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Time 5/7/90 [OA 4422]
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323154745
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Time 5/7/90 [OA 4422]
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Mary Kate Grant Subject Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Grant, Mary Kate, Files
Subseries:
Subject File, 1988-1991
OA/ID Number:
13884
Folder ID Number:
13884-007
Folder Title:
Time, 5/7/90
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
18
29
1
2
TIME
TimeInc.Magazines
TIME
Time & Life Building
Rockefeller Center
New York, NY 10020
Donald Morrison
212-522-4545
Special Projects Editor
212-522-0907 Fax
badline 1 wed- March 16
February 1, 1990
Mr. George Bush
500-1000
The President
The White House
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. President:
On behalf of the Overseas Press Club, I invite you to
contribute an article to this year's edition of Dateline, the
magazine of the Club's annual awards dinner. A message from
the Oval Office has become a standard feature of Dateline.
Your contribution to last year's issue was especially well
received among the magazine's readership of more than 10,000
leading journalists, business figures, diplomats and public
officials in the U.S. and abroad.
As you may recall, Dateline is prepared for the Overseas
Press Club by a different major national magazine each year.
In 1990 the designated publication is TIME Magazine. The theme
chosen for this issue is "Let Freedom Ring: The Press in the
New Age of Democracy.' Accordingly, most of the articles in
CW
the issue will deal with the past year's historic movement
toward freedom in Eastern Europe and elsewhere in the world.
Because you have played an important role in this momentous
constellation of events, your views on them--and on the role of
the press in freedom's onward march--would be especially
significant.
We would expect that your message for this year's Dateline
be roughly the same length as your remarks last year, i.e.
about 500 words. We can, of course, accommodate fewer. And
given the breadth of this year's theme, you may want more. Our
deadline for text is February 19. The text can be sent to
TIME's Washington bureau, or directly to me by mail, delivery
service or fax at the above location. I can also send a messenger
to collect it.
In any case, the Overseas Press Club would greatly appreciate
the opportunity to include your voice, once again, in
Dateline. The magazine is an essential element in the Club's
efforts to advance the cause of free expression around the
world. Dateline is also a professionally produced, highly
readable publication, thanks in no small part to the
participation of you and your predecessors in the White House.
We hope to have the honor of publishing your words again
this year.
Yours sincerely,
Donald Morrison
Editor
DATELINE
DM:cmb
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
mK:
there are :
1,441 local television stations
10,666 radio stations
1,642 daily newspapers
Mench 13
TIME
Time Inc.Magazines
TIME
Time & Life Building
Rockefeller Center
New York, NY 10020
Mr. George Bush
The President
The White House
Washington, DC 20500
Document No. 122430
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
DATE: 03/13/90
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: 2:00 p.m. 03/14
SUBJECT: PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
(03/12 draft four)
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCCLURE
SUNUNU
NEWMAN
SCOWCROFT
PORTER N/C
>
DARMAN
ROGICH
BATES
UNTERMEYER
CARD
ROGERS
CICCONI
PINKERTON N/C
>
WINSTON
DEMAREST
FITZWATER
GRAY
HAGIN
REMARKS:
Please provide any comments/recommendations directly to Chriss
Winston by 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday, March 14th, with a copy to
my office. Thanks.
RESPONSE:
James W. Cicconi
Assistant to the President
and Deputy to the Chief of Staff
Ext. 2702
Grant/Nappo
March 12, 1990
1990 MAR 13 PM 6: 58
Draft four
A:time
PROPOSED PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
ANNUAL AWARDS DINNER
THEME: "LET FREEDOM RING: THE PRESS IN THE NEW AGE OF DEMOCRACY"
Shortly after World War II, President Harry Truman told the
American Society of Newspaper Editors: "We cannot run the risk
that nations may be lost to the cause of freedom, because their
people do not know the facts. I am convinced that we should
greatly extend and strengthen our efforts to make the truth known
to people in all the world."
Here in America, we believe in the free press. Every day,
about XXX local television stations, XXX radio stations, and XXX
daily newspapers -- each one fiercely independent of any
government control -- report on candidates for office, government
policies, national and international events and local happenings.
Today, forty years after President Truman championed the
Panama Poland
power of a free press, people from Managua to Manila are winning
their struggle for freedom.
Thanks to the scrutiny that no government can now escape,
things are changing, and the spirit is catching. For example,
the staff of one Czechoslovakiar Socialist party daily paper, The
Free Word, announced last winter that it would no longer parrot
Official
the party line and would become an independent journal. Then,
workers at the government-controlled television stations
threatened to shut down broadcasts unless coverage of public
2
demonstrations was both prominent and fair. Soon after, the
nightly news began featuring film clips of the protests at
Wenceslas Square in Prague.
In Czechoslavakia and Hungary, people watched television
coverage as the "Revolution of '89" evolved and the Berlin Wall
fell. In Timisoara, Romania, a pastor in the Hungarian Reformed
Church spoke out against the tyranny of the Bucharest regime on
Hungarian television. After the interview, he was denied food
and fuel, barred from meeting with his family, and finally
imprisoned. Lech Walesa wrote in an open letter to the brave
priest: "Even prison walls will not be able to hide what is noble
and good from the eyes of the world." Walesa was right -- and
the people of of
now Romanians free from of the despotism that imprisoned them
for so long, are building democracy. And elsewhere, in Managua,
the publisher of the once-outlawed newspaper La Prensa has been
elected President of Nicaragua after years of censorship by the
Marxist Sandinistas.
Your work overseas, as foreign correspondents and editors,
has helped spark the fires of truth and freedom. In those far-
away countries, the "truth has set men free." Not only in
Berlin, but in so many cities and villages around the world, "the
wall" separating the people and their God-given freedom has come
down. And it has come down because people know that freedom
means the right to question and change the established way of
doing things and that no single authority or government has a
3
monopoly on the truth. As long as there is a free press in this
world, the walls will continue to come down.
The idea of freedom is alive everywhere. Pope John Paul
and spiritiual
II, a great religious leader but also a Polish patriot, wrote
years ago, "Freedom has continually to be won, it cannot merely
be possessed. It comes as a gift but can only be kept with a
struggle." Each of you is an important part of that engoing struggle.
I salute the members of the Overseas Press Club and send you
my best wishes on this occasion. God bless you and God bless
America.
# # #
Document No. 122430
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
called NC 3/15s,B in
DATE: 03/13/90
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: 2:00 p.m. 03/14
SUBJECT: PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
(03/12 draft four)
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCCLURE
SUNUNU
NEWMAN
SCOWCROFT
PORTER
>
DARMAN
ROGICH
BATES
UNTERMEYER
CARD
ROGERS
CICCONI
PINKERTON
WINSTON
DEMAREST
FITZWATER
GRAY
HAGIN
REMARKS:
Please provide any comments/recommendations directly to Chriss
Winston by 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday, March 14th, with a copy to
my office. Thanks.
RESPONSE:
NC
8€ : 6v 91 MAR 06
James W. Cicconi
Assistant to the President
and Deputy to the Chief of Staff
Ext. 2702
Grant/Nappo
March 12, 1990
1990 MAR 13 PM 6: 58
Draft four
A:time
PROPOSED PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
ANNUAL AWARDS DINNER
THEME: "LET FREEDOM RING: THE PRESS IN THE NEW AGE OF DEMOCRACY"
Shortly after World War II, President Harry Truman told the
American Society of Newspaper Editors: "We cannot run the risk
that nations may be lost to the cause of freedom, because their
people do not know the facts. I am convinced that we should
greatly extend and strengthen our efforts to make the truth known
to people in all the world."
Here in America, we believe in the free press. Every day,
about XXX local television stations, XXX radio stations, and XXX
daily newspapers -- each one fiercely independent of any
government control -- report on candidates for office, government
policies, national and international events and local happenings.
Today, forty years after President Truman championed the
power of a free press, people from Managua to Manila are winning
their struggle for freedom.
Thanks to the scrutiny that no government can now escape,
things are changing, and the spirit is catching. For example,
the staff of one Czechoslovakian Socialist party daily paper, The
Free Word, announced last winter that it would no longer parrot
the party line and would become an independent journal. Then,
workers at the government-controlled television stations
threatened to shut down broadcasts unless coverage of public
2
demonstrations was both prominent and fair. Soon after, the
nightly news began featuring film clips of the protests at
Wenceslas Square in Prague.
In Czechoslavakia and Hungary, people watched television
coverage as the "Revolution of '89" evolved and the Berlin Wall
fell. In Timisoara, Romania, a pastor in the Hungarian Reformed
Church spoke out against the tyranny of the Bucharest regime on
Hungarian television. After the interview, he was denied food
and fuel, barred from meeting with his family, and finally
imprisoned. Lech Walesa wrote in an open letter to the brave
priest: "Even prison walls will not be able to hide what is noble
and good from the eyes of the world." Walesa was right -- and
now Romanians, free from of the despotism that imprisoned them
for so long, are building democracy. And elsewhere, in Managua,
the publisher of the once-outlawed newspaper La Prensa has been
elected President of Nicaragua after years of censorship by the
Marxist Sandinistas.
Your work overseas, as foreign correspondents and editors,
has helped spark the fires of truth and freedom. In those far-
away countries, the "truth has set men free. II Not only in
Berlin, but in so many cities and villages around the world, "the
wall" separating the people and their God-given freedom has come
down. And it has come down because people know that freedom
means the right to question and change the established way of
doing things and that no single authority or government has a
3
monopoly on the truth. As long as there is a free press in this
world, the walls will continue to come down.
The idea of freedom is alive everywhere. Pope John Paul
II, a great religious leader but also a Polish patriot, wrote
years ago, "Freedom has continually to be won, it cannot merely
be possessed. It comes as a gift but can only be kept with a
struggle." Each of you is an important part of that struggle.
I salute the members of the Overseas Press Club and send you
my best wishes on this occasion. God bless you and God bless
America.
# # #
PLEASE DELIVER
TO
WINSTON ASAP!!!
2
UNCLASSIFIED
RECORD ID: 9001992
NSC/S PROFILE
RECEIVED: 14 MAR 90 09
TO: SCOWCROFT
FROM: CICCONI, J
90 MAR 15 A7: 58
DOC DATE: 13 MAR 90
SOURCE REF: 122430
KEYWORDS: MEDIA
EUROPE EAST
NICARAGUA
PERSONS:
SUBJECT: PRES ARTICLE RE TIME MAGAZINE / OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB ANNUAL AWARDS
DINNER
ACTION: GATES SGD WH REFERRAL
DUE DATE: 14 MAR 90
STATUS: C
STAFF OFFICER: RODMAN
LOGREF:
FILES: WH
NSCP:
CODES:
DOCUMENT DISTRIBUTION
FOR ACTION
FOR CONCURRENCE
FOR INFO
RODMAN
COMMENTS:
DISPATCHED BY
DATE
BY HAND W/ATTCH
OPENED BY: NSAJC
CLOSED BY: NSLMS
DOC 1 OF 1
UNCLASSIFIED
Document No. 2430
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDU
1992
DATE: 03/13/90
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: 2:00 p.m. 03/14
SUBJECT: PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
(03/12 draft four)
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCCLURE
SUNUNU
NEWMAN
SCOWCROFT
PORTER
DARMAN
ROGICH
BATES
UNTERMEYER
CARD
ROGERS
=
CICCONI
>
PINKERTON
>
WINSTON
DEMAREST
FITZWATER
GRAY
HAGIN
REMARKS:
Please provide any comments/recommendations directly to Chriss
Winston by 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday, March 14th, with a copy to
my office. Thanks.
RESPONSE:
March 14, 1990
TO: CHRISS WINSTON
NSC clears the subject article with the changes noted.
Brent Rfute fr Scowcroft
James W. Cicconi
CC: James W. Cicconi
Assistant to the President
and Deputy to the Chief of Staff
Ext. 2702
90 MAR 14 A8: 32
Grant/Nappo
March 12, 1990
1990 MAR i3 PM 6: 58
Draft four
A:time
PROPOSED PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
ANNUAL AWARDS DINNER
THEME: "LET FREEDOM RING: THE PRESS IN THE NEW AGE OF DEMOCRACY"
Shortly after World War II, President Harry Truman told the
American Society of Newspaper Editors: "We cannot run the risk
that nations may be lost to the cause of freedom, because their
people do not know the facts. I am convinced that we should
greatly extend and strengthen our efforts to make the truth known
to people in all the world."
Here in America, we believe in the free press. Every day,
about XXX local television stations, XXX radio stations, and XXX
daily newspapers -- each one fiercely independent of any
government control -- report on candidates for office, government
policies, national and international events and local happenings.
Not
the
Today, forty years after President Truman championed the
best
Prague
power of a free press, people from Managua to Manila are winning
example
their struggle for freedom.
Thanks to the scrutiny that no government can now escape,
things are changing, and the spirit is catching. For example,
the staff of one Czechoslovakian Socialist party daily paper, The
Free Word, announced last winter that it would no longer parrot
official
the party line and would become an independent journal. Then,
workers at the government-controlled television stations
threatened to shut down broadcasts unless coverage of public
That priest, Reverend Laszlo
Tokes, was with me in the white
House this week [march 15], just as
2
Lech Walse was last fill.
demonstrations was both prominent and fair. Soon after, the
nightly news began featuring film clips of the protests at
Wenceslas Square in Prague.
In Czechoslavakia and Hungary, people watched television
coverage as the "Revolution of '89" evolved and the Berlin Wall
fell. In Timisoara, Romania, a pastor in the Hungarian Reformed
Church spoke out against the tyranny of the Bucharest regime on
Hungarian television. After the interview, he was denied food
and fuel, barred from meeting with his family, and finally
imprisoned. Lech Walesa wrote in an open letter to the brave
priest: "Even prison walls will not be able to hide what is noble
and good from the eyes of the world." Walesa was right -- and
the people of homania,
now Romanians, free from of the despotism that imprisoned them
1
for so long, are building democracy. And elsewhere, in Managua,
the publisher of the once-outlawed newspaper La Prensa has been
elected President of Nicaragua after years of censorship by the
Marxist Sandinistas.
Your work overseas, as foreign correspondents and editors,
has helped spark the fires of truth and freedom. In those far-
away countries, the "truth has set men free." Not only in
Berlin, but in so many cities and villages around the world, "the
wall" separating the people and their God-given freedom has come
down. And it has come down because people know that freedom
means the right to question and change the established way of
doing things and that no single authority or government has a
3
monopoly on the truth. As long as there is a free press in this
world, the walls will continue to come down.
The idea of freedom is alive everywhere. Pope John Paul
and Spiritual
II, a great religious ^ leader but also a Polish patriot, wrote
years ago, "Freedom has continually to be won, it cannot merely
be possessed. It comes as a gift but can only be kept with a
struggle." Each of you is an important part of that struggle.
I salute the members of the Overseas Press Club and send you
my best wishes on this occasion. God bless you and God bless
America.
# # #
Document No. 122430
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
90 MAR 14 MAR P2: 46
DATE: 03/13/90
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: 2:00 p.m. 03/14
SUBJECT: PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
(03/12 draft four)
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCCLURE
SUNUNU
NEWMAN
SCOWCROFT
PORTER
DARMAN
ROGICH
BATES
UNTERMEYER
CARD
ROGERS
=
CICCONI
PINKERTON
>
WINSTON
DEMAREST
FITZWATER
GRAY
HAGIN
REMARKS:
Please provide any comments/recommendations directly to Chriss
Winston by 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday, March 14th, with a copy to
my office. Thanks.
RESPONSE:
No Comments 3/14/90
see suggestion, P.3
James W. Cicconi
Assistant to the President
and Deputy to the Chief of Staff
Ext. 2702
34:59 DO
Grant/Nappo
March 12, 1990
1990 MAR i3 PM 6: 58
Draft four
A:time
PROPOSED PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
ANNUAL AWARDS DINNER
THEME: "LET FREEDOM RING: THE PRESS IN THE NEW AGE OF DEMOCRACY"
Shortly after World War II, President Harry Truman told the
American Society of Newspaper Editors: "We cannot run the risk
that nations may be lost to the cause of freedom, because their
people do not know the facts. I am convinced that we should
greatly extend and strengthen our efforts to make the truth known
to people in all the world."
Here in America, we believe in the free press. Every day,
about XXX local television stations, XXX radio stations, and XXX
daily newspapers -- each one fiercely independent of any
government control -- report on candidates for office, government
policies, national and international events and local happenings.
Today, forty years after President Truman championed the
power of a free press, people from Managua to Manila are winning
their struggle for freedom.
Thanks to the scrutiny that no government can now escape,
things are changing, and the spirit is catching. For example,
the staff of one Czechoslovakian Socialist party daily paper, The
Free Word, announced last winter that it would no longer parrot
the party line and would become an independent journal. Then,
workers at the government-controlled television stations
threatened to shut down broadcasts unless coverage of public
2
demonstrations was both prominent and fair. Soon after, the
nightly news began featuring film clips of the protests at
Wenceslas Square in Prague.
In Czechoslavakia and Hungary, people watched television
coverage as the "Revolution of '89" evolved and the Berlin Wall
fell. In Timisoara, Romania, a pastor in the Hungarian Reformed
Church spoke out against the tyranny of the Bucharest regime on
Hungarian television. After the interview, he was denied food
and fuel, barred from meeting with his family, and finally
imprisoned. Lech Walesa wrote in an open letter to the brave
priest: "Even prison walls will not be able to hide what is noble
and good from the eyes of the world." Walesa was right -- and
now Romanians, free from of the despotism that imprisoned them
for so long, are building democracy. And elsewhere, in Managua,
the publisher of the once-outlawed newspaper La Prensa has been
elected President of Nicaragua after years of censorship by the
Marxist Sandinistas.
Your work overseas, as foreign correspondents and editors,
has helped spark the fires of truth and freedom. In those far-
away countries, the "truth has set men free.' Not only in
Berlin, but in so many cities and villages around the world, "the
wall" separating the people and their God-given freedom has come
down. And it has come down because people know that freedom
means the right to question and change the established way of
doing things and that no single authority or government has a
3
monopoly on the truth. As long as there is a free press in this
world, the walls will continue to come down.
The idea of freedom is alive everywhere. Pope John Paul
II, a great religious leader but also a Polish patriot, wrote
years ago, "Freedom has continually to be won, it cannot merely
be possessed. It comes as a gift but can only be kept with a
struggle." Each of you is an important part of that struggle.
I salute the members of the Overseas Press Club and send you
my best wishes on this occasion. God bless you and God bless
America.
# # #
ongoing
(or continuous)
French Hill
535-6334
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
V
March 14, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR CHRISS WINSTON
DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT
FOR COMMUNICATIONS
FROM:
NELSON ASSOCIATE LUND COUNSEL ANY
TO THE PRESIDENT
SUBJECT:
Draft Presidential Article: Time
Magazine/Overseas Press Club Annual Awards Dinner
At the request of James W. Cicconi, Counsel's office has reviewed
the captioned article. We have no legal objections.
We appreciate having had the opportunity to review this article.
CC: James W. Cicconi
8 E : 2d 11 MAR 06
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 14, 1990
MEMORANDUM FOR CHRISS WINSTON
FROM:
ROGER B. PORTER RBP
SUBJECT:
Presidential Remarks: Time Magazine/Overseas Press
Club
We have reviewed the attached draft and have no comments
from a policy standpoint.
CC: James W. Cicconi
1:11 SI MAR 06
Document No. 122430
WHITE HOUSE STAFFING MEMORANDUM
DATE: 03/13/90
ACTION/CONCURRENCE/COMMENT DUE BY: 2:00 p.m. 03/14
SUBJECT: PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
(03/12 draft four)
ACTION FYI
ACTION FYI
VICE PRESIDENT
MCCLURE
SUNUNU
NEWMAN
SCOWCROFT
PORTER
DARMAN
ROGICH
BATES
UNTERMEYER
CARD
ROGERS
PINKERTON
CICCONI
WINSTON
DEMAREST
FITZWATER
GRAY
HAGIN
REMARKS:
Please provide any comments/recommendations directly to Chriss
Winston by 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday, March 14th, with a copy to
my office. Thanks.
RESPONSE:
James W. Cicconi
Assistant to the President
and Deputy to the Chief of Staff
Ext. 2702
Grant/Nappo
March 12, 1990
1990 MAR 13 PM 6: 58
Draft four
A:time
PROPOSED PRESIDENTIAL ARTICLE: TIME MAGAZINE/OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB
ANNUAL AWARDS DINNER
THEME: "LET FREEDOM RING: THE PRESS IN THE NEW AGE OF DEMOCRACY"
Shortly after World War II, President Harry Truman told the
American Society of Newspaper Editors: "We cannot run the risk
that nations may be lost to the cause of freedom, because their
people do not know the facts. I am convinced that we should
greatly extend and strengthen our efforts to make the truth known
to people in all the world."
Here in America, we believe in the free press. Every day,
about XXX local television stations, XXX radio stations, and XXX
daily newspapers -- each one fiercely independent of any
government control -- report on candidates for office, government
policies, national and international events and local happenings.
Today, forty years after President Truman championed the
power of a free press, people from Managua to Manila are winning
their struggle for freedom.
Thanks to the scrutiny that no government can now escape,
things are changing, and the spirit is catching. For example,
the staff of one Czechoslovakian Socialist party daily paper, The
Free Word, announced last winter that it would no longer parrot
the party line and would become an independent journal. Then,
workers at the government-controlled television stations
threatened to shut down broadcasts unless coverage of public
2
demonstrations was both prominent and fair. Soon after, the
nightly news began featuring film clips of the protests at
Wenceslas Square in Prague.
In Czechoslavakia and Hungary, people watched television
coverage as the "Revolution of '89" evolved and the Berlin Wall
fell. In Timisoara, Romania, a pastor in the Hungarian Reformed
Church spoke out against the tyranny of the Bucharest regime on
Hungarian television. After the interview, he was denied food
and fuel, barred from meeting with his family, and finally
imprisoned. Lech Walesa wrote in an open letter to the brave
priest: "Even prison walls will not be able to hide what is noble
and good from the eyes of the world." Walesa was right -- and
now Romanians, free from of the despotism that imprisoned them
for so long, are building democracy. And elsewhere, in Managua,
the publisher of the once-outlawed newspaper La Prensa has been
elected President of Nicaragua after years of censorship by the
Marxist Sandinistas.
Your work overseas, as foreign correspondents and editors,
has helped spark the fires of truth and freedom. In those far-
away countries, the "truth has set men free." Not only in
Berlin, but in so many cities and villages around the world, "the
wall" separating the people and their God-given freedom has come
down. And it has come down because people know that freedom
means the right to question and change the established way of
doing things and that no single authority or government has a
3
monopoly on the truth. As long as there is a free press in this
world, the walls will continue to come down.
The idea of freedom is alive everywhere. Pope John Paul
II, a great religious leader but also a Polish patriot, wrote
years ago, "Freedom has continually to be won, it cannot merely
be possessed. It comes as a gift but can only be kept with a
struggle." Each of you is an important part of that struggle.
I salute the members of the Overseas Press Club and send you
my best wishes on this occasion. God bless you and God bless
America.
# # #
INSIDE: The Overseas Press Club Awards
DATELINE
May 7, 1990
Freedom
The Press
in the New Age
of Democracy
San Francisco Examiner
A
Houston Chronicle
Unspent
quake
Prop. 13 quirks bring
Mandela
Mandela sees
cache
uneven tax for business
sees path
revealed
Midland Daily News
violence as
to talks
'defensive act'
Mandela's release sparks
opening up
day of jubilation, violence
South
free
claminate
1
Plainview Daily Herald
Saturday
County OKs payment
crash kills
of prison legal bill
Laredo Morning Times
local man
Huron Daily Tribune
5
Mandela's free
Local narcotics unit results detailed
Brief
Hard line
steadfast
Records
Reuse efforts for
reflect
air base continue
little
defends
Stage set for tiff
change
Traffle
deachs
Webb officials
draw battle lines
boom
Did Tyson KO
Douglas first?
to
Verdict on hold
week
Edwardsville Intelligencer
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
THE TIMES UNION
Apartheid has no future'
EJHS
Candidate claims
bee
unfair treatment
Mandela: 'Step up fight'
Mandela Marches to Freedom
AHORA
cusaty
Violence
Reaffirms
Defiant rallying
blemishes
guerrilla
cry by freed
celebration
support
S. African rebel
Ballots
over
bullets
The Store is robbed again
East
outshine
West
D1
be
to
$50,000
Beaumont Enterprise
Midland Reporter-Celegram
San Antonio Light
A SOLDIER RETURNS
S. Africa
rejoices
Mandela devoted to seeking peace
Free Mandeta calls
Red 7 pays off as a grand champion steer
for end apartheid
Bush soys
Leader says
may
be
Mandela greets freedom
Baker offers
aid to feed
with a cry for defiance
Romanians
-
Inmates work
diplomas
A day in the life of Hearst.
This is the story of one day as it dawned in 12 different cities; hundreds of thousands of words, but no two
stories played the same. Each article strives to create that "certain startling originality"
that our founder, William Randolph Hearst, once called the heart of successful mass communication.
We treasure the individuality of each of our newspapers just as we treasure the individuality of each
community we serve, and each reader we serve. That is our heritage. That is our commitment.
For over 100 years, we have practiced it one day at a time.
© 1990 The Hearst Corporation
Hearst Newspapers
Circulation:
15 Million
Loyal
Readers,
Viewers,
Scrollers
And
Scanners.
How can business people keep up with the
leads to the probing articles and news items
world of business unless they know what business
published in more than 120 magazines, newsletters
is up to all over the world?
and electronic news services.
McGraw-Hill's foreign correspondents are
In print or on-line, via satellite or laser disk - in
devoted exclusively to business news gathering-
whatever form or frequency that
from 70 news bureaus in the U.S. and around
business people want, McGraw-Hill
the globe.
delivers a world of business information
The information they uncover and interpret
to a world of interested readers.
The official
DATELINE
magazine of the
Overseas Press Club
May 7, 1990
FREEDOM!
REALITY:
Technology,
Eastern Europe's
once seen as a
newly freed
threat to
press faces the
democracy,
KERESZTE
task of winning
helped make the
readers and
year of liberty.
profits.
6
10
WALESA:
SORROW:
Solidarity's
A journalist
leader tells why
reflects on the
he likes the
death of a
press-and
colleague
where he thinks
covering the
it falls short.
revolution.
12
15
WINNERS:
PICTURES:
AW
The 1989
In this video
Overseas Press
age, the still
Club Awards
photo retains
give new
the power
meaning to the
to excite-
Datelines seldom
word global.
and endure.
century blossomed
Prague. And there W
32
44
Also in this issue
4 George Bush on the Press
8
Twelve Months That Shook the World
18
Czechoslovakia's Jiri Ruml
20
A Soviet Reporter's New Life
22
Glasnost on the Tube
25
A Sovietologist's Lament
26
The Wall and I
29
Hard Times in China
31
Western Publishers Look East
51
How TV Made a Revolution
COVER:
52
Cuba, Socialism's Holdout
Demonstrators in Prague's Wenceslas
Square shortly before the ouster of
54 Covering the Intifadeh
Czechoslovakia's Communist government,
December 1989.
56
Zwelakhe Sisulu's Struggle
Photo by Christopher Morris-Black Star
59
Japan's Watergate
THIS PAGE:
61
A hand over the lens foreshadows the
A Dangerous Profession
crackdown in Beijing's Tiananmen Square,
64
Life Without the Commie Threat
June 1989.
Photo by Peter Charlesworth-JB Pictures
DATELINE
1984,
Meet
1989
BY OTTO FRIEDRICH
"And ye shall know the truth, and the truth
shall make you free."
-John 8: 32
n George Orwell's 1984, where many of us
learned how to think about the methods
of the totalitarian state, it was axiomatic
that Big Brother remained invincible be-
cause his Ministry of Truth controlled all the
media, numbing the citizenry with those
unforgettable slogans, "War Is Peace,"
"Freedom Is Slavery" and "Ignorance Is
Strength." Media meant not just the press or
those two-way telescreens that watched every-
one, but also plays, novels, school textbooks,
astrology, pornography, everything. The Min-
istry of Truth controlled the language itself,
which was in the process of being converted
into Newspeak. "By 2050-earlier probably
the whole literature of the past will have
been destroyed," according to one expert who
was happily engaged in revising the dictionary.
"Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Byron-
they'll exist only in Newspeak versions
Even the slogans will change. How could you
have a slogan like 'Freedom Is Slavery' when
the concept of freedom has been abolished?
The whole climate of thought will be different.
In fact, there will be no thought, as we under-
stand it now."
ANTHONY SUAU-BLACK STAR
7
DATELINE
When 1984 actually arrived, we all breathed a symbolic sigh
The role of the press in the past year's onward march of
of relief. Big Brother was not really in charge-not yet-and
democracy has been many sided. One purpose, of course, is
there was no Ministry of Truth. But critics of both right and left
simply to report that such things happen, that times are
joined in praising Orwell, arguing mainly about whose side he
changing. Another is to show the demonstrators that the world is
would be on if he had lived to see 1984. Only in the past year
indeed watching, that the lone youth standing in front of the
have we realized how profoundly wrong Orwell was in one of his
tank is actually not alone. A third is to prove to potential
major views. In Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, South Africa
demonstrators in other countries that the unthinkable is perfectly
and Central America, the authoritarian regimes that seemed
possible.
invulnerable a few decades ago are not, it turns out,
The first force that cracked the Berlin Wall was West German
invulnerable at all. One major reason is that the Ministry of
television, which not only kept showing Easterners the material
Truth's goal of controlling all information proved to be an
prosperity taken for granted in the West but
illusion.
also spread the word that the Hungarians were allowing East
"The whole world is watching!" the young demonstrators
Germans to cross the frontier into West Germany. That news
chanted during their stormy confrontations with the Chicago
inspired thousands of East Germans to head for Hungary, and
police at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. And it was
tens of thousands more to take to the streets with their demands
true. Whatever the TV cameras wanted to look at was news
for freedom. And the sight of the crowds in East Berlin
around the globe. That had a limited effect in 1968 because most
encouraged more crowds in Prague, and vice versa. These things
people were not greatly impressed by what they saw in Chicago.
were seen in Bucharest too, where the photographs of the
But last June the whole world caught its breath at the spectacle of
victims of secret-police gunfire strengthened the
one young Chinese standing alone in the path of a column of
fledgling resistance.
oncoming tanks.
It is easy to use TV as the eponym for all the media, but
TWELVE MONTHS THAT SHOOK THE WORLD
APRIL 1989
JULY 1989
POLAND: The Jaruzelski government
POLAND: Jaruzelski invites Solidari-
TOM HALEY-SIPA
and Solidarity agree to legalize the inde-
pendent trade union and hold free elec-
CHRIS NIEDENTHAL
ty to join a coalition government. Move-
ment leaders refuse.
tions. HUNGARY: Datum, the first
CHINA: The government bans sale of
independent daily newspaper, starts up.
foreign newspapers and magazines.
CHINA: Pro-democracy protests erupt
SOVIET UNION: In a televised
following the death of Communist Party
speech, President Mikhail Gorbachev
General Secretary Hu Yaobang.
says ethnic and nationalities issues en-
danger "the destiny and integrity" of the
Soviet Union.
Beijing simmers
Old enemies meet
MAY 1989
AUGUST 1989
CHINA: Pro-democracy demonstrations continue. Martial law is imposed, and
EAST BLOC: West German diplomatic missions
Western television ordered to cease broadcasting from China. HUNGARY:
in East Berlin, Budapest and Prague overflow with
Soldiers begin to dismantle barbed wire along the border with Austria. Janos
the more moderate Karoly Grosz. PANAMA: General Manuel Antonio Noriega
invalidates presidential elections after early results point to an opposition victory.
CHIP HIRES-GAMMA LIAISON
East Germans seeking to emigrate. POLAND:
Kadar, Hungary's Communist Party chief since 1956, is ousted and replaced by
Tadeusz Mazowiecki becomes Poland's first non-
Communist Prime Minister since World War II.
MYANMAR (BURMA): The military regime,
PARAGUAY: General Andrés Rodríguez wins presidential balloting after his
which cracked down on pro-democracy demonstra-
February coup, which ended the 34-year dictatorship of General Alfredo Stroess-
tors July 20, places opposition leader Aung San Suu
ner. POLAND: The first Solidarity newspaper ever to be published legally
Kyi under house arrest.
comes off the press.
Heading West
JUNE 1989
SEPTEMBER 1989
POLAND: Solidarity sweeps parliamentary elections. President Jaruzelski
HUNGARY: Breaking an accord with
says the election results show a need for the Communist Party to change.
East Germany, the Grosz government
CHINA: The government massacres hundreds of students in Tiananmen
General Secretary Zhao Ziyang is ousted by Premier Li Peng. HUNGARY:
After the government announces an end to Communist Party control of the me-
DAVID BARRIT-GAMMA LIAISON
opens its border with Austria, allowing
Square and launches a crackdown on political liberalization. Communist Party
the exit of a flood of East Germans gath-
ered at the West German embassy in Bu-
dapest. The regime and its opposition
dia, scores of independent publications are launched. Memorial service of Prime
agree to create a multiparty political sys-
Minister Imre Nagy, executed after the 1956 Hungarian insurrection, is broadcast
tem by 1990. SOUTH AFRICA:
nationwide. Independent TV and radio stations are established.
F.W. de Klerk, sworn in as State Presi-
dent, promises a new era of change.
De Klerk faces change
8
technology keeps offering new
underground journalists had to
systems for eluding the censors.
accept official censorship when
FORMER MANAGING
When Beijing cut off live TV
BILL FOLEY
EDITOR OF THE
they moved aboveground (that
coverage from Tiananmen
SATURDAY EVENING
censorship has been unofficially
Square, many Chinese students
POST AND A GENERAL
abandoned). And now that
in the U.S. used fax machines to
EDITOR AT NEWSWEEK,
Poland is struggling toward a
send home American reports on
FRIEDRICH WAS A
market economy, the price of
the crisis. Smugglers brought in
CORRESPONDENT FOR
newsprint has shot up 1,000%
videotapes of uncensored Hong
UNITED PRESS IN
since last July. As a result,
Kong telecasts. And the satellite
PARIS AND LONDON.
Gazeta has had to double its
THE AUTHOR OF
dish knows no frontiers.
price, and its circulation has
ELEVEN BOOKS, HE IS
Underlying all this is an
NOW A SENIOR WRITER
slumped by 150,000. There have,
underground press that has
FOR TIME.
of course, been other setbacks in
finally emerged into the sunlight.
this global war of words-most
Poland's Solidarity movement
notably in China, where the
began in the spring of 1989 to
Ministry of Truth remains in
publish Eastern Europe's first independent daily newspaper,
power and wrapped in the old miasmal mist. The government
Gazeta Wyborcza. Circulation soon soared to more than 500,000,
denies much of what happened in Tiananmen Square, denies the
and the paper played a key role in Solidarity's June 4 election
problems and rejects the protests. The slogan remains:
victory. That success was not accomplished without
"Ignorance Is Strength." The main change, perhaps, is that
some unexpected setbacks. Gazeta's formerly uncensored
nobody believes it anymore.
OPC
OCTOBER 1989
JANUARY 1990
EAST GERMANY: After weeks of
POLAND: Lech Walesa demands the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Po-
demonstrations, Erich Honecker is forced
land by 1991. BULGARIA: The constitutionally guaranteed role of the Com-
out as Communist Party chief and re-
munist Party is revoked. ROMANIA: The Communist Party is briefly banned
placed by Egon Krenz. HUNGARY:
by the hastily formed National Salvation Front. CZECHOSLOVAKIA:
The Communist Party disbands. Parlia-
Prime Minister Marian Calfa quits the Communist Party. Talks with Moscow over
ment rewrites the constitution to allow a
the Soviet troop pullout end without agreement. EAST GERMANY: Com-
multiparty system and plans free elec-
munist leader Gysi urges a pullout of U.S. and Soviet forces from the two Germa-
tions in 1990. POLAND: A Solidarity
nys by 1999. SOVIET UNION: Gorbachev begins a three-day visit to Lith-
journalist is named editor in chief of the
uania and pleads with the Lithuanians not to leave the Soviet Union.
government daily Rzeczpospolita.
Honecker faces reality
NOVEMBER 1989
FEBRUARY 1990
NAMIBIA: Free elections are held. The insurgent South West Africa People's
HUNGARY: Budapest and Moscow begin discussions about Soviet troop
Organization wins. CZECHOSLOVAKIA: After demonstrations in
withdrawals. CZECHOSLOVAKIA: The ruling Communists hand over
Prague, the Communist Party leadership resigns. A new government promises
100 of 350 parliamentary seats to new political parties. BULGARIA: Party
free elections. Czech radio broadcasts the protests live. EAST GERMA-
chief Mladenov is replaced by reformer Alexander Lilov. SOUTH AFRICA:
NY: The government ends restrictions on immigration or travel to the West. The
The African National Congress is legalized, and Nelson Mandela is freed.
Berlin Wall opens. Prime Minister Willi Stoph and his Cabinet resign. Hans Mo-
NICARAGUA: The Sandinista government loses to Chamorro's UNO party
drow takes office as Prime Minister. The editor of the Communist Party daily
in open elections. EAST GERMANY: Modrow proposes German uni-
Neues Deutschland is replaced by a reformer. Protesters in Leipzig call for Ger-
fication. SOVIET UNION: Regional and municipal elections begin.
man unification and the dissolution of the Communist Party. Thousands of East
LITHUANIA: Voters give a new parliament a strong mandate to pur-
Germans immigrate daily to the West. BULGARIA: Todor Zhivkov, party
sue independence from the Soviet Union.
leader since 1954, is replaced by moderate Petar Mladenov.
DECEMBER 1989
MARCH 1990
BRAZIL: First direct presidential elections since 1960 are held. Francisco
SOVIET UNION: The Communist Party gives up its constitutional
Collor de Mello wins. EAST GERMANY: The Communist Party loses its
monopoly on power and creates a strong presidential system of govern-
constitutional monopoly on power. Gregor Gysi, a liberal, is elected as party
ment. In the Ukraine, Russia and Belorussia elections are held for local
chairman in place of Krenz. CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Hard-liners resign; a
and republic government seats. LATVIA AND ESTONIA: Multipar-
new government pledges elections. Alexander Dubcek and Vaclav Havel join the
ty elections are held. LITHUANIA: The Soviet army seizes Lithuanian
government. ROMANIA: The 24-year Ceausescu regime is overthrown, and
buildings and rounds up military deserters. HUNGARY: The Commu-
the dictator and his wife executed. CHILE: Voters in the first presidential elec-
nist Party is defeated in the first free multiparty elections since 1945.
tion since 1970 oust General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte and select Christian Dem-
EAST GERMANY: In the first free elections since 1932, the Chris-
ocratic leader Patricio Aylwin. PANAMA: The U.S. invades, overthrowing
tian Democrats win a strong plurality. German unification appears
Noriega and bringing him to Miami for trial.
imminent. NAMIBIA: After 75 years of South African rule, Namibia
becomes independent.
9
DATELINE
HUNGARY
An editor worries,
História
"The real function
of the press is
GABOR MONUS-INTERFOTO MTI
to inform. But
ALF
Aggyabor
without a legal
and moral frame-
work, standards
DRÁGAINK
could rapidly
BECOME
decline."
A GYILKOS
THE RACY PAPER MAI NAP HAS
ATTRACTED READERS-INCLUD-
ING RUPERT MURDOCH, WHO
HAS ACQUIRED A STAKE.
Benda has gone on to become CTK'S
Washington correspondent, but his first
Freedom-
puzzling week on the job illustrates nicely
some of the dilemmas facing journalists
throughout Eastern Europe. Last year's
revolutions swept away an ideology that
made information a privilege rather than a
right. The same revolutions opened up
closed societies to scrutiny and self-criti-
And New
cism, made politics less predictable and
provided readers and journalists alike with
choices that were never available during
four decades of doctrinaire centralism.
But at the same time, communism's col-
lapse has not automatically changed atti-
Dilemmas
tudes or long-established practices. And
even where it has, there is as yet no cer-
tainty that the press will be uniformly bet-
ter than it was. Worries Ivan Lipovecz, edi-
tor in chief of Heti Vilaggazdasag (World
Economics Weekly), a respected Hungar-
BY JOHN BORRELL
ian periodical: "The real function of the
press is to inform. But without a legal and
he special cream-colored
One of Benda's first official acts was to
moral framework, standards could rapidly
T
phone on the desk of Ales
store face down in a cupboard an oil paint-
decline."
Benda had not rung once since
ing of Lenin that had hung in the chief edi-
Eastern Europe's press may not auto-
he moved in as chief editor of
tor's office for as long as anyone could re-
matically be better, but it will certainly be
CTK, the Czechoslovak News
member. Then he fired several agency
brighter. Lively new newspapers, like
Agency. "Not a single message or call," he
hard-liners and encouraged the rest of the
Czechoslovakia's Lidove Noviny and Po-
said last December, a full week after his ap-
staff to report the news as they saw it. He
land's Gazeta Wyborcza, are already push-
pointment. As he spoke he eyed the head-
even began handing out spot bonuses for
ing established dailies to change their
set of the hot line quizzically as if still not
outstanding examples of the new journal-
ways. In Czechoslovakia the party newspa-
quite believing that the Central Committee
ism he advocated. But old habits die hard.
per Rude pravo (circ. 800,000 and falling)
of Czechoslovakia's Communist Party was
When Benda called the newsroom during
has shifted from a broadsheet to a tabloid
no longer issuing daily instructions on how
his first week in office to find out why the
in dimensions, and its new editor, Zdenek
to handle the news. " 'Wait and see' used to
agency had not covered a meeting between
Porybny, talks of making other changes in
be the first and most important rule around
Vaclav Havel, now Czechoslovakia's Presi-
order to "save this newspaper." East Ger-
here, and in journalism generally," he said.
dent, and Communist Party leader Karel
many's party newspaper Neues Deutsch-
"Only when you had received the official
Urbanek, he was told, "No one called to
land, which once ran 43 photographs of
line did you write."
tell us to come."
Communist leader Erich Honecker in a
10
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CHRISTOPHER STAR
When CTK's chief
editor called his
newsroom to find
out why the agency
zo
UV
KSC
repletpolorid
had not covered
Rokovala
an important meet-
problemav
ing, he was told,
"No one called to
tell us to come."
THE OFFICIAL LINE: A YOUNG
MAN PERUSES A COPY OF THE
CZECHOSLOVAK COMMUNIST
PARTY DAILY PRAVDA.
single issue, is also becoming less gray: its
Western capital may transform some
secret "for your eyes only" services previ-
new format includes a personality column
of the region's news outlets, but more than
ously available only to top government and
and a crossword puzzle.
money is needed to introduce Western
party officials are now open to all subscrib-
Neues Deutschland may never be able
standards of fairness. In Romania, for ex-
ers. The agency has started an economic
to quicken a reader's pulse, but Hungary's
ample, the official news agency Agerpress,
wire, delivered via the state radio-commu-
weekly Reform is certainly trying. The tab-
once uncritical of Ceausescu, is now virtu-
nications network, that enables subscrib-
loid has built its circulation from 100,000
ally a mouthpiece of the National Salva-
ers to avoid Warsaw's run-down public
to 500,000 in 18 months with a mixture of
tion Front, the provisional revolutionary
telephone network.
news, sensationalism and bare flesh. Not
government. Other political parties get lit-
PAP and other agencies and magazines
only has it drawn readers more accus-
tle time on television or on the state-run
in the bloc are sprucing up their news cov-
tomed to endless columns of apparatchik
radio. In Bulgaria during the recent cam-
erage as well. During the fall of the
gray, it has also attracted the attention of
paign for the restoration of civic and reli-
Ceausescu regime, Western news agencies
international press lord Rupert Murdoch,
gious rights to the country's 1.2 million
frequently quoted from reports filed by
who recently acquired a 49% stake in the
ethnic Turks, most newspapers took a flat-
PAP'S correspondent in Bucharest, Stanis-
weekly and its racy stablemate, Mai Nap,
ly chauvinistic line in their reporting. Sig-
law Wojnarowicz. "For 30 hours he was
an evening daily. Murdoch, not known for
nificantly, both countries have govern-
the best informed journalist in Bucharest,"
prudery in print, is said to have suggested
ments composed largely of Communists or
says Bogdan Jachacz, PAP chairman and
that some of the photographs in Reform
former Communists.
editor in chief. "He just described things
may be just a little too graphic.
But where the Communists have been
exactly as they happened."
One of Murdoch's rivals, Robert Max-
more thoroughly routed, objectivity is fre-
That in itself was a big departure. Until
well, has joined the fray in Hungary and
quently becoming the order of the day. At
last year's revolutions, it was an exception
may buy into a newspaper elsewhere in the
PAP, the official Polish news agency, the
for a news organization in Eastern Europe
bloc. Maxwell has a 40% share of
to report critically, however
Magyar Hirlap (circ. 100,000), for-
truthfully, on another Warsaw
merly owned by the government and
BORRELL IS
Pact country. Most govern-
for many years almost as boring as
Neues Deutschland. Magyar Hirlap is
CHRIS NIEDENTHAL
TIME'S EASTERN
ments had agreements to take
EUROPE BUREAU
reports about another country
currently losing money, but Maxwell,
CHIEF. A FORMER
only from their official news
who is expected to inject much need-
CORRESPONDENT
ed capital into the newspaper, be-
FOR THE LONDON
agency, a practice that encour-
GUARDIAN, HE
aged millions of East Europe-
lieves it will return a profit within two
JOINED TIME IN
ans to listen to foreign radio
years. "The government was interest-
1982 IN NAIROBI
stations to find out what was
ed in publishing long, boring and stu-
AND LATER
really happening.
pid articles," says the London-based
COVERED THE
East Europeans are not the
Maxwell. Those who know some of
MIDDLE EAST AND
only ones who take their news
Maxwell's other publications (the
LATIN AMERICA.
media more seriously, and it is
Daily Mirror, the People and the Sun-
no longer a question of reading
day Mirror) are certain that stories in
between the lines and looking
Magyar Hirlap will soon cease to be
for nuances. Says Waltraut Bar-
either long or boring.
ily, Vienna-based correspon-
11
DATELINE
dent for France's Le Monde: "MTI [the
per that had rarely departed from the offi-
few months. Compounding the financial
Hungarian News Agency] is outspoken
cial line. Now Fikus worries less about put-
problems of newspapers in Poland is the
and reports unhesitatingly about economic
ting some life into the newspaper than
fact that income from paid subscriptions-
mistakes. The political service is also reli-
simply keeping it alive. "We are facing
generally some 80% of circulation-is be-
able." But Eastern Europe's agencies re-
bankruptcy," he says.
ing eaten away by inflation, which last year
main slower than their Western counter-
Five more of Warsaw's eight daily
topped 1,000%.
parts. "They still haven't adjusted to our
newspapers face similar serious financial
Elsewhere in Eastern Europe, scores
rat race," says Barily.
problems. So do most of the country's
of other newspapers are threatened by
In some cases, however, East Europe-
three dozen provincial dailies. Poland's
market forces. This might seem ironic at a
an journalists are having to make this ad-
Solidarity government, committed to a
time when the region's press is free for the
justment rapidly. When longtime Solidari-
Western-style market economy, has done
first time in four decades to report things
ty activist Darius Fikus became editor in
away with most state subsidies and is in-
as they are. But the reality in much of
chief last fall of the Warsaw daily Rzeczpo-
sisting on market prices for supplies and
Eastern Europe is that the accountant's
spolita (circ. 250,000), he looked forward
services. As a result, the cost of newsprint
red pencil has suddenly become as feared
to shaking up a staid government newspa-
has gone up more than 1,000% in just a
as the censor's once was.
OPC
Why I Appreciate the Press
BY LECH WALESA
BERNARD BISSON-SYGMA
ithout the press, hardly anything would get
solutions. We need concrete solutions to our problems
W
done these days. It is the press that delivers
because we face the task of passing smoothly from our
information to us. It is the press that forces
present system to one that is similar to those in the
us to reflect. It is the press that suggests
West. But if the reform is too slow it may provoke
solutions. Without the press it would have been impossi-
undesirable effects, even revolution, in the countries of
ble for Solidarity to have been created, just as it would
Eastern Europe. People may also seek to escape by
have been impossible to begin our process of reform in
emigrating. This could be as much as 60% of the
Poland. I myself would not exist as a politician without
population of Eastern Europe. A dramatic
the press. The press allows for corrections in political
destabilization and disorder in Europe and the world
processes. It enables people to become involved, and it
may threaten us unless we reform our system fast. OPC
helps people with the same ideas and sympathies get
together in different parts of a country at the same time.
But there is a danger these days that the press dwells
too much on the struggle and devotes too little time to
looking at solutions to our problems. The press also
needs to be something of a school. It should suggest
solutions and make proposals that help us, thus
preventing people from taking to the streets to force
STOCZNiA GDANSKA
12
THE POWER OF PICTURES
FOREIGN
POLICI
Y
101°1
At the Chicago Tribune, our
Hence the Chicago Tribune's
foreign policy is simple: If you
12 foreign bureaus and the 13
want to be a leader in international
foreign correspondents who call
news, you have to be where the
those bureaus home. They're our
action is. And not just today or
guarantee that Chicago Tribune
tomorrow, or for however long a
foreign coverage is accurate,
story lasts, but long enough to get
comprehensive, and most
immersed in a country's cultural
important of all, firsthand!
and political subtleties.
Chicago Tribune
DATELINE
To Die in Bucharest: Thoughts
On the Loss of a Colleague
BY OLIVIER WARIN
he sky is translucent, cloudless.
T
In front of the international air-
port in Bucharest, peasants in
P. HABANS-SYGMA
semifolk costume load an ox-
drawn cart with freshly mown hay. The
golden blades impaled on wooden pitch-
forks against a backdrop of radar equip-
ment and airplane rudders form a kind of
Marxist heraldry. It is midsummer, but the
airport is full of men in gray suits, all hold-
ing black umbrellas impeccably rolled into
identical black nylon covers.
The date is Aug. 2, 1975. President
Gerald Ford is arriving on a state visit any
minute. Officials have rolled out the red
carpet, set up a dais with two microphones
and cordoned off a section of tarmac for
journalists. President Nicolae Ceausescu is
waiting in a lounge inside the terminal.
The men with black umbrellas are
members of the Securitate, the secret po-
lice. In their identical civilian disguises, they
have a childlike cartoon-character look.
There is still enough to eat in Romania in
1975, even if only one or two dishes from
CALDERON REPORTING FROM ROMANIA IN DECEMBER 1989
the long restaurant menus are available. In-
tellectuals talk freely among themselves,
Jean-Louis was entrusted with the duty to
though they avoid openly attacking the re-
gime. People still laugh occasionally. Of
bear witness. If you kill the witnesses, how can
course, obtaining a passport is impossible.
you bring the world to trial?
Political prisons are filling up; the press is
muzzled. But Ceausescu's international
prestige is high. French Prime Minister
Jacques Chirac has paid a friendly visit, and
those who always carry a passport and a
find a plane, he is gone, accompanied by
now the U.S. President is on his way.
toothbrush in their pocket, and those who
cameraman Patrice du Tertre, another great
don't. I belong to the first category, except
friend. To be honest, I envy them both.
Dec. 22, 1989. A team from the French
at Christmas. Jean-Louis Calderon is always
television channel La Cinq is at the Hun-
ready to go. We have shared the same office
Memories overwhelm me. Four Christ-
garian border, ready to enter Romania as
for 2½ years, and the same values and en-
mases earlier, Du Tertre and I were report-
soon as the frontier opens. The news is in-
thusiasms for even longer. I hear his stormy
ing undercover from Bucharest. Romania
creasingly alarming: the revolt has reached
conversation with his wife and two daugh-
had entered its darkest years: oil, gas, elec-
Bucharest, many Romanians have been
ters over the phone. In the time it takes to
tricity and food rationing, interminable
killed, no one is betting on
lines in front of empty stores. Sin-
Ceausescu any longer. The news
ister repression. An unbridled per-
team is eager to get there.
A REPORTER FOR THE
E. JOBIN
sonality cult. We carried home-
I am in my office at La Cinq
FRENCH TELEVISION
video cameras, tourist visas, boxes
when the call comes in asking me
CHANNEL LA CINQ, WARIN
of Kent cigarettes to offer as
to go. I love Romania, know it well
ACCOMPANIED THE BODY
bribes. Du Tertre hid his camera
and have many friends there. I
OF HIS COLLEAGUE
have dreamed for years of cover-
JEAN-LOUIS CALDERON
in a travel bag with a hole in the
BACK TO PARIS.
end so that he could film without
ing the fall of the dictator. "But it's
CALDERON WAS KILLED
being noticed.
impossible for me to leave Paris
DEC. 22 DURING THE
One morning as we left our ho-
now. I have decorated the Christ-
FIGHTING TO OVERTHROW
tel, we discovered we were being
mas tree with my two-year-old son.
ROMANIAN DICTATOR
followed by men in identical chap-
I can't let him or my pregnant wife
NICOLAE CEAUSESCU.
kas, cheap fur jackets, some with
down at a time like this.
walkie-talkies protruding from
There are two sorts of reporters:
their pockets. Occasionally, we
15
DATELINE
would test our suspicions. I would run
trip to Romania, our tapes were seques-
bear witness. If you kill the witnesses, how
across the street just as the light was chang-
tered. It took days of negotiating to recov-
can you bring the world to trial?
ing, and a vast but discreet mass of a dozen
er and broadcast them.
men in chapkas would follow-the same
Dec. 26, 1989. The airport at Varna,
sort of transparent civilian disguise I'd seen
Dec. 23, 1989. A phone call at dawn, a
Bulgaria. Calderon has become a hero in
in 1975 at the airport, but this time the car-
startled awakening, immediate anguish.
the land where he died. His coffin is draped
toon-character quality was gone. One of our
"Jean-Louis is dead."
with the flag of the liberated Romania: the
colleagues had been beaten by the Securi-
Disbelief. He left only last night
old banner with the hammer and sickle torn
tate. After calming our nerves in the closest
"Haven't you heard the news? The
out. French President François Mitterrand
bar, we returned to the hotel where a sum-
battle has been raging all night long in
has sent his condolences to Calderon's wife
mons from the French ambassador awaited
Bucharest
"
Béatrice in a beautiful telegram. Unfortu-
us. How did he know we were in Bucharest?
How did it happen?
nately, Mitterrand's sentiment was not
His Excellency received us with great
"He was run over by a tank
"
transmitted to his diplomatic corps. Du
Tertre escorted Calderon's body from Bu-
charest to Varna accompanied only by the
coffin's sealer and a Bulgarian driver, who
ANTHONY SUAU-BLACK STAR
spoke no Romanian and got lost crossing
the Danube. In a country under siege, the
French embassy did not see fit to provide a
diplomatic escort.
At the airport at Varna, where I await-
ed Calderon's body and Du Tertre, there
was no sign of any French diplomat to help
with logistics. I spent hours of anguished
waiting, with no news. When the body final-
ly arrived, we had to carry it to the plane in
a snowstorm. Upon arrival at the airport in
Paris, Béatrice threw herself on the coffin.
"It's not true, my Jean-Louis. You can't be
in there
No words to be said, no com-
fort to give. Only our presence.
Calderon's death is a tragic but symbol-
ic outcome of an incredible year. Who re-
calls that it all began on Feb. 13, at the Ka-
bul airport? Calderon, Du Tertre and I
were there, but we didn't believe the Sovi-
ets would really leave Afghanistan, until
we saw the door of the Antonov close on
the last salute of an anonymous soldier.
What political analyst could have fore-
CITY UNDER SIEGE: SOLDIERS DEFEND THEIR POSITION
seen the series of cataclysms that followed:
1989 was the year of the media, the year of
China, Poland, Hungary, the Berlin Wall,
Romania? 1989 was the year of the media,
the camera, in which everything happened
the year of the camera and the satellite, in
live before the world's eyes. The watch we
which everything happened live before the
whole world's eyes. The watch we kept in-
kept influenced the unfolding of events.
fluenced the unfolding of events, so that the
events we filmed became engraved in stone.
That was the year of journalists and re-
porters, not of diplomats or politicians. Not
disdain. The Romanian authorities were
While Calderon and his crew were film-
having lived under 25 years of sinister dicta-
aware of our presence and our hostile in-
ing a demonstration at the presidential pal-
torship, some Western officials expressed
tentions. They had a transcript of our con-
ace, the Securitate began shooting. As the
outrage at the "trial" and execution of the
versation with a "dissident." The ambassa-
army advanced in retaliation, one of the
Ceausescus, an event that helped a nation
dor ordered us to leave the country at once
tank drivers did not see Calderon in his
rediscover its capacity for living. What right
for the sake of Franco-Romanian rela-
path.
did these officials have to speak, after hav-
tions. We smiled inwardly, knowing that
I felt as if my own bones had been
ing kept silent for 25 years?
the main part of our taped report had al-
crushed. Then a series of horrid rumina-
The culmination of that year of the me-
ready left for Paris by diplomatic pouch,
tions: if I had gone, I would have died in-
dia was the Romanian revolution, which
thanks to a friend at the embassy.
stead. Or rather, if I had gone, no one would
chose television as the axis of its words and
The Securitate continued to follow, in-
have been killed because I have more war
events. The journalist was no longer a
timidate, threaten and eavesdrop on us.
experience. A veteran reporter leaves a
mere witness, but an active participant in
But the worst awaited us in Paris. Our
wake of blood behind him: victims of war
history. Perhaps this did not make much
friend at the embassy had confessed his in-
and rebellion disfigured by napalm, carbon-
sense until one of ours died, consigning
volvement with us to the ambassador.
ized by phosphorus, fragmented by car
to the trash heap all those obsolete
Since Roland Dumas, France's Minister of
bombs. But the death of a friend, a brother?
definitions of a now sullied word:
Foreign Affairs, was planning an official
Calderon, 31, was entrusted with the duty to
objectivity.
OPC
16
There's a powerful
ingredient that makes
The Wall Street Journal
work harder.
Believability.
Time after time, when research probes
public attitudes toward the media, there's
been a consistent leader.
The Wall Street Journal.
The most recent study was conducted by
the Times-Mirror Company.
And once again, The Journal was cited
the most "highly believable" of all the news
sources rated.
More than any broadcast or cable
network news operation.
More than any television news anchor.
More than any daily newspaper.
Believability.
The ultimate media value.
And one earned only by fair and accurate
reporting, day after day, year after year.
The Wall Street Journal.
Believe it.
Millions do.
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
voi. CNVLNO
:
City on the More
Nashville Is Booming
What's News
and Bond Yields
Tax Report
The Other Deficit
And Little Worried
villar's Decline Fails
Yes
To Names Trade Cap
It works.
Source: The People & The Press: Public Attitudes Toward the Press, Times-Mirror Company, 1989.
Copyright 1990 Dow Jones & Company, Inc., All Rights Reserved
DATELINE
end to it. Our lives will have been wasted."
In a New Prague Spring, an
In 1986 Ruml and a handful of col-
leagues took the bold step of relaunching
Lidove Noviny as a monthly. They wanted
Old Newspaper Is Reborn
to pass on their skills to a younger genera-
tion before it was too late. They had no of-
fices and no presses. Each issue was
BY FREDERICK UNGEHEUER
produced on four rickety typewriters.
W
Communist leader Mi-
los Jakes was finally
SHEPARD SHERBELL-SABA
For safety reasons, the editors were
hen Czechoslovakia's
kept in the dark as to who turned their
typescripts into photocopies, which
were passed from hand to hand.
forced out of office last
Though only about 5,000 copies were
November, my friend Jiri Ruml was
produced for each issue, the paper was
behind bars. "I had no idea what was
an underground success. Prague's
happening, until I heard someone
young demonstrators began carrying
shout from a window of Ruzyne pris-
banners demanding LIDOVE NOVINY
on that Alexander Dubcek was going
IN EVERY HOME.
to speak at a rally on Wenceslas
The venture also brought together
Square," says Ruml, who had been
some of Czechoslovakia's future lead-
jailed six weeks earlier for "incite-
ers. Havel was a member of the govern-
ment to antistate activity." He re-
ing board. Jiri Dienstbier, now Foreign
calls: "That shout was like a voice
Minister, was chairman. When Havel
from heaven. I was out for a walk in
was sentenced to nine months in prison
the courtyard with a few other cell
last year, Lidove Noviny published a
mates at the time. We hardly dared to
prophetic protest by playwright Arthur
believe what we had heard."
Miller. "His jailers are catching at
Ruml, editor of the newspaper Li-
smoke," Miller wrote, "throwing a net
dove Noviny (People's News), had
over a cloud. The world knows that the
more surprises in store for
future is in Havel's cell and
him. In a copy of the official
LIDOVÉ NOVINY
LIDOVÉ NOVINY
the past outside."
Communist daily Rude
When Havel became
Pravo, Ruml read next day
Czechoslovakia's President
that his son Jan was taking
on Dec. 29, Lidove Noviny
part in negotiations between
greeted his inauguration
Civic Forum, the new oppo-
Oteviené
with a pressrun of 600,000
sition group led by Vaclav
copies in what was only the
Kroky
Havel, and the Communist
JIRI RUML IN PRAGUE: HIS PAPER
second legal issue since
government over the Fo-
GREW FROM 5,000 TO 600,000
1952. (The first had ap-
rum's demands for reform.
COPIES IN A FEW HISTORIC WEEKS
peared the week before.)
The day after that revelation,
Newsprint came from do-
Ruml was set free.
euphoria of sudden freedom and deter-
nors in Austria, Italy and France. The paper
Within hours after leaving his cell, he
mined to win back for Lidove Noviny the
is informally owned by all who work for it
was hauled up to a platform on Letna Plain,
prominence it had enjoyed for 60 years, un-
and finances itself through newsstand sales,
where Stalin's statue had once towered over
til the Communists closed it in 1952.
subscriptions and advertisements. A num-
the languid Vltava River and Prague's si-
I first met Ruml in 1968, the year I
ber of Western publishers have expressed
lent steeples. Suddenly, Ruml faced a
went to Prague for Time. He was then the
interest in buying a share of Lidove Noviny,
cheering, flag-waving crowd making victory
political editor of Reporter, an irreverent
but Ruml and the board of governors have
signs. "Imagine," he said, "to be cooped up
magazine that thrived and died with the
decided to keep it independent.
in a 6-ft. by 3-ft. cubicle one night and the
Prague Spring. After Soviet troops rolled
The paper accelerated from monthly
next to stand in front of half a million jubi-
into Czechoslovakia in August 1968, Ruml
publication to weekly, then twice weekly,
lant people." In the days that followed,
spent the next 21 years as a dissident, los-
while the editorial staff grew from seven
Ruml did not get much sleep, buoyed by the
ing his job at Reporter and taking menial
people to 30. Lidove Noviny was scheduled
work on a construction
to go daily in April. By then, Ruml expect-
gang. His wife Jirina
ed to have enough work for 50 full-time re-
UNGEHEUER
Hrabkova, who was dis-
porters and editors at the paper's new of-
JOHN STACKS
JOINED TIME IN
missed as the host of a
fices on Wenceslas Square. The reborn
1963 AND HAS
popular radio show, sold
Lidove Noviny is a rather modest affair: an
REPORTED FOR
sausages at the local zoo.
eight-page tabloid that would grow to 24
THE MAGAZINE
When I saw the Rumls
pages on Wednesdays with a literary sup-
FROM EVERY
again in 1970, they were
plement, and twelve pages on weekends,
CONTINENT
angry that their two sons
after daily publication began.
EXCEPT
were barred from higher
Ruml knows now that the bitter years
ANTARCTICA.
education. As the years
of longing for a better world were not
wore on, the Rumls con-
wasted after all. But he is so busy that he
tinued their struggle.
looks back on his days in Ruzyne prison
"The worst ofit," Jiri once
with mixed feelings. "At least there I
told me, "is that I see no
slept," he says.
OPC
18
The New York Times Company
Salutes Our Prize-Winning
Correspondents and
All of the Overseas
Press Club Award
Winners.
NICHOLAS KRISTOFF AND SHERYL WUDUNN,
BEIJING BUREAU
The Hal Boyle Award for the best daily newspaper or
wire service reporting from abroad
(first place tie with The Associated Press)
THOMAS FRIEDMAN,
JOEL MILLMAN, THE NEW
WASHINGTON BUREAU
YORK TIMES MAGAZINE
The Cornelius Ryan Award
The Hallie and Whit Burnett
for the best book on
Award for the best general
foreign affairs
magazine article on
foreign affairs
DATELINE
debate just as entertaining. Brash, offbeat
Soviet TV Is Getting
shows like Vzglyad (View), a mix of 60 Min-
utes and MTV, serve up biting rock satires
of socialism as well as studio guests who
Outrageous; Film at Ten
think nothing of blasting the Bolshevik
Revolution. Even the stodgy Vremya has
replaced the tedious reports on pota-
BY JOHN KOHAN
to harvests and Kremlin communi-
recording the sights and sounds
CHRIS NIEDENTHAL
qués with a trim 30 minutes of infor-
magine a television camera
mation, anchored by real journalists
instead of prim news readers.
of the Constitutional Conven-
A new crop of independent-mind-
tion of 1787 in Philadelphia.
ed news commentators has emerged.
Catcalls can be heard from the
Eduard Sagalayev, mastermind of
South Carolina delegation each time
Vzglyad and the new editor of Vremya,
a speaker from Massachusetts stands
exudes the confidence and trustwor-
to debate the slavery issue. When oc-
thiness of a Walter Cronkite. For a bit
togenarian Benjamin Franklin offers
of the urbanity of Peter Jennings, try
yet another homely word of advice,
Vladimir Molchanov, whose monthly
there is a groan from a bored repre-
music-and-information broadcast, Do
sentative in the back row. In an un-
i posle polunochi (Before and After
guarded moment, the camera catches
Midnight), is every bit as politically
George Washington fiddling with his
bold as Vzglyad, though less brazen. If
wooden teeth.
you like Ted Koppel, you'll love Ur-
Transpose the scene to modern
mas Ott, an Estonian who confronts
Moscow and you have some sense of
Soviet celebrities on TV znakomstvo
how Soviets feel these days watching
(TV Acquaintance) with questions no
their own history unfold on television.
one else would dare ask: How much
Cameras provided live coverage of
money do you make? Have you ever
the Congress of the People's Depu-
been approached by the KGB?
ties' inaugural session in May 1989.
Despite such new candor, Soviet
With a few noteworthy exceptions,
TV journalism can still lapse into its
TV has continued to give Soviets an
old ways. In what amounted to an at-
up-close and personal view of what
tempt at character assassination, pro-
President Mikhail Gorbachev has
grammers found a chunk of prime
called his "school of democracy." The
WATCHING DEMOCRACY ON A MOSCOW SCREEN
time to air footage of an apparently
main difference now is that meetings
ROCK VIDEOS AND BLASPHEMOUS STUDIO GUESTS
drunk Boris Yeltsin, Gorbachev rival,
of the new parliament are shown in
speaking at a public meeting during
delayed transmission. So many Soviets
Kremlin to engage his own people in
his 1989 U.S. visit. Central Television has
were tuning in the live proceedings that
street-corner debate-scrupulously re-
also been less than fair in its reporting of
worker productivity dipped 20% during
corded for the popular evening news show
events in the Baltic republics, using one-
the first session.
Vremya (Time)-amounted to the most
sided stories to stir up Russian fears that
The revolution in Soviet television was
forceful demonstration of his policy of
their compatriots in the region are being
an event waiting to happen. Though only
glasnost. There was nothing to fear from
threatened by nationalist extremists.
5% of the population could watch TV in
speaking your mind in front of TV cam-
Meanwhile, other serious examples of eth-
1960, the number was approaching 90% by
eras, he seemed to be saying. That came as
nic strife have been largely ignored.
1985, the year Gorbachev came to power.
welcome news for many Soviets, and espe-
The answer, say many liberal Soviet
Vigorous and telegenic, he quickly recog-
cially for broadcast journalists accustomed
intellectuals, is to create independent TV
nized the potential of television in getting
to rigid control by the State Committee for
outlets that will be able to compete with
his message of radical reform out to the
Television and Radio. The style of the new
the state system. A first step has been
hinterlands, where even peasant huts that
boss has been contagious, encouraging
taken in that direction with the launch
lack indoor plumbing sprout TV antennas.
once timid newscasters to explore the lim-
this year of a "commercial channel,"
Gorbachev's forays out of Fortress
its of the permissible. Even average Soviets
using unoccupied airtime on the Moscow
are voicing their com-
program to show rock videos, inter-
plaints on the air with a
spersed with advertisements for industrial
KOHAN, TIME'S
gusto that must some-
products.
IGOR GAVRILOV
MOSCOW BUREAU
times be unsettling to
Whatever changes occur in Soviet tele-
CHIEF SINCE
Gorbachev.
vision during the coming months, one de-
JUNE 1988,
A viewer can search
velopment is almost certain. There will be
PREVIOUSLY
the two national channels
even more of Gorbachev on the airwaves
SERVED AS A
of Central Television in
now that he has been elected to the new
CORRESPONDENT
IN BONN.
vain for the Soviet equiv-
position of President. Once Gorbachev as-
alent of Cosby or L.A.
sumed that post, he lost no time in inviting
Law. Who needs it? Af-
a Vremya correspondent to his office for an
ter years of bland, pre-
"exclusive," informal interview, and he
packaged propaganda,
promised foreign correspondents that he
Soviet audiences find
would hold regular press conferences. Just
blunt and open political
like a President.
OPC
22
Before It
Becomes A Page
In History
It's A Page
In Newsweek.
We report history in the making. Sometimes we even
anticipate it. To help you understand what's happening
now. And what's likely to happen tomorrow.
With all the news and information you're bom-
barded with daily, we're the one source that puts it all in
perspective. Which is why nearly 20 million people turn
to our pages every week.
Newsweek
© Newsweek, Inc. 1990
The nation's
newspaper to watch
for the '90s
-Washington Journalism Review
6th Annual Readers' Poll
The Los Angeles Times is pleased and honored to learn that
the Washington Journalism Review's 6th Annual Readers Poll has
named The Times the newspaper to watch for the '90s.' We are
proud to accept this valued tribute from our peers
and eager to
meet the challenge for the future it represents.
Los Angeles Times
DATELINE
Czechoslovakia in 1968. Thus what hap-
Red-Faced: Confessions
pened in those countries in the fall of 1989
should not have come as a total surprise.
There is one sin, however, to which
Of a Sovietologist
most Sovietologists have to confess. We
have not been sufficiently conscientious
anticommunists. We have not
said with the necessary frequency
and conviction that the commu-
HERMAN STAR
nist system was doomed, that it
could not withstand the irresist-
ible popular pressure that would
inevitably follow the lifting of
censorship and other constraints.
Even at the beginning of pere-
stroika in the Soviet Union, many
of us did not expect such a rapid
development of independent po-
litical parties. More of us under-
estimated the terrible pressure of
nationalism. Despite the prece-
dents of Hungary and Czechoslo-
vakia, we were so accustomed to
decades of Soviet propaganda
about the "granite foundations"
of the regime and the "unity of
the Soviet people" that we
thought decades would pass
before the drama came. Now
the present chaos remains some-
thing of a surprise for most
observers.
Revolutions are even less predictable after they
Fortunately, familiar features
have been launched than before
from the past remain, at least in
the Soviet Union: for most prac-
tical purposes, foreign journalists in Mos-
BY MICHEL TATU
cal reforms and in some cases political revi-
cow still have to go through the press de-
sionism. Occasionally the man is sleeping
partment of the Foreign Ministry and its
his is a bad time for Sovietolo-
under the apparatchik, common sense is
administrative department-the famous
T
gists. We were supposed to be
lurking behind the mask of ideology. So
UPDK- to arrange any internal trip. The
specialists in socialism. We now
Gorbachev was not an isolated phenome-
KGB is still around, as well as the militia-
have to specialize in capitalism,
non: we had to expect that an enlightened
men in front of the foreign diplomatic and
more precisely in the "building of capital-
apparatchik would appear sooner or later
journalistic ghettos. The system is be-
ism," an exercise as difficult as the famous
in the No. 1 position in Moscow, if only to
sieged from all sides but is still there with
"building of socialism" that never took
correct the most obvious distortions of the
some of its old figures: journalists have to
place despite 70 years of strenuous efforts.
period of stagnation that preceded him.
leave Moscow to find him, but Leonid Za-
On top of that, some Sovietologists feel
Another feature some of us pointed out
myatin, their old foe as head of the press
guilty for not having predicted the collapse
is the extreme fragility of those supposedly
department, is still with the Foreign Minis-
of communism in Eastern Europe, or the
monolithic and eternal systems. Here again,
try as Ambassador to the Court of St.
breakdown of the "monolithic system" in
we had precedents: the Communist regime
James's; the clever Georgi Arbatov, direc-
the Soviet Union. Let us just say that pre-
collapsed in three days of violent demon-
tor of Moscow's Institute of U.S.A. and
diction is more an art than a science, that
strations in Hungary in 1956, in two months
Canada Studies, continues to explain the
revolutions are even less predictable after
of peaceful transformations from the top in
"new thinking" in foreign policy with the
they have been launched than
same zeal he defended the most
before.
dubious initiatives of the Brezh-
Nevertheless, some of us did
AN EDITORIALIST
nev-Gromyko years. And those
draw attention to the fact that in a
highly centralized system such as
PHILIPPE HURLIN
FOR THE FRENCH
nostalgic for the old wooden lan-
DAILY LE MONDE,
guage of official Soviet discourse
the Soviet one, any real change
WHERE HE WAS
can turn to the debates of the
could come only from the top, and
FORMERLY MOSCOW
Central Committee, a preserve
that the possibility of such change
CORRESPONDENT
AND FOREIGN
of the conservatives. Or just read
could not be excluded. After all,
EDITOR, TATU IS AN
Pravda: though he "retired" last
the most traditional Communist
INTERNATIONALLY
year, the Stalinist journalist Yuri
apparatuses have produced in the
RESPECTED
Zhukov still writes there in order
past such leaders as Khrushchev
COMMENTATOR ON
to remain, at 82, "a soldier of the
in the Soviet Union, Dubcek in
SOVIET AFFAIRS.
ideological front," as he puts it.
Czechoslovakia, Nagy in Hun-
Thanks to all of them for remind-
gary. All of them introduced radi-
ing us of the bad old days.
OPC
25
DATELINE
CHRISTOPHER MORRIS-BLACK STAR
ANDREW FRENCH
THE AUTHOR IN BERLIN
"I compared the Berlin
Wall to the more
subtle and elusive
walls I face as a young
woman in America."
Ordinarily, Karl and I would not have
been likely to meet. He is 59 and I am 26.
The Wall and the Op-Ed
Karl's youth was robbed from him by a
world at war; my younger years are en-
Page: A Reader's Tale
riched by a world on the verge of unity and
freedom. But because of the press, we
shared a uniquely present-day adventure.
BY LUCINDA RECTOR
that series. In it, I compared the Berlin
For ten days in February, Karl, a friend
Wall with the more subtle and elusive
and I listened to the "Voices of the New
ast fall I watched as the Berlin
walls I face as a young woman in America.
Generation" in East Germany. We did not
L
Wall came down, finding myself
I mentioned the walls surrounding career
hear much about ideology. We did hear
in awe of the young people of
choices and the economic barriers block-
from a couple in Stassfurt who had decid-
East and West Germany. I envied
ing young people from affordable housing,
ed to remain in East Germany but lament-
them as they kissed, drank champagne and
child care and medical coverage in this
ed, "Here you struggle and get nowhere."
danced on top of the obsolete barrier. Un-
country. I also noted that a "wall of politi-
A 29-year-old Stassfurt dentist told us,
like members of my generation in East
cians may well decide where I can or can-
"It's so very primitive here. They promise
Germany, I have never had cause to cele-
not receive an abortion."
change, but my equipment has not been
brate my political freedoms publicly. I was
I was not prepared for the reaction. I
changed since 1975." We asked a young
born in a democratic society.
had heard about the power of the press but
man at a Communist-sponsored disco in
So I did what people in a democracy
never experienced it firsthand. In the fol-
East Berlin about his future, and he point-
can do when they want to share their
lowing weeks, my essay was the subject of
ed at a banner that was strung across the
thoughts. I wrote them down and sent
talk shows, letters to the editor and news-
hall, advertising a Western cigarette
them off to my local newspaper, the New
paper columns. George Will asserted that
brand: TEST THE WEST.
York Times. I had never done that before.
I was a liberal "made morose by recent
The journey confirmed my belief that
I had always believed the press was re-
events." A professor, deriding my igno-
people in their 20s, whether from East or
served for people who are paid to be there:
rance, sent me a copy of his American gov-
West, have much in common. Born during
politicians, business leaders, news com-
ernment class's midterm exam. Another
the cold war, we have grown up confused,
mentators. As a non-journalist just out of
professor, praising my wisdom, sent me a
limited by wars we didn't fight and global
college, my own contribution to public is-
copy of his class's exam.
barriers we had not created, supported or
sues had been studied indifference. I was
The cumulative effect was to demon-
understood. We were not alive when Ger-
frustrated that older generations accused
strate something I had always been told:
many was split in two. We never heard
people my age of self-absorption, but I
voicing opinions is a two-way street. Ex-
John Kennedy declare himself "a Berlin-
didn't exert myself to change that stereo-
pression and response are the stuff of free
er" or Nikita Khrushchev promise to
type. Like many others, I kept myself seen
society. My silence had been the real
"bury" us. For us, there is no such thing as
but remained unheard.
"wall" to overcome.
"reuniting." We are meeting for the first
As political change began sweeping
One particular respondent took to heart
time. And we are excited.
Eastern Europe, however, I couldn't help
my words that "I'd jump at the opportunity
While I will continue to encounter bar-
following the news with fascination. I also
to go" to Berlin. Karl Issel, an East Ger-
riers preventing me from experiencing all of
started to read various articles by young
man-born construction engineer living in
my freedoms, I am no longer trapped by my
people in the Times's "Voices of the New
California, fled his country at the age of 18.
own silence. Through my Op-Ed piece, I re-
Generation" series, and to identify with
He vowed that he would not return until
alized that the press, and citizens contribut-
them. Somewhat to my surprise, the Times
freedom was imminent there. When Karl
ing to it, can unite separated countries and
on Dec. 1 published my essay, "Some
read my essay, he sent me a ticket to go with
generations. Freedom is about being seen
Walls, Like Mine, Don't Fall," as part of
him to Berlin.
and heard the whole world over.
OPC
26
Before
the radio,
moving pictures,
television,
satellites,
computers,
and
fax machines
there were newspapers and of course
Editor & Publisher magazine. E&P is the only
independent weekly newsmagazine for the entire
newspaper industry. E&P has withstood the tests
of time and has continued to deliver timely,
objective and accurate editorial to newspaper people
every week.
and After?
Well, E&P will continue to be the voice of, for and about newspapers
for as long as there are still newspapers.
And friends, that's a long, long time.
The newspaper people's
E&P
Editor & Publisher ABP
The
Audit
newsmagazine since 1884
11 West 19th Street New York, N.Y. 10011 212 675 4380
ANPA
Bureau
FAX# 212 929 1259
PM
PHILIP MORRIS
Philip Morris U.S.A.
Millerbre Company Brewing
International
Morris Inc.
Kraft
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Philip Morristion
Mission Missimpany Viejo
Foods
Capital
Philip Morris Companies Inc.
Congratulates The Winners Of
The Annual Overseas Press Club Awards
We Share Your Commitment For
Freedom Of The Press Around The World
DATELINE
More than half of the department chiefs
After the Massacre, China
have been dismissed and held responsi-
ble for their subordinates' prodemocracy
Persecutes Its Journalists
actions. About 100 college graduates and
postgraduates who are employees of the
People's Daily and have been the most
BY LIU BINYAN
of the English-language section of
active in fighting for press freedom face
Beijing's International Broadcasting
the possibility of being dismissed and
uring China's ten years of lib-
Station, risked his life by writing and
sent to rural re-education camps.
D
-
eralization and reform, the
broadcasting the news based on what he
Since the 1950s, the goal of the best
institution that changed the
had personally witnessed. He appealed
people in China's press has been to let
least was the press.
to his listeners worldwide to remember
the largest number of Chinese know
Nonetheless, since last year's suppres-
the military bloodbath on Changan
what conditions are really like in the
sion of the democracy movement, the
Avenue that occurred in the late hours
People's Republic. Now those journalists
press has suffered the severest purge and
of June 3, and urged listeners to
have lost what they worked so hard
repression. More journalists have been
denounce the Chinese government for
between 1979 and 1989 to achieve: the
arrested and interrogated than writers,
human rights abuses and repression. Wu
limited freedom of the press that had so
teachers and scholars. This is because,
was replaced and detained, according to
frightened China's rulers. Newspapers
for one brief, glorious week last May,
reports in the Chinese press last year,
have regressed to the condition that
China's editors and reporters dropped
but nothing more has been heard about
existed during the Cultural Revolution,
their adherence to Communist control
him.
when they were full of lies. Those
and enthusiastically took part in the
When such resistance to press censor-
reporters who want to keep a clear
democracy movement.
ship began to surface, Communist
conscience have used silence as a way
With admirable professionalism, these
authorities were frightened. This is why
of protest.
working journalists bravely reported to
unusually cruel and severe repressive
China's present situation resembles
the nation and the world what actually
measures have been taken against jour-
that in Czechoslovakia after the August
happened during the final days of
nalists. Compared with the 1966 Cultural
1968 crackdown. Yet even the most pes-
Beijing's student demonstrations. On the
Revolution, when only a few high offi-
simistic person cannot believe the
eve of the June 4 massacre by the mili-
cials at newspapers like the People's
Chinese people will have to suffer 20
tary, for example, Wu Xiaoyung, director
Daily were criticized, the current" purifi-
dark years, as Czechoslovakians did,
cation movement"
before completing their own revolution.
against the press is
There are new signs every day to indicate
LIU BINYAN, A
harsher and more thor-
that the next peak of the democratic
FELLOW AT
ough. Five of the six edi-
movement will come much earlier than
TRINITY
tors and deputy editors
expected. And when another democracy
COLLEGE IN
at the People's Daily
movement arrives, Chinese journalists
HARTFORD,
WAS EXPELLED
have been purged.
will inevitably be its catalysts.
OPC
FROM THE
CHINESE
COMMUNIST
PARTY IN 1987.
PETER CHARLESWORTH-J. B. PICTURES
© Eastman Kodak Company, 1990
BEINGATOP
PHOTOJOURNALIST
TAKES
INSIGHTAND
STAMINA.
© Anthony Suau/Black Star, 1990
ITALSO TAKES GUTS.
Kodak
ТИИДХ
Inside a church in the
P3200
deliver unprecedented
Professional
Spanish village of El Rocio,
Black-and- White
combinations of speed,
pilgrims struggle in a centuries-old rite to
resolution, and fine grain-revealing
touch the statue of the Virgin of the Dew.
details, highlights, shadow separations
Anthony Suau captured this image on
even in very low light.
Kodak
Kodak T-Max P3200 professional film
Kodak professional film. It's the guts
with an exposure of 1/250 sec at f/5.6.
you need to get the shot. Anytime.
PROFESSIONAL
All T-Max films (100, 400, and P3200)
Anywhere.
PHOTOGRAPHY DIVISION
DATELINE
out of paper last year, copies of the maga-
Of Sausages and Bicycles:
zine were printed in West Germany and
flown back to Moscow. Boston-based
Kompass Intercontinental's joint-venture
Publishing in the East Bloc
magazine, Music International (for classi-
cal music buffs), is printed in York, Eng-
land, and shipped to the Soviet Union.
BY NAUSHAD S. MEHTA
les Times began
"There has been such a lack of informa-
publishing News
tion for so many years," says Sam Chase,
ome people will go to any
Fax, a four-to-six
editor of Music International, "people
S
lengths to start a magazine. Take
page digest of the
there are hungry for
Robert Rodale, for example.
newspaper's stories,
information."
The chairman of Rodale Press in
which is transmitted
As are people
МИР ПК
Emmaus, Pa., is setting up a sausage and
СПАСИТЕ
to Moscow via high-
ВЫМГРАЙТЕ АМЕРИКАНСКИЕ
here. To keep up
salami factory outside Moscow in order to
РОСКВШКЫЕ
ПРОДУКТЫ
resolution phone
with the East Euro-
АВАЛАРОВ
Парад цветных
publish a bimonthly farming magazine in
lines. USA Today is
pean revolution, U.S.
дисплеев
the Soviet Union called the New Farmer.
available in Buda-
news organizations
Kax работать
файлами
What's the link, you might ask? The
pest, Leningrad and
have added to their
UNIX рабочом
столя
money earned from the sale of pork prod-
Moscow, and will soon appear in Warsaw.
таблица.
bureaus and cover-
которую каждый
страйть
ucts (half in rubles, half in hard currency)
Earlier this year McGraw-Hill concluded
»Вишенка» для
age in the region.
KoHcTpyKTopoB
Word догоняет
will pay for the magazine's paper and
deals to produce Business Week in
NBC News, for exam-
соперника
printing costs. "If we have to produce bet-
Hungary and the Soviet Union. The
ple, opened an office
ter food in order to start a magazine," says
Reader's Digest, which already publishes
in Budapest last year. ABC News set up a
Rodale, "well, that's great."
in 15 languages, is exploring a Russian-
bureau in Berlin in March. The major
With energy, creativity and good old
language edition and is looking to
American dailies and newsmagazines have
Yankee ingenuity, a growing number of
move into East Germany.
rushed reinforcements into Eastern Europe
pioneer publishers like Rodale are stream-
In the cluttered
from their offices in Paris, Rome, Bonn, Je-
ing through the no-longer Iron Curtain to
MocKBa: Интербизнес
U.S. market, selling
rusalem, London and the U.S. The New
bring their brand of Western journalism to
magazines and
York Times, the Los Angeles Times, Time
the East. The logistics are often daunting,
newspapers is a pub-
RUBLE
and Newsweek have already added Berlin
but for many publishers facing stagnant
lisher's hardest task.
correspondents to their East European
markets at home, the opportunity is irre-
COWBOYS
In Eastern Europe
contingent, and the big Los Angeles daily
sistible. "This is a tremendously exciting
BARTERING
that is the easy part.
has established a new bureau in Budapest.
situation," says Patrick McGovern, chair-
"People will buy
Multinational companies from just
man of International Data Group, the
anything," says Ro-
about everywhere
world's largest publisher of computer mag-
The
dale. "The problem
are following suit.
azines. "You find all the doors opening."
Handicap
is, How do you get
Their advertising
McGovern certainly did. IDG launched
an office, telephone
dollars are already
the first issue of PC World USSR two years
lines, paper to print on?"
helping keep U.S.
ago, and all 50,000
The answer: it's not easy. The major
Мстислав
Ростропович:
magazines afloat in
copies were snapped
problem is local currency, which in most
the East bloc. Even
up in less than
East bloc countries is not convertible into
firms that do not sell
twelve hours. Today
dollars and thus cannot easily be brought
products in Eastern
IDG has five com-
home to the U.S. as profits. That has led
Europe are placing
puter magazines in
some Western publishers into complex
CSAPLAR
ads in an attempt to
VILMOS
Hungary and three
KALAMBARI
barter arrangements involving sausages
build brand identity
UT&MA
UPDIKE
in the Soviet Union
and copies of East bloc publications. In ad-
for the future. When East bloc enterprises
and is set to launch
dition, high-quality paper and modern
are involved, the ad revenue sometimes
KRASTNAI JANOS
ACTBOMBA
PC publications in
printing equipment are scarce in some
comes in strange forms. Frunze, a Soviet
Poland and
Eastern countries. To ensure a steady sup-
bicycle manufacturer, could not scratch up
Czechoslovakia.
ply of suitable paper in the Soviet Union,
$9,000 in U.S. currency to pay for a full-
Other U.S. publishers are on the same
Business Week will ship in its own coated
page ad in Kompass's Moscow Internation-
fast track. In one typical deal, publisher
stock. When IDG's Soviet operation ran
al Business. In lieu of greenbacks, Kompass
Bob Guccione is adding a few
accepted a shipment of 93 bicycles
Russian-language pages to his sci-
for its Boston office. Kompass
ence monthly, Omni, and sending
A REPORTER
plans to sell the bikes (suggested
20,000 copies to the Soviet Union.
In exchange, Guccione is taking
JAMES KEYSER
IN TIME'S NEW
retail price: $200 each) and pock-
YORK bureau,
et the proceeds.
20,000 copies of the English-lan-
MEHTA
Despite any teething prob-
guage version of a Soviet bi-
SPECIALIZES
monthly, Science in the USSR,
IN COVERING
lems they face, U.S. publishers in-
which he will sell in the U.S. In
THE PRESS.
sist it is vital to join the East bloc
Hungary, Guccione's major U.S.
publishing business in its infancy.
"These countries are opening up
rival, Playboy, is unwrapping its
very quickly," says IDG's McGov-
special brand of cheer in a joint
venture with a local publisher.
ern. "It is important to show up
early." Robert Rodale, for one,
Penthouse will follow suit shortly.
definitely intends to bring home
Last December the Los Ange-
the publishing bacon.
OPC
31
DATELINE
Overseas
Press Club
Awards
1990 JUDGES
CLASS 1 AND 2
Allan Dodds Frank, Chairman
Jerry Flint
Pamela Hollie Kluge
CLASS 3 AND 4
Hal Buell, Chairman
Datelines seldom seen in the Western world for almost a
Randy Cox
Jim Dooley
half-century blossomed almost overnight: Budapest. Bucha-
Michael Evans
rest. Prague. And there were more familiar capitals in crisis:
CLASS 5 AND 6
David Anderson, Chairman
Beijing. Bogotá. Beirut. Panama City. And there was hunger
William Conlan
William Kratch
and despair from Mali to Peru to India, and the shocking abuse
Fritz Littlejohn
Gene Sosin
of human beings in areas such as Honduras and Mexico.
CLASS 7 AND 8
All these datelines were reflected in stories and photo-
David Shefrin, Chairman
Whitman Bassow
graphs submitted by men and women correspondents and
Arthur Unger
photographers around the world for judging by their peers in
CLASS 9 AND 10
Alfred Balk, Chairman
the 1989 competition of the Overseas Press Club of America.
R. Edward Jackson
John Polich
More than 400 entries were reviewed in 16 categories. Nearly
Norman Schorr
50 judges participated. They spent hundreds of hours on the
CLASS 11
John Prescott, Chairman
assignment, which produced the winners and special citations
James Donna
William McBride
for outstanding work.
Michael Pakenham
The dismantling of the Berlin Wall and the democratic tide
CLASS 12 (A and B)
Mel Beiser, Chairman
that washed over Eastern Europe came with sudden swiftness.
Roslyn Bernstein
George Bookman
So did the dramatic face-off of students and the military in
C. Peter Gall
Tiananmen Square. The judges were impressed by the rapid
CLASS 13
Ralph Gardner, Chairman
mobilization of resources by U.S. news organizations and the
Jean Baer
Rosalie Brody Feder
high caliber of work that resulted.
Rob Roy Buckingham
These awards pay tribute once again to the journalists
Ralph Gardner, Jr.
Grace Shaw
who toil in distant places, often overshadowed by other big
CLASS 14
Julia Edwards, Chairman
stories and hampered and harassed by unfriendly govern-
Herbert Kupferberg
ments. The Overseas Press Club is proud of its role in recog-
Blythe Foote Finke
CLASS 15
nizing their accomplishments.
H. Lee Silberman
Donald Shanor
H.L. Stevenson
Leonard Sussman
OPC Awards Chairman
CLASS 16
William Holstein, Chairman
William Hyland
John MacArthur
32
CLASS 1 WINNERS
CLASS 3 WINNER
The Hal Boyle Award, best daily newspaper or wire
The Robert Capa Gold Medal for best photographic
service reporting from abroad.
reporting or interpretation from abroad requiring
Honorarium: $1,000 from AT&T.
exceptional courage and enterprise.
Honorarium: $1,000 from LIFE.
Nicholas Kristof
and Sheryl WuDunn
David Turnley
of the Detroit Free Press and Black Star for
of the New York Times and
"Revolutions in China and Romania."
Mort Rosenblum
David Turnley was attacked in
of the Associated Press.
Tiananmen Square, and his camera was
destroyed beneath the feet of soldiers;
using borrowed equipment he was able
to file pictures daily from Beijing. In
Romania he was one of the first
photographers to enter the country
after the ousting of President
Ceausescu. His pictures captured
D. Turnley
soldiers and civilians as purveyors,
victims and, finally, spectators to the brutal revolution.
Kristof
WuDunn
Rosenblum
CITATIONS: Jeff Widener of the Associated Press, for his
While many newspapers produced outstanding coverage
pictures from the Beijing uprising.
of the tumultuous events in China during 1989, the
Christopher Morris of Black Star and TIME for
husband-and-wife team of Kristof and WuDunn managed
coverage of the U.S. invasion of Panama.
to convey both the highly visible events in Tiananmen
Square and the invisible manipulations of the Chinese
CLASS 4A WINNER
leadership. Particularly impressive was their use of
anecdotes to convey the feelings of ordinary Chinese in
The Olivier Rebbot Award for best photographic
reporting from abroad for magazines and books.
telling the story of the upheaval. "In 1949 we welcomed
Honorarium: $1,000 from Newsweek magazine.
the Army into Beijing," said one old man. "Now we're
fighting to keep them out."
Peter Turnley
Rosenblum covered the frantic last days of Romanian
of Newsweek for
leader Nicolae Ceausescu. Over eight fateful days, this
veteran reporter provided constant and extensive coverage
"Ceausescu, The Fall of a Dictator."
of the downfall of the despot, the flood tide of jubilation
Peter Turnley, twin brother of David
among ordinary citizens, and the first Christmas celebra-
Turnley, masterfully covered the
tion in years in Bucharest and throughout the nation.
revolution in the streets of Bucharest;
the judges were also influenced by the
CLASS 2 WINNER
scope of his coverage in 1989 in Beijing,
East Germany and Czechoslovakia, as
The Bob Considine Award, best daily newspaper
or wire service interpretation of foreign affairs.
well as by his photographs of Armenia
Honorarium: $1,000 from King Features Syndicate.
one year after the earthquake.
Jackson Diehl
P. Turnley
CITATIONS: William Frank Gentile,
for his picture book, Nicaragua, about
of the Washington Post.
war and everyday life in that country.
With stunning speed, the political
James Nachtwey of LIFE, for his picture story, "Death
shape of Europe changed during 1989,
Zone," about famine in Ethiopia.
and correspondent Diehl's 31/2-year
assignment on the Continent enabled
him to stay, as one judge put it, "way
ahead of the curve." He was able to
predict the increasing fervor of the
demonstrations in Eastern Europe and
the prospects for a reunited Germany.
Diehl
His series "Dismantling Communism"
provided exceptional insight into the demise of the
Communist-style regimes and subsequent democratic
reforms.
CITATION: Claudia Rosett of the Wall Street Journal, for
her incisive and uncompromising look at the events in China.
33
DATELINE
PORTFOLIO:
1
CLASS 3
WINNER
David Turnley
A mother learns of
the death of her
son, a university
student in Beijing;
wounded students
are carried away
as soldiers fire
into the crowd. By
early morning on
June 4, the army
had made its way
into Tiananmen
Square; a
Romanian man
weeps at a funeral
two days after the
overthrow of
dictator
Ceausescu.
PORTFOLIO:
CLASS 4A
WINNER
Peter Turnley
In a Bucharest
hospital, one of
the members of
Ceausescu's
secret police, the
Securitate, lies
dead, covered by
a sheet; the army,
faithful for years
to the Romanian
dictator, turns its
guns against him.
34
35
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Free enterprise lives here.
It takes a special business philosophy
Today, Grace is an international
way to make our company pros-
to operate a $6 billion company.
chemical company with selected
per is to give our businesses the
interests in energy, manufacturing and
freedom and incentives to grow.
At Grace, we've given our individual
service businesses.
companies the kind of freedom that
One step ahead of a
changing world.
fosters innovation. And allows them to
And in each of these areas, our man-
respond decisively to the changing
agement is based on guidance. Not
needs of their individual markets.
constraint. Because we know the best
GRACE
For Press Information Contact: Fred Bona, Chris Tofalli or Jim Swords at (212) 819-6000.
DATELINE
PORTFOLIO:
CLASS 4B WINNER
Anonymous
Hysterical mourners try to touch the body of Iran's leader, the Ayatullah
Khomeini, as his coffin is passed overhead during the funeral in Tehran.
CLASS 4B WINNER
CLASS 5 WINNER
Best photographic reporting from abroad for
The Ben Grauer Award for the best radio
newspaper and wire services.
spot-news reporting from abroad.
Honorarium: $1,000 from Eastman Kodak
Professional Products Division.
Gary Matsumoto
Anonymous
of NBC Radio, for his coverage of
"Final Journey,"
developments in Eastern Europe.
distributed by the Associated Press.
Matsumoto reported on the toppling of
the Communist Party in East Germany,
This single photo gave the world a ringside seat to the
Czechoslovakia and Romania. In one
funeral cortege of the Ayatullah Khomeini in Tehran as it
on-the-scene spot, he came under
was engulfed by a mob of ardent followers. The photo was
sniper fire at a Romanian army check-
taken as the ruler's body tumbled from the open casket.
point in Bucharest. He crawled beneath
The photographer must remain anonymous to avoid
an armored personnel carrier after
possible reprisals from the followers of the dead leader.
seeing the officer with whom he had
CITATION: Ron Jacques Haviv, of Agence France-Presse
just spoken take a bullet in the head.
Matsumoto
for his photo of a bloodied Panamanian politician under
CITATION: Steve Futterman,
attack by Panamanian thugs during a political march.
of NBC/Mutual Radio, for "China 1989."
37
ENVIRONMENTAL
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Our commitment: Cleaner air. Purer water. Less waste.
Among our goals, as we continue to improve our technology and
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For a summary of some of our recent accomplishments and future
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available free on request from:
Union Carbide Corporation
Corporate Communications Department, Section C-2
39 Old Ridgebury Road
Danbury, CT 06817-0001
UNION
CARBIDE
"We must be measured by deeds, not by words."
Robert D. Kennedy
CLASS 6 WINNER
CLASS 8 WINNER
The Lowell Thomas Award, best radio interpretation
The Edward R. Murrow Award, best television
or documentary on foreign affairs.
interpretation or documentary on foreign affairs.
Honorarium: $1,000 from Capital Cities/ABC Inc.
Honorarium: $1,000 from CBS.
CBS Radio News
Ted Koppel
for "Europe 1989: The Legacy of World War II."
of ABC News.
CBS RADIO
This exceptionally high-
For the second consecutive year, Ted
quality 15-part series on
Koppel of ABC News was singled out,
CBS NEWS
conditions in Eastern
this time for "Tragedy at Tiananmen-
Europe and the
The Untold Story." This program was
growing campaign for democracy aired in the summer of
produced and aired within a few weeks
1989- preview of events to come a few months later.
of the end of the student uprising, cov-
National leaders, historians and ordinary citizens talked
ering not only the drama but the far-
about the occupation of their countries by the Nazis, the
reaching implications for China and the
German defeat, and the subsequent formation of the
world.
Soviet bloc. Written and produced by Pam Rauscher. Dan
Koppel
CITATION: ABC News's "Prime Time
Rather was the anchor.
Live," for a series on the Peruvian drug trade and the
CITATION: Duc Nguyen and Peter Breslow, of National
"Secrets of the Secret Police" in Czechoslovakia.
Public Radio, for "Return to Vietnam: Homecoming and
Voices from the Ho Chi Minh Trail."
CLASS 9 WINNER
The Ed Cunningham Memorial Award for the best
CLASS 7 WINNERS
magazine reporting from abroad.
Best television spot news reporting from abroad.
Honorarium: $500 from the OPC Foundation.
Honorarium: $1,000
Fred c. Shapiro
Dan Rather
of the New Yorker, for "Letters from Beijing."
of CBS News, for his on-the-scene coverage
In his lengthy, richly detailed "letters,"
from China, and
Shapiro conveyed the passion, glory
Cable News Network
and tragedy of the brutal repression
of the Chinese student demonstrators
and anchor
in Tiananmen Square. He skillfully
blended personal experiences
Bernard Shaw
and public events to convey this
great drama.
Shapiro
CITATION: John Kohan, Moscow
bureau chief, and a team of reporters
and photographers from TIME, for "The New USSR," a
single-topic issue of the magazine exploring how Mikhail
Gorbachev has transformed the Soviet Union.
Rather
Shaw
Network TV reporters did a superb job of covering the
democratic uprising in China and none with more skill and
compassion than Dan Rather. His reporting from
Tiananmen Square and elsewhere in Beijing was balanced,
encompassing both hard coverage and interpretation.
CNN has built its reputation on sustained, 24-hour news
coverage, and the China story gave the network new and
well-deserved eminence. Bernard Shaw led this
remarkable news team, which put CNN's viewers around
the world directly in touch with the events of the day.
39
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DATELINE
CLASS 10 WINNER
CLASS 12B WINNER
The Hallie and Whit Burnett Award for the best general
Best business and/or economic reporting from abroad
magazine article on foreign affairs.
for newspapers and/or wire services.
Honorarium: $500.
Honorarium: $1,000 from Forbes magazine.
Joel Millman
Peter Gumbel
of the New York Times Magazine, for
of the Wall Street Journal.
"El Salvador's Army: A Force unto Itself."
Moscow bureau chief Gumbel explored
After a year of interviews, marching on
the nitty-gritty of the daily life of ordi-
patrol and combing financial
nary Soviet citizens to illustrate the
statements, Millman exposed the
paradox of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy
pervasive corruption in the Salvadoran
of perestroika: that well-intentioned
army. His article sparked new lines of
economic reforms have made life
official inquiry into a civil war that has
worse, not better. In this two-part
drawn $1 billion in U.S. military aid in
series, Gumbel also painted the sad pic-
the past decade.
ture of an industrial town in the
Gumbel
Millman
CITATIONS: Henry Trewhitt, Jeff
Ukraine once selected by Lenin to be
Trimble and Robin Knight, of U.S.
the site of a workers' "paradise," now reduced by
News & World Report, for "Soviet Military Power."
inefficient management and resistance to reform to an
Jeff Trimble, Roger Rosenblatt, Douglas Stanglin and
economic and ecological disaster area.
Dusko Doder, of U.S. News & World Report, for
CITATION: Ruth Youngblood, of United Press
"Revolution and Ruin."
International, for Southeast Asia reporting.
CLASS 11 WINNER
CLASS 13 WINNER
Best cartoons on foreign affairs.
The Cornelius Ryan Award for the best book on foreign
Honorarium: $500 from the New York Daily News.
affairs.
Mike Luckovich
Honorarium: $1,000 from the Anita Diamant Literary
Agency.
of the Atlanta Constitution.
Thomas Friedman
Luckovich's work combines directness
with an expert execution that hits home
From Beirut to Jerusalem,
with emotions ranging from deeply
published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
moving, to ironic, to hilarious. He won
A longtime correspondent for the New York
from among 50 entrants in a year of
Seirut
Times, now reporting from Washington,
TO
remarkably fine work.
Friedman relied on his extensive knowledge
CITATION: Dana Summers, of the
and coverage of the Middle East to produce
THOMASL
Orlando Sentinel.
this extraordinary book.
FRIEDMAN
Luckovich
CLASS 14 WINNER
CLASS 12A WINNER
The Madeline Dane Ross Award for the foreign
Best business and/or economic news reporting from
correspondent in any medium showing a concern for
abroad for magazines.
the human condition.
Honorarium: $1,000 from the estate of Morton Frank.
Honorarium: $1,000 from the Madeline Dane Ross Fund.
Saul Hansell
Jeremy Iggers
of Institutional Investor.
of the StarTribune, Minneapolis-St. Paul,
After 120 interviews and visits to six
for "Feeding a Hungry Planet."
countries over three months, Hansell
Iggers' series of articles explored the
wrote that the future of stock and bond
causes of hunger from Honduras and
trading lies with the computerized
Peru to Mali and India. He found that
exchanges being developed, or already
most of the hungry were victims not of
in operation, around the world.
war, natural disasters or a lack of
Hansell's "Wild, Wired World of
resources but of such human-caused
Electronic Exchanges" analyzed the
factors as mismanagement of the land,
Hansell
implications of this trend that will
social inequality and the unequal
radically alter face-to-face trading.
distribution of land resources.
CITATION: Robert c. Neff, Paul Magnusson, William J.
Iggers
CITATION: Michael Hiltzik, of
Holstein, Robert J. Dowling, and Mark Vamos
the Los Angeles Times, for articles on East Africa.
of Business Week, for "Rethinking Japan."
41
We congratulate
the Overseas Press Club of America on
its 51st anniversary and join in celebrating
newfound freedom and justice
around the world.
OXY
OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION
Keeping Pace With America and the World
Now and in the Future
Mike Luckovidh
PORTFOLIO:
ATLANTA CONSTITUTION
CLASS 11 WINNER
Mike Luckovich
Chairman Deng. There's
a lady here to see you.
China
CONSTITUTION
Mike Luckovich
ATLANTA CONSTITUTION
off
#
a
This is not your father's Oldsmobile...
Remember when this
t
used to be a wall ?...
1
Y
Berlin
1/7
Marx
Speed Bump
Communism
CLASS 15 WINNER
CLASS 16 WINNER
The Eric and Amy Burger Award for the best entry
Best reporting or interpretation in print by a foreign
dealing with human rights.
correspondent in the United States, for publication
Honorarium: $1,000 from the Burger estate.
outside the U.S.
Katherine Ellison
Honorarium: $1,000 from Bayer USA,
U.S. Management Holding Company for Bayer AG,
of the San Jose Mercury News,
of West Germany.
for reporting on human-rights abuses
No award presented for 1989.
in Nicaragua and Mexico.
Ellison's collection of stories ranges
from a piece on a Mexico City
physician who performed illegal
abortions at his clinic to the
kidnaping and sexual exploitation
of Nicaraguan women by the contras.
Ellison
43
DATELINE
STUART FRANKL FRANKLIN-MAGNUM
Freeze
Frame
Why still pictures
are the images
that endure
44
BY DAVID BURNETT
or the photographers who make
the pictures you see every day in newspa-
pers and magazines, this has been a chal-
lenging year. In Eastern Europe, Central
America, Asia and South Africa, the world
changed in ways that no expert could have
imagined. Those of us who followed these
changes through the viewfinder of a cam-
era were perhaps a little more careful, a
little more deliberate, each time we took a
spent roll from the camera and stuffed it
into a pocket. The mundane tasks of our
trade-taping film packets shut, editing
fresh negatives, confirming that film had
safely arrived in New York City or Paris-
all took on a bit more intensity. They be-
came even more important when the im-
ages on those films were impressions of
the events of the past year.
It was one of those years that reminded
us why we are photo-journalists. As the
designated eyes of the rest of the world, we
could feel once more the excitement of
bearing witness to great events.
Watching the crowds at the Berlin Wall
on those frosty November nights, we felt an
obligation not merely to our editors but also
to history and the world at large to make
photographs that would transcend the cli-
ché. Often the requirements of the working
moment overshadowed whatever thoughts
we might have of ourselves as wandering
historians. Worming through a jubilant
throng of thousands while keeping a cam-
era bag on the shoulder, warming equip-
ment under heavy coats to keep cameras
working in bone-chilling cold and generally
HISTORIC GESTURE: STUART
FRANKLIN'S PHOTO OF THE
COURAGEOUS BEIJING PROTESTER
45
ANTHONY SUAU-BLACK STAR
DATELINE
trying to remain level-headed when all
those around us were celebrating in an
emotional frenzy-we had other things to
think about besides history.
It was a good year too for television,
that instant beacon of information. We saw
the Berlin Wall breached "live." We saw
videotaped images of Panamanian thugs at-
tacking a vice-presidential candidate and of
a young Chinese man facing down a tank.
But how do we recall them now, just a few
months later? We remember them as still
images: the Chinese student frozen in defi-
ance in front of the tank; the Panamanian
candidate standing still and bloody in front
of his stick-wielding assailant. And from
Berlin, beyond the cheering televised faces
from the Wall, we remember Tony Suau's
picture of the young West Berliners, picks
in hand, braving the East German water
cannon. Television brings a super-
abundance of images, each of which carries
its own aural and visual adjectives. Yet
somehow TV lacks the emotional punch of
a still photo. Says Time photographer Chris
Niedenthal, who covered the fall of five re-
gimes in Eastern Europe in almost as many
weeks: "Perhaps because of its speed, TV
develops the striking image in the viewer's
eye. But a good magazine photograph fixes
it in the memory."
Cotton Coulson, associate photogra-
phy director for U.S. News & World Report,
spent more than a decade traveling the
world as a photographer for National Geo-
graphic before becoming an editor. "TV
doesn't capture the essence of the moment
the way a still does," he says. "The still pic-
ture may tend to romanticize, but that
makes for communication with the viewer.
It leaves a visual imprint. When people
think of an event, they think of a photo,
not a 20-second TV spot."
TONY SUAU'S IMAGE OF WEST
BERLINERS AT THE WALL, DEFYING
EAST GERMAN WATER CANNON
47
DATELINE
RON HAVIV AFP
SAUL
PRESIDIO
DE
LOS
HEROES
NOMBRE
@PELIGRO
BRAVING REPRESSIVE REGIMES: PANAMANIAN CANDIDATE
GUILLERMO FORD UNDER ATTACK, AS CAPTURED BY RON HAVIV
The evening East Berlin officials first
twice, to desist. A man with a chisel persist-
than with making history. Or, more precise-
opened a stretch of the Wall, photogra-
ed, almost clownlike, with exaggerated mo-
ly, they did not see any difference between
phers in both Germanys were scrambling.
tions, knocking small chips from the Wall.
the two tasks. The urge to find the most im-
By about 11 p.m., the word had got around:
Finally, after being harangued by the rest of
mediate, symbolic picture creates that little
Behrenstrasse. Parking the car as close as
the good-natured crowd, the sergeant
pit in the stomach that keeps photogra-
the Vopo would allow, several of us hiked
smiled, relented and hugged the aspiring
phers striving and hungry. You look at the
the last few hundred yards to the Wall. The
stonecutter. The crowd responded warmly.
scene, surveying the subject and the setting.
glow of workmen's lights and the sound of
The pictures taken then will one day
Your mind "sees" the picture, and you try
generators had broken the frigid calm.
form the shared visual heritage of a genera-
to figure out where you need to be to take
Crowds were tentatively gathered at the
tion. Yet the photographers who took them
it, and how to get there. As you walk
edge of the Wall where two breaks were be-
were more concerned with making pictures
through the crowd, uttering "Entschuldi-
ing made, each about 10 ft. wide.
gen, bitte" and "Pardon," you start
Bathed in floodlights, soldiers were
DAVID
to see the elements of the picture
sawing through the concrete and
of Monterey Jack cheese. So this
Annie Leibovitz-Contact
BURNETT, A
FOUNDING
come into view. Reflexively you
cinder block as if it were a tranche
MEMBER OF
reach for the correct lens, the cor-
CONTACT PHOTO
AGENCY, IS A
rect camera. You bring the view-
FREQUENT
was it. This is how history changes.
CONTRIBUTOR
finder to your eye. Almost right.
Giddy East Berliners, embold-
TO TIME. IN
Then it all comes together. The
1985 HE WON
ened by the day's events, jokingly
THE OLIVIER
lights, the crowd, the speaker. For
REBBOT AWARD.
chipped away at the bits of con-
that moment you hear only the
crete and stone. A gruff East Ger-
snap of the shutter. Another piece
man sergeant told them once, then
of history.
OPC
48
FAIR AND OPEN TRADE IS A
PREREQUISITE FOR
THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH
THAT IS THE FOUNDATION OF
WORLD PEACE.
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©1990 American Express Company. All rights reserved.
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DATELINE
statements. Members of the Securitate and
The Television Screen Is
ousted government officials were dragged
into view. It was symbolic that government
itself, a secret process under Ceausescu,
Mightier than the Sword
was conducted more or less openly-ex-
cept for one pivotal event. Two days after
the fact, edited footage was shown of the
BY WILLIAM A. HENRY III
secret trial of Ceausescu and his wife
Elena. Over and over, the station aired a
fter years of global fretfulness
clip showing them dead after execution, a
A
about the brute effectiveness of
modern armaments, it turned out
PETER CHARLESWORTH- PICTURES
hole visible in the dictator's head. For a
population long skeptical of anything offi-
during one of the most pervasive-
cial, seeing was essential to believing. And
ly revolutionary years of the 20th century,
while these images were meant primarily
if not of all recorded history, that the most
for home consumption, many were accom-
potent single weapon in nearly every con-
panied by translations into English.
flict was the video camera. In nation after
In Czechoslovakia, where change came
nation, vastly superior military forces were
more peacefully, the outpourings of emo-
stood off and frequently compelled to re-
tion in mass rallies and candlelight vigils
treat before the symbolic and testimonial
sometimes had the air of being staged me-
power of televised images.
The function of
dia events. They were meant to convey the
This triumph owed something to jour-
reality of change to the mass of stay-at-
nalism, but, ironically, little to journalists.
news people was
home citizens-and, again, to the Western
Camera crews found the most striking pic-
tures in public squares, not dark and unin-
not that of sage or
press. As soon as the Communists lost
their grip in Poland and Hungary, among
vestigated corners. The function of news
analyst but conduit,
the first people to lose their jobs were di-
people was not sage or analyst but conduit,
rectors of local TV stations. Would-be re-
carrying the raw facts of an amazing reality
carrying reality.
placements were grilled about their com-
to the startled citizenry in each revolution-
mitment to objective reporting.
ary nation and to a waiting world beyond.
In China, for one brief week in mid-
Following decades in which American
PIERRE VAUTHEY-SYGMA
struggle, journalists and audiences got a
journalists too often saw themselves as piv-
glimpse of what a free press might be like.
otal to the stories they covered, the thrills
Newspapers and broadcasters abruptly be-
of 1989 and early 1990 came as useful re-
gan to give remarkably objective, colorful
minders that the most interesting part of
and candid coverage of the sit-ins in Tian-
the news business is, in fact, the news.
anmen Square. Students were shown talk-
For broadcast journalists, events
ing with Premier Li Peng as equals, point-
proved anew that the chief element of
edly asking questions and pressing
their much discussed power is the simple
demands. Li came across as an abrasive
capacity to reach many people quickly-
schoolmaster. It was a public relations di-
and, in cases of true turmoil, with a verisi-
saster for him, a coup for his challengers.
militude no other medium offers. In the
How did this come about? The journal-
communist world just as much as in the
building. "There was no other way to reach
ists were emboldened by party leader
U.S., it seemed, TV's basic function was as
the people," Brucan recalls. "There were
Zhao Ziyang-subsequently ousted-who
the great legitimizer. Surely other factors
no papers, and nobody would have be-
instructed news bureaucrats that open re-
mattered. But it is noteworthy that in East-
lieved them anyway. This was the clearest
porting of the unrest posed "no great
ern Europe, where uprisings succeeded,
possible symbol, before the execution of
risks." He characterized such openness as
revolutionaries found access (if occasion-
Ceausescu, that he was no longer in total
an "international progressive trend,"
ally by force) to the state TV studio, while
control, that something big had changed."
which reflected "the will of the people at
in China, where revolt failed, the media
Once the rebels took control of TV,
home." This sort of thinking has since
were only briefly sympathetic before being
they set up an interim government in front
been rooted out. The new party general
jerked back under government control.
of the cameras. Policy and principles were
secretary, Jiang Zemin, told top Chinese
In Romania the struggle for the TV
debated. Military men and students made
editors in November, "When the antigov-
station was perhaps the most dra-
ernment riot took place, some
matic, and maybe the most impor-
mass-media departments pre-
tant, skirmish of the brief civil
HENRY, A TIME
pared public opinion for the
war. Former newspaper editor
Silviu Brucan recalls that as he
JAMES KEYSER
SENIOR WRITER,
schemes of plotters of the
WON THE 1980
counterrevolutionary rebellion
drafted the first statement to be
PULITZER PRIZE IN
and added fuel to the flames."
televised by the country's new
CRITICISM AS
The problem, even in China,
leaders, he had to hunch on the
TELEVISION CRITIC
floor because just above him snip-
FOR THE BOSTON
is putting the genie back into the
GLOBE. HE HAS
bottle. Once viewers anywhere,
ers were still spraying the walls
WRITTEN OR
from Bucharest to Beijing, have
with bullets. Outside, pitched bat-
CONTRIBUTED
seen unvarnished video truth,
tle loomed between forces loyal to
TO 18 BOOKS
propaganda looks pretty
dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and
unpersuasive.
unarmed citizens, who formed a
With reporting by John Borrell/
human shield around the TV
Prague and Jaime Florcruz/Beijing
51
DATELINE
you that, but there was no evidence at all
Covering Cuba, Where Time
coming out of Cuba."
It wasn't until several weeks after
Ochoa and three other defendants had
And Socialism Stand Still
been executed that a group of U.S. journal-
ists was allowed to enter the country for
the 30th anniversary of the revolution. The
BY JAMES CARNEY
visas for anything but official events.
reporters were warned in Havana that any-
Castro's government let down its usual
one caught visiting human-rights activists
he perils and pitfalls of reporting
guard last spring when it allowed more
would be expelled and prevented from re-
T
the news in Soviet bloc countries
than 700 members of the foreign press to
turning. The Post's Preston was among a
used to make terrific grist for
witness Gorbachev's Havana visit. No at-
handful who decided to gamble. Just hours
books and bar tales by Western
tempt was made to stop the visitors from
before flying back to Miami, the reporters
reporters. Now democratization in the So-
interviewing dissidents. On the night be-
visited three dissidents. After Preston's ar-
viet Union and revolution in Eastern Eu-
fore Gorbachev's arrival, leaders of three
ticle was published, all three activists were
rope have given reporters unprecedented
access to state and party officials, religious
leaders and dissidents, and ordinary citi-
zens caught up in extraordinary events. In
Cuba, however, the disintegration of the
Soviet status quo has made reporting the
news more, not less, difficult.
J.B. DIEDERICH-CONTACT
Communism's fall in the East has co-
incided with a domestic crackdown in
Cuba, where adherence to Marxism and al-
legiance to Moscow was a postscript to a
nationalist revolution. While Mikhail Gor-
bachev has preached perestroika, Fidel
Castro has condemned deviation from the
socialist path. In the past year, Castro has
devoted more of his rhetoric to attacking
Gorbachev's reforms than to savaging Yan-
qui imperialism. And although strained
ties with the Soviet Union have brought se-
rious food shortages to Cuba, the Cuban
leader has continued to resist change. "If
destiny assigns us the role of being one of
CASTRO WITH GORBACHEV: ATTACKING PERESTROIKA MORE THAN IMPERIALISM
the last defenders of socialism," Castro de-
"WE WILL DEFEND THIS BASTION WITH THE LAST DROP OF OUR BLOOD"
clared recently, "we will defend this bas-
tion with the last drop of our blood."
small human-rights groups held a press
arrested, charged with "disseminating
With Castro's prophecy approaching
conference in a Havana home. Police hov-
false news" and sentenced to prison.
reality, both East and West have come to
ered outside but didn't break up the meet-
The Cuban press crackdown is not
view Cuba and its leader as anachronisms.
ing or harass the press. Two days later,
aimed merely at Americans. Last year a
In turn, Havana has isolated itself even
however, nine dissidents were arrested
British correspondent for Reuters, based in
more from outside observers. Since the
and charged with planning an illegal dem-
Havana, was expelled because of his cover-
late 1960s, the government has made it im-
onstration in front of the Soviet embassy.
age of the drug trials. In fact, two Soviet
possible for the U.S. press to base report-
The real stonewalling came a few months
publications-Sputnik, a sports magazine,
ers there, forcing them to rely on the whim
later, after the sensational revelation in Ha-
and the glasnost-boosting Moscow News-
of the Cuban Interests Section in Wash-
vana that high-ranking military officers, in-
have been banned from Cuban newsstands.
ington for visas. Cuban helpfulness in that
cluding the popular General Arnaldo Ochoa
A Czech reporter was expelled this year af-
regard has always fluctuated, but since last
Sánchez, had been accused of helping the
ter making a radio broadcast to Prague in
summer it has been extremely difficult for
Medellín cartel to smuggle cocaine. Frantic
which he said that Cuba "reminds me of a
most major U.S. news organizations to get
press appeals for visas met rejection, leaving
calm before a storm, but of a Romanian
the American press to cov-
type. It does not look as if a gentle revolu-
er the story from Miami
tion is going to take place here."
A FORMER
and Washington. The re-
The Cuban Communist Party has since
NEIL LEIFER
STAFF WRITER
sult: rumors, repeated of-
announced a small shake-up among its top
FOR THE
ten enough, began to pass
leadership and a campaign to reinvigorate
MIAMI
for fact. "In the first days
party work: signs, perhaps, that Castro may
HERALD,
of the drug scandal, many
believe gentle reform is the only way to
CARNEY NOW
Cubans in the U.S. be-
avoid East European-style revolution.
COVERS CUBA
lieved Ochoa had been
Modest liberalization, in turn, could bring
AS MIAMI
BUREAU CHIEF
plotting a coup," says
about an improvement in relations with
ERO
FOR TIME.
Washington Post corre-
the U.S. and an opening to the media. But
spondent Julia Preston,
until that welcome change comes, covering
who began covering Cuba
Cuba will be something like covering the
in 1985. "You could find
Soviet bloc of old-harder to enter, but
50 sources in Miami to tell
just as easy to get thrown out.
OPC
52
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World Headquarters, Stamford, Connecticut
Six Stamford Forum, P.O. Box 10380, Stamford, CT 06904-2380
© The American Tobacco Co. 1988.
DATELINE
Caught in the Cross Fire:
even arrest. But nothing frustrates efforts
to report more than a single sheet of pa-
per issued by Israeli troops at trouble
The Press and the Intifadeh
spots throughout the West Bank and
Gaza. The pertinent sentence reads, "I
hereby declare the area as a closed
BY JON D. HULL
In a year when longtime nondemo-
military zone."
cratic governments are easing restrictions
That document enables the army to
mong Israeli officials the cartoon
on the press, the democratic state of
bar reporters at will from any or all of the
A
is considered a classic: on a street
Israel has been cracking down. Journal-
occupied territories. "It is my sense that
corner in the occupied territo-
ists charge that the government is at-
the army and the border police are deter-
ries, masked Palestinians care-
tempting to discredit their West Bank
mined to keep TV cameras as far away
fully prepare for a demonstration amid
and Gaza coverage, which all agree has
from any violence as possible," says ABC
klieg lights and foreign television camera
had a negative impact upon Israel's
News correspondent Dean Reynolds.
crews. As an unsuspecting Israeli patrol
international image. They complain of
"They have largely succeeded." The army
approaches, a Palestinian raises clapper
such obstacles as military censorship, mis-
insists it is acting on the basis of legiti-
boards and speaks into a walkie-talkie:
information, physical harassment and
mate military considerations, an explana-
"Five seconds
Stand by."
tion many foreign journalists re-
The staging of protests is just
ject. In March 1988, after the
one of the many charges that
A FORMER
army sealed off the territories for
have been leveled against the
foreign press corps in Israel since
DAVID RUBINGER
EDITOR OF
three days to all but a small pool
SAN FRANCISCO
of escorted reporters, the For-
Palestinians in the occupied
MAGAZINE,
eign Press Association appealed
West Bank and Gaza Strip
HULL IS NOW
unsuccessfully to the Supreme
launched the intifadeh in Decem-
JERUSALEM
Court. Says Slater: "From the
BUREAU CHIEF
ber 1987. Says Robert Slater,
FOR TIME.
army's standpoint we are un-
chairman of the Foreign Press
doubtedly a nuisance. But
Association and a reporter for
a country that professes to be a
Time: "We have been accused of
democracy does not close off
everything from creating the inti-
areas just because the press is a
fadeh to biased reporting to
nuisance."
collusion with the Palestinians."
The ubiquitous roadblocks
Johnson&Johnson
where quality products
have been a tradition
for generations.
are only the most obvious examples
their credentials lifted. Since then,
of the constant tension between Is-
five reporters have been punished
rael's democratic principles and its
only democracy in the Middle
East," says Joel Brinkley, New York
Times Jerusalem bureau chief. "But
PETERTURNLEY STAR
with temporary suspension. For
security needs. "The nation is the
journalists working in the West
Bank and Gaza, these obstacles
are coupled with the constant
threat of physical danger, both
it is a democracy with many holes."
from rock-throwing Palestinians
In their defense, Israeli officials
and from gun-toting Israeli sol-
point to the restrictions imposed on
diers. Dozens of journalists have
the press by the U.S. during the in-
been struck by stones and the po-
vasions of Grenada and Panama,
tentially lethal rubber and plastic
and by Britain during the Falklands
bullets used by the Israeli army.
war. "I see no clash here between
Amazingly, no journalist has yet
the freedom of the press and
been killed. Says Reynolds: "It's
democracy," says Nachman Shai,
like, 'Well of course I won't get
spokesman for the Israel Defense
shot.' Since last summer three of
Forces. "Any democracy has the
his cameramen have been injured
right to defend itself." Relations
PRINCIPLE VS. SECURITY: A CAMERA-SHY SOLDIER
by rubber and plastic bullets, one
between the media and the govern-
JOURNALISTS WHO REPORT ON SENSITIVE ISSUES RISK
seriously.
ment have deteriorated further
Israeli officials insist that ten-
HAVING THEIR CREDENTIALS REVOKED
since a 1988 ABC News report that
sions are easing between the gov-
Israeli security agents had impersonated
impersonations after a storm of protests
ernment and the press. In fact, most offi-
an ABC film crew in order to arrest a Pal-
by reporters, who charged that such ploys
cials are simply relieved that world
estinian in the West Bank. The govern-
jeopardized their lives.
attention has shifted elsewhere in recent
ment denied any involvement, but report-
Ironically, correspondents who report
months. Contrary to Israeli assertions, the
ers' suspicions were confirmed in March
on what Israel considers to be sensitive
decline in coverage has had no apparent
1989 when a TV crew from Visnews, the
security issues-including undercover po-
impact on the level of violence in the ter-
British agency, videotaped two undercov-
lice work-risk having their credentials
ritories. Says Reynolds: "They think this
er policemen posing as journalists and ar-
revoked for violating Israel's military cen-
story is dead. Frankly, I think they're
resting Palestinian demonstrators in East
sorship laws. In the 40 years before the in-
wrong. It's going to come back and haunt
Jerusalem. The police agreed to stop the
tifadeh, only two foreign journalists had
them."
OPC
Pfizer
Pfizer Inc
235 East 42nd Street
New York, NY 10017-5755
Media Contacts:
Pfizer Inc is a diversified, research-based health care
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company with businesses in pharmaceuticals, hospital
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Rick Honey
products, consumer products, animal health, specialty
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sales of approximately $5.7 billion for 1989.
55
The World Is Our Audience.
TIME WARNER INC.
Magazines
Filmed Entertainment
Cable Television and Cable Programming
Recorded Music and Music Publishing
Books
ATES OF
BRIG
E,
B18
80
60A
WASHIN
D.C.
2
2
8067
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SERIES
atherine
1998
En
100
EDDO
TED STATE
AMERIC
E3
THIS
IS LEGAL TENDE
FOR ALL
PUBLIC AND
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WASHINGTON,D
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DATELINE
THE AUTHOR'S FATHER, WALTER
SISULU, AT A RALLY IN JOHANNESBURG
GIDEON MENDEL-MAGNUM
"IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT WE HAVE THE RIGHT
TO FREE EXPRESSION"
my A.N.C. contacts, they were more worried
about the aggressive stance of the New
Nation.
Later that year, the police detained me
again. I spent the next two years in jail, but I
was interrogated for no more than 30 min-
utes. Their objective was not to get informa-
tion but to keep me off the streets. They were
not threatening. I was not mistreated.
Upon my release in December 1988, I
remained under restriction orders until
Feb. 2 of this year. That meant I could not
resume work as a journalist. I could not
conduct interviews or be interviewed. I
could not enter an educational institution. I
had to be at my house between 6 p.m. and 6
a.m. I had to report twice a day to a police
station. I could not leave Johannesburg
without permission.
Battling Apartheid Means
Now I am back at work. The changes
since February have been so dramatic as to
Winning Press Freedom
affect the character of our newspaper.
Writing about the A.N.C. viewpoint- a deli-
cate task when the organization was
BY ZWELAKHE SISULU
came so important. Alternative publica-
banned-had been almost our exclusive
tions have credibility. Recently, the Afri-
domain. Now all the mainstream papers are
he other day I was walking into
kaans weekly, Vreye Weekblad, broke the
covering the A.N.C. Even the state-owned
T
the lobby of the building where
story that government hit squads had killed
South African Broadcasting Corp.'s televi-
our newspaper, the New Nation,
political activists. The very existence of
sion and radio quote Nelson Mandela al-
is located. Suddenly, I heard a
Vreye Weekblad is a development of im-
most every day. We in the alternative press
group of black guards from Diepkloof
mense importance.
need to ask ourselves whether we still have
Prison in Soweto shouting "Viva African
The greatest threat to South African
a role to play. It is ironic that while we
National Congress!" They were heading to
journalism has not been the press restric-
worked hard to create freer press condi-
a strike meeting. These are the people who
tions but rather the security legislation per-
tions, the realization of those conditions
used to search our cells to see if we were
mitting detention without trial for up to
could sideline the alternative press.
hiding reading materials. Now they want
three years. My own case is a good example.
I am optimistic about the future of the
to join the democratic movement. One's
My career began in 1975, when I started on
country. There has been a powerful shift in
jailers are becoming one's allies.
the now defunct Rand Daily Mail. Since that
the consciousness of South Africans, black
The lifting of some of the emergency
time, I have worked effectively as a journal-
and white. Black people are angry, but that
regulations by President F.W. de Klerk on
ist for only four or five years. In 1981 I was
does not necessarily translate into a hatred
Feb. 2 means that we are able to cover top-
detained for one year under the Terrorism
of white people. One of the tragedies of Af-
ics that were previously taboo, namely the
Act. Upon my release, I was under restric-
rica has been that the press in the colonial
activities of more than 60 political organi-
tion orders until 1983. I joined the Sowetan,
period did not identify with the liberation
zations, including the African National
a black newspaper, as a political reporter
struggle. In our country, we journalists have
Congress. De Klerk also lifted the restric-
but then spent the 1984-85 academic year
earned our place in a future free society.
tion that had made it illegal for newspa-
on a Nieman Fellowship at Harvard. Re-
During the struggle, we made our fight
pers to quote any of more than 300 politi-
turning to Johannesburg, I founded the
against apartheid a fight for freedom of the
cal activists. These have been the most
New Nation. The harassment then
press.
OPC
dramatic improvements in press freedom
resumed.
in the memory of an entire generation. It
One night around 2 a.m.,
is essential that we have the right to free
a group of balaclava-clad
SISULU, ACTIVE IN
expression and association. That's what
men burst into my house. I
sets democracies apart from dictatorships.
was eventually taken to a
three-month detention
PETER MAGUBANE
SOUTH AFRICA'S
ANTIAPARTHEID
Much, in fact, still needs to be done.
police station to begin a
PRESS SINCE 1975,
Media legislation has had the effect of
IS FOUNDING
instilling self-censorship. Aggressive jour-
without trial. During the
EDITOR OF
THE NEW NATION.
nalism has not exposed political and finan-
interrogation, I was told,
cial corruption in government. Meanwhile,
"We know you work with
readers and viewers developed a logic of op-
the military wing of the
posites. When they heard something on the
A.N.C." But the police had
government-controlled news, they under-
no evidence against me.
stood that the opposite was more likely to be
My sense is that while they
true. That is why the alternative press be-
were deeply suspicious of
58
DATELINE
UNO'S "MR.
YAMAGUCHI-SYGMA
CLEAN" IMAGE
FADED AFTER
GEISHA TALKED
THE PRIME
MINISTER, WHO WAS
SOON TO RESIGN, AT
A JUNE PRESS
BRIEFING
Uno was touted as "Mr. Clean" there
What's the Japanese Word
was no Recruit money in his pockets-but
his nickname was soon soiled. A weekly
magazine published an interview with a
for Watergate? Recruit
woman, described loosely as a geisha, who
claimed that Uno had had an affair with her.
The mainstream Japanese press, for all its
BY BARRY HILLENBRAND
The press kept looking for illegality. Fi-
ardent Recruit sleuthing, hesitated to publi-
nally it surfaced on TV. On Sept. 5, 1988,
cize the allegation. "No one ever paid atten-
ike Watergate, Japan's big politi-
Nippon Television Network broadcast a
tion to the sexual affairs of politicians be-
L
cal scandal of the decade started
videotape of Hiroshi Matsubara, a director
fore," a senior editor explained.
out as a local story. And like its
of one of the Recruit companies, passing
Times had changed, but not by much.
U.S. counterpart, the episode was
money to Yanosuke Narazaki, a member of
Japan's male-dominated major national
perhaps the most vivid example to date of
the opposition United Social Democratic
press ran with the Uno scandal only after
the tenacity and investigative skill of the
Party, who had arranged the videotaping.
the Washington Post published a story
Japanese press.
The audio recorded the Recruit man asking
about it. Even then the Japanese gave the
The story began to unravel in April
for help in the upcoming Diet investigation
story a different twist. There was only limit-
1988, when two reporters from the Yokoha-
of the Recruit scandal. Three months later,
ed tut-tutting over the fact that Uno had
ma bureau of Tokyo's Asahi Shimbun be-
Matsubara pleaded guilty to bribery
had an affair; such liaisons are accepted be-
gan following a police investigation into the
charges.
havior for a man of power. Instead the Japa-
finances of Hideki Komatsu, the deputy
In December 1988, a little more than
nese press focused on the possibility that
mayor of Kawasaki, an industrial center ad-
eight months after Asahi began developing
Uno's actions might hurt Japan's reputation
jacent to Tokyo. A large employment-agen-
the story, the first really big political fish was
and therefore hinder Uno's capacity to con-
cy and real estate conglomerate named Re-
netted. Kiichi Miyazawa, the urbane Minis-
duct, well, foreign affairs.
cruit had sold Komatsu stock in a corporate
ter of Finance, resigned his Cabinet posi-
After little more than two months in of-
subsidiary before shares were offered to the
tion. By then Recruit had become a minor
fice, Uno resigned, following his party's de-
public. Komatsu resold the stock after it
industry. Two other top politicians resigned
feat in elections for the upper house of the
went on the market, when the price, as ex-
their party positions under the constant
Diet. Japanese news outlets correctly attrib-
pected, increased dramatically. Komatsu
press battering: former Prime Minister Ya-
uted the election debacle and Uno's depar-
made a killing.
suhiro Nakasone and former Foreign Min-
ture to public anger over an unpopular new
The transaction was not illegal, since the
ister Shintaro Abe. Finally, in June 1989,
consumption tax and the lingering after-
police could not prove that Komatsu had
Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita suc-
taste of the Recruit scandal. Uno's sex life
granted any favors to Recruit. But Ashai re-
cumbed to a precipitous decline in populari-
was a secondary issue with the electorate
porters generated enough heat that in June
ty and vacated his office in favor of Sosuke
and with the Japanese press.
1988, Komatsu was fired. The fate of the dep-
Uno, the Foreign Minister.
Scandals, and the outrage they generate,
uty mayor of Kawasaki was a very lo-
have a natural life of their own.
cal story indeed, but soon nearly ev-
Sooner or later they wither away.
ery Japanese newspaper and
BARRY HILLENBRAND,
Recruit was no exception. Once To-
television station was on the scent of
SHIGEO KOGURE
A TIME
shiki Kaifu, a true Mr. Clean, re-
Recruit. Every reporter, it seemed,
CORRESPONDENT
placed Uno as Prime Minister and
had a list of people who had profited
FOR 22 YEARS,
once most of Recruit's beneficiaries
from Recruit's generosity. The reve-
HAS FILED
were indicted, stories about the
lations forced prominent citizens,
CORRUPTION
STORIES FROM SUCH
scandal appeared less frequently.
such as Hisashi Shinto, chairman of
EXOTIC LOCALES AS
But the word Recruit, like Water-
NTT, Japan's mammoth telecom-
RIO DE JANEIRO,
gate, entered the political lexicon as
munications company, and Ko Mor-
SAIGON, BAGHDAD,
a synonym for corruption-and en-
ita, president of Nihon Keizai Shim-
TOKYO AND CHICAGO.
tered journalistic annals as a story
bun, Japan's leading economic daily,
that gave the Japanese press an in-
to admit they had dipped their fin-
creased sense of significance in the
gers into the company's sugar bowl.
country's political life.
OPC
59
THE STORY
OF A GOVERNMENT
THAT ALMOST
DIDN'T HAPPEN.
In 1787 a group of concerned citizens wanted to see the
proposed Constitution go down to defeat. They viewed
it as a plot to install a tyrannical government, not
unlike that of the despised British colonial system.
The alarm was triggered not by what they saw,
but by what they didn't see.
After the injustices the colonies suffered under
the Crown, how could they be expected to ratify a doc-
ument that contained no explicit guarantee for the pro-
tection of individual freedoms?
Indeed, our Minister to France, Thomas Jeffer-
son, wrote James Madison from Paris expressing his
concern about "the omission of a bill of rights provid-
ing clearly. for freedom of religion, freedom of the
press, protection against standing armies, and restric-
tion against monopolies."
Ultimately, the proposed
Constitution was ratified,
but not before reassurances
Congrefs OF THE United States
were given that it would be
amended to correct its short-
Wednesday
comings. That process took
2½ years, but in the end we
had something very special-
the Bill of Rights.
We had what President
Franklin D. Roosevelt de-
scribed as "the great American
charter of personal liberty
and human dignity."
Not just a piece of
parchment, we had a living,
breathing testament to the
individual freedoms of men
and women.
For 200 years we've been
enjoying these rights and
exercising them in our every-
day lives. Little wonder that
we sometimes fall into the trap
of taking them for granted.
The government that almost didn't happen could
still unravel unless we all remain vigilant and work to
PM
make the Bill of Rights work better for everyone.
Philip Morris Companies Inc.
KRAFT GENERAL FOODS MILLER BREWING COMPANY PHILIP MORRIS U.S.A.
Join Philip Morris Companies Inc. in support of the National Archives' celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Bill of Rights. For a free copy of this historic
document, call 1-800-552-2222, or write Bill of Rights Philip Morris Companies Inc. 2020 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W. Suite 533 Washington D.C. 20006
Companies
DATELINE
A Dangerous Profession
CHAD
Mahamat Fadoul-Journalist with the state-controlled
Radio Tchad, detained without charge since April 1989
in connection with a crackdown on the Zaghawa ethnic
BY NORMAN A. SCHORR, Chairman, OPC Freedom of the Press Committee
group following an alleged coup attempt.
Moussa Nene Ahouna-Journalist with Radio
or all the democratic upheaval that marked 1989, for all the welcome advances in
N'Djamena and Radio Bardai, detained without charge
F
press freedom in many countries, the year was marred by an unprecedented
since 1987, reportedly under suspicion of being an
agent for Libya.
number of attacks on journalists elsewhere in the world. Both Freedom
House and the Committee to Protect Journalists document more than 1,000 anti-
CHINA
press incidents in 1989, including at least 53 murders, 300 arrests or other cases of deten-
Gao Yu-Journalist with Economics Weekly, has not
tion, 40 beatings, 50 other assaults and 40 shutdowns of publications or radio stations. In
been seen since early June 1989, although she is not
believed to have been killed in the Beijing massacre.
each of these categories of abuse, the 1989 figures were substantially higher than those of
He Qiu-A shipyard worker involved with various
previous years.
unofficial publications, sentenced in May 1982 to ten
South American countries accounted for most of the murders. The People's Republic
years' imprisonment for "inciting violation of the laws
and decrees of the state."
of China headed the list for journalists jailed. In fact, as a result of the crackdown that
Liu De-Editor at Jiannan Literature and Art Journal,
followed last spring's democracy movement, the number of correspondents and editors
sentenced in 1987 to seven years' imprisonment on
detained in China has more than doubled since last year's statistics were tallied.
"counterrevolutionary" charges for making a speech
The record of the "new" countries has not been admi-
critical of the Chinese Communist Party.
rable in establishing press freedom. In too many cases, na-
Tseten Norgye-A hotel bookkeeper, reportedly
LENA KARA-SIPA
arrested in 1989 in Lhasa after police searched his
tional groups that had fought for independence and a free
house and found a mimeograph machine allegedly used
press have been quick to deny free expression by any
to print literature advocating Tibetan independence.
newspaper, radio or television station carrying criticism of
Wang Xizhe-Factory worker and editor of the
the government or reports on political opponents.
unofficial journal Responsibility, sentenced in May
1982 to 14 years' imprisonment for
According to a list prepared by the Committee to
"counterrevolutionary" activities.
Protect Journalists, there were 78 colleagues in 19 coun-
Wei Jingsheng-Editor of the unofficial journal
tries who, as of mid-March 1990, were being held prison-
Exploration, sentenced in 1979 to 15 years in jail and
er or hostage or under house arrest, most often under
three years' deprivation of political rights for
disseminating "counterrevolutionary propaganda" and
trumped-up charges-or no charge other than a story or
for passing "secret information" to a foreign journalist.
broadcast that offended someone in power. In other
Xu Shuilang-A contributor to unofficial journals,
words, the only crime was an attempt to serve the peo-
arrested in July 1981, apparently for publishing articles
critical of socialism.
ple's right to know.
Terry Anderson
Xu Wenli-Co-founder of the official journal April Fifth
The list:
Forum, sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment for
The Deadliest Beat in
are going to kill you." Many Colombian journalists have cho-
sen to flee their homeland to live overseas as a result of such
the World
death threats and the discovery of lists of assassination
targets.
Many reporters and editors who cannot afford to move
W
hen gunmen killed Sylvia Duzán in February, the
abroad have decided upon another strategy. A poll last year
28-year-old Colombian freelance reporter was inter-
showed that 53% of Colombia's journalists have chosen to
viewing campesino leaders in the town of Cimitarra, 185
tone down their coverage of narcotics stories. This self-cen-
miles north of Bogotá. In a macabre irony, the project she
sorship, says oft-threatened El Espectador reporter María Ji-
was developing for a British television station was tentatively
meno Duzán, is "worse than censorship by the state." Says
titled "Colombian towns that have left violence
Duzán, sister of slain journalist Sylvia Duzán: "Every time we
behind."
write an article, every time we walk out the door of our
Duzán was the 16th journalist killed in the previous
homes, we put our lives on the line."
OPC
twelve months in Colombia, where drug
violence has made journalism a danger-
ous profession. Enrique Santos Calde-
rón, an editor and columnist for Bogotá's
El Tiempo and a prominent critic of the
drug barons, spent several months in self-
imposed exile following a bombing at his
home. Says Calderón, who has returned
to his outspoken ways: "We journalists
CHRISTOPHER MORRIS-BLACK STAR
aren't soldiers, but we have become the
first line of defense."
The Circle of Bogotá Journalists re-
cently concluded that "authorities ei-
ther cannot afford us protection or do
not take our dilemma seriously
enough," in the words of journalist
Edda Cavarico, who herself receives
weekly telephone calls warning, "We
EL ESPECTADOR OFFICES AFTER LAST YEAR'S BOMBING
61
DATELINE
"organizing a counterrevolutionary group" and for
Yang Hong-Correspondent in Yunnan province for
arrested in February 1989 and charged with being a
"counterrevolutionary propaganda and agitation."
China Youth Daily.
leader of the uprising.
Zhu Jianbin-Co-founder of the unofficial journal
Zhang Shu-Reporter with the People's Daily
Sound of the Bell, arrested in April 1981, apparently
overseas edition, arrested after he wrote a special
LEBANON
for efforts to organize the National Association of
edition of the paper describing the June 24,
Terry Anderson-U.S. journalist, worked as chief
Democratic Journals.
1989, Central Committee meeting at which Zhao Ziyang
Middle East correspondent for the A.P., kidnaped in
was formally ousted as Chinese Communist Party
March 1985 in West Beirut.
The following Chinese journalists are believed to have
General Secretary.
Alec Collett-British journalist on assignment for a
been arrested in 1989 during the crackdown on the
Zhang Weiguo-Reporter and head of the Beijing
United Nations agency, kidnaped in March 1985 in a
democracy movement:
bureau of Shanghai's World Economic Herald.
Beirut suburb. Unconfirmed reports say he has been
Zheng Di-Journalist with Economics Weekly.
killed.
Chen Lebo-Director of reporting on the Chinese
Zheng Writer and frequent contributor to People's
John McCarthy-British journalist on assignment for
economy for Shanghai's World Economic Herald,
Literature and Literature Monthly.
Worldwide Television News, kidnaped in April 1986.
arrested in July, has reportedly been beaten in
detention.
IRAN
MAURITANIA
Chen Ziming-Publisher of Economics Weekly.
Mariam Ferouz-Former editor in chief of the
Mamadou Mika-Journalist with the governmental
Dai Qing-One of China's most prominent journalists,
women's magazine Jahan-e-Zanan (Women's World),
Agence Mauritanienne de Presse, detained without
Dai worked at Enlightenment Daily, a newspaper aimed
believed to have been held since the early 1980s.
charge since November 1989.
at Chinese intellectuals, before her arrest in July.
Malekeh Mohammadi-Former editor of several pre-
Ibrahima Sarr-Radio and television journalist,
Fan Jianping-An editor with Beijing Daily.
and postrevolution publications, believed to have been
serving a five-year prison term in connection with a
Fei Yuan-Deputy editor in chief of Economics
held since the early 1980s without charge or trial.
pamphlet alleging discrimination against blacks.
Weekly.
Guo Yanjun-Journalist with Law Daily in Beijing,
ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED
MYANMAR (FORMERLY BURMA)
believed to have been arrested in July.
TERRITORIES
Win Tin-Former newspaper editor and freelancer,
Hou Jie-Journalist with Beijing Daily.
Talal abu Afifeh-Editor at the Arabic-language daily
sentenced in October 1989 to three years'
Jin Naiyi-Journalist with Beijing Daily.
Al-Fajr, sentenced in March 1989 to two years in
imprisonment with hard labor.
Li Jian-Reporter with Literature and Arts Weekly.
prison.
Lu Liling-Member of the editorial staff of
Yakov Ben-Efrat-Journalist with Derech
NEPAL
Development and Reform, the journal of the Research
Hanitzotz/Tariq Al-Sharara, sentenced in January
Gopal Gurung-Editor of New Light and Thunderbolt,
Institute for the Reform of the Economic Structure.
1989 to 30 months in prison.
detained in August 1988 in connection with a book he
Ruan Jianyun-Deputy director of the World
Adnan Damiri-Journalist with the Palestine Press
wrote called Hidden Facts in Nepalese Politics.
Economic Herald's Beijing bureau.
Service and Al-Awdah, reportedly under administrative
Song Yuchuan-Journalist with People's Daily.
detention in February 1990.
PANAMA
Wang Juntao-Associate chief editor of Economics
Yusuf al-Ju'beh-Journalist administratively detained
Escolástico Calvo-Head of Editora Renovación, a
Weekly, arrested while trying to flee China.
in February 1990, reportedly to be held for 10½ months.
pro-Noriega publishing concern, detained by U.S.
Wang Ruowang-Prominent Shanghai-based
Sam'an Khoury-Stringer for Agence France-Presse
troops early in the invasion of Panama in December
author and journalist, arrested in mid-September.
and former managing editor of the weekly English-
1989, then turned over to Panamanian authorities.
Wu Xuecan-Reporter with People's Daily.
language paper Al-Fajr, charged with being a leader of
Xu Xiaowei-An editor of World Economic
the uprising and now awaiting trial.
PERU
Herald.
Hassan Abed Rabbo-Journalist with Al-Fajr,
Hector Delgado Parker-With Panamericana
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DATELINE
Broadcasting, kidnaped in October 1989 by the leftist
independent newspaper Al-Ayam (The Daily), detained
propaganda." His sentence has been variously
group Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amarú.
in September 1989.
reported as eight years, 23 years and 48 years.
Janet Talavera-Acting director of the paper El
Samir Girgis Massoud-Freelance journalist,
Mehmet Fehim Isik-Correspondent for Deng,
Diario, charged with "apology for terrorism" for an
reportedly arrested in July 1989.
arrested in February 1990 and charged with
article that allegedly. glorified an armed attack on
Mohamed Medani Tawfiq-Editor of Al-R'ay Al-
"disseminating separatist propaganda."
President Alan García Pérez's bodyguards.
Amm (Public Opinion), reportedly detained in March
Sedat Karakas-Editor in chief of Deng, arrested in
1989, possibly because of articles he had published
February 1990 and charged with membership in an
RWANDA
that were critical of the military.
illegal organization.
François Xavier Hangimana-Journalist with the
Tijani el Tayeb-Editor in chief of the Communist
Mehmet Ozgen-Editor of Bagimsiz Turkiye
monthly newspaper Kanguka, sentenced to three years
newspaper Al-Midan, arrested in June 1989.
(Independent Turkey), serving a sentence of more than
in jail.
Siddig al Zeilai-Investigative reporter with the
30 years.
Communist newspaper Al-Midan, arrested in August
Alattin Sahin-Editor of the weekly Halkin Yolu,
SOUTH KOREA
1989.
serving a 36-year sentence in Canakkale prison.
Kim Chun-ki-Publisher of Farmers Together,
Erhan Tuskan-Editor of llerici Yurtsever Genclik,
reportedly sentenced to two years in jail for publishing
SYRIA
sentenced to 48 years and ten months in jail.
materials "praising" North Korea.
Rida Haddad-Journalist with the daily Tishrin,
Hasan Fikret Ulusoydan-Editor of Halkin Sesi
Kim Kyu-chan-Editor of Literature of Laborers'
detained since 1980 without charge or trial.
(Voice of the People), which is associated with the
Liberation, arrested in January 1990 in connection with
Marwan Hamawi-Former director of the Syrian
Turkish Workers and Peasants Party, imprisoned since
a "defamatory" article published in the magazine in
news agency SANA, reportedly held since 1975
November 1980.
December 1989.
without charge or trial under state-of-emergency
Kim Sa-in-Publisher of Literature of Laborers'
regulations.
UGANDA
Liberation, apprehended in January 1990 in
Hussein Abdi Hassan-Stringer for the BBC's
connection with authorities' efforts to find Park Ki-yong,
TAIWAN
Swahili and Somali services, arrested in February 1990
a union activist and author of a "defamatory" article
Chen Wei-tu-Chief editor of the Democratic
in connection with a question he asked Zambian
published in the magazine in December 1989.
Progressive Weekly, sentenced in April 1989 to eight
President Kenneth Kaunda at a press conference.
Kim Yong-ae-With the Wonju bureau of the
years in jail under the Sedition Act.
opposition newspaper Hankyoreh Shinmun, sentenced
Shih Ming-teh-General manager of Formosa
VIETNAM
in February 1990 to seven years in jail for revealing
magazine, sentenced in April 1980 to life imprisonment
Doan Quoc Sy-Professor and novelist who
national secrets to antigovernment critics living
in connection with a Human Rights Day rally sponsored
contributed to the literary magazine Sang Tao,
overseas.
by the magazine. In 1988 his sentence was commuted
sentenced in April-1988 to nine years in jail.
to 15 years.
Tran Duy Hinh (also known as Thao Truong)-
SUDAN
Journalist and author, detained in April
Dr. Khalid al-Kid-University lecturer and columnist
TURKEY
1975.
for the Communist Party newspaper Al-Midan,
Hikmet Cetin-Owner of Deng (Voice), a political
reportedly detained in July 1989.
magazine first published in December 1989. Cetin
ZAIRE
Ushari Ahmad Mahmoud-Freelance writer and
was arrested in February 1990 and charged with
Baudoin Mangala-Editor of the opposition UDPS
editor of Al-Haqiqa (The Truth), detained in July 1989
membership in an illegal organization.
clandestine magazine Le Combat, currently held under
in connection with his reporting on local human-rights
Ilker Demir-Editor of Kitle, a banned journal
house arrest in Kinshasa for meeting with a delegation
abuses.
associated with the Turkish Socialist Workers
from the U.S.-based Lawyers Committee for Human
Mohamed Mahjoub Osman-Co-editor of the
Party, sentenced on charges of "communist
Rights.
OPC
Paramount Communications Inc.
Paramount
SIMON & SCHUSTER
PRENTICE HALL
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PRODUCTS AND SERVICES THAT CREATE EXCITEMENT WORLDWIDE
63
DATELINE
A MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE OPC
Goodbye Soviet Threat, Hello Soviet Trade
B.D.! YOU CAN'T IMAGINE
ELSEWHERE, IN EASTERN
THE TROUBLE HUNK-RA
EUROPE, THECOMMUNIST
DAMN?
CAUSED FOR ME TODAY...
PARTY SEEMS IN FULL
DAMN!
RETREAT. AND IN THE
THE COLD WAR
SAVE IT, BOOPSIE,
SOVIET UNION, ANA-
CAN'T BE OVER!
I GOTTA WATCH
LYSTS ARE NOW
IT'S GOTTA BE
THIS!
PREDICTING THE PAR-
SOME KIND
TY WILL BE OUTOF
TRICK...
POWER BY 1992.
CLIK!
2-23
OBTrudeau
DOONESBURY © 1990 G.B. TRUDEAU. REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION OF UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE
BY LEONARD SAFFIR
world hunger, the Department of Motor Vehicles-it's too
early to say. For now, however, the Soviet Union is just an-
he cold war is over! So what's a good foreign cor-
other minor-league demon. Instead of horror stories about
T
respondent going to do now? He's going to have to
the depredations of the Soviet Interior Ministry and the
grow some economic tentacles in a hurry. A look
KGB, the focus of the '90s for U.S. foreign coverage will be
at major articles in a recent single edition of the
the dying Soviet economy and predictions of whether the
New York Times gives a hint:
U.S. will abolish trade barriers with the Soviet Union. In-
stead of reading Pravda, knowledgeable Western journal-
General Motors agreed to invest as much as $600 mil-
ists will have to start perusing the weekly newspaper Ekon-
lion in a joint venture with the larger of East Germa-
omicheskaya Gazeta. That's where they'll find the
ny's two carmakers.
manifesto for the next phase of perestroika.
Ever since the Overseas Press Club was founded, there
In Eastern Europe, Hungary is leading the way in shift-
have been hot and cold wars throughout most of the world.
ing trade away from the Soviet Union. The about-face
Actually, it was the war clouds building up in Europe in
has jolted many Hungarian companies that grew fat
1939 that prompted a handful of correspondents to start
and happy relying on the huge Soviet market.
the OPC. Over the past half-century, the foreign-correspon-
dent members of the OPC followed the action: World War
Prodded by entrepreneurs and some policymakers, the
II, Korea, Viet Nam, the Berlin Wall.
Czechoslovak government is expected to pass liberal
They feared nothing. Reporters, photographers and
private-enterprise laws.
camera crews rushed to the battlefields. More than 200 of
these men and women paid with their life. Andy Rooney, a
A new international development bank will provide
former foreign correspondent, wrote some time ago that
loans to help not only Eastern Europe's private sector
the difference between a soldier and a journalist is that the
but also its public sector.
journalist doesn't have to be there. Bob Capa, the great
photographer, once said about war photographers, "If your
All this in a single day's paper! Clearly, it's a whole new
pictures aren't any good, you weren't close enough." Bob
ball game for foreign correspondents as we enter the last
was always close enough.
decade of the 20th century.
Now, in the new era, tomorrow's OPC awards and Pul-
ICBMS and payloads are now words reserved for the use
itzers will start going to those who write, possibly, about
of historians. Today's foreign correspondent had better
bread and coal prices. In the U.S. we will need to know how
know about nonconvertible Russian rubles and devalued
the European Community's planned 1992 unification af-
Polish zlotys. Economic crises
fects our lives. The news beats
are the new order of the day,
may not be as thrilling, but the
and certainly economics is at the
SAFFIR IS
consequences will be just as im-
center of the political changes in
the Soviet Union.
TIM CLARY
PRESIDENT OF
portant as they were for the oth-
JAY DE BOW &
er big stories of the past 50
What is missing from the
PARTNERS, AN
years. As the media-print and
front pages and the opinion col-
INTERNATIONAL
broadcast-go about the busi-
umns of America is the commu-
PUBLIC
ness of examining these impor-
RELATIONS
nist threat. What we're all going
tant, complicated new subjects,
FIRM.
to have to come to grips with is
keeping the public informed will
that there is no big enemy out
be harder than ever. It's excit-
there any longer.
ing. The territory is unmapped.
Maybe someone will come
All of us at the Overseas Press
up with a new enemy: Japanese
Club look forward to the next 50
trade policy, AIDS, pollution,
years.
OPC
64
The Washington Post
PARADE
THE
QUESTION
OF
© 1990 Parade Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
ABORTION
A Search for Answers
By Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan
The Sunday Magazine Where The World's Finest Journalists
Write For America's Leading Newspapers
69 Million Readers Every Sunday
FREEDOM!
TIME
Chris Niedenthal, Cynthia Johnson, Bisson/Sygma.
Alexandra Avakian/Woodfin Camp, Christian Vioujard/Gamma Liaison,
Photos (clockwise from left): Eric Bouvet/ Gamma Liaison,
C 1990 The Time Inc. Magazine Co.
FOR
TIME
MAKE
FUR KEIN BUT AUE SAUBER
out all over.
With freedom ringing