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Tony Snow Subject Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
FOIA Number:
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Snow, Tony, Files
Subseries:
Subject File, 1988-1993
OA/ID Number:
13893
Folder ID Number:
13893-002
Folder Title:
Clean Air Plan, [6/89]
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Position:
G
18
29
2
1
JUN
10
CLEAN
1
June
AIR
FACT SHEET:
PRESIDENT BUSH'S CLEAN AIR PLAN
Fulfilling a major campaign commitment, President Bush
today proposed a comprehensive program to provide clean air
for all Americans.
The President's plan calls for the first sweeping revisions
to the Clean Air Act since 1977, and represents the first time an
Administration has put forward a proposal since that time.
The President's plan is designed to curb three major threats
to the nation's environment and to the health of millions of
Americans: acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air
emissions.
"Americans have a right to clean air," the President said
in a speech of the East Room of the White House, "and today we
are going to work to make sure that they get it."
The President noted that while emissions of some pollutants
-- such as sulfur dioxide, urban ozone, and carbon monoxide --
have been reduced since passage of the 1977 law, progress has not
come quickly enough. The President's plan will dramatically
accelerate the pace of pollution reduction and put America on the
path toward markedly cleaner air by the end of the century.
The President's plan will:
Cut sulfur dioxide emissions virtually in half
by the year 2000. The plan calls for a 10 million ton
reduction in S02, and a 2 million ton cut in nitrogen
oxide (NOX) emissions, for a total reduction of 12
million tons in acid-rain causing emissions.
Bring all cities currently not meeting the health
standards for ozone and carbon monoxide into
attainment. Most cities will attain the standard by
1995, and the plan is designed to ensure attainment in
all but the most severely impacted cities by the year
2000. All cities wee be m attainment by the year 2010.
Require factories and plants emitting toxic compounds
into the air to employ the best technology currently
available in order to achieve in the near term a cut
estimated at 75 to 90 percent in pollutants suspected
of causing cancer. Taken together with efforts to
reduce cancer-causing emissions from cars and trucks,
it is estimated that the plan will eliminate in its
first phase over three-fourths of the annual cancer
deaths that air toxics are suspected of causing.
JUN 10 '89 19:10 FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
PAGE 003
2
Fundamental Principles
Five goals underlie the President's clean air proposals and
the means for accomplishing them:
N+ THE
is
Protection of Public|Health. The goal of the
legislation is to prévent public exposure to cancer-
causing agents and to protect those citizens,
especially vulnerable populations, such as the elderly,
asthmatics and children, who live in cities with dirty
air that does not conform to national health standards.
INJ THE
Improved Quality of Life. The proposal will improve
the quality of life for all Americans by exercising
responsible stewardship over the environment for future
generations.
Achievins
Early Reductions and Steady Progress. The proposal
establishes realistic timetables to meet air quality
standards, but contains provisions to cut substantial
amounts of air pollution in the near term, while
requiring steady progress toward reducing emissions
that are harder to control.
Harnessing the Power of the Marketplace. The proposal
calls for the use of marketable permits to achieve acid
rain reductions and emissions trading to achieve
reductions from automobile pollution, so as to clean
the air to a certain standard while minimizing the
burden on the American economy.
Employment INF of Innovative Technologies. The proposal
encourages development of clean coal technology,
alternative fuel systems for automobiles, and other
cost-effective means of using new technology to cut
pollution.
The President's plan thus allows for both environmental
protection and economic growth, two long-standing concerns often
considers seen to be at odds with each other. By incorporating both
concerns in his proposal, the President seeks to break the
gridlock which has characterized the debate on clean air for the
past several years.
JUN 10 '89 19:10 FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
PAGE 004
3
ACID RAIN
Highlights
Sulfur dioxide reductions of 10 million tons and
nitrogen oxide reductions of 2 million tons.
Four FIVE million tons of reductions in the first phase by
1995.
Marketable permits to allow maximum flexibility for
utilities to achieve required reductions in the most
efficient and least costly manner.
Background
"Acid rain" occurs when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide
(NOx) emissions undergo a chemical change in the atmosphere and
return to the earth in rain, fog, or snow.
Approximately 20 million tons of S02 are emitted annually in the
U.S., three-quarters from the burning of fossil fuels by electric
utilities; 20 percent from other, more widely dispersed
industrial sources; and 5 percent from transportation sources.
The source of most S02 emissions causing acid rain are old (pre-
1971) electric power plants, not subject to the existing Clean
Air Act's strict emissions requirements on newer plants. Fifty
power plants are responsible for about half of all S02 emissions.
About 20 million tons of NOx are emitted per year, with
transportation sources (cars, trucks, and buses) accounting for APPROVIMATE
half.
Acid rain causes damage to lakes, forests, and buildings,
contributes to reduced visibility, and is suspecting of causing
damage to human health.
Since 1970, the U.S. has spent $225 billion to control air
pollution. American industry spends about $33 billion a year on
air pollution controls ($10 billion by the electric utility
industry). Partially as a result, SO2 emissions have been
reduced by almost 20% since 1977, despite a substantial increase
in coal consumption during the period since then.
Any acid rain control program will increase electricity rates for
affected utilities. Generally speaking, however, proposals with
greater flexibility will result in smaller rate increases. Thus,
the President's proposal to allow trading among utility companies
will ensure that protection from acid rain is achieved in a less
costly fashion than many of the more traditional "command and
control" proposals that have previously been made.
The President's plan represents a major new innovation in
harnessing the power of the marketplace to protect the
environment.
JUN 10 '89 19:11
FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
4
The President's proposal calls for:
A reduction of 10 million tons of sulfur dioxide by the
year 2000, using a baseline year of 1980 for tons of
SO2 emitted, primarily from coal-fired power plants.
A two-phase program in order to ensure early
reductions. A reduction of four million tons by
1995 is required in the first phase.
A 2 million ton reduction of NOx The plan would,
however, allow utilities to trade reductions of NOx for
reductions of S02, and thus represents a call for a
total of 12 million tons in acid rain-causing
pollutants.
An extension of the Phase II deadline to the year 2003
for plants adopting clean coal technologies, combined
with regulatory incentives designed to smooth their
transition into the marketplace. This will not only
allow the United States to make good on the major
investment the President has called for in clean coal AND
it will also ensure that coal continues to play an
important role in America's energy future.
Freedom of choice in cutting pollution. The plan
requires all plants above a certain size in affected
states to meet the same emissions standard, but does
not dictate to plant managers how the standard should
be met. The plan, which affects the 31 states east of
the Rocky Mountains, thus requires the dirtiest plants
to make the greatest cuts in pollution. The emissions
standard would be set at the rate necessary to achieve
four million tons in the first phase, and then would be
tightened so as to achieve a ten million ton reduction
in Phase II.
Maximum flexibility in obtaining reductions. The plan
would allow utilities to trade required reductions so
that they will be achieved in the least costly fashion.
In the first phase, trading would be allowed among
electric plants within a state or within a utility
system. Full interstate trading would be allowed in
phase II.
The estimated cost of the President's proposal would be
$3.8 billion annually in the second phase, and
approximately $800 million per year in the first phase.
While this represents an increase of over two percent
by the year 2000 in the nation's $160 billion a year
electricity bill, the flexibility built into the
President's plan reduces, by up to half, the cost of
various competing proposals mandating the use of
specific technology.
JUN 10 '89 19:12 FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
PAGE. 006
5
URBAN AIR QUALITY
Highlights:
Employs a mix of Federal measures and state initiatives
to cut sharply air pollution in our Nation's cities.
The Federal measures alone will cut urban ozone -- the
primary contributor to urban air pollution -- nearly in
half, and help bring all cities into compliance with
air quality standards.
Sets realistic timetables for attaining the
standards but is designed to ensure steady progress
toward meeting that goal.
Contains new initiatives to promote alternative fuels
K
to reduce pollution from cars, buses, trucks and motor
fuels, and to harness the power of the marketplace to
ensure cost-effective reductions.
OZONE
Background:
Based on data measured during the summers of 1985 to 1987, over
100 million people live in 81 urban areas across the country that
exceed the health standard for ozone. In some cities, such as
Los Angeles, the situation is persistent and severe (176 days in
violation of the health standard in 1988) ; in other cities the
area
problem is marginal (Lancaster, PA, is listed as non-attainment,
but, in fact, has exceeded the Federal standard for only 4 hours
in the last 3 years).
The President's plan is designed to ensure that over two-thirds
of the cities now out of attainment -- all but about 25 cities --
come into attainment by 1995. All but the three most seriously
polluted areas (Los Angeles, Houston, and New York) will come
into attainment by the year 2000; and these special cases will be
given until 2010 -- contingent upon a requirement in the
President's plan that they show significant annual progress
toward cleaning the air and meeting the health standard.
Ozone is formed when volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are mixed
with nitrogen oxides (NOX) in the presence of sunlight. Heat
speeds up the reaction, and therefore concentrations are usually
higher in the summer months. Exceedances of the ozone standard
(.12 parts per million) grew sharply during the especially hot
summer of 1988. If a city exceeds the standard for at least one
hour on four or more days during a three year period, it is
judged to be "out of attainment" with the standard.
JUN
6
Exposure to ozone causes short term effects, such as shortness of
breath, coughing, and chest pains, that are particularly acute
for asthmatics, children, and senior citizens. Moreover, ozone
is suspected of playing a role in the long-term development of
chronic lung diseases and permanent lung structure damage.
In addition to health effects, ozone has effects on vegetation,
including crops such as soybeans, wheat and corn: is damaging
forests in California; and is suspected as a contributing agent
in damage to forests in the Southeastern U.S.
The major sources of VOCS, the most important ozone pre-cursor,
are motor vehicles (40%) ; small "area sources," e.g., bakeries,
dry cleaners, and consumer solvents (40%) ; large point sources,
e.g., petroleum refineries (15%) ; and gasoline refueling (5%).
Many large point sources have already been required to reduce
emissions by roughly 80 percent from uncontrolled levels under
the Clean Air Act, and tailpipe emissions from new vehicles have
been reduced by 96 percent. The smaller "area" sources are
largely uncontrolled.
VOC and NOX emissions have decreased nationally since 1978 --
VOCs by 17 percent and NOx by 8 percent -- despite growth in
population, travel and industrial activity. As a consequence
the trend in ambient ozone concentrations was actually down by 9
percent from 1979 to 1987. Increases occurred again, however, in
the hot summers of 1987 and 1988.
The deadline for meeting urban ozone standards set back in 1977
under the existing Clean Air Act has already expired. Despite
this progress in reducing ozone, the deadlines have not been met.
Without new legislation, the EPA will be required by law to
impose Federal Implementation Plans (FIPS) on several major
American cities. These FIPs could involve dracenian controls
that will sharply curb economic growth and dramatically alter the
lifestyles of local residents.
Moreover, over the next decade, both EPA and the Federal Highway
Administration estimate that growth in automobile use will begin
to outstrip any reductions that occur from fleet turnover, so
that VOC emissions will increase after 2000.
Thus, additional measures are needed to reduce ozone-causing
emissions are needed if Americans are to have air that is clean
enough to meet the health standard. The President's plan sets
forth these additional clean air measures.
Some measures required under current law will help reduce VOC's.
These include:
The effect of tightened automobile and truck tailpipe
emission standards, which will continue to cut
emissions as older cars are replaced with new ones;
JUN 10 '89 19:14 FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
PAGE. 008
7
The implementation of required inspection and
maintenance programs by state and local governments;
Volatility controls on gasoline. Earlier this year,
the Bush Administration required a reduction
of gasoline volatility (to a standard of 10.5 pounds
per square inch) :
Selected stationary source controls.
It is estimated that these measures will reduce VOC emissions
from baseline levels by 18% by 2005. They will bring 23 cities
into attainment by 1995, but without additional controls,
increased automobile use will cause many of these to slip back
out of attainment, leaving 72 cities out of attainment by 2005.
Additional Federal Measures Under the President's Proposal:
In an ambitious effort to bring all cities into attainment, the
President's proposals call for:
Further tightening the volatility requirements for
AN
gasoline nationwide during the summer months to reduce
evaporative emissions which cause ozone formation, by /8
percent.
THIS WILL
REDUCE voce
Reductions in vehicle evaporative emissions caused by
automobile running losses, which will cut VOC emissions
by an estimated 4.2%.
Federal regulations to control damaging emissions from
treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes,
which will cut VOC emissions by 3.2%.
Providing EPA with the authority to regulate VOC
emissions from small sources and consumer
products, such as consumer solvents and paints, which
EPA estimates will cut VOC emissions by 2.5%.
Tightening hydrocarbon emission tailpipe standards for
automobiles by almost 40%. The current standard will
be tightened to the level soon to be required on all
California vehicles (from .41 to .25 grams per mile).
This will cut VOC emissions by 0.4%.
A first time requirement for light duty trucks to meet
the same tailpipe standard now required of automobiles
(.41 gpm). This will cut VOC emissions by 0.2%.
Expanded vehicle inspection and maintenance programs in
serious non-attainment areas, which will cut VOC
emissions by 1.2%.
JUN 10 '89 19:14 FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
PAGE. 009
8
Requirements to extend the life of emissions control
devices from 50,000 miles to 100,000 miles which will
cut VOC emissions by 1%.
Provide EPA new authority to issue control technology
guidelines (CTGS) to major stationary source emitters
(factories and plants). The most cost-effective
control guidelines will be issued first. These
guidelines are expected to result in a 3.5% reduction
in VOC emissions.
Provide for the use of alternative fuels -- such as
clean burning methanol, natural gas, and ethanol -- in
the most serious non-attainment areas. The President's
plan is designed to ensure that 1,000,000 clean-fueled
vehicles are introduced into America's most polluted
cities by the year 1997. The program will not only
reduce VOC emissions by an additional 2 to 5%, it will
dramatically reduce toxic air emissions such as
benzene, toluene, and xylene.
The Long-Term Clean Fuels Program:
The clean fuels program proposed by the President is perhaps the
most innovative and far-reaching component of his proposal. It
is designed to provide a long-term reconciliation of the
environment and the aútomobile -- so that Americans can continue
to enjoy economic growth, freedom in using their motor vehicles,
and clean air.
The Administration proposes to replace a portion of the gasoline
fleet in certain cities with new vehicles that operate on clean
burning fuels. In the 9 major urban areas where current data
shows the greatest concentration of ozone, the Administration's
plan calls for the phased-in introduction of alternative fuels
and clean-fueled vehicles to run on them according to the
following schedule:
SUNSET
500,000 vehicles in 1995
750,000 vehicles in 1996
1,000,000 vehicles in 1997 and thereafter
The major metropolitan areas affected by the plan are: Los
Angeles, Houston, New York city, Milwaukee, Baltimore,
Philadelphia, Greater Connecticut, San Diego, and Chicago.
If these areas are able to demonstrate that they can achieve
analagous reductions in VOC's and toxic air chemicals through
other measures, the plan would allow them to "opt out" of the
alternative fuels program. The plan would also allow other
cities to be included in the program at their request.
The President's alternative fuels program, combined with other
motor vehicle and fuel measures in the plan, will shrink the
contribution of vehicles to the ozone problem from the current 40
JUN 10 '89 19:15 FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
PAGE 010
9
percent to ten percent. E this represents not only an
alternative to some of the more disruptive driving controls
currently being considered by some states, but also a bold and
innovative means of reconciling continued use of the automobile
by a growing society with the desire and the right to cleaner
air.
NEED FOR
Effect of the Federal Measures Proposed by the President:
Taken together, +1 of the Federal measures proposed by the
President, combined with the effect of measures being pursued
under current law, will cut ozone-causing VOC emissions nearly in
half. EPA estimates the program will reduce annual emissions by
46% by the year 2005. In an of themselves, these measures would
bring all but about 20 cities into attainment with the ozone
standard.
Because of the President's commitment to ensuring clean air in
all American cities, however, his plan calls for additional
measures to be undertaken by the states in order to meet the
standard for healthy air.
State Measures Under the President's Proposal:
Under the President's proposal, the roughly 20 cities with the
most serious ozone pollution problems would be required to take
steps to cut ozone-causing emissions by 3 percent per year beyond
the cuts projected from the Federal program.
This will guarantee that, even as more realistic deadlines for
meeting the standard are set, those cities with the most
significant air pollution problems will be on a steady path
toward cleaner air.
Emissions Trading: Harnessing the Power of the Marketplace to
Protect the Environment
The President has also directed the EPA to develop rules and
regulations which will provide companies with the maximum
flexibility in achieving the pollution reductions called for in
his plan.
Specificially, the President's plan would require the
Administrator to develop rules which will allow automobile and
fuel companies to achieve the emissions reductions called for the
in his proposal in any way they choose -- as long as they can
certify to EPA that the combination of measures they select will
allow them to meet the same emissions standards as the program
outlined by the President.
This "emissions trading" concept is already being employed by the
State of California. It represents a market-based means of
achieving pollution control in the most cost-effective way. The
EPA would publish these regulations at the same time as it
JUN 10 89 19:16 FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
PAGE 011
10
publishes regulations implementing the other control measures in
the President's plan. If companies cannot demonstrate
alternative means of achieving the same amount of pollution
reduction, they would be required to implement the control
measures outlined above.
CARBON MONOXIDE:
Background:
Carbon monoxide (Co) is a colorless, odorless gas that tends to
reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. It is a
particularly serious health threat to individuals who suffer from
cardiovascular disease, especially those with angina or heart
disease. Unlike ozone, carbon monoxide problems are worst in
cold weather.
Two-thirds of CO emissions come from motor vehicles. Emissions of
carbon monoxide decreased 25 percent from 1978 to 1987, despite a
24 percent increase in vehicle miles travelled during that
period, largely because of controls already in place on emissions
from cars, buses, and trucks. Some improvement from these
controls will continue, as older, more heavily polluting cars are
gradually replaced on.America's roads by newer, cleaner vehicles.
Currently, cars purchased before 1981 amount to only 38 percent
of the vehicles miles traveled (VMT), but they account for over
86 percent of CO emissions.
As use of the automobile continues to grow, however, it is
expected that many American cities will not attain the
health-based carbon monoxide standard. That standard is 9 parts
per million (ppm), measured over an 8-hour period. If a
representative reading of monitors in an area shows that it
exceeds the standard for two or more 8-hour periods, it is
classified in "non-attainment."
There are currently about 50 American cities not meeting the
standard. Às with ozone, in some cases, cities exceed the
standard only moderately. About 6 urban areas, however, have a
carbon monoxide problem classified by EPA as "serious".
EPA estimates that even as vehicle miles travelled (VMT) grow,
the effect of fleet turnover will bring almost half of those
cities currently violating the standard into attainment. Several
of the measures in the President's proposal designed to curb
ozone-causing emissions will also help reduce carbon monoxide.
These include the measures described above to tighten tailpipe
standards for light duty trucks, to extend the useful life of
emissions control equipment on automobiles, and to improve state
and local inspection and maintenance programs.
JUN 10 '89 19:17 FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
PAGE. 012
11
Even with these neasures, however, several some American cities will
continue to have a carbon monoxide problem. To bring these
cities into compliance with the health-based standard, the
President's proposal contains several important measures designed
to cut carbon monoxide emissions.
Specifically, the President's plan calls for:
o
A major new program to promote the use of clean-burning
oxygenated fuels, which emit dramatically less carbon
monoxide. The plan would require those cities with the
most serious carbon monoxide problems to use gasoline
-[
blended with oxygenated fuels during the winter months.
Oxygenated fuels include ethanol, methanol, ETBE, and
MTBE.
Blending oxygenates into fuel will not only reduce
carbon monoxide, it will also sharply reduce toxic air
emissions caused by aromatics in conventional gasoline.
The President's plan would allow cities to nopt out"
of the oxygenated fuels requirement, if they could
demonstrate to EPA that they would come into attainment
of the carbon monoxide standard using other measures.
EPA estimates that requiring oxygenated fuels in areas
with serious carbon monoxide problems will reduce
carbon monoxide emissions by an additional 18% in these
areas.
0
Giving EPA the authority to issue regulations for a
carbon monoxide cold temperature standard. Carbon
monoxide problems are exagerrated when motor vehicles
start in exceptionally cold weather This standard has
the potential to reduce carbon monoxide emissions by 7
to 12 percent.
The President's plan will bring the vast majority of cities into
attainment with the carbon monoxide standard by 1995, and will
bring all American cities into attainment by the year 2000.
PARTICULATE MATTER:
Background:
Particulate matter (PM10) includes acid sulfates, toxic organics
and metals, and insoluble dusts that come from traditional stack
emissions, as well as area sources such as wood stoves and open
burning. Construction, roadways and mobile sources also
contribute to the problem.
JUN 10 '89 19:18 FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
12
PM10 can cause premature death in elderly and ill persons,
aggravation of existing respiratory disease, increased
respiratory illness and other effects.
Particulate matter (FM10) standards were revised in 1987 to
address smaller particulate matter particles most likely to
penetrate the lungs.
The President's program will:
Require reasonably available control measures to meet
the standard.
Ensure that the majority of cities meet the standard by
1994, and that all cities meet PM10 standards by 2001.
JUN 10 '89 19:18
FROM THE WHITE HOUSE
13
TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
Highlights:
Dramatically accelerates progress in controlling major
toxic air pollutants.
Uses best technology available to cut air toxics.
Promises certifiable progress in regulating sources of
toxic air emissions on a set schedule.
Background:
The emission of toxic chemicals into the air is believed to cause
cancer and other health effects in humans.
Since 1974, EPA has been required to regulate such emissions in
order to provide an "ample margin of safety" to the public.
Because this margin has been difficult to define and has been the
subject of continued litigation, EPA has had difficulty
proceeding with regulation under the law. Since passage of the
statute, it has published regualations for only seven toxic air
pollutants.
Because the statute has proven unworkable, the President has
proposed a major revision of the law in order to guarantee
greatly accelerated progress in reducing the damaging effects of
toxic air pollution.
Data recently released by the EPA indicate that 2.7 billion
pounds of toxic chemicals are emitted into the air each year.
EPA estimates that these emissions contribute to approximately
1500-3000 fatal cancers annually. Toxic chemical emissions are
associated also with respiratory disease and birth defects.
Motor vehicles and stationary sources each account for
approximately half of air toxic emissions. The measures in the
President's plan designed to curb VOC emissions and promote
alternative fuels will sharply reduce emissions from motor
vehicles.
The President's plan also includes a major new initiative to
reduce air toxic emissions from stationary sources (factories,
plants, and other such sources).
A majority of identified carcinogens are emitted by about 30
industrial categories, including steel mills (coke ovens),
rubber, pulp and paper, chromium electroplating, electric utility
cooling towers, and solvent users. The President's plan is
designed to reduce quickly emissions from these sources.
The President's program will:
14
Establish a set schedule for regulating major sources
of toxic air pollution. Under the plan, EPA will
publish regulations for controlling ten source
categories with two years, 25 percent of source
categories by 1995, 50 percent of the source categories
by 1997, and all categories of air toxics by 2000.
Require emitters of toxic air pollution to use the
Maximum Available Control Technology (MACT) to sharply
cut pollution. This means that EPA would set a
standard based on the best technology currently
available. Plants would then be required to meet that
standard; with some exceptions for those who have
already reduced most air toxics and for very small
plants to add flexibility.
Encourage voluntary reductions early, before standards
are even published, by providing credit for those
reductions against the MACT requirement.
After 10 YEARS (Phase I) if there is
/ Require the EPA Administrator to assess any remaining
risk after reductions from state-of-the-art technology
and determine the need for further controls. The
Administrator could then require: a) up to a 90 percent
further reduction or b) additional controls based on
any "unreasonable risk" being posed to the public.
It is estimated that the President's air toxics iniative, will
eliminate in the first phase about three-quarters of the cancer
deaths caused by toxic air emissions from factories and plants.
The annual costs of the program are difficult to estimate until
actual standards are published, but current EPA estimates center
at about $2.0 billion per year.
# # # # # #
Rased on his assessment, the EPA
set
additional standards based or risk which would
albro considerations of -3.- and
well a: risks leg her
** TOTAL PAGE. 015 **