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Issues - Foreign Policy 1990 [OA 8749]
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323154560
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Issues - Foreign Policy 1990 [OA 8749]
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13872-006
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Mark Davis Subject Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
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S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Davis, Mark, Files
Subseries:
Subject File, 1989-1991
OA/ID Number:
13872
Folder ID Number:
13872-006
Folder Title:
Issues-Foreign Policy, 1990
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G
19
2
6
5
BRITAIN
move after entering a reversed world on
Where Is the
the otherse
Taking a from Carroll, Keene read
the map as a drawing the British Isles
Police hope a chess code may unlock the riddle of a woman
with mirror images of towns Olined on op-
posite sides of a blank, gridless
who vanished on a trip through Ireland
which he took to be Ireland. Turning to the
code, he concluded that WK
A
missing body, a map, a code.
meant white king, representing
British mystery fans and
the police, that BQ (black
chess buffs alike are turning from
P.D. James and Agatha Christie
ROGER PICTURES
queen) was the missing woman,
and that BK (black king) was the
this summer to a real-life riddle
suspect. Using these clues,
that police have yet to solve. Was
Keene deduced that Theresa
Theresa Terry murdered? If so,
Terry must be buried in the Irish
where is her body? The riddle
town of Limerick. His theory tal-
has drawn in the chess columnist
lied with police discoveries that
for the London Times as well as
the suspect had hired a car and
dozens of would-be Sherlock
used credit cards in Ireland. But
Holmeses.
Keene could not interpret the
The victim: Terry, 43, was a
letters HG, which he thought
widely traveled computer pro-
might stand for "her grave" or
grammer from Lancashire who
be reverse code for "grievous
had returned to England from
harm." More important, police
Australia to investigate the dis-
have yet to find the body; they re-
appearance of funds from her
Deadly gambits: grand master Keene with the suspect's diagram
fuse to say whether they even
bank account. In January, after
searched for it in Limerick.
telephoning a friend to say that she was in
drawings of what could be outlines of
For the past two weeks, Keene's read-
Ireland with a man, she vanished. In June,
countries. They were marked by Roman
ers have offered dozens of solutions. An
Lancashire police arrested Terry's 30-year-
numerals. The other listed what looked
Irish barrister suggested that HG referred
old traveling companion and charged him
like obscure chess moves.
to the Holy Ground public house in the St.
with fraud related to her $48,500 savings
The code: detective chief superinten-
John's area of Limerick, a desolate place
account.
dent Roy Fletcher in Preston, Lancashire,
ideally suited for the disposing of bodies.
The map: the unnamed suspect told the
called on the Times's chess columnist,
To complicate matters, William Hartston,
police that Terry had committed suicide
grand master Raymond Keene. At first,
the chess correspondent for the rival Inde-
and that he had buried her body, but he re-
Keene was as befuddled as the police.
pendent, proposed that the map represent-
fused to say where. Instead he handed his
Then he recalled that Lewis Carroll's
ed Continental Europe and that Terry's
interrogators two sheets of paper. One
Through the Looking-Glass is prefaced by a
body had been thrown from a ferry in the
contained a crude map with three rough
chess problem in which Alice wins in 11
Bay of Naples.
AUSTRIA
ent. "Certainly not," he told Austrian TV.
The Trojan
"I did not rewrite my biography."
Dénounced even by some of his
Guest
staunchest followers for agreeing to asso-
ciate with the ostracized Austrian, Havel
plainly hoped his words would pacify his
Havel meets with Waldheim,
critics. He apparently saw to it that his
friend Richard von Weizsäcker, the West
then politely cuts him up
German President, also attended the festi-
val's opening, since Von Weizsäcker is
c
zechoslovakia's Vaclav Havel was just
Waldheim, Von Weizsäcker and Havel
widely respected in Europe for his blunt
an oppressed dissident playwright
acknowledgments of Germany's blame for
when he received an invitation last year to
glowing terms, the playwright President did
the Holocaust. Both leaders repeatedly
give the keynote address at the 1990 Salz-
not return the compliment. Instead, using
emphasized that their visits were private,
burg music and drama festival. He accept-
language that was indirect but clear
not official, and for added effect, they cut
ed, figuring he would not be allowed to at-
enough, he verbally lacerated his opposite
their stays short, leaving Austria within
tend since the Communist government had
number, who for years concealed his ser-
several hours of their arrival. Still, the visit
not let him leave the country in many years.
vice as an officer in a German army unit
enraged many Jews, four of whom, includ-
But now Havel is the government-and he
linked to Nazi atrocities in the Balkans dur-
ing American Rabbi Avi Weiss, were ar-
had R.S.V.P.ed, after all. So off to Mozart's
ing World War II. Choosing the fear of his-
rested for public disorder after they shout-
birthplace the Czechoslovak President
tory as his theme, Havel called "the expec-
ed at Waldheim before Havel spoke.
went last week, even if it did mean meeting
tation that one can glide through history
Since his election in 1986, Waldheim
his Austrian counterpart, Kurt Waldheim,
unpunished and rewrite one's own biogra-
has wooed only one other Western head of
thus breaching the international isolation
phy" one of "the traditional Central Euro-
state to Austria, Cypriot President George
imposed on the Austrian leader because of
pean delusions." More pointedly, Havel
Vassiliou, who visited Vienna in early July.
his dubious wartime past.
declared, "Whoever fears to look his own
With two years left in his term and with the
But if Waldheim thought he would get a
past in the face must necessarily fear what is
boycott against him broken, Waldheim
).Γ. windfall from Havel's visit, he underes-
to come. Lies cannot save us from lies."
might yet have other callers. But after his
imated his man. Though a beaming Wald-
Asked afterward whether Havel might have
encounter with Havel, he just might prefer
eim introduced Havel to the crowd in
had him in mind, Waldheim was belliger-
his solitude.
TIME, AUGUST 6, 1990
37
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
London, England
For Immediate Release
guly 0, 1530
FACT SHEET
Checklist of Key Initiatives in the
London Declaration
The London Declaration includes nineteen initiatives to set a new
course for the North Atlantic Alliance and help shape the new
Europe. They fall into four broad categories, as follows:
1.
Reaching out to old adversaries
-- pledge "never in any circumstance" to be "the first to
use force.'
-- propose a joint declaration of NATO and Warsaw Pact
member states making a commitment to non-aggression,
open to other CSCE states.
-- invite Gorbachev and other Eastern leaders to address
the North Atlantic Council.
-- invite Warsaw Pact member governments to establish
regular diplomatic liaison with NATO.
--
intensify military-to-military contacts, including
visits by NATO military commanders to Eastern capitals.
2.
Change character of conventional defense
--
keep CFE in session until treaty is done.
--
pledge that follow-on talks will include measures to
limit military manpower in Europe and, with this goal
in mind, a commitment will be made at time of CFE
signing concerning the manpower levels of forces of a
united Germany.
--
look beyond CFE to a new conventional arms control
negotiations which will seek "further far-reaching
measures in the 1990s to limit the offensive capability
of conventional armed forces in Europe, so as to
prevent any nation from maintaining disproportionate
military power on the continent."
K
- 2 -
-- move away from 'forward defense' and field smaller and
restructured active forces that are more flexible,
scaling back readiness of active units, reducing number
of exercises and relying more heavily on the ability to
build up larger forces if and when they might be
needed.
-- rely increasingly on multinational corps made up of
national units.
3.
Adopt a new NATO nuclear strategy
-- Adopt a new nuclear strategy
-- propose to eliminate all NATO nuclear artillery shells
from Europe, once SNF negotiations begin, if the Soviet
Union will reciprocate.
-- modify 'flexible response' to reduce reliance on
nuclear weapons and adopt a new strategy making nuclear
forces truly weapons of last resort.
4.
Help build a Europe whole and free through strengthening the
CSCE
-- agree that CSCE Summit should endorse new standards for
free societies on free elections, the rule of law,
economic cooperation, and environmental protection.
-- set up regular consultations at ministerial or head of
government level at least once each year.
-- schedule major review conferences at least once every
two years.
-- establish a secretariat to coordinate the meetings and
conferences.
-- set up a mechanism to monitor elections.
--
create a center for the prevention of conflict.
-- form a CSCE parliament, the Assembly of Europe.
K
Secretary Baker
Current
Policy
From Revolution to Democracy:
No. 1248
Central and Eastern Europe
in the New Europe
United States Department of State
Bureau of Public Affairs
Washington, D.C.
Following is Secretary Baker's pre-
"government clothed with proper author-
pared address at Charles University,
protect Europe's democratic revolutions.
ity." And he insisted that Czechs and
Prague, Czechoslovakia, February 7,
Never again should you-or any other
Slovaks, not an emperor in Vienna, should
1990.
people-have totalitarianism steal away
be the judges of their own destiny.
your freedom. Never again should you be
But the wisdom of Masaryk and
On an autumn day in Washington, D.C.,
just the objects of history, unable to ef-
Wilson, the rationality of democracy and
72 years ago, a messenger brought an en-
fect, much less shape, your own destiny,
self-determination, did not last.
velope to the White House. A clerk
unable to do anything but cry out: "o nas,
The days of reason of 1918 yielded to
stamped the enclosed letter, "Received,
bez nas, proti nam"-about us, without
the unreasoning darkness of 1938 and
October 18, 1918." The letter was sent by
us, against us.
1948. Czechoslovakia witnessed-and
an elderly former professor from Prague
endured-frightening totalitarian power
to his friend, a former professor from
and the breakdown of the European
From Revolution to Lasting Democracy
Princeton. The letter was timely, for on
order. The United States returned to
that very day-October 18-the Prince-
In December in Berlin, I discussed four
Europe, and America's young men died,
ton professor, Woodrow Wilson, Presi-
key features of the new European archi-
resisting Nazi and Fascist aggression.
dent of the United States, was consider-
tecture: NATO, the European Commu-
Then America stayed in Europe to con-
ing a recent proposal from the Austro-
nity (EC), the Conference on Security and
tain Stalinist expansionism.
Hungarian Empire. That letter to the
Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), and a
Now the revolutions of 1989 have re-
White House was the Declaration of Inde-
continuing American role in Europe.
vived an age of reason for Czechoslovakia
pendence of the Czechoslovak nation.
Here in Prague, I want to resume that
and Eastern and central Europe.
Thomas Masaryk had sent it.
discussion. I want to share my thoughts
That is what brings us together in this
As our 28th President read the docu-
on how Czechoslovakia and its neighbors
special place. Twenty-two years ago, stu-
ment from the man who would be your
in central and Eastern Europe can move
dents just like you-students like Jan
first President, he must have been stirred
from revolutions to lasting democracies
Palach-joined during a fateful Prague
by the words that recalled our own decla-
that draw strength from the new archi-
spring to restore the vibrant democratic
ration of independence from an empire.
tecture.
society that once stood at the heart of
He must have been moved by the closing
The historic, democratic movements
Europe-only to be crushed by the
passage:
that we are witnessing across Europe-
twisted normality of "normalization," by
here in Prague and in Bratislava, in
The forces of darkness have served the
the unreason of the era of stagnation.
victory of light-the longed-for age of human-
Now you-the students of this great uni-
Warsaw and Budapest, in Berlin, Sofia,
Belgrade, and Bucharest-hold great
ity is dawning. We believe in democracy, we
versity-have taken part, heroically and
promise for all of us. They hold the prom-
believe in liberty-and liberty ever more.
responsibly, in your velvet revolution.
ise that Europe can achieve what Presi-
That same day, October 18, Woodrow
So it is especially fitting for me to
dent Havel has called "the era of
Wilson sent his reply to the Austro-
come here, to Czechoslovakia, to Prague,
freedom;" what President Bush has called
Hungarian Empire. He recognized the
to this university, to talk with you about
a "Europe whole and free."
Czecho-Slovak National Council as a
how we might promote, perpetuate, and
We must work to fulfill that promise
intrigues, secret agreements, and prag-
ensure that the people-power elections of
and to protect it. Indeed, we all know
matic maneuvering but that it also can be
1990 genuinely represent the-will of the
that initial impulses for democracy may
the art of the impossible, that is the art of
people.
not be enough. If 1989 was the year of
making both ourselves and the world
No proposal could be more timely.
sweeping away, 1990 must become the
better."
Last month Romania said it would invite
year of building anew.
UN observers to its elections. Now I
Four challenges confront the newly
Free Elections: The First Challenge
hope Romania will give our CSCE
emerging democracies of this region.
observer proposal greater impetus by
Two months ago in Berlin, I emphasized
being the first nation to invite CSCE
First, the spirit of revolution needs to
that governments based on the consent of
observers. Nineteen eighty-nine was the
move from the streets into the govern-
the governed are the first requirement
year the people took to the streets; 1990
ment. Transitional regimes need to give
for an enduring peace in Europe. Ameri-
should be the year the people move into
way to fair and free elections that estab-
cans value self-determination because we
their parliaments.
lish open parliaments with a place for
value the dignity and freedom of the indi-
I would like to add one cautionary
opposition: The new democratic political
vidual. We value it, too, because the prin-
note. We are troubled by indications that
systems need to respect the rule of law
ciple of self-determination is the only
some of the governments in the region
and fundamental individual rights and lib-
basis upon which legitimate governments
have engaged in practices that will ob-
erties-including freedom of speech,
can stand.
struct truly free and fair elections. Let
assembly, religion, and the press. Major-
The steps you take are not just your
me be clear: The peaceful transition to
ity rule must respect minority rights.
own; they are also steps forward for all
democracy now underway in central and
Second, the spirit of the new Europe
states that have a stake in a legitimate
Eastern Europe will not tolerate rear
needs to be reflected in security arrange-
European order, including the United
guard maneuvers from any quarter. As
ments that remove the threat of military
States and the Soviet Union. Only
we have seen in the German Democratic
aggression or intimidation and promote
through the legitimacy of democracy will
Republic (G.D.R.) and Romania, such
the peaceful settlement of disputes. Elec-
we achieve a resilient and lasting
actions will only undercut the legitimacy
tions and new security treaties will be
stability.
of this vital process. And any steps that
mutually reinforcing, for only freely
Governments accountable to their
undercut the creation of legitimate gov-
elected governments can legitimize the
peoples-and more concerned with the
ernments will increase, not decrease, in-
security arrangements the treaties will
livelihood of their citizens than with their
stability. That is in no one's interest.
codify.
apparats, armies, or secret police-will
We will proceed on the basis of a new
Third, the spirit of economic reform
secure a Europe whole and free in a way
democratic differentiation: Any backslid-
needs to move forward to allow free men
armies of tanks never could. Democratic
and women to enjoy economic liberty-
ing in the movement to create legitimate
governments are far more likely to pro-
governments will isolate a nation from the
including the rights to private ownership
mote the well-being of their citizens than
support we can provide.
and to work alone or collectively in mar-
to pursue expansionist, aggressive aims.
kets where prices are set by individual
President Gorbachev also appears to
choices, not centralized diktat. The im-
have understood this opportunity. By
Consolidating Changes in Europe's
proved performance and freedom of mar-
word and deed, this new Soviet leader-
Security: The Second Challenge
ket economies will be necessary to help
ship seems to agree that legitimacy, not
sustain popular support for the new
The democratic imperative is the first and
democracies.
force, is the only way to ensure European
most basic challenge. But the second
stability. As Foreign Minister Shevard-
Following from these three chal-
challenge is no less important. I want to
nadze said just last month: "We are
lenges, I suggest there may also be a
state our objective as clearly as possible:
emerging from a difficult past. We are
fourth: Some of the new democracies of
We must leave behind not only the cold
emerging from it, having learned well its
the region may determine that they can
war but also the conflicts that preceded it.
main lesson: Only an advanced democ-
better support and sustain their common
After 1918 you built a strong democ-
racy can give guarantees against the
effort if they do SO in concert, perhaps
racy and a vibrant economy, but 1938 and
abuse of power and can secure a nation
through some form of regional coopera-
1948 proved the necessity for enduring,
tion.
against repression and violence."
effective security.
Since self-determination through a
The lesson is clear: Military changes
In each of these efforts, the evolving
free and fair election is the right that
must keep pace with political ones. And
institutions of a new Europe-NATO, the
secures all others, President Bush has
the conventional armed forces in Europe
EC, CSCE-will play important roles. So
called for adding free elections to CSCE
(CFE) talks are a critical step toward an
will America. For as you make progress
nations' human rights obligations. This
agreed and codified security system.
toward democratic ideals, SO do we, for
proposal would commit all 35 CSCE par-
Last week President Bush made a new
that is the essence of America. Both
ticipating states to hold periodic and
proposal that should bring an effective
Wilson and Masaryk understood that.
genuine elections, permit free party
CFE treaty to a rapid conclusion.
None of us should underestimate the
activity, and require that elections be
The United States is confident that
difficulty of the work ahead. But neither
open to foreign observers. Between now
such an agreement will promote a stable
should we underestimate the great oppor-
and the Copenhagen CSCE conference
strategic relationship in Europe. That re-
tunity presented all of us by your
[on the human dimension in June], the
lationship should minimize and deter the
courage.
United States will propose new provi-
threat of any army of invasion and,end
As President Havel said on New
sions to support, monitor, and carry out a
the unjust presence of any army of
Year's Day: "Let us teach both ourselves
free elections regime within the CSCE
occupation.
and others that politics does not have to
process.
We also believe that enduring secu-
be the art of the possible, especially if this
Indeed, I propose that all CSCE
rity necessitates a continued U.S. military
means the art of speculating, calculating,
member states join with the United
States in sending observer delegations to
2
role on the continent-for as long as our
toward the danger of Eastern offensive
pean animosities and fears-outside and
allies desire it-to reassure the nations of
action against the West. We also need to
inside NATO. As a security alliance
Europe, large and small, that we will
develop measures that would impede an
among 16 like-minded democracies,
stand by them to resist invasion, intimida-
assertion of military might by any Euro-
NATO should consider how it might
tion, or coercion.
pean nation against any other.
facilitate collective action against non-
We can make the European strategic
So today I propose that we start ex-
traditional threats-such as proliferation
situation more predictable and perhaps
ploring the expansion of the confidence-
and regional conflicts. As a political and a
less threatening by encouraging greater
and security-building measures agenda.
security alliance, NATO can assist in
openness and transparency in military
For example, we should consider new
the verification of arms control and
affairs. Next week, for example, Canada
proposals to promote greater military
security agreements to the benefit of all
will host the "open skies" conference in
transparency among neighboring states,
Europeans.
Ottawa, where we hope to begin negotia-
especially along border areas, and to open
tions toward implementing President
the military budgets of all 35 CSCE
Bush's proposal to overcome the suspi-
nations to public scrutiny.
Economic Requirements for the New
cions of secrecy through a system of over-
NATO will continue to play an impor-
Democracies: The Third Challenge
flights on short notice.
tant role in ensuring strategic stability
Free elections and treaties on conven-
The negotiations on confidence-a
and predictability in Europe-West and
tional forces and confidence-building
security-building measures within CSCE
East-but NATO must also evolve to
measures will help advance and consoli-
offer a vehicle for ongoing efforts to
assume new missions. As a political alli-
date your people-power revolutions. But
reduce tensions on the continent. Yet our
ance, NATO offers a cohesive structure
if steps are not taken to promote eco-
present proposals are oriented primarily
that can help address old and new Euro-
nomic vitality, then the stability of Eu-
Czechoslovakia-A Profile
groups: Czech (64%), Slovak (31%), Hungarian,
a white band on the upper half of the remaining
Polish, Ukrainian, German. Religions: Roman
space, and a red band on the lower half.
Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Jewish.
GERMAN
SOVIET
Languages: Czech, Slovak, Hungarian.
DEMOCRATIC
POLAND
UNION
Education: Literacy-99%. Health: Life
Economy
REPUBLIC
expectancy-males-67.5 yrs; females-75 yrs.
Prague
Work force (7.8 million): Agriculture-14%.
GNP (1987): $107 billion. Annual growth rate
Industry, construction, and commerce-64%.
(1987 est): 2.6%. Per capita income (1987):
FEDERAL
REPUBLIC
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Services and government-22%.
$6,900.
OF GERMANY
Natural resources: Coal, coke, timber,
lignite, uranium, magnesite.
AUSTRIA
HUNGARY
Government
Agriculture (7% of GNP): Products-wheat,
rye, oats, corn, barley, potatoes, sugar beets,
Type: Socialist republic. Independence:
hogs, cattle, horses.
Czechoslovak state established 1918.
Industry (60% of GNP): Types-iron and
Constitution: July 11, 1960 (being redrafted
steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet
during 1990).
glass, motor vehicles, armaments, chemicals,
Branches: Executive-president (chief of
ceramics, wood, paper products.
Geography
state), prime minister (head of government),
Trade (1987): Exports-$8.4 billion:
cabinet. Legislative-bicameral Federal
machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, raw
Area: 127,896 sq. km. (49,381 sq. mi.); about
Assembly. Judicial-Supreme Court (1960),
materials, consumer goods. Imports-$8.4
the size of New York. Cities: Capital: Prague
Constitutional Court (1968).
billion: machinery, equipment, raw materials,
(pop. 1.2 million). Other cities-Bratislava
Political parties: With free parliamentary
consumer goods. Partners-Austria, Bulgaria,
(413,000), Brno (385,000), Ostrava (327,000),
elections set for 1990, many new parties are
East Germany, West Germany, Hungary,
Kosice (220,000), Plzen (Pilsen-175,000).
emerging to challenge the Czechoslovak
Romania, Soviet Union, Yugoslavia.
Terrain: Rolling area in wet, low mountains to
Communist Party for power. Suffrage:
Exchange rates (Jan. 1990): 38
:
the north and south, hills in the center, rugged
Universal over 18.
crowns-U.S. $1.
mountains in the east. Climate: Temperate.
Administrative subdivisions: Two
semiautonomous "republics"-Czech Socialist
Republic (Bohemia, Moravia), Slovak Socialist
Membership in
People
Republic (Slovakia); 10 administrative districts
International Organizations
and 2 city administrations.
Nationality: Noun and adjective-
Defense: 7% of 1987 state budget.
UN and its specialized agencies, Council for
Czechoslovak(s). Population (1988): 15.6
Flag: A blue triangle extending the length
Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA), Warsaw
million. Annual growth rate: 0.25%. Ethnic
of the staff side, with its apex toward the center,
Pact.
3
rope may be threatened again. This is
last week, President Bush asked Con-
for the United States and others that
one of the painful lessons of the interwar
gress for $300 million for assistance to
want to ensure that the revolutions of-
years. The newly emancipated peoples of
Eastern Europe. While some of our
1989 become the democracies of the
this region now face the long and trying
assistance will be available to all, the
1990s. Together they can help build gov-
labor of regenerating societies devastated
progress a government makes in meeting
ernments that answer to only one power:
by half a century of totalitarian rule.
the challenges I have outlined will influ-
the people.
A major part of this effort must clean
ence the availability of the full range of
This agenda draws from and builds on
up your rivers, lakes, forests, soil, and
aid.
the CSCE framework. It should be the
air-damaged just as badly by central
Third, we must integrate the new
agenda of a CSCE summit. Therefore,
planning as were your economies them-
market democracies into the international
the United States stands ready to partici-
selves.
economic system. You need access to the
pate in a 35-nation CSCE summit this
Because the circumstances of each
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
year if the summit addresses three points.
nation differ considerably, it would be a
World Bank resources. You need barri-
mistake to apply a mechanistic assistance
ers to trade removed bilaterally and
One, we need to make substantial
formula. I believe, however, we can iden-
through the General Agreement on
progress on the U.S. and U.K. proposal to
tify stages of economic reform to which
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) so potential in-
establish a CSCE commitment to hold
the United States, the EC, and the other
vestors will know they can export to
periodic and genuine elections. Free elec-
nations of the Group of 24 should tailor
other markets. You need access to high
tions should be a human right and are the
support.
technology. To meet this need, the
baseline requirement for establishing a
First, some nations will need short-
United States is considering with its allies
new, legitimate European political order.
adjustments in the Coordinating Commit-
Two, we must complete the CFE
term emergency aid to cope with severe
shortages of necessities-for example,
tee for Multilateral Export Controls
treaty-so it can be signed at the sum-
food, medicine, and disaster relief. We
(COCOM) system that could enable you to
mit-establishing new, legitimate secu-
will be there to break the fall. But we will
have access to technology, provided you
rity arrangements.
will protect it and forego industrial
Three, we should clearly define the
seek to do so in a way that does not
espionage.
summit agenda based on substantive
undercut the revitalization of homegrown
progress and possible proposals in other
solutions-especially in agriculture.
We have been pleased the European
areas as well, including economics. This
The private sector can play a key role
Community has assumed a major role in
way it can prepare for, not replace, the
here. For instance, the American organi-
coordinating economic assistance, because
1992 Helsinki review meeting and demon-
zation, AmeriCares, has sent over $80
the availability of the EC market for the
strate CSCE's potential for advancing re-
million in medical supplies since 1982 to
nations of central and Eastern Europe is
form in a new Europea For example, we
aid the people of this region. And their
vital. We recognize, as well, that others—
might consider how CSCE can gradually
supplies are donated primarily from
including the United States, Japan, and
develop institutions to support its work in
American pharmaceutical companies-
the European Free Trade Association
over 800 of them.
the three baskets, as the Federal Repub-
(EFTA) nations-should also play signifi-
Second, all the new democracies will
lic of Germany (F.R.G.) has suggested.
cant roles so the new market democracies
need help in the transition from broken
can assume their proper independent
down Stalinist command economies to
place within the whole of Europe and the
U.S. Bilateral Programs for
market systems driven by the engine of
larger international system.
Czechoslovakia
private enterprise. Your new Finance
Czechoslovakia and other nations of
Minister, Vaclav Klaus, recently made a
Let me say a word about our bilateral as-
Eastern Europe warrant special recogni-
succinct statement at an international
sistance program for Czechoslovakia.
tion at this historic time. Therefore, I am
meeting that went to the heart of the
Under the sure guidance of the Civic
pleased to announce that we will support
problem: We don't need the old types of
Forum and the Public Against Violence,
the offer of the Government of Czechoslo-
cooperation, he reminded an old thinking
Czechs and Slovaks together have shown
vakia to locate the new European Bank
Eastern colleague, we need business!
that no change is too rapid when it is
for Reconstruction and Development
Businesses need market prices and an
peaceful, consolidates democratic gains,
(EBRD) here in Prague, in the center and
opportunity to compete. It is up to you to
and leads to a legitimate government.
heart of Europe.
provide a conducive legal environment, to
Our assistance can help you continue your
I also look forward to the Bonn CSCE
revolution.
turn over or sell factories to private own-
economic conference as an opportunity to
ers, and to lift the heavy hand of exces-
In recognition of your country's dra-
establish European-wide adherence to
sive government intervention. It is up to
matically changed human rights situation,
market principles. If CSCE issto fulfill its
I am pleased to announce that the Presi-
us to help draw foreign investors, offering
potential, it needs a better developed eco-
incentives where appropriate, and even at
dent will notify the Congress that he is
nomic component that will aid the transi-
times to supply seed money for local pri-
waiving the Jackson-Vanik amendment.
tion to market economies and promote
vate ventures. It is up to all of us to lend
This waiver will open the way for most-
ongoing respect for economic liberty and
a hand-especially through multilateral
favored-nation (MFN) status for Czecho-
open markets.
financial support-to democratic econo-
slovakia after we negotiate a trade-agree-
mies struggling to manage such difficult
ment. And when Czechoslovakia's parlia-
transition problems as debt payments,
CSCE Summit
ment passes new, liberal legislation on
stabilization of currency values, and cur-
free emigration, the United States will
Free elections. CFE and security.
rency convertibility.
declare Czechoslovakia in full compliance
Dynamic market economies.
That is exactly what we are doing for
with Jackson-Vanik, as we have done
Standing alone, each of these is impor-
Poland and Hungary, where the United
with Hungary, so that Czechosloyakia can
tant. But together they are mutually re-
States alone has offered about $1 billion in
enjoy MFN status without the require-
inforcing. Together they offer an agenda
ment of an annual waiver.
various assistance measures. And just
4
The President will also request au-
could provide seed money for startup
your position and fashion a special rela-
thority for the U.S. Overseas Private In-
costs as well as technical assistance. It
tionship with the EC, the nations of
vestment Corporation (OPIC) to operate
would also provide training in the United
EFTA, or the United States.
in Czechoslovakia to encourage and offer
States and other Western countries in the
If you do work together, we will re-
financial support to private U.S. inves-
use of equipment and development of pro-
spect your decision by providing our as-
tors. And we will support your recent re-
fessional broadcast and print standards.
sistance in a way that supports your asso-
quest to rejoin the IMF.
ciations. The choice of whether to associ-
The United States will also:
New Associations in the Region and
ate and in what form is, of course, entirely
Support you economically by mak-
Europe: The Fourth Challenge
yours to make.
ing Czechoslovakia eligible for the export-
credit guarantees of our Export-Import
In a region that has suffered so greatly
A Commonwealth of Free Nations
Bank and Commodity Credit Corporation;
from the distortion of national interest
by seeking legislation to promote techni-
and from international isolation, I am en-
Today in Prague and 2 months ago in
cal assistance; by negotiating a bilateral
couraged by the first signs of coordination
Berlin, I have elaborated upon the Presi-
investment treaty; and by coordinating
and possible new association among
dent's vision of a Europe whole and free.
this assistance with the multilateral
newly democratic states. President
I have described America's vital role in
efforts of the Group of 24;
Havel and others have opened the discus-
building that new Europe together with
Support you ecologically by propos-
sion. We recognize that the growth of le-
you. By respecting the principles of self-
ing a joint U.S.-Czechoslovak study to
gitimate multilateral organizations that
determination and democratic choice, we
determine the most cost-effective way to
reflect the economic, political, and secu-
believe that the old divisions of Europe
deal with your serious air pollution prob-
rity interests of this region will develop
can be overcome. The legacy of 1938 and
lems; by encouraging you to participate in
as they are needed, but permit me, if you
1948 can be left behind, and the hopes of
the Budapest Regional Environment Cen-
will, to think out loud for a few moments.
1918 and 1968 can be fulfilled.
ter announced by President Bush last
The United States has supported vol-
Before I came to speak to you this
July; and by intensifying our dialogue on
untary associations of independent na-
morning, I visited the place where, 21
all transnational issues, including the en-
tions in every other region in the world.
years ago, Jan Palach set himself on fire
vironment, drug trafficking, and terror-
As in Western Europe after World
to protest fear and terror. There is little
ism; and
War II, we believe that the process of po-
that an American official can tell this au-
Support closer ties between our
litical and economic reconstruction may
dience about his sacrifice. But I know
peoples by increasing cultural and educa-
be strengthened by new forms of coopera-
that among the students of his old univer-
tional exchange programs; by beginning a
tion.
sity gathered here today, the student
Peace Corps English-language program
We believe voluntary associations
Palach would not be a lonely man.
here; by establishing U.S. Information
follow naturally from democracy and are,
For in affirming your dignity as indi-
Agency (USIA) cultural centers in Brati-
in a sense, a natural way for democracies
viduals, you have reclaimed more than
slava and in Prague; and, above all, by
to build international civil society and
the future of your generation. In recover-
reopening our consulate in Bratislava.
overcome old animosities. Indeed, asso-
ing your independence as Czechs and Slo-
These steps will go far toward reestab-
ciations may also give you additional
vaks, you have begun more than your
lishing our historical ties with both the
strength to build democratic institutions
country's historic return to Europe. You
Slovak and Czech peoples.
at home, because the lessons and success
have shown that, in the words of your
of one may assist another.
President, freedom is indivisible.
I also have one more U.S. initiative to
We welcome, for example, the recent
When the "freedom trains" bearing
announce today-an idea specially suited
discussions of mutually beneficial eco-
East German citizens pulled out of
to safeguarding your democracy and
nomic cooperation in the region by offi-
Prague last year, hundreds of your coun-
those of your neighbors. It starts from
cials of the Governments of Hungary, Po-
trymen stood and cheered. But the free-
the assumption that just as you have won
land, and Czechoslovakia, including a pos-
dom train of 1989 did not stop at the East
your own freedom, so too will well-
sible free trade agreement, free flow of
German border or the Czechoslovak bor-
informed citizens protect freedom by set-
capital and labor, harmonized financial
der or the Hungarian border, just as it did
ting wrong to right. As Thomas Jefferson
systems, and a convertible accounting
not stop at the border of Poland or Bul-
wrote almost 200 years ago, "Where the
unit. Economic integration can enhance
garia or Romania or Yugoslavia.
press is free, and every man able to read,
efficiency and growth. Common infra-
all is safe." These were and are wise
It is the great promise of our histori-
structure projects can assure compatible
cal moment that the return to freedom
words.
communications, transport, and energy
and the return to a whole Europe are
The United States proposes, there-
networks.
bound together-and can only succeed
fore, the establishment of a fund for inde-
The purpose of such closer ties should
together. And I believe the day will come
pendent broadcasting and a free press.
not be to isolate the countries in associa-
when any European can stand in any
Our goal is to support cooperative devel-
tion from others. Indeed, your nations
European city-in Prague or Paris, in
opment of commercial and nonprofit radio
have every interest in overcoming the en-
Berlin or Budapest-and see only coun-
and television broadcasting and free press
forced associations of the past that actu-
in Czechoslovakia and the rest of central
tries of free individuals, a continent of
ally discouraged your entry into the Eu-
and Eastern Europe. The fund would
free parliaments, a commonwealth of free
ropean and global economies. No longer
solicit participation and contributions
nations. For as more and more people to-
should the circumstances of this continent
from Western private corporations and
day understand in more and more places,
subject you to characterization as "the
institutions. This fund's principal purpose
freedom's journey is one that should
lands between." You can, instead, estab-
never end.
would be to assist groups in the region
lish a region of recognition and respect.
that wish to start independent radio, tele-
President Havel was right. Politics
Working together, you might strengthen
vision, and print enterprises. The fund
can be the art of the impossible.
5
Secretary Baker
Current
A New Europe,
Policy
No. 1233
A New Atlanticism:
Architecture for a New Era
United States Department of State
Bureau of Public Affairs
Washington, D.C.
Following is the prepared address
the last escape hatch from the
postwar reconstruction; the scenes
by Secretary Baker to the Berlin
prison camp of nations which
of Allied aircraft supplying a
Press Club at the Steigenberger
Eastern Europe had become.
blockaded city; the scenes of
Hotel in Berlin, December 12, 1989.
In 1971, the Quadripartite
American and Soviet tanks facing
Agreement on Berlin epitomized the
off at Checkpoint Charlie.
It is a great honor for an American
terrible dilemma of detente-the
By standing together, in Berlin
to speak at this time in this city.
proposition that cooperation
as elsewhere, Western nations
For me and for millions of my fellow
between East and West assumed
created the essential preconditions
citizens, Berlin is the crucible of
the continued division of this
for overcoming the division of this
half a century of history.
continent.
city, of this nation, and of this
Here we have seen clearly
Then in 1989, the most
continent.
what elsewhere hid in shadows.
important event-certainly the
As these recent events have
most dramatic-of the postwar era
unfolded, the Soviet Union has
Here the ambiguous disclosed
occurred right here in Berlin.
shown a remarkable degree of
its true nature.
On November 9, the wall became
realism. And President Gorbachev
Here we made the choices and
took the stands that shaped today's
a gateway. Berliners celebrated
deserves credit for being the first
history's largest, happiest family
Soviet leader to have the courage
world.
reunion. And all of us who watched
and foresight to permit the lifting of
In 1945, pictures of a bombed-
these scenes felt, once again: We
repression in Eastern Europe.
out Berlin brought home to us the
are all Berliners.
But the real impulse for change
terrible cost of war.
Once more, images from Berlin
comes from an altogether different
In 1948, the Soviet Union
flashed around the world, images
source: the peoples of Poland, of
stalked out of the Four Power
that again heralded a new reality.
Hungary, of Czechoslovakia, of
Control Commission and blockaded
This new reality has its roots in
Bulgaria, and of East Germany.
Berlin-the clear declaration of cold
those older Berlin scenes-the
They have freed themselves.
war.
scenes of West Berlin's dramatic
From the Baltic to the Adriatic,
In 1953, Berliners staged the
an irresistible movement has
first popular revolt against Soviet
gathered force-a movement of, by,
tyranny in Eastern Europe.
and for the people. In their
In 1961, the Berlin Wall closed
peaceful urgent multitude, the
peoples of Eastern Europe have
As Europe changes, the
maintain significant military forces
held up a mirror to the West and
instruments for Western
in Europe as long as our Allies
have reflected the enduring power
cooperation must adapt. Working
desire our presence as part of a
of our own best values. In the
together, we must design and
common security effort." This is our
words of Thomas Jefferson, the first
gradually put into place a new
commitment to a common future, a
American Secretary of State:
architecture for a new era.
recognition of a need for an active
"Nothing is more certainly written
This new architecture must have
U.S. role in Europe, a need even
in the book of fate than that these
a place for old foundations and
acknowledged by President
people are to be free." The changes
structures that remain valuable-
Gorbachev.
amount to nothing less than a
like NATO [North Atlantic Treaty
The charge for us all, then, is to
peaceful revolution.
Organization]-while recognizing
work together toward the New
Now, as President Bush stated
that they can also serve new
Europe and the New Atlanticism.
last week, "the task before us is to
collective purposes. The new
consolidate the fruits of this
architecture must continue the
New Missions for NATO
peaceful revolution and provide the
construction of institutions-like
architecture for continued peaceful
the EC [European Community]-
In May of this year, President Bush
change."
that can help draw together the
suggested to his NATO colleagues
The first step is for free men and
West while also serving as an open
that it was time to begin consider-
women to create free governments.
door to the East. And the new
ing new missions for NATO.
The path may appear difficult, even
architecture must build up
For over 40 years, the North
confusing, but we must travel it
frameworks-like the CSCE
Atlantic Treaty Organization has
with understanding. For true
[Conference on Security and
secured peace in Europe through
stability requires governments with
Cooperation in Europe] process-
both deterrence and dialogue with
legitimacy, governments that are
that can overcome the division of
the East. Today, NATO is working
based on the consent of the
Europe and bridge the Atlantic
in Vienna to build a new security
governed.
Ocean.
structure for Europe, one in which
The peoples of Eastern Europe
This new structure must also
the military component is reduced
are trying to build such govern-
accomplish two special purposes.
and the political is enhanced. This
ments. Our view, as President
is NATO's first new mission.
Bush has told President Gorbachev,
First, as a part of overcoming
A conventional forces agreement
is that the political and economic
the division of Europe, there must
is the keystone of this new security
reforms in the East can enhance
be an opportunity to overcome,
structure. In May, NATO adopted
both long-term stability in Europe
through peace and freedom, the
President Bush's suggestion to seek
and the prospects for perestroika. A
division of Berlin and of Germany.
such an agreement on an
The United States and NATO have
legitimate and stable European
accelerated timetable. President
order will help, not threaten,
stood for unification for 40 years,
Gorbachev has responded to this
legitimate Soviet interests. An
and we will not waver from that
opportunity positively. And we
illegitimate order will provide no
goal.
have moved significantly closer to
order at all.
Second, the architecture should
concluding an agreement limiting
Free men and free governments
reflect that America's security-
conventional armaments from the
are the building blocks of a Europe
politically, militarily, and econo-
Atlantic to the Urals. In Malta,
whole and free. But hopes for a
mically-remains linked to Europe's
President Bush proposed a summit
security. The United States and
Europe whole and free are tinged
meeting to sign such an agreement
with concern by some that a Europe
Canada share Europe's neighbor-
in 1990.
hood.
undivided may not necessarily be a
Today, I further propose that the
Europe peaceful and prosperous.
As President Bush stated in
ministers of the 23 NATO and
Many of the guideposts that
May: "The United States is and will
Warsaw Pact nations take advan-
brought us securely through four
remain a European power." And as
tage of our February meeting in
sometimes tense and threatening
he added last week: "The U.S. will
Ottawa, where we will launch the
decades are now coming down.
"open skies" negotiations, to review
Some of the divisive issues that
the status and give a further push
once brought conflict to Europe are
to the Vienna talks on conventional
reemerging.
Forces.
As we construct a new security
architecture that maintains the
common defense, the nonmilitary
2
component of European security
considering further initiatives the
dramatic effect on Eastern attitudes
will grow. Arms control agree-
West might take, through the CSCE
toward economic liberty. The
ments, confidence-building
process in particular, to build
success of this great European
measures, and other political
economic and political ties with the
experiment, perhaps more than any
consultative arrangements will
East, to promote respect for human
other factor, has caused Eastern
become more important. In such a
rights, to help build democratic
Europeans to recognize that people
world, the role of NATO will evolve.
institutions, and to fashion, consist-
as well as nations cooperate more
NATO will become the forum where
ent with Western security interests,
productively when they are free to
Western nations cooperate to
a more open environment for East-
choose. The ballot box and the free
negotiate, implement, verify, and
West trade and investment.
market are the fundamental
extend agreements between East
Finally, NATO may have its
instruments of choice.
and West.
greatest and most lasting effect on
But the European experiment
In this context, the implemen-
the pattern of change by demon-
has succeeded not just because it
tation and verification monitoring
strating to the nations of the East a
has appealed to the enlightened
of a conventional forces agreement
fundamentally different approach to
self-interest of European producers
will present a major challenge for
security. NATO's four decades offer
and consumers. This experiment
enduring security. NATO must
a vision of cooperation, not coercion;
has succeeded because the vision of
make an important contribution.
of open borders, not iron curtains.
its founders encompassed and yet
I, therefore, invite allied govern-
The reconciliation of ancient
transcended the material. This
ments to consider establishing a
enemies, which has taken place
experiment has succeeded because
NATO arms control verification
under the umbrella of NATO's
it also held out the higher goal of
staff. Verification will remain a
collective security, offers the
political as well as economic
national responsibility. But such a
nations of Eastern Europe an
barriers overcome, of a Europe
new staff would be able to assist
appealing model of international
united.
member governments in monitoring
relations.
This was the goal of Monnet and
compliance with arms control and
Whatever security relationships
Schumann. This was the goal
confidence building measures in
the governments of Eastern Europe
supported by the United States of
Europe. À NATO organization of
chocse, NATO will continue to
Marshall and Acheson. This was
this sort could be valuable in
provide Western governments the
the goal contained in the Treaty of
assisting all allies and coordinating
optimal instrument to coordinate
Rome and more recently in the
the implementation of inspections.
their efforts at defense and arms
European Single Act. The United
It could provide a clearinghouse for
control and to build a durable
States supports this goal today with
information contributed by national
European order of peace. The
the same energy it did 40 years ago.
governments, perhaps joining with
interests of Eastern Europe and,
Naturally the United States
collective European efforts through
indeed, the interests of the Soviet
seeks a European Community open
the Western European Union.
Union will be served by the
to cooperation with others. We
As the East-West confrontation
maintenance of a vigorous North
believe Americans will profit from
recedes, and as the prospects for
Atlantic Treaty Organization.
access to a single European market,
East-West cooperation advance,
just as Europeans have long
other challenges for European and
The Role of the
profited from their access to a single
Atlantic security will arise. They
American market. However, it is
European Community
point to NATO's second new
vital to us all that both these
mission. Regional conflicts-along
The future development of the
markets remain open-indeed, that
with the proliferation of missiles
European Community will play a
both become even more open.
and nuclear, chemical, and biolog-
central role in shaping the new
As Europe moves toward its goal
ical weapons-present growing
Europe.
of a common internal market, and
dangers. Intensified NATO consul-
The example of Western
as its institutions for political and
tations on these issues can play an
cooperation through the European
security cooperation evolve, the link
Community has already had a
important role in forming common
between the United States and the
Western approaches to these
European Community will become
various threats.
even more important. We want our
Third, NATO should also begin
transatlantic cooperation to keep
pace with European integration and
institutional reform.
3
To this end, we propose that the
major move toward currency
an expansion of cooperation
United States and the European
convertibility and macroeconomic
between the European Community
Community work together to
reform.
and its neighbors to the East and
achieve, whether in treaty or some
That should be just the start of
West. Indeed, we believe that the
other form, a significantly
our common labor. Poland and
attraction of the European
strengthened set of institutional
Hungary have 40 years of economic
Community for the countries of the
and consultative links. Working
stagnation to overcome, and this
East depends most on its continued
from shared ideals and common
will take time and our steady
vitality. And the vitality of the
values, we face a set of mutual
support. As Czechoslovakia,
economic community depends in
challenges-in economics, foreign
Bulgaria, and the German
turn on its continued commitment
policy, the environment, science,
Democratic Republic undertake
to the goal of a united Europe
and a host of other fields. So it
political and economic reforms
envisaged by its founders-free,
makes sense for us to seek to
comparable to those already under
democratic, and closely linked to its
fashion our responses together as a
way in Poland and Hungary, we
North American partners.
matter of common course.
believe the activities of the Group of
We suggest that our discussions
24, centered around the EC, should
The Helsinki Process
about this idea proceed in parallel
be expanded to support peaceful
-The New Role of CSCE
with Europe's efforts to achieve by
change in these countries as well.
1992 a common internal market so
As the nations of Eastern
The institution that brings all the
that plans for U.S.-EC interaction
Europe achieve more open political
nations of the East and West
would evolve with changes in the
and economic systems, they may
together in Europe, the Conference
Community.
seek new relationships with the
on Security and Cooperation in
The United States also en-
European Community, with the
Europe, is in fact an ongoing
courages the European Community
Council of Europe, and with other
process launched over 14 years ago
to continue and expand cooperation
institutions serving both Europe
in Helsinki. There have been
with the nations of the East. The
and the broader international
different perceptions as to the
promotion of political and economic
community. In fact, such ties could
functions of this CSCE process.
reforms in the East is a natural
be fundamental to our strategy of
Some saw the Helsinki Final Act of
vocation for the European
rebuilding the economies of Eastern
1975 as a ratification of the status
Community. That is why we were
Europe through private capital and
quo, the equivalent of a peace treaty
exceptionally pleased with the
initiative: Private investors in
concluding World War II, and thus
agreement at the Paris economic
Eastern Europe will want to know
the legitimization of Europe's
summit that the European
that they can sell their products in
permanent division. Others,
Commission should assume a
Western markets.
however, saw this process as a
special role in the Group of 24 effort
I am confident that creative new
device by which these divisions
to promote reform in Poland and
arrangements can be devised to
could be overcome.
Hungary.
encourage and sustain the process
The dynamic concept of the
The United States has worked
of political and economic reforms in
CSCE process has prevailed. In
closely with the European
the countries of Eastern Europe,
1975, the governments of Eastern
Community in mobilizing economic
while at the same time preserving
Europe may not have taken
and financial support for Hungary
the integrity and the vitality of
seriously their commitments to
and Poland. Indeed, the United
existing institutions. We need to
respect a wide range of funda-
States has authorized almost $1
offer the nations of the East hope,
mental human rights. Their
billion of assistance to these two
opportunities that can be seized as
populations did. The standards of
nations. This week, we look to the
they take steps toward democracy
conduct set by the Helsinki Final
Group of 24 meeting to move as
and economic liberty. Perhaps the
Act are increasingly being met
close as possible toward achieving
recent work on an agreement
through international pressure and
the $1 billion stabilization fund
between the EC and the six nations
Poland requested to support its
of the European Free Trade
Association will set a pattern for
improved ties with others.
We see no conflict between the
process of European integration and
4
domestic ferment. Last month,
This is the ultimate human
ments, I suggest we consider
here in Berlin, we witnessed one of
right, the right that secures all
another step: We could involve
the proudest achievements of the
others. Without free elections, no
parliamentarians more directly in
CSCE process as the G.D.R. [East
rights can be long guaranteed.
CSCE processes, not only as
Germany] fulfilled its commitment
With free elections, no rights can be
observers as at present but perhaps
to allow its people to travel freely.
long denied.
through their own meetings. To
Now it's time for the CSCE
On May 31, in Mainz, President
sustain the movement toward
process to advance further. We can
Bush announced a major new
democracy, we need to reinforce the
look toward filling each of its three
Helsinki initiative to help end the
institutions of democracy.
baskets with new substance.
division of Europe. He called for
First, we can give the security
free elections and political
Germany and Berlin
basket further content through the
pluralism in all the countries of
in a New Europe
35-nation negotiations on
Europe. Now this is coming to
A new Europe, whole and free, must
confidence-building measures
pass.
include arrangements that satisfy
currently underway in Vienna. The
In June, the United States and
the aspirations of the German
agreements under consideration
the United Kingdom cosponsored a
people and meet the legitimate
free elections initiative at the CSCE
there should help prevent force, or
concerns of Germany's neighbors.
the threat of force, from being used
human rights meeting in Paris.
Before the Bundestag on November
again in an effort to intimidate any
This proposal called on all 35 CSCE
28, Chancellor Kohl laid out an
European nation. Apart from
participating states to allow
approach designed to achieve
reducing further the risk of war,
periodic, genuine, and contested
German aspirations in peace and
elections based on universal and
new confidence-building measures
freedom. At last week's NATO
can create greater openness. They
equal suffrage, by secret ballot, and
Summit, President Bush reaffirmed
with international observers.
can institutionalize a predictable
America's longstanding support for
Indi iduals would be allowed to
pattern of military interaction, a
the goal of German unification. He
establish and maintain their own
pattern that is difficult to reverse
enunciated four principles that
and that builds a new basis for
political parties in order to ensure
guide our policy, and I am pleased
trust.
fully democratic procedures.
to note these ideas were
Free elections should now
Second, the relatively under-
incorporated into the statement
developed economic basket can
become the highest priority in the
issued last week by the leaders of
assume new responsibilities.
CSCE process. In 1945, Joseph
the European Community nations
President Bush suggested to
Stalin promised free elections and
at Strasbourg.
President Gorbachev at Malta that
self-determination for the peoples of
Eastern Europe. The fact that
One, self-determination must
we could breathe new life into this
those elections were not free, and
be pursued without prejudice to its
CSCE forum by focusing it on the
that those peoples were not allowed
outcome. We should not at this
conceptual and practical questions
involved in the transition from
to determine their destiny, was a
time endorse nor exclude any
fundamental cause of the cold war.
particular vision of unity.
stalled, planned economies to free,
Now this Stalinist legacy is
Two, unification should occur
competitive markets. When our
nations meet in Bonn in May of
being removed by people
in the context of Germany's
determined to reclaim their
continued commitment to NATO
next year to discuss economic
cooperation, I suggest we
birthright to freedom. They should
and an increasingly integrated
not be denied. They will not be
European Community and with due
concentrate on this issue.
denied.
regard for the legal role and
Third, the CSCE process has
made its most distinctive mark in
As all or nearly all the CSCE
responsibilities of the Allied powers.
the field of human rights. One
states move toward fully func-
Three, in the interests of
tioning representative govern-
general European stability, moves
fundamental right, however, has
toward unification must be
not yet been fully institutionalized.
peaceful, gradual, and part of a
This is the right for people to
step-by-step process.
choose, through regular, free, open,
Four, on the question of
multiparty elections, those who will
borders, we should reiterate our
govern them.
support for the principles. of the
Helsinki Final Act.
5
President Bush concluded that
the people power that is shaping
The CSCE process could become
"an end to the unnatural division of
history's new course.
the most important forum of East-
Europe, and of Germany, must
More important, these
West cooperation. Its mandate will
proceed in accordance with and be
institutions are also flexible and
grow as this cooperation takes root.
based upon the values that are
capable of adapting to rapidly
As these changes proceed, as
becoming universal ideals, as all the
changing circumstances. As we
they overcome the division of
countries of Europe become part of
adapt, as we update and expand our
Europe, SO too will the divisions of
a commonwealth of free nations."
cooperation with each other and
Germany and Berlin be overcome in
As an American, I am proud of
with the nations of the East, we will
peace and freedom.
the role my nation has played and
create a New Europe on the basis of
This fall, a powerful cry went up
will continue to play standing with
a new Atlanticism.
from the huge demonstrations in
you. Yet this very positive course
NATO will remain North
Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin: "We
will not be easy, nor can it be
America's primary link with
are the people!" the crowds chanted
rushed. It must be peaceful. It
Europe. As arms control and
at the party that ruled in their
must be democratic. It must
political arrangements increasingly
name. On the other side of the
respect the legitimate concerns of
supplement the still vital military
globe, Lech Walesa was addressing
all the participants in the new
component of European security,
the U.S. Congress, thanking
Europe.
NATO will take on new roles.
America for supporting Polish
As Berlin has stood at the center
The European Community is
liberty. He began with words
of a divided Europe, so it may stand
already an economic pillar of the
written 200 years ago, the words
at the center of a Europe whole and
transatlantic relationship. It will
that open the U.S. Constitution:
free-no longer the embattled
also take on, perhaps in concert
"We the people."
bastion of freedom but instead a
with other European institutions,
Between 1789 and 1989,
beacon of hope for a better life.
increasingly important political
between the expressions "We the
roles. Indeed, it has already done
people" and "We are the people,"
so, as evidenced by the
runs one of history's deepest
A New Europe,
A New Atlanticism
Community's coordination of a
currents. What the American
Western effort to support reform in
Founding Fathers knew, the people
My friends, the changes we see
Eastern Europe. And as it
of East Germany and Eastern
underway today in the East are a
continues to do so, the link between
Europe now also know-that
source of great hope. But a new era
the United States and the European
freedom is a blessing but not a gift;
brings different concerns for all of
Community should become
that the work of freedom is never
us. Some are as old as Europe
stronger, the issues we discuss
done, and it is never done alone.
itself. Others are themselves the
more diversified, and our common
Between the America of "We the
new products of change.
endeavors more important.
people" and the Europe of "We are
Were the West to abandon the
At the same time, the
the people," there can be no
patterns of cooperation that we
substantive overlap between NATO
division. On this basis, a new
have built up over four decades,
and European institutions will
Atlanticism will flourish, and a new
these concerns could grow into
grow. This overlap must lead to
Europe will be born.
problems. But the institutions we
synergy, not friction. Better
have created-NATO, the European
communication among European
Published by the United States Department
Community, and the CSCE
of State
Bureau of Public Affairs
Office
and transatlantic institutions will
of Public Communication
Editorial Division
process-are alive. Rooted in
become more urgent.
Washington, D.C.
December 1989
democratic values, they fit well with
Editor: Jim Pinkelman
This material is
in the public domain and may be reprinted
without permission; citation of this source is
appreciated.
6
Vaclav Havel and the Politics of Hope
Goncz, an insightful novelist, essayist and
ist. It was completed in 1986 and issued by
DISTURBING THE PEACE
translator who was jailed, for SIX years in the
Edice Expedice, Havel's own samizdat, then
A Conversation with Karel Hvizdala
By Vaclav Havel
aftermath of the 1956 uprising. Poland
published in Czechoslovakia in 1989 as the
Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki is a for-
first samizdat to appear there legally. Wheth-
Translated from the Czech and with
an introduction by Paul Wilson
mer Catholic publisher and Bronislaw Gere
er talking about his family background or
Knopf. 228 pp. $19.95
mek, Solidarity parliamentary caucus leader,
himself in real life, the dramatis personae of
is a professor of medieval history. (Keep in
his plays or the harsh impact of his impris-
By Jerzy Kosinski
mind that Polish intellectuals were the first
onments, Havel comes across as an intellec-
to forge the alliance between dissident intel-
tual par excellence, aparliamentarian of the
S THE 20th century veers into its
ligentsia and worker activists by founding in
politics of hope. Elected president in Decem-
A
last decade, it seems only natural
1976 KOR-the Workers' Defense Commit-
ber, today Vaclav Havel charts a new chapter
that intellectuals stand at the helm
tee-without which there would be no Sol-
in Czechoslovak history. It is fitting tribute to
of Central and Eastern Europe.
idarity and no free elections in the Eastern
a man who was one of the prime pensadores
After all, aren't they best equipped to artic-
Bloc.) And in Czechoslovakia, Vaclav Havel-
of Charter 77, the unprecedented political
ulate the notion of human beings as nature's
the innovative master of the absurdist stage,
initiative that aimed, in Havel's words, at
most artful creation- and as its most endan-
to whom, in tribute, Samuel Beckett dedi-
"saying goodby forever to the principle of
gered species?
cated "Catastrophe," a play inspired by
the leading role of the party." Charter 77
BOOK WORLD 1990
In Hungary the interim president is Arpad
Havel's political stance and imprisonment-
also, remarkably; united in a nonviolent, non-
is president.
partisan and ultimately open and tolerant
Novelist Jerzy Kosinski is á fellow at Timothy
Disturbing the Peace is a collection of
manner masses of people of diverse back-
Dwight College at Yale University and a past
Havel's spontaneous and frank conversations
BY MILOS FIKELZ
grounds, views and occupations.
president of PEN American Center.
with Karel Hvizdala, a Czechoslovak journal-
Vaclav Havel
Founded in 1977
-Continued on page 9 3
First, it was labeled a "police action." Then a
In Disturbing the Peace, Havel reflects that, III the
Vaclav Havel
beyears that have elapsed since the making of that man-
conflict. Finally, we called it what it had been all
ifesto, as a political activist he has come to favor "an
along: the Korean War. But except for its graying
economic system based on the maximum possible plu-
veterans and their families, most of us know Korea
Continued from page 3.
rality of many decentralized, structurally varied, and
Photo Copy Preservation
and incorporating the lesson of the 1968 Prague
preferably small enterprises that respect the specific
only through M*A*S*H. Now, a masterly novel
Spring of "what is permitted and not permitted, the
nature of: different localities and different traditions
captures the sounds and sights of its battles,
Manifesto of Charter 77 culminated in the Civic Fo-
and that resist the pressures of uniformity by main-
rum, the nonviolent and nonpartisan alliance that
to taining a plurality of modes of ownership and economic
the hopes and heroism of its men and women.
Havel brought about in November. As he relates here,
decision making, from private (indispensable: in the
CHRYSANTHEMUM IN THE SNOW at last brings
the manifesto sought the humanist tradition of a mid-
twarea of crafts, trades, services, small business, and
Korea home, to live forever in our hearts.
point between protest and consensus, conformism and
retail enterprises and areas of agriculture and, of
idjosyncrasy, articipation and withdrawal It was as
incourse, in culturelas well) through various types of
grounded m2 the spiritual defiance of Jan Hus, the
cooperative and shareholding eventures, collective
Now at your bookstore.
Czech religious reformer who was the antecedent of
ownerships (connected with -management
(carch
Protestant Reformation, as the Jeffersonian te
schemes) right up to state ownership.
net that "all men are created equal If drew intellec-
do It is perhaps worth noting here that the theoretical
The CROWN PUBLISHING GROUP
tual sustenance from omas Garrigue Masaryl the
demolition of the myth of the Communist Party as the
philosopher and educator who was the first president
vanguard of the working class began Eastern Eu-
of Czechoslovakia, and from the wisdom of Eduard
trope with publication in 1957 of The New Class: An
Benes, sociologist and economist and Masaryk en-
Analysis of the Communist System, by another intel-
lightened foreign minister, who isucceeded thim
as
2"
lectual, Milovan Djilas; the communist leader who,
president of Czechoslovakia. and with %
until his imprisonment; was a vice president of Yugo-
Motivated by Havel, who in these conversations ac-
slavia during the Tito regime. It isalso worth contrast-
DISTURBING THE PEACE
By
Vaclav
knowledges the role of many activists in its develop-
sing Havel's hopes with Djilas's characterization of the
Havel
ment, Charter 77 called for the creation of a brand-
communist system: The Communist leaders handle
by Vaclav Havel
national property ás their own, but at the same time
unquestionably the finest work this Crechoslovak artist has yet
new direct counterpart to the hierarchical autocracy of
produced part autobiography. part political philosophy. part history. part
communism and fascism. It was a new type of partic-
they waste it as if it were somebody else S. Such is the
esthetics
Times
ipatory democracy, "a free, informal, open community
nature of ownership and government of the system."
Washington Post Hardcover Best Seller
of people of different convictions, different faiths and
If Disturbing the Peacemerits our utmost attention, it
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different professions united by the will to strive indi-
is because these auto reflective conversations con-
'BOOK WORLD 1990
vidually and collectively for the respect of civil and
ducted four years before Havel's unexpected presiden
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DISTURBING
human rights in our own country and through the
cy contain a truly Jeffersonian vision of massive social
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9
activity."
ment, is still more put off by the prospect of civil war.