväskylä in 1980, no violence, sex or international is currently vice chairman of the Technical intrigue, but in 1992 Italian soccer Committee of the Finnish Olympic Com- mittee. He has under his belt more than coaches will be reading this book 100 scientific publications on biome- with great interest. "SOCCER a chanics, 100 articles on coaching and biomechanical skill and match ana- physical education, and four textbooks on biomechanics and coaching. It is no lysis approach with special reference wonder that he was tapped in 1989 to to World Cup analysis" is a new write a textbook for the Italian profes- sional soccer market. textbook on the sport. Compiled and Bright idea written by Dr. Pekka Luhtanen, "The idea came up when the Italian Olym- associate professor at the Research pic Committee published a summary of Institute for Olympic Sports at the these papers in its sports biomechanical journals. The publisher - Societa Stampa University of Fyväskylä, it was Sportiva S.r.L. - asked if I had enough translated into the Italian language and published late in 1991. There are Dr. Luhtanen: "In this textbook we are combining biomechanics and ball games..." plans for a Spanish edition as well. 23 material for a book. That was the starting mainly for coaches, large-scale football point," he recalls. associations and educational purposes. Total understanding Included in the textbook is a wide range of "Even though I only recently started to What does the professor hope to accom- scientific publications from many re- compile it and collect data from presenta- plish with the publication of his newest searchers. "Everything was done on the tions and congresses, much of the soc- book? "A total understanding of the basis of research. The reference list is cer-related research began decades game. What happens during a match is very long, a number of people helped ago," he says. "Actually, I have worked for- really indirect evidence of what are the from everywhere," he says. mally with this subject since 1974; it players' skills. In general, if we talk about a A review of some of the chapters points spread in very many directions. I studied match it means the language can be indi- out that this is a most serious look into the running and running skills. The next step vidual for different situations. Here, we try biomechanical world of soccer. Scholarly was to study jumping - a necessary skill in to create a language which is interna- treatises abound on detailed analysis of soccer. I then went on to the higher level tional so we can understand things in different world cup matches and the bio- skills required in soccer: kicking, throw- basically the same way," he points out. mechanics of skills in soccer. Nearly half ing and heading." One point mentioned in the textbook is the book examines higher level skills in Although Dr. Luhtanen contends the since everything happens so quickly in soccer such as kicking, receiving, throw- textbook does not contain any new or soccer and the eye can take in just so ing and heading the ball, as well as goal- controversial information, he expects much in a short time, coaches, in keeping. readers to perhaps look at some things in advance, should know what to watch for Biomechanics in sports is not a light a new light. "There are many skills which and what important phases to note. One topic, but in short "The biomechanical can be mastered in soccer without know- often made mistake is coaches recom- approach can include the biomechanics ing much about biomechanics. Top mend the wrong types of training pro- of skills. This means how force production players are not thinking along those lines. grams to players; this can result in not only for different movements is applied - the It just means their perceptual and recep- a waste of time, but physical problems for force production from muscles." tion systems are such that they can the athletes too. handle things in the right way. Let's say, Right now Dr. Luhtanen is hard at work on when you kick a ball at maximum speed two more textbooks: "Skills, Speed, Ongoing the timing of different body parts is Strength and Natural Laws in Sports" and important - the contact of the ball and foot an update of an earlier elementary book research takes only a few milliseconds. There are on soccer that he wrote in 1974. He is at the Dr. Luhtanen explains, "In this textbook only a few players today who can regulate Research Institute for Olympic Sports, an we are combining biomechanics and ball the whole thing properly because their institute established in 1990 in Finland games. We have studied the basic skills of systems are so accurate. Naturally, the that deals with competitive and elite players and game understanding and coach must understand all this and be sports. tried to relate how these things work able to instruct players in the right way," he together in a game situation. This book is says. Statistics T he subjective impressions of a host of football fans are backed up by the analyses Dr. Pekka Luhtanen makes in his new book. He scrutinizes the playing styles, tactics and results of the last three World Cup tourna- ments. tell it all Luhtanen's breakdown of the 1990 World Cup in Italy gives a whole range of statis- tics to demonstrate that Germany was the best team, Italy a clear second and Eng- land a good third. The author's analysis also shows that Argentina's silver medal, instead of being based on good play, was actually the result of the team's tight defence and a refusal to allow opponents to play their own game. Argentina also took advant- age of virtually every opportunity which presented itself-and some might add that the team enjoyed more than its share of good fortune. When it came to accurate passing, for instance, Germany was undeniably num- 24 Beer ber one, making nearly 500 passes per One figure from the Italian World Cup The last three World Cup tournaments were match on average. The Italians made stands out visibly. Germany's players scrutinised by Luhtanen for his newest book. roughly 400 passes per game whilst the were involved in 138 aerial duels and won corresponding figures for the remaining fully 102 of them. Heading and crosses, in teams were appreciably lower. other words, perhaps constituted the key Luhtanen also says something about the factor in Germany's success. number of passes which went astray. Coaches in future World Cups would do Although the Germans made plenty of well to study the tactics employed in Italia mistakes in attack, their midfield and '90. It was significant that the best teams defensive play was almost faultless. Two featured defenders who were able to teams - Argentina and Northern Ireland - make long attacking runs with the ball. had better defensive records than Ger- Germany's game was the most diverse. many but they lost possession far more Ireland's, on the other hand, showed a often in midfield and crucial attacks. paucity of imagination when the team Argentina was the only team which vied stubbornly insisted on attacking down the the Germans in short passes. centre of the pitch. The Germans were supreme in two- Argentina's second place is largely player duels as well. They won 240 more explained by their excellent shooting. one-on-one confrontations than they lost. Against Argentina, opposing goal- Similarly, Italy had 100 more successes keepers were required to save one shot in than failures and England 80. These three three while the figure for teams facing teams were definitely the best here and Germany was one in four. In all other the data prove how important the skills of respects, however, the Argentineans' per- individual players are. formance was noticeably poorer. 25 People Now is the Time for Humour! By Markku Sunimento Photos by Jorma Puusa Susanna Rahkamo and Petri Kokko, the Finnish ice-dance pair, intend to frolic away and become world-leaders in their event by 1994. 26 S usanna and Petri's competitive later won the free dance but were unable season began very promisingly to rise higher than second. this year. They placed second in "Maybe we did deviate a little from tradi- the Skate America International invitation tional polka rhythms, but a polka is still a meet and came close to winning. polka," is how they put it. They are still Yet although they defeated the Canadian somewhat irked by the jury's limited musi- champions and the number two pairs cal appreciation. from the U.S.A. and France, the Finnish The spectators, on the other hand, liked couple were not entirely satisfied. A few what they saw. "We received the loudest polka beats were all that separated them applause," Susanna and Petri remember- from victory. and applause constitutes the truest The couple were in the lead going into the measurement. Juries tend to take more compulsory dance but their sailor's polka slowly than audiences to unorthodox per- with its Irish and country music connota- formances. "Every new routine has been tions did not meet with the conservative, downgraded in the beginning. The dogmatic judges' approval. In fact, so little judges' initial reaction is often negative in to their liking did the jury find it that the the extreme, despite the fact that the young Finns' ranking slipped. The couple spectators and outside experts may be 28 Susanna and Petri: "Maybe we did Crises teach expression deviate a little from traditional polka Susanna and Petri made their competi- rhytms, but a polka is still a polka." tive debut in 1986 when the European Championships were held. They however came last in their first major competition. Ice dance is unlike other events insofar as But then they improved rapidly. They competitions are not judged solely on achieved their international breakthrough what happens on the ice. Psycho-political in 1990 when they placed seventh in the manoeuvring goes on constantly behind Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) European the stage, as it were, and these back- Championships and came sixth in the ground issues affect the marks juries give. World Championships in Halifax. Finland is not a major skating nation. "We The pair's final positions in both of those don't have the same political background championships fell exactly one notch last as skaters from larger countries. They're season. Susanna and Petri had set their backed by far-reaching political and ideo- sets high and were naturally disap- logical marketing mechanisms. We're pointed. As Petri puts it-"Everything not." seemed to fall apart after the World The only way competitors from the smal- Championships. We had to think anew ler countries can hope to challenge the from the beginning. And we noticed that established skating nations is by daring we'd grown stagnant." to be different. It takes a long time to construct and refine "You have to do something which stands an ice dance programme. Sweat and out," the two Finns say. "If you don't, you tears are needed. A certain element of won't be noticed and good positions will risk is involved as well. And once a pro- be impossible." Susanna and Petri have gramme has been diligently created, it shown scant hesitation in developing may be difficult to escape its clutches-the alternative skating routines and employ- routine which a couple have taken to their ing adventurous choreography. hearts may hamper artistic expression. Ice dancing is an event which has been Susanna and Petri changed their coach dominated by a range of styles and and training venue, hoping to recharge approaches over the years and the themselves. They left their coach of many opposing philosophies have vied with years, Martin Scotnitcky, in Oberstdorf, each other off the ice as well. The Sixties packed their bags and departed for the and Seventies were the heyday of the mecca of skating, London. "Changing Russian school and its dramatic pathos. coaches put us in a tough spot," admits The Russians' rivals attempted to gain Petri, but adds that the pair's "year of ascendancy through athleticism and rebellion" proved a valuable experience placing emphasis on pure dancing. otherwise. "London enabled us to break Eventually, England's Dean and Torvill away from the everyday. The crisis took over the rostrum in the Eighties. Fol- actually gave us a welcome change. lowing their retirement, the Russians Experimenting and defying barriers lent achieved supremacy once more and us new energy. We're far more motivated remained on the top until last year when a nowadays." entranced." Nevertheless, Susanna and new pair of champions was crowned. The couple became avid arts enthusiasts Petri are realists and recognize that The current World Champions are a and dance followers while they were in changing their music is easier than alter- brother and sister from France, the London. Drama and exhibitions helped ing juries' attitudes. They have now sub- Duchesnays. Their performances are them to broaden their range of express- stituted a more standard number for their built around strong emotion, brisk dance ion. They learnt a great deal from what controversial polka. steps, lyricism, sensitive expression and they saw and studied the secrets of also have plots which spectators can dance. Daringly different relate to. "We put in an immense amount of work. The Skate America International was won Yet there is still something lacking - joy We hope that it will bear fruit this year". by the Ukrainian paring of Tatjana Navka and humour. And that is what the Finnish Whether or not their wishes come true will and Samuel Gezalean - no surprise in couple have introduced. Despite the fact become apparent in January when the itself. It is, however, somewhat unex- that top level skating is a deathly serious European Championships are held in pected to find that Soviet skaters remain affair, they have the audacity to be openly Lausanne. very hard to beat despite the societal humorous. The couple returned to Oberstdorf for upheavals the U.S.S.R. is experiencing. The Finnish pioneers have won support their pre-championship training. They Political considerations, in Susanna and from their skating colleagues. They have also went back to their old coach, Martin Petri's view, still exert an influence over even been emulated - the surest sign of Scotnitcky, the figure behind the current skating marks. not being taken lightly. World Champions. 29 AN SPEKTRIN TEKE SOKEI RUOLA Susanna and Petri are a well-matched pair who look at things the same way. take up SO much of her time that she is sel- on. Since my leg would no longer stand up dom at home. to the solo event, I took part in ice dancing Full blast all the way In a sense, competitive sport runs in courses. I didn't have a partner of my own Let us leave Oberstdorf for a moment and Susanna's blood. Her father, Kari and therefore teamed up with Petri. We visit the Tikkurila ice-rink in Vantaa, next Rahkamo, was for many years the Finnish already knew each other, having met to Helsinki. triple jump champion and also rep- travelling to competitions." Susanna and Petri first joined company resented his country internationally. Des- Petri had been an ice dancer for three on the ice in the spring of 1985. They had pite his background in field events, he is years when the pair began together. "All of both, however, skated before. perhaps best known in the field of politics. my friends wanted to play ice-hockey. Susanna's career is due to her parents Before taking up his present post as Lord Although my mother was against it, I who felt that their daughter needed a pas- Mayor of Helsinki, he was Chairman of the ended up spending most of my free time time. They noticed a newspaper City Council for a long period. on the ice," Petri remembers. He was a announcement for a figure skating Susanna began skating in 1971 and was a member of a Finnish second division jun- course and the little girl was taken to the national and Scandinavian standard ior ice-hockey team for eight years. He ice-rink by her mother. competitor in solo skating until 1984 first went on an ice dance course to "Mum now claims that if she had known when she tore the ligaments of her leg. improve his hockey skating but became then where it would all lead, she would She spent one year off the ice, concen- SO fond of the event that he finally gave up definitely have had second thoughts," trating on coaching others. hockey altogether. says Susanna. Training and competing "But I enjoyed skating and wanted to carry Susanna and Petri have always been a 30 well-matched pair. "We look at things the haps take up coaching. But we'll probably Petri points out that this is what the pair same way. We neither of us want to com finish our studies first," says Susanna who wants to give onlookers, and stresses that promise and everything we do, we do at will graduate as a nutritionist. Petri, an "give" is indeed the operative word. full blast." Their mutual understanding engineering student at the Helsinki Obviously, this cannot succeed if the Fin- has stood up to the test of time. University of Technology, is of the same nish skaters are unable to strike a contact Most ice dance parings split because of mind. with the spectators. Achieving such con- disagreements about aims. Conflicts are tact is what all professionals aim at, irre- impossible to avoid when one has to gaze spective of whether they perform on the at one's partner from just a few inches' The magic of the arena stage, on ice or in another arena. "That's distance, but rifts should always be An ice dance programme depends on the right. In the final resort, we perform roles- mended. cooperation of numerous people. Per- we're actors on skates," Susanna "Every bit of misdirected energy shows up haps, however, it is true to say that the declares. in competition results. Numerous careers most important person is the chore- The ice actors observe a ritual of their own have ended because of the difficulty of ographer who is responsible for a perfor- to help put them in the right mood. "We making compromises." mance's artistic expression. Susanna always go through our entire programme and Petri's choreographer is Jorma in our minds before we step on the ice," Uotinen, Finland's celebrated master of adds Susanna. Nevertheless, even the Target - world championship modern dance. most experienced performers are prone Psychological maturity separates the to nerves and stagefright. Petri describes wheat from the chaff. Although ice dance the sensation of stepping out in front of naturally calls for physical fitness, a sound millions of eyes like this: "It's a magnetic, mental outlook is even more important. unreal situation. It comes across as Technique is an aid to artistic expression, pressure but also provides strength." not a goal in itself. Skaters need tech- The pair collect energy from all the noise nique in order to express themselves and and bustle around them. They almost therefore concentrate on it when they behave like a horse in a circus which begin their careers. Still, if a pair lack that smells the sawdust, hears the fanfare, certain something, a technically flawless rears up and begins its act. When performance can be drab. In Susanna's Susanna and Petri dance, they enter into a words, "What you really need in this event trance which does not disappear until the is self-confidence and the ability to put on last cadence of the music has died. That a show." particular moment is when the very first Nowadays, the couple's training stresses prizes are awarded-prizes which are the artistic aspects of ice dance. But they spontaneous and devoid of tactical ele- appreciate that no-one can afford to ments. "It's when the audience breaks out ignore technique completely. "Technique in applause that you know you've per- is a fragile affair," Petri points out. "It's all formed well." too easy to lose your grip." The two Finns have firmly set their sights on 1994. Until then, everything they do will be training in one form or another and Joy, not asceticism each competition will actually be a Each single component affects an ice rehearsal. In 1994, they intend to be num- Their goal is the Lillehammer Olympics; they dance performance. "Everything plays a ber one. In their own words, "We're not have decided this will be their last chance. part - the music, costumes, make-up, vis- training in order to come second." ual appearance, human reactions and Their training schedule does not leave "I know nothing about skating - it's not my publicity," the pair say. them a great deal of free time. "We have field at all," Uotinen said when the pair Competitive skating obliges the couple two and a half years, maybe three. That requested his choreographic services. have to keep a close eye on their weight. doesn't leave much room for laziness." He then realized that ice dance would Since Susanna is studying nutrition, she The 1993 European Championships will enable him to learn something new and is well aware of the importance of diet. be held in Helsinki and are a key interme- became enthusiastic. "Although we're careful about what we eat, diary goal. Susanna and Petri's perfor- "We wished to learn something new as we don't deliberately avoid any particular mance there will give them valuable poin- well. We began training with professional foods. During the competitive season, we ters to their progress. "We're happy that stage dancers. The threshold was very eat more vegetables and fruit than usual the Championships will be staged in Fin- high at first," Susanna and Petri remem- but we're also fond of good cooking, land. The pressure that puts us under can ber. cheese and wine," she admits. be turned into positive energy." Yet the cooperation has proved markedly "And we're not going to give them up The Lillehammer Olympics are the pair's successful. "Jorma creates the dancing either," promises Petri. main target. "If we haven't reached the top figures and builds the choreography. We Asceticism forms no recommend part of by then we never will. We've decided that then adapt his ideas to the techniques of the pair's training and they do not puritan- the Games will be our last chance." ice dance. Next, we refine and hone the ism to anyone. "Joy is what is important in Life, of course, will go on after Lilleham- routine until it becomes completely our life," they say. They make that observation mer but what it will be like will depend on own." The outcome is a series of closely in spite of the fact that the competition for how the pair do in the Games. "If we suc- linked details which leave nothing to top places is extremely fierce. Or maybe ceed, we'll go into show business or per- chance. for that very reason. 3I Finns and Javelins Tapio Korjus won in the 1988 Olympics in Seuol. By Jouko Jokinen Finnish Winners Why was Finland's great distance the story could well have been otherwise runner Paavo Nurmi virtually Soini Nikkinen set a new world record of 83 metres 56 centimetres in June, 1956, unbeatable in his day? Why are but later lost his form and did not go to Olympic Champions Kenyan athletes head and shoulders Australia at all. 1912 Julius Saaristo Stockholm Finland's athletes havew never placed 1920 Jonni Myyrä Antwerpen above other runners today? And why lower than fifth in an Olympic javelin final. 1924 Jonni Myyrä Paris is Finland the world's leading Verner Järvinen came fifth in the interim 1932 Matti Järvinen Los Angeles Athens Games of 1906 and Antero 1948 Tapio Rautavaara London javelin-throwing nation? Puranen was number five in Moscow in 1964 Pauli Nevala Tokyo 1980. Over the last ten years or so, Finland 1984 Arto Härkönen Los Angeles has been more successful then ever. Arto 1988 Tapio Korjus Seoul Härkönen won the 1984 Olympics and In addition to eight gold medals, Finns I t is easy to mystify athletic achieve- Tapio Korjus then took the Gold four ments. Sport, however, is a simple years later. In addition, Seppo Räty won have won nine silver and six bronze affair and the explanations for suc- the World Championship in 1987, was fol- medals. cess are often simple as well. Paavo lowed by Kimmo Kinnunen in 1991 (him- Nurmi won so often because he trained self taking the Silver), and Tiina Lillak won harder than his rivals. His training, in fact, the women's event in 1983. was so systematic and demanding that it Finland's continued triumphs have was comparable with the workloads of ensured that the nation has always pos- modern athletes. Kenyans are great run- sessed ample javelin know-how. Novices World Champions ners because the children of the Kenyan have never lacked world-beaters to emu- 1983 Tiina Lillak Helsinki highlands run a great deal and develop late. And since almost every Finnish vil- 1987 Seppo Räty Rome outstanding oxygen absorption capacity. lage has a thrower who can reach sixty or 1991 Kimmo Kinnunen Tokyo There are also two straightforward expla- seventy metres, there is no shortage of nation for Finns' javelin-throwing pro- models and coaches. In addition to three gold medals, Finns wess-circumstances and tradition. In many events, athletes tend to form have won one silver medal. cliques and guard their secrets from each other. This began to happen to Finnish Success breeds success javelin throwing in the 1970s with the Finland's past middle and long-distance result that throwers were literally sawing running achievements match the the branches they stood on. Athletes and country's javelin roll of honour. Yet there is coaches consequently put their heads European Champions a major difference-the line of Finnish together and instigated the Pihtipudas 1934 Matti Järvinen Torino javelin successes is unbroken. The javelin carnival and school of javelin 1938 Matti Järvinen Paris country's runners have had golden throwing. Pihtipudas is a rural community 1950 Toivo Hyytiäinen Brussels decades followed by long lean spells and 1974 Hannu Siitonen Rome have then had to start from scratch again. 1990 Päivi Alafrantti Split The stream of Finnish javelin heroes is vir- tually unbroken. Finland has won a total of The world champion of 1991, Kimmo In addition to five gold medals, Finns have eighteen Olympic javelin medals. A Fin- Kinnunen was born into the right family. won four silver and two bronze medals. nish athlete has taken part in every single His father Jorma won an Olympic silver Olympic javelin final with the exception of medal in 1968 and broke the World the 1956 Melbourne Games. Even then, Record in 1969. 32 in central Finland and nowadays, each been a deep rift between the "scientific" July, past and present champions gather and "practical" schools of coaching there together with numerous aspiring throughout the whole of the 1980s and youngsters. The top throwers and Finland's distance running has remained coaches spend a few days instructing in the doldrums. newcomers to the event and finally stage Until the 1980s, javelin throwing was competitions. Last year more than 200 chiefly a men's event. Tiina Lillak, how- junior athletes took part. They were ever, won the World Championship and coached by the nation's cream-Olympic encouraged Finnish girls to take up the Champion Tapio Korjus, the school of discipline. East European female athletes javelin throwing's director, World Cham- notwithstanding, she proved that it was 96 pion Seppo Räty, Olympic Silver Medalist possible to have a slender female form Jorma Kinnunen (1968), and Hannu and still win. Siitonen, European Champion (1974) and Olympic Silver Medalist (1976), to name but a few. Javelin-throwing suits the finns Pauli Nevala, the sixth of eight Finnish Openness is the strength of Finnish Perhaps javelin-throwing's character is Olympic champions in javelin throwing, javelin-throwing. Yesterday's stars do not the reason why Finns have achieved so won in the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. hesitate to tell juniors how they trained much there. Javelin training is a demand- and give detailed technical instruction. ing, lonely business-thousands of throws and Finland's achievements should not Things are different in other events where coupled with weight-lifting etc. That is the be belittled. There were throwers from it sometimes seems as if erstwhile cham- very kind of activity which suits Finns - eight different countries in last year's pions are pleased when youngsters their best events tend to be those where World Championship Final, for instance, repeat their own mistakes. they can grit their teeth and curse to them- and 47 athletes from seventeen different selves. Throwing a javelin calls for a cer- countries bettered the eighty metre mark tain recklessness and the ability to tran- in 1991. Scientific assistance scend fear and pain. Each and every The Olympic Games will be held in Bar- Javelin-throwing in unusual in that rule- throw involves a measure of pain and celona next year and Finland's javelin- of-thumb principles have been combined injuries are common. throwers aim to be there. The country will with pure science. Finland's Olympic Javelin-throwing is not the most popular be disappointed if one of her throwers Champion Tapio Korjus is scientifically athletic discipline and this has naturally does not take the Gold. And if there is not studying the event and his findings have benefited the Finns. Nowadays, however, even a medal, a disaster will have not just gathered dust on library shelves. the event is more widespread than before occurred. Korjus, for instance, noticed that some- thing was amiss with Kimmo Kinnunen's technique, helped put the fault right, and Kinnunen later won the World Champion- ship in Tokyo. Finnish distance runners might be more successful if they imitated their strong- A Hundred Years arm colleagues. Unfortunately, there has of Champions F avelin throwing was in the Olym- female javelin throwers are the German pic Games for the first time in Democratic Republic and the Soviet 1906 in Athens. In the 19 men's Union, both of which no longer exist. The Olympic events, Finns have left without a former socialist countries won more than medal only seven times - and only once a half of the medals. Finn hasn't been among the five best. That Finnish male athletes have broken the sad year was 1956 - but even then Soini world record almost 30 times, from Julius Nikkinen broke the World Record. Out of Saaristo's 61.45 metres in 1912 to Seppo the total 63 men's Olympic Medals, Finns Räty's 96.96 in 1991. During the thirties have won 21. The next best countries are Matti Järvinen broke the world record 11 120 Sweden (10 medals), the Soviet Union (7) times. and Hungary (7). Sportswoman Tiina Lillak is the only Fin- The female Finns' performance has been nish record holder for females. She broke less spectacular. Out of the total 39 the existing record twice, with 72.40 medals Finns have won only two silvers, in metres in 1982 and 74.76 in 1983. 1948 and in 1984. The best countries for 33 SETTING AN EXAMPLE By Matti Sovijärvi he system was to be picked for any team, cruel, but it became a computer worked. When wizard and still cares just the boys in our as little about sports as class were before. Our teacher, the supposed to one with the problem, died play football, before his time. The rest of the two best us developed into week- players got to be the cap- end tennis players. In ten- tains by mutual consent. nis you know you've got a Then they took turns pick- place and don't have to ing the other members of worry about someone bet- their teams. The result was ter coming along to take it. two roughly equal teams and twelve deeply offended self-esteems. The pain felt by the third In physical education the and fourth choices was no teacher's example is, of doubt fairly mild. But it course, even more impor- wasn't easy for those few unlucky boys what was spelled out in the curriculum. tant than what is taught. Our teacher's whom neither captain wanted on his The biggest problem at my school was method was crude, but it worked. At least team. "You take Jarno." "No way." And SO our teacher. He had his own problem, many of us have actively avoided the forth. which was the neighbourhood pub. He problem of an attraction for pubs in the We generally managed fairly well in foot- liked going there, preferably first thing in morning. ball, with the klutzes simply staying clear the morning. The bureaucrats in their offices can put a of where the action was. It was much So we boys played football, regardless of plus in their columns, if they want to follow worse in volleyball, where everybody has the weather and sometimes regardless of the results of physical education. A group to fill his own position in some way. It was the season as well. We had to go past the of Helsinki boys learned the value of the captain's job to see that his team won. pub on our way to the football field. One of healthy habits. Goals have been achieved. the captains would receive the ball at the Physical education improves health. door of the pub and was expected to give Which is all very good. it back at the same place 45 minutes later. Back in the golden '60s, physical educa- The outcome of years of physical educa- tion was something quite different from tion varied. Jarno, who was always the last 34 Finland FINLAND IN INTER Store A ITOMIC NUTSHELL 1. POPULATION A little over five million; 60 per cent live in urban areas. Finland is a bilingual country, 94 per cent speak Finnish and 6 per cent Swedish as their native language. The biggest cities are Helsinki (pop. Ski jumping is one of Finns' favourite sports. Young Toni Nieminen is one of Finland's and the whole 500,000), Espoo (180,000), Tampere world's best jumpers. (175,000), Turku (160,000) and Vantaa (155,000) economic and historical links with other 4. ECONOMY Scandinavian countries exist. The President is elected every six years. An OECD country, with a GDP per capita 2. AREA Mauno Koivisto has been in office since of $28,100 (1990); exports heavily The total area of Finland encompasses 1982. Parlamentary elections every four dependent on forest industry and metal 338 sq.km. of which more than two thirds years. The 200-seat Eduskunta (parlia- engineering products. Two thirds of is covered by forests and almost 10 per ment) has been represented by the fol- exports were earmarked to the EC and cent is water. lowing parties since 1991: Centre Party 55 EFTA countries. Also two thirds of all seats, Social Democrats 48, National imports came from these countries. Coalition (conservatives) 40, Left-Wing Exports and imports from the former 3. GOVERNMENT Alliance 19, Swedish People's Party 12, USSR have rapidly diminished during the Finland is a Scandinavian welfare state, Greens 10, Christian League 8, Rural early nineties. independent since 1917. Close political, Party 7 and Liberals 1. Finnish Sports Institutes President Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Sports institutes Institute for Health Promotion Research institutes and learned societes: Research (UKK Institute). providing statutory Address: Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, training for sports The Research Institute of Physical The Institute for Occupational 33500 Tampere. instructors: Culture and Health, Research Health, Department of Physiology. Tel. 358 31 2829111 Unit for Sport and Physical Address: Laajaniityntie 1, Finnish Sports Institute, founded Fitness. 01620 Vantaa. 1927, largest in Finland. Trains Address: Rautpohjankatu 10, Tel. 358 0 890022. Physical education sports instructors and coaches. 40700 Jyväskylä. research libraries: Golf and tennis training for Tel. 358 41 - 217711. The Kuopio University Sport enthusiasts. Also a holiday resort Research Station. Library of the University of for sports enthusiasts. The Finnish Society for Research Address: Puistokatu 20, Jyväskylä. Address: 19120 Vierumäki. in Sport and Physical Education. 70100 Kuopio. Address: Seminaarinkatu 15, Tel. 358 18 12411. Address: Stadion, torniporras, Tel. 358 71 - 113448. 40100 Jyväskylä. 00250 Helsinki. Tel. 358 41- 601211. Pajulahti Sports Institute, founded Tel. 358 - 0 444582. The Faculty of Sport and Health 1949. Close ties with the Workers' Sciences, University of Jyväskylä. The Information Service of the Sports Association, trains sports The Turku Sports and Physical Address: Seminaarinkatu 15, Foundation for the Promotion of instructors and coaches. Fitness Research Society 40100 Jyväskylä. Physical Culture and Health. Holidays for sports enthusiasts. Sports Medical Research Unit. Tel. 358 - 41 - 601211. Address: Seminaarinkatu 15, Address: 15560 Nastola. Address: Kiinanmyllynkatu 10, 40100 Jyväskylä. Tel. 358 - 18 - 621126. 20520 Turku. The Finnish Research Council for Tel. 358 41 217711. Tel. 358 21 513355. Physical Education and Sports, Solvalla Sports Institute, founded Physical Fitness Research Unit. Ministry of Education. Sport Library of Finland. 1949. Swedish language sports Address: Uimahallinpolku 4, Address: P.O. Box 293, Address: Stadion, institute. 20340 Turku. 00171 Helsinki. 00250 Helsinki. Address: 02840 Nuuksio. Tel. 358 21 383780. Tel. 358 0 134171. Tel. 358 0 491149. Tel. 358 0 860 513. 35 SPORTS PROMOTE HEALTH By Reino Summanen, photos by Pertti Nisonen Anssi Rauramo, 39, knows the impor- interests included running and football. pation on the national team. Nor has the tance of physical exercise for personal Even now he still enjoys playing right wing advent of foreign players helped in this health. Anssi played around 400 basket- on the parliamentary team. "Football has respect. A player who averages 25 points ball games over a 12-year period without always been my great love," he notes. in series games may score only 15 points missing a single match. This achievement Anssi won nine Finnish championships in in international matches. in itself is astonishing, although Anssi basketball, including one in the older Although Anssi is one of Finland's best- admits he went on the court a couple of men's series. He played 19 years in the known athletes and basketball is a popu- times at his own risk. championship series and was a member lar sport in the cities, brilliance in sports As a member of Parliament he is now wor- of the national team for 13 years. In the alone hardly explains his success in the ried about the fate of sports appropria- championship series he set a scoring parliamentary elections. Many athletes tions as a result of the current recession. record of 9,032 points, which was only with even more glamorous international With the public coffers running out of broken in December 1991 by Larry records have tried in vain to win seats in funds, Parliament cannot help being Pounds, who moved to Finland from the Parliament. tempted to cut expenditures whose United States. In addition to personal effort, getting benefits are hard to measure and can only During his long career basketball elected requires a natural constituency - be judged over the long term. changed in many ways, including eco- people who are ready to provide the Sports appropriations unfortunately fall nomically. "When I started I had to buy my necessary votes. Whereas Olympic win- into this category. In Anssi's opinion this own shoes. By the time I quit they were ners and world champions previously should not be the case, however, since a paying me money," he quips. made the best showing in Finnish politics, small savings now can translate into a Anssi has always had a great desire to win. players of team sports seem to enjoy large loss in the future. On the court he was at his best in tight greater popular today. "Decision makers should take an entirely spots, when there were only a few sec- Anssi admits that his chances of being new approach. There is no longer any onds left on the clock and victory or defeat elected to Parliament in 1987 would have need to base decisions on mere beliefs, depended on his performance. been pretty small if he had not been so since research information on the impor- In spite of his accomplishments, Anssi successful on the basketball court. At tance of sports for public health exists. still looks back to the day when he made least he would have had to enter politics Before we could only be more or less cer- the Torpan Pojat team in Helsinki as the several years before the elections. tain that sports was not harmful from a finest moment in his career. He was 17 at Anssi had thought about coaching and health viewpoint, but now medical studies the time. This neighbourhood team had teaching PE, but could not turn down this have shown that sports are actually been a major influence behind his deci- new challenge when it was offered to him. healthy." sion to play basketball. "At that age I was Once again the desire to win proved Anssi wonders how the nation can afford such a klutz that I never expected to get on decisive - fortunately for the Finnish Par- to cut sports funds and at the same time a team," he explains. liament. spend billions on treating musculoskele- tal illnesses, which are mostly due to Too few games insufficient exercise. Another highlight in his career was the According to his own calculations, sports European championship qualifications in directly account for around FIM 500 mil- 1977, which were held in Helsinki. The Fin- lion out of the state's total budget of FIM nish team managed to make it into the " Before we could only 160,000 million. Statutory appropriations European top ten, the best achievement be more or less certain that for sports total a mere FIM 70 million. The for Finnish basketball to date. sport is not harmful. vast majority of funding is thus appropri- Anssi notes that back then the team But now medical studies ated annually on the basis of government included 7 or 8 players with at least a hun- proposals. dred international matches behind them. have shown that sports are Nowadays only a couple of players on the actually healthy. " The desire to win team manage to reach this total. Like most top athletes, Anssi showed a In Anssi's opinion the fault lies in a system wide range of talents in his youth. His which favours series games over partici- 36 LE human happiness and life depend on these things alone." In her view working life is already hectic enough without the EC, and she wonders whether Finns can keep up even the pres- ent pace for long. "People always seem to want more and more things, and at the same time a growing number would like to retire at an earlier age." Running helps There are many ways to relieve the stress brought on by a busy working pace. Anneli confesses that she couldn't man- age in her own job if she didn't jog. "Jogging is an important outlet for me. When I go for a run I finally have a chance to think." She is the type of jogger who also wrestles with difficult problems while on the track. "I've noticed that solutions seem to work themselves out when I run - if you just give them a chance." Anneli has also noticed that the less she runs, the less she accomplishes. She began jogging in her student days, when a cousin who wanted to lose weight asked her to come along for company. In the summer she jogs anywhere from 5 to 15 kilometres six times a week, plus one run of over 20 kilometres. In the winter she runs mainly on weekends. She says she doesn't have any problem with "withdrawal pains" if she can't make it to the track occasionally. "I don't have to get straight out of bed to go running. Except maybe sometimes abroad when I "People seem to want more and can't sleep because of the time dif- more things. Still a growing number want to retire ference," she chuckles. at an earlier age.' Mass sports important TO RUN In her opinion top-level sports and mass sports are both important for public health. Without the example provided by top athletes, it would hardly be possible to S TO THINK get as many young people interested in sports. She nevertheless faults sports clubs for placing too much emphasis on competition. "I believe the Women's 10,000 Metres and similar mass events are an indication that Anneli Jäätteenmäki, 36, is a great Finnish Parliament and serves as deputy sports clubs have not paid sufficient believer in the benefits of jogging. In the chairman of the Centre Party's parliamen- attention to mass sports," she says. summer she runs nearly daily, in the tary group. Her special field is Nordic Anneli sees no big conflict between cul- winter two or three times a week. cooperation, and she is also the chairman ture and sports, although they have to vie She regards jogging as an important out- of the Nordic Council's financial commit- for funds from the same pot. "Both are let and usually tries to run at least a few tee. needed and society should invest in both. kilometres no matter how busy her sche- Anneli doesn't think that Finland should During the current recession, for dule gets. Even when she goes abroad isolate itself, but criticizes the European example, there has been an increase in she always takes her running shoes with Community for standing on a rather nar- reading and thus the demand for library her. She has never competed, however. row foundation in terms of values. "Pro- services. Hopefully the slump will have a Anneli is a city attorney by profession. She duction, consumption and competition similar effect on people's interest in is now in her second four-year term in the characterise the EC. I don't believe that sports." 38 STILL A VAULTER -IN HIS DREAMS "Sport ought not to be a deathly grave affair - not even world class competition. Failing should not mean the collapse of one's entire world. " If a man has been a pole vaulter for twenty lengthy competitive career - twenty years when he became secretary to the then years, it is bound to become an indelible or SO. He was Finnish Champion on eight Prime Minister, Kalevi Sorsa, in the run-in part of his subconsciousness. His mind's occasions and also won a silver medal in to the 1987 elections. Sorsa used to be eye will continue vaulting long after the both the Olympic Games and the Euro- fondest of darts and cards but Kallio- athlete has hung his spikes up. Antti Kal- pean Championships. mäki's influence prompted him to liomäki is now forty-four and a Finnish Kalliomäki is nowadays Chairman of the develop wider sporting interests. Member of Parliament. He stopped pole Parliamentary Social Democratic Party; Although he always knew that he wanted vaulting eight years ago but still sees a bar the 48-strong group is currently in oppo- to become a top athlete, it took a long time seventeen feet or more above him in his sition. If SDP return to power, he will be before Kalliomäki realized that pole vault- slumbers. one of the strongest candidates for minis- ing was his event. He says he was sixteen He was one of the best Finnish athletes of terial office. when he understood that in his case, suc- all time. And he had an exceptionally His political career began in earnest cess meant pole vaulting. By the time he 39 was two years older, he was European Nowadays, he sometimes wonders Junior Champion. whether he might have achieved one of In those days, Finnish pole vaulters did LARGER his goals if he had never had to contend almost no winter training. Kalliomäki says with injuries. that he did not begin practising indoors "Maybe. But on the other hand, pole vault- until he was twenty. To a large extent, he ing always involves an element of risk and THAN was his own coach as well. He was eight- it is this which makes the event hard to een before he first received expert advice predict, especially in major Games. Very - from Eeles Lanström, a former Euro- good vaulters can fail completely. That's pean Champion himself. what happened to me in the Moscow LIFE "My winter training mainly consisted of Olympics. And since competitions can go practising run-ups with the pole", Kallio- for several hours, the weather may mäki remembers. "I used to do that change completely before the medals are almost every day. Thinking about it now, I'd awarded". Esko-Juhani Tennilä is forty-four years say that my régime was far from being After he ceased to compete himself, Kal- old, comes from Lapland and has misguided. In my view, today's vaulters liomäki successfully coached the Finnish devoted his life to politics, football and might well benefit from running with their hurdler, Arto Bryggare. Nevertheless, the poetry. Although the order he ranks them poles as well". former vaulter says that he now deliber- in varies from time to time according to ately avoids working in sports organiza- circumstance, he says that the game of tions because politics take up virtually all soccer is larger than life. Ten years of leg injuries his time. Tennilä has followed modern trends and Kalliomäki injured his leg in 1968. But nowadays represents the Left-Wing even though he was forced to take pain- Alliance. Previously, he adhered to the killers to vault at all, he did not give up. For Competition makes good losers Moscow-oriented faction of the Finnish more than ten years, he limped after every Although vaulting was for long the chief Communist Party. competition. He was not operated on until element in Kalliomäki's life, he says that Notwithstanding, he has never simply fol- 1980 and at that time he thought his best he never took sport too seriously. Even at lowed the bandwagon with no thoughts of days had gone. Nevertheless, the oper- the highest level, sport should be pleasur- his own. Even when he was a young lad, he ation was such a success that he carried able in his view. Provided that they make was not afraid to be different. When his on for another four years. sure that the time and place are right, peers went skiing or practised ski jump- Kalliomäki's injury obliged him to learn a there is no reason why athletes should not ing on home-made ramps, Tennilä kicked completely new take-off technique. relax and have fun. a ball against barn walls and composed Although he first cleared lower heights "Sport ought not to be a deathly grave verse. "But I didn't tell anyone about the because of this, his results subsequently affair-not even world class competition. poetry because it would have seemed improved rapidly. He actually won all his Hard training should have its positive soppy". major medals while injured. aspects. If athletes start to feel that their Tennilä is now in his fifth term as a Mem- In 1973, Kalliomäki was the world's lead- training is actually a variety of masochism, ber of Parliament. In the 1983 general ing pole vaulter; three years later, he won they should retire immediately. Failing in election, he captured twelve per cent of all the silver medal at the Montreal Olympics. competition should not mean the col- the votes cast in his constituency-Finland Many people feel that he came very close lapse of one's entire world". has a system of proportional representa- to clearing 5metres 55centimetres there Kalliomäki argues that sport teaches ath- tion and Tennilä's figure is a national rec- at his first attempt. If it had not been for his letes to bear defeat rather than cope with ord. brushing the bar with his chest, he would victory. Whilst he also experienced black Still, football has provided the most unfor- have won the gold medal. Three competi- moments, he never thought that losing gettable moment of Tennilä's political tors eventually cleared the same height was the worst thing which could have career. In the spring of 1976, the Finnish and the competition was decided on the happened to him. "Astronomy is an inter- parliamentary team played its counter- number of vaults each had made overall. est of mine. And even if nothing else did, part from what was then the German studying the cosmos taught me that pole Federal Republic. When the German vaulting is not the be-all and end-all of the Chancellor Walter Scheel later visited A gold medal or world record universe". Finland in the summer, he remembered Kalliomäki explains his exceptionally Finally, Antti Kalliomäki also believes that the goal-scoring Finnish "red". long pole vaulting career by saying that he sport has benefited his political career. "A wanted to win an Olympic gold or set a top level athlete has to learn to plan his life, world record. He belief that these two practise self-discipline and hold to a rigid The best parliamentary team ambitions were well within his reach and schedule. And these are all useful skills Tennilä has also won a European Cham- they spurred him on for years. for M.P.s as well". pionship in the colours of the Finnish Par- 40 liamentary football squad. He usually plays as a probing forward on the left wing - except, that is, from when he wishes to confuse the opposing defenders by play- ing on the right. The Finnish team has fared so well in European competition that if the continent's soccer champion- ship was decided by M.P.s, the trophy would probably be held by Finland. Everyone needs a gym Another peculiarity of Tennilä's is that the footballer who used to swear by short bursts of acceleration is now a passion- ate jogger. He traipsed the wilds of Lapland for years. "I now believe that jog- ging is addictive". When Tennilä's weight seemed to be too much for his knee to bear, the left-winger took up cycling in the summer and skiing in the winter. He does SO to this day. And in the autumn when Helsinki is too incle- ment for cycling and it is still too early for skis, Tennilä works out in the parliament building's gymnasium. Indeed, he has become an enthusiastic keep-fit centre advocate. "Everybody ought to be able to work out for thirty minutes a day at work. There's no need for luxurious equipment and facilities, modest parameters are quite good enough. The main thing is to get into the habit of lifting weights and so on. But no-one should begin working out without "Employers would do well to invest advice as the risk of injury is too great". in the physical well-being of their staff. The gains Tennilä believes that employers would do from reduced absenteeism and improved performance well to invest in the physical well-being of would compensate for the costs involved. " their staff. The gains from reduced absen- teeism and improved performance would compensate for the costs involved. "Most of the back complaints people suffer from with my chest and the ball followed its own rewarded with a place in the Tenho lineup. nowadays", he points out, "are the conse- path". He in fact became so fit and played so well quence of flabby back muscles". The 1975 general elections came close to that in addition to his parliamentary finishing Tennilä's footballing days. After duties, he spent six years kicking a ball in leading the life of an M.P. for a while, he Finland's third division. More professionals found that his waistline had thickened - That interlude brought him an important Tennilä played for the Karihaaran Tenho perhaps M.P.s gain a few extra pounds as realization - the importance of training. team when he was a more serious foot- a fringe benefit. And in his opinion, Finnish football will baller. At one point, the team was among "When the summer recess came about, never reach European standards without the leaders in Finland's northern league. my teammates noticed how chubby I'd professionalism. "Football calls for so As he grinningly remembers it, "I was so become and said that I stood no chance much fitness and skill that playing on the slow and clumsy that no-one could pass of making the team if I didn't lose weight. top level requires at least two full training me. When someone tried to dribble They gave me one month's time". sessions a day. And that's only possible around me, he usually ended up colliding Tennilä followed instructions and was for professionals and semi-pros". 41 People There's No Squashing Sami's Ambition By Kirsi Poikolainen, Photos by Erkki Ruokonen Finnish squash star Sami Elopuro intends to become one of the world's ten top professionals and stay one as well. "I'm extremely ambitious and always try to win,' Elopuro says. "When I first broke through into the world's top ten, I felt pleased with myself for about five seconds. Then I decided to try to climb still higher." S ami Elopuro is twenty-seven- British coach, Keith Griffith. In the mid year-old and is consequently no '80s, Finland lacked first class training longer a youngster. Whilst it is facilities for squash; nowadays, the true that squash is not exactly a sport for country has more than enough squash children, few top players are older than halls. He returned to Finland in 1986 and thirty. Elopuro plans to continue for "as joined two other squash players in a spe- long as I keep developing." He will con- cial training squad. The squad - Elopuro, tinue for a minimum of three years. Pekkanen and Pulli - is now Finland's Squash is an event which calls for national team. strength and stamina, qualities which Elopuro continues to play in Germany and younger players inevitably lack no matter is a member of the City Squash Kassel how skillful they may be. Bundesliga. He plays in the English Generally speaking, squash profession- League as well. Although he takes part in als from Finland and the other Nordic competitions criss-crossing the globe, countries are a little older than for his home is firmly based in Finland. He is example their very successful Pakistani usually away for roughly six months out of counterparts. The reason is that most Fin- twelve. Finally, his holidays and leisure nish youngsters attend school until the also revolve around squash - if not age of eighteen and that boys are then actually playing, he will probably be mak- obliged to do military service. It is not ing a PR appearance. possible to turn professional until the age As a top professional, Elopuro has of twenty. The decision can seem too numerous sponsors. His main backers risky, since that it is the point when young are the Finnish Tele company and the people lay the foundations for their care- Canon Corporation's Finnish subsidiary. ers and begin to think about marriage and In addition, he has a racket contract with children. "Many young players decide to Fukuda, a clothing agreement with Terinit give up," Elopuro points out. and a shoe deal with Hi-Tec. Espoon Squash, his club, gives him support too. "In my view, being a professional means Plays squash in Germany As a true professional, that you really have to earn something, not Finnish squash star Elopuro made his decision in 1985 after merely make enough to scrape by on. Just Sami Elopuro is completing military service. He departed spending all your time on sports doesn't extremely ambitious for Bremen in Germany to train under the make you a pro," Elopuro asserts. and bent on winning. 42 Canon THE / TELE Terini Terini t Caron A rigourous training programme is part of his life, sometimes he puts in three training sessions in one day. 48 Just playing isn't enough Elopuro: "Apart from a few brief passing declare that his progress tends to be slow Until recently, Elopuro negotiated his own moments, I've never really thought about nowadays. Yet his statement may also be sponsorship agreements. His coach, retiring." construed as implying there is no longer Hannu Mäkinen, now acts as his man- much to correct in his game. "Fortunately, ager as well. Mirka, his wife, understands the pro- I'm patient and hardworking." "The fact I had to negotiate my own con- blems of the athlete. A former sportswo- tracts and generally manage my own man herself, she once won the Finnish Never give up affairs has taught me a great deal. When 800 metres championship. Elopuro's par- Elopuro admits that his arduous training my active playing career finishes one day, ents and brothers - all of whom are sports programme, recurring day in and day out my experience and contacts with the fanatics - also support him. His younger as it does, is sometimes mentally taxing, world of business will come in handy," he brother, Hannu, was one of Finland's best but says that success provides inspira- says. squash players and Teemu, his big tion. "Apart from a few brief passing Perhaps this is the reason why Elopuro's brother, used to play basketball. moments, I've never really thought of retir- appearance and demeanour impress ing. I think that I would have the same and give confidence. Sponsors do not ambitious attitude no matter what I did worry about him ever saying anything One thing at a time -even if I played the violin. Irrespective of unsuitable; he is eminently capable of Elopuro has an extremely demanding what my aim is, I always put in one hun- speaking for himself and does not need training programme. He only has one day dred per cent effort." coaches or assistants to help him. Some off each week. He generally spends it on The greatest hazard, of course, is injury or of his contracts require him to make PR work, giving interviews or doing some- ill health. Thankfully, he has so far had no appearances at events which sponsors thing similar. problems with back or knees, an occupa- arrange for clients. He has escorted At other times, he puts in three training tional risk with squash players. "Although clients to watch the British Open, for sessions a day. He has a technical ses- I often have minor injuries, nothing has instance. "This side of my job sometimes sion in the morning, followed by a couple ever gone seriously wrong," he says. seems very tough compared to my train- hours of match play in the afternoon, and Squash, in Elopuro's opinion, does not ing programme. But it is part of being a then rounds off his day with fitness exer- call for special talent. Instead, it requires pro. Simply playing doesn't make you a cises: either running, lifting weights or basic speed, stamina and elasticity. The professional," the sportsman notes. jumping. His programme, compiled by rest comes from hard work. He is against Elopuro's plans for the future focus on Hannu Mäkinen, stresses one facet at a the practice of dubbing youngsters marketing and public relations work. He is time. Last year, Elopuro concentrated on "promising" at too early a stage. He a qualified sales representative; he backhand volleys from June to December began at the age of 14 after his father took attended college immediately after pass- before he got things right. He is currently him to a squash hall. "I fell for the game ing his matriculation exam. focussing on drop shots. immediately." He would not describe himself as a com- plete player. He is modest enough to Career first, family second Hectic spring schedule Although Elopuro's squash prowess has Elopuro has a tight spring schedule with not exactly turned him into a rich man, he several major tournaments and major is satisfied with life. "I'd say that I make a prizes too. The Spanish, French and Brit- reasonable living. But you can only get ish Opens each have total prizes of over rich on squash if you're ranked in the USD 100,000. In most squash events, the world's top five," he explains. cash is split between the top 32 players He married in September and now lives with the winner taking 18 per cent. He also with his wife in a terrace house in almost plans to play the Welsh and German rural Klaukkala, about twenty kilometres Opens, plus Bundesliga matches in Ger- from Helsinki. For the moment, the newly- many and a few smaller invitation events weds are not thinking about children. Elo- and tournaments. puro wants to concentrate wholeheart- Nevertheless, he intends to take a two edly on his career and does not like the Although he has had a few minor injuries, week summer holiday and to spend at idea of becoming a part-time profes- Elopuro has not been sidelined with least one of those weeks in the south of sional. anything serious. Europe with his wife - without squash. 45 Happening : Finland's The Finnish winter is generally at its best in February and early March, when Shrove Sunday and Shrove Tuesday fall. On these two days Finns can enjoy a carnival atmos- phere. STYSMIES Kaisaniemi Park in downtown Helsinki is a lively spot on Shrove Tuesday. Nowadays wooden sledges have largely been replaced by plastic models, and some people make do with a plastic bag or piece of cardboard. Tar pots add their own touch to the carnival atmosphere. 47 On Shrove Tuesday Finland has its own carnival on sleighs. P eople of all ages go sledging, pea soup every Thursday as a rule. Most and children can also take a ride people have given up this custom, but in a dog sledge or on a pony. almost everyone still associates pea soup After frolicking in the cold, everyone with Shrove Tuesday. Cooks at canteens enjoys delicious buns with hot milk or and school cafeterias never have any juice. Dancing is also allowed. problem deciding what to serve on this day. Another integral part of Shrovetide is Plenty of snow sweet buns, usually quite large and filled Shrove Tuesday is the last day before the with marzipan or whipped cream or both, beginning of Lent, the forty-day period often decorated with almond flakes and leading up to Easter. Since Easter is a often eaten with hot milk. Whatever varia- movable feast, the date of Shrove Tuesday tions different bakeries may favour, you also varies. It's a safe bet that there'll be can be sure that Shrovetide is approach- plenty of snow whenever it comes round, ing when these buns appear in the shops. however, although the weather in south- Since Finland has at least two of every- ern Finland has been a bit unpredictable thing - two official languages, two state in the past few years. religions and two cultural heritages - the Shrovetide is the one time of the year menu is further enriched by blinis, repre- When they went sledging on Shrove Tues- when no one is too old or too proud to go senting the eastern tradition. day, they would wish for a good crop the sledging. Grown-ups may not bother to next summer, shouting such phrases as get a real sledge for this one occasion; "long linen, fine hemp, turnips as big as they can usually manage with a simple Make a wish plates." The farther the sledge went, the piece of cardboard or a plastic bag. Television, magazines and newspapers longer the linen would be. It was the cus- Families with small children flock to the have given Finns some idea of how tom to be neatly dressed and well hills on Shrove Sunday. In addition, vari- Roman Catholics celebrate the carnival groomed for the occasion. The food was ous organisations arrange dog-sledge or which precedes Lent. The Lutheran supposed to be rich, plentiful and avail- pony rides. Young people go sledging on Reformation put an end to many Catholic able throughout the day to ensure a good Shrove Tuesday evening as well. Torches holidays in Finland, but Shrove Tuesday harvest. and tar pots light up the night, and the out- remained. The Finnish feast also has its door fun is followed by punch and danc- roots deep in the nation's rural culture. ing inside. In the old days February marked a turning Setting the stage point in the life of the farm population. By Shrove Tuesday brought the carnival to a this time the women had finished spin- Special foods a theat close and set the stage for Lent. Scholars ning their linen, hemp and wool, the days say that modern customs in Lutheran Traditional foods at Shrovetide include were becoming brighter and they could Scandinavia reveal traces of the old Cath- pea soup and buns. Finns used to have go on to other chores such as weaving. olic practice of approaching Lent with 48 "white food": milk, butter, cheese, wheat nied by the sound of jingling bells, the kind The Shrovetide carnival has deep roots in bread, eggs. Though, of course, few commemorated in so many old songs Finnish rural culture as February marked people even give Lent a thought when and films. a turning point in the life of farm they savour a sweet bun filled with marzi- In the old days young people used to go population. When they went sledging on pan and whipped cream. In the Orthodox sleigh riding, but nowadays you won't find Shrove Tuesday, they would wish for a faith, white food also plays a role in pre- many horses suitable for this purpose. good crop for the next summer: the paring for Lent, and blinis are important The number of horses in Finland has in farther the sledge went, the longer the for this reason. Another food associated fact risen considerably, but they're all rid- linen would be. with Shrove Tuesday in this tradition is jelly ing horses and no one would think of doughnuts, but over the course of time hitching them up to a sleigh. these have become popular all year Their place has been taken by dogs and in round. some cases ponies. Children are given rides in small sledges developed for this From sleigh purpose. This activity also provides organisations, such as dog owners' asso- to dog sledge ciations, an excellent opportunity to raise Shrove Tuesday can fall anytime between funds. Another way in which a living tradi- February 8th and March 7th. This is an tion has been adapted to changing times! ideal time for a winter outing accompa- 49 GET TO KNOW FINNISH SPORT Subscribe now to Motion-Sport in Finland, the magazine featuring the wide world of Finnish sport What could be better than a publication dedicated to world of Finnish sport? A magazine that seriously looks at sport from different angles. Motion-Sport in Finland is published biannually in English by The Finnish Society for Research in Sport and Physical Education. Each issue invites the reader to get to know the whys and wherefores of sport in Finland. Read innovative articles not found in any other sport publication. Meet the movers and shakers in sport. Discover the fascinating world behind Finnish sport. Spotlighted: all types of sport. Special news and views are featured on sports abroad. Motion-Sport in Finland is airmailed from Finland at just $10 (45 FIM ) an issue. THE WORLD OF FINNISH SPORT IN ONE PUBLICATION. Motion-Sport in Finland YES! Please place my order for the future copies of Motion-Sport in Finland. Enclosed is my money order for $10.00 (45 FIM) for each subscribed issue. Name Address City/Town Country Postal Code Mail to: Leena Nieminen, Editor, Stadium 00250, Helsinki Finland. Phone 358 0 444 582. Contributors V NTS Jarmo Jokinen Memorial Cup 25 - 26 January, Helsinki Named after Finnish tabletennis star Jarmo Jokinen, who died young a few years ago, this Cup brings together some twenty top players from all over the world, including cur- rent world champions. Finnish Tabletennis Association, tel. 358 0 1582204 Marathons on Ice 29 February, Kuopio 4 - 7 March, Rovaniemi Marathon runners run only 42 kilometres, skaters' marathons are up to four times that long. These races on natural ice on lakes attract skaters from all over the world. In both races distances vary, the toughest competitors skate 200 kilometres. Kari Rahkamo, the Lord Mayor of Helsinki, Finnish Speed Skating Association, tel. 358 0 1582479 is by education a civil engineer. In his time Ringette World Championships 4 - 8 March, Helsinki he was the best triple jumper in Scandina- This game is for ladies only. It is played in ice-hockey rinks, it is fast, but less physical than via. ice-hockey. There'll be seven teams from six countries, Canada having two teams. The other countries are France, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the USA. Jouko Jokinen is a sports journalist on Finnish Ringette Association, tel 358 0 1582583 Finland's leading daily newspaper, The Helsingin Sanomat. Biathlon World Cup 12 - 15 March, Kokkola In biathlon succes comes only if you can ski and shoot fast - and always hit the target. Kirsti Sintonen is a Helsinki-based jour- The stars in this sport compete for world cup points in Kokkola, on the Finnish west coast. nalist specialising in education. Finnish Biathlon Association, tel. 358 0 1582334 GB Boxing Tournament 2 - 5 April, Helsinki Matti Sovijärvi is a journalist with the The tournament is named after Gunnar Bärlund, perhaps the best Finnish boxer ever. He Lehdentekijät Corporation in Helsinki. was at his best in the pre-war years, but the tournament is a rather new tradition - this is the 11th one. Boxers from all over the world meet in the ring. Erkki Lyytikäinen is journalist on The Workers'Sports Federation TUL, tel. 358 0 77061 Etelä-Suomen Sanomat, a large news- Päijänne Enduro Race 3 - 5 April, Helsinki paper in southeast Finland. Hundreds of enduro bikes are the first sure sign of spring in Helsinki. The drivers start clean and tidy, and return muddy and dirty, after driving hundreds of kilometres around Patricia Gallo-Stenman started her jour- Lake Päijänne. The race takes them along little roads, through fields and forests, and nalism career in Philadelphia, USA and is through the last patches of snow and the first pools of mud. now a free-lance writer in Helsinki. Finnish Motorcycling Association, tel. 358 0 1582250 Markku Sunimento is a cultural journalist Women's Ice Hockey World Championships 20 - 26 April, Tampere with the Lehdentekijät Corporation in Hel- Women play ice-hockey, too. The rules are almost the same as men's - and, not surpris- sinki. ingly, the best countries are those with long traditions in the game. Only the Chinese are newcomers in this sport. There'll be eight teams, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, Nor- Jorma Puusa is a free-lance photo- way, Switzerland, Sweden and the USA. grapher after several years with leading Finnish Ice Hockey Association, tel. 358 0 1581 Finnish newspapers and picture agen- Handball Nalle Cup 23 -26 April, Helsinki cies. Nalle, or teddy bear, is one of the very few words that are common to both Finnish and Swedish. Nalle Cup is a giant international junior tournament in handball with more than Reino Summanen is also a journalist with a hundred participating teams. As handball is one of Finland's Swedish speaking the Lehdentekijät Corporation in Helsinki. people's favourite sports, Nalle is a perfect name for the tournament. Finnish Handball Association, tel. 358 0 1582357 Pertti Nisonen, who is a free-lance photo- Walking through the Capital 2 May, Helsinki grapher, contributes regularly to leading The first of May is Finland's carnival day, the day after that is for returning to healthy habits magazines and newspapers. again. Viipurin Urheilijat sports club organises a walk of 10 kilometres through the eas- tern parts of Helsinki. This fun-race is for amateurs only. Kirsi Poikolainen is also a journalist with Viipurin Urheilijat, tel. 358 0 491 325 the Lehdentekijät Corporation in Helsinki. Motorcross World Championship Race 24 May, Vantaa Erkki Ruokonen is a free-lance photo- Big, 500 CC bikes race in Tikkurila, Vantaa, for precious points in the world championship grapher based in Helsinki. series. Roaring engines, crowds, speed and sunshine. Finnish Motorcycling Association, tel. 358 0 1582250 Leila Teräsalmi, a writer and editor, spe- Women's Ten Run 31 May, Helsinki cialises in academic issues. This is one of the world's biggest fun-runs, for ladies only, with thousands of participants, from competitors to slow-goers. The route is scenic, the runners beautiful. There are bal- loons and roses - and many will have picnic afterwards. Worth to run, worth to see. Naisten Kymppi/Women's Ten, tel. 358 0 6948654 5I M otion is published by the Finnish Society for Research in Sport and Physical Education. It is not strictly scientific, but a general interest maga- zine, looking at sport in all forms. The theme of this issue is education. What are the actual results of physical education? How do the results compare with the goals set for PE? How OPS are sports professionals trained? Is there a need for international cooperation in educating professionals? What changes will the integration process in Europe - and the disintegration process in the former USSR - bring about? In this issue, as well as in the future, Motion will examine Finland. What is happening? Who is prominent and heading for the top? How can sport and motion play such an overwhelming role in the life of a nation? Motion is a serious magazine. So is sport. At its best, sport is not only serious, but also great fun. Motion shares that ambition.

nara / coll_gb-spe / doc

Finland Trip [Research Materials, 1992] [OA 6901] [5]

ID: 323154444
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