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Prime Minister Andreotti 3/27/90 [OA 4421]
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Prime Minister Andreotti 3/27/90 [OA 4421]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Mary Kate Grant Subject Files
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MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Grant, Mary Kate, Files
Subseries:
Subject File, 1988-1991
OA/ID Number:
13877
Folder ID Number:
13877-008
Folder Title:
Prime Minister Andreotti, 3/27/90
Stack:
Row:
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G
19
2
7
2
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
February 24, 1990
NOTE FOR CHRISS WINSTON
FROM:
G. PHILIP HUGHES Shilip
SUBJECT:
Draft Remarks for Arrival
Ceremony and State Dinner for
Prime Minister Andreotti of
Italy
Attached are the draft Presidential
Remarks for the Arrival Ceremony and
State Dinner in honor of Prime
Minister Andreotti of Italy on
March 6.
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
ARRIVAL CEREMONY FOR PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI OF ITALY
THE WHITE HOUSE
MARCH 6, 1990
Mr. Prime Minister, Mrs. Andreotti, friends of Italy:
Barbara and I are very pleased to welcome on an Official Visit
to Washington the President of the Council of Ministers of the
Republic of Italy, Giulio Andreotti and his wife, Livia.
Prime Minister Andreotti's rich public career of forty-five
years is unrivaled in modern Europe. He has served his nation with
distinction in parliament, in many important cabinet positions,
including foreign affairs and defense, and as Prime Minister six
times, beginning in 1972.
In addition to his unparalleled career as a statesman, our
honored guest is a renowned author and commentator, an intellectual
and a man known for his humor and integrity. Giulio Andreotti is
also one of America's closest friends. We are proud and honored to
welcome him to the White House today.
-2-
This week's visit by Prime Minister and Mrs. Andreotti
bears witness to Italy's important role in the fast-evolving
European scene, and to America's commitment to its continuing
partnership with Italy and Europe at this time of dynamic
change. Giulio Andreotti always brings insight and wisdom to
bear on any situation. I look forward to exchanging views with
him on the dramatic new realities in Europe and how to deal
with them. For under Giulio Andreotti's leadership, both as
Foreign Minister and Prime Minister, Italy's role in world
affairs has grown considerably over the past two decades.
The United States and Italy are the firmest of allies. Our
dialogue is constant, substantive and productive. We are
partners in the Atlantic Alliance, where continued allied
solidarity in the face of change is increasingly important. We
both recognize that NATO needs to adapt constructively to new
challenges, and that a revitalized Alliance is essential to
maintain a vigorous transatlantic dialogue on issues of prime
importance to all of us.
-3-
Italy is an important partner in moving towards success in
arms control, a goal we can reach as we remain strong,
determined and united. I want to express my personal
appreciation for the Prime Minister's continuing support on
issues so vital to our two nations, and to our Alliance.
Beginning in July - when Italy presides over the European
Community - our two governments will enhance coordination of
our transatlantic partnership so that we can deal with the new,
evolving global situation in creative and productive ways. Our
cooperation will become increasingly important as the European
Community moves closer toward the 1992 unified market.
As EC president in the second half of 1990, Italy will have
the opportunity to demonstrate leadership in the battle against
organized crime and narcotics trafficking, a fight in which our
nations cooperate closely. Europe and the United States can
further enhance cooperation in this field. I believe
Italy's leadership in the narcotics war will encourage other
nations to work collectively on effective narcotics control
initiatives.
-4-
Ladies and gentlemen, Americans have enormous respect for
Italy, a creative nation with which we share so many goals and
interests. Today's visit will strengthen the already strong
bonds between our two countries. Those links - economic,
cultural and familial, just to name a few - are forged by
citizens in both lands bonded by a common purpose, a sense of
--
cooperation and a commitment to shared values.
Let me in closing express my hope that you, Mrs. Andreotti
and your colleagues have a most successful visit, and that you
will again feel the strength of the ties between our two
nations, symbolized by the millions of Americans proud of their
Italian heritage. Mr. Prime Minister, welcome to Washington.
DRAFT
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
STATE DINNER IN HONOR OF PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI OF ITALY
THE WHITE HOUSE
MARCH 6, 1990
Mr. Prime Minister, Mrs. Andreotti, distinguished guests,
friends of Italy:
Barbara and I are very pleased to welcome to the White
Houses tonight so many good friends, including many who have
had the privilege of knowing over the past half century our
distinguished guest of honor, the President of the Council of
Ministers of the Republic of Italy, Giulio Andreotti.
Giulio, you have been in the upper circles of Italian
government since 1946 when you were elected to the assembly
which formed Italy's constitution.
I was returning from
wartime duty in the Pacific, and was yet to get my feet wet in
the world of politics. While you and I are proud of our 45
years of marriage to our partners Livia and Barbara, I cannot
compete with your unparalleled professional resume which spans
five event-filled decades.
-2-
Your rich public career is unrivaled in modern European
history. Ladies and gentlemen, our honored guest has been
Prime Minister six times, cabinet minister many times over
since 1954, and has had a distinguished parliamentary career.
He is a renowned and prolific author and a man of integrity.
And, I should note for the benefit of many in the room, as
Prime Minister in 1976, he brought into government Italy's
--
first woman cabinet minister, Tina Anselmi.
Giulio, you are one of America's oldest and closest
friends. You know our country well. You have a deep reservoir
of admirers in government, business, the church and many other
facets of American life. We are proud and honored to be with
you today. And tomorrow, when you address a rare joint sitting
of the United States Congress, I know you will again sense the
deep admiration America holds for you and the proud nation you
so ably represent.
Last October, Barbara and I were pleased to welcome to the
White House the distinguished President of Italy, my friend
Francesco Cossiga. In the time we spent together, I was able
to appreciate the important role Italy plays in the
fast-evolving European scene. Needless to say, much has
happened around the world in the last six months. Perhaps
never has so much positive change happened so fast and affected
so many people.
-3-
Giulio, I can think of no time in modern history when
wisdom and perspective like yours could be more valuable.
In
our discussions today, and over the past months, we have shared
the excitement of today's remarkable changes, and together
grappled with the dramatic new realities in Europe and
elsewhere in the world. Freedom is finding new life, and we
applaud the vibrant human spirit which is making it happen.
We discussed the ramifications of a unified Germany, and
how to accommodate the needs of nations in Eastern Europe,
opening their doors to new opportunities. We agree that the
United States must be closely involved in this exciting process
unfolding on the European continent, where our roots run deep.
I made Italy the first stop on my first visit to Europe as
President, en route to Brussels ten months ago for the
important NATO summit, which set the tone for important arms
reduction proposals now even closer to fruition. The Prime
Minister and I also agree that a vigorous and adaptable NATO is
vital to continue to guarantee our collective security in new,
challenging times.
- 4 -
Beginning in July - when Italy takes over the chair of the
European Community - our two governments will enhance the
coordination of a trans-Atlantic partnership that can deal with
the evolving situation in creative and productive ways. As
Prime Minister Andreotti points Italy towards the economically
unified Europe of 1992, I can think of no one better qualified
to lead the EC in the second half of this year, a time which
promises to be full of dramatic events.
) EC Chair
2 EC 92
3. Houston
Giulio, in listing some of your many accomplishments, I
neglected to mention your lifetime love of soccer, or football,
as it is known to all the world outside America's borders.
Later this spring, as we look towards our next scheduled
meeting at the Houston Economic Summit your
attention
may
be tested by the 1990 World Cup, which Italy is hosting at the
same time. For the first time, the U.S. soccer team has
survived the tough elimination rounds. I am confident that
US-Italian competition on the playing field will be as vigorous
- and positive - as our long and strong trans-atlantic
relationship.
Mr. Prime Minister, our discussions today reinforce my deep
admiration for you, and for your nation. The American people
and I wish you well, and I ask our guests to join me in
saluting you and the citizens of the Republic of Italy.
AFTER-ÜINNER ENTERTAINMENT / ITALIAN STATE DINNER
WE'D LIKE TO THANK MISS ROBERTA PETERS, WHO IS
APPROACHING THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF HER CAREER DEBUT AT
THE METROPOLITAN OPERA. AFTER PERFORMING WITH THE MET
FOR 35 YEARS AS A LEADING SOBRANO SUE CONTINUES
THRILL AUDIENCES TODAY AS AN INTERNATIONALLY ACCLAIMED
ARTIST, TRAVELING AS ONE OF THE WORLD'S GREATEST DIVAS.
MISS PETERS, THANK YOU ONCE AGAIN.
Grant/Nappo
Draft one
February 27, 1990
A:Italy
REMARKS: ARRIVAL CEREMONY
PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI OF ITALY
THE WHITE HOUSE
MARCH 6, 1990
( (Mr. Prime Minister, Mrs. Andreotti, friends of Italy. ))
LARE PLEASED TO )
Barbara and I welcome the President of the Council of
Ministers of the Republic of Italy, Giulio Andreotti and his
AND to OUR home,
wife, Livia, to our home and to the United States.
(RICH inAcHievement,)
Prime Minister Andreotti's rich public career is unrivaled
in modern Europe. He has served his nation with distinction as a
of course, AS ASIX time
statesman and a diplomat, and has been named Prime Minister six
But Guiulio " (Gwee-ehh-le-oh) is Also RENOWNOD IN EUROPE AS & MAN of
times. Our honored guest is an intellectual, a man known for his
letters, humor Anorintegeity.
AnD HE'S Renowned in
humor and integrity as well as a renowned author. Giulio
AMERICA AS A GOOD AnD close friend AADAS
Andreotti is one of America's closest friends, the leader of a
strong nation and a strong people. We are proud and honored to
have him as our quest today
welcome him to the White House today.
Nearly 45 years ago, the giants of modern history --
TRUMAN
embarking ON thE
Churchill, Eisenhower, Adenauer and de Gaulle were in the midst
GREATTASK OF
ClAtER he Known AS )
of rebuilding Europe, working on what would be the Marshall Plan.
But they has the help of the dedication + UISION of Another GIANT,
And another giant, a man whose accomplishments outweighed the
helped force
fame he won for them, was a man who helped build the strong
Atlantic community we have today -- Prime Minister Alcide De
Gasperi of Italy.
I mentioned that Giulio Andreotti is a renowned author.
(biooraphy of ?)
itis in the teADition
Well, he wrote a book about De Gasperi, and many in the world
2
believe that Prime Minister Andreotti leads Italy today in the
OF His SUBJECT
tradition of De Gasperi. Like his predecessor, Guilio is a
who S
cobust, trong man a leader fighting for freedom, peace and
democracy in an evolving Europe.
This week's visit by the Prime Minister bears witness to
INE
Italy's continued leadership amidst the swift-moving stream of
events in Europe and to America- steadfast partnership with 5/
the
Italy and Europe Amena through it all ) stet
Giulio Andreotti is a man of wisdom and insight Like
Presidents Nixon and Ford did before me, I look forward to
exchanging views with the Prime Minister -- this time, on the
DEVELOPMENTS
EAST
AND
west
dramatic new realities in Europe Over the past two decades, we'ne
Have seen Italy's role in world affairs grow under Giulio
Andreotti's leadership, both as Foreign Minister and Prime
Minister.
L
The United States and Italy have hase are the firmest of allies. Our
AND DURING that time,
dialogue is constant, substantive and productive. We are true
partners in the Atlantic Alliance, which serves as the foundation
for stability and solidarity among our nations. We both
recognize that NATO needs to adapt constructively to new
challenges, and that a revitalized Alliance is the key to
maintaining a vigorous transatlantic TAX dialogue on the important
issues AA like arms control, free trade, and fighting the war on
drugs.
Beginning in July -- when Italy presides over the European
Community -- our two governments will work even more closely as
3
we deal with the new, evolving global situation in creative and
productive ways. Our cooperation will become even more vital as
the European Community moves closer toward the single market of
1992. And Italy will have the opportunity to lead other nations
in the battle against organized crime and narcotics trafficking,
a fight in which our two nations remain fonga determined and
united.
(Alway hElD noo A specia place in their hearts for)
Americans have enormous respect for Italy. The American
It WAS
novelist Henry James who once wrote; "We to to Italy, to gaze upon
GO?
certain of the highest achievements of human power, " representing
"to the imagination the maximum of man's creative force."
Together, we can achieve even more -- and today's visit will
strengthen the deep bonds between us. We share between us 12
lookback with prioeto
million Americans who proudly call Italy their ancestral home.
as
because of
And because of them, America is a richer place -- for their
Italian culture, AND TRAD itions of Family* faith.
of cours,
commitment to family and faith, for their zest- for and and, for
la Date Vita
their flair at great cooking. \\\
stet
Let me / in closing express, my hope that you have a most
successful visit, a safe journey, and a delightful time here.
Mr. Prime Minister, welcome to Washington.
# # #
Grant/Nappo
Draft one
February 27, 1990
A:italydin
REMARKS: STATE DINNER IN HONOR OF
PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI OF ITALY
THE WHITE HOUSE
MARCH 6, 1990
((Mr. Prime Minister, Mrs. Andreotti, distinguished guests,
friends of Italy. ))
Barbara and I are very pleased to welcome you to the White
House tonight to honor the President of the Council of Ministers
of the Republic of Italy, Giulio Andreotti.
We'd also like to thank Miss Roberta Peters, who is
approaching the 40th anniversary of her career debut which
Yooknow, Roberta,
complement to Shefil.))
took place at the Metropolitan Opera. After performing with the
Met for 35 years as a leading soprano, she continues to thrill
audiences today as an internationally acclaimed artist, traveling
((Dee-uatis))
the world as one of America's greatest divas.
Having such a world-famous opera star here reminds me of the
time the great Italian tenor, Enrico Caruso, was asked by a group
of American reporters what he thought of Babe Ruth. Caruso, ever
polite, replied that he didn't know because unfortunately, he had
never heard her sing.
One American writer called Italy the "land of the immortal
Not just the IANDOF mytholocogy ,
gods.' I doubt he literally meant Apollo Venus cand-Minerva
but
DeAthless
but rather that Italy is the home of such eternal ideals as art,
of wanty
love and wisdom; the immortal genius of DaVinci, Michelangelo,
and Raphael; the timeless architecture of Piazza San Marco in
Florence?
2
Venice; the classic strains heard in the air at La Scala in
Milan; and the spiritual home of millions on Earth -- St. Peter's
As 00 AMERICAN historian WillDuRAntsAiD, Rome is the mother of
in
Rome.
Truly, Italy is a land of immortals, US All.
(C(Gwee-enh-le-oh) TW/SUCH DISTACTION
Giulio, you have served Italy well. Your rich career of
FAnDitis this GREAT has national tRADition that]
public service is unrivaled in modern European history.
Beginning nearly 45 years ago, when you were elected to the assembly
It LUGAN
that DRAfted THE Italian
CAND NOW
which formed Italy constitution, your people have now elected
you Prime Minister six times.
Giulio, you are one of America's oldest and closest friends.
You know our country well. We are proud and honored to be with
you and you have the deep respect of every here tonight. And
tomorrow, when you address a joint session of the United States
Congress, I know you will again sense the deep admiration America
GREAT
holds. for you and the proud nation of Italy.
Last October, Barbara and I were pleased to welcome to the
White House the distinguished President of Italy, my friend
CERTAINLY
Francesco Cossiga. In the time we spent together, we agreed E on
the key role Italy plays in the new emerging Europe. Freedom is
finding new life among millions of people the world over, and
together our two nations applaud the vibrant human spirit of the
men and women seeking peaceful change from Europe
to
CentralEoRape
Central America.
In my discussions with Prime Minister Andreotti today, and
over the past months, we have shared the excitement of these
remarkable changes. Giulio, you are a man of integrity and
3
foresight, and I can think of no time in modern history when
WAS need ed more
wisdom and perspective like yours could be more valuable.
We discussed the ramifications of a unified Germany, and how
AND to
to accommodate the needs of nations in Eastern Europe, opening
their doors to new opportunities. We agree eVt that the United
States must be closely involved in this exciting process
unfolding on the European continent, where our roots run deep.
They say that "all roads lead to Rome," and so Italy was my
first stop on my first visit to Europe as President, en route ten
TOGETHER, we
months ago to the important NATO summit which set the Fulfillment tone for CRITICAL
important arms reduction proposals, 1 now even closer to fruition.
The Prime Minister and I also agree that a vigorous and adaptable
NATO is vital to guarantee our collective security in new,
challenging times.
We have much to look forward to: This summer, we will meet
again at the Houston Economic Summit. Then, beginning in July,
Italy becomes chairman of the European Community -- and our two
governments will work together to deal with an evolving Europe in
creative and productive ways. Further down the road, we approach
the single market of 1992 together. But most important of all,
there is perhaps toughest issue between our two nations, a
meeting which will take place this summer in Italy. Our side has
already made bold advances against other nations involved, but we
must be allowed to compete on a level playing field. That's
right, I'm talking about the 1990 World Cup in Soccer.
4
Mr. Prime Minister, our discussions today reinforce my deep
admiration for you and for 11 your nation. The great Roman
statesman Cicero, once wrote: "When good men of like character
are joined in friendship, there we find the noblest and the
strongest union." To our noble and strong union, and to you and
the citizens of the Republic of Italy, I ask our guests to join
me in a salute.
# # #
Friday Follies
VICTORY
CELEBRATION
CIGARS
ORTEGA
- a look at politics through the eyes of the political cartoonist -
***
"I don't care a straw for your newspaper articles. My constituents
know how to read. But they can't help seeing them damned pictures."
(William Marcy Tweed speaking of Thomas Nast, 1871)
WHITE HOUSE NEWS SUMMARY SPECIAL EDITION
VOLUME II ISSUE 5 -- March 2, 1990
WELL DONE
THAT'LL BE ALL
PLEASE CEASE
To EXIST.
PRETTY
PLEASE
CONTRAS
05
AUTH
BEEFLEP!
RAT
TAT
TAT
TAT
TAT
HONK!
TAT
HONK!
CONTRAS
IIII
DEMOCRACY
NICARAGUA
JUSTMARYED!
PHILA.ORILY
NEWS
BALLOT
too
::
ssivan
MikELuckovich ATLANTA CONSTITUTION
The economy's in
The @*##!!! ballot
shambles, along with
the infrastructure. But
box is working !!...
not everythings broken
NICARAGUA
Out.
YEAH, YEAH
CONGRATULATIONS.
NOW
GET
IN LINE
#
THE
WRITE
HOUSE
o
SIGNARY
PANAMA
CHILE
POLAND
EGYPT
NICARAGUA
USSR
KAL
DEPARTMENT
01990 INVERTAL press EVALANCATE EXP
ENDURACEMENT
HERE WE COME
is DONORIS
YEARNING TO
FINE. JUST
SPEND FREE.
PUTIT ON
MY TAB.
DEMOCRACY
101
EVERYTHING
ON CREDIT
OUTBANT
to
&
I
HATE THAT.
HATE WHEN
THAT HAPPENS!
CASTRO
ORTEGA
SRiN
ELECTIONS? HELL, I
I'M THE MAN AND
BELIEVE IN ONE MAN,
HERE'S THE VOTE.
ONE VOTE.
CASTRO
AUTH
The Philadelphia Inquirer / TONY AUTH
MOSCOW
McDonale
Comrade Gorbachev, We
1 WON A
in the party are concerned
MIATA!
that the influx of decadent
Western business will have
2 corrupting influence on
the Soviet peoples
Cu
no
0
C
PARTY
M
MA
I DON'T LIKE THE LOOKS
OF THIS HE'S GETTING
©1990
AWFULLY GOOD AT
CAPITALISM - !!
MY MARVIN GARDENS
FOR YOUR PARK PLACE
JIMBÖREMAN
ANICE GLASNOCK
RA
...To boldly 80 where no commie has gone before!
MR. SPOCKERNADZE, SET
COURSE FOR DEMOCRATIZATION!
MR. CHEKOV, TAKE US OUT
OF HERE!!
HHH
ANTON
CARISON
SENTINEL 1900 8:12
©1490 UNIVERSAL HRESS 65 SINDICATE
UNITED
GERMANY
JOURNAL COO
ECONOMY
"So MUCH FOR A WARMUP BOUT. YOURNEXT YOUR OPPONENT IS SUPER GERMANY." "
CHICAGO
ATTENTION U.SA MART
TRIBUNE
J
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
If you've been playing for an hour and don't know
who the patsy is, you're the patsy.
TOLES
UNIVERSAL PRESS SYND
THEY SAID THEY'L LEND ME
Orter 1989 THE BUFFALO NEW
MONEY UNTIL MY LUCK CHANGES!
AWRIGHT,
ANTISEMITEM
MAC
WHERE'S
THE
FIRE?
ISRAEL
USSR
SOVIET
JEWS
BillDay
Detroit Pree Press
Tribune fledus Services
W
ARIEL
SHARON
0
The Beginning of the Mideast Peace Process
©1990 SAN PRANCISCO
SPEAKING
oF REFORMS
8
ANC
FREEDOM
OR BUST!
MARXISM
DEMOCRACY
COMMUNISTASAURUS
APARTHEIDICUS?
wright
She Divorce
HE JUST
CASE
NEVER QUITS
DOES HE
?
BillDay
Detroit Free Press
Tribuss Malis Surnes
SHE'S GETTING
HE EARNED IT,
NOW SHE
25MILLION
WANTS IT...
I'M so UPSET
CLAMS
THAT DONALD
SHE SHOULD
I THOUGHT
THEWINDS OF CHANGE
AND IVANAARE
GET MORE
THEY WERE
ARE BLOWING. COMMUNISM
SPLITTING UP...
THE PERFECT
SHE'S NO
COUPLE
COLLAPSES IN EASTERN EUROPE
SAINT...
HELL BE A
AND THE SOVIET UNION STRIVES
HE'S A
FREE MAN
CAD...
SOON
FOR AMULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY.
GERMANY SEEKS REUNIFICATION.
IN SOUTH AFRICA, NELSON
MANDELA IS FREED, INSPIRING NEW
HOPE FOR AN END TO APARTHEID.
THE WORLD IS BECOMING A
NEW PLACE!
SO WHAT IS IT THAT PEOPLE
ARE TALKING ABOUT ? ...
1221
"Actually, it still is the great American pastime. The owners and players will
probably end up suing each other."
I'LL TRADE YOU
TWO TEAM
OWNERS FOR
A PLAYERS
UNION REP
AND A
SALARY CAP
BASEBALL
NEGOTIATOR
CARDS
UNITED ORIDDATION
War
DRUGS
DANGER:
VORACIOUS
CATERPILLARS ON BOARD
NOW WHAT?
COCA
OUTBANT
0
PARACHUTE.
@,990
ACME
SUIT
GERONIMO!
BEEBEEP
DISGUISED AS A PARACHUTING CATERPILLAR, WILY COYOTE BENNETT PREPARES TO POUNCE
ON HIS PREY, THE CRAFTY DRUG-RUNNER.
see FIRST
we DROP THe
MOTHS ON THE
COCA PLANTS
THE
AND IF THAT
DoeSN'T WORK..
w
perrice
BENNETT
Perrier
Mike Keefe
THE DENVER POST
1990. REMMOND TRAES DEPARTM
2/22
BROOKINS
WAR ON DRUGS
THE FEW
RESEARCH
THE PROUD
&
THE CATER-
DEVELOPMENT
PILLARS
WHEN YOU GUYS SAID WE COULD DESTROY THE COCA CROPS WITH CATERPILLARS,
I ASSUMED YOU MEANT TRACTORS!"
SEATTLE POST INTELLIGENCER
GREENER
DOMESTIC
DRUG
FOREIGN
PRODUCTION
DRUG
IMPORTS
A "HYPO"-THETICAL ILLUSTRATION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
©1990 CHICAGO TRIBUNE
"GOT ANYTHING IN THERE ABOUT FLAG-BURNING, AK-47's OR PANHANDLING?"
THE OUTRAGE WHEN THE FLAG IS
THREATENED BY A FEW RADICAL PUNKS
THE OUTRAGE WHEN NEO.NAZI-
SKINHEAD-RACIST-HATE GROUPS
THREATEN ALL THAT THE FLAG
REPRESENTS
ero
Environment gets a position in the Cabinet
I
Reilly
0
one THE NEME NEWI
Sununu
TOLES
VERY
VISIBLE
Lost
DOUBLE HULLS??
THINK OF THE COSTS!
BIG
OIL
Exactly.
WHO SAYS THE JAPANESE DON'T BUY THINGS IN AMERICA?
STORT
SALE : CONGRESSMEN
TRAINABLE AKO
PAPERS . SHOTS
NM
5
NI)
::
M
DANZIGER
The Christian Science Monitor
RAMiRCZ
NATIONAL HEADOUARTERS
so WHO FARED
THE BEST INSUPER
THE
TUESDAYS DEMOCRATIC
SHOWDOWN?
REPUBLICANS
BillDay
Detroit Free Press
Tribure Hake Someons
ЯЗИӀС
"KINDA REMINDS ME OF THEM FOLKS IN MASSACHUSETTS!"
SUMMERSOPPOD
THIS BOYCOTT
I
AGAINST REAL
FUR IS GETTING
OUT OF HAND!
10
@1990 SAN DISCOUNION
COPLEY NEWS SERVICE
SKELLY
AND WHAT
DEFENSELESS,
UNSUSPECTING
MY
CREATURE HAD
AUNT
TO DIE FOR
GERTRUDE
YOU TO WEAR
IN
CLEVELAND.
THAT FUR?!
Steve Kelley/Copley News Service
HEALTHClub
PERSONAL FITNESS TRAINING
NUTRITION CONSULTATION
MASSAGE
MUME
SAUNA
PERRIER WITHDRAWAL
COUNSELING GROUPS FORMING NOW
MY
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as
R
smoking
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MikeLuckovich
ATLANTA CONSTITUTION
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
- GIULIO [JEW-LEE-0]
-ANDREOTTI [AHN-DRAY-OHT-EE]
ALCIDE [AL-CHEE-DAY]
- DE
[DE]
\
- GASPARI [GAW-SPARE-REE]
duch-gaw-SPARE-ec
de .
PSALM 68
546
thereof: thou makest it soft with showers:
thou blessest the springing thereof. 72:6
19 but verily God hath heard me; be
S-nai its
hath attended to the voice of my prayer.
of God, the
11 Thou crownest the year with thy
20 Blessed be God, which hath not
9 Thou,
goodness; and thy paths drop fatness.
turned away my prayer, nor his mercy
when
12 "They drop upon the pastures of the
from me.
68:35 22:24
wilderness: and the little hills rejoice on
every side.
Job 38:26, 27; Joel 2:22 98:8
PSALM 67
"hou, O
13 The pastures are clothed with flocks;
"Let all the people praise thee"
ness for th
the valleys also are covered over with
corn; they shout for joy, they also sing.
To the chief musician on Neg'-i-noth.
11 The ]
A psalm or song
the comp
12 King
PSALM 66
G
OD be merciful unto us, and bless us:
she that t
and "cause his face to shine upon
13 "Tho
The great works of God
us; Selah. Num. 6:25 4:6; 31:16; 80:3, 19
2 that "thy 'way may be known upon
pots, yet
To the chief musician. A song or psalm
dove cove
earth, thy saving health among all na.
M
AKE* a joyful noise unto God, all ye
with yell
tions.
98:2; Acts 18:25; Titus 2:11
lands:
dealing
81:1; 95:1; 98:4; 100:1
3 Let the people praise thee, O God; let
14 Wh
2 "sing forth the honor of his name: make
all the people praise thee.
in it, it w
his praise glorious. 79:9; Is. 42:8 Is. 42:12
66:4
4 O let the nations be glad and sing for
15 The
3 Say unto God, How "terrible" art thou
joy: for "thou shalt judge the people right.
shan; a h
in thy works! Through the greatness of
eously, and govern the nations upon
16 Why
thy power shall thine enemies submit
earth. Selah.
100:1, 2 9:8; 96:10, 13
the hill
themselves unto thee.
65:5
impressive
5 Let the people praise thee, O God; let
yea, the
4 "All the earth shall worship thee, and
all the people praise thee.
v.d
17 "The
shall sing unto thee; they shall sing to
6 "Then shall the earth yield her in-
sand, eve
thy name. Selah.
22:27; 67:7; 86:9
crease; and God, even our own God, shall
is among
5 "Come and see the works of God: he is
bless us.
Lev. 26:4; Ezek. 34:27; Zech. 8:12
place.
"terrible" in his doing toward the children
7 God shall bless us; and*all the ends of
18 "Th
of men.
46:8
awesome
106:22
the earth shall fear him.
22:27; 33:8
hast led
6 "He turned the sea into dry land:
received
they went through the flood on foot: there
lious als
did we rejoice in him.
106:9 114:3
PSALM 68
among t
7 He" ruleth by his power for ever; his
God has gone before his people
19 Ble
eyes behold the nations: let not the re-
To the chief musician. A psalm or song
eth us u
bellious exalt themselves. Selah. 145:13
salvatio
8 O bless our God, ye people, and make
of David
the voice of his praise to be heard:
20 He
98:4
L
ET "God arise, let his enemies be 'scat-
9 which "holdeth our soul in life, and
tered: let them also that hate him flee
vation;
suffereth not our feet to be moved.
'before
him.
issues fı
30:3
Num.
10:35
defeated
in
defeat
10 For thou, O God, hast "proved us:
21 Bu
2 "As smoke is driven away, SO drive
thou hast tried us, as silver is tried. tested
them away: "as wax melteth before the
enemies
11 Thou broughtest us into the net;
fire, so let the wicked perish at the pres-
one as
thou laidst affliction upon our loins.
ence of God.
22 Th
Is. 9:18
Mic.
1:4
9:3;
37:20
12 "Thou hast caused men to ride over
3 But "let the righteous be glad; let them
from B
our heads; "we went through fire and
rejoice before God: yea, let them exceed-
again f
through water: but thou broughtest us out
ingly rejoice.
23 *th
32:11; 64:10; 97:12
into a wealthy place.
Is.
43:2
4 Sing unto God, sing praises to his
blood o
Is. 51:23
13 I will go into thy house with burnt
name: "extol" him that rideth upon the
of thy d
offerings: I will pay thee my vows,
heavens "by his name JAH, and rejoice
24 Th
14 which my lips have uttered, and my
before
him.
Is.
57:14
praise
rulers
Ex.
6:3
even th
mouth hath spoken, when I was "in
5 "A father of the fatherless, and a*judge
the san
trouble.
18:6
of the widows, is God in his holy habita-
25 T
15 I will offer unto thee burnt sacrifices
tion.
10:14; 146:9
Deut. 10:18
Deut. 26:15
on ins
of fatlings, with the incense of rams: I will
6 RGod setteth the solitary in families:
them
offer bullocks with goats. Selah. Num. 6:14
"he bringeth out those which are bound
timbrel
16 "Come and hear, all ye that fear God,
with chains: but the rebellious dwell in a
26*B1
and I will declare what he hath done for
dry land.
113:9 69:33; Acts 12:7
even t
my soul.
34:11
71:15, 24
7 O God, "when thou wentest forth be-
Israel.
17 I cried unto him with my mouth,
fore thy people, when thou didst march
27 Th
and he was extolled with my tongue.
through the wilderness; Selah. Ex. 13:21
ruler,
18 *If I regard iniquity in my heart, the
8 the earth shook, the heavens also
'counci
Lord will not hear me:
John
9:31;
Jas.
4:3
dropped at the presence of God: even
princes
NESIS 12
10
CHAPTER 11
19 And Pe'-leg lived after he begat Re'-u
spo
The tower of Babel
two hundred and nine years, and begat sons
and
ND the whole earth was of one lan-
and daughters.
wh
20 And Re'-u lived two and thirty years,
5
guage, and of one speech.
and begat "Se'-rug:
Luke 3:35
And it came to pass, as they journeyed
Lo
21 And Re'-u lived after he begat Se'-rug
the east, that they found a plain in
sta
two hundred and seven years, and begat
and of Shi'-nar; and they dwelt there.
so
sons and daughters.
an
And they said one to another, Go to,
22 And Se'-rug lived thirty years, and be-
Ca
IS make brick, and burn them thor-
ugily.
And they had brick for stone, and
gat Nahor:
ca
23 And Se'-rug lived after he begat Nahor
6
had they for mortar.
two hundred years, and begat sons and
un
And they said, Go to, let us build us a
and a tower, "whose top may reach
daughters.
of
24 And Nahor lived nine and twenty
in
heaven; and let us make us a name,
years, and begat "Te'-rah: Josh. 24:2; Luke 3:34
7
we
scattered abroad upon the face
25 And Nahor lived after he begat Te'-
an
the
whole earth.
Deut.
2 Sam. 8:13
rah a hundred and nineteen years, and
la
'And the LORD came down to see the
begat sons and daughters.
th
and the tower, which the children of
26 And Te'-rah lived seventy years, and
8
builded. 18:21; Ex. 3:8; 19:11, 18, 20; Ps. 53:2
"begat Abram, Nahor, and Har'-an.Josh 24:2
m
And the LORD said, Behold, "the people
one, and they have all "one language;
The descendants of Terah
pi
we
this they begin to do: and now nothing
27 Now these are the generations of Te'-
bu
be restrained from them, which they
rah: Te'-rah begat Abram, Nahor, and
'u
"imagined to do. 9:19
are
v.
1
Ps. 2:1
have
Har'-an; and Har'-an begat Lot.
9
Confusion of languages
28 And Har'-an died'before his father Te'-
to
-
Go to, let us go down, and there' con-
rah in the land of his nativity, in Ur of the
their language, that they may not
"Chal'-dees. during his father's lifetime Ezek.
11:24
Eerstand one another's speech. confuse
29 And Abram and Nahor took them
1
So "the LORD scattered them abroad
wives: the name of Abram's wife was
ar
thence upon the face of all the earth:
Sar'-a-i; and the name of Nahor's wife,
jo
they left off to build the city. Luke 1:51
Mil'-cah, the daughter of Har'-an, the
in
Therefore is the name of it called 'Ba-
father of Mil'-cah, and the father of Is'-cah.
because the LORD did there confound
30 But "Sar'-a-i was barren; she had no
n
language of all the earth: and from
child.
16:1, 2; Luke 1:36
S
did the LORD scatter them abroad
Terah moves from Ur to Haran
tl
ipon
the face of all the earth. Confusion+there
31 And Te'-rah "took Abram his son, and
Lot the son of Har'-an his son's son, and
tl
The descendants of Shem
Sar'-a-i his daughter-in-law, his son Abram's
sa
These are the generations of Shem:
wife; and they went forth with them from
b
was a hundred years old, and begat
r-phax'-ad two years after the flood:
"Ur of the Chal'-dees, to go into "the land
And Shem lived after he' begat Ar-
of Canaan; and they came unto Har'-an,
tl
five hundred years, and begat sons
and dwelt there.
12:1
Neh. 9:7
10:19
a
daughters.
became the father of
32 And the days of Te'-rah were two hun-
And Ar-phax'-ad lived five and thirty
dred and five years: and Te'-rah died in
"and begat Sa'-lah:
Luke 3:35
Har'-an.
W
And Ar-phax'-ad lived after he begat
CHAPTER 12
c. 1921 B.C.
t
-lah four hundred and three years, and
sons and daughters.
The call of Abram
a
:":
And Sa'-lah lived thirty years, and be-
E'-ber:
N
OW the "LORD had said unto Abram,
t
Get thee out of thy country, and from
And Sa'-lah lived after he begat E'-ber
thy kindred, and from thy father's house,
S
hundred and three years, and begat
unto a land that I will show thee: Heb. 11:8
a
and daughters.
2 "And I will make of thee a great nation,
a
"And E'-ber lived four and thirty years,
and I will bless thee, and make thy name
begat "Pe'-leg:
1 Chr. 1:19
Luke 3:35
great; and thou shalt be a blessing: 17:6
h
And E'-ber lived after he begat Pe'-
3 "And I will bless them that bless thee,
S
four hundred and thirty years, and be-
and curse him that curseth thee: "and in
sons and daughters.
thee shall all families of the earth be
R
And Pe'-leg lived thirty years, and be-
blessed.
Num. 24:9
3:15; Gal. 3:8
<
H
Re'-u:
4 So Abram departed, as the LORD had
t
15
GENESIS 18
said
unto
Abraham,
my
covenant
therefore,
The
male among the men of Abraham's
12 Therefore Sarah laughed within her-
every and circumcised the flesh of their
self, saying, After I am waxed old shall I
that
their generation
said dunto him.
house; in the selfsame 14:14 day, as off God had 9-13
have pleasure, my lord being old also?
cut
vv.
13 And the LORD said unto Abraham,
me
and
you
and
And Abraham was ninety years old
Wherefore did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I
Every
man
child
PROS
among
John 7:22; Acts7% you
fesh of his foreskin.
and 24 nine, when* he was circumcised in the
of a surety bear a child, which am old?
umcised.
Rom. 4:11
14 "Is any thing too hard for the LORD?
shall circumcise the flesh
25 And Ish'-ma-el*his son was thirteen
"At the time appointed I will return unto
and it shall be a token
old, when he was circumcised in the
thee, according to the time of life, and
betwixt
me
and
you.
Ex.
12:08
Besh years of his foreskin.
16:16
Sarah shall have a son. Num. 11:23 2 Ki. 4:16
that
is
eight
days
old
selfsame day was Abraham cir-
15 Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed
among you, every man "shall child
In And,And,And,And,And,An and Ish'-ma-el his son. very same
not; for she was afraid. And he said, Nay;
all the men of his house, born in
but thou didst laugh.
Ps. 63:11
Mat. 12:25
he that is born in the
ought with money of any
the house, and bought with money of the
The doom of Sodom
is not of thy seed. Lev. 12:2
stranger, were circumcised with him. 18:19
16 And the men rose up from thence, and
is born in thy house, and he
CHAPTER 18
c. 1898 B.C.
looked toward Sodom: and Abraham went
with thy money, must needs
and my covenant shall be
Three angels visit Abraham
with them to bring them on the way.
17 And the LORD said, "Shall I hide from
for an everlasting covenant.
uncircumcised man child
A
ND the LORD appeared unto him'in the
Abraham that thing which I do; John 15:15
plains of Mam'-re: and he sat in the
18 Seeing that Abraham shall surely be-
of his foreskin is not circum.
tent door in the heat of the day; by the oaks
come great and mighty nation, and all
shall be cut off from his
2 "And he lift up his eyes and looked, and,
the nations of the earth shall be "blessed in
broken my covenant.
lo, three men stood by him: "and when he
him?
populous
12:3; 22:18; Acts 3:25; Gal. 3:8
changed; the promise of Isaac
saw them, he ran to meet them from the
19 For I know him, "that he will command
said unto Abraham, As for
tent door, and "bowed himself toward the
his children and his "household after him,
ground, 3 And said, MyLord, if now I have found
Heb. 13:2
1
Pet.
4:9
humbled
himself
thou shalt not call her
and they shall keep the way of the LORD,
but "Sarah shall her name
to do justice and judgment; that the LORD
favor in thy sight,¹ pass not away, I pray
Princess
may bring upon Abraham that which he
thee, from thy servant: 0 Lord do not pass by
bless her, and give thee a
hath spoken of him. Deut. 4:9, 10; 6:7 family
4 Let a little water, I pray you, be
yea, I will bless her, and
20 And the LORD said, Because" the cry
fetched, and wash your feet, and rest your-
mother of nations; kings of
of Sodom and Go-mor'-rah is great, and
selves under the tree: 19:2;24:32;43:24 support
of her. she shall become nations
because their sin is very 'grievous; 19:13 bad
5 And I will fetch a morsel of bread, and
upon his face, "and
comfort ye your hearts; after that ye shall
21 "I will go down now, and see whether
in his heart, Shall a child
they have done altogether according to the
pass on: for therefore are ye come to your
Thim that is a hundred years
servant. And they said, So do, as thou hast
cry of it, which is come unto me; and if not,
Sarah, that is ninety years
"I
will
know.
11:5
Deut. 8:2; 13:3; 2 Cor. 11:11
said.
v. 18:12; 21:6
6 And Abraham hastened into the tent
Abraham intercedes for Sodom
unto God, O that
unto Sarah, and said, Make ready quickly
22 And the men turned their faces from
live before thee! prayed
'three measures of fine meal, knead it, and
thence, "and went toward Sodom: but
said, "Sarah thy wife shall
make cakes upon the hearth.
.75 bushel
Abraham stood yet before the LORD. 19:1
indeed; and thou shalt call
7 And Abraham ran unto the herd, and
23 And Abraham "drew near, and said,
and I will establish my
fetched a calf tender and good, and gave it
"Wilt thou also destroy the righteous with
Thim for an everlasting cove-
unto a young man; and he hasted to'dress
the
wicked?
Heb. 10:22
Num. 16:22;
Job
9:22
this seed after him. Gal. 4:28 *
it.
choice
prepare
24 Peradventure there be fifty righteous
8 And "he took butter, and milk, and the
mael to be a nation
within the city: wilt thou also destroy and
calf which he had dressed, and set it before
Ish'-ma-el, I have heard
not spare the place for the fifty righteous
them; and he 'stood by them under the
that
have blessed him, and will
are
therein?
suppose
forgive
Mat. 7:13, 14
tree, and they did eat.
19:3
like a waiter
25 That be far from thee to do after this
and will multiply him
Sarah promised a son
manner, to slay the righteous with the
telve princes shall he beget,
him a great nation. 25:16
9 And they said unto him, Where is Sarah
wicked: and that the righteous should be
thy wife? And he said, Behold, in the tent.
as the wicked, that be far from thee: Shall
enant will I establish with
10 And he said," will certainly return
not the Judge of all the earth do right?
rah shall bear unto thee at
unto thee "according to the time of life;
26 And the LORD said, "If I find in Sodom
the next year. 18:10 21:2
and, lo, "Sarah thy wife shall have a son.
fifty righteous within the city, then I will
off "talking with him, and
And Sarah heard it in the tent door, which
spare all the place for their sakes. Jer. 5:1
Abraham.
18:33;
35:13
was
behind
him.
Rom.
9:9
2
Ki.
4:16
17:19,
21
27 And Abraham answered and said, Be-
Tham took Ish'-ma-el his
11 Now Abraham and Sarah were old
hold now, I have taken upon me to speak
were born in his house,
and well stricken in age; and it ceased to be
unto the LORD, 'which am "but dust and
bought with his money,
with Sarah after the manner of women.
ashes:
I who 3:19; Job 4:19; 1 Cor. 15:47, 48
LEVITICUS 25
122
7 And for thy cattle, and for the beast
until her fruits come in ye shall eat of the
37
that are in thy land, shall all the increase
old store.
2 Ki. 19:29
26:10; Josh. 5:11
upo
thereof be meat.
food
23 The land shall not be sold "for ever:
incr
The year of jubilee
for the land is mine; for ye are "strangers
38
and sojourners with me. in perpetuity Ps. 39:12
bro
8 And thou shalt number seven sabbaths
24 And in all the land of your possession
to &
of years unto thee, seven times seven years;
ye shall grant a redemption for the land.
you
and the space of the seven sabbaths of years
25 If thy brother be waxen poor, and
39
shall be unto thee forty and nine years.
hath sold away some of his possession, and
the
9 Then shalt thou cause the trumpet of
if any of his kin come to redeem it, then
tho
the jubilee to sound on the tenth day of
shall he redeem that which his brother sold.
bon
the seventh month, "in the day of atone-
26 And if the man have none to redeem
40
ment shall ye make the trumpet sound
it, and himself be able to redeem it;
jou
throughout all your land.
23:24, 27
27 Then "let him count the years of the
serv
10 And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year,
sale thereof, and restore the overplus unto
41
and proclaim liberty throughout all the
the man to whom he sold it; that he may
bot
land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it
return unto his possession.
vv. 50-52
sha
shall be a jubilee unto you; and ye shall
28 But if he be not able to restore it to
the
return every man unto his possession, and
him, then that which is sold shall remain
42
ye shall return every man unto his family.
in the hand of him that hath bought it until
bro
11 A jubilee shall that fiftieth year be
the year of jubilee: "and in the jubilee it
the
unto you: "ye shall not sow, neither reap
shall go out, and he shall return unto his
43
that which groweth of itself in it, nor
possession.
v. 13 vv. 10-13
'rig
gather the grapes in it of thy vine un-
29 And if a man sell a dwelling house in
44
dressed.
v. 5
a walled city, then he may redeem it
ma
12 For it is the jubilee; it shall be Tholy
within a whole year after it is sold; within
the
unto you: "ye shall eat the increase thereof
a full year may he redeem it.
the
out of the field.
all for you alone vv.
6,7
30 And if it be not redeemed within the
ma
13 "In the year of this jubilee ye shall
space of a full year, then the house that is
45
return every man unto his possession. V. 10
in the walled city shall be established for
str
14 And if thou sell aught unto thy neigh-
ever to him that bought it throughout his
the
bor, or buyest aught of thy neighbor's
generations: it shall not go out in the
are
hand, ye shall not oppress one another:
jubilee.
lan
15 According to the number of years
31 But the houses of the villages which
46
after the jubilee thou shalt buy of thy
have no wall round about them shall be
tar
neighbor, and according unto the number
counted as the fields of the country: they
the
of years of the fruits he shall sell unto thee:
may be redeemed, and they shall go out in
bo
16 "According to the multitude of years
the jubilee.
the
thou shalt increase the price thereof, and
32 Notwithstanding "the cities of the
ov
according to the fewness of years thou
Levites, and the houses of the cities of their
shalt diminish the price of it: for according
possession, may the Levites redeem at any
to the number of the years of the fruits
4
time.
Num. 35:1-8
doth he sell unto thee.
vv. 27, 51, 52
by
33 And if Ta man purchase of the Levites,
hi
17 Ye shall not therefore Toppress one
then the house that was sold, and the city
st
another; but thou shalt fear thy God: for
of his possession, shall go out in the year of
st
I am the LORD your God.
take
advantage
of
jubilee: for the houses of the cities of the
4
18 Wherefore ye shall do my statutes,
Levites are their possession among the
de
and keep my judgments, and do them;
children of Israel. one of the Levites redeem them
re
and ye shall dwell in the land in safety.
34 But "the field of the suburbs of their
4
19 And the land shall yield her fruit, and
cities may not be sold; for it is their per-
m
"ye shall eat your fill, and dwell therein in
petual possession.
Num. 35:2-5; Acts 4:36, 37
un
safety.
26:5; Ezek. 34:25
02
20 And if ye shall say, "What shall we
Redeeming the poor
I
eat the seventh year? behold, we shall not
35 And if thy brother be waxen poor, and
be
sow, nor gather in our increase: Mat. 6:25
fallen in decay with thee; then thou shalt
to
21 Then I will "command my blessing
relieve him: yea, though he be a stranger,
P
upon you in the sixth year, and it shall
or a sojourner; that he may live with thee.
n
bring forth fruit for three years. Ex. 16:29
36 "Take thou no Tusury of him, or in-
a
22 "And ye shall SOW the eighth year, and
crease: but fear thy God; that thy brother
eat yet of "old fruit until the ninth year;
may live with thee. Ex. 22:25
interest on loans
c
JEREMIAH 31
700
23 Behold, the whirlwind of the LORD
12 Therefore they shall come and sing
goeth forth with "fury, a "continuing whirl-
the height of Zion, and shall flow togeth
wind: it shall Tfall with pain upon the head
to the goodness of the LORD, for whe
of the wicked.
violent anger
cutting
remain
and for wine, and for oil, and for the you
24 The fierce anger of the LORD shall not
of the flock and of the herd: and the
return, until he have done it, and until he
soul shall be as a watered garden;
have performed the intents of his heart:
they shall not sorrow any more at all.
in the latter days ye shall consider it.
13"Then shall the virgin rejoice in
dance, both young men and old togethe
CHAPTER 31
c. 596 B.C.
for I will turn their mourning into joy, and
"the same time, saith the LORD, will
will comfort them, and make them rejoict
Aᵀ
from their sorrow.
Judg. 21:21; Is.
I be the God of all the families of
14 And I will satiate the soul of
Israel, and they shall be my people. 30:24
2 Thus saith the LORD, The people which
priests with "fatness, and my people shal
be satisfied with my goodness, saith
were left of the sword found grace in the
LORD.
wilderness; even Israel, when "I went to
satisfy good things
cause him to rest. Deut. 1:33; Ps. 95:11; Is. 63:14
15 Thus saith the LORD; A voice was
3 The LORD hath appeared of old unto
heard in Ra'-mah, lamentation, and bitter
weeping; Rachel weeping for her children
me, saying, Yea, "I have loved thee with
an everlasting love: therefore with
refused to be comforted for her children
because "they were not. Gen. 42:13; Mat. 2:17
loving-kindness have I drawn thee. Mal. 1:2
4 Again "I will build thee, and thou shalt
16 Thus saith the LORD; Refrain thy
be built, 0 virgin of Israel: thou shalt
voice from weeping," and thine eyes from
tears: for thy work shall be rewarded, saith
again be adorned with thy 'tabrets, and
the LORD; and they shall come again from
shalt go forth in the dances of them that
the land of the enemy. Ruth 2:12; Is. 30:11
"make merry. 24:6; 33:7; Is. 30:32
timbrels
30:19
5 "Thou shalt yet plant vines upon the
17 And there is hope in thine end, saith
the LORD, that thy children shall come
mountains of Sa-mar'-i-a: the planters
again to their own border.
shall plant, and shall eat them as "common
things.
Is. 65:21; Amos 9:14
things
in
profusion
Rachel's mourning is comforted
6 For there shall be a day, that the
18 I have surely heard E'-phra-im be
watchmen upon the mount E'-phra-im
moaning himself thus; Thou hast chastised
shall cry, "Arise ye, and let us go up to
me, and I was chastised, as a "bullock un-
Zion unto the LORD our God. Is. 2:3; Mic. 4:2
accustomed to the yoke: "turn thou me
7 For thus saith the LORD; "Sing with
and I shall be turned; for thou art the
gladness for Jacob, and shout among the
LORD my God. Job 5:17; Ps. 94:12
bull
Lam.
5
"chief of the nations: publish ye, praise ye,
19 Surely after that I was turned, I re-
and say, 0 LORD, save thy people, the rem-
pented; and after that I was instructed,
nant of Israel. Ps. 14:7; Is. 12:5, 6
Deut. 28:13
"smote upon my thigh: I was ashamed
8 Behold, I will bring them "from the
yea, even confounded, because I did bear
north country, and "gather them from the
the reproach of my youth.acknowledge my
coasts of the earth, and with them the
20 Is E'-phra-im my dear son? is he
blind and the lame, the woman with child
pleasant child? for since I spake agains
and her that travaileth with child to-
him, I do earnestly remember him still:
gether: a great company shall return
"therefore my bowels are troubled for him:
thither.
3:12, 18; 23:8
Ezek. 20:34, 41; 34:13
"I will surely have mercy upon him, saith
9 They shall come with weeping, and
the LORD.Is. 63:15
my emotions are stirred
Is.57:
with 'supplications will I lead them: I will
21 Set thee up waymarks, make the
cause them to walk by the rivers of waters
high heaps: "set thine heart toward the
in a straight way, wherein they shall not
highway, even the way which thou went
stumble: for I am a father to Israel, and
est: turn again, O virgin of Israel, turn
E'-phra-im is my "first-born. blessings
Ex. 4:22
again to these thy cities.
guideposts 50:
10 Hear the word of the LORD, O ye na-
22 How long wilt thou "go about, O tho
tions, and declare it in the isles afar off,
"backsliding daughter? for the LORD hath
and say, He that scattered Israel "will
created a new thing in the earth, A woma
gather him, and keep him, as a shepherd
shall compass a man.
2:18, 23, 36 3:6,
doth his flock.
25:22; Is. 66:19
Is.
40:11
Judah also to be restored
11 For the LORD hath redeemed Jacob,
and ransomed him "from the hand of him
23 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the Go
that was stronger than he. Is. 49:24
Ps. 142:9
of Israel; As yet they shall use this speec
1107
EPHESIANS 3
time
past
Not of "works, "lest any man should
3 How that by revelation he made
effort
that no man should glory
known unto me the "mystery; (as I wrote
of
this
of
the
wast. For we are "his workmanship, created
'afore in few words,
hidden truth
before
power
now
worketh
Christ Jesus unto good works, which
"Whereby, when ye read, ye may under-
hath before "ordained that we should
stand my knowledge in the 'mystery of
Col.
prepared
Christ)
6:19; 1 Co. 4:1
secret
also
salk in them.
Is. 19:25; Tit. 2:14
we
all
had
"Which in other ages was not made
past
in
the
The unity of all believers
known unto the sons of men, as it is now
the
desires
of
the
revealed unto his holy apostles and proph-
were
by
nature
Wherefore remember, that ye being in
ets by the Spirit; 10:28; Rom. 16:25
even
as
others.
me 11 past Gentiles in the flesh, who are
6 That the Gentiles should be fellow
ho
is
rich
in
ewith
he
mercy,
loved
alled Uncircumcision by that which is
heirs, and of the same body, and partakers
alled "the Circumcision in the flesh made
of his promise in Christ by the gospel:
we
were
dead
in
sins
hands;
Rom. 2:28, 29; 1 Cor. 12:2; Col. 2:11
7 Whereof I was made a 'minister, "ac-
together
with
Christ,
That at that time ye were without
cording to the gift of the grace of God
made
us
alive
by
Christ, being aliens from the common-
given unto me by "the effectual working of
us
up
inᵀ
together,
sealth of Israel, and strangers from the
his power.
servant
Rom. 1:5
Rom. 15:18
gether
heavenly
ovenants of promise, having no hope,
8 Unto me "who am less than the least
1:20
planes
in
the
and without God in the world: agreements
of all saints, is this grace given, that I
ages
to
But now in Christ Jesus ye who
should preach among the Gentiles the un-
toward riches come of his he grace
metimes were far off are made nigh by
searchable riches of Christ;1 Cor. 15:9 Col.
1:27
us
through
Christ
blood of Christ. v. 17; Acts 2:39; Gal. 3:28
"And to make all men see what is the
demonstrate
For he is our peace, who hath made
fellowship of the mystery, which' "from the
both one, and hath broken down the mid-
beginning of the world hath been hid in
The Grace of God
wall of partition between us; Mic. 5:5
God, who created all things by Jesus
Christ:
1:9; 1 Cor. 2:7
dispensation
for
ages
of are ye saved "through
15 Having "abolished in his flesh the
not
10 To the intent that now unto the
yourselves:
"it
mity, even the law of commandments
2 Tim. 1:9
Rom. 4:16
contained in ordinances; for to make in
principalities and powers in heavenly
Mat.
mimself of twain one "new man, so making
places might be known by the church the
manifold wisdom of God,
v. 21; 1:21
peace;
taken away
4:24; 2 Cor. 5:17; Gal. 6:15
deaths. Keep in mind that
11 According to the eternal 'purpose
man from God spiritually: this
16 And that he might reconcile both
which he purposed in Christ Jesus our
he body; this is physical death
into God in one body by the cross, "having
Lord:
plan planned
eath.
slain the enmity Thereby:
Rom.
6:6
by
it
12 In whom we have boldness and access
God spiritually and drove him from
17'And came and preached peace to you
"with confidence by the faith of him.Heb. 4:16
59:1,2 OT). The only way back
which were afar off, and to them that
13 Wherefore I desire that ye "faint not
your sins (Isa. 55:7 OT), that you
were nigh.
vs. 13, 14; Acts 2:39; Rom. 5:1
at my "tribulations for you, which is'your
18 For through him we both have access
Death had no claim on man
we have a universal effect,
by one Spirit unto the Father. John 10:9
glory.
be not discouraged
trials
on your behalf
-the good and the bad-the young
"Now therefore ye are no more stran-
Prayer for inner growth
Lord Jesus Christ (Page1084
gers and foreigners, but fellow citizens
14 For this cause I bow my knees unto
with the saints, and of the household of
the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ,
(Ezek. 18:20 OT). (This is eternal
God; Heb. 12:22, 23
sojourners
Gal.
6:10;
Phil.
3:20
15ROf whom the whole family in heaven
beyond the portal of hell he
20 And are built upon the foundation of
and damned to all eternity
the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ
and earth is named, Acts 11:26; 26:28; 1 Pet. 4:16
16 That he would grant you, "according
himself being the chief corner stone;
to the riches of his glory, to be strength-
V: GOD'S REMEDY FOR SIN
21 In whom all the building fitly framed
together groweth unto a holy temple in
ened with might by his Spirit in the inner
man;
Phil. 4:19
Col. 1:11
Rom. 7:22
and love is positive; both together
the Lord:
4:15, 16; 1 Cor. 3:17; 2 Cor. 6:16
when He sent His Son to bear our
22 In'whom ye also are builded together
17 "That Christ may dwell in your hearts
for a habitation of God through the
by faith; that ye, "being rooted and
Spirit.
union with him
a dwelling place
grounded in love,
John 14:23
Col. 1:23
1 Pet. 2:5
condition that we "hold out unto
18 "May be able to "comprehend with all
grace of God, apart from works.
saints "what is the breadth, and length,
CHAPTER 3
c. A.D. 64
and depth, and height; 1:18
grasp
Rom.10:3
19 And to know the love of Christ, which
Paul's mission to the Gentiles
passeth knowledge, that ye might be filled
11,12).
F
OR this cause I Paul, the prisoner of
with all the fullness of God.
1:23
Jesus Christ for you Gentiles, Acts 21:33
20 Now unto him that is able to do Tex-
ressed in the gift of His Son, our
2 If ye have heard of the dispensation
ceeding abundantly above all that we ask
of the grace of God "which is given me to
or think, "according to the power that
number V: THE TRINITY OF GOD.
you-ward:
stewardship
Acts 9:15; 13:2
worketh in us,
very much more than
Col. 1:29
JOSHUA 8
216
you any more, except ye destroy the ac-
his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and
up, he a
cursed from among you. unacceptable to God
his tent, and all that he had: and they
13 Up, sanctify the people, and say,
brought them unto the valley of A'-chor.
people
will
"Sanctify yourselves against tomorrow:
25 And Joshua said, Why hast tho
war tha
for thus saith the LORD God of Israel, There
troubled us? the LORD shall trouble the
nigh, an
is an accursed thing in the midst of thee, 0
this day. "And all Israel stoned him with
on the /
Israel: thou canst not stand before thine
stones, and burned them with fire, after
valley }
enemies, until ye take away the accursed
they had stoned them with stones. Deut. 171
12 An
thing from among you.
consecrate
3:5
26 And they raised over him 'a great
and set
14 In the morning therefore ye shall be
heap of stones unto this day. So the LORD
Beth-e
brought according to your tribes: and it
turned from the fierceness of his anger.
city.
shall be, that the tribe which "the LORD
Wherefore the name of that place was
13 An
taketh shall come according to the families
called, "The valley of A'-chor, unto this
even al
thereof; and the family which the LORD
day.
a monument
v. 24; Is. 65:10
Troubling
the cit
shall take shall come by households; and
west of
the household which the LORD shall take
CHAPTER 8
c. 1410BLC
into the
shall come man by man.
1 Sam. 10:19
14 An
15 And it shall be, that he that is taken
The capture and destruction of Ai
A'-i say
with the accursed thing shall be "burnt with
A
ND the LORD said unto Joshua, "Fear
early, 1
fire, he and all that he hath: because he
not, neither be thou dismayed: take
against
hath "transgressed" the covenant of the
all the people of war with thee, and arise
ple, at
LORD, and because he hath wrought folly
go up to A'-i: see, "I have given into thy
but he
in
Israel.
destroyed
v.
11
broken the agreement
hand the king of A'-i, and his people, and
ambus
16 So Joshua rose up early in the morn-
his city, and his land:
1:9; Deut. 1:21
15 A
ing, and brought Israel by their tribes; and
2 And thou shalt do to A'-i and her king
they W
the tribe of Judah was taken: pointed out
as thou didst unto Jericho and her king:
the wa
17 And he brought the family of Judah;
only the spoil thereof, and the cattle there
16 A
and he took the family of the Zar'-hites:
of, shall ye take for a prey unto yourselves:
were C
and he brought the family of the Zar'-hites
lay thee an ambush for the city behind it.
and th
man by man; and Zab'-di was taken:
3 So Joshua arose, and all the people of
drawn
18 And he brought his household man by
war, to go up against A'-i: and Joshua
17 A:
man; and A'-chan, the son of Car'-mi, the
chose out thirty thousand mighty men of
or Be
son of Zab'-di, the son of Zer'-ah, of the
valor, and sent them away by night.
and t
tribe of Judah, "was taken.
1 Sam. 14:42
4 And he commanded them, saying, Be-
after ]
19 And Joshua said unto A'-chan, My
18 A
hold, "ye shall lie in wait against the city,
son, give, I pray thee, glory to the LORD
even behind the city: go not very far from
Stretc
God of Israel, and make confession unto
the city, but be ye all ready:
towar
Judg. 20:25
him; and Rtell me now what thou hast done;
hand.
5 And I, and all the people that are with
hide it not from me. 1 Sam. 6:5 1 Sam. 14:43
that H
me, will approach unto the city: and it
20 And A'-chan answered Joshua, and
19 A
shall come to pass, when they come out
said, Indeed"I have sinned against the LORD
their
against us, at the first, that "we will flee
God of Israel, and Thus and thus have I
had Si
before them,
7:5 Judg. 20:32
done:
Num. 22:34; 1 Sam. 15:24
it
was
like
this
tered
6 (For they will come out after us) till
21 When I saw among the spoils a goodly
and Si
we have drawn them from the city; for
Babylonish 'garment, and "two hundred
20 A
they will say, They flee before us, as at the
shek'-els of silver, and a wedge of gold of
hind
first: therefore we will flee before them.
'fifty shek'-els weight, then I "coveted them,
smok
7 Then ye shall rise up from the ambush
and t
and took them; and, behold, they are hid in
and seize upon the city: for the LORD your
that
the earth in the midst of my tent, and the
God will deliver it into your hand.
wilde
silver
under
it.
mantle
$352.
$ 3200.
wanted
22 So Joshua sent messengers, and they
8 And it shall be, when ye have taken the
21
city, that ye shall set the city on fire: ac-
that
ran unto the tent; and, behold, it was hid
cording to the commandment of the LORD
that
in his tent, and the silver under it.
23 And they took them out of the midst
shall ye do. See, I have commanded you.
they
9 Joshua therefore sent them forth: and
22
of the tent, and brought them unto Joshua,
and unto"all the children of Israel, and laid
they went to lie in ambush, and abode be-
agair
them out before the LORD.
tween Beth-el and A'-i, on the west side of
Israe
3:5
24 And Joshua, and all Israel with him,
A'-i: but Joshua lodged that night among
side:
took A'-chan the son of Zer'-ah, and the
the people.
2 Sam. 17:8
let n
10 And Joshua rose up early in the mom-
23
silver, and the garment, and the wedge of
ing, and "numbered the people, and "went
and
gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and
Prime Minister: 1976-79 1972-73
foreign Minister 1983-1989 July
July 1989-
Naxion - trip to Rome Sept 1970
—
- Columbus day dinner October 1972
- andreotti visit april 1973
7nd
- toast to President Leone
1974, September
- Luncheon in Rome
1975, June
- Welcome andreotti
1976, December
- Toasts "
Carter
- met andreath - Int'l Econ. Summit 1977,may
- Tohyo Economic Conference
1979, June
Reagan - Proclaimed Columbus Day 1981,
October 9
- Luncheon in Rome
1982, June
- meeting w/ De Mita Venice 1986, gan
- European trip - Initiatives Speech 1987, gune
- meeting w/ Prime Minister De mita 1988, June
Bush -
trip to Rome
1989, may 26-
P.M. De mita
- UP
trip to Europe Feb 1983 -
Bush
May 26 / Administration of George Bush, 1989
ters include structural impediments to
trade, balance-of-payments adjustment, and
tunities for arms reduction, of the growin
such issues as bid-rigging, market allocation,
unity of Europe. And in recent weeks, I'v
and group boycotts. These negotiations
spoken of America's vision for world peace
would initially focus on major structural
I have said that we are prepared to move
barriers to imports, such as rigidity in the
beyond containment, toward policy that
distribution system and pricing mecha-
works to bring the Soviet Union into the
nisms. The negotiations sought by the
community of nations. We will be actively
United States in this Structural Impedi-
engaged in Eastern Europe, promoting
ments Initiative will address broader issues
measures to encourage political and eco-
and will take place outside section 301,
nomic liberalization in Poland. The United
which appropriately deals with the investi-
States welcomes a stronger and more
gation and resolution of particular unfair
united Europe. We believe, as I know you
trade practices.
do, that European unity and the transatlan-
tic partnership reinforce each other.
Over the next 2 days, we'll have the op-
portunity to engage in renewed dialog, as
partners, certainly as friends. And I hope
Remarks at the Arrival Ceremony in
that our conversations are shaped by our
Rome, Italy
shared expectations for the future and by
May 26, 1989
our determination to see our future suc-
ceed.
Well, let me begin by thanking all of you
I am delighted to be back in Rome.
and my personal friend, my good friend,
Thank you again for this warm welcome.
Prime Minister De Mita, for welcoming us
to Italy at this late hour.
Note: The President spoke at 10:27 p.m. on
Since ancient times, the saying goes, "All
the tarmac at Ciampino Airport.
roads lead to Rome." And that's still true.
And it is very fitting that here I begin my
first step on this first trip to Europe as
President of the United States. Italy has
Remarks to Students at the American
long been a wellspring of Western culture
Seminary at the Vatican
and Western values, fostering the alliance
and a more unified Europe. I hope that our
May 27, 1989
visit to Rome will demonstrate just how
What a neat welcome, thank you. [Ap-
strongly the United States respects and ap-
plause] I've got to go to supper, come on
preciates Italy's role as a staunch ally and as
here. [Applause] What a wonderful wel-
a constant friend.
come. You remember the old American ex-
When our common security has been
pression, often said of a group or an individ-
threatened, you have been ready to
ual, "He hasn't got a prayer." Well-[laugh-
strengthen the alliance. And when Europe
ter]-I am delighted to meet an audience
appeared ready to loosen the ties that sus-
about whom that will never be said.
tained it, you kept these important transat-
[Laughter] What a wonderful, wonderful
lantic ties alive and strong. And when con-
welcome.
flict has threatened, you have been in the
I'll just say a couple of things. Barbara
front ranks of those searching for solutions.
and I want to thank you for this warm wel-
The bond between the United States and
come, this touch of America to our Europe-
Italy runs deep. It's a bond of family, of
an tour. And we're touched. When I heard
culture, of shared interests, and common
from my friend, Frank Shakespeare, our
vision. The world around us is changing,
Ambassador, how many would be here, I
but we can be sure that our friendship will
was surprised and touched.
endure.
As you know, I've just had an audience
Mr. Prime Minister, when we last met,
with His Holiness Pope John Paul II. He
we talked of new developments around the
was so generous with his time and so gener-
world: of change in the East, of new oppor-
ous with his thinking and imparted to me
778
reduction,
Administration of George Bush, 1989 / May 27
And in recent of the weeks, growing
vision for world I've
once again his views on world peace and his
in such a warm and generous way by the
are prepared to peace.
toward policy move
views on how perhaps we can all work to-
Italian people and their government. You
Soviet Union into that
gether to help in that regard. He has devot-
know, Barbara and I have been to this mar-
Europe, We will be actively the
ed his whole life to serving God. And the
velous country, this beautiful country, many
things that we focused on in this meeting
times; and as always, we've been received
political promoting
were broad questions of peace and freedom
with kindness and generosity. This trip is
in Poland. The United
and justice as they apply, or might be ap-
my first visit to Europe as President of the
stronger and
plied, all around the world. So, it's a talk
United States. And I think of no place that
believe, as I know more
that I'll long remember. I leave once again
is better to begin than right here in Italy
each and the transatlan- you
inspired by his moral and spiritual leader-
and to be right here in Rome.
we'll other. have the
ship, and I know that that same leadership
Mr. Prime Minister, it is traditional when
inspires everyone here-all of you, certain-
visiting Italy for American leaders to note
in renewed dialog, op-
ly, as well as has your faith, I might say, in
the millions of our citizens who claim an
friends. And I hope as
an Almighty through whom all things are
Italian background, so I will brag-now 12
are shaped by
possible.
million, and rising. And among the many
the future and our by
I wish you well. I'd like-lest you don't
Italian-Americans, there are Fiorello La
see our future suc-
recognize him-to introduce not all of my
Guardia-some old enough to remember-
colleagues but our distinguished Secretary
Joe DiMaggio in sports; Tony Fauci, now at
be back in Rome.
of State, my friend, Jim Baker over here.
the National Institute of Health; and of
this warm welcome.
Next to him is my Chief of Staff, Governor
course, our Supreme Court Justice Antonin
John Sununu. And then next to him is Gen-
Scalia.
Airport. at 10:27 p.m. on
eral Brent Scowcroft, my national security
And Italian-Americans are one link that
adviser. I'm sure most of you recognize our
binds the United States and Italy-but only
Ambassador to the Vatican, Frank Shake-
one. For we are united by our belief in
speare, and his daughter with him.
individual liberty, human dignity, and the
Bless you all. Thank you for this warm,
rule of law, and by the shared values of
warm welcome.
the
family, faith, and work.
American
[At this point, the seminarians broke into a
We also admire your country's record of
spontaneous rendition of "God Bless Amer-
success in combating terrorism and orga-
ica.
nized crime. And I'm especially grateful for
thank
your help in stopping the scourge of narcot-
you.
[Ap-
Bless you all. Thank you for this warm,
ics, which torments both our nations. We're
supper,
come
on
warm welcome. And it makes me deter-
wonderful
going to continue our intense cooperative
old
wel-
mined to leave here, inspired as I am, re-
efforts to fight terrorism and narcotics and
American
ex-
double our efforts in every way possible for
to protect air travelers. And just as this co-
or
an
individ-
world peace, for strength, for the family, for
Well-[laugh-
operative effort brings our peoples even
freedom of religion, and all the things that
closer together and helps to strengthen our
an
audience
everybody here believes in. Thank you for
already excellent bilateral relations, so, too,
never
be
said.
such a warm, cordial welcome. I can't tell
will the action that I'm pleased to announce
wonderful
you how good it makes me feel.
tonight.
things.
After studying ways to relax U.S. visa re-
Barbara
Note: The President spoke at 7:18 p.m. in
this
quirements, we will soon begin a pilot pro-
warm
wel-
the Sala Clementina at the Vatican.
to
gram to end these requirements for your
our
Europe-
When
citizens. In the future, Italians who wish to
I
heard
hakespeare,
visit our country, whether as tourists or on
our
be
business, will no longer need to apply for
here,
I
Toast at a Dinner Hosted by Prime
visas; and we look forward to that day.
an
audience
Minister Ciriaco De Mita in Rome,
But along with our domestic initiatives, I
Paul
II.
Italy
think, too, of the strong military ties be-
He
and
tween our two countries and within the At-
so
gener-
May 27, 1989
nparted
lantic alliance, the most enduring alliance
to
me
Mr. Prime Minister and leaders of the
in the history of man. And to protect that
legislative branch, distinguished guests, it's
alliance and the shared commitment to
a very great honor for me to be welcomed
freedom which underlies it is our continu-
779
May 27 / Administration of George Bush, 1989
ing mission not merely as Americans or Ital-
The countries are selected by the Secre-
ians but as believers in democracy. Of this,
tary of State and the Attorney General.
I am certain: We will do our part, and I
They are countries with the highest volume
know Italy will do its part.
of nonimmigrant visa issuance and which
For when our common security has been
offer reciprocal treatment of American citi-
in danger, you have stood ready to defend
zen travelers. The purpose of the program
the alliance. And when the need arose for
is to promote tourism and reduce visa proc-
NATO to relocate that 401st Tactical Fight-
essing costs.
er Wing within southern Europe, Italy wel-
The program was instituted in the United
comed it. And when strategic interests were
Kingdom and Japan in 1988. Italy is the
at risk in the Persian Gulf and in Lebanon,
third country to qualify for the program.
Italy sent ships and peacekeeping forces.
Under the program, nationals of these coun-
And when NATO confronted widespread
tries, during the duration of the pilot pro-
Soviet deployment of these multiple-war-
gram, will not be required to obtain visas to
head SS-20 missiles, Italy stood tall in re-
visit the United States for up to 90 days for
sponse. And at times when Europe seemed
tourism and business.
ready to turn inward, you have reinforced
We will work with the countries that par-
our transatlantic ties. And for that, Mr.
ticipate in the program to ensure the safety
Prime Minister, Italy has our gratitude and
of air travelers and to thwart terrorism and
our profound respect. So, together, let us
drug trafficking.
reaffirm the ties that bind us. And let's con-
tinue to build peace and the common-
wealth of free nations not for ourselves but
also for our children, the kind of peace and
freedom which lasts.
Remarks to Members of the American
Embassy Community in Rome, Italy
And in that spirit, Mr. Prime Minister, I
ask all of our guests tonight to rise and raise
May 28, 1989
their glasses. To Italian-American friend-
ship, our transatlantic heritage, and to the
Thank you, Mr. Secretary, and thank all
Western alliance and the shared values of
of you for that warm Memorial Day week-
freedom and democracy that have made
end welcome. First, to Ambassador Rabb
that alliance strong, and to your health, Mr.
and Ruth, let me simply add our profound
Prime Minister, and the peace and prosper-
thanks for a job well done. I'll tell you, you
ity of your great country.
stay around Max for about 24 hours, and
that exhausting energy level is something.
And it all has been steered into improving
Note: The President spoke at 9:20 p.m. in
relations-this energy of his-improving re-
the dining room at Villa Madama in Rome.
lations between Italy and the United States.
And yesterday, when I met with the Ital-
ian leaders, I told them: I don't believe this
bilateral relationship has ever been strong-
White House Fact Sheet on the
er. And I think a large bit of the credit for
Nonimmigrant Visa Waiver Pilot
that goes to our able Ambassador and his
Program
wife. And then I'd have to add to every
May 27, 1989
single one of you that works here in the
United States Embassy: Thank you for a job
The Nonimmigrant Visa Waiver Pilot Pro-
superbly done.
I will say just a word about our new Am-
gram (NVWPP) is a 3-year test program
mandated by law (section 313 of the Immi-
bassador, Pete Secchia, a good friend of
both the Secretary's and mine. He'll do a
gration Reform and Control Act of 1986) to
good job-energetic. He knows what he
waive, under certain conditions, temporary
visitor visas. The administration must report
doesn't know. He knows he's going to have
back to Congress on the pilot program in
to learn a lot from the staff here. But you're
the summer of 1990.
going to like him, and I'm convinced the
Italians will as well. I believe the Senate
780
Administration of George Bush, 1989 / May 28
lected by the Secre-
Attorney General.
will act promptly on that nomination. And
we go on from here to NATO [North Atlan-
the highest volume
he and his Joan, that Jim Baker and I know
tic Treaty Organization], to the meeting
issuance and which
very well, will be along; but what remark-
there that is very, very important for the
of
American
of the program citi-
ably big shoes they have to fill.
alliance. I happen to believe this alliance
Thanks, in large measure, to your ef-
has never been stronger. And I salute my
reduce visa proc-
forts—I agree with Max-this visit has gone
immediate predecessor, President Reagan,
well. I saw Barbara Watson, who is the
for his role in guaranteeing the strength of
in the United
admin officer of the United States Embassy.
the alliance.
1988. Italy is the
And I looked at her very carefully before I
So, we go there in a time of great opti-
for the program.
went over and shook hands. And I wanted
mism, a time when our values worldwide
of
these
to see if she looked in a high state of irrita-
of the pilot coun- pro-
are winning-the values of freedom and de-
tion-[laughter]-or if she looked perfectly
mocracy and all the things that we believe
to obtain visas to
normal. And I would say this-I saw her-it
in and things these kids learn about in
up
to
90
days
for
wasn't that she looked on edge at all.
school every single day and get from their
[Laughter] But I told her that we would
families. So, it's an optimistic time for the
countries
that
par-
leave on time, and she smiled from ear to
alliance. And it's a great time for the
ensure
the
safety
ear and was very gracious. [Laughter] And I
United States of America. I look forward to
terrorism
and
say all that because I have been on the
that part of it.
receiving end-when I served in China-
the receiving end of a visit from a President
But there was something more than sym-
of the United States, and I know what it's
bolic about Italy being my first stop, be-
like: a pluperfect pain. [Laughter] No, she
cause I think it signals to the Italian people
the
was very pleasant about it. And it gives me
how important we view not only their par-
American
the occasion to thank all of you-the admin
ticipation in NATO and their willingness to
Rome,
Italy
and the security and the political side of the
undertake complicated NATO assignments
Embassy and commercial or military, what-
but the strength of our bilateral relationship
ever-for the superb cooperation. Our
that so many of you have worked many
and
thank
all
people tell me they've never seen a more
years to encourage and to strengthen. So,
Day
week-
cooperative effort, and I think it has shown
I'm grateful again for that. And please
mbassador
Rabb
through in the way this visit has gone. And
make no mistake: When we chose Italy, we
our
profound
I might say, parenthetically, my thanks to
did it very, very carefully. And we came
I'll
tell
you,
you
the members of the U.S. Navy for providing
here to symbolize exactly this: the strength
24
hours,
and
us that wonderful music here on this very
of the friendship between our two peoples.
is
something.
celebratory day.
Now, thank you all very much. What I
into
improving
Now, we've had good talks here-substan-
really want to do-and I don't know that
-improving
re-
tive talks with President Cossiga and then,
we can talk these kids into it-but what I
United
States.
of course, with the Prime Minister, the For-
really want to do is see if we can get the
with
the
Ital-
believe
strong-
the
credit
andreoth
eign Minister. We had a gala evening last
kids-and to be a kid, you've got to be-
this
Minister
night and then-I agree with the objective
[laughter]-you guys are out-you've got to
been
side of what Max said about the ceremony
be, what, about 15 to come so we can have
for
at Nettuno. Oh, I'm sure most of you all
a group picture taken up here. And if any-
assador
and
his
have been there. And if you haven't, you've
body feels offended, we've got to do that.
add
to
every
got to see it. You've got to see that tribute
But in the meantime, let me end this way-
here
in
the
to those who gave their lives fighting for
because this is a marvelous Memorial Day
you
for
a
job
our country, fighting for freedom. It was
weekend-and let me simply say, Thank
very, very moving for Barbara and me. And
you, and God bless the United States of
our
new
Am-
I expect any American who goes and takes
America. Thank you all very, very much.
friend
of
a look at that beautiful cemetery will have
He'll
do
a
that with them for the rest of their lives.
Note: The President spoke at 2:30 p.m. at
what
he
And so, I want to thank those who handle
the U.S. Ambassador's residence. He was in-
going
to
have
that end of our visit, those who serve to
troduced by Secretary of State James A.
But
you're
keep up that beautiful memorial to our
Baker III. In his opening remarks, the Presi-
convinced
the
fallen brothers.
dent referred to Ambassador Maxwell M.
the
Senate
I know, as I say, that this has been a
Rabb, Mrs. Ruth Rabb, and Amabassador-
complicated event. And now, as you know,
designate Peter F. Secchia.
781
Reagan
Oct. 9 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1981
Nomination of Robert A. Jantzen To Be Director of the United
States Fish and Wildlife Service
October 9, 1981
The President today announced his inten-
tion Association of Fish and Wildlife Agen-
tion to nominate Robert A. Jantzen to be
cies and served as president in 1980. He
Director of the United States Fish and
was chairman of the National Waterfowl
Wildlife Service, Department of the Interi-
Council in 1977-78 and served on the U.S.
or. He would succeed Lynn Adams Green-
Forest Service Multiple Use Advisory Coun-
walt.
cils.
Since 1968 Mr. Jantzen has been director
Mr. Jantzen graduated from the Universi-
of the Arizona Game and Fish Department.
ty of Arizona (B.S., 1953) and attended the
Previously he was chief of the Game Man-
University of Arizona Graduate College in
agement Division in 1964-68; big game su-
1957-58. He is married and resides in
pervisor in 1959-63; and research biologist
Scottsdale, Ariz. He was born October 15,
in 1957-58. He is a member of the Interna-
1928, in Phoenix, Ariz.
Remarks on Signing the Columbus Day Proclamation
October 9, 1981
Ladies and gentlemen, we are here for
now, for its musical talent. The Comman-
the signing of the proclamation with regard
dant, taking Mr. Jefferson's remarks as an
to Columbus Day. And I am delighted that
order, sent a representative to Italy, where
here on the platform with us, we have the
the fellow persuaded Italian musicians of all
Italian Ambassador to the United States,
ages to join the Marines and return with
Ambassador Rinaldo Petrignani; Ambassa-
him to America. [Laughter] And this Italian
dor José Lladó, the Spanish Ambassador to
excellence has been the standard for the
the United States-I think that we, all of us,
band ever since. And I can tell you that
understand the connection between Spain
even after 183 years, the band hasn't lost its
and Italy with regard to Columbus Day-
Italian love and heart for music.
[laughter]-Frank D. Stella, the president
Incidentally, that same search continues
of the National Italian American Founda-
to later days. I knew a man in Hollywood,
tion; Donald J. Senese, president of Amer-
when I was there, who was an actor only
ito, who is also our Assistant Secretary of
long enough to save money so that he could
Education; Anthony Giampapa, vice presi-
study for his chosen career, which was
dent of UNICO; and Mr. Aldo Caira, presi-
opera. And having enough money, he left
dent of the Sons of Italy.
Hollywood and went to Milan, Italy. And
You know, just the other day, I learned
there he studied for 2 years and finally re-
that the Marine Band is known as the
ceived that great honor-was invited to sing
President's own, and it makes me very
at La Scala, the very spiritual fountainhead
proud to be able to say that, because it is
of opera. They were doing Pagliacci, and he
one of the great concert bands of the world.
sang the very beautiful aria, Vesti la
But it also has some Italian blood in its
guibba, and when he had finished singing
background. Apparently, Thomas Jefferson
the applause from the orchestra seats and
was not pleased with the Marine Band that
the galleries and the balconies was SO sus-
he found at the White House when he ar-
tained and SO thunderous, that they
rived as President. Jefferson told the Marine
couldn't continue the opera until he
Commandant that he should look for musi-
stepped back and repeated the aria as an
cians in Italy, which was noted then, as
encore. And again, the same sustained and
912
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1981 / Oct. 9
United
thunderous applause, and again, he sang
steerage, and all they had was a battered
Vesti la guibba. And finally, he motioned
suitcase when they arrived.
for quiet. And he said, "I have sung Vesti la
Our immigrant ancestors worked long
guibba now nine times." He said, "My
and hard. They adhered to solid, decent
voice is gone. I cannot sing it again." And a
values, and they consequently prospered.
nd Wildlife Agen-
voice from the balcony said, "You'll do it till
Today, if it were not for a rightful pride of
dent in 1980. He
you get it right." [Laughter]
heritage, there would be no reason to iden-
ational Waterfowl
But if I had thought of all of this sooner, I
tify Italian Americans as any kind of sepa-
erved on the U.S.
would have had that Marine Band come to
rate ethnic group, for Italian Americans are
se Advisory Coun-
play for us today, because we really should
integrated into every aspect of American
have music, because this is not just a solemn
life-business, labor, arts, the professions, as
rom the Universi-
proclamation signing. It's a celebration of
well as high posts in this administration.
and attended the
what the great mariner, Christopher Co-
Indeed, time would not permit me to list
aduate College in
lumbus, accomplished. And in recent years,
those who are here as a part of this adminis-
and resides in
Columbus Day has also become a day to
tration.
born October 15,
celebrate what Italian Americans have ac-
And I'm going to sign the proclamation
complished.
now, but as I sign it, I am commemorating
Columbus is symbolic of the millions of
not only the great navigator and explorer,
Italians who have come to the New World
Christopher Columbus, but those who cen-
since its discovery. They, too, possessed
turies later followed him to the New World
courage, and they, too, sought opportunity
and helped make this the great nation that
and endured hardship. For many, their
it is today.
journey was just as personally demanding as
the one that Columbus undertook. I re-
Note: The President spoke at 1:45 p.m. at
t. The Comman-
member John Volpe telling me that it took
the signing ceremony in the Rose Garden at
remarks as an
his parents 6 weeks to cross the Atlantic in
the White House.
e to Italy, where
n musicians of all
and return with
] And this Italian
Proclamation 4873-Columbus Day
standard for the
an tell you that
October 9, 1981
and hasn't lost its
usic.
By the President of the United States
emulation and abiding with us as we too
search continues
of America
press forward on our voyage of discovery.
an in Hollywood,
A Proclamation
In tribute to the achievement of Colum-
as an actor only
so that he could
Christopher Columbus, whose life and ex-
bus and to the many sons and daughters of
Italy who have helped to shape our life and
eer, which was
ploits we commemorate each October, is
one of the true heroes of our Nation's histo-
destiny as a people, the Congress of the
money, he left
filan, Italy. And
United States of America has requested the
ry.
S and finally re-
President to proclaim the second Monday
He is justly admired as a brilliant naviga-
as invited to sing
in October of each year as Columbus Day.
tor, a fearless man of action, a visionary
ual fountainhead
who opened the eyes of an older world to
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, Presi-
Pagliacci, and he
dent of the United States of America, do
an entirely new one. Above all, he personi-
aria, Vesti la
fies a view of the world that many see as
hereby designate Monday, October 12,
finished singing
1981, as Columbus Day; and I invite the
quintessentially American: not merely opti-
hestra seats and
mistic, but scornful of the very notion of
people of this Nation to observe that day in
nies was so sus-
despair.
schools, churches, and other suitable places
us, that they
with appropriate ceremonies in his honor.
Nearly five centuries have passed since
pera until he
I also direct that the flag of the United
the aria as an
the fateful day on which Columbus changed
the course of history. But his adventurous
States of America be displayed on all public
e sustained and
buildings on the appointed day in memory
spirit lives on among us, challenging us to
of Christopher Columbus.
913
June 7 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1982
Toast at a Luncheon Meeting With Italian President Alessandro
Pertini in Rome
June 7, 1982
It's a genuine privilege to be here today
brilliant operation that freed General
and, most especially, as the guest of Presi-
Dozier.
dent Pertini. The poet Robert Browning
These issues have required difficult deci-
wrote, "Open my heart and you will see
sions. They have required political decisive-
'graved inside of it Italy."
ness beyond the ordinary. So, I want to pay
As countless immigrants to my nation's
special tribute to you, President Pertini,
shores would confirm, Italy is engraved
Prime Minister Spadolini, Foreign Minister
inside millions of American hearts. And, Mr.
Colombo, and to the entire Italian Govern-
President, after your recent trip to the
ment for the resolution you've shown and
United States, the name Pertini also is en-
the example that you have given.
graved in our hearts.
In return, I want to assure you that the
In my time at the White House, I don't
United States stands behind you in defend-
remember as beautiful and moving a ges-
ing the values of the West. The Atlantic
ture as the kiss you planted on our flag that
Alliance is still the heart of our foreign
March morning. That kiss touched all the
policy, and that heart beats for peace and
citizens of my country. We were deeply
freedom.
honored.
The United States is fortunate to enjoy
And, Mr. President, I want to say person-
the friendship of Italy and the Italian
ally how honored I feel to call you amico.
people. We are wiser for your counsel and
The word "friend" certainly characterizes
stronger for your partnership. Like the
the relationship between Italy and the
great Virgil, we Americans believe: As long
United States. We're drawn together by the
as rivers shall run down to the sea or shad-
blood of our people and the bonds of our
OWS touch the mountain slopes or stars
Western ideals. We share a devotion to lib-
graze in the vaulted heavens, so long shall
erty and the determination to preserve that
your honor, your name, your praises
liberty for ourselves and our descendants.
endure.
Yes, we live in difficult times that test our
Mr. President, amico, ladies and gentle-
beliefs. The independence and freedom of
men, may I propose a toast to Italy and to
people the world over are threatened by
her honor, her name, and her praises. May
the expansion of totalitarian regimes and by
they long endure.
the brutal crimes of international terrorism.
But let me say I am optimistic. The West
simply needs to believe in itself and in its
Note: The President spoke at approximately
own leadership to succeed.
3 p.m. in the Hall of Mirrors at the Quiri-
Italy and her people are abundant in that
nale Palace, the residence of the Italian
leadership. Italy has made hard but self-
President. He spoke in response to a toast
confident choices in recent years. The At-
proposed by President Pertini.
lantic Alliance is firm in large part because
Earlier, President Pertini greeted Presi-
of Italian determination to assume major re-
dent Reagan in a brief arrival ceremony,
sponsibilities within NATO for our common
and then the two Presidents met in Presi-
defense. Prospects for peace are improved
dent Pertini's office at the Palace.
because of Italy's contribution to such ef-
Following the luncheon meeting, the
forts as the Sinai Multi-National Force.
President went to Chigi Palace, where he
The free world better appreciates human
met with Prime Minister Giovanni Spado-
dignity and justice thanks to Italy's princi-
lini. While he was at Chigi Palace, the
pled stand on Afghanistan and Poland. And,
President participated in a brief ceremony
of course, there is Italy's integrity in the
honoring the Italian police who freed Brig.
face of terrorism. And let me cite here the
Gen. James L. Dozier, Deputy Chief of
740
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1982 / June 7
lessandro
Staff, Logistics and Administration, Allied
Brigade captors in Verona, Italy, on De-
Land Forces Southern Europe, from his Red
cember 17, 1981.
freed General
Joint Statement Following Meetings in Rome With President
Alessandro Pertini and Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini of Italy
ired difficult deci-
June 7, 1982
H political decisive-
So, I want to pay
President Pertini,
At the invitation of the President of the
ate range nuclear forces in Europe, togeth-
Foreign Minister
Italian Republic, Sandro Pertini, the Presi-
er with the offer to the Soviet Union for
ire Italian Govern-
dent of the United States of America,
simultaneous negotiations on control and
you've shown and
Ronald Reagan, paid a visit to Rome on
limitation of such weapons; and the overall
e given.
June 7th, 1982. The visit provided an op-
Middle East situation, with special attention
ssure you that the
portunity for the two Presidents to have a
to the two most urgent questions in that
ind you in defend-
productive exchange of views. Two useful
area at the moment; the Lebanese situation
Vest. The Atlantic
meetings were held between President
where it is of the utmost urgency to bring a
rt of our foreign
Reagan and the President of the Council of
cessation of the fighting. On the Iran-Iraq
eats for peace and
Ministers, Giovanni Spadolini. President
conflict-the two sides agreed on the need
Reagan took the opportunity to thank Presi-
for a political settlement respecting the ter-
fortunate to enjoy
dent Pertini for his recent state visit to the
ritorial integrity of both nations.
and the Italian
United States and conveyed to him the
In addition they reviewed the validity of
your counsel and
warm good wishes of the American govern-
both countries' participation in the Sinai
hership. Like the
ment and the American people. President
multinational force and the prospects for
hs believe: As long
Pertini expressed to President Reagan his
the dialogue on Palestinian autonomy. They
to the sea or shad-
appreciation for the warm reception he en-
also examined East-West relations, including
n slopes or stars
joyed in the United States.
questions of trade and credit and issues re-
vens, so long shall
Presidents Reagan and Pertini reviewed
lated to economic and monetary coopera-
tion between the two countries. The two
ne, your praises
the threat which international terrorism
presents to the free world and noted with
Heads of Government reaffirmed their
ladies and gentle-
satisfaction the successes of the Italian and
commitment to a policy aiming at a grow-
ast to Italy and to
other Western governments in combatting
ing level of economic and commercial rela-
d her praises. May
this menace. The two Presidents also re-
tions between the two countries in order to
viewed international trouble spots including
fight against inflation, promote growth and
Afghanistan, Poland, and Central and South
thereby employment.
America; the two reaffirmed their strongest
President Reagan reviewed his proposals
at approximately
commitment to the preservation and resto-
for the worldwide reduction of strategic nu-
rrors at the Quiri-
ration of freedom and justice for all men.
clear weapons and for the reduction of in-
ce of the Italian
They noted their shared hope for a cessa-,
termediate-range nuclear forces in Europe.
tion of hostilities in the South Atlantic. The
esponse to a toast
Prime Minister Spadolini noted with ap-
tini.
two Heads of State concluded their meeting
proval the recent announcement that the
ini greeted Presi-
with an affirmation of the strength of U.S.-
START talks will begin in Geneva on June
arrival ceremony,
Italian bonds and a review of those
29. The two said they shared the aspirations
ents met in Presi-
common values on which the two societies
of many of the young people who were
Palace.
have been built.
marching for peace, took note of the institu-
on meeting, the
Prime Minister Spadolini and President
tions and policies which have kept the
Palace, where he
Reagan, first between themselves and then
peace in Europe for almost forty years, and
Giovanni Spado-
along with Minister of Foreign Affairs
urged the Soviet Union to respond positive-
Chigi Palace, the
Emilio Colombo and Secretary of State Al-
ly to proposals which have been made by
exander Haig, reviewed a number of ques-
the United States.
a brief ceremony
e who freed Brig.
tions facing the two countries, including the
The Prime Minister and the President
Deputy Chief of
1979 decision by NATO to place intermedi-
viewed with pleasure the new initiative for
741
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1986 / Jan. 18
hout
Statement by Principal Deputy Press Secretary Speakes Following
Bill
the President's Meeting With Ciriaco De Mita of Italy
January 17, 1986
Fiscal year 1986
The President met this morning with Cir-
further agreed on the need to support those
1987. Over the
iaco De Mita, head of the Italian Christian
who advocate accelerating the peace proc-
1991, the Fed-
Democratic Party. They discussed the
ess in the Mideast. The President and Mr.
by an estimated
promising evolution of democracy in Latin
De Mita agreed that alliance cohesion
of this provi-
and Central America. The President, noting
played a crucial role in securing a more
save money
today's meeting between Deputy Secretary
forthcoming Soviet approach to security
oyees to shift to
[of State] Whitehead and Prime Minister
issues and the arms control negotiating
ny such savings
Craxi, emphasized the need for concerted
process. They also reviewed the positive de-
the substantial
responses to the scourge of international
velopments in East-West relations flowing
jected over the
terrorism. The President and Mr. De Mita
from the Geneva meeting between the
stressed the continuing strong relationship
President and Soviet General Secretary
legislation pro-
Gorbachev.
between Italy and the United States.
included lifting
Following the Oval Office meeting, Mr.
Mr. De Mita provided the President with
ents. In our pro-
De Mita also spoke at length with the Vice
a review of his recent trip to Central Amer-
was linked
President on a range of international issues.
ica. They agreed that the tide was turning
in the Feder-
Particular attention was focused on the
in the region toward those advocating free-
report of the Vice President's task force on
program, in-
dom and democracy. The President com-
terrorism. The Vice President and Mr. De
ay the Govern-
mended the Italian Government for its firm
stablished, that
Mita discussed encouraging developments
the program for
stand against global extremism and its sup-
in Central America, including the recent
overnment. H.R.
port for American efforts to isolate those
inauguration of Guatemalan President
linkage by
responsible for fomenting terrorism. They
Cerezo, which they both attended.
rithout program
eceptable shift in
Government. I
the Congress
Proclamation 5431-Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 1986
velop a suitable
January 18, 1986
that would in-
requiring direct
By the President of the United States
Although Dr. King was an uncompromis-
payment
of America
ing champion of nonviolence, he was often
for
the victim of violence. And, as we know, a
nurse-midwives,
A Proclamation
shameful act of violence cut short his life
by another
full evaluation,
This year marks the first observance of
before he had reached his fortieth birthday.
Congress. In its
the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
His story is well-known. As a 26-year-old
departure from
as a national holiday. It is a time for rejoic-
minister of the Gospel, Dr. King led a pro-
and
be
ing and reflecting. We rejoice because, in
test boycott of a bus company that segregat-
may
his short life, Dr. King, by his preaching, his
ed blacks, treating them as second-class citi-
the
Congress
example, and his leadership, helped to
zens. At the very outset he admonished all
to
move us closer to the ideals on which
those who would join in the protest that
acceptable
America was founded. We reflect on his
Federal annu-
"our actions must be guided by the deepest
health insurance
words and his works. Dr. King's was truly a
principles of our Christian faith. Love must
rther
prophetic voice that reached out over the
be our regulating ideal." Otherwise, he
delay.
chasms of hostility, prejudice, ignorance,
warned, "our protest will end up as a mean-
NALD
REAGAN
and fear to touch the conscience of Amer-
ingless drama on the stage of history
ica. He challenged us to make real the
shrouded with ugly garments of shame."
promise of America as a land of freedom,
Dr. King's unshakable faith inspired others
equality, opportunity, and brotherhood.
to resist the temptation to hate and fear.
65
June 11 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1987
that does sell arms to either of the combat-
other governments say that's not the case.
ants.
What is your understanding, and if you all
Farm Subsidies
did mean to endorse mandatory sanctions,
why didn't the communique or the state-
Q. Mr. President, you challenged the
ment say so?
summit partners the other day to try to
The President. A discussion came up be.
eliminate agriculture subsidies from the
tween the choice of the words "enforcea-
world by the year 2000. And I wondered if
ble" and "effective." And it was decided—a
you are going to continue to press them to
case in semantics here-it was decided that
do that, and how are you going to convince
"effective" meant the other, and we didn't
them to do that?
need the other word. So, it was agreed that
The President. We're all very much
we would use "effective" measures.
agreed in this meeting on the fact that
Q. But would you say that you still have
something-as we decided a year ago in
some persuading to do with the other coun-
Tokyo-something must be done worldwide
tries before you get them to agree to this
with regard to agriculture, that govern-
idea of sanctions?
ments, all of us, are subsidizing overproduc-
tion. There is no market for much of what
The President. Not among the seven who
are here. We're pretty united on it.
is being produced. And the total subsidies-
our allies and ourselves right here in the
summit-total around $140 billion a year to
Note: The President's 41st news conference
bring this about. We are determined to go
began at 2 p.m. on the grounds of the Hotel
forward, and this, we have all agreed, will
Cipriani in Venice, Italy. It was broadcast
live on nationwide radio and television.
be continued at the Uruguay round of talks,
the GATT talks that are going on. And this
will be a major subject as to how we can
bring back the marketplace as the deter-
miner of production and price in farming.
Venice, Italy
Q. But how do you rate the chance of
accomplishing the end of the subsidies by
Remarks at the Italian-American
the year 2000-13 years from now?
Conference on Private Sector Initiatives.
The President. Well, the only reason we
set a figure down the road was because all
June 11, 1987
of us recognized that having for several
decades now accustomed agriculture to
It's a pleasure to be here today at the first
government subsidies of various kinds you
Italian-American Conference on Private
can't just suddenly pull the rug out from
Sector Initiatives. Yesterday we concluded
under them. It wouldn't be fair, and we're
this year's economic summit. I looked
not going to do that. But we are going to
around that table at the leaders of some of
move toward-and with plenty of warning
the world's great democracies, and I
to them-that the day is coming when the
couldn't help thinking how precious our
marketplace will determine the price and
common heritage is. It was a great Italian
what is needed.
who said, "the natural rights of personality,
Yes.
family, and society exist before the state."
Those words, spoken by an Italian, are as
Arms Sales to Iran and Iraq
American as the Declaration of Independ-
Q. Mr. President, as you know, the joint
ence-for that matter, as British as the
statement on the Persian Gulf did not men-
Common Law and as French as the writ-
tion the possibility of imposing sanctions on
ings of Montesquieu. They could be called
countries that violated the proposed Securi-
the common credo of every democratic
ty Council resolution. Your Secretary of
nation across the Earth.
State told us that it was a common under-
Yet if freedom, democracy, and the rights
standing among the seven heads of state
of man are to be preserved through the
that in fact you were talking about manda-
ages, free men and women must accept the
tory sanctions, but other spokesmen for
responsibilities that go with their freedoms.
654
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1987 / June 11
the
And this is why I wanted to take some time
all the statesmen in all the summits over
not
case.
out after the summit to meet with you, be-
the years. History has shown that govern-
and if you all
cause as business men and women, as citi-
ments alone cannot possibly meet the chal-
ndatory sanctions,
zens, you've been leaders in taking up the
lenges of a growing world. I believe that
or the state-
responsibilities of liberty. Again and again,
private sector initiatives will provide many
over the years, all of you have volunteered
solutions to the challenges of the 21st cen-
came up be-
yourselves and your corporations to causes
tury.
words
"enforcea-
that have helped make life better for the
They're already giving us lasting symbols
it was decided-a
people of both Italy and America and of
of the friendships between democratic peo-
was
decided
that
people all over the world. When you've
ples and countries on which European and
and we didn't
seen a need to be filled, a job to be done,
American peace and prosperity have been
it was agreed that
you haven't waited for government to lead
built over the last 40 years. In this regard,
measures.
the way; you've set out and got the work
I'm pleased to commend the National Ital-
that you still have
done yourselves.
ian-American Foundation for their efforts in
the
other
coun-
And let me say that we can see all around
restoring a magnificant garden here in
to agree to this
us testimony to the strength here in Italy of
Venice. This Italian-American Friendship
voluntarism and of private giving, of what
Garden will be a lasting reminder of this
the seven who
we in America sometimes call private sector
meeting in Venice. And Jim Robinson 1 has
on
it.
initiatives. It was a private sector initiative
just announced another step in Italian-
by Fiat that restored this magnificent build-
American friendship. This innovative pro-
news conference
ing, the Palazzo Grassi. And just down the
gram will contribute to the restoration of
ounds of the Hotel
Grand Canal are the noble horses of St.
other Italian national treasures. It's a fine
It was broadcast
Mark's Basilica, which through an initiative
example of private sector initiatives at
and
television.
by Olivetti have toured the world, showing
work.
something of the beauty of Venice to many
I want to thank all those involved in
who will not have the opportunity to come
these projects as well as the members of my
to this great city.
Yes, in country after country, private
board of advisors on private sector initia-
sector initiatives are teaching children,
tives and their Italian counterparts, who
caring for the sick, helping the poor build
have made this conference possible. By
better lives for themselves, and searching
shouldering the responsibilities of freedom,
Initiatives.
for ways to cure disease. Whether people
you are helping to preserve freedom, to
are in sickness, sorrow, or in need, private
preserve this great hope for all mankind
sector initiatives have been created to an-
that our countries represent. And the voices
swer the call. Last November in Paris, at
that thank you come not just from Italy and
today at the first
ence on Private
the International Conference on Private
America, not just from Europe, but from
day we concluded
Sector Initiatives, men and women from
throughout the world. And Frank,2 I have
seven nations showed that yours is an inter-
to tell you, in giving me this honor, which
ummit. I looked
leaders
of
national movement. Yesterday in Milan you
you've just given me, kind of makes things
some
of
nocracies, and I
continued the work you began in Paris with
all right for the industry that I once was in,
how precious our
a new exchange of ideas.
the motion picture industry. We had an
vas a great Italian
In the meantime, of course, I have been
actor there who was only being an actor in
ghts of personality,
meeting here in Venice with the leaders of
Hollywood long enough to get the money
to come to Italy, because he aspired to an
before the state."
the six leading industrial democracies.
an Italian, are as
We've held productive discussions on sub-
operatic career. And he went to Milan, and
of Independ-
jects ranging from East-West relations to
he studied. And then he was asked to sing
as
British
terrorism to economic policy and free
in "Pagliacci," the very spiritual fountain-
as
the
rench
as
the
writ-
trade. These meetings are important, and
head of opera. And he did an aria, and he
received such thunderous and sustained ap-
could be called
they have received, as they should, a great
every democratic
deal of attention from the press. And yet I
can't help thinking that any true history of
1 Chairman of the American Express Co.
and the rights
our times will show that your work, and
2 Frank Stella, president of the National
rved through the
that of millions of free men and women all
Italian-American Foundation, presented the
must accept the
around the world, has done as much to
President with a lapel pin bearing the
their freedoms.
build the future of our civilization as have
foundation's emblem.
655
June 11 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1987
plause that he had to repeat the aria as an
encore. And again the same sustained, thun-
So, what's ahead for all of you, I think
derous applause, and again he sang "Vesti la
you're going to find, is most exciting, most
Giuba." And this went on until finally he
wonderful, and just a blessing of freedom
motioned for quiet, and he tried to tell
that a number of people in the world
them how full his heart was for this recep-
cannot have unless they see the error of
their ways and turn to our way of life.
tion. "But," he said, "I have sung 'Vesti la
Thank you all. God bless you.
Giuba' now nine times. My voice is gone, I
cannot do it again." And a voice from the
balcony said, "You'll do it until you get it
Note: The President spoke at 3:26 p.m. at
the Palazzo Grassi.
right." [Laughter]
You know, all that we talked about, I just
have to tell you one last little incident here
that is really true of what brings us together
here-private initiative. I'm sure that our
750th Anniversary of Berlin, 1987
people have told you that there in Washing-
ton now, we have in the computers some
Proclamation 5665. June 8, 1987
3,000 programs where some little hamlet or
village or town has found a problem and a
way to solve it themselves. And we keep
By the President of the United States
this, because then when inquiries come
of America
from people that say what could we do
A Proclamation
about it, we go to the computers and are
able to tell them how a program was set up
Berlin, one of the world's great cities and
privately by the people and made to work.
the largest German city, this year observes
A little town in Texas had something for
its 750th anniversary. This is cause for cele-
several years called Christmas in April. All
bration for Berliners and for all Germans,
year long the people of that town kept
and also for the people of the United States
track and watched for homes of elderly
and the rest of the world.
people or homes of people that were handi-
The history and character of Berlin and
capped or very poor; and if there were
its people give powerful testimony about
things like leaking roofs and plumbing that
human nature and its capabilities. After
didn't work and so forth, they made a list
three-quarters of a millennium and many
during all the year. And then on April 1st
shocks and reversals through the ages,
the merchants that dealt in the products
Berlin is yet a young city-young with all
they needed-building materials and paint
the capacity of the human spirit to renew
and so forth-would donate. But citizens of
itself, to strive and to seek, to build anew
every calling, as volunteers, would show up
and create, and, most of all, to hope. Time
on that April 1st, knock on the door, and
and again, Berlin has overcome desolation
say we're here to put a new roof on your
and isolation with will, energy, and courage.
house or paint your house or fix the plumb-
Even now, its spirit towers over the wall
ing or do what has to be done. That went
that presently divides the city.
on in that little town in Texas.
Today Berlin remains close to the spiritu-
Well, a couple of years ago, I was amazed
al center of the Western world. Americans
to see some people that didn't look like
have a special affinity for Berlin that goes
ordinary workmen in Washington, DC, nail-
beyond formal political or economic ties,
ing shingles on a roof and others painting a
because we feel a kinship with its spirit of
porch and so forth. I recognized a couple of
strength and creativity and because we see
judges among them. There were some pro-
our own hopes and ideals mirrored in the
fessional people, some medical personnel
deep attachment of its people to freedom
and all. Believe it or not, Washington, DC,
and its blessings. Thousands of Americans—
had discovered from that little town in
scholars, service men and women and their
Texas private initiative, and now had
families, business people, diplomatic person-
Christmas in April for the people, the poor
nel, and so on-live in Berlin and make
that might be there in the capital.
vital contributions to the life of the city. We
656
June 14 / Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1988
Letter of Resignation of Howard H.
Ken Duberstein, my able and experienced
Baker, Jr., as Chief of Staff to the
Deputy, to take my place as Chief of Staff.
Therefore, Mr. President, for these reasons
President
F
and for personal reasons, I make this re-
June 14, 1988
quest effective June 30th.
It has been my pleasure to work with you
Dear Mr. President:
As we discussed previously, I would like
as fellow politicians dating from 1966, when
to leave your Administration before the end
you were elected Governor and I was elect-
of the term. I think this is a particularly
ed U.S. Senator, as Majority Leader in the
good time to do that and, therefore, I ask
U.S. Senate during your first term, and now
that I be relieved of my responsibilities as
as your Chief of Staff. I will always treasure
Chief of Staff as of the close of business on
that experience and be grateful to you and
the First Lady for your historic contribution
June 30th.
When you asked me to undertake this job
to this country.
in February of 1987 we discussed a number
Sincerely,
of objectives. First and foremost was to
Howard
navigate the troubled waters of the Iran-
Howard H. Baker, Jr.
contra affair. I believe that task is now
Chief of Staff to the President
behind us, and I think your representations
have been fully supported by the record. I
[The President, The White House, Washington,
especially pay tribute to Arthur B. Culva-
D.C. 20500]
house, Jr., White House Counsel, and his
staff for their excellent work in these mat-
ters. The second item was to see that, not-
withstanding the hearings and inquiries re-
Remarks Following Discussions With
lated to Iran-contra, we were able to carry
Prime Minister Ciriaco De Mita of Italy
forward your agenda. I believe that has
been done; indeed, I think that far from
June 14, 1988
being immobilized, the past 16 months
have been among the most energetic and
The President. Ladies and gentlemen, it's
successful of your Administration. I particu-
been my great pleasure to meet today with
larly wish to single out Tom Griscom, your
Prime Minister De Mita of Italy, who is no
Assistant for Communications and Planning,
stranger to the White House. But this is the
for his excellent assistance in planning the
first time that he comes as Prime Minister,
schedule and events that made this possible.
and I want to begin by offering our warm-
And finally, we discussed the foreign policy
est congratulations.
opportunities that lay before you, particu-
I regard this visit as extremely important.
larly in the field of arms control. I think the
As members of the Atlantic alliance and as
completion of the INF treaty and its ratifi-
major industrial states, the United States
cation by the Senate followed by a success-
and the Republic of Italy have much to dis-
ful Moscow Summit ranks among the most
cuss and much to do. Accordingly, our dis-
historic of your achievements during your
cussions today were wide ranging and ex-
Presidency. I believe that we owe a special
tremely useful. Although our agenda was
debt of gratitude, first, to Frank Carlucci as
far too long for me to discuss in detail, let
your National Security Adviser and later,
me just give you some of the highlights.
Colin Powell, as well, of course, as Secretary
First, I gave the Prime Minister my views
Shultz for these accomplishments.
on where our relationship stands with the
There is still much to be done, particular-
Soviet Union and where it is going. I told
ly a full legislative schedule as well as con-
him that we're very pleased with the
tinuing negotiations in the arms control
progress that we've made on the broad
field. However, you have a good staff in
agenda and, of course, with the entry into
place, and I am confident that they can
force of the INF treaty. I also told him of
continue to receive your guidance and
my firm belief that without Italy's courage,
carry out your wishes for the remaining
determination, and support throughout INF
months of the Administration. I recommend
deployment and negotiations there would
796
Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1988 / June 14
have been no treaty. In arms reductions
The Prime Minister. I should like to
able and experienced
and the other areas on our agenda, much
thank President Reagan for the welcome.
place as Chief of Staff.
work remains to be done. We will continue
extended to me today, which bears witness
dent, for these reasons
to depend, and gratefully so, upon Italy's
to the longstanding bonds of friendship that
asons, I make this re-
support as an ally and advice as a friend.
exist between Italy and the United States.
30th.
One of the important issues before our
I have once again expressed to the Presi-
easure to work with you
alliance is where we will redeploy the 401st
dent the admiration and esteem of the Ital-
dating from 1966, when
overnor and I was elect-
Tactical Fighter Wing, the F-16's. Italy's
ian Government for the courage and deter-
willingness, at NATO invitation, to consider
mination with which he has pursued his far-
Majority Leader in the
accepting the planes on its soil is typical of
sighted plan to effectively ease the tensions
our first term, and now
Italy's serious approach toward its alliance
between East and West during his recent
ff. I will always treasure
be grateful to you and
commitments. Its willingness to do its part,
discussions with the General Secretary of
to share the risks and responsibilities, as
the Soviet Communist Party, Gorbachev.
our historic contribution
well as the benefits of NATO membership,
Italy warmly welcomes the outcome of the
is exemplary.
Moscow summit and believes that it is a
The Prime Minister and I will meet again
prelude to further and more wide-ranging
Howard
shortly in Toronto, where we'll participate
agreements along the paths of peace.
Howard H. Baker, Jr.
in our economic summit. We reviewed
I reaffirm the fact that Italy will continue
Staff to the President
some of the issues that we expect to discuss
with conviction to share in the commit-
White House, Washington,
there, including Italy's welcome initiative to
ments and undertakings of the alliance
strengthen international environmental pro-
which binds us, safeguards our freedoms,
tection activities.
and underpins the development of the
Prime Minister De Mita and I also talked
West. The prospects for a lasting peace
about our mutual desire for a peaceful end
which are now emerging in the world re-
to the conflict between Iran and Iraq and
quire us to prevent any weakening of Atlan-
ng Discussions With
for a comprehensive peace in the Middle
tic solidarity, to refrain from any actions of
Ciriaco De Mita of Italy
East. I know there's deep interest and con-
unilateral disarmament, and to ensure that
cern among the Italian people on these
differential security zones are not created
issues, and we appreciate the positive role
in Europe. I also stressed to President
Ladies and gentlemen, it's
that the Government of Italy has played in
Reagan the importance we attribute to
easure to meet today with
that troubled region.
strengthening the relationship between the
e Mita of Italy, who is no
Another issue of great concern to all of us
United States and Europe-that Europe
hite House. But this is the
is international terrorism. In the last 6
which represents the other major goal of
comes as Prime Minister,
months, Italy has been the victim of two
the Italian Government and the major con-
in by offering our warm-
shocking incidents: the death of one of your
tribution which a strong, united, and pros-
S.
close friends, Mr. Prime Minister, in which
perous Europe, coupled with a solid Euro-
it as extremely important.
I want to extend again my deepest condo-
American partnership, can make towards
e Atlantic alliance and as
lences, and an attack on a USO club in
the peace and development of the whole
states, the United States
Naples, in which an American servicewom-
world.
of Italy have much to dis-
an was killed. These incidents, terrible as
With President Reagan, I reviewed the
do. Accordingly, our dis-
they are, only serve to strengthen our re-
main aspects of the international situation.
ere wide ranging and ex-
solve. And they remind us of the impor-
We expressed a shared concern at the pro-
Although our agenda was
tance of our cooperative efforts against the
tracted states of crisis in the Middle East,
me to discuss in detail, let
human scourge of terrorism.
Southeast Asia, southern Africa, and Latin
u some of the highlights.
Mr. Prime Minister, in closing, I must
America. We also expressed the hope that
Prime Minister my views
confess that 6 months ago I said that U.S.-
the improved climate of trust which now
elationship stands with the
d where it is going. I told
Italian relations could hardly be better, but
characterizes the dialog between East and
remarkably, they are. In fact, I believe that
West may exercise a favorable effect on
very pleased with the
e've made on the broad
we've made significant progress in a
these crises and help lead to peaceful and
number of areas, and I'm confident that
fair settlements.
course, with the entry into
we'll continue this trend for the foreseeable
Particular attention was devoted to the
treaty. I also told him of
future. Mr. Prime Minister, we're indeed
preparations for the summit of the seven
hat without Italy's courage,
pleased and honored to have had you as our
most industrialized nations in Toronto in re-
nd support throughout INF
negotiations there would
guest.
lation to economic growth, trade issues, and
797
Carter
International meeting Economic
Administration
of
Jimmy
Carter,
1977
summit
"Committee
on
Chiefs of Staff, as members, and the Attor-
Washington in the village of Washington,
and substitute
ney General and Director of the Office of
County of Tyne and Wear. After his tour
Review Commit-
Management and Budget, as observers.".
of the Old Hall, the President went to the
(c) In paragraphs (2) through (4),
Village Green, where he planted a tulip
(1) and sub-
delete "Operations Group" wherever it
poplar tree brought from Mount Vernon,
paragraph:
occurs and substitute therefor "SCC".
Va.
NSC Policy Review
SEC. 6. Section 6 of Executive Order
referred to as the
May 7
No. 11905 is amended as follows:
assigned in
(a) In paragraph (1) of subsection
While in London, the President met
hall be chaired by
(a), delete "The members of the Over-
separately at Winfield House with:
Intelligence, here-
-Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of the
sight Board may also serve on the Presi-
the DCI, and
dent's Foreign Intelligence Advisory
Federal Republic of Germany;
Deputy Secretary
-Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda of
Board (Executive Order No. 11460 of
Assistant to the
March 20, 1969)
Japan;
Security Affairs,
(b) Delete subsection (f).
-Margaret Thatcher, Member of Par-
of
the
Secre-
SEC. 7. Section 8(a) of Executive Or-
liament and Conservative Party
leader.
der No. 11905 is amended by deleting the
(2) through (5),
words "Committee on Foreign Intelli-
The President today declared a major
it occurs and sub-
disaster for the State of Missouri as a re-
gence" and substituting therefor "PRC".
sult of severe storms, tornadoes, and flood-
(3) immedi-
JIMMY CARTER
ing, beginning about May 4, which caused
"supported" the
The White House,
extensive public and private property
under this Order".
May 13, 1977.
damage.
(4) immedi-
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register,
May 8
the words "under
3:53 p.m., May 16, 1977]
NOTE: The Executive order was not issued
While in London, the President at-
(5) immedi-
in the form of a White House press release.
tended a communion service at West-
"may"
the
words
minster Abbey. Following the service, the
President toured the Abbey.
of Executive Or-
The President met at Winfield House
as
follows:
Digest of Other
with Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti of
"The Opera-
White House Announcements
Italy.
and substitute
May 9
Coordination
The following listing includes the
While in London, the President met
President's daily schedule and other items
(1) and substi-
of general interest as announced by the
with President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
of France at the residence of the French
new
para-
White House Press Office during the
Ambassador to Great Britain.
period covered by this issue. Events and
NSC Special Co-
announcements printed elsewhere in the
While in Geneva, the President met
hereinafter
re-
issue are not included.
with President Kurt Furgler of Switzer-
to perform
land at the Intercontinental Hotel.
May 6
this Order, the
the
Assistant
to
Following his visit to Newcastle-Upon-
May 10
Security Af-
Tyne, England, the President, accom-
While in London, the President held
panied by Prime Minister James Cal-
separate meetings at Winfield House
cretary of State,
laghan, toured the Corning Limited glass
with:
rector of Central
factory in Sunderland and Washington
-Prime Minister Constantine Cara-
of
the
Joint
Old Hall, the ancestral home of George
manlis of Greece;
881
Administration of Jimmy Carter, 1978
May 31
Minister
past several months in the economic field
The President and the Prime Minister
which has opened up prospects for the
reviewed the joint initiatives to enhance
amelioration of external payments. Stress-
the relationship between Italy and the
31,
1978
ing the importance he attached to closer
United States decided upon during the
economic cooperation with the United
Prime Minister's visit to Washington in
Turkish Prime
States, he also emphasized the necessity
July 1977. A series of Cabinet-level visits
and produc-
of a sound and healthy economy, both for
has taken place in both directions over the
morning which
the maintenance of an efficient defense
last 10 months. New agreements have
of key interna-
structure and the strengthening of demo-
been reached in the areas of health, social
The
Turkish
cratic institutions. The President has
United States
security, exchange of language-teaching
shown full understanding in this respect.
experts, scientific cooperation, and others.
legation to the
has
also
served
Also present for the meeting were
The two leaders expressed their satisfac-
resident.
Günduz Ökçün, Foreign Minister; Has-
tion with progress achieved so far and
Minister
an Esat Işik, Defense Minister; Ambas-
indicated that programs to further
rime
Turkey OC-
sador Sükrü Elekdağ, Secretary General
strengthen bilateral relations will con-
of the Foreign Ministry; Melih Esenbel,
tinue, in particular a renewed emphasis
and stressed
Turkish Ambassador to the United
on the Bilateral Energy Working Group.
contribution
to
de-
States; Secretary of State Vance; and Dr.
Special attention was also given to the
peace,
Brzezinski, Assistant to the President for
common problem of unemployment.
They also
for
National Security Affairs. Matthew Nim-
Prime Minister Andreotti described
strengthen-
etz, Counselor of the State Department;
several recent encouraging developments
and
for
re-
rkish relations.
George Vest, Assistant Secretary of State
in his government's efforts to bring to
Prime
Minister
for European Affairs; and Paul Henze,
justice the murderers of Aldo Moro. The
to
obtain
NSC staff member, also took part in the
President expressed our sympathetic in-
meeting.
terest in the Italian antiterrorist efforts.
the
repealing
President Carter pointed to the resilience
on
Tur-
with which Italian democratic institutions
in
turn
withstood the terrorist attack and to other
the
elimination
revitalization
Meeting With Prime Minister
encouraging recent events. He reaffirmed
the confidence of the United States in
relations
as
Giulio Andreotti of Italy
Italy's ability to overcome present diffi-
interests
White House Statement. May 31, 1978
culties and continue to play its active role
in the Western Alliance.
Minister
President Carter met this morning in
The two leaders will see each other at
and
equi-
the White House with Giulio Andreotti,
the summit meeting in Bonn in July.
problem was
President of the Council of Ministers of
of all parties
the Italian Republic. The two leaders had
and
stabil-
a useful discussion of certain world issues,
the
hope
Alliance questions, and recent develop-
North Atlantic Alliance Summit
place
be-
ments in both countries. Also present
were Foreign Minister Arnaldo Forlani,
Text of Remarks on NATO Defense Policy.
Secretary
Gen-
May 31, 1978
Italian Ambassador Paolo Pansa, Minis-
of
the
Cypri-
ter Umberto La Rocoa, Secretary of State
to
early
re-
Thank you, Mr. Secretary General.
Cyrus Vance, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Assist-
talks.
These briefings illustrate the magnitude
ant to the President for National Security
of the challenges we face. They do not
the
ac-
Affairs, and Gregory Treverton of the
justify alarm, but they should strengthen
over
the
NSC staff.
our resolve.
1019
Tokyo
pyonomic
Administration of Jimmy Carter, 1979
June 29
Confereme
be
onomical
Republic of Germany, is concerned, I
to
producing countries-but here this is not
because
shall, at the beginning of next week, make
not
only a question of the countries where oil
xpensi
but
also
a statement before the German parlia-
is produced but with enormous interna-
to
be
⑉
reasingly
ment, before the Bundestag, in which I
tional interests which often regulate the
be all increasing
will explain the conclusions that we must
market, and in the communique, you will
ughout
the
world.
draw in order to embody in practice what
find a clear expression of our intention
to
any
to
Pres-
has been recognized and decided in
better to appreciate and assess this com-
nobody must be
Tokyo. This is an aim we set ourselves,
plicated oil market. But our concern is for
lustrial
countries,
and I am fully convinced that we are
those countries who are the poorest and
of mergy, our
going to be able to overcome the problem.
who feel more than us the consequences
into thinking that
Thank you very much.
of decisions to raise the price both of oil
ho an aiming at
PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI. I wish to
and other essential commodities.
to which we
associate myself with the words of thanks
This year, too, in the communique, em-
increasing energy
which have been spoken to the Japanese
phasis was placed on a policy in favor of
which we feel a
Government and the Imperial Court, and
developing countries, expressing a wish
responsibility,
to the Government.
which I think has political value that all
ht that if we save
I was here 15 years ago for the Olympic
the countries, even those which are differ-
for oil other
Games, and I was able to see that more
ently governed than ours, should cooper-
not be misled
problems are produced for the police by
ate in this broad design for development
are thinking only
the heads of states rather than SO many
for humanity as a whole.
eeds. 11111 also the
thousands of athletes.
in which the
President Giscard and the others who
Our peoples must be accustomed, be-
nd
themselves.
have spoken before me have told you of
come accustomed not only to look at those
who are better off than us but those who
onnection,
I
would
the results achieved in these 2 days. I
would confine myself to two comments of
are worse off than us, and I know that
against thinking
increased
a political nature.
this is not something which is easy to do.
costs
It isn't the popular thing to do, but it is
be avoided, and
Every year we meet to study our prob-
the spirit which I think moves and ani-
genumely
derive
lems of growth, of the struggle against un-
hances increased
employment, the fight against inflation,
mates our annual meetings. And I think
but every year increasingly I see that all
that this should be brought out, and rec-
our discussions develop not within the
ognition should be made of those who are
all unity tackle
limited interests of the seven countries
cooperating in this annual opportunity
think that we must
in
solver
fashion,
which come together, but within a frame-
to study together problems which are old
1.1 x carried
work of a far more general character.
problems and problems which are arising.
industrial
life,
in
And it is most important that the energy
Finally, may I thank all of the heads
our
Mitical
life,
policy should have been the subject of
of state' and the heads of government who
main-
concrete agreements between we Euro-
acts
have agreed to accept the invitation to
titude
our
na-
pean countries, between the United States
travel in May 1980 to Venice for the new
for
C:
economies,
and Canada, and also with Japan.
meeting of the summit.
for
ments.
We had some doubts as to whether we
Let us express the hope that there will
going
to
we
should succeed in this, and these doubts
not be moments of crisis that we shall
and
we
have been dissipated. But as Chancellor
have to face and that, on the other hand,
consider-
Schmidt has said, we have always borne
we can resume in a spirit of greater tran-
in
the
out-
in mind all the time throughout these 2
quility a discussion of the global develop-
days the need for a consensus policy. And
ments. And I hope that you journalists,
Federal
in embarking in a discussion with the oil-
that to you journalists, we should be able
1193
June 29
Administration of Jimmy Carter, 1979
in Venice to give you the help and the
we order our economies properly. All of
hospitality which I think is extremely im-
a sudden we've been brought face to face
portant, because if that is lacking, even
with these shortages and the problems
the positive results of the conference are
that they will mean for all of us for the
not made known adequately.
standard of living for our own peoples
Thank you.
and for the possibility of rising standard
PRIME MINISTER OHIRA. Thank you
of living for those in countries less fortu-
very much, Prime Minister Andreotti.
nate than ourselves. And really this sum-
PRIME MINISTER THATCHER. Prime
mit was an example of how to tackle the
Minister, friends of the press, my col-
problems of the moment, and today the
leagues have already given you the bare
problem is energy, but it won't only be
bones of the communique and some of
today. It'll be the same problem for a
the details as well and have set out the
number of years.
course which this historic summit took. I,
And so, we tackled it in two ways.
of course, endorse everything they've said,
First, to try to deal with the immediate
and I thought therefore it would be best
problem, very ironic in a way that we
if I tried just to step back and look at this
were meeting the very day that OPEC
summit meeting in slightly wider perspec-
announced its price increases. So, we had
tive.
an immediate problem to tackle, and we
I think first if we look at this summit
did tackle it in the way that my col-
meeting as one of the fourth quarter of
leagues have announced, by trying to set
this century, we see how very different
specific targets, not only for this year but
the problems are from those which we
for future years, to demonstrate to those
encountered in the third quarter of this
suppliers that we are determined to cut
century. Then we were trying to restore
down demand and limit it as far as we
the economy of the free world to try to
can and make the best, most economical
harness everything that it can do to give
use of energy.
a higher standard of living to our people
But secondly, we're determined not to
and to try to see that we got as much
be so reliant on that source of energy, be-
growth as it was possible to get. Perhaps
cause we know that twice in this very
the country where we're meeting is an ex-
decade, the free world has shown how
cellent example of how successful the
vulnerable it is to the increase in the price
free economy could be and of how much
of oil, and we know how damaging that
growth could be obtained and how much
can be to our countries.
growth the free world had during those
So, my first point is, looking at it in his-
years of the third quarter of this century.
torical perspective, we recognize that the
Because of its very success, we now
problems we face now are very different
come into new problems. Part of its very
from those we faced in the third quarter
success gives us a problem over the con-
of the century, and we have demon-
sumption of oil. It will also give us a
strated our will to meet the problems of
problem over the shortage of some other
the day and to tackle them in the way my
commodities. And so, in this quarter of
colleagues have described.
the century-and this summit is an ex-
And my second point is this: Among
ample of it-we really are facing very dif-
us, there are three producer oil countries,
ferent problems. No longer can we assume
and there are four who are consumer
automatically that growth will go on if
countries. You might think that our in-
1194
July 17
Administration of Jimmy Carter, 1978
the world. We are fortunate, we've been
Bonn Economic Summit
blessed with economic and political and
Conference
military strength and with a fine, high
standard of living for our own people.
Declaration Issued at the Conclusion of the
We recognize the need to share this with
Conference. July 17, 1978
other, less developed countries. And all
The Heads of State and Government of
these cumulative commitments, I think,
will be very good and constructive for the
Canada, the Federal Republic of Ger-
entire world economy in the months
many, France, Italy, Japan, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
ahead.
Ireland and the United States of America
I personally believe that the strong
met in Bonn on 16th and 17th July 1978.
statement on controlling air piracy, ter-
The European Community was repre-
rorism, is in itself worth the entire prepa-
sented by the President of the European
ration and conduct of the summit. We
Council and by the President of the Euro-
are determined that this commitment be
pean Commission for discussion of mat-
carried out individually and collectively.
ters within the Community's competence.
And our Foreign Ministers have been in-
1. We agreed on a comprehensive
structed immediately to contact other na-
strategy covering growth, employment
tions around the world without delay, to
and inflation, international monetary
encourage them to join in with us in this
policy, energy, trade and other issues of
substantive and, I think, adequate move
particular interest to developing coun-
to prevent air hijacking in the future.
tries. We must create more jobs and fight
I leave this summit conference with a
inflation, strengthen international trad-
resolve to carry out our purposes, to con-
ing, reduce payments imbalances, and
tinue our mutual discussions and consul-
achieve greater stability in exchange
tations, and with a new sense of
markets. We are dealing with long-term
confidence.
problems, which will only yield to sus-
tained efforts. This strategy is a coherent
This has been a very successful meeting
whole, whose parts are interdependent.
among us. The preparation for it was very
To this strategy, each of our countries can
instructive and educational, and the su-
contribute; from it, each can benefit.
perb chairmanship of Chancellor Schmidt
has helped to ensure its success.
GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION
NOTE: The President spoke at 7:12 p.m. at
2. We are concerned, above all, about
Bonn Stadt Theater following concluding state-
ments by Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of the
world-wide unemployment because it has
Federal Republic of Germany, Prime Minister
been at too high a level for many years,
Pierre Elliott Trudeau of Canada, President
because it hits hardest at the most vul-
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of France, Prime
nerable sections of the population, be-
Minister Giulio Andreotti of Italy, Prime Min-
cause its economic cost is high and its hu-
ister Takeo Fukuda of Japan, and Prime Min-
ister James Callaghan of the United Kingdom
man cost higher still. We will act, through
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
measures to assure growth and develop
Earlier in the day, the President attended
needed skills, to increase employment.
the third and fourth sessions of the summit
In doing this, we will build on the
conference at the Palais Schaumburg and a
working luncheon hosted by President Scheel
progress that has already been made in
for summit participants at Villa Hammer-
the fight against inflation and will seek
schmidt.
new successes in that fight. But we need
1310
Ford
[103]
Public Papers of the Presidents
September 25
Red Cross, national health agencies, and international service agencies-organi-
zations concerned with the welfare of human beings.
In supporting the Combined Federal Campaign, we are participating volun-
tarily as citizens in a uniquely American project, helping our neighbors-
especially the aged, the infirm, the handicapped, the ill, and families in distress-
through these voluntary charitable organizations.
By bringing the helping hand of voluntary organizations to those in need,
whether at home or abroad, we strengthen what is best in our Nation and realize
what is best in ourselves as a people. The amount you give must be a personal
and voluntary decision. But I ask each of you to join with me in supporting this
most worthy effort to the fullest possible extent.
GERALD R. FORD
104
Toasts of the President and President Leone of Italy.
September 25, 1974
MR. PRESIDENT, it is wonderful to have you and Mrs. Leone and your three
sons with us this evening. As I said this morning, at the time you came and
joined us, the United States has a great debt of gratitude and a great sense of
friendship for Italy because of the many, many people in this United States who
have an ancestral background from Italy.
As I read and listen and look around our country, some 10 percent of our
people have a background from Italy. We have superb artists, we have out-
standing individuals in science, we have some very renowned athletes, we have
many, many people in public life who have had a background from your coun-
try. And we are proud of them and their contributions to our country.
But I think, Mr. President, the broadest relationship that we have is what Italy
has contributed to the United States, without personal identification, in the
field-in those areas that one could describe as grace, humanity, tolerance, and
an awareness of beauty.
We have a great American writer by the name of Mark Twain who once
wrote-and he wasn't very complimentary to foreigners-but in one of his nicer
moments, he wrote: The Creator made Italy from the designs of Michelangelo.
And that was a nice comment. It was probably the best he ever made
any
foreigners.
196
September 25
September 25
Gerald R. Ford, 1974
[104]
gencies-organi-
But to be serious, Mr. President, in all of the time that I had the privilege of
serving in the Congress, the United States and Italy were building together. We
ticipating volun-
were building in the process of reconstruction following the war. We were
our neighbors—
building in the process of Europe as a whole in the reconstruction period.
ilies in distress-
This 25-year span led, of course, to our alliance, where we have developed a
friendship and an agreement for diplomatic, military, economic, and cultural
those in need,
expansion and reciprocity.
ation and realize
We dealt with Italy on a personal basis, and we have worked together in our
ist be a personal
relationships with our allies in Western Europe. And the net result has been a
supporting this
better relationship between us as people and our Governments on behalf of our
people.
RALD R. FORD
But, Mr. President, it was a pleasure for me to meet you this morning and to be
reassured of your willingness to talk in a frank and candid way about our mu-
tual problems. And from one who spent a good share of his life in the political
arena in the United States, I was greatly impressed with your wise statesmanship
and your great knowledge of the problems in Europe and the rest of the world.
And so, it was a privilege and a pleasure for me to meet you and to discuss
these matters with you and to help in the process of building a better relationship
and your three
between Italy and the United States.
you came and
And if I might, may I ask all of you to stand and join with me in a toast to the
a great sense of
President of the Republic of Italy.
hited States who
NOTE: The President spoke at 10:03 p.m. in the
can, therefore, only pursue ideals of democracy and
State Dining Room at the White House.
freedom for all. And what other nation can better
President Lcone spoke in Italian. His remarks were
support us in these ideals than the United States?
percent of our
translated by an interpreter as follows:
Your Constitution, Mr. President, the first written
s, we have out-
constitution that ever existed, has laid the founda-
For the second time today, Mr. President, I take
tions of the free world. And we are making this visit
thletes, we have
my set speech and I set it aside. I am putting it back
to this great country with the Foreign Minister, Mr.
into my pocket, because I want to speak from my
from your coun-
Moro, who is an authoritative representative of my
heart. The set speech, the written paper, will remain.
Government, to reassert four things: The first is the
untry.
It will perhaps go into the archives of state, but
faithful, loyal, and constant friendship between our
my speech will spring from my heart.
two nations which is based, as you said, in part also
ave is what Italy
You, Mr. President, have said some very nice
on our common ancestry.
ification, in the
things about me and about my country. Now the
The second point is the Atlantic Alliance. That
things you said about me, I am sure, were totally
is the second point we want to reassert. As I said
tolerance, and
undeserved. and they merely stemmed from your
this morning. it is seen by Italy, by the United States,
very great kindness. But what you said about my
and by all the member countries, as an instrument
country makes me very proud indecd.
for détente and peace.
wain who once
You recalled the contribution that Italy has made
And we want to reassert, thirdly. our firm belief
to arts and to civilization, We present this heritage
in the need to build a united Europe which will be
one of his nicer
to you, which is the heritage of centuries. We present
complementary to the Atlantic Alliance and which
it to you as our friendly ally, not with pride-which
f Michelangelo.
will not be against America. but with the United
might perhaps be justified-but as a sort of visiting
States of America.
made about any
card for you to understand us better.
And, fourthly, we want to tell you how very
Italy has inherited the greatest legal tradition of
much we support your policy of détente, in which
all times, and Italy is the mistress of the arts. It
you have the great cooperation of your Secretary of
197
[104]
Public Papers of the Presidents
September 25
State, which policy of détente expresses the will of
shoulders, indeed; I know that you are an athlete; I
the peoples of the world that thirst for peace and
am not referring only to your physical strength-I
justice.
hope that burden will yet give you some time to come
Now, if these four points are confirmed-and
to Italy where I can assure you of a very warm and
they have already been confirmed, indeed, by our
affectionate welcome from the people of my coun-
talks this morning with you, Mr. President, and this
try. And I hope that Mrs. Ford will be able to come
afternoon with your Secretary of State, and I am
with you.
sure they will be reconfirmed again in the meeting
And so I say to you, God bless you. And I invoke
you were kind enough to arrange with me tomor-
the blessings of God upon you as I do upon my
row-if they are reconfirmed, Mr. President, then I
own family.
can only say that I thank God for allowing me to
And SQ I want to say now, thank you to the
represent Italy in this great country.
United States of America, and thank you very much
And, Mr. President, you were good enough to
for the music that you provided tonight. It was a
extend your greetings to my whole family, and this
touch of sentiment that I very much appreciated. I
is somewhat unusual, because in Italy we tend to hide
appreciated the Neapolitan song that was played.
our families away. And I have broken away from this
I told you, Mr. President, in our private talk that
tradition; I have brought my wife and children with
Naples is my hometown. It is very beautiful, gen-
me to present to you a typical Italian family, one
erous, and poor. And many parts of Italy are poor,
that is a sound family, that is respectful of moral
and that causes us some concern.
values, and that is united.
I am mentioning this not with cup in hand at all,
Mr. President, may I take this opportunity to say
but merely as a matter of interest.
how satisfied I am with the talks that we have had,
And so now, Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen,
and how very glad I am that you have accepted my
I give you the toast: the health and prosperity of
invitation to come and visit us in Italy. This has
President Ford and his family, and the success and
already made a favorable impression outside.
well-being of the people of America, and the con-
And I hope that the burden that is now weighing
solidated friendship of the peoples of Italy and the
on your shoulders-but you have very square
United States of America.
105
Joint Statement Following Discussions With President Leone
of Italy. September 26, 1974
PRESIDENT Giovanni Leone of Italy made a State visit to the United States
of America September 25-29, 1974, at the invitation of President Gerald R. Ford
of the United States of America. Accompanying the President were Mrs. Leone,
Minister of Foreign Affairs Aldo Moro, and other Italian officials.
During the visit, President Leone and President Ford held extensive and
cordial discussions on a wide variety of international questions in which
Minister of Foreign Affairs Aldo Moro and Secretary of State and Assistant to
the President for National Security Affairs Henry A. Kissinger also participated.
Minister Moro and Secretary Kissinger also held detailed talks on current
issues of mutual interest.
President Ford and President Leone expressed their mutual satisfaction with
the results of the talks. It was agreed that frequent consultations in the spirit of
the Atlantic Declaration signed in Brussels on June 26 were a most desirable
means of achieving better understanding of problems of common interest and
198
June 3
Gerald R. Ford, 1975
June 2
[302]
Extraordinary ties of friendship and kinship link our people. It is my pleasure
of peace for all
to bring to you, Mr. President, the greetings and the very high regard of the
people of the United States for Italy. In a world of rapid and dramatic change,
reduce tension or stimu-
Italian-American friendship stands out as a symbol of stability and resolve.
On the contrary, it gives
accumulated frustration,
I know that our meetings, Mr. President, will reinforce the traditional bonds
conflict within manageable
of affection and cooperation between our two countries, thus contributing to
strive to maintain the mo-
our goals of peace and prosperity for Italy, for the United States, and for all
concrete actions that could
nations.
peace is not only a desirable
and workable proposition.
NOTE: The President spoke at 10:41 a.m. at the
was Prime Minister Aldo Moro.
with President Ford's sincere
Palazzo Quirinale in response to remarks of welcome
Following his remarks, the President held a meet-
he bilateral relations between
by Italian President Giovanni Leone. Also present
ing with President Leone.
peoples in the interest of
national
cooperation.
I invite you to stand up and
Ford and the American
state that we are looking for-
302
esident and Mrs. Ford in Cairo.
Toasts of the President and President Giovanni Leone
hosted by President Ford,
a meeting at the Salzburg
of Italy at a State Luncheon in Rome. June 3, 1975
Mr. President and Mrs. Leone, Mr. Prime Minister, and Excellencies:
I am delighted to be in the Eternal City of Rome, the justly celebrated capital
of Italy.
It is a pleasure and an honor to be with you today in this hospitable and
historic palace. I am mindful of the symbolism of this visit underlining as it
does the traditional friendship and ties between our two countries.
xcellencies, and friends:
We in America have just begun the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the
appreciation for the very
United States' struggle for independence. The very name "America" derives
here.
from an Italian navigator. Among the Italian contributors to the early history
close allies. This fact
of the American Republic are William Paca, a signer of the Declaration of
ington in 1974. That visit
Independence, Fillipo Mazzei, a close friend and collaborator of Thomas
of state to the United
Jefferson.
of our discussions were
Since the very beginning of our country, the human ties between Italy and
September.
the United States have enriched America's life, America's culture, and have
I come to Rome to
served to establish the basis for the deep and very warm friendship that exists
today.
of great importance to
For a quarter of a century as a Member of the United States Congress, I
by the results of the
served in our national Capitol building. As a result, I was mindful of the
participated last week and
contributions of artists and skilled workers from Italy to design, to construct,
and decorate our national Capitol.
ember nations, of our dedi-
The paintings, the carvings, and the statues of Italian conception and artistry
763
[302]
Public Papers of the Presidents
June 3
have become enshrined at the very heart of our Government as a part of Amer-
ica's history and America's heritage. This symbolizes only one aspect of our
great debt to Italy.
Our hearts are lifted when we hear America's many bands playing stirring
airs, and we do recall that President Thomas Jefferson, who loved the music of
Italy, invited Italian musicians to create our first military band.
In considering those who have made distinguished contributions to the re-
lations between our countries, I would like to take this occasion to express my
appreciation for the outstanding service of your Ambassador to the United
States, Ambassador Ortona. He has gained the respect and the appreciation of
not only American Presidents and Secretaries of State but also of the American
people.
Americans in Italy never feel that they are among strangers. We always have
the feeling that we are with close friends.
In this relationship, our two countries share much in common. Our cultural,
economic, fraternal, commercial, and social ties affirm our continued coopera-
tion and close association. Our Governments are committed to a world of free-
dom and peace and to overcoming tensions which threaten the peace. We are
committed to the strength of an alliance that has kept more than a quarter
century of peace on the Continent and which is indispensable to our concerted
efforts to reduce tensions and to increase cooperation. Of first importance, we
share a firm dedication to democratic government and the principles of freedom
and liberty. We in America value the role of Italy in the world, your contribu-
tions to the Atlantic Alliance, and your efforts toward a stronger and more
cohesive Europe working with the United States.
These bonds and shared goals, Mr. President, were set forth in the joint state-
ment issued on the occasion of your visit to the United States last year. They
have been reaffirmed in our discussions today.
At the NATO summit conference in Brussels last week, the member nations
of the Atlantic Alliance renewed their commitment to the Atlantic Alliance
and to the principles of friendship and cooperation and the common defenses,
which are its foundation.
I must emphasize how much the United States values Italy's partnership and
Italy's contributions to the Alliance. We greatly admire the leaders and the
people of Italy in carrying through difficult economic measures which are
crucial in fighting today's economic difficulties. We are keenly aware of Italy's
strengths. We are proud of our alliance with you and take confidence in the
knowledge that this relationship is welcomed by you.
764
[1022]
Public Papers of the Presidents
December 3
million and a General Revenue Sharing deferral in the Department of the
Treasury is increased by $11.1 million.
The details of each deferral are contained in the attached reports.
GERALD R. FORD
The White House,
December 3, 1976.
NOTE: The attachments detailing the deferrals are printed in the Federal Register of December 3, 1976 (41
FR 53744).
1023
Remarks of Welcome to Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti of
Italy. December 6, 1976
PRIME MINISTER Andreotti, I am delighted to welcome you and your party
to Washington, D.C., our National Capital.
Mr. Prime Minister, I have long looked forward to this meeting since July,
when you took office as President of the Council of Ministers. Since that time
you have worked intensely and with great courage and determination on the
difficult issues facing your nation and your government. I am extremely pleased
that you have found time for this visit and for consultations on the broad
range of interests shared by our two governments.
During the last 2 years the United States and Italy have consulted at the
highest levels with greater frequency than ever before. President Leone's state
visit to the United States in 1974 was the first state visit of this administration.
Our leaders have met at NATO summits and economic summits and at the
European Security Conference. I remember with great warmth my own trip to
your country a year and a half ago and the friendship extended to me on behalf
of the American people by the Italian people and by your government.
We are friends. We are allies. We have worked together and solved problems
together. We will do so in the future.
Few countries have so special a place in the hearts of the American people.
The United States and Italy are committed to freedom and share a firm dedica-
tion to democracy. We are both committed to the strength of the North Atlantic
alliance and to the reduction of tensions which threaten international peace and
stability.
Americans value the constructive role of Italy in the world today and in the
past. We deeply appreciate Italy's contribution to NATO, your contribution to
2850
December 3
December 6
Gerald R. Ford, 1976
[1023]
epartment of the
a stronger Europe-working together with the United States-your contribu-
tion to the dialog with the developing nations, and your dedication to peace
and international understanding.
Mr. Prime Minister, our two governments have made it a priority task to
R. FORD
strengthen the North Atlantic alliance. The alliance has made progress in
strengthening its defenses, standardizing equipment, and coordination of
strategies and planning. Nevertheless, much more needs to be done.
December 3, 1976 (41
All of us know that the defensive strength and the cohesion of our alliance
are crucial to the balance of power in Europe that is so critical to European free-
dom and international security. Our alliance, of course, has a purpose beyond
military defense. The United States and Italy both recognize that Western
Andreotti
of
Europe unity is a pillar of world peace. We must reduce tensions and reduce the
possibility of confrontation in Central Europe, where almost 2 million armed
men face one another. We must promote mutually beneficial cooperation
and your party
between Western and Eastern Europe.
The industrial democracies, if we are to be the masters of our own destiny,
since July,
must work together, for we share basic, common interests on global issues-
Since that time
from defense to energy, the environment, trade, and relations with the
nination on the
developing countries of the world.
itremely pleased
Mr. Prime Minister, our discussions on these many issues will be of great
on the broad
value to the United States not only in practical terms but to reaffirm our pro-
found friendship. Few nations are linked as strongly as the United States of
onsulted at the
America and the Republic of Italy by history, culture, economics, and the emi-
Leone's state
gration of peoples. Our friendship has deep roots that ensure its preservation.
administration.
Italy's contribution was one of the highlights of America's Bicentennial
and at the
celebration. We especially welcomed, Mr. Prime Minister, the visit of Mrs.
my own trip to
Vittoria Leone, the First Lady of Italy, when the La Scala Opera came here
to me on behalf
for its spectacular performance. The American people thank you for this
wonderful presentation.
problems
I look forward with great anticipation, Mr. Prime Minister, to our discussions
today and tonight. As two democratic allies we have a large area of common
herican people.
ground and many common concerns.
a firm dedica-
I bid you and your party, on behalf of the American people, a hearty welcome
North Atlantic
to the United States of America.
onal peace and
NOTE: The President spoke at 10:45 a.m. on the
Mr. President, I am deeply grateful for the
South Lawn at the White House, where Prime
invitation you were kind enough to extend to
Minister Andreotti was given a formal welcome
me at a particularly challenging time for my
day and in the
with full military honors.
country.
contribution
to
The Prime Minister spoke in Italian. His re-
Two years after the visit of President Leone-
marks were translated as follows:
whom you kindly mentioned-your invitation con-
2851
[1023]
Public Papers of the Presidents
December 6
firms, through the frequency of our meetings, the
Italian Americans who, through their work and
spirit of close and sincere friendship between the
human qualities, honored their land of origin and
United States and Italy. And I equally thank you
contributed to the increased prosperity and greatness
for the warm words you just expressed about
of their new country.
my country and myself.
The Bicentennial of the Declaration of Independ-
The United States and Italy are bound by ties of
ence of the United States reminds us of the ideals
alliance and cooperation, by harmonious ideals
of the Founding Fathers who are both yours and
of democracy, and by choices of peace, freedom,
ours, founders of the United States and those of
and development. The Atlantic Alliance, which
major instruments of an era of Western history
binds our two nations in a common objective of
which brought man and his freedom to the cen-
defense, represents a guarantee of security for the
ter of our civilization.
Western World to which we belong for historical
The American Revolution is an element of the
vocation and on account of political choice, which
continuity of Western history and also renews it.
proves to be an essential element of the interna-
It allows the Western World to accept the chal-
tional strategic balance, a basic condition for a
lenges of science, technology, industry, and to
détente policy which will create the basis of a
carry out a social transformation which is of
long-lasting peace.
paramount importance within the framework of
With the same objectives of peace and progress,
a humanistic society, inspired in the values redis-
Italy is engaged, together with its partners of the
covered by the Renaissance men. This eΓa of the
European community, in a policy of unity which
Western World's history cannot be considered com-
will permit Europe to contribute to the creation
plete. Its motivations and hopes are still alive.
of a more just and stable world.
The ideal thrust must renew itself through a con-
Many elements unite us-the interest in social
stant critical search for the most adequate objec-
and cultural progress, in the advancement of sci-
tives in order to accept present and future challenges.
ence, in respect of men, in the choice of a style of
To this purpose, we are stimulated by the com-
life which guarantees and protects, to the greatest
mitment and the concerns of the new generation.
extent, the development of capabilities and poten-
Mr. President, during the scheduled meetings
tial for initiative of the individual; the awareness,
we will deal with many issues, because the pres-
both political and moral, of a necessary interrela-
ent circumstances present many problems and they
tionship and solidarity among all nations; the search
require an effort of imagination and understanding.
for international order, which emphasizes at the
But the guarantee of their success is given by the
same time the rights of men and those of na-
spirit of openness and sincerity which always char-
tions; a vision of international relations which aim,
acterized the Italian-American relationships during
to quote the unforgettable words of George Wash-
the past 30 years.
ington's farewell speech, to observe good faith
Mr. President, on behalf of the President of the
and justice toward nations and cultivate peace and
Italian Republic, of the Italian Government, and
harmony with everybody.
conveying the feelings of the Italian people, I bring
But beyond these common ideals, our two coun-
you warm and friendly greetings which I extend
tries are joined by the presence in this hospit-
to Mrs. Ford and to your entire family.
able country of America of a large community of
1024
Toasts of the President and Prime Minister
Giulio Andreotti of Italy. December 6, 1976
Thank you all very, very much Mr. Prime Minister, distinguished Italian
guests, ladies and gentlemen:
President Leone was the first state visitor that I had the high honor and rare
privilege to welcome as President of the United States. Tonight we are once
again celebrating the official visit of a very distinguished Italian leader, our
guest tonight, Prime Minister Andreotti. These two visits symbolize the very
2852
December 6
December 6
Gerald R. Ford, 1976
[1024]
their work and
land of origin and
close friendship of our two countries and the continuity of American support
osperity and greatness
for a very trusted and valued ally.
claration of Independ-
Earlier this autumn we welcomed the visit of the Italian First Lady, Mrs.
us of the ideals
are both yours and
Vittoria Leone, who added her grace as well as her friendship to the already
States and those of
impressive Italian contribution to our Bicentennial. The performances of the
of Western history
freedom to the cen-
La Scala Opera, the loan of the Venus de Medici to our National Gallery,
Italian participation in the "Tall Ships" review and many other Bicentennial
an element of the
and also renews it.
activities were symbols of what Americans have gained from our relationship.
to accept the chal-
industry, and to
For this the American people are most appreciative and deeply in debt to the
which is of
people of Italy and to your Government.
the framework of
in the values redis-
The gift that Mrs. Leone presented on behalf of the Italian people, a portrait
This era of the
of Thomas Jefferson, which hung for nearly 200 years in the Convent of Lodi,
be considered com-
are still alive.
today hangs in the Oval Office in the White House complex. This is a treasured
itself through a con-
reminder of Italian-American friendship.
adequate objec-
nd future challenges.
Mr. Prime Minister, for two centuries Italian culture has enriched the life of
by the com-
the United States with many, many unique contributions. Historians point out
the new generation.
scheduled meetings
that Thomas Jefferson, in writing the Declaration of Independence, drew on
because the pres-
the wisdom of his Italian friend, Filippo Mazzei, in the drafting of several
problems and they
and
understanding.
very, now immortal phrases. As a matter of fact, our Capitol Building is en-
is given by the
which always char-
hanced by Italian art and Italian artisans. The very name America com-
relationships during
memorates an Italian.
the President of the
Along with Italy's cultural contributions came millions of American immi-
Government, and
grants. America is very, very proud of its citizens of Italian origin. I happen
alian people, I bring
which I extend
to believe this is perhaps Italy's greatest contribution to America, and we are
family.
truly grateful for it.
We Americans have tried to reciprocate, Mr. Prime Minister, by showing the
Italian people how much we value them as our friends. This was the spirit
behind the Marshall plan, and it was demonstrated again last May when an
earthquake struck in northern Italy, in Friuli. The response of the American
people, our Congress, the executive branch, was immediate. Legislation was
enacted in record time, and Senator Pastore was one of the initial authors of
uished Italian
that legislation. That contribution has been helpful in the construction or
reconstruction of schools and hospitals in that part of Italy. It has helped to
rebuild the lives and the homes of those people who were unfortunately the
onor and rare
victims of that earthquake.
t we are once
Mr. Prime Minister, present conditions pose a very severe challenge to the
an leader, our
industrial democracies of the West, many of which have suffered from reces-
olize the very
sion, unemployment, inflation, and the abrupt and steep rise in energy costs.
2853
[1024]
Public Papers of the Presidents
December 6
As we noted this morning, Mr. Prime Minister, this is particularly a chal-
lenging time for Italy. But your government reacted vigorously and your gov-
ernment acted resolutely. I and, I believe, most Americans are tremendously
impressed by your efforts and your successes. Under your continuing strong
leadership I am confident that Italy can return to a balanced growth and eco-
nomic vitality. This is important to Italy, but it is equally important to Amer-
ica-in part because of the vital interests we share as industrial democracies.
The American people have made clear their commitment to democracy and
democratic methods. I am equally convinced that Italy will maintain its very
strong commitment to the common goals that we share as partners in the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization-a secure peace, democratic freedom, and
economic well-being for all of our people.
Mr. Prime Minister, I know that you are an admirer of the great Roman
statesman, Cicero-his words, and I quote, "When good men of like character
are joined in friendship, there we find the noblest and the strongest union."
In the discussions that we had this morning following your coming to the
White House, we had an opportunity to reinforce my conviction that his words
aptly describe the relationship between our two people.
It is with pleasure and a great deal of confidence, Mr. Prime Minister, that
I express the continued best wishes of the American people as well as the con-
tinued full support of the United States of America, our Government, for your
Government and the policies that it is following.
Ladies and gentlemen, I ask you to join me in a toast to the Prime Minister
of Italy, to the enduring friendship between our two countries, and to our
mutual commitment to peace, freedom, and progress for all mankind.
NOTE: The President spoke at 8:20 p.m. in the
ladian inspiration in your Nation's Capital. There
State Dining Room at the White House.
the presence of millions of individuals who are
The Prime Minister spoke in Italian. His remarks
were translated as follows:
Mr. President, first of all, I am particularly
grateful to you for having organized this gathering
of so many prominent American personalities
among whom I see so many connected with my
country by origin and by spiritual affinity. It is a
delightful crowning of the first part of my work-
ing visit to Washington. And this bears witness
once more to the fact that the ties between our
two countries are not represented only by political
and economic interests and in general by collective
interests, they are to be found in the ever more
numerous individual and private contacts at all
levels and in all sectors.
Your country offers us familiar images and
echoes. We can see the classical aspects of pal-
2854
December 6
December 6
Gerald R. Ford, 1976
[1024]
ing from Italy to participate on an equal footing
guidelines of our foreign policy must therefore be
ticularly a chal-
in the construction of your great democracy.
viewed as an indication of the growing popular
and your gov-
One of the Americans of Italian extraction who
consensus on the national goals and interests.
has succeeded in obtaining a position of promi-
Italy's foreign policy has not suffered from the
e tremendously
nence in this country is John Volpe, Ambassador
adverse effects of cconomic crisis or of the political
ntinuing strong
of the United States [to Italy], who is with us.
difficulties. It does show unwavering continuity and
In thanking him for the constant and passionate
total adherence to its commitment. We are deter-
rowth and eco-
contribution he has given to the cause of friend-
mined, Mr. President, to enforce our friendly re-
ortant to Amer-
ship and solidarity between our two countries, I
lations with all pcoples, to seek wider and far-
wish to pay a well-deserved tribute to the whole
reaching avenues of agreement with the developing
democracies.
Italian-American community.
countries, to contribute actively to détente with
democracy and
Italy is at present going through one of the
the East.
most challenging periods of her recent history.
I wish to emphasize that all these goals stem
aintain its very
The international economic crisis has hit our coun-
from a steady political platform, namely our par-
try at a time when it was attempting to correct
ticipation in the process of European integration
partners in the
some of the most serious imbalances, typical of
and our membership in the Inter-Atlantic Alliance.
c freedom, and
an accelerated expansion, between the different
These two goals are in no way contradictory, for
social strata and the different regions in order to
the European identity is not defined in opposition
meet the expectations of a society which wants to
to the United States, but rather as an additional
e great Roman
be more just and better balanced. Obviously, the
factor to the solidarity which binds us.
crisis has exacerbated those contradictions which
Mr. President, the problems before the Italian
like character
the dynamics of development had hidden or at
Government today have a dimension that goes
ongest union."
least attenuated, putting them now in sharper
beyond the boundaries of our country and, there-
focus and making them, let's face it, more dramatic.
fore, cannot be solved purely on a national basis.
coming to the
The Italian people as a whole have responded
We are convinced, however, that an adequate solu-
that his words
to these events with a deep sense of responsibility.
tion to these problems must be found first of all
The majority of the political parties, the trade
in the will and the ability for recovery that Italy
unions and employer's organizations are aware of
has always shown throughout her history. We
Minister, that
the seriousness of the situation, and they know
are deeply aware that it is first and foremost
that in order to surmount our difficulties, sacrifices
through our sacrifices that we will recover. What
vell as the con-
are required of all of the Italians. This common
we ask of our friends is that they trust us as we
will to overcome the crisis. this pervasive convic-
trust them and that they believe in our commitment
ment, for your
tion that without a collective effort the country
and in our determination.
will not be able to get back on its feet, sustain the
Mr. President, allow me, please, to conclude on
Prime Minister
minority government which I lead and encourage
a personal note. This visit of mine takes place at
it to move with determination in the complex
a time when your administration, which has been
es, and to our
political, economic, and social climate of the
marked by a strengthening of the cooperation
country.
among Western countries, is drawing to a close.
nkind.
If in these difficult hours we Italians succeed
Your tenure has confirmed the continuity of a
on's Capital. There
in stressing what binds us rather than what di-
strong and positive relationship based upon mutual
adividuals who are
vides us, I am convinced that we will be able to
friendship and trust between the United States and
Italy. We Italians have consistently found in you,
still deeply attached
recover and resume our economic and social
Mr. President, a sincere friend. We know that we
presence makes our
progress.
can continue to rely on your friendship and under-
d creative. It ranges
Turning our attention to foreign policy, we be-
standing.
thousands to the
come aware that there has been an increased ac-
It is with this conviction that I raise my glass
field of politics,
ceptance of the major objectives which Italy pur-
to make a toast to your personal happiness, to that
business, music,
sues on the international scene. In our country there
of Mrs. Ford and of all of your family, to the
are no longer reservations about Italian participation
prosperity of your great country, and to the pro-
to this other Italy
in the European and Atlantic communities. The
found friendship between the United States and
and it is natural
support which is now publicly expressed on the
Italy.
of our navigators,
velopment and ex-
ries of the Western
fiate to recall dur-
entennial of your
the strongest tie
epresented by this
cd throughout the
the people com-
2855
Mexion
[304] Sept. 27
Public Papers of the Presidents
304
Remarks on Arrival in Rome, Italy.
September 27, 1970
Mr. President, Your Excellencies, ladies
heritage, and as we share that common
and gentlemen:
heritage of the past, we are proud to work
It is a very great honor for me, Mr.
with you in seeing that that heritage of
President, personally to be welcomed
freedom for our children will be preserved
again to Rome, and you very appro-
in the future.
priately have pointed out that to begin
Thank you.
our trip to Europe in Rome is certainly a
NOTE: The President spoke at 9:20 p.m. in the
proper step to take, because as we come to
Salone Delle Feste in the Quirinale Palace in
Rome on this occasion we have an oppor-
response to the welcoming remarks of President
tunity to renew discussions with you and
Giuseppe Saragat.
President Saragat spoke in Italian. A trans-
members of your Government and to con-
lation of his remarks which was posted for the
tinue the cooperation and the friendship
press follows:
that has characterized the relations be-
Mr. President:
tween our two countries for so many years.
I am glad to express to you, to Mrs. Nixon,
I shall have the opportunity, too, to
and to the members of your suite the warmest
renew discussions with Pope Paul on in-
welcome on behalf of the Italian Government
ternational matters of common interest,
and people and on my own behalf.
We greet you today not only as the President
and I shall have the opportunity to visit
of the United States of America-a great coun-
the American 6th Fleet and our NATO
try which is intimately linked to us by ties of
commanders as well, yours and ours, and
blood, of history, of common civilization, and
to discuss there one of the primary indis-
of alliance-but also as a statesman engaged in
pensable principles of American foreign
the maintenance of peace and in its defense.
The fact that you have decided to start your
policy. And that principle is to maintain
journey in Europe from Rome and Italy is not
the necessary strength in the Mediter-
without significance for us.
ranean to preserve the peace against those
Because of her central position and her role
who might threaten the peace.
in the Mediterranean, Italy is in fact vitally
The Mediterranean is the cradle of
interested in seeing that stability, security, and
peace prevail on the shores of this sea.
many great civilizations of the past, and
I am deeply convinced that the exchanges of
we are determined that it shall not be the
views which you are about to have with us will
starting place of great wars in the future.
contribute to render our collaboration even
Italy which has the longest coastline of
more harmonious and effective-and this in
any nation in the Mediterranean, has,
order to explore all the avenues leading to the
attainment of the objectives which should guar-
understandably, a tremendous stake in
antee the peaceful development of the Mediter-
peace in the Mediterranean.
ranean peoples.
The great Italian patriot, Garibaldi, in
Your visit is also further evidence of the
writing to Abraham Lincoln in 1863,
cordial friendship existing between our two
identified himself among the free children
countries and of the common will to strengthen
of Columbus. Mr. President, we in Amer-
and develop it.
ica are proud to share that common
772
[307] Sept. 28
Public Papers of the Presidents
307
Toasts of the President and President Giuseppe Saragat
of Italy at a Luncheon in Rome.
September
28,
1970
Mr. President, and Your Excellencies:
I recall words that electrified the world
It is a very great honor for Mrs. Nixon
several years ago, in fact many years ago.
and me to be received in this historic house
Those words were, "The Italian navigator
and also to have the opportunity to visit
has landed in the new world." When we
Italy again.
hear that, we might think that the words
As I respond to your remarks, Mr.
that I have just quoted were spoken at
President, I want to say again what I said
the time that Christopher Columbus
in our private meetings, both with you
landed in the New World three and a half
yesterday and with the Prime Minister
centuries ago. They could have been
[Emilio Colombo] and members of the
spoken then. But the words that I have
Government today. I find that whether
just referred to were spoken three decades
the issue is European security, the prob-
ago in a telephone call from Chicago to
lems of Europe, whether the issue in-
Boston, and they referred to another Ital-
volved is the Mediterranean or the
ian navigator, Enrico Fermi, the man who
problems of the Mideast, that in areas
headed the development of the first con-
generally throughout the world, we find
trolled use of nuclear power. A man also
that our views in the United States are
who had been born in Italy but whom we
very close to yours. It is very important
proudly claimed then as a resident and
that this be the case.
citizen of the United States.
We appreciate your references to our
As we think of those two events so far
Mideast peace initiative. However, it is
apart in time, we think of what we owe in
important to point out that that initiative
the New World to Italy. We think of what
will not succeed unless we look at it in a
we owe in the whole world to those great
broader context. We must remember that
Italians, whether they be navigators, scien-
the issue in the Mideast is not simply one
tists, political leaders.
between the two or three countries im-
On this occasion, I particularly want to
mediately involved. The issue is much
pay tribute to you, Mr. President, who
broader. It involves the Mediterranean.
have spoken for so many years, so elo-
And when we speak of the Mediterranean,
quently and, it seems to me, so correctly on
we naturally must speak also of Italy and
the great issues which confront the world.
primarily of Italy, the major country with
I have been impressed on this visit, as I
the longest coastline on the Mediterra-
have been on others, by the fact that when
nean. A sound, strong, independent Italy
I have met Italian political leaders,
is essential to any long term peace in the
whether it is you, Mr. President, the Prime
Mediterranean-peace with the freedom
Minister, the Foreign Minister [Aldo
and justice to which you so eloquently
Moro], whenever I talk to them, their
referred.
views are not parochial. They are not
As I stand here to respond to your re-
limited to Italy. They are not only in-
marks, I naturally think of the longtime
volving those immediate problems that we
association of our countries, of those his-
may have between the United States and
torical heritages that we share together.
Italy. But they are European. In fact, they
776
Richard Nixon, 1970
Sept. 28 [307]
Saragat
are international and cosmopolitan. That
NOTE: The exchange of toasts began at 2:07
is one of the reasons why a visit to this
p.m. in the Quirinale Towers, Quirinale Palace.
President Saragat spoke in Italian. A trans-
1970
country, a chance to talk to its leaders, is
lation of his remarks, which preceded those of
one which means so much to me with the
the President, follows:
ctrified the world
responsibilities that I have not only to my
many
years
ago.
Mr. President:
Italian
own country but also in the whole inter-
navigator
I am particularly glad to greet you once
vorld."
When
national community.
again, Italy's welcome guest, as the supreme
we
The first man who visited from the
representative of a great country which is our
that
the
words
were spoken at
United States while he was President was
friend and ally.
opher Columbus
Woodrow Wilson, and that visit occurred,
We have not forgotten how much was done
by the United States of America to liberate
three and a half
some of you may remember, 51 years ago
Europe and help her rise again from the ruins
have
been
at the conclusion of World War I. On that
of World War II. We are also aware of how
that
I
have
occasion, when speaking from Rome, he
much the United States is still doing by co-
decades
referred eloquently to what he thought
operating with us in a defense pact to guarantee
three
from Chicago to
was a new international psychology. What
security, détente, and peace on our continent.
You have come to Rome at a time when the
to
another
Ital-
had previously been thought to be theoret-
situation in the Middle East is causing grave
the man who
ical and idealistic had then become prac-
concern. Your presence amongst us shows that
of the first con-
tical and necessary. Woodrow Wilson,
the United States fully appreciates the impor-
A
man
also
unfortunately, spoke before his time.
tance of the Mediterranean and the seriousness
but whom we
But now, 5° years later, we know that it
of the present crisis.
In one of your speeches which made a strong
a
resident
and
does become necessary, and we must make
impact throughout the world, you stated that
it practical, that this New World which
our era should not be one of armed confronta-
two
events
SO
far
the Italian navigator of the 20th century
tion but one of negotiation. We share that view
of what we owe in
helped to bring into being will be a world
and, therefore, welcomed, as an event of major
We think of what
which will be used for the progress of man
political significance, the presentation of the
Rogers peace plan by the United States and its
to those great
rather than his destruction.
acceptance by the parties concerned.
navigators, scien-
For that reason, on this occasion we
Of course, we have feared and still do fear
speak with more feeling than usual of the
that recent events may adversely affect the out-
rticularly
to
absolute necessity for the United States to
come of long and patient diplomatic prepara-
want
President, who
work together with your Government and
tions for a peaceful solution to the crisis.
You know, Mr. President, that Italy's actions
years, so elo-
with the governments of all free nations to
are aimed to support and strengthen each and
so correctly on
see that we maintain the strength that will
every effort made to arrive at a fair solution of
onfront
the
world.
make possible the substitution of an era of
the Arab-Israeli conflict as an indispensable
on this visit, as I
negotiation for one of confrontation, be-
prerequisite to achieving political stability in
the fact that when
cause with that strength negotiation will
the Middle East.
We therefore welcomed the initiatives taken
political leaders,
be possible, without that strength nego-
by the United States to contain the crisis and
esident, the Prime
tiation will not be considered to be neces-
channel it towards negotiations which would
Minister [Aldo
sary.
prevent it from degenerating into a broader
to them, their
So with those sentiments, Mr. President,
and more dangerous conflict.
may I ask that all of your guests rise and,
The main objectives to be attained in the
They are not
Middle East today are beyond all doubt, on the
are not only in-
with me, raise their glasses to the President
one hand, the respect by all of clearly recog-
problems that we
of Italy.
nized frontiers and guarantees for the territorial
United States and
To the President of Italy.
inviolability and political independence of the
In fact, they
777
[307] Sept. 28
Public Papers of the Presidents
countries in the region and, on the other hand,
As I have said, Italy is making its con-
a breakthrough towards a rapid, comprehensive,
tribution to this, and Europe will do likewise-
and definitive solution of the problem of the
the Europe we are building, of which we have
Palestinian refugees.
spoken and will speak again, and which we
One reason to hope, in a situation so
trust will be united, outward looking, and in-
fraught with danger, lies in the fact that
strumental to progress and peace.
hostilities between Arabs and Israelis have
Mr. President, we know that since European
not been resumed as yet. This positive factor
integration began the movement towards unity
should make it possible to reactivate the inter-
among the peoples of our continent has been
rupted negotiations and give a new impetus to
viewed with favor and with clear political far-
Ambassador Jarring's peace mission. We be-
sightedness by your great country. We believe
lieve that it is the right path to follow, though
that this Europe of ours which is still in the
we are aware of the obstacles and difficulties
making can count today, as before, on the sup-
which lie ahead.
port of the United States of America, and we
Mr. President, we are certain of your deter-
are fully aware that our task is to quicken our
mination to serve the cause of peace, and we are
step so that before very long a new political
grateful to you for it. We want to assure you
entity, equal to its economic potential, may be
that we on our own part will spare no effort
better able to carry out its effective and friendly
to promote, by our assiduous action, and in
mission as a steadying and peacemaking
every possible way, the achievement of those
element.
vital objectives-justice and peace.
With these sentiments, Mr. President, I wish
It seems to us that it is necessary today to
you every success in your work of government
pick up the threads of the patient work of diplo-
and your high mission. It is with wishes of peace
macy which has already been done, in order
that I raise my glass and invite all to drink a
that a serious and constructive dialogue may
toast to the friendship between our two coun-
begin at last for the implementation of the
tries, to the good fortunes of the United States
Security Council resolution of the 22d of
of America, and to the happiness of Mrs. Nixon
November 1967.
as well as your own.
308 Remarks Following Meeting With Pope Paul VI
in the Vatican. September 28, 1970
Your Holiness:
which moves nations and moves men.
I want to express my deep personal
I think that it is only appropriate to say
appreciation and the appreciation also of
that the conversations that we have had
the members of our party and of all of the
on several occasions-in 1963, 1967, 1969,
American people for the words you have
and now today-have covered the whole
just spoken, and for the very generous
range of world problems.
reception you have provided for us.
Your Holiness has expressed again your
Tonight after I leave the Vatican, I
interest, which we also share, of working
will be flying to sea and there I shall see
for peace among all nations, and we par-
the mightiest military force which exists
ticularly appreciate the fact that you have
in the world on any ocean.
noted the initiative that we have taken in
Today, here in this room, we have had
the Mideast for peace in that troubled
the opportunity to hear expressed a: dif-
area.
ferent kind of power-the spiritual power
You also have expressed your con-
778
[341]
Oct.
7
Public Papers of the Presidents
On October 2, 1972, the White House re-
D. Ehrlichman, Assistant to the President for
leased the transcript of a news briefing on the
Domestic Affairs, and Caspar W. Weinberger,
proposed ceiling on Federal spending by John
Director, Office of Management and Budget.
342
Remarks at a Columbus Day Dinner.
October 8, 1972
Mr. Secretary, all of the distinguished
work-in the Boy Scouts of America, in
guests at the head table, and all of the dis-
the Catholic Youth Organization, and I
tinguished guests on this occasion here in
think perhaps even more than this award,
Washington:
he will be proud all of his life that he has
I consider it a very great privilege to
done SO much for youth that a park for
come in to your dinner right at the dessert
youth has been named for him in Chicago,
course and to participate in it in a way
Fosco Park.
that I think not only honors the man we
Tonight you honor him because he is
are going to honor, but honors the office
one of the millions of Americans of Italian
of the President of the United States.
background who have succeeded-suc-
An award is being made tonight, I
ceeded here in this country in his chosen
understand, for the first time by this orga-
profession. Let me say that I could refer
nization. It is Amerito's Outstanding Citi-
to him tonight as an Italian, but taking a
zen Award. All of you know to whom that
cue from the name of this organization,
award is going to be made. He is sitting
all of you in this room are rightly proud of
here at this head table, along with his
your Italian background, but all of you
wife, and so, consequently, it will be no
in this room are also very proud that you
surprise when I read the citation. I will
are Americans.
speak briefly about him. He will respond
So now I read the words from the
as he receives the award, and then I will
award:
have the opportunity to speak to you
"This award is proudly presented to an
briefly about the general subject that
outstanding American who has brought
brings you all here together on this occa-
honor to his Italian heritage, to Peter
sion, and annually.
Fosco, the General President of the La-
But first about Peter Fosco. You can
borers International Union of North
honor him tonight as one of the great
America, in recognition of his many years
leaders of American labor-500,000 men
of devotion to the interests and advance-
and women are members of his organiza-
ment of the members of his organization
tion. You can honor him tonight as one
and the working men and women of
of the great civic leaders of this country.
America.
He is one who participates in the Knights
This plaque is tendered with deep ap-
of Columbus and all of its civic activities,
preciation and gratitude for his many
as Mr. McDevitt 1 will tell you. He is one
years of silent, unselfish and untiring
also who is active in all kinds of youth
service.
From Antonio M. Martinelli, the Pres-
1 John W. McDevitt was Supreme Knight of
ident of Amerito."
the Knights of Columbus.
968
Richard Nixon, 1972
Oct.
8
[342]
to the President for
[Following the presentation of the award and
much in the world, sent people to Italy.
Caspar W. Weinberger,
Mr. Fosco's response, the President resumed
Management and Budget.
speaking.]
They recruited Italians to come to join.
the Marines, and the Marine Band came
Now, ladies and gentlemen, if I may
from Italy. Now, if any of you think that
take just a little of your time to pay my
that story is apocryphal just for this occa-
own special tribute to the organizations
sion, I can tell you something that I know
that are represented here, and also to the
has been checked historically, as has that
Scouts of America, in
day that will be celebrated all day tomor-
story, and that is that over one-half of all
Organization, and I
row, Columbus Day. May I speak of what
of the leaders of this distinguished band,
more than this award,
that day means to America. May I speak
which is called the President's Band-it
of his life that he has
also of what the Italian heritage means to
is the one that always plays in the White
youth that a park for
America.
House-over one-half of them, over 180
for him in Chicago,
In speaking to you on this occasion, I,
years, have been men of Italian back-
of course, could mention a number of
ground. So it is the President's Band.
him because he is
areas in which people of Italian back-
While I will not have the opportunity
Americans of Italian
ground have contributed to the greatness
to hear Connie Francis 2 tonight, she has
have succeeded-suc-
of this country. For example, in the field
been honored and has honored the White
country in his chosen
of government, the man on my right, Sec-
House by singing there.
say that I could refer
retary Volpe. There are others. We have
But when we describe professions, the
Italian, but taking a
honored one of the top labor leaders
profession of politics, labor leaders, busi-
of this organization,
of America, he, of course, of Italian
ness, music, and the like, we could, of
are rightly proud of
background.
course, describe various groups who have
round, but all of you
But whatever area you pick, whether in
contributed to the greatness of America.
very proud that you
the area of business or politics or labor,
Let me indicate to you some other factors
you will find that those of Italian back-
that I think more closely touch the sub-
the words from the
ground have made their way to the top,
ject in which we are all interested to-
and they are justly honored. It seemed to
night, what those of Italian background
roudly presented to an
me quite appropriate that your program
have contributed to this country over the
who has brought
last year was at the Kennedy Center and
years.
heritage, to Peter
that opera stars from all over the world
When we honor Peter Fosco, we see one
President of the La-
were brought there, because everyone
of those factors very clearly, and that is,
Union of North
knows not only of the Italian contribu-
putting it quite bluntly, hard work.
of his many years
tion to America but to the world, in the
Italian immigrants came to this country
nterests and advance-
field of music.
by the hundreds of thousands, and then
of his organization
John Volpe suggested that perhaps
by the millions. They came here not ask-
and women of
some of you in this great audience might
ing for something, asking only for the
not know that that band that you have
opportunity to work. They have worked
ndered with deep ap-
heard tonight. is also one that we owe to
and they have built.
titude for his many
our Italian background. When Thomas
I think it can truly be said that they,
selfish and untiring
Jefferson was first trying to get an appro-
along with many other groups who have
priate band for the White House, he
come from all over the world to America,
Martinelli, the Pres-
found that there were not enough good
musicians in the then new Capital of the
2 Popular recording artist who presented a
United States, and so he, who had traveled
program of songs later in the evening.
969
[342]
Oct.
8
Public Papers of the Presidents
have helped to build this country. They
As we think of that particular fact, I
are the builders of America, and, con-
would like to put it in terms of what we
sequently, we owe a debt to this group
really owe to so many groups who have
for what they have done in building
come to America from abroad and have
America, for what they have done in
added character and strength and fiber
teaching us all that the dignity of work
to this country's idealism, to the love of
is what made this country what it is and
country which sustains us through dif-
that we must always respect the dignity of
ficult times and other times as well.
work and the dignity of those who lead
Speaking of American labor, for ex-
the workers of America, as does Peter
ample, of which Mr. Fosco is proud to be
Fosco so well.
one of the major leaders, I recall a time
There is a second feature which is
in 1947 which Ambassador Ortona 3 will
represented by this head table tonight.
recall, and some of the rest of you here
Those of Italian background bring with
may recall. I was a freshman Congress-
them a very deep religious faith. We in
man then. I was visiting Italy immediately
America have varying religious back-
after the war, studying, along with other
grounds, but the day when America loses
Congressmen, a bipartisan group, what
its religious faith, this will cease to be a
we could do to assist that country to get
great country. Those of Italian back-
back on its feet.
ground, with their deep religious faith,
An election was coming up. It was an
have helped to sustain the strength of
election in which many felt that the Com-
America, the moral strength, which is
munist Party in Italy might succeed. But
more important than all the military
they did not reckon first with the Italian
strength and the economic strength in the
people and their love of freedom and their
world. For that religious faith which is
antagonism toward any kind of govern-
represented here in so many different
ment that would impose a dictatorship
ways-by the Knights of Columbus and
upon them, but they also did not reckon
by other organizations-we are, of course,
with another factor.
in the debt of those of Italian background
Naturally, the Government of the
as well as other groups who have come to
United States cannot and did not inter-
this country.
fere in an election in another country, but
There is another factor that this eve-
the people of the United States of Italian
ning reminds us of. Those of Italian back-
background wrote letters by the hundreds
ground have a deep love of family. I think
of thousands to their relatives in Italy,
tonight that Peter Fosco, as we honor him,
and that may have made the difference
would want us all to honor his wife, Mrs.
in that election.
Fosco. But most important of all is the
I should also say that I know what
fact that those of Italian background,
American labor did not only then but in
along with so many other immigrant
supporting free labor in Europe and Latin
groups who have come to this country,
America and all over the world. We know
are proud of where they came from, where
their parents or grandparents came from,
8 Egidio Ortona was Italian Ambassador to
but they are prouder still to be Americans.
the United States.
97°
Richard Nixon, 1973
Apr. 17 [124]
time to mobilize
cil of Economic Advisers; William P. Clements,
agement and Disposal, General Services
defense effort
Jr., Deputy Secretary of Defense; and Thomas
Administration.
thout placing an
M. Thawley, Commissioner of Property Man-
economy or the
Administration
124 Remarks of Welcome to Prime Minister Giulio
approximately
Andreotti of Italy. April 17, 1973
tockpile material,
Mr. Prime Minister and ladies and
mounts of zinc,
but will also contribute to prosperity, a
gentlemen:
wever, to dispose
better life for the people of Italy and the
in
There are many reasons why we are
unneces-
people of America, the people of the
very honored to welcome the Prime Min-
authorization
is
world, I realize how much our talks can
ister to Washington on this occasion. One
contribute to those goals.
each commodity
of them is that we think of the great debt
As we meet during these 2 days, I am
legislation,
that we in America owe to Italy and par-
sure it will some day be recorded that
ticularly to those of Italian descent. We
e-consuming and
Italy and the United States on this OC-
think of the debt we owe in the field of
on it, the au-
casion, not only renewed an old friend-
recommending
art, music, religion, but most of all, in
ship and reasserted it, but we began the
form of a single
terms just of people, the millions of peo-
structure of a new relationship, not only
ple who are proud of their Italian back-
stockpile com-
between the United States and Italy but
vidual authoriza-
ground, but who are also proud to be
between the United States and the new
Americans.
dities.
Europe, a new relationship which can
they fully pro-
We have, of course, an example of what
bring a better life to all of our people on
ecurity and eco-
those of Italian background have con-
both sides of the Atlantic.
of an emer-
tributed to our Nation in our Ambassador
So, Mr. Prime Minister, for these and
guidelines also
to Italy-businessman, Governor, Cab-
many other reasons, as you come here to
and thrift.
inet officer, now Ambassador-this indi-
the White House, you receive not only a
permit us to sell
cates how in field after field those of
warm welcome here, but every place you
Italian background have enriched Amer-
needed stockpile
go in America, the hearts of America will
ica, have added to our leadership, and
years.
go out to you and the people you
prompt and
have helped to make us a great people
represent.
stockpile legisla-
and a great country.
Mr. Prime Minister, we are also hon-
NOTE: The President spoke at 10:15 a.m. on
doing so, the
the South Lawn of the White House where
its willingness
ored to welcome you because of your
Prime Minister Andreotti was given a formal
with the
position of leadership, strong leadership,
welcome with full military honors.
that is in the
of one of America's strongest friends and
See also Item 126.
best allies in the world. We have stood
The Prime Minister responded in Italian.
together since the end of World War II.
His remarks were translated by an interpreter
as follows:
NIXON
We shall stand together in peace in the
Mr. President:
years ahead, and as I think of the subjects
I am very grateful for the warm welcome
that we will be discussing today, the sub-
which you just gave me and for the repeated
White House re-
jects of security, of trade, areas that will
invitation which you sent me to come to the
anscript of a news
contribute to peace, not only in Europe
United States.
disposal legis-
of the Coun-
and the Mediterranean but in the world,
I share with you this deep sense of connec-
tion and of ties which we have between our
297
[124] Apr. 17
Public Papers of the Presidents
two countries, and I must say that these feel-
Europe, we felt that your political commitment
ings were strengthened when we received in
was being met in a faithful manner.
Rome the new American Ambassador a few
For 25 years now the United States and
weeks ago. That was really an historic moment
Europe have defended the peace against the
for us, and it was a kind of moral victory for
war, against new wars, and they have thus
those millions of Italians who came to America
laid the foundations for a world of détente.
for more than one century to find a job here.
Your great prestige, Mr. President, has con-
Most of them found this job, and thus they
tributed greatly to this fact, and the great
contributed to the development of this second
prestige which you have, not only in Western
homeland. Others were less successful, and we
countries but also many Socialist countries,
were thinking especially of these latter Italians
is not in contradiction with the Atlantic secur-
and Italo-Americans when we received with
ity policy. On the contrary, this is the logical
great joy your new Ambassador, John Volpe,
development of this policy towards peace in
in Rome.
the whole world.
Mr. President, when you were reelected a
Today we are confronted by new problems
few months ago for a second term with a
as you mentioned, and we are going to discuss
great number of votes, we rejoiced on the
these problems during these 2 days. But these
other side of the Atlantic for your reelection.
problems should be seen in this prospect: We
We are very much convinced by what one of
want to create a great era in the world, an
your closest collaborators once said, that is to
era of peace and prosperity where the peoples
say, that the union between the United States
of Europe and of the United States may raise
and Europe is the cornerstone of the peace
even more their quality of life and not against
structure in the world. And when you dedicated
the rest of the world, but as pioneers of a uni-
this year as the year of peace and the year of
versal and integral democracy.
I25 Remarks Announcing Procedures and Developments
in Connection With the Watergate Investigations.
April 17, 1973
Ladies and gentlemen:
I believe now an agreement has been
I have two announcements to make. Be-
reached which is satisfactory to both sides.
cause of their technical nature, I shall
The committee ground rules as adopted
read both of the announcements to the
totally preserve the doctrine of separation
members of the press corps.
of powers. They provide that the appear-
The first announcement relates to the
ance by a witness may, in the first instance,
appearance of White House people be-
be in executive session, if appropriate.
fore the Senate Select Committee, better
Second, executive privilege is expressly
known as the Ervin committee.
reserved and may be asserted during the
For several weeks, Senator Ervin and
course of the questioning as to any ques-
Senator Baker and their counsel have been
tion.
in contact with White House representa-
Now, much has been made of the issue
tives John Ehrlichman and Leonard Gar-
as to whether the proceedings could be
ment. They have been talking about
televised. To me, this has never been a
ground rules which would preserve the
central issue, especially if the separation
separation of powers without suppressing
of powers problem is otherwise solved, as
the facts.
I now think it is.
298
Richard Nixon, 1973
Apr. 17 [126]
political commitment
All members of the White House Staff
progress has been made in finding the
manner.
will appear voluntarily when requested by
truth.
United States and
the committee. They will testify under
the peace against the
If any person in the executive branch or
and they have thus
oath, and they will answer fully all proper
in the Government is indicted by the
a world of détente.
questions.
grand jury, my policy will be to imme-
President, has con-
I should point out that this arrange-
diately suspend him. If he is convicted,
fact, and the great
ment is one that covers this hearing only
not only in Western
he will, of course, be automatically dis-
in which wrongdoing has been charged.
Socialist countries,
charged.
the Atlantic secur-
This kind of arrangement, of course,
I have expressed to the appropriate au-
this is the logical
would not apply to other hearings. Each
thorities my view that no individual hold-
towards peace in
of them will be considered on its merits.
ing, in the past or at present, a position of
My second announcement concerns the
major importance in the Administration
by new problems
Watergate case directly.
are going to discuss
should be given immunity from prosecu-
On March 21, as a result of serious
2 days. But these
tion.
in this prospect: We
charges which came to my attention, some
The judicial process is moving ahead as
in the world, an
of which were publicly reported, I began
where the peoples
intensive new inquiries into this whole
it should, and I shall aid it in all appro-
priate ways and have so informed the
States may raise
matter.
life and not against
appropriate authorities.
as pioneers of a uni-
Last Sunday afternoon, the Attorney
As I have said before and I have said
General, Assistant Attorney General
throughout this entire matter, all Govern-
Petersen, and I met at length in the EOB
ment employees and especially White
to review the facts which had come to me
House Staff employees are expected fully
elopments
in my investigation and also to review the
to cooperate in this matter. I condemn
gations.
progress of the Department of Justice
investigation.
any attempts to cover up in this case, no
matter who is involved.
I can report today that there have been
Thank you.
reement
has
been
major developments in the case concern-
to
sides.
ing which it would be improper to be
NOTE: The President made the announcements
both
rules as adopted
more specific now, except to say that real
at 4:42 p.m. in the Briefing Room at the White
House.
of separation
that the appear-
the first instance,
126 Toasts of the President and Prime Minister Andreotti
if
appropriate.
of Italy. April 17, 1973
is
expressly
serted
Mr. Prime Minister and Mrs. Andreotti,
during
the
labor leader of this country, a United
Mr. Vice President and Mrs. Agnew, and
as
to
any
ques-
States Congressman, Silvio Conte, a Sen-
all of our distinguished guests:
ator by the name of Pastore, and another
made
Mr. Prime Minister, it is my privilege to
of
the
issue
by the name of Domenici, and an Ambas-
tell you something about this audience
edings
could
be
sador to the United Nations by the name
here in the State Dining Room and their
never
been
of Scali-only coincidental-and that the
a
if
the
presence in honoring you. It is only co-
separation
red wine we had tonight is Louis Martini
incidental that included in the audience
erwise
solved,
from California.
as
are people like Mayor Rizzo from the city
I am simply trying to say, Mr. Prime
of Philadelphia, Mr. Peter Fosco, a major
Minister, that in America, as you know so
299
[126] Apr. 17
Public Papers of the Presidents
well, we are very grateful for the contri-
people, and the free world needs at this
bution that has been made to this Nation
time.
by the sons and daughters of Italian
And for that reason, and many others,
background. We would like to have all of
I know all of you will want to join me in
them here tonight to honor you, but the
a toast to Prime Minister Andreotti and
room will not seat 10 million.
Mrs. Andreotti.
And now to those who are here, I would
To the Prime Minister. Salute.
like to present the Prime Minister. When
NOTE: The President spoke at 9:49 p.m. in
I was a freshman Congressman in 1947,
the State Dining Room at the White House.
I took my first trip to Europe. I spent 3
The President met with Prime Minister An-
weeks in Italy, studying the needs of Italy
dreotti at the White House on April 17 and 18.
for reconstruction, which eventually
See also Item 124.
ended in the Marshall Plan. I met many
The Prime Minister responded to the Presi-
dent's toast in Italian. His remarks were trans-
outstanding leaders on that trip, but I
lated by an interpreter as follows:
was fortunate to meet and know one of
Mr. President:
the giants.
I wish to thank you first of all-to repeat
We think back to that period, 27 years
my warm thanks to you and to Mrs. Nixon for
ago: Churchill, Eisenhower, Adenauer,
your very kind hospitality and reception, and
de Gaulle. But a name not forgotten by
I would like to continue in what you just said,
any who knew him, but perhaps not well
and to the figure of De Gasperi whom you just
remembered by people who did not live
remembered, by saying that De Gasperi taught
us two things: First, there are no problems of
through that period, one of the true giants
one nation, there are only problems of the en-
of the post-war period, one of the men
tire world. And secondly, he taught us that
who helped to build the free Atlantic
one should never be afraid of things even when
community that we presently enjoy, was
something is very difficult, and in fact, he was
Alcide De Gasperi.¹
not afraid of forming a government without
Communists and without Socialists at a time
I remember how I, as a freshman Con-
when this seemed impossible.
gressman, was impressed by this eloquent,
The third thing which De Gasperi taught us
talking
sincere, intelligent, and very strong man.
was to initiate the creation of a united Europe
about.
and at the same time to maintain the solidarity
andrestli-
And it is interesting to me that the man
whom we honor tonight has written a
and friendship between Europe and the United
Enfore
States.
book about De Gasperi and that many in
I think that in the few words which I would
1973
anthor may
his country and in the world say that
like to say tonight, I may quote a sentence of
in
Prime Minister Andreotti is in the tradi-
Thomas Jefferson, who said in 1801, "Peace,
tion of De Gasperi.
trade, honorable friendship with all, and close
I have talked to him today. I know his
alliances with few."
background. I can only say that our
So this should be our star, the star which
should always guide us and inspire us in our
honored guest is in that great tradition.
policy.
He leads a strong nation and a strong
This morning at the lunch offered by the Sec-
people, and like De Gasperi, he is a strong
retary of State, I said that history teaches us
man, the kind of a man that his nation, his
one thing, that every time that Italy and
Europe went in the same direction as the
United States, things went well for the entire
1 Prime Minister of Italy (1945-53).
world, and the opposite was true when there
300
73
127
46.
Richard Nixon, 1973
Apr. 18 [127]
orld needs at this
was disagreement or a lack of friendship be-
ian." And he told me, "No, I am not Italian
tween Europe or Italy and the United States.
but I was born in Rome."
And this should inspire us; this should serve
Mr. President, I am not going to talk poli-
and many others,
us as inspiration for the future and for our
tics. The political orientations which inspire
want to join me in
political action.
you and which are based on a very moral con-
ter Andreotti and
You invited here tonight, Mr. President, some
ception of public life, however, are something
representatives of those people who do not
for which all free men and the entire world
r. Salute.
lose their Italian characteristics, although be-
should be grateful to you. And in the difficult
ing very deeply American, and who transmit
road which leads us to peace and to a better
ke at 9:49 p.m. in
to their children those which are the best
standard of living for all the humble people
t the White House.
characteristics, which make the healthiest and
in all nations, your leadership is certainly a
Prime Minister An-
best Italians, that is to say, the sentiment of
decisive factor in order to achieve victories in
on April 17 and 18.
family and of work.
this very hard struggle.
These characteristics of Italo-Americans in-
I would like to say two small things. First of
bonded to the Presi-
sure forever a very deep friendship between
all, I would like to present my respects to
remarks were trans-
Italians and Americans, and I might quote as
Mrs. Luce, who was the Ambassador of your
llows:
an example of this, the fact that when Presi-
country in Rome. She was very much re-
dent Lincoln died, the citizens of Rome sent
spected and loved, and she was very good at
to the United States a, stone which had been
st of all-to repeat
understanding our country, and she had much
taken from the tomb of Servius Tullius, one
d to Mrs. Nixon for
affection for Italy. And I must say, this affec-
of the ancient Roman kings, who was the first
and reception, and
tion is still today very largely reciprocated.
king who liberated the poorer classes of Rome
what you just said,
Then, Mr. President, I am very grateful to
and who gave some hope to the humble layers
speri whom you just
you and to Mrs. Nixon for inviting Frank
of the population.
De Gasperi taught
Sinatra. I am going to be able to listen to him
So in the past, the United States was a kind
are no problems of
singing here. This is something which will give
of road to expectations for these Italians. Some
problems of the en-
much prestige to me with my children.
of them had a very brilliant career and life in
he taught us that
And lastly, let me use one symbol which was
the United States. Some others were less suc-
of things even when
offered to me. The prophet Isaiah said you
cessful. But we wish to unite all of them and
and in fact, he was
should change your swords into plows. Now
to remember here their joys, their successes,
overnment without
Secretary Rogers changed swords into harps,
their victories, or their failures.
Socialists at a time
since at lunch I saw an Army sergeant playing
There are so many Italians in every State
le.
the harp. President Nixon changes swords into
of the United States that this morning at lunch
e Gasperi taught us
violins and cellos, because we saw military men
when I met with Mr. Molisani and Astronaut
of a united Europe
playing violins and cellos, so let me hold this
Collins, I told him, "At least you are not Ital-
intain the solidarity
as a symbol for a better future in which we will
ope and the United
have better men and peace.
And in this spirit, Mr. President, may I raise
ords which I would
my glass to your health, to the well being of
1 Howard Molisani was chairman of the
quote a sentence of
Mrs. Nixon, and to the greatness and prosperity
Italian American Labor Council.
d in 1801, "Peace,
of the American people.
with all, and close
ar, the star which
127 Remarks on Transmitting a Special Message to the
a inspire us in our
Congress on Energy Policy.
April 18, 1973
offered by the Sec-
history teaches us
AMERICA's energy demands have grown
This is a serious challenge, but we have
e that Italy and
so rapidly that they now outstrip our en-
the ability to meet it. If our energy re-
direction as the
ergy supplies. As a result, we face the pos-
sources are properly developed, they can
well for the entire
sibility of temporary fuel shortages and
fulfill our energy requirement for cen-
S true when there
some increases in fuel prices in America.
turies to come.
301
Richard Nixon, 1973
May 3 [141]
tion, but would in-
Atlantic unity in defense and security be
regional economic considerations can in-
political dimension.
reconciled with the European Commu-
evitable deadlocks be broken.
ps too uncritically,
nity's increasingly regional economic
We have begun to move toward a com-
would be assured
policies?
prehensive European-American dialogue.
cooperation, by our
We have also faced challenges in re-
An essential first step was the European
and
our
political
defining our relationships with the other
decision on the nature and scope of the
North American member of the Atlantic
relations with the United States. Last
imension. The ad-
Alliance-Canada. Our northern neigh-
October, the leaders of the European
we supported for
bor has been reassessing its position in the
Community met to chart their long-term
created a new di-
world just as we have been establishing a
course. The keynote was sounded by
American relations.
new-view of our own. Frank reappraisals
President Pompidou:
veloped on the prin-
of our respective interests have brought
"Our links with this great country, the
trade. As the Euro-
some new problems to the fore, particu-
world's foremost economic power, with
gressed, however, it
larly in economic relations between the
which eight of our countries are united
rotect its own spe-
two countries. When I visited Ottawa in
within the Atlantic Alliance, are so close
its growing eco-
April 1972, I reaffirmed with Prime Min-
that it would be absurd to conceive of a
other states to
ister Trudeau our common belief that
Europe constructed in opposition to it.
that thriving mar-
mature partners must have autonomous,
But the very closeness of these links re-
persons. The
independent policies and explored with
quires that Europe affirm its individual
closed trading sys-
him how we might work together while
personality with regard to the United
notably in agricul-
respecting Canada's right to ensure its own
States. Western Europe, liberated from
arrangements
identity and to chart its own economic
armies thanks to the essential contribution
was proceeding as
of American soldiers, reconstructed with
course.
suffering an in-
A Comprehensive Approach. We thus
American aid, having looked for its secu-
balance
of
face a new situation. There are elements
rity in alliance with America, having
of economic conflict, and there has been a
hitherto accepted American currency as
netary
policy,
the
lack of direction. Concrete economic is-
the main element of its monetary reserves,
has to a large de-
sues, not abstract principles, must be ad-
must not and cannot sever its links with
with the search
dressed. But if economic issues are con-
the United States. But neither must it re-
toward internal
fronted in isolation, or from purely
frain from affirming its existence as a new
same time, the
technical perspectives, each party will try
reality."
of
its
national
to protect its own narrow commercial in-
This was an invitation to begin the com-
weakness of
terests. The outcome will be a deadlock,
plex process of redefining our basic part-
that progress
with the prospect of constant conflict.
nership, a goal we had set in 1969. Accord-
ability of Europe
The overriding task is to develop a
ingly, on October 27, I strongly endorsed
expeditiously
with
broader political perspective from which
the European Community declaration:
the
international
we can address these economic questions,
"It is, and has always been my own
one that encourages reconciliation of dif-
deeply held view that progress toward a
thus been pursu-
ferences for the sake of larger goals. Each
unified Europe enhances world peace,
but they want
partner will have to subordinate a degree
security, and prosperity.
protection
in
de-
of individual or regional autonomy to the
"It is also of the highest importance that
American
pursuit of common objectives. Only by
the United States and Europe work closely
po-
raises
a
funda-
appealing to interests that transcend
together. For this reason I particularly
the principle of
405
[141] May 3
Public Papers of the Presidents
welcome the Community's declared intent
ism on both sides of the Atlantic. We be-
to maintain a constructive, forthcoming
lieve there should be a gradual reduction
dialogue with us
I wish to reaffirm
in tariffs and other barriers to trade in
our commitment to work with the mem-
both industrial and agricultural products.
bers of the European Community for re-
We believe also that the adverse effects of
form of the international economic system
preferential trading arrangements be-
in a way which will bring about a new
tween Europe and less developed countries
freedom of world trade, new equity in
should be eliminated. Such arrangements
international economic conduct and effec-
should not work against the ability of the
tive solutions to the problems of the devel-
United States or others to compete in
oping world.
European markets or those of the coun-
"These are the objectives with which
tries with which it has special trade
the United States will approach forth-
arrangements.
coming negotiations on monetary and
These, and many broader problems dis-
trade reform. We will be prepared to take
cussed in the chapter on international eco-
bold action with our European partners
nomic policy in this Report, require major
for a more equitable and open world eco-
reforms. The negotiations will be pro-
nomic order."
tracted and difficult. If, however, we can
The stage is now set for comprehensive
confront our economic differences in the
negotiations with our European partners.
same spirit of partnership developed in
In effect, these negotiations began in my
defense, we can reinforce Atlantic unity.
meetings with Prime Minister Heath,
NATO Secretary General Luns, Premier
ALLIANCE DEFENSE
Andreotti, and Chancellor Brandt. They
will continue when I meet with President
In April 1969 the North Atlantic Al-
Pompidou and when I visit Europe later
liance completed its twentieth year. For
this year.
two decades the nations of the Atlantic
The issues we face are not abstract.
community had been united in a formid-
European unity is not at issue. Nor are the
able coalition. No military alliance in
requirements for common internal and
modern times has so successfully main-
external policies which reinforce that
tained the peace. Unity had come natu-
unity. Our aim is to examine concrete
rally in military affairs because the threats
problems that impinge on the specific in-
to Europe were unambiguous, the require-
terests of the United States and to agree
ments to meet them were generally agreed
on a comprehensive way to resolve these
upon, and the basic strategy of nuclear
issues.
retaliation was credible and effective.
Major negotiations will begin next fall
By the mid-1960's, however, it was in-
on international trade. Our basic objec-
creasingly clear that military conditions
tives are to restore the integrity of a more
had changed and that earlier strategic as-
open trading system that was the under-
sumptions were no longer realistic. At the
lying principle of the General Agreement
meeting of NATO foreign ministers in
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and to
April 1969, I stressed the need to reex-
halt the drift toward economic protection-
amine the Alliance's military position in
406
Eusenhown
Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1959
9
291
America needs a settlement now.
spiritual and
Among
During these next 3 weeks, while I am talking of peace and of mutual
achieved only
cooperation with our friends abroad, the subject of America's spiritual
rength, in this
and economic strength is bound to come up often and importantly.
We
cannot-
What great news it would be if, during the course of this journey, I should
emotions,
receive word of a settlement of this steel controversy that is fair to the
workers, fair to management, and above all, fair to the American people.
it
says.
It
One last thought. We have heard much of the phrase, "Peace and
others
well
friendship." This phrase, in expressing the aspirations of America, is
as
long the crip-
not complete. We should say instead, "Peace and friendship, in
disputes
freedom." This, I think, is America's real message to the world.
Now, my friends, I set forth as your agent to extend once again to
millions of people across the seas assurance of America's sincere friend-
group, no one
America.
ship. I know you wish me well. And, I wish you well in making your
and Ameri-
influence felt, individually and collectively, in solving, properly, our
bargaining,
pressing problems here at home. For let us remember: these two efforts,
untrymen will
the one abroad and the one at home, actually are one and inseparable.
Working cooperatively together, here at home, rather than wasting our
management,
differences.
effort and substance in bitter economic and political strife, we in America
including free
will become ever a stronger force on the side of good in the world.
nagement alike
And, as we, through our cooperative efforts abroad, strengthen human
public interest
understanding and good will throughout the world, we bring ever closer
employees.
the day of lasting peace.
of
May the Almighty inspire us all, in these efforts, to do our best.
in the steel
Good night, and for 3 weeks, goodbye.
nerica still faces
weeks hence.
291
Ч
Remarks Upon Arrival at Ciampino
indecision and
troversy. Now,
Airport, Rome. December 4, 1959
the parties
Mr. President, Your Excellencies, My Friends:
importance
realize that
I am most grateful for the warm welcome you have extended to me,
is critically im-
President Gronchi, and I am exceedingly proud that as I start this trip
that I am
I can stay here in your great city, which for SO long has been the very
Service to
symbol of all Western civilization.
around-the-clock
I bring a simple message to you from America. It is this: we want to
live in peace and friendship-in freedom.
799
Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1959
9 294
and the Viminal
dship, respect and
unity among the member states of the Community. They were agreed
ernational topics in
on the continuing importance of these objectives and the need for the
Community to evolve policies in order to promote the collaboration with
that Italy's in-
other similar associations and other countries, and also to contribute
to the goal of freer, expanded world trade.
Western policy
President Segni informed President Eisenhower of the measures being
taken by the Italian Government to further liberalize trade with the
plans for their
dollar area. President Eisenhower noted this action with satisfaction.
agreed that these
advance the cause
The two Presidents and the Prime Minister considered efforts which
are being made through GATT and other appropriate bodies to remove
to outstanding
obstacles to world trade. They agreed that further measures should be
taken to eliminate discriminatory trade restrictions.
iance remains the
themselves in full
This series of meetings constituted an important step in the progress
Atlantic Alliance
toward the realization of the ideals of peace, security, justice and social
progress which form the basis of all the policies of the two countries.
NOTE: This joint statement was released in Rome.
world peace lies
United Nations
countries to the
294 Ч Remarks at Ciampino Airport, Rome,
and means to
Upon Leaving for Turkey. December 6, 1959
countries of the
conomic strength
IT NOW becomes my privilege to say goodbye to the people of Italy and
They
agreed
that
to this beautiful country. Every time I come to Italy I am struck by the
developed areas
very warm friendship that I seem to feel between this people and the
rdinated among
people of America. And I assure you that that affection is reciprocated.
I have had good talks with the heads of your government-your Presi-
dent and Prime Minister Segni. I am sure that on the vital issues that
pursue policies
the
world.
The
are now besetting the world, we are in accord-we see them in the same
do all in their
way. We hope to approach them for solutions in the same way.
of
which
both
As I go on this trip, I feel that a very fine beginning has been made here.
groundwork
for
And so, as I express the gratitude of my party and myself to all of you,
which can only
to the heads of your government, and to all the people that hear me, I
of
express the hope that again I may return.
controls,
Finally, I want to say I have just come from a visit with His Holiness
Economic
Com-
the Pope, and I have been inspired by his approval of the effort that the
being achieved
free nations together are making to bring some progress toward peace and
friendship in freedom.
and economic
Thank you again, and goodbye.
803
Kennedy
John F. Kennedy, 1963
Oct. I2 [410]
that the Eleanor Roosevelt
others who participated in the work of this
marks he referred to Mrs. Esther Peterson, As-
licated. Thank you, sir.
group will try to do something about it on
sistant Secretary of Labor for Labor Standards and
the administrative level, Executive, and in
Executive Vice Chairman of the President's Com-
spoke at IO a.m. in the Flower
mission on the Status of Women; Dr. Richard A.
House. In his opening words
the Congress and, I think, in the country.
Lester, Chairman of the Department of Economics
General John A. Gronouski,
I think we ought to look, as a society, at
of Princeton University and Vice Chairman of the
venson, U.S. Representative to
what our women are doing and the op-
Commission; and Senator Maurine B. Neuberger
ormer Governor of Illinois, and
portunities before them. Other societies,
and Representative Edith Green of Oregon, mem-
nor Roosevelt Memorial Foun-
bers of the Commission.
later referred to Mrs. Roose-
which we don't admire as much as our own,
The President established the Commission on
Delano Roosevelt, son of U.S.
it seems to me have given this problem par-
December 14, 1961, with Mrs. Franklin D. Roose-
Roosevelt of California.
ticular attention. I think we ought to, too,
velt as chairman (see 1961 volume, this series, Item
Mrs. Roosevelt's family attend-
her daughter, Anna Roosevelt
and therefore I express my very sincere
504). For the President's letter to Mrs. Roosevelt
thanks to the members of the Commission;
of August 26, 1962, upon receiving the Commis-
liott and his wife; and her
Roosevelt 3d, and his wife.
of course, to Mrs. Roosevelt. This repre-
sion's initial report, see 1962 volume, this series,
Item 347.
1rs. Kermit Roosevelt and her
sents a legacy of hers in a very real sense.
The final report of the Commission, entitled
hter-in-law and grandson of
osevelt.
So I want to express my very warm thanks
"American Women" (86 pp., Government Printing
rks of the Postmaster General,
to you all and I do so on behalf of our
Office, 1963) was released together with a White
President and later presented
country and women everywhere.
House summary on October II. It was submitted
on the anniversary of Mrs. Roosevelt's birthday.
e new stamps to the members
NOTE: The President spoke at 4 p.m. in the East
For the President's statement on her death, see
and other guests, and those
Room at the White House. In his opening re-
1962 volume, this series, Item 505.
velt, who spoke briefly after
0 released.
the President's
410 Remarks at the White House Columbus Day Ceremony.
October 12, 1963
r II, 1963
Ladies and gentlemen:
was saying, the second voyage, I suppose,
rse is a most important
I want to express a very warm welcome to
may have been more difficult, speaking as a
also permit them to use
all of you to the White House. I can't think
sailor, and the third one more difficult even
develop their talents.
of any group that is more welcome here
than that, particularly the exploration of the
have a great obligation
today, any other day, and in some ways have
Central American coast. But of course the
n who work.
a more distinguished claim. We are par-
more difficult one was the first voyage. That
obligation to the skilled,
ticularly glad to salute you on Columbus
is always true, the first voyages are the hard
usual women. I see
Day.
ones and they require the perseverance and
getting out of colleges
I think Columbus has been a fascinating
character. And I think that is a good lesson
nder what happens to
figure to me for many reasons, but partly
for all of us today as we attempt new things.
t contribution do they
because of his extraordinary skill as a navi-
The first voyages, as all of us know, are the
do they have to make
gator. Admiral Morison, who is our great
more difficult, whether it is going into space,
s? To the Greeks, to
naval historian, as you know once followed
going to the bottom of the ocean, building a
use of your powers
Columbus' trip. And he found that-fol-
better country here, building a more pros-
lence. And I wonder
lowing Columbus' diary-every marking
perous country. The first voyage through
ety, women have the
along the Caribbean and the Central Amer-
our history has always been the most difficult.
vers, their full powers,
ican coast, as recorded in Columbus' diary,
I am glad to welcome all of the successors
notional powers, and
was found to be exact with all of the modern
of Christopher Columbus. And you do not
nes of excellence.
instruments of navigation we now have. I
have to be of Italian extraction to be able to
report is very useful
would think Columbus would have to be
claim that inheritance. All of us who fol-
rts it will only be im-
considered the foremost sailor not of his time
lowed the great navigator to the United
omething about it. I
but, I think, in history.
States have prospered and benefited, and I
nd I think that the
But the more significant fact, of course, is
who are here and
am sure that you take the greatest pride in
the perseverance. As Secretary Celebrezze
the work that has been done, the families you
781
Johnson [650] Oct. II
Public Papers of the Presidents
creasing population. The first thing you
with the braces on his legs, out of his wheel-
know you are going to be twice as large as
chair, and he grabbed that microphone, and
you are. In the year 2000 the average fam-
he stuck his chin up, and his jaw out, and
ily income in the State of California is going
he said, "The only thing we have to fear is
to be $15,000 a year.
fear itself," and he electrified a nation, and
I remember the first President I ever saw,
he saved a republic.
and the greatest President I ever knew. I
I say to you today, in the presence of his
saw him stand up one day in his braces, with
wonderful son Jimmy Roosevelt, who sits
pain in his legs, and anguish in his face, but
on this platform, that we must cast away the
0
vision in his head and hope in his eyes. I
shadows of doubt and these harassing fears
saw him talk to almost this many people,
that frustrate some of our citizens. We
maybe more. It was a rainy, cold day in
must ask them to take them back down to
11
March 1933. The banks were popping in
the basement and we will put them on sale
the country just like popcorn, just like fire-
next month when business is not so good.
crackers going off at Christmastime. They
The only thing that America has to fear
were closing.
is fear itself. And if I know anything about
The railroad men had come running down
America, and I have traveled in 33 States,
to Washington and the insurance companies
Americans are unafraid.
and all these captains of finance, all these
Goodby, goodby. God bless all of you.
smart conservatives, and the roof had caved
in. People were burning their corn. Cot-
NOTE: The President spoke at 2:50 p.m. at a rally
in South Gate Municipal Park, South Gate, Calif.
ton was selling for 5 cents. You couldn't
In his opening words he referred to Richard Eng-
find a job and relief lines were longer than
lish, Los Angeles attorney who served as chairman
from here to that airport I landed at, and
of the rally program, Governor Edmund G. Brown,
Senator Pierre E. G. Salinger, Harry O. Van Petten,
that is I5 miles away.
Democratic candidate for Representative, and Rep-
But this man stood up in that time when
resentative Chet Holifield, all of California. Later
things weren't near as good as they are today,
he referred to Representative James Roosevelt and
the late Senator Clair Engle, of California.
651 Remarks in Washington Square, San Francisco.
October II, 1964
Mr. Chairman, Governor Brown, Mr. Am-
of Governor Brown, Senator Salinger, Con-
bassador, Senator Salinger, Congressman
gressman Burton, and myself: We don't
Burton, Mayor Shelley, ladies and gentle-
usually enjoy bringing up the rear as much
men:
as we did bringing it up today.
I have just taken the most memorable
This great and gracious city has much of
Sunday afternoon drive of my whole life.
which it can be proud. But the real glory of
There are very few cities in the United
this city of the Golden Gate is the strength
States where so many citizens come out and
and the unity that is forged here from such
wave and shout when their mayor goes by.
rich diversity among your people.
But the same thing seems to happen every
Together we honor a very proud day for
time I ride with Mayor Shelley.
America and around the world. All the
I want to make one thing clear, on behalf
world could well pause to honor Columbus
1296
Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964
Oct.
II
[651]
of
his
wheel-
Day. He found the first real home for the
microphone,
and
human spirit.
together so that none can pull us apart. The
his jaw out, and
will to heal must always overcome the
For five centuries the world has been re-
have to fear is
willingness to hate. In the veins of America
nation,
and
sponding to the opportunity opened by the
a
there flows the blood of many lands. We
voyage of that honored son of Italy. The
pace has not always been swift. The course
should cherish that diversity with pride, but
presence of his
sevelt, who sits
of human progress has not always been sure.
we should jealously guard that diversity
But since the opportunity of this new world
against any who seek to exploit it as the
cast away the
basis for our division.
became known to man, he has lifted him-
harassing fears
The meaning of America for us all is
citizens.
We
self up to stand a little taller each year, to
opportunity. When divisions arise, when
back down to
walk a little prouder generation by genera-
them
on
sale
tion. He has become the master and not
suspicions flourish, when hatred flowers, op-
the slave of his environment.
portunity perishes and passes away. On this
not
so
good.
to
fear
Because there was a land of opportunity,
day, when we honor our heritage as free
has
man has moved bodily, boldly, and con-
men and a peaceful nation, I ask of you, I
anything about
fidently toward freedom. Man has moved
ask all of you as Americans, that we pledge
in 33 States,
toward justice, and he has moved toward
ourselves to stand up and to be counted for
lasting peace.
the best in America, because when you do
all of you.
what is best for America, you do what is
Today the great opportunity is peace.
best for yourselves.
p.m. at a rally
This moment began to form 20 years ago
South Gate, Calif.
here in San Francisco. For so long as there
So I hope you will always remember, I
to Richard Eng-
chairman
is human life, your city will be remembered
pray that you will never forget, that we
as
dmund
G.
Brown,
and your city will be revered as the birth-
should stand together for an America that
O. Van Petten,
place of the United Nations.
knows no hate, that condones no division,
entative, and Rep-
This moment found substance I year ago
that remembers no north or no south, or no
California. Later
Roosevelt
and
yesterday when nations first agreed to limit
east or no west, but steers its course only by
California.
the testing of nuclear weapons in the earth's
the fixed stars of peace, of freedom, and of
atmosphere. The air that we breathe here,
justice to all people. A great son of Italy
the air that free men and their loved ones
made it possible for us to know about this
breathe in other lands, is cleaner, human
continent and for us to meet here this after-
life is safer, because of the test ban treaty
noon in freedom. We are a nation of almost
that was proposed and passed by a great
200 million people in a world of over 3 bil-
Salinger, Con-
We
leader and accepted by 108 other nations,
lion people, so in the world we are outnum-
don't
bered I5 to I. If we choose to demand a
rear
as
much
and that great leader was John Fitzgerald
Kennedy.
decision based on language, we are outvoted;
has
much
Today, we and all the world are beginning
on population, we are a minority; on color
of
to sail on high seas of new discovery. Man
we are just a small segment; but we prefer
the
real
glory
of
is the strength
has the capacity to end human life or to end
to be judged by one standard, and that is
from
such
human want. Whether we reach these new
our love of freedom for all people. Con-
eople.
shores of promise and opportunity, or
gressman Rodino, Congressman Burton,
proud
day
whether we turn back and lose this great
Senator Salinger, and all the others here who
for
serve with me in the Congress know that
All
the
moment rests upon our unity of purpose,
Columbus
our unity of principle within our own so-
we are working together so that we can
ciety. We just must now draw ourselves
unite families, so that we can make it pos-
sible for some of our kinfolks to come here
1297
Italy
April 1987
OFFICIAL NAME: Italian Republic
PROFILE
Subdivisions: 94 provinces, 20 regions.
AUSTRIA
SWITZ.
Political parties: Christian Democratic,
Geography
Communist, Socialist, Italian Social Move-
ment, Social Democratic, Republican, Liberal.
FRANCE
Area: 301,225 sq. km. (116,303 sq. mi.); about
Suffrage: Universal over 18.
YUGOSLAVIA
the size of Georgia and Florida combined.
Defense (1986*): 2.5% of GNP.
ITALY
Cities: Capital-Rome (pop. 2.8 million).
Flag: Three vertical bands-green, white,
805
Other cities-Milan, Naples, Turin. Terrain:
and red.
Rome
Mostly rugged and mountainous. Climate:
ALBANIA
Sardinia
Generally mild Mediterranean; cold northern
Tyrrhenian
winters.
Economy
Sea
GREECE
lonian
GDP (1986*): $368.7 billion. Per capita
Sicily
Sea
People
income (1986*): $6,447. Avg. inflation rate
(last 4 yrs.): 10%.
TUNISIA
MALTA
Nationality: Noun and adjective-Italian(s).
Natural resources: Fish, natural gas.
Population (mid-1986): 57.3 million. Annual
Agriculture: Products-wheat, rice,
growth rate (1986): 2.3%. Ethnic groups:
grapes, olives, citrus fruits.
Primarily Italian, but small groups of
Industry: Types-automobiles,
German-, French-, Slovene-, and Albanian-
machinery, chemicals, textiles, shoes.
Italians. Religion: Roman Catholic.
Trade (1986*): Exports (f.o.b.)-$80.7
Language: Italian. Education: Years
billion: machinery and transport equipment,
compulsory-8. Literacy-98%. Health:
textiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear.
Infant mortality rate (1986)-14.3/1,000 live
Imports (f.o.b.)-$83.0 billion: machinery and
births. Life expectancy-73 yrs. Work force
transport equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and
(1986, 23 million; employed 20.7 million):
nonferrous metals, wool, cotton, petroleum.
Agriculture-10%. Industry and
Major trade partners (1986*)-FRG 16%,
commerce-30%. Services-60%.
France 13%, UK 6%, US 9%, USSR 2%,
OPEC 12%.
Government
Exchange rate (fluctuates): (Jan. 1987)
1,320 lire = US$1.
Type: Republic since June 2, 1946. Constitu-
tion: January 1, 1948. Kingdom of Italy pro-
claimed March 17, 1861.
Membership in International
Branches: Executive-president (chief of
Organizations
state), Council of Ministers (Cabinet), headed
UN and some of its specialized and related
by the president of the council (prime
agencies, NATO, Organization for Economic
minister). Legislative-bicameral Parliament;
Cooperation and Development (OECD), Euro-
630-member Chamber of Deputies,
pean Community (EC), Western European
322-member Senate. Judicial-independent
Union, Council of Europe, INTELSAT.
constitutional court and lower magistracy.
*1986 figures are estimates.
706
ITALY
8
Fed. Rep. of Germany
12
Bodensee
Zürich
Austria
Italy
France
inn
Liech.
Born
Innsbruck
Railroad
Switzerland
Drava
Road
Lake
Rhine
Klagenfurt
Geneva
Villach
*
International
Rhone
Bolzano
Tarvisto
airport
ellinzona
Udine
Liubljane
0
25
50
75 Miles
Gorizia
0 25 50 75 Kilometers
Como Bergamo
Treviso
Postojna
Zagreb
*
Bresca
Vicenza
Trieste,
Venice
Milan
Rijeka
Verona
Po
Padoga
Torina
Po
ge
Piacenza
Parma
Pula
Genoa
Ravenna
France
Bologna
Savona
La
Spezia
Rimini
Yugoslavia
Nice
Florence
Arno
San
Pisa
Monaco
Ligurian Sea
Marino
Ancona
Livorno
Siena
Perugia
0
Tiber
Terni
Pescara
Corsica
0
42
42
Civitavecchia
*
Rome
Fogg
noomile
Barletta
&
Bari
Olbia
Nap/es
Porto Torces
Sassari
Brindisi
Salemo
Tirso
Sardinia
@
Taranto
Otranto
Tyrrhenian
Sea
Oristano
Cagliari
$
0
lonian Sea
C
Messina
38
Palermo
Reggio di Calabria
38
Trapani
Mediterranean Sea
90miles
Salso
Catania
Agrigento
Siracusa
Annaba
Tünis
Tunisia
Sicily
Algeria
0
Boundary representation is
B
12
16 not necessarily authoritative
707
ITALY
GEOGRAPHY
Italy is a 1,127-kilometer-long peninsula
(700 mi.) extending into the Mediterra-
nean Sea. On the west and south it
includes the large islands of Sardinia and
Sicily, Pantelleria, and the Eolian
(Lipari) group. Throughout history,
Italy's position on the main routes
between Europe, Africa, and the Near
and Far East has given it great political,
economic, and strategic importance. The
peninsula is 69 kilometers (43 mi.) from
Albania, and Sicily is 145 kilometers (90
mi.) from the African mainland.
Except for the Po Valley area in the
north, the heel of "the boot" in the
south, and small coastal areas, Italy is
rugged and mountainous. The climate is
generally mild and Mediterranean, but
there are wide variations. Sicily and the
south are comparable to southern
California, though usually warmer. The
Alps and northern Dolomites have a
climate similar to Colorado, but more
humid.
Venice - The Accademia Bridge.
PEOPLE
Italy is linguistically and religiously
homogeneous but culturally, economi-
cally, and politically diverse. Political
Gioacchino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi, and
Allies against Germany. A noteworthy
Giacomo Puccini, and their tradition con-
popular resistance movement was con-
power is divided among eight or more
tinued well into the 20th century. Opera
ducted against the remaining Germans,
political parties, ranging from neo-
Fascist to communist.
is still a national passion. Contemporary
who were driven out in April 1945. The
Italian artists, writers, filmmakers,
monarchy was ended by a 1946
Italy has the fifth highest population
architects, composers, and designers
plebiscite, and a constituent assembly
density in Europe-about 200 persons
contribute much to Western culture.
per square kilometer (490/sq. mi.).
republic. was elected to draw up plans for the
Minority groups are small, the largest
Under the 1947 peace treaty, minor
being the German-speaking people of
HISTORY
adjustments were made in Italy's fron-
Bolanzo Province and the Slovenes
tier with France; the eastern border
around Trieste. Other groups are the
Modern Italian history dates from 1870
area was transferred to Yugoslavia; and
ancient communities of Albanian, Greek,
Ladino, and French origin. Although
with the unification of the entire penin-
the area around the city of Trieste was
Roman Catholicism is the official
sula under King Victor Emmanuel II of
designated as a free territory. In 1954,
the House of Savoy. From 1870 until
the free territory, which had remained
religion-99% of the people are nomi-
nally Catholic-all religious faiths are
1922, Italy was a constitutional monar-
under the administration of U.S.-U.K.
chy with a parliament elected under
forces (Zone A, including the city of
provided equal freedom before the law
limited suffrage.
by the constitution.
Trieste) and Yugoslav forces (Zone B),
Italian culture flowered in the
During World War I, Italy
was divided between Italy and
Renaissance during the 14th and 15th
denounced its standing alliance with Ger-
Yugoslavia, principally along the zonal
many and Austria-Hungary and in 1915
boundary. This arrangement was made
century. The achievements in literature,
entered the war on the side of the Allies.
permanent by the Italian-Yugoslav
such as Dante's Divine Comedy and
Under the postwar settlement, Italy
Treaty of Osimo, ratified in 1977. Under
Petrarch's sonnets; in philosophy, such
as the ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas and
received some former Austrian territory
the 1947 peace treaty, Italy also gave up
its overseas territories and certain
Galileo Galilei; and painting, sculpture,
along the northeast frontier. In 1922,
and other fine arts, such as the works of
Benito Mussolini came to power and,
Mediterranean islands.
over the next few years, eliminated the
Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Botticelli,
The Roman Catholic Church's posi-
Fra Angelico, and Michelangelo, exerted
old political parties, curtailed personal
tion in Italy, since its temporal powers
liberties, and installed a Fascist dictator-
a tremendous and lasting influence on
ended in 1870, has been governed by a
ship called the Corporate State. The
series of accords with the Italian
the development of Western civilization.
In the 19th century, Italian romantic
King, with little or no power, remained
Government. Under the Lateran Pacts
titular head of state.
of 1929, which were confirmed by the
opera flourished through composers
World War II found Italy allied with
present constitution, the Vatican City
Germany. Italy declared war on the
State is recognized by Italy as an inde-
United Kingdom and France in 1940.
pendent, sovereign state. While preserv-
Following the allied invasion of Sicily in
ing that recognition, in 1984 Italy and
1943, Italy became a cobelligerent of the
708
ITALY
not vote for their first regional "coun-
cils" (parliaments) until 1970. The
establishment of regional governments
throughout Italy is bringing about
greater decentralization of the national
governmental machinery.
Principal Government Officials
The Rape of the Sabines by Gianbologna, in Florence.
President-Francesco Cossiga
Prime Minister-Bettino Craxi
Ambassador to the United States-
Rinaldo Petrignani
Italy maintains an embassy in the
United States at 1601 Fuller Street
NW., Washington, D.C. 20009 (tel.
202-328-5500).
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
Italy has about a dozen political parties,
some extremely small. The following are
the most important, in order of their
approximate strength in the Chamber of
Deputies deriving from the last general
elections (1983).
The Christian Democratic Party
(DC), descendant of the Popular Party of
the pre-Fascist era, has been the core of
all postwar governments. It represents a
wide range of interests and views, which
the Vatican updated several provisions
elected members, the Senate includes
sometimes make it difficult to reach
of the 1929 accords. Included was the
ex-presidents and several other persons
agreement on specific issues. The DC
end of Roman Catholicism as Italy's for-
appointed for life according to special
polled 32.9% of the popular vote in 1983.
mal state religion.
constitutional provisions. Both houses
Party Secretary: Ciriaco De Mita.
are elected for a maximum of 5 years,
Official newspaper: Il Popolo.
but either may be dissolved before the
The Italian Communist Party
GOVERNMENT
expiration of its normal term and early
(PCI), the largest communist party in
elections called. Legislative bills may
Western Europe, once supported almost
Italy has been a democratic republic
originate in either house and must be
regularly the policies of the Soviet Union
since June 2, 1946, when the monarchy
passed by a majority in both.
in foreign affairs and has taken pro-
was abolished by popular referendum.
The Italian judicial system is based
labor, reformist stances in domestic
The constitution, promulgated Jan-
on Roman law, modified in the Napo-
affairs. The PCI won 29.9% of the
uary 1, 1948, established a bicameral
leonic code and subsequent statutes.
popular vote in 1983. Secretary General:
Parliament, a separate judiciary, and an
There is only partial judicial review of
Alessandro Natta. Newspaper: L'Unita.
executive branch composed of a Council
legislation in the American sense. A con-
The Italian Socialist Party (PSI)
of Ministers (Cabinet) and headed by the
stitutional court, which passes on the
has moved toward the center of the
president of the council (prime minister).
constitutionality of laws, is a post-World
Italian political spectrum under the
The Council of Ministers, in practice
War II innovation. Its powers, volume,
leadership of Party Secretary Bettino
composed mostly of members of Parlia-
and frequency of decisions are not as
Craxi. The party polled 11.4% of the
ment, must retain the confidence of both
extensive as those of the U.S. Supreme
vote in 1983. After these elections, Craxi
houses. The president of the republic is
Court.
became the first socialist prime minister
elected for 7 years by Parliament sitting
The Italian state is highly centralized
in Italy's history, heading a government
jointly with a small number of regional
in form. The prefect of each of the 94
composed of Christian Democrats,
delegates. He or she nominates the
provinces is appointed by, and is
Republicans, Liberals, and Social
prime minister, who chooses the other
answerable to, the central government.
Democrats. Party Secretary: Benedetto
ministers.
In addition to the provinces, the con-
(Bettino) Craxi. Newspaper: Avanti!
Except for a few senators, both
stitution provides for 20 regions with
The Italian Social Movement
houses of Parliament are popularly and
limited governing powers. Five regions
(MSI), on the right, has older members
directly elected by proportional
with special statutes-Sardinia, Sicily,
imbued with the traditions of fascism.
representation. In addition to 315
Trentino-Alto Adige, Valle d'Aosta, and
The MSI polled 6.8% of the popular vote
Friuli-Venezia Giulia-have long been
in 1983. Political Secretary: Giorgio
functioning. The other 15 regions,
Almirante. Newspaper: Il Secolo.
however, were not established and did
UPDATE NOTE: Leadership changes may have
occurred here since the date of this entry. Check
the directory of officials beginning on page 1 for
709
most recent information.
ITALY
The small Italian Republican Party
(PRI) traditionally has supported
republican institutions. The PRI polled
5.1% of the vote in 1983. Party
Secretary: Giovanni Spadolini, who
became the first non-DC prime minister
of the postwar era in June 1981.
Newspaper: La Voce Repubblicana.
The Italian Social Democratic
Party (PSDI) polled 4.1% of the vote in
1983. It is best known for its staunch
support of NATO. Party Secretary:
Franco Nicolazzi. A number of Italian
observers believe the PSI and PSDI may
again merge at some point. Newspaper:
Umanita.
The Italian Liberal Party (PLI)
reflects classical European liberalism in
the sense of an orientation toward
capitalism, individualism, and free enter-
prise in contrast to statism. The PLI has
evolved into a small but widely respected
party of conscience occupying a center-
right niche in the Italian political spec-
trum. They received 2.9% of the popular
vote in 1983. Secretary: Renato
Altissimo.
The small but feisty Radical Party
(PR) garnered 2.2% of the 1983 vote.
The PR has helped influence social
change in Italy by sponsoring referenda
such as divorce and abortion.
Postwar Conditions
Despite frequent government turnovers,
the Italian political situation has been
relatively stable, principally because of
the continuity of the DC as Italy's party
of relative majority. Italian governments
have consistently been oriented around
the DC, which since 1945 has governed
in coalition with other parties or alone.
Three DC leaders-the late Premier
Alcide De Gasperi, former Premier
Amintore Fanfani, and the late Premier
Aldo Moro-dominated the Italian
Spanish Steps, Rome.
political scene for most of that time.
From 1947 to the late 1950s, Chris-
tian Democrats led a series of "center"
DC. No other solution being acceptable,
remained the largest party in the
coalition alignments with the Social
Premier Andreotti formed the first of
governing coalition. In August 1983, PSI
Democrats, Republicans, and Liberals.
two DC minority governments that led
leader Bettino Craxi became Prime
During the 1960s, in an effort to expand
Italy for 2½ years, first with passive and
Minister.
the "democratic area" and promote
later with active support by other par-
reform legislation, the Christian
ties, including the PCI. By late 1978, the
Democrats pursued a "center-left"
ambivalence in this arrangement
The Italian Communist Party
policy that included the Socialists in the
impelled the PCI to end its support. In
The Italian Communist Party is the
national government and excluded the
ensuing early elections in 1979, the PCI
largest nonruling party in the world and
Liberals. Political and policy divisions
lost a full four points and saw its 5-year-
the second largest party in Italy after
with the center-left alignment
old "historic compromise" strategy-the
the Christian Democrats. Communist
culminated in 1976 in the dissolution of
goal of coming to power in coalition with
electoral strength had steadily increased
Parliament and early elections, ending
the DC-slip further from its grasp.
in each succeeding national election to a
the center-left period.
Governments since 1979 have returned
high of 34.4% of the vote in 1976. Not
After the elections, which saw a
to the earlier center-left pattern. In June
until the four-point loss in 1979 did the
dramatic gain by the PCI, the PSI
1981, the DC relinquished the prime
communists drop back in national elec-
refused to return to coalition with the
ministry (to Republican Giovanni
tions. Except for the immediate post-
Spadolini) for the first time in the
postwar period, although the DC
710
ITALY
al View of San Remo (Imperia) on the Italian Riviera.
part in this development. The nature of
faster than domestic output. This often
rld War II period, the communists
the economy has undergone another
leads to a deficit in the current account
e been kept from participating in the
transition beginning with the sharp oil
of the balance of payments, forcing
tional government, although they
price increases in 1973. The average rate
economic authorities to brake domestic
are power in many local administra-
of economic growth over this period has
demand. The reversal of and improve-
Jns. Nevertheless, lively debate per-
been considerably below the earlier
ment in Italy's terms of trade from 1985
its on the degree of "democratization"
period for various reasons.
to 1986 means this external constraint
le communists may be undergoing and,
At the beginning of the 1970s,
should not be a factor until 1988 or later,
ence, on the possibility of their eventual
strong trade unions and social pressures
should the current expansion be
cceptability as government partners.
led to the beginning of a long period of
prolonged.
[lthough the Communist Party has per-
sharp increases in wages, far in excess
The economy is largely in private
uaded many Italians that if it came to
of productivity. Rising labor costs con-
ownership, but the state runs many
ower it would not seek to emulate
tributed to price increases. Business
large enterprises and services, including
Soviet-style communism, a majority of
DS,
Romdtalian political opinion remains skeptical
profit margins were squeezed, leading to
the railroads, airlines, electricity,
declining investment. Rapid inflation
telephones, and large portions of the
of the PCI's true commitment to
helped by higher oil prices also put
telecommunications network. In 1986,
pluralist, democratic, pro-Western
pressure on the balance of payments.
services accounted for 53% of GDP,
83, PSI
values.
Italy went through a severe balance-
industry 38.9%, and agriculture 5%.
of-payments crisis and recession in 1975;
The country has few natural
however, the economy recovered
resources. Much of the land is unsuited
ECONOMY
quickly, and economic growth resumed
for farming, and many foodstuffs are
until 1980, when further increases in oil
imported. There are no substantial
The Italian economy has changed
prices contributed to another downturn
deposits of iron, coal, or oil. Natural gas
dramatically since World War II. This
in economic activity. The recession
reserves, mainly in the Po Valley and
and
change has been accompanied by
lasted until the second half of 1983,
offshore Adriatic, have grown in recent
generally high growth rates, averaging
when economic activity once more began
years and constitute the country's most
almost 6% in the period 1951-71 and
to pick up. The recovery is expected to
important mineral resource. Most raw
ed
about 2.5% in the period 1972-86. The
last through 1987, thanks to the decline
materials needed for manufacturing and
Italian economy experienced a dramatic
a
in oil prices and the drop in the dollar's
over 80% of the country's energy
change in the first several decades
value. This has led to a sharp reversal in
sources are imported. Italy's economic
following World War II. From an
the balance of trade. In recent years,
strength is in the processing and the
agricultural-based economy, it has
domestic demand has tended to grow
manufacturing of goods, primarily in
developed into one of the largest indus-
small, family-owned firms. Its major
trial economies. Investment in state-
industries are precision machinery,
owned heavy industries played a major
motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceu-
ticals, electric goods, fashion, and
711
clothing.
ITALY
La Scala Opera House, Milan.
Further Information
These titles are provided as a general indication of material published on this country. The
Department of State does not endorse unofficial publications.
Barzini, Luigi. The Italians. Atheneum, 1977.
Smith, Denis Mack. Italy, A Modern History.
Battaglia, Roberto. The Story of the Italian
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
Resistance. London: Odham Press, Ltd.,
1959.
1957.
Trevelyan, J.O. A Short History of the Italian
Carlye, Margaret. The Awakening of Southern
People. London: Allen & Unwin, Ltd.,
Italy. London: Oxford University Press,
1956.
1962.
Walker, D.S. A Geography of Italy. London:
Jemolo, A.O. Church and State in Italy
Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1958.
1850-1950. Oxford: Blackwell, 1960.
Kogan, Norman. The Politics of Italian
Available from the Superintendent of
Foreign Policy. New York: Praeger, 1963.
Documents, US Government Printing Office,
Lange, Peter, and Sidney Tarow, eds. Italy in
Washington, DC 20402:
Transition. London: Frank Cass & Co.,
Ltd., 1980.
U.S. Department of Commerce. "Italy."
Nichols, Peter. Italia, Italia. Boston: Little
Foreign Economic Trends and Their
Brown, 1973.
Implications for the United States.
Semiannual.
Olschki, Leonardo. The Genius of Italy. New
York: Cornell University Press, 1954.
.
"Marketing in Italy." Oversras
Business Reports. Periodical.
712
ITALY
Foreign Trade
FOREIGN RELATIONS
A major factor in Italy's economic
Italy has achieved its basic postwar
growth has been the sharply increasing
objective of equality and partnership in
volume of its foreign trade. Italy tradi-
the community of democratic nations. It
tionally imports more than it exports.
was admitted to the United Nations in
Deficient in certain foodstuffs and in
1955. It is a member and strong sup-
most raw materials, it has been forced to
porter of the North Atlantic Treaty
increase its imports of these com-
Organization (NATO), the Organization
modities as demand has expanded along
for Economic Cooperation and Develop-
with rising living standards, changing
ment (OECD), General Agreement on
consumption patterns (e.g., increasing
Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the EC.
meat consumption), and rising industrial
Italy also is active in the Western Euro-
production. This trade deficit in
pean Union and the Council of Europe.
foodstuffs and raw materials normally is
offset by large receipts from invisibles-
mainly tourism.
U.S.-ITALIAN RELATIONS
Italy's closest trade ties are with the
other countries of the enlarged Euro-
The United States enjoys warm and
pean Community (EC). In the last few
friendly relations with Italy. The two are
years, with the help of lower oil prices,
NATO allies and cooperate in the United
Italy has narrowed its trade with OPEC
Nations, in various regional organiza-
(Organization of Petroleum Exporting
tions, and, bilaterally, for peace, pros-
Countries) nations from a peak of 17% of
perity, and defense. Italy has recently
total imports in 1981 to 9% in 1986.
shown a willingness to work closely with
However, Middle East and North
the United States and others on issues
African oil producers provide an impor-
beyond NATO's traditional area of
tant market for Italian construction,
responsibility, such as participating in
engineering, and oil services companies.
Middle East peacekeeping and in com-
bating terrorism.
Labor
A rigid labor market and protective
A glimpse of the Spanish Steps from Via
legislation for employed workers exacer-
Travel Notes
Condoffi, a pedestrian street in Rome.
bate unemployment in Italy, which
remains its major problem-particularly
Clothing: Woolens and sweaters are practical
among younger workers. Although
Principal U.S. Officials
most of the year; cottons are recommended
skilled labor is in short supply in some
for the hot summers.
Ambassador-Maxwel M. Rabb
categories, inefficient use of labor, struc-
Currency: The amount of dollars that may be
Deputy Chief of Mission-John Holmes
tural unemployment, and underemploy-
ment persist, as does labor unreported
brought into Italy is unlimited, but a sizable
Counselor for Economic Affairs-
amount should be declared at the border.
William B. Whitman, Jr.
for tax purposes.
Italian currency restrictions prohibit the
Counselor for Political Affairs-Robert
About 28% of the labor force is
import or export of more than 400,000 lire.
D. Collins
unionized. The communist-dominated
Counselor for Public Affairs-Leonard
GCIL (Italian General Confederation of
Health: Medical facilities are available in
Labor) controls 46.9% of organized
cities. No special immunizations are
Baldyga
necessary. Tapwater is safe. Meat, fruit,
Counselor for Commercial Affairs-
labor; the Christian Democratic-oriented
vegetables, and shellfish should be well
Joseph Christiano
CISL (Italian Confederation of Workers'
prepared.
Agricultural Attache-Debra Henke
Unions) about 34.8%, and the socialist-
oriented UIL (Italian Union of Labor)
Telecommunications: Telephone and
Treasury Attache-Llewellyn Pascoe
telegraph connections within Italy and to
Defense Attache-Capt. Richard N.
about 18%.
international points are good. Rome is six
Charles, USN
standard time zones ahead of eastern stand-
Consular Posts
ard time.
DEFENSE
Transportation: Many major international
Consul General, Florence-Diane Dillard
airlines have service to Rome and Milan. Jet
Consul General, Genoa-Richard Higgins
A staunch NATO ally, Italy occupies an
service to the US is daily.
Consul General, Milan-John Boyle
important strategic position in the
Public transportation is modern, efficient,
Consul General, Naples-Louis P. Goelz
Mediterranean, guarding the southern
and reasonably priced. Metered taxis are
Consul General, Palermo-Katherine
flank of Europe and serving as a bridge
inexpensive and usually available at stands.
Shirley
to North Africa and the Middle East.
Avoid unmetered taxis.
Principal Officer, Turin-Carl Bastiani
Recent Italian governments have taken
No Italian visa is required of American
a leading role among the Allies on such
citizens visiting Italy temporarily for tourism
The U.S. Embassy in Italy is at Via
important defense initiatives as the
or business trips. Persons planning to sojourn
Veneto 119, Rome (tel. (6) 46741). The
deployment of intermediate-range
in Italy for work or other purposes should
consulate general in Turin is expected to
nuclear forces on its territory. They also
inquire about their visa status in advance at
close during 1987.
an Italian Embassy or consulate before
have recognized the need to enhance
traveling to Italy.
Italy's military posture and have taken
UPDATE NOTE: Some personnel listed above may
have been shifted since the date of this entry.
significant steps in that direction.
Check personnel listings under the heading, U.S.
Embassies, Consulates, and Foreign Service Posts.
713
See CONTENTS for page number.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
DATE: FEB. 22, 1990
PLEASE DELIVER THE FOLLOWING PAGES TO:
NAME:
JEANIE NAPPO
ORGANIZATION: SPEECHWRITING
FROM:
CATHY FENTON, SOCIAL OFFICE
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SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
ATTACHED IS BACKGROUND MATERIAL ON OUR ENTERTAINER
FOR THE UPCOMING STATE DINNER FOR ITALY, MARCH 6.
(ROBERTA PETERS) THEY SHOULD ASSIST YOU IN
PREPARING THANK YOU REMARKS FOR THE PRESIDENT
FOLLOWING MISS PETERS PERFORMANCE. SHE HAS
PERFORMED AT THE WHITE HOUSE BEFORE AND ALSO
PERFORMED AT THE 1988 INAUGURAL GALA FOR THE
PRESIDENT AND MRS. BUSH. THANK YOU FOR SENDING
US A DRAFT COPY OF THE REMARKS.
IF YOU DO NOT RECEIVE ALL PAGES, PLEASE CALL BACK AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
TO (202) 456-7788.
RETURN TELECOPY NUMBER: (202) 456-2407
CC:FIRST LADY'S PRESS OFFICE-FYI--MARCH 6 DINNER FOR
HIS EXCELLENCY, PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI OF THE
ITALIAN REPUBLIC.
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Herbert H. Breelin INC.
119 West 57th Street, Room 1505
N.Y., N.Y. 10019 . (212) 246-5480
Fax (212) 586-7785
February 21, 1990
VIA FAX
Ms. Kathy Fenton
MISS ROBERTA PETERS
Deputy social Secretary
The White House
ACCOMPANIST/PIANIST/WARREN JONES
Dear Kathy,
ITALY
Miss Peters has changed her program for March 6th, not very
much, in order to make it not too operatic. It is now
0 mio babbino caro
Giacomo Puccini
(from "Gianni Schicchi")
Una voce poco fa
Gioaochino Rossini
(from "Il Barbiere di Siviglia")
Core 'ngrato
S. Cardillo
Italian Street SONG
VICTOR HERBERT
The Sound of Music
Richard Rodgers
PLAY A SIMPLE MELODY
IRVING BERLIN
How Deep Is the Ocean
Irving Berlin
Play a Simple Melody
Irving Berlin
Medley from "Top Hat"
Irving Berlin
Torna a Sorrento
Ernesto de Curtis
The friend of Warren Jones who, if possible, should be invited
to the concert is
David Henry Heise
SS# 121 - 44 - 9599
born May 3, 1954
Warren forgot to give me his address: I'll have it on the
weekend. Also, Warren will arrive on March 5th from Boston so he
and Roberta can work together that day as well as on the 6th. They
are looking for a room to do this work. - will arrange at madison
All best wishes,
Sincerely,
CC: July Lawie
Haus Hans Boon
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ARTISTS. LTD. WEST 57TH STREET. NEW YORK, New YORK 10018 (218) 556-5800
LEELAMONT, PRESIDENT
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ROBERTA PETERS
Biography
Roberta Peters, with her endearing personality and absolute musicianship, has
long been a favorite of American and international sudiences. Her beautiful voice,
great showmanship and winning charm have continued to captivate % world-wide
public since her sensational debut at the Metropolitan Opera. Appearing as and
unheralded and unknown New Yorker singing Zerlina in Mozart's Don Giovanni. she
immediately became one of the "Met's" most prized sopranos. Noted especially for her:
coloratura roles, she has achieved a record of longevity with the:"Met" unrivalled by
any other leading lady. In= 1985 the company honored Miss Peters in a special
ceremony on the occasion of her 35th Anniversary with the Metropolitan Opera.
Miss Peters has maintained a tremendous schedule of recitals, concerts and
personal appearances throughout her career, singing an average of forty engagements
each season. She has performed with the world's major orchestras and on its great
recital stages and at such celebrated summer festivals as: the Salzburg Festival,
Ravinia, Hollywood Bowl and Robin Hood Dell. She has made her mark on national
television with her unprecedented sixty-five appearances on the Ed Sullivan Show and
her equally impressive twenty-five appearances on the Voice of Firestone.
Roberta Peters was born in New York City where 3$-8 young girl she exhibited
an amazing natural voice that attracted the attention of famed tenor Jan Peerce:
Upon his recommendation she began voice lessons at. the age of 13, deciding to make
singing her career. Her parents, despite moderate means, arranged for extensive
private tutoring including ballet, language, drama and plano.
NEW YORK LOB ANGELES LONDON PARIS ACME
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Page 2
After six years of intensive study, she was auditioned In her teacher's studio by
the late impresario S. Hurok who was so impressed that he immediately signed her
despite her youth and lack of professional experience. He subsequently arranged an
audition for Rudolf Bing. then General Manager of the "Met," who was equally
impressed by the young singer and immediately invited various conductors to hear her.
Shortly thereafter the 19-year old was offered a contract to make her debut as Queen of
the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute. But Fate decreed otherwise and, before her
scheduled debut, Miss Peters replaced an indisposed colleague as Zerlina in. Don
Giovanni. She has since performed well over five hundred times with the Metropolitan
Opera, including fifty-seven Saturday afternoon Texaco broadcasts as well as in the
telecast Centennial Gala of the company.
Best known for her famed coloratura heroines of grand opera, such as Lucia in
Lucia di Lammermoor. Gilda in Rigoletto, and Rosina in Il Barbiere di Sivialia. Miss
Peters is also acclaimed for her Interpretation of roles in other musical styles: as
Zerlina, the Queen of the Night, Susanaa and Despina: as Zerbinetta in Strauss' Ariadne
auf Naxos, and as Kitty in Menotti's The Last Savage. a role she created for the
American premiere of that work at the "Met." Her gifts as a comedienne, so well
displayed in Rossini and Mozart, make her enchanting in Donizetti's Don Pasquale and
L'Elisir d'Amore. More recently, she has added romantic operas such as La Travista
and La Boheme to her repertoire with immense success. She made her European debut
in the title role of The Bohemian Girl in a special revival of the William Balfe opera at
Covent Garden conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham. She has also won high praise as
Queen of the Night in the Salzburg Festival performance under the direction of Karl
Bohm, with whom she later recorded The Magic Flute. and at Moscow's Bolshoi Theater
scored a triumph as Violetta in La Travista.
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Page 3
Although opera has been the center of her artistic life, Miss Peters is also active
in the field of operetta and musical comedy. In 1973, she undertook a four-week tour
of The Kine and L and in following seasons appeared in Noel Coward's Bittersweet. as
Lehar's Merry Widow and, most recently. as Maria in The Sound of Music. all highly
successful, sold-out engagements.
Miss Peters' recital and concert repertoire is equally varied, ranging from the
Baroque masterworks of Bach and Handel, through Mozert and the German lleder to
the Four Last Songs of Richard Strauss. Her recitals include not only lleder. but
French, Italian, Spanish and English are songs as well. She has had works dedicated to
her by such leading contemporary composers as Aram Khatchaturian, Paul Creston and
Roy Harris. and in 1973 at Carnegie Hall she premiered Darlus Milhaud's Ani Mamima
set to words by Ell Weisel.
Miss Peters has twice represented the United States in the Soviet Union: on the
first occasion two days following the famous U-2 incident, and on the second during a
state visit by then President Richard Nixon. At this time, she became the first
American-born artist to receive the coveted Bolshol Medal. In 1979, she travelled to
the People's Republic of China for recitals and master classes. A second tour to the
Far East took her to Japan, Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan in the Spring of 1987, and.
in 1988 she returned to these areas again. She has often appeared in Israel, performing
in a benefit concert for the Roberta Peters Scholarship Fund of Hebrew University in
Tel Aviv and for soldiers in the Six Day War when she and her colleague, the late:
Richard Tucker, were caught in Israel during that conflict.
Miss Peters has been invited by many American colleges and universities,
including. Harvard, to give master classes. She holds honorary doctorates from Elmira,
Ithaca, Westminster and Colby Colleges, and Lehigh and St. John's Universities. She
also serves as an active Trustee of Ithaca College.
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Page 4
Miss Peters has also dedicated herself to social causes, such as The National
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, for which she served as National Chairman for a number
of years, to Israel Bonds and, most recently, to appearences and concerts benefitting
AIDS Research. Her strong interest in the careers of young artists led her to act as
spokesperson for the Bolla Young Artists Series, a program sponsored by private
industry to bring young American artists to our major music centers. She has taken and
active part in efforts by Congress to aid in government funding for the arts, and she
serves on the boards of the Metropolitan Opera Guild and the Carnegie Hall
Corporation.
Miss Peters is the author of a charming memoir. Debut at the Mat. and has
earned critical acclaim for her many recordings on such labels as RCA, Deutsche
Grammophon, CBS and London/Decca.
Roberta Peters greatly enjoys tennis, playing on her own court in Scarsdale,
New York. In private life, she is Mrs. Bertram Fields, the wife of a prominent real
estate investor, and the mother of two sons, Paul and Bruce.
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American Novelists
In Italy
The Discoverers: Allston to James
by
Nathalia Wright
OF
THE THE UNIVER UNIVERSITY VINVATAS
Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania Press
FAIRFAX COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
FAIRFAX, VIRGINIA
THE
UNTRAMMELLED LIFE
45
Sicily; and cut short his tour of the country (to his brothers'
disgust) in order to travel with the young Virginian J. C.
Cabell, who was going from Rome directly to France.
Irving's most memorable association at this time was with
Allston, whom he met in Rome. Fifty years later he recalled
how one of their rambles had almost changed the course of his
life. They had been returning to the city from a villa on the
outskirts, he wrote Evert Duyckinck in 1854:
John Izard Middleton, VIEW FROM THE GROTTO OF THE CONVENT OF THE
The blandness of the air, the serenity of the sky, the transparent
CAPUCHINS AT ALBANO. Rome? ca. 1809. Engraved by M. Dubourg.
purity of the atmosphere, and that nameless charm which hangs
about an Italian landscape, had derived additional effect from
being enjoyed in company with Allston, and pointed out by him
(From Middleton's Grecian Remains in Italy)
with the enthusiasm of an artist. As I listened to him, and gazed
upon the landscape, I drew in my mind a contrast between our
different pursuits and prospects. He was to reside among these
delightful scenes, surrounded by masterpieces of art, by classic
and historic monuments, by men of congenial minds and tastes,
engaged like him in the constant study of the sublime and
beautiful. I was to return home to the dry study of the law, for
which I had no relish, and, as I feared, but little talent.
An amateur artist himself, Irving suddenly had the idea of
remaining in Rome with Allston and becoming a painter. For
several days he considered embarking on such a career, con-
necting it always with "beautiful Italian scenery, palaces, and
statues, and fountains, and terraced gardens" and with the
society of Allston and other artists, and picturing "forth a
scheme of life all tinted with the rainbow hues of youthful
promise."
In fact Irving felt the charm of the Italian landscape before
reaching Rome. On the Mediterranean between Genoa and
Sicily he did not wonder that the climate of that region
"should have been particularly productive of poetry &
romance." "There is a poetic charm," he wrote in his journal,
As THE
UNTRAMMELLED LIFE
73
a traveller abroad, Willis was ever freshly delighted by
new scenes yet given to few and for the most part conventional
critical judgments. With his flair for society, he most enjoyed
meeting celebrities and attending public gatherings. To all
other foreign countries he apparently preferred England, where
he associated with many literati, was to a considerable extent
lionized, and married an English woman. His second trip
abroad was to England, and on his next, final trip he visited
only that country and Germany. He was more critical of
Italians than of other Europeans, calling them "lazy, unprin-
cipled" in contrast to the French, with their "politeness." Yet
Joseph Pennell, ON THE ARNO. Florence, 1883.
(Courtesy of Prints Division, The New York Public Library)
he declared that he "loved" Italy, expressing more emotion
than he did about any other country. "In sober sadness," he
wrote of his feelings on leaving it,
one may well regret any country where his life has been filled
fuller than elsewhere of sunshine and gladness; and such, by a
thousand enchantments, has Italy been to me. Its climate is life
in my nostrils, its hills and valleys are the poetry of such things,
and its marbles, pictures, and palaces, beset the soul like the very
necessities of existence. You can exist elsewhere, but oh ! you
live in Italy!
Willis was in Italy continuously from the summer of 1832
to that of 1833, spending most of his time in Florence, and
making short visits chiefly in Venice and Rome. In the course
of his Mediterranean cruise and his journey north to England
-in the summer of 1833 and early in 1834-he stopped
briefly in Naples, Sicily, Venice, and Milan. He was apparently
most diverted in Florence, partly because of the society
afforded there by the Tuscan court and by several noble
Tustar families and titled political exiles from other European
countres. He also enjoyed his association with several Ameri-
can artists in Florence-among them Horatio and Henry
Greennigh, Francis Alexander, John Cranch, and Thomas
N NOVELISTS IN ITALY
t was a love which lasted through his
games Tenimne Cooper
THE FRUITS OF CIVILIZATION
119
art and its Church. His first pleasure in works of art he saw
books about his European travels—
in Italy, he candidly reported, was in recognizing the originals
he made in Switzerland, France,
of engravings that had been in his father's house. Yet he
these works he was hypercritical of
seemed to have genuine admiration for those works. He often
ng to it fundamental respect; tolerant
compared a scene to the backgrounds in early paintings.
certain aspects of its society; duly
Toward the Roman Catholic Church he was generally sym-
about Italy overwhelmingly nostalgic.
pathetic, though his view of it was primarily esthetic. It had
book, Gleanings from Europe: Italy
in Italy, he wrote, "all the poetry of the religion." More than
bout what charmed him most in this
once after visiting some "cool, fragrant, rich, quaint, and
scape, with its numerous associations
clerkly" monastery he had felt he could remain in that
A "soft," "bewitching," "refined"
country and become a monk, though he confessed he did not
him; a distinctively feminine one,
believe he had been "created for vigils and fasts."
extremely fine woman," "a beloved
The Italian people, too, proved singularly appealing to
and which aroused in him a feeling
Cooper. The lower classes he soon found "agreeably" dis-
but him in a mood of reverie, partly
appointing. (He may have been prejudiced in favor of the
tion of things past" but chiefly by a
beggars who increased from one to nearly a hundred outside
its own. The view from Sorrento
his door in Sorrento to receive lire from him because they
hapman painted from a spot near
called him "the American admiral.") Acknowledging that he
ique, Cooper thought, not only for
knew little of Italian society, he suggested that the institution
and historical elements but for the
of cicisbeism, which outraged most Anglo-Saxons, was not
understood by them. He thought the Italians, compared to
scribable softness
a blending of all
other peoples, supremely gifted with the capacity for enjoying
whole, a mellowing of every tint and
the passing moment. They were more gracious than the
icture a seductive ideal, that, blended
English, more sincere than the French, more refined than the
way, I have never before witnessed,
Germans, less mercenary than the Americans. There was "a
gain.
grace about their minds, derived from the constant practice
was nothing like it, he repeatedly
of contemplating the miracles of art." In this grace, "in a love,
he inquired, writing of the Bay of
and even in a knowledge of the arts," he declared, "a large
stituting a comparison between the
portion of the common Italians are as much superior to the
"
Anglo-Saxon race as civilization is superior to barbarism."
lly attracted, as his account of his
Indeed, Cooper regarded Italy essentially as a great civiliza-
two aspects of Italian culture: its
tion in its old age, as he made clear in Gleanings from Europe:
Italy. His conception of historic time was extended by the
Henry games
THE MORAL FIELD
199
as well as mere travellers, even though he had not been there.
So long as it stood in its unique relation "aesthetically and
intellectually, to the rest of civilization," he thought the world
would no more weary of reading about than of visiting it.
"We go to Italy," he wrote, "to gaze upon certain of the
VI
highest achievements of human power," representing "to the
imagination the maximum of man's creative force." With its
long history of glories and sufferings, its art, its nature, and its
The Moral Field:
Church, it had indeed so complex an appeal that, he con-
cluded, "betwixt admiration and longing and pity and
JAMES
reverence, it is little wonder that we are charmed and touched
beyond healing."
Before James went to Italy he knew and admired the work
of two American writers who had been there: Hawthorne and
N SOJOURN OF THE ELDER HENRY JAMES
Howells. A few years afterward he was calling Hawthorne's
he late 1850's only the youngest son,
treatment of the country old-fashionedly romantic and approv-
taly. Only he, his brother Henry wrote
ing Howells' as realistic; but he regarded the point of view of
had been "the subject of what seemed to
both writers as above all peculiarly American. After their
ilege of the highest intensity," and on
example as well as in expression of depths of his own conscious-
ad thought throughout these years with
ness, he made Italian references in nearly half the stories he
obertson's unsuccessful career. Robertson
wrote in America between 1864 and 1869.
a boy into the sacred stream," and the
Thus when in the latter year, at the age of twenty-six, James
e proved his salvation. For Henry, Italy
went to Italy for the first time, he was not only gratifying an
0 his last years, the sacred, the life-
intense personal desire but consciously following an American
literary tradition. He had preconceptions, too, not only of the
Europe" of which Henry dreamed as a
great achievements of the past to be seen but of a stimulus to
enough in the household of his cosmo-
the creative impulse operative there.
rongest ingredient was Italy. He could
James' first European trip made alone, for the purpose of
home-with a view of Florence by
improving his education and his health, lasted some fifteen
uscan landscape by Lefebvre, and a
months, of which five-between August 1869 and January
in American sculptor in Rome-con-
1870-were spent in Italy. He travelled almost the length of
ance of Italy." When he wrote a review,
the peninsula, from Cadenabbia to Paestum and back to
in 1868, of Howells' Italian Journeys,
Genoa, having all his expectations realized, as he wrote in
ng the appeal of that country for writers
ecstatic letters to his family. In contrast to the "good married
198
200
AMERICAN NOVELISTS IN ITALY
matron" England and the "magnificent man" Switzerland,
Italy was, he promptly reported, "a beautiful dishevelled
nymph." Venice, the first city he visited, made him feel as
though he had been "born in Boston" and was thus unable
to surrender himself to "the genius of Italy-or the Spirit of
the South," but not for long. The charm of Italy, he decided a
few weeks later, was "inexpressible, indefinable," but it was
one which, "once deeply felt, leaves forever its mark upon the
sensitive mind & fastens it to the Italian soil thro' all its future
wanderings by a delicate chain of longings & regrets." This, in
short, was the "land of the immortal gods." Leaving it, he
thought most of Florence-the "pearl of cities," "the most
feminine of cities," the city with "an immortal soul," the
"one thing" he intended to talk of when he reached home. Yet
it was Rome which made the greatest impression on him, then
and during his next several visits. "At last-for the first time-
I live he wrote his brother William on the day he arrived.
He "went reeling and moaning thro' the streets, in a fever of
enjoyment," traversed almost the whole of the city in four or
five hours, and by night felt that already he had "caught the
keynote of its operation on the senses." He was least pleased by
Naples-"glorious" in situation but "a barbarous city," with
a "shiny varnish of civilization," which made him conceive a
"loathing" for the "hideous heritage of the past." "Decidedly
I go in for Northern Italy," he wrote his mother. Not until
eleven years later did he return to Naples, and altogether he
made only four visits there. In later years-after his stay of
two months in 1881-be became much fonder of Venice.
On his first visit, as on subsequent ones, James took relatively
little interest in Italian scenery, though he was fascinated from
the first by "the great violet Campagna
a wilderness of
sunny decay & vacancy." The few Italians-mostly servants—
with whom he had dealings only inspired him to say of the
English that "in the midst of these false and beautiful Italians
210
AMERICAN NOVELISTS IN ITALY
once suggested, was "style." In his essay on D'Annunzio,
printed in 1902, he returned to this idea. "Does it not really
all come back to style?" he inquired.
It was to the Latin spirit that the Renaissance was primarily
vouchsafed
and when the Latin spirit after many misadven-
tures again clears itself we shall see how all the while this treasure
has been in its keeping.
It was, in the last analysis, an impression of life not only
lived but formed which James had in Italy. It was an impres-
sion not so much of a "mixture" as of a "fusion." The "incom-
parable wrought fusion
of human history and mortal
passion with the elements of earth and air, of colour, com-
position and form," he wrote of the country in his last Italian
essay, constitute her appeal and give it the supreme heroic
grace." It was, he thought, a unique appeal. Describing his
feeling as he looked across the Bay of Naples from Munthe's
villa, he wrote,
The way in which the Italian scene on such occasions as this
seems to purify itself to the transcendent and perfect idea alone
-idea of beauty, of dignity, of comprehensive grace, with all
accidents merged, all defects disowned, all experience outlived,
and to gather itself up into the mere mute eloquence of what has
just incalculably been, remains forever the secret and the lesson
of the subtlest daughter of history.
The chief images for James of lived life in Italy were the
most massive forms of art there the great buildings, especially
the palaces and churches. They seemed to him supremely
stages, where, as in the Boboli Gardens, "something was once
done
done or meant to be done." In places such as the
Palazzo Corsini in Florence, "that have been lived in so long
and so much and in such a fine old way," the past seemed to
have left "a sensible deposit, an aroma, an atmosphere."
prompting one to speculate on what had been done, thought.
02/22/90 12:51
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Ora: 12:45
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Recapitare a: Jean Nappo, Communications, White House.
Tel.: (202) 456-7750
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AMBASCIATA D'ITALIA
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Ambasciata d'Italia
Washington
GIULIO ANDREOTTI
PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Mr. Andreotti was born in Rome on January 14, 1919. He
graduated from the University of Rome with a degree in law. As a
young man he took part in the foundation of the Christian
Democratic Part and became a member of its National Council. In
1946 he was elected to the Assemblea Constituente, the
constituent assembly that passed the Italian Constitution.
First elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1948 he has
constantly been re-elected in all subsequent elections. Through
all these years he has played a key role in Italian political and
governmental life. During his long political career, starting
from the immmediate post-war period, he has held numerous and
important ministerial posts. His positions have included the
posts of Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of the Interior,
Minister of Finance, Minister of the Treasury, and, for a total
of eight years, Minister of Defence.
Mr. Andreotti headed the cabinet as President of the
Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) in 1972-73 and 1976-79.
After serving as Foreign Minister from August 1983 to July 1989
he became once again President of the Council of Ministers on
July 23, 1989.
Mr. Andreotti has also been chairman of the Committee on
Foreign Affairs in the Chamber of Deputies and chairman of the
Italian delegation to the Interparliamentary Union.
Mr. Andreotti is also a journalist and the author of
numerous books, including a biography of De Gasperi (1965); "La
Sciarada di Papa Mastai (1967) ; "Ore 13:i1 Ministro deve morire"
(1975) ; "Ad ogni morte di Papa" (1980); "Il diario 1976-79
(1981) ; "De Gasperi visto da vicino 1986) "Onorevole, stia
zitto" (1987) ; "L'URSS vista da vicino" (1988) ; " Gli USA visti
da vicino " (1989). In 1985 he was awarded the Bancarella Prize.
Mr. Andreotti has been granted honorary degrees from
several universities, including the Sorbonne University in Paris,
Loyola University in Chicago, Notre Dame University in South Bend
(Indiana) and Saint John's University in New York.
Mr. Andreotti is married with four children.
THE OFFICIAL VISIT
TO
WASHINGTON, D.C.
OF
HIS EXCELLENCY
GIULIO ANDREOTTI
PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC
AND
MRS. ANDREOTTI
MARCH 5 TO 8, 1990
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
MONDAY
MARCH 5
2:45 pm-
Greeted by Deputy Chief of
2:50 pm
Protocol Fitzgerald and
Welcoming Committee, John F.
Kennedy International Airport,
New York, New York.
3:15 pm-
U.S. Presidential Aircraft to
4:05 pm
Andrews Air Force Base,
Washington, D.C.
- -8-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
MONDAY
MARCH 5
(Continued)
4:05 pm-
Greeted by Welcoming Committee.
4:10 pm
4:15 pm-
U.S. Presidential Helicopters
4:25 pm
to Washington Monument Grounds,
Reflecting Pool.
4:25 pm-
Greeted by Secretary of
4:30 pm
State and Mrs. Baker and Chief
of Protocol Reed.
4:35 pm
Arrive Blair House.
Private evening.
Overnight: Blair House.
-9-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
TUESDAY
MARCH 6
8:00 am-
Mass, Holy Rosary Church.
8:45 am
10:00 am-
Arrival Ceremony with The
10:30 am
President and Mrs. Bush,
South Lawn, The White House.
10:30 am-
Meeting with The President,
10:45 am
Oval Office, The White House. *
10:35 am- Coffee offered by
11:00 am Mrs. Bush in honor of
Mrs. Andreotti, Green
Room, The White House.
10:45 am-
Expanded Meeting with The
11:30 am
President, Cabinet Room,
The White House. *
11:45 am
Press Conference with Italian
12:15 pm
journalists, Mount Vernon Room,
Madison Hotel. *
* Mrs. Andreotti does not attend.
-10-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
TUESDAY
MARCH 6
(Continued)
12:15 pm- Luncheon offered by
1:45 pm Mrs. Baker in honor of
Mrs. Andreotti, Thomas
Jefferson Room,
Department of State.
12:30 pm-
Working Luncheon with Secretary
1:30 pm
of State Baker, James Madison
Room, Department of State. *
3:00 pm-
Meeting with United States Trade
3:30 pm
Representative Hills, Blair
House. *
3:45 pm-
Meeting with Attorney General
4:15 pm
Thornburgh, Blair House. *
4:30 pm-
Meeting with Secretary of the
5:00 pm
Treasury Brady, Blair House. *
* Mrs. Andreotti does not attend.
-11-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
TUESDAY
MARCH 6
(Continued)
7:15 pm-
Refreshments with The President
7:45 pm
and Mrs. Bush, Family Quarters,
The White House.
7:45 pm-
Reception, State Dinner and
10:30 pm
After-Dinner Entertainment, East
Room and State Dining Room, The
White House.
Overnight: Blair House.
Foreign Minister
amb of Mrs.
Baker
Raber Reayle Sechia
14-dinner dinner
-12-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
WEDNESDAY
MARCH 7
9:00am-
Greeted by Father O 'Donocan
9:10am
Hall of Cardinals, Healy Hall,
Georgetown University.
9:20 am-
Cornerstone-Laying Ceremony,
-
10:00 am
Georgetown University Medical
Center.
11:00 am-
Address by Prime Minister
11:40 am
Andreotti before a Joint Meeting -
of the United States Congress,
Great Hall, United States
Capitol.
12:00 pm-
Reception, Luncheon, and
2:00 pm
Address, National Press Club.
-
4:00 pm-
Wreath-Laying Ceremony at the
4:35 pm
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier,
)
Arlington National Cemetery.
5:00 pm-
Honorary Degree Convocation,
6:00 pm
Hartke Theatre, Catholic
University.
6:00 pm-
Reception offered by Catholic
6:30 pm
University in honor of Prime
Minister Andreotti, Hartke
Theatre Lobby, Catholic
University.
-13-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
WEDNESDAY
MARCH 7
(Continued)
8:00 pm
Dinner offered by Ambassador and
Mrs. Petrignani on the occasion
of the Official Visit of the
President of the Council of
Ministers, and Mrs. Andreotti,
in honor of The Vice President
and Mrs. Quayle, Italian
Ambassador's Residence.
Overnight: Blair House.
-14-
SUMMARY SCHEDULE
THURSDAY
MARCH 8
8:40 am-
Farewell Ceremony with Deputy
8:45 am
Secretary of State Eagleburger,
Chief of Protocol Reed, and
Farewell Committee, Washington
Monument Grounds, Reflecting
Pool.
8:45 am-
U.S. Presidential Helicopters
8:55 am
to Andrews Air Force Base.
8:55 am
Arrive Andrews Air Force Base.
9:00 am
Depart en route New York, New
York, and resume private
schedule.
-15-
Robert Browning
"O pen my heart, and you will
see graved inside of it Italy."
Italy
363. Friendship
232
aside in favor of things which seem at some
363. FRIENDSHIP
given moment more vital. HEYWOOD
See also 7. Acquaintances; 57. Association;
BROUN, "The Miracle of Debs," New York
151. Company; 166. Confidences;
World, Oct. 23, 1926.
178. Constancy and Inconstancy;
3. Almost nobody means precisely what
299. Estrangement; 497. Intimacy;
he says when he makes the declaration,
544. Loneliness; 736. Promiscuity;
"I'm in favor of free speech." HEYWOOD
787. Relationships, Human; 908. Solitude
BROUN, "The Miracle of Debs," New York
World, Oct. 23, 1926.
1. Friends are born, not made. HENRY
4. Everyone is in favour of free speech.
ADAMS, The Education of Henry Adams
Hardly a day passes without its being ex-
(1907), 7.
tolled, but some people's idea of it is that
2. Friendship needs a certain parallelism
they are free to say what they like, but if
of life, a community of thought, a rivalry of
anyone says anything back, that is an out-
aim. HENRY ADAMS, The Education of
rage. SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL, speech,
Henry Adams (1907), 20.
House of Commons, Oct. 13, 1943.
3. One friend in a lifetime is much; two
5. The very aim and end of our institu-
are many; three are hardly possible. HENRY
tions is just this: that we may think what we
ADAMS, The Education of Henry Adams
like and say what we think. OLIVER WEN-
(1907), 20.
DELL HOLMES, SR., The Professor at the
4. A doubtful friend is worse than a cer-
Breakfast Table (1860), 5.
tain enemy. Let a man be one thing or the
6. The right to be heard does not au-
other, and we then know how to meet him.
tomatically include the right to be taken
AESOP, "The Hound and the Hare," Fables
seriously. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, speech to
(6th C. B.C.?), tr. Thomas James.
National Student Association, Madison,
5. That man travels the longest journey
Wis., Aug. 23, 1965.
that undertakes it in search of a sincere
7. Let no one ever think for a moment
friend. ALI IBN-ABI-TALIB, Sentences
that national debate means national divi-
(7th c.), 160, tr. Simon Ockley.
sion. LYNDON B. JOHNSON, commencement
6. Forsake not an old friend, for a new
address, National Cathedral School for Girls,
one does not compare with him. Apocrypha,
Washington, D.C., June 1, 1965.
Ecclesiasticus 9:10.
8. If all mankind, minus one, were of one
7. A new friend is like new wine; when it
opinion, and only one person were of the
has aged you will drink it with pleasure.
contrary opinion, mankind would be no
Apocrypha, Ecclesiasticus 9:10.
more justified in silencing that one person,
8. I keep my friends as misers do their
than he, if he had the power, would be jus-
treasure, because, of all the things granted
tified in silencing mankind. JOHN STUART
us by wisdom, none is greater or better than
MILL, On Liberty (1859), 2.
friendship. PIETRO ARETINO, letter to Gio-
9. A people which is able to say every-
vanni Pollastra, July 7, 1537, tr. Samuel Put-
thing becomes able to do everything. NAPO-
nam.
LEON I, Maxims (1804-15).
9. Between friends there is no need of
10. The sound of tireless voices is the
justice. ARISTOTLE, Nicomachean Ethics
price we pay for the right to hear the music
(4th C. B.C.), 8.1, tr. J. A. K. Thomson.
of our own opinions. ADLAI STEVENSON,
10. Wishing to be friends is quick work,
speech, New York City, Aug. 28, 1952.
but friendship is a slow-ripening fruit. ARIS-
TOTLE, Nicomachean Ethics (4th C. B.C.),
8.3, tr. J. A. K. Thomson.
FREE,WILL
11. My best friend is the man who in
See 361. Freedom, Individual;
wishing me well wishes it for my sake. ARIS-
860. Self-determination
TOTLE, Nicomachean Ethics (4th C. B.C.),
9.8, tr. J. A. K. Thomson.
12. Friendship is a single soul dwelling
FRIENDLINESS
in two bodies. ARISTOTLE (4th C. B.C.),
See 151. Company
quoted in Diogenes Laertius' Lives and
Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (3rd c.
A.D.), tr. R. D. Hicks.
239. Destruction
Italy
152
BROSE BIERCE, The Devil's Dictionary
and mates, and slays, / And one by one back
(1881-1911).
in the Closet lays. OMAR KHAYYÁM, Ru-
4. It is a mistake to look too far ahead.
báiyát (11th-12th c.), tr. Edward FitzGerald,
Only one link of the chain of destiny can be
1st ed., 49.
handled at a time. SIR WINSTON CHURCH-
17. Everything comes gradually and at its
ILL, speech, House of Commons, Feb. 27,
appointed hour. OVID, The Art of Love (c.
1945.
A.D. 8), 1, tr. J. Lewis May.
5. If thou follow thy star, thou canst not
18. Where destiny blunders, human pru-
fail of glorious heaven. DANTE, "Purga-
dence will not avail. PUBLILIUS SYRUS,
torio," 3, The Divine Comedy (c. 1300-21),
Moral Sayings (1st C. B.C.), 943, tr. Darius
tr. Charles Eliot Norton.
Lyman.
6. How easy 'tis, when Destiny proves
19. There's a divinity that shapes our
kind, / With full-spread sails to run before
ends, / Rough-hew them how we will.
the wind! JOHN DRYDEN, Astraea Redux
SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet (1600), 5.2.10.
(1660), 11.63.
20. Whatever God has brought about / Is
7. What we seek we shall find; what we
to be borne with courage. SOPHOCLES,
flee from flees from us. EMERSON, "Fate,"
Oedipus at Colonus (401 B.C.), tr. Robert
The Conduct of Life (1860).
Fitzgerald.
8. As we are, so we do; and as we do, so is
21. Man's destiny lies half within himself,
it done to us; we are the builders of our for-
half without. To advance in either half at
tunes. EMERSON, "Worship," The Conduct
the expense of the other is literally insane.
of Life (1860).
PHILIP WYLIE, Generation of Vipers
9. [Destiny] is simply the relentless logic
(1942), 7.
of each day we live. JEAN GIRAUDOUX,
Tiger at the Gates (1935), 1, tr. Christopher
Fry.
239. DESTRUCTION
10. Destiny grants us our wishes, but in
See also 439. Iconoclasm; 1024. Violence
its own way, in order to give us something
beyond our wishes. GOETHE, Elective Affini-
1. When one builds and another tears
ties (1809), 28.
down, what do they gain but toil? APOC-
11. We are not permitted to choose the
RYPHA, Ecclesiasticus 34:23.
frame of our destiny. But what we put into it
2. All destruction, by violent revolution
is ours. DAG HAMMARSKJÖLD, "1945-1949:
or however it be, is but new creation on a
Towards new shores-?' Markings (1964),
wider scale. THOMAS CARLYLE, On Heroes,
tr. Leif Sjoberg and W. H. Auden.
Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History
12. To go in search of destiny-what is
(1841), 4.
this but to seek all the sorrows of man?
3. One minute gives invention to destroy;
MAURICE MAETERLINCK, "The Star," The
/ What to rebuild, will a whole age employ.
Treasure of the Humble (1896), tr. Alfred
WILLIAM CONGREVE, The Double-Dealer
Sutro.
(1694), 1.3.
13. It is the fate of the coconut husk to
4. There is nothing we value and hunt
float, for the stone to sink. MALAY PROVERB.
and cultivate and strive to draw to us, but in
14. Love nothing but that which comes
some hour we turn and rend it. EMERSON,
to you woven in the pattern of your destiny.
Journals, 1836.
For what could more aptly fit your needs?
5. Breaking and building / In the pro-
MARCUS AURELIUS, Meditations (2nd c.),
gression of this world go hand in hand.
7.57, tr. Maxwell Staniforth.
CHRISTOPHER FRY, The Boy with a Cart
15. Our destiny rules over us, even when
(1945).
we are not yet aware of it; it is the future
6. The passion for destruction is a crea-
that makes laws for our to-day. NIETZSCHE,
tive joy. Graffito written during French stu-
Human, All Too Human (1878), tr. Helen
dent revolt, May 1968.
Zimmern.
7. To be able to destroy with good con-
16. 'Tis all a Chequer-board of Nights
science, to be able to behave badly and call
and Days / Where Destiny with Men for
your bad behavior "righteous indignation"
Pieces plays: / Hither and thither moves,
-this is the height of psychological luxury,
149. Communism
149. COMMUNISM Italy
94
10. Communism has sometimes suc-
ceeded as a scavenger, but never as a
See also 393. Government; 887. Sharing:
leader. It has never come to power in any
905. Socialism
country that was not disrupted by war or
internal corruption or both. JOHN F.
1. In dealing with the Communists,
KENNEDY, address, North Atlantic Treaty
remember that in their mind what is secret
Organization headquarters, Naples, Italy,
is serious, and what is public is merely
July 3, 1963.
propaganda. CHARLES E. BOHLEN, quoted
11. Far from being a classless society,
by James Reston in The New York Times,
Communism is governed by an elite as
Jan. 2, 1966.
steadfast in its determination to maintain its
2. There is not one single social or eco-
prerogatives as any oligarchy known to his-
nomic principle or concept in the philoso-
tory. ROBERT F. KENNEDY, "Berlin East and
phy of the Russian Bolshevik which has not
West," The Pursuit of Justice (1964).
been realized, carried into action, and en-
12. We should not wonder at the success
shrined in immutable laws a million years
of communism, for so much of its success is
ago by the white ant. SIR WINSTON
rather that of religion. ROBERT LINDNER,
CHURCHILL, "Politics," The Churchill Wit
"Political Creed and Character," Must You
(1965), ed. Bill Adler.
Conform? (1956).
3. One strength of the communist system
13. We Communists are like seeds and
of the East is that it has some of the charac-
the people are like the soil. Wherever we
ter of a religion and inspires the emotions of
go, we must unite with the people, take root
a religion. EINSTEIN, Out of My Later Life
and blossom among them. MAO TSE-TUNG,
(1950), 31.
Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
4. What is a communist? One who hath
(1966), 28.
yearnings / For equal division of unequal
14. The objection to a Communist always
earnings. EBENEZER ELLIOTT, "Epigram,"
resolves itself into the fact that he is not a
Poetical Works (1840).
gentleman. H. L. MENCKEN, Minority Re-
5. Let us beware of those who want to
port (1956), 15.
apply Communism coldly, of those who
15. Leave the fear of red to horned ani-
want, at whatever cost, to plow straight fur-
mals. Poster during the French student
rows on a curving field, of those who prefer
riots, June 1968.
to each man the idea they have formed of
16. Communism is like Prohibition, it's a
humanity. ANDRÉ GIDE, Journals, 1937, tr.
good idea but it won't work. WILL ROGERS,
Justin O'Brien.
The Autobiography of Will Rogers (1949),
6. Communists have committed great
12.
crimes, but at least they have not stood
17. Cow of many-well milked and badly
aside, like an established society, and been
fed. SPANISH PROVERB.
indifferent. I would rather have blood on
18. Communism is the corruption of a
my hands than water like Pilate. GRAHAM
dream of justice. ADLAI STEVENSON, speech,
GREENE, The Comedians (1966).
Urbana, Ill., 1951.
7. What is the difference between Capi-
talism and Communism? Capitalism is the
exploitation of man by man; Communism is
150. COMMUNITY
the reverse. Joke reported from Warsaw.
See also 98. Brotherhood; 976. Togetherness;
8. The Communists offer one precious,
1009. Unity
fatal boon: they take away the sense of sin.
MURRAY KEMPTON, "The Sheltered Life,"
1. Rain does not fall on one roof alone.
Part of Our Time (1955).
CAMEROONIAN PROVERB.
9. As an organized political group, the
2. When the head aches, all the members
Communists have done nothing to damage
partake of the pain. CERVANTES, Don Qui-
our society a fraction as much as what their
xote (1605-15), 2.3.2, tr. Peter Motteux and
enemies have done in the name of defend-
John Ozell.
ing us against subversion. MURRAY KEMP-
3. No man is an island, entire of itself; ev-
TON, "What Harvey Did," America Comes
ery man is a piece of the continent. JOHN
of Middle Age (1963).
DONNE, Devotions (1624), 17.
94
95
151. Company
munism has sometimes suc-
4. Life is lived in common, but not in
4. The social, friendly, honest man, /
a scavenger, but never as a
community. MICHAEL HARRINGTON, The
Whate'er he be, / 'Tis he fulfils great Na-
never come to power in any
Other America (1962), 7.4.
ture's plan, / And none but he! ROBERT
was not disrupted by war or
5. Your own safety is at stake when your
BURNS, "Epistle to John Lapraik No. 2"
orruption or both. JOHN F.
neighbor's wall is ablaze. HORACE, Epistles
(1786).
address, North Atlantic Treaty
(20-c. 8 B.C.), 1.18.
5. We do not mind our not arriving any-
headquarters, Naples, Italy,
6. What is not good for the swarm is not
where nearly so much as our not having any
good for the bee. MARCUS AURELIUS, Medi-
company on the way. FRANK MOORE
from being a classless society,
tations (2nd c.), 6.54, tr. Morris Hickey Mor-
COLBY, "Thinking It Through in Haste,"
is governed by an elite as
gan.
The Margin of Hesitation (1921).
its determination to maintain its
7. Mankind has become so much one
6. What is the odds so long as the fire of
as any oligarchy known to his-
family that we cannot insure our own pros-
soul is kindled at the taper of conwiviality,
F. KENNEDY, "Berlin East and
perity except by insuring that of everyone
and the wing of friendship never moults a
Pursuit of Justice (1964).
else. If you wish to be happy yourself, you
feather? CHARLES DICKENS, The Old Curi-
hould not wonder at the success
must resign yourself to seeing others also
osity Shop (1840), 2.
for so much of its success is
happy. BERTRAND RUSSELL, "The Science
7. Now I grow sure, that if a man would
of religion. ROBERT LINDNER,
to Save Us from Science," The New York
have / Good company, his entry is a grave.
and Character," Must You
Times Magazine, March 19, 1950.
JOHN DONNE, "Obsequies to the Lord Har-
1956).
8. Man ceases to be concerned with him-
rington, Brother to the Lady Lucy, Countess
Communists are like seeds and
self: he recognizes of a sudden what he
of Bedford" (c. 1614).
are like the soil. Wherever we
forms part of. If he should die, he would not
8. How many times go we to comedies, to
unite with the people, take root
be cutting himself off from his kind, but
masques, to places of great and noble resort,
among them. MAO TSE-TUNG,
making himself one with them. SAINT-EXU-
nay even to church only to see the com-
from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
PÉRY, Flight to Arras (1942), 19, tr. Lewis
pany? JOHN DONNE, Sermons, No. 16, 1622.
Galantière.
9. No man can have society upon his own
objection to a Communist always
9. An isolated individual does not exist.
terms. If he seek it, he must serve it too.
into the fact that he is not a
He who is sad, saddens others. SAINT-EXU-
EMERSON, Journals, 1833.
H. L. MENCKEN, Minority Re-
PÉRY, Flight to Arras (1942), 23, tr. Lewis
10. To be social is to be forgiving. ROB-
15.
Galantière.
ERT FROST, "The Star-Splitter," New Hamp-
the fear of red to horned ani-
10. I am a part of all that I have met. AL-
shire (1923).
during the French student
FRED, LORD TENNYSON, "Ulysses" (1842).
11. No man is much pleased with a com-
968.
panion who does not increase, in some re-
munism is like Prohibition, it's a
spect, his fondness of himself. SAMUEL
it won't work. WILL ROGERS,
151. COMPANY
JOHNSON, The Rambler (1750-52), 104.
ography of Will Rogers (1949),
See also 7. Acquaintances;
12. I live in the crowd of jollity, not so
57. Association; 363. Friendship;
much to enjoy company as to shun myself.
of many - well milked and badly
426. Hospitality; 494. Interestingness;
SAMUEL JOHNSON, Rasselas (1759), 16.
PROVERB.
787. Relationships, Human;
13. In general, American social life con-
munism is the corruption of a
907. Society, Polite; 976. Togetherness
stitutes an evasion of talking to people. Most
ADLAI STEVENSON, speech,
Americans don't, in any vital sense, get
1951.
together; they only do things together.
1. With three or more people there is
LOUIS KRONENBERGER, Company Manners
something bold in the air: direct things get
(1954).
150.
COMMUNITY
said which would frighten two people alone
14. While you are alone you are entirely
Brotherhood; 976. Togetherness;
and conscious of each inch of their nearness
your own master and if you have one com-
1009. Unity
to one another. To be three is to be in pub-
panion you are but half your own, and the
lic, you feel safe. ELIZABETH BOWEN, The
less SO in proportion to the indiscretion of
not fall on one roof alone.
House in Paris (1935), 2.6.
his behavior. LEONARDO DA VINCI, Note-
IAN
PROVERB.
2. Not only is there no question of soli-
books (c. 1500), tr. Jean Paul Richter.
the head aches, all the members
tude, but in the long run we may not choose
15. Infinitely often it is clear that we ap-
he pain. CERVANTES, Don Qui-
our company. ELIZABETH BOWEN, The
preciate, even respect - not a multitude-
2.3.2, tr. Peter Motteux and
Death of the Heart (1938), 2.4.
but ten people gathered in a room, each of
3. He who must needs have company,
whom, taken by himself, we consider of no
is an island, entire of itself; ev-
must needs have sometimes bad company.
account. GIACOMO LEOPARDI, Pensieri
a piece of the continent. JOHN
SIR THOMAS BROWNE, Christian Morals
(1834-37), 83, tr. William Fense Weaver.
(1624),
17.
(1716), 3.
16. Man loves company even if only that
688
Nations - Italy; Jamaica
Italy
withdrawal of the French gerrison. The states were annexed to
the kingdom by plabiscite. itsly recognized the State of Vatican
Italian Republic
City assindependent Feb. 11, 1929.
Fascism appeared in Italy Mar. 23, 1919, led by Benito Muaso-
Repubblica Italiana
lini, who took over the government at the invitation of the king
Oct. 28, 1922. Mussolini acquired dictatorial powers. He made
war on Ethiopia and proclaimed Victor Emmanuel III emperor,
People: Population (1989 est.): 57,439,000. Age distrib.
defied the sanctions of the League of Nations, joined the Berlin-
(%): 0-14: 19.9; 15-59: 61.3; 60+: 18.8. Pop. density: 493 per
Tokyo axis, sent troops to fight for Franco against the Republic
sq. ml. Urban (1985): 71%. Ethnic groups: Italians, small mi-
of Spain and joined Germany in World War H.
norities of Germans, Slovenes, Albanians. Languages: Italian.
After Fasciem was overthrown in 1943, Italy declared war on
Religions: Predominantly Roman Catholic.
Germany and Japan and contributed to the Allied victory. it sur-
Geography: Area: 116,303 sq. ml., about the size of Florida
rendered conquered lands and lost its colonies. Mussolini was
and Georgia combined. Location: in S Europe, jutting into Medi-
killed by partisans Apr. 28, 1945.
terranean S. Neighbors: France on W. Switzerland, Austria on
Victor Emmanuel all abdicated May 9, 1946; his son Humbert II
N, Yugoslavia on E. Topography: Occupies a long boot-shaped
was king until June 10. when italy became a republic after a ref-
peninsula, extending SE from the Alps into the Mediterranean,
erendum, June 2-3.
with the islands of Sicily and Sardinia offshore. The alluvial Po
Reorgenization of the Fascist party is forbidden. The cabinet
Valley drains most of N. The rest of the country is rugged and
normally represents a coalition of the Christian Democrats, larg-
mountainous, except for intermittent coastal plains, like the Cam-
est of Italy's many parties, and one or 2 other parties.
paina, S of Rome. Appenine Mts. run down through center of
The Vatican agreed in 1976 to revise its 1929 concordat with
peninsula. Capital: Rome. Cities (1985 est.): Rome 28 min.:
the state, depriving Roman Catholicism of its status as state reli-
Milan 1.5 min: Naples 1.2 min: Turin 1.0 min.
Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Fran-
gion. in 1974 Italians voted by a 3-to-2 margin to retain a 3-year-
old law permitting divorce, which was opposed by the church.
cesco Cossiga; b. July 26, 1929; in office: July 9, 1985; Head of
Italy has enjoyed an extraordinary growth in industry and living
government: Prime Min. Giovanni Goria; b. July 30, 1943; in
standards since World War #, in part due to membership in the
office: July 29, 1987. Local divisions: 20 regions with some au-
Common Market. Italy joined the European Monetary System,
tonomy, 94 provinces. Defense: 2.5% of GNP (1986).
1960. A wave of left-wing political violence began in the late
Economy: Industries: Steel, machinery, autos, textiles,
1970s with kidnappings and assassinations and continued
shoes, machine tools, chemicals. Chief crops: Grapes, olives,
through the 1980s. Christian Dem. leader and former Prime Min.
citrus fruits, vegetables, wheat, rice. Minerals: Mercury, potash,
Moro was murdered May 1978 by Red Brigade terrorists.
gas, marble, sulphur, coal. Crude oil reserves (1987): 951 min.
The Cabinet of Prime Min. Amaldo Fortani resigned, May 26,
bbls. Arable land: 41%. Livestock (1985): cattle: 8.9 min.; pigs:
1981, in the wake of revelations that numerous high-ranking offi-
9.1 min.; sheep: 9.6 min. Fish catch (1985): 428,000 metric
cials were members of an Megally secret Masonic lodge. The
tons. Electricity prod. (1985): 182 bin. kwh. Crude steel prod.
June 1983 elections saw Bettino Craxi chosen the nation's first
(1966): 22.8 min. metric tons. Labor force: 10% agric; 30%
Socialist premier. Craxi's government faced a severe crisis as
ind. and comm.; 49% services and govt.
the result of a chain of events sparked by the Oct. 17. 1985 hi-
Finance: Currency: Lira (June 1988: 1,283 an $1 US). Gross
jacking of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro and the subse-
national product (1986): $368 bin. Per capita income (1986):
$6,447. Imports (1967): $125 bin.; partners: W. Ger. 16%, Fr.
quent U.S. downing on Italian soil of an Egyptian aircraft carrying
12%. U.S. 7%. Exports (1887): $111 bin.: partners: W. Ger.
the 4 hijackers and Abul Abbas, a PLO leader suspected of
planning the hijacking. Craxi's release of Abbas and refusal to
16%, Fr. 15%, U.S. 7%, UK 6%. Tourists (1985): receipts $8.7
turn the 4 hijackers over to the U.S. caused an internal crisis that
bin. National budget (1983): $173 bin. expenditures. Interna-
tionel reserves less gold (Apr. 1988): $29 bin. Gold: 66.67
almost saw his government fall. Crad ended the longest tenure
min. oz L Consumer prices (change in 1987): 4.7%.
of an Italian leader since World War II by resigning Mar. 1967.
Sicily, 9,926 sq. mL, pop. (1986) 5,084,000, is an island 180
Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 40 bin. passenger-lan;
by 120 mL, seat of a region that embraces the island of Pantel-
17.5 bin. net ton-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 22.3 min.
leria, 32 sq. mi., and the Lipari group, 44 sq. mL, 63 14,000, in-
passenger cars, 1.9 min. comm. Civil aviation (1966): 13.9 bin.
cluding 2 active voicanoes: Vulcano, 1,637 fL and Stromboli,
passenger-kart 859 min. freight ton-km. Chief ports: Genca,
Venice, Trieste, Taranto, Naples, La Spezia.
3,038 ft. From prehistoric times Sicily has been settled by vari-
Communications: Television sets: 15.0 min. in use (1986).
ous peoples; a Greek state had its capital at Syracuse. Rome
Radios: 14 min. in use (1986). Telephones in use (1985): 25.6
took Sicily from Carthage 215 BC. Mt. Etna, 11,053 ft. active
volcano, is tallest peak.
min. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 109 per 1,000 pop.
Health: Life expectancy at birth (1883): 73.0 male; 79.1 fe-
Sardinie, 9,301 sq. mL, pop. (1986) 1,638,000, lies in the Med-
male. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1985): 10.0. Deaths (per 1,000
iterranean, 115 mL W of Italy and 7-½ mL S of Corsica. It is 160
pop. 1985): 10.0. Natural increase (1985): .0%. Hospital beds
mi. long, 68 mi. wide, and mountainous, with mining of coel, zinc,
(1983): 500,828. Physicians (1981): 97,003. infant mortality
lead, copper. in 1720 Sardinia was added to the possessions of
(per 1,000 live births 1985): 12.
the Dukes of Savoy in Piedmont and Savoy to form the Kingdom
Education (1985): Literacy: 97%. Years compulsory: 8.
of Sardinia. Giuseppe Garibaldi is buried on the nearby isle of
Major International Organizations: UN and all of its special-
Caprera. Elbs, 86 sq. mL, lies 6 mL W of Tuscany. Napoleon I
ized agencies, NATO, OECD, EC.
lived in exis on Eba 1814-1815.
Embassy: 1601 Fuller St. NW 20000; 328-5500.
Triests. An agreement, signed Oct. 5, 1954, by Italy and Yu-
goslavia, confirmed, Nov. 10, 1975, gave italy provisional admin-
Rome emerged as the major power in Italy after 500 BC,
istration over the northern section and the seaport of Trieste,
dominating the more civilized Etruscans to the N and Greeks to
and Yugostavia the part of Istrian peninsula it has occupied.
the S. Under the Empire, which lasted until the 5th century AD,
Rome ruled most of Western Europe, the Balkans, the Near
East, and North Africa. in 1988, archeologists unearthed evi-
Jamaica
dence showing Rome as a dynamic society in the 6th and 7th
centuries B.C.
People: Population (1989 est): 2,362,000. Age distrib. (%):
After the Germanic invasions, lasting several centuries, a high
0-14: 36.7; 15-59: 52.8; 60+: 8.5. Pop. density: 556 per sq. mi.
civilization arose in the city-states of the N, culminating in the
Urban (1969): 48%. Ethnic groups: African 76%, mixed 15%,
Renaissance. But German, French, Spanish, and Austrian inter-
Chinese, Caucasians, East Indians. Languages: English, Jamai-
vention prevented the unification of the country. in 1859 Lom-
can Creole. Religions: Protestant 70%.
bardy came under the crown of King Victor Emmanuel 0 of Sar-
Geography: Area: 4,232 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Con-
dinia. By plebiscite in 1860, Parma, Modena, Romagna, and
necticut. Location: in West Indias. Neighbors: Nearest are
Tuscany joined, followed by Sicily and Naples, and by the
Cuba on N, Haiti on E. Topography: The country is four-fiths
Marches and Umbria. The first Italian parliament declared Victor
covered by mountains. Capital: Kingston. Cities (1964 est): St.
Emmanuel king of Italy Mar. 17, 1861. Mantua and Venetia were
Andrews 393,000, Kingston 100,000.
added in 1866 as an outcome of the Austro-Prussian war. The
Government: Type: Independent state. Head of state:
Papal States were taken by Italian troops Sept. 20, 1870, on the
Queen Elizabeth M. represented by Gov.-Gen. Florizel A. Glass-
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
March 6, 1990
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AND PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI
OF ITALY
UPON ARRIVAL
The South Lawn
10:10 A.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Prime Minister and Mrs. Andreotti,
and friends of Italy. Barbara and I are pleased to welcome the
President of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Italy,
Giulio Andreotti, and his wife, Livia, to the United States and to
the White House. Prime Minister Andreotti's public career is rich in
achievement, unrivaled in modern Europe. He served his nation with
distinction as statesman and diplomat, and of course, as Prime
Minister.
But Prime Minister Andreotti is also a man of letters,
known for his humor and integrity. And here in America, he's known
as a good and close friend -- the leader of a strong nation and a
strong people. And we are proud and honored to have him as our guest
today.
Forty-five years ago the giants of modern history --
Churchill, Truman and de Gaulle, were embarking on the great task of
rebuilding Europe -- what would later be known as the Marshall Plan.
And another giant worked with them -- a man who helped build the
strong Atlantic community we have today: Prime Minister de Gaspari
of Italy.
I mentioned that Prime Minister Andreotti is a renowned
author. Well, he wrote a biography of de Gaspari, and it is in the
tradition of his subject that Prime Minister Andreotti leads Italy
today.
Like his predecessor, Giulio Andreotti is a leader who
fights for freedom, peace and democracy in an evolving Europe. This
week's visit by the Prime Minister bears witness to Italy's continued
leadership in the swift-moving stream of events in Europe and to
America's steadfast partnership with Italy and Europe through it all.
I look forward to exchanging views with you, Mr. Prime
Minister. This time on the dramatic developments in Europe -- East
and West. Over the past two decades, we've seen Italy's role in
world affairs grow under your leadership, both as Foreign Minister
and as Prime Minister. And during that time, the United States and
Italy have been the firmest allies. Our dialogue is constant, it is
substantive, it is productive.
We agree on the foundations of a new Europe. We welcome
the prospect of overcoming Europe's artificial division and building
a Europe whole and free. We look to the Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe, the CSCE -- to play a greater role in Europe's
future -- particularly in guiding the economic and political
transformation of the rising democracies in Eastern Europe.
We agree that the EC must play a vital role in new
Europe. A more united Europe, able to take its rightful place in
MORE
- 2 -
world affairs, is good for the United States of America. As Italy
assumes the presidency of the European Community beginning in July,
Prime Minister Andreotti and I will work to improve economic and
political ties between the United States and the Community.
In this role, Italy will have the opportunity to lead the
EC in the battle against organized crime and narcotics trafficking --
a fight in which our two nations remain strong, determined, and
united.
Above all, we share a common commitment to NATO and the
conviction that the United States must -- and will -- remain a
European power. We are true partners in the Atlantic Alliance which
serves as the foundation for stability and our common security. So
Prime Minister Andreotti and I have much to discuss, about Germany,
the Alliance, East-West relations, U.S.-EC ties and other topics.
And I am confident that we share the commitment that Chancellor Kohl
and I expressed at Camp David nine days ago -- that a United Germany
should remain a full member of NATO, including participation in its
military structure.
In all these areas I look forward to serious and
productive talks with Prime Minister Andreotti, a true and valued
friend of the United States.
Americans have always held a special place in our hearts
for Italy. It was the American novelist, Henry James, who once
wrote, "We go to Italy to gaze upon certain of the highest
achievements of human power, representing to the imagination the
maximum of man's creative force."
Well, together we can achieve even more. And today's
visit will strengthen the deep bonds between us. And we share 12
million Americans who proudly call Italy their ancestral home. And
because of them, America is a richer place, because of their
commitment to family and faith and their zest for life.
Let me, in closing, express to you, sir, my hope that you
have a most successful visit, a safe journey, and a delightful time
here. Mr. Prime Minister, welcome back to Washington, D.C.
(Applause.)
PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI: Thank you very much for your
warm words of welcome. In return, I would like to express to you the
great esteem in which you are held by the Italian government and
people.
My visit is but a continuation of a solid tradition of
alliance and cooperation between our governments. A tradition which
forms part of the much broader alliance and solidarity between
Western countries to which we owe this extraordinarily long period of
peace in Europe and prosperity in the world. Within this framework,
Italy is actively working as it deems the alliance to be ever more
valid and necessary.
The very close links between the United States and Europe
is still, for Italy, and essential point of reference in a world in
which ideological confrontation is waning and military tensions will
everywhere have to yield to a new climate of dialogue. We rejoice to
see the dawn of democracy in Eastern Europe. We look forward with
hope towards a new relationship with the Soviet Union under
Gorbachev. These are fresh and exciting prospects that are awakening
in Europe today. New balances lie on the horizon; full of promise,
yet, also frought with problems.
By updating and reviving the spirits and the models of
NATO and Helsinki, we must all together seize the challenges that are
facing us. And what challenges. The backwardness in so many parts
MORE
- 3 -
of the world; the dreadful degradation of the environment, organized
crime and, above all, the scourge of drugs that so deeply jeopardizes
our society.
-
This is the message of our nation that is profoundly
committed to building up a European community soundly founded on the
values of freedom and progress. A country that is open to the world,
including those parts of it which are less fortunate and sensitive to
its needs and problems. A country, lastly, that has always been an
integral part of the great mosaic of Europe, but also one which is
vitally interested in the problems of the Mediterranean area towards
which our attention shall not be lessened following to what is now
occurring in Eastern Europe.
Mr. President, I am now thinking about what links America
and Italy by history and culture. I'm not referring only to the role
of that ingenious Italian Renaissance man, Christopher Colombus, in
marking the birth of this country, an event which we shall be
delighted to celebrate with the American people on its anniversary in
1992. I'm also thinking of the many millions of Americans of Italian
descent whom you have recalled, Mr. President, who are such an
important and active part of this country today. My message goes out
to them also in the hope they may look more and more to Italy's
tradition as well as its contemporary reality for a precious heritage
and cherished sense of belonging.
Mr. President, in conclusion I wish to say that Italy
desires to continue looking to the United States with sentiments of
solidarity that long decades of shared political and military
partnership have made so strong and rich, and with that friendship
that is now an invaulable asset of both our peoples. It is with
these same feelings, Mr. President, that I wish to thank you for your
welcome and extend to you my best wishes for the prosperity and
well-being of all the American people.
MR. PRESIDENT: sir, thank you very much.
END
10:24 A.M. EST
^cl
^fo " ## ""
^cl
White House News Summary
Tuesday, March 6, 1990 -- 1
1:15 P.M. NEWS UPDATE
ANDREOTTI VISIT (Barry Schweid, AP) -- President Bush welcomed
Prime Minister Andreotti to the White House for discussions on
giving Italy a larger role in shaping a reunified Germany. "We
agree on the foundations of a new Europe,' Bush said in a speech
on the South Lawn welcoming Andreotti to the White House. The
president stressed the ties between the U.S. and Italy, to which
12 million Americans trace their descent. "Our dialogue is
constant. It is substantive, it is productive," Bush said.
Responding, Andreotti said Italy welcomed "the dawn of democracy"
in Eastern Europe. But without elaboration, he said the new world
that is emerging was "fraught with problems" and challenges.
(Thomas Ferraro, UPI) -- Prime Minister Andreotti opened a
three-day state visit to the U.S. by expressing concern about the
U.S. -backed proposal to reunify Germany. Andreotti, seated beside
President Bush in the Oval Office, told reporters that all 16
members of NATO -- not just the U.S., Britain, France and the
Soviet Union -- must have input.
DRUG EDUCATION (Reuter) -- William Bennett called for tough school
policies to prevent drug use, including suspension for first time
users and expulsion for repeat offenders. He lambasted some drug
education programs as ineffective and said education alone would
not prevent drug use. "The fact remains that many students who
have taken drug education courses -- even the best such courses -
- have later gone on to use drugs, he said in remarks prepared for
George Mason University. Drug experts agree, he said, that merely
presenting information about drugs doesn't deter drug use. "If
anything, well-packaged information on drugs can even serve to
pique youthful curiosity about them," he said.
FLAG BURNING (AP) -- The Justice Department said it will ask the
Supreme Court to review a second federal judge's ruling that a new
law making it a crime to burn the American flag is
unconstitutional. Justice spokesman David Runkel said government
attorneys intend to appeal Monday's ruling by U.S. District Judge
June Green.
CAMBODIA (Sereipheap, Cambodia/UPI) -- Khmer Rouge forces are
gaining political and military strength inside Cambodia and the
best way to stop them from returning to sole power is to draw them
into a power-sharing arrangement, Prince Sihanouk said. Sihanouk
said he wished Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot would die. The prince
insisted he was not an apologist for the Khmer Rouge.
SOVIET FREE ENTERPRISE (Moscow/AP) -- The Soviet parliament
overwhelmingly approved legislation that will allow people to own
factories and hire workers for the first time in nearly 70 years.
"This is an enormous step forward because it lays down the
principle of pluralism in the forms of ownership and the basis of
their equality and their protection from the government," said
deputy Alexei Yablokov.
-
White House News Summary
Tuesday, March 1990 2
1:15 P.M. NEWS UPDATE (continued)
UKRAINE (Kiev/Reuter) -- Ukrainian nationalists who achieved a
major success in Soviet regional elections announced plans to
create a formal opposition party to press for an independent
republic. Challenging the ruling Communists, the nationalist Rukh
movement issued a declaration urging the conversion of its loose
alliance of human rights activists, environmental activists and
radical Communists into a full-fledged political party. Initial
results from half the voting districts in the Ukraine show Rukh on
target to provide a quarter of the republic's new members of
parliament.
BONNER COMMENTS (Rome/Reuter) -- Yelena Bonner said Soviet leader
Gorbachev may be remembered not for perestroika but for genocide.
Bonner told a Rome news conference she feared Gorbachev's inaction
in the ethnic conflict between Armenians and Azeris would lead to
a repetition of the slaughter of Armenians in eastern Turkey early
in the century.
THRIFT APPOINTMENT (AP) -- President Bush named Salvadore Martoche,
an assistant Treasury secretary, as acting director of the Office
of Thrift Supervision.
-end-
Photocopy-Preservation
The Washington Times
NATION
Bush, Andreotti
discuss borders
By Paul Bedard
cepted a West German proposal for a pre-
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
liminary meeting of the so-called
"two-plus-four" nations involved in the
President Bush and Italian Prime Min-
German unification talks. The low-level,
ister Giulio Andreotti yesterday dis-
sub-Cabinet meeting, is slated to take
cussed the sweeping changes taking
place March 14 in Bonn, although Mr.
place in Europe, and both said that a re-
Fitzwater said that is subject to change.
unified Germany must respect post-
The two in the formula are East and
World War II borders.
West Germany and the four are the Allied
Mr. Bush called on Mr. Andreotti,
World War II powers - the United States,
whose nation assumes the presidency of
Soviet Union, Great Britain and France.
the 12-nation European Community this
Italian leaders have expressed con-
summer, to give that organization a
cern at being excluded from participa-
larger role in shaping Europe.
tion in the two-plus-four talks. Mr. An-
"We agree that the EC must play a vital
dreotti said, "I think that all member
role in new Europe," Mr. Bush said in a
countries of the Atlantic Alliance must
welcoming ceremony.
handle together these problems."
Mr. Bush also said he is looking to the
Mr. Andreotti also said that NATO
35-nation Conference of Security and Co-
must remain a strong military and politi-
operation in Europe "to play a greater
cal institution.
role in Europe's future, particularly in
guiding the economic and political trans-
He called the links between Europe
formation of the rising democracies."
and the United States an "essential point
There were few differences for the two
of reference in a world in which ideologi-
leaders to discuss during the state visit.
cal confrontation is waning and military
Mr. Bush and Mr. Andreotti also agreed
tensions will everywhere have to yield to
a new climate of dialogue."
to make the international war on drugs a
top priority.
Mr. Andreotti was honored at a state
Following the White House meeting,
dinner at the White House last night. To-
President Bush welcomes Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti to the White House.
Photo by Glen Stubbe/The Washington Times
presidential spokesman Marlin Fitz-
day, he is to address a joint session of
water announced that Mr. Bush had ac-
Congress and receive an honorary de-
gree from Catholic University.
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
March 6, 1990
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AND PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI
OF ITALY
UPON ARRIVAL
The South Lawn
10:10 A.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Prime Minister and Mrs. Andreotti,
and friends of Italy. Barbara and I are pleased to welcome the
President of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Italy,
Giulio Andreotti, and his wife, Livia, to the United States and to
the White House. Prime Minister Andreotti's public career is rich in
achievement, unrivaled in modern Europe. He served his nation with
distinction as statesman and diplomat, and of course, as Prime
Minister.
But Prime Minister Andreotti is also a man of letters,
known for his humor and integrity. And here in America, he's known
as a good and close friend -- the leader of a strong nation and a
strong people. And we are proud and honored to have him as our guest
today.
Forty-five years ago the giants of modern history --
Churchill, Truman and de Gaulle, were embarking on the great task of
rebuilding Europe -- what would later be known as the Marshall Plan.
And another giant worked with them -- a man who helped build the
strong Atlantic community we have today: Prime Minister de Gaspari
of Italy.
I mentioned that Prime Minister Andreotti is a renowned
author. Well, he wrote a biography of de Gaspari, and it is in the
tradition of his subject that Prime Minister Andreotti leads Italy
today.
Like his predecessor, Giulio Andreotti is a leader who
fights for freedom, peace and democracy in an evolving Europe. This
week's visit by the Prime Minister bears witness to Italy's continued
leadership in the swift-moving stream of events in Europe and to
America's steadfast partnership with Italy and Europe through it all.
I look forward to exchanging views with you, Mr. Prime
Minister. This time on the dramatic developments in Europe -- East
and West. Over the past two decades, we've seen Italy's role in
world affairs grow under your leadership, both as Foreign Minister
and as Prime Minister. And during that time, the United States and
Italy have been the firmest allies. Our dialogue is constant, it is
substantive, it is productive.
We agree on the foundations of a new Europe. We welcome
the prospect of overcoming Europe's artificial division and building
a Europe whole and free. We look to the Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe, the CSCE -- to play a greater role in Europe's
future -- particularly in guiding the economic and political
transformation of the rising democracies in Eastern Europe.
We agree that the EC must play a vital role in new
Europe. A more united Europe, able to take its rightful place in
MORE
- 2 -
world affairs, is good for the United States of America. As Italy
assumes the presidency of the European Community beginning in July,
Prime Minister Andreotti and I will work to improve economic and
political ties between the United States and the Community.
In this role, Italy will have the opportunity to lead the
EC in the battle against organized crime and narcotics trafficking --
a fight in which our two nations remain strong, determined, and
united.
Above all, we share a common commitment to NATO and the
conviction that the United States must -- and will -- remain a
European power. We are true partners in the Atlantic Alliance which
serves as the foundation for stability and our common security. So
Prime Minister Andreotti and I have much to discuss, about Germany,
the Alliance, East-West relations, U.S.-EC ties and other topics.
And I am confident that we share the commitment that Chancellor Kohl
and I expressed at Camp David nine days ago -- that a United Germany
should remain a full member of NATO, including participation in its
military structure.
In all these areas I look forward to serious and
productive talks with Prime Minister Andreotti, a true and valued
friend of the United States.
Americans have always held a special place in our hearts
for Italy. It was the American novelist, Henry James, who once
wrote, "We go to Italy to gaze upon certain of the highest
achievements of human power, representing to the imagination the
maximum of man's creative force."
Well, together we can achieve even more. And today's
visit will strengthen the deep bonds between us. And we share 12
million Americans who proudly call Italy their ancestral home. And
because of them, America is a richer place, because of their
commitment to family and faith and their zest for life.
Let me, in closing, express to you, sir, my hope that you
have a most successful visit, a safe journey, and a delightful time
here. Mr. Prime Minister, welcome back to Washington, D.C.
(Applause.)
PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI: Thank you very much for your
warm words of welcome. In return, I would like to express to you the
great esteem in which you are held by the Italian government and
people.
My visit is but a continuation of a solid tradition of
alliance and cooperation between our governments. A tradition which
forms part of the much broader alliance and solidarity between
Western countries to which we owe this extraordinarily long period of
peace in Europe and prosperity in the world. Within this framework,
Italy is actively working as it deems the alliance to be ever more
valid and necessary.
The very close links between the United States and Europe
is still, for Italy, and essential point of reference in a world in
which ideological confrontation is waning and military tensions will
everywhere have to yield to a new climate of dialogue. We rejoice to
see the dawn of democracy in Eastern Europe. We look forward with
hope towards a new relationship with the Soviet Union under
Gorbachev. These are fresh and exciting prospects that are awakening
in Europe today. New balances lie on the horizon; full of promise,
yet, also frought with problems.
By updating and reviving the spirits and the models of
NATO and Helsinki, we must all together seize the challenges that are
facing us. And what challenges. The backwardness in so many parts
MORE
- 3 -
of the world; the dreadful degradation of the environment, organized
crime and, above all, the scourge of drugs that so deeply jeopardizes
our society.
-
This is the message of our nation that is profoundly
committed to building up a European community soundly founded on the
values of freedom and progress. A country that is open to the world,
including those parts of it which are less fortunate and sensitive to
its needs and problems. A country, lastly, that has always been an
integral part of the great mosaic of Europe, but also one which is
vitally interested in the problems of the Mediterranean area towards
which our attention shall not be lessened following to what is now
occurring in Eastern Europe.
Mr. President, I am now thinking about what links America
and Italy by history and culture. I'm not referring only to the role
of that ingenious Italian Renaissance man, Christopher Colombus, in
marking the birth of this country, an event which we shall be
delighted to celebrate with the American people on its anniversary in
1992. I'm also thinking of the many millions of Americans of Italian
descent whom you have recalled, Mr. President, who are such an
important and active part of this country today. My message goes out
to them also in the hope they may look more and more to Italy's
tradition as well as its contemporary reality for a precious heritage
and cherished sense of belonging.
Mr. President, in conclusion I wish to say that Italy
desires to continue looking to the United States with sentiments of
solidarity that long decades of shared political and military
partnership have made so strong and rich, and with that friendship
that is now an invaulable asset of both our peoples. It is with
these same feelings, Mr. President, that I wish to thank you for your
welcome and extend to you my best wishes for the prosperity and
well-being of all the American people.
MR. PRESIDENT: sir, thank you very much.
END
10:24 A.M. EST
^cl
^fo "" ## ""
^cl
THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
March 7, 1990
REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT
AND PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI OF ITALY
IN EXCHANGE OF TOASTS
The State Dining Room
March 6, 1990
8:12 P.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Ladies and gentlemen, we're going to get
this part out of the way early. (Laughter.)
Mr. Prime Minister and Mrs. Andreotti and distinguished
guests, friends of Italy, all. Barbara and I are very pleased to
welcome you to the White House tonight to honor the President of the
Council of Ministers in the Republic of Italy, our friend, Mr.
Andreotti. And later on this evening, we will be celebrating Italy's
national pastime with a performance by one of the world's greatest
opera singers. We'll leave it as a little bit of a surprise.
(Laughter.)
But I am reminded of a story concerning America's
national pastime. It seems that great Italian tenor, Enrico Caruso,
was asked by a group of American reporters what he thought of Babe
Ruth. Caruso, ever polite, replied that he didn't know, because
unfortunately he had never heard her sing. (Laughter.)
One American writer called Italy "The Land of the
Immortal Gods." Not just the land of mythology, but the home of
eternal ideas symbolized by the immortal genius of da Vinci and
Michelangelo, Raphael. The timeless architecture -- the Piazza San
Marco in Venice. The classic strings heard in La Scala, in Milan.
And Italy is the spiritual home of millions. St. Peters in Rome and
the ancestral home of 12 million Americans.
And many are here tonight, including our OAS Ambassador,
Luigi Einaudi who is also the grandson of Italy's first president.
And Mr. Prime Minister, you are one of America's closest friends and
you know our country well. And we are proud and honored to be with
you. We certainly agree on the key role that Italy plays in the new
emerging Europe. And in my discussions with Prime Minister Andreotti
today and over the past months, we have shared the excitment on the
remarkable changes that we are seeing. I can think of no time in
modern history when our strong transatlantic partnership was more
crucial.
They say that all the roads lead to Rome. And so Italy
was appropriately my first stop on my first visit to Europe as
President of the United States. And together we set the tone for
critical arms reduction proposals; now even closer to fulfillment.
We agree -- totally agree -- that a strong NATO is vital to our
collective security in the new Europe.
German unification -- with a unified Germany remaining a
full member of NATO, support for the rising democracies in Eastern
Europe and the continued role of the United States as a force for
stability in Europe, are all part of our agenda today. And as we've
done so often in the past, we found much agreement. But we also have
much to look forward to.
This summer, we will meet again at the Houston Economic
Summit. And then, beginning in July, Italy becomes Chairman of the
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European Community. And our two governments will work to develop
stronger economic and political ties between the United States and
the EC. But most important of all, there is perhaps the toughest
issue between our two nations, a meeting which will take place this
summer in Italy.
And our side has already made bold advances against other
nations involved, but we must be allowed to compete on a level
playing field. And that's right, I'm talking about the 1990 World
Cup in Soccer. (Laughter.)
And so Mr. Prime Minister and our friend, our discussions
today reinforced my deep admiration for you and your nation.
To our noble and strong union, and to you, and the
citizens of the Republic of Italy, I ask our guests to join me in a
toast. A salute to you and to your great country, sir.
(A TOAST IS OFFERED.)
(APPLAUSE.)
PRIME MINISTER ANDREOTTI: Mr. President, the number of
our Cabinets which is a feature of Italy's political life, but does
not affect the stability of our democracy, has provided me with other
opportunities to come to the White House in the last years, although
in different ministerial capacities.
Being back in the United States today after more than a
decade as President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian
Republic is indeed a source of great satisfaction to me. Many
decisive events have taken place in the meantime which our continents
have often lived through, side-by-side, in a relationship of alliance
and cooperation which has been strong and vital. The world has
become increasingly complex and interdependent and certainly not
easier to manage today.
I am especially happy to be visiting Washington at this
moment when the world, and Europe in particular, are living through
such an exciting and crucial time. On the European continent, a
decades-long ideological and military confrontation is giving way
with astounding speed to new balances and to the promising
establishment of democracy in the Eastern European nations. A new
Europe is coming into being, in which we trust that a reduction in
tensions will make the presence of armaments less disquieting.
We Italians have always believed that Atlantic solidarity
would one day bare fruit. My seniority as a politician would enable
me to reel off every single stage in this long process, both of
resistance and of political cohesion. And we Italians have always
held the view that the political and military commitment of the
United States and Europe was an indispensible condition for the
ultimate success of our common endeavor. Well, Mr. President, Italy
is still convinced today, more than ever before, if it were possible,
that this solidarity must continue to inspire our action. The
continuing military and political presence of the United States in
Europe is basic to ensuring stability and balance for the whole
world.
As ideological and military confrontations wane, Europe
needs a broader framework for cooperation. A form which by
strengthening the Helsinki formula develops into a system for
comprehensive dialogue with the participation of the United States
and Canada. And together with NATO, this is the institutional
framework in which we can together tackle issues related to the
growth of the budding democracies in the East, the reunification of
the two Germanys, and the development of the new relationship with
the Soviet Union. In short, and to borrow your own words, Mr.
President, the construction of that whole and free Europe which is
already taking shape and to which we all look forward with hope.
Italy feels it is part of this Europe, and indeed, an
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essential one. But I would like recall that Italy, by its nature in
history, is also part of the Mediterranean world. We shall continue
to follow the problems of that area very closely, including
long-standing ones such as the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Lebanese
crisis, and the problems related to the future development of each
people in this important area.
Naturally, Mr. President, what we need today is a new
solidarity. By this, I mean a solidarity between the United States
and Europe that is newer and subtler than the one tested so
successfully at a time when we were threatened from the exterior.
This kind of solidarity is today both indispensible and urgent to
enable both Europe and the United States to jointly take up other
challenges, whether regional or global in scope. I'm referring to
the backwardness and indebtedness of developing countries, to
environmental protection and to the fight against drugs, which you,
Mr. President, very clearly stated to be an absolute priority issue
showing your solidarity to the Latin American countries which are
most suffering at the hands of drug-traffickers.
Mr. President, all kinds of dictatorships have failed.
Even those which believe that by sacrificing freedom they would
succeed in solving the economic and social problems of their peoples.
To a nation such as the United States that has provided and is
providing a generous and sustain contribution to freedom in all
continents, we renew the expression of our convinced friendship,
genuinely rooted in our hearts and minds and inspired by constructive
spirit.
Mr. President, I ask you and all your guests here to make
a toast to your health and that of Mrs. Bush. And also, I would like
to invite you, if the American Soccer Team is going to win, to come
to Rome and assist to the last game. (Laughter.) Thank you, Mr.
President.
(A TOAST IS OFFERED.)
THE PRESIDENT: Well done, sir. Thank you. Very nice.
Thank you so much.
END
8:16 P.M. EST