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[Snow-Miscellaneous, 1990-1992]
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[Snow-Miscellaneous, 1990-1992]
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13899-007
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Records of the White House Office of Speechwriting (George H. W. Bush Administration)
Tony Snow Subject Files
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Originally Processed With FOIA(s):
foia Number:
S
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the George Bush Presidential
Library Staff.
Record Group/Collection:
George H.W. Bush Presidential Records
Collection/Office of Origin:
Speechwriting, White House Office of
Series:
Snow, Tony, Files
Subseries:
Subject File, 1988-1993
OA/ID Number:
13899
Folder ID Number:
13899-007
Folder Title:
[Snow-Miscellaneous, 1990-1992]
Stack:
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
G
18
29
2
7
increasing his burden of debt. His marriage to
SPECIAL PROGRAMS
tour of the exhibition, an art project, and take-home
Mary Hicks Stewart, a wealthy widow, relieved
materials.
ALBERT
his financial situation somewhat, but by the end
ALBERT BIERSTADT: A SYMPOSIUM
Saturdays, November 9, 16, and 23, 1:00-3:00 p.m.
of the century the market for his paintings had
Friday, January 24, 10:30 a.m.-12:00 noon; 1:30-5:00 p.m.
The program is free, but reservations are required. Please
disappeared. Two years later he died suddenly at
Speakers will address conservation issues, including recent
call (202) 842-6796.
investigations of Bierstadt's method and materials.
the age of seventy-two.
BIERSTADT
TEACHER WORKSHOP
Though he was nearly forgotten at the time of
Saturday, January 25, 10:30 a.m. 12:30 p.m.; 2:00-4:00 p.m.
A workshop for teachers, on Saturday, December 7, from
his death, Bierstadt's position as one of the chief
Topics will focus on art historical issues, including new
10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., will focus on American history and
interpreters of the American landscape is secure.
research on the artist's early years abroad and the cultural
social studies through Bierstadt's paintings. The workshop
Art & Enterprise
significance of the great Western paintings.
Perhaps no other artist played such a decisive
will include a slide lecture, a tour of the exhibition, and a
role in defining-visually-western American
Open to the public, seating on a first-come, first-served
discussion session. $15.00 fee. Pre-registration is required.
grandeur. Albert Bierstadt: Art & Enterprise, an ex-
basis, East Building auditorium. For more information,
For more information, call (202) 842-6796.
please inquire at the information desks or call (202) 842-6690.
hibition of works drawn from all stages of the
EDUCATION RESOURCES
artist's career, provides a new generation of
SUNDAY LECTURE
The National Gallery of Art has produced a range of
viewers and scholars the opportunity to reassess
Missing Link: The Rediscovery of Albert Bierstadt's Early
programs on nineteenth-century American landscape
Bierstadt's contribution and achievement.
Masterpiece, "Lake Lucerne," Nancy Anderson, assistant
paintings and on painters who are contemporaries of Albert
curator of American and British paintings, National Gallery
Bierstadt. A free catalogue of videocassettes, slide
of Art.
programs, and films available on a free-loan basis, may be
requested in writing from the Department of Education
December 8, 4:00 p.m., East Building auditorium
Resources, Extension Programs Section, National Gallery of
TOURS OF THE EXHIBITION
Art, Washington, DC 20565.
One-hour tours of the exhibition are offered to the public by
Admission to the National Gallery of Art and to all of its
staff lecturers. No reservations are required. For dates and
programs is free except as noted.
times, please check the monthly calendar of events available
The brochure for the exhibition and the large print version
at the information desks or call (202) 842-6690.
of the brochure are made possible by Philip Morris
Special Appointment Tours
Companies Inc.
Tours by appointment are available Tuesday through Friday
Text written by Nancy Anderson, department of American
for adult groups of 20 or more and weekdays for school
and British paintings, National Gallery of Art, and Linda
groups. Please call the education division (202) 842-6247
Ferber, department of American art, Brooklyn Museum.
(adults) or (202) 842-6249 (school groups).
RECORDED TOUR
Albert Bierstadt: Art & Enterprise was organized
Narrated by Nancy Anderson, co-curator of the exhibition.
by The Brooklyn Museum in association with
Available at the entrance to the exhibition for $3.50; $3.00 for
the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
senior citizens, students, and groups of ten or more. To
The exhibition is made possible by
reserve recorded tours for groups, please call (202) 842-6592.
Philip Morris Companies Inc.
FILM SERIES
Critical support was also provided by The Henry Luce
Western Vistas
Foundation, Inc. Additional funds were provided by
the National Endowment for the Humanities and the
A special series of feature films and short subjects that
National Endowment for the Arts, Federal agencies, by
reflect the literary and artistic impulse to romanticize the
the New York State Council on the Arts, and by Mr.
Western landscape. For detailed program information,
and Mrs. Wilbur L. Ross, Jr.
please inquire at the information desks or call (202) 842-6690.
National Gallery of Art
Saturdays, January 11 through February 24, at 2:00 p.m.,
and Sundays at 6:00 p.m., East Building auditorium
November 3, 1991-February 17, 1992
Wreck of the "Ancon" in Loring Bay, Alaska, 1889. Oil on paper
FAMILY PROGRAM
mounted on panel, 14 X 193/4 inches. Museum of Fine Arts,
Great Landscapes, a program for children between ages six
Cover: Cho-looke, The Yosemite Fall, 1864. Oil on canvas,
Boston; Gift of Martha C. Karolik for the Karolik Collection of
34½ X 27½ inches. Timken Art Gallery, The Putnam Foundation,
American Paintings, 1815-1865.
and ten, accompanied by an adult, will include a guided
San Diego.
The exhibition is made possible by Philip Morris Companies Inc.
older, outmoded generation. By then, too, the
mighty landscape icons of midcentury-the Rocky
Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, Yosemite,
Yellowstone-had been conquered by the railroad
and turned into tourist sites-today's
national parks.
During the 1880s Bierstadt pursued new subject
matter on trips to Canada, Alaska, and the
Bahamas. Although the market for his work
declined in the East, he was still accorded celebri-
ty status in more distant cities, where he had
Carte-de-visite photograph of
greater success selling paintings. Although his at-
The Last of the Buffaio, 1888. Oil on canvas, 71 1/4 X 119½ inches.
Albert Bierstadt by
Seal Rock, circa 1872. Oil on canvas, 30 X 44 inches. New
The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Gift of Mary
Napoleon Sarony, New
Britain Museum of American Art, Connecticut; Alix W. Stanley
tempts to secure commissions from the officers of
(Mrs. Albert) Bierstadt, 1909.
York. Collection of James P.
Fund.
the Canadian Pacific Railway drew only a tepid
Crain.
response, European patrons continued to pur-
great herds and the Indian hunters who pursued
chase his paintings in the 1880s and 1890s.
A SECOND TRIP TO CALIFORNIA
them, Bierstadt made his point through irony, for
at the time he completed his painting, the
A
Soon after returning from Europe, Bierstadt
lbert Bierstadt (1830-1902), one of the
began to plan a second trip to California. In July
possibility that the "last of the buffalo" might be
most prominent American landscape
1871 the artist and his wife boarded the recently
those on his canvas was very real.
painters of the nineteenth century, is best known
completed transcontinental railroad, and within
The American selection committee for the Ex-
for his panoramic views of the American West.
days they had arrived in San Francisco, where
position, however, rejected the painting, declar-
Justly celebrated as the preeminent painter of the
Bierstadt enjoyed the patronage of California's
ing that both the subject and the style were too
Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and
railroad barons and a kinder critical climate. For
old-fashioned. An international controversy en-
Yosemite Valley, Bierstadt applied his superb
more than two years, Bierstadt traveled widely
sued, during which the artist, a recipient of the
technical skills to a broad range of subjects, pro-
within the state in search of fresh subject matter.
cross of the French Legion of Honor, exercised
ducing a body of work that includes European
He returned to Yosemite, but in the eight years
his right to exhibit The Last of the Buffalo at the
and tropical views as well as the heroic western
since his earlier visit, the valley had become a
Paris Salon. The painting was later sold to an
pictures. Now, a full century after the last of his
tourist mecca, thanks in part to the popularity of
English entrepreneur for a substantial sum.
great western panoramas was completed, more
his own paintings. Bierstadt's search for pristine
The Shore of the Turquoise Sea, 1878. Oil on canvas, 42½ X 64½
In July 1889, just a few months after The Last of
than seventy of Bierstadt's finest paintings,
wilderness eventually led him to Hetch Hetchy
inches. Manoogian Collection.
the Buffalo had been rejected, Bierstadt traveled
representing all phases of his career, have been
Valley north of Yosemite, the rugged South
across Canada to Puget Sound, where he board-
gathered from public and private collections for
Sierra near Kings Canyon, and the Farallon
ed a steamer bound for Alaska. Though his ship
this retrospective exhibition.
Islands west of the Golden Gate. The oil sketches
LATE WORKS
went aground near Loring Bay and he was
secured on these trips served as studies for the
In 1888 Bierstadt began work on the last of his
stranded for several days in a fishing village,
steady stream of paintings that appeared during
large western showpieces, The Last of the Buffalo,
Bierstadt used his time to advantage, securing
EARLY YEARS
the 1870s.
for the Exposition Universelle held in Paris in
dozens of sketches. Among them was the
Born in Solingen, Germany, the son of a Prussian
1889. The subject was a timely one. By the
elegantly spare Wreck of the "Ancon" in Loring
soldier and his wife, Albert Bierstadt came to
mid-1880s the number of buffalo still grazing on
Bay, Alaska, which, like The Last of the Buffalo,
America in 1832 when his parents immigrated to
CHANGE OF TASTE
the plains had been reduced to a few hundred
demonstrates that Bierstadt had lost neither his
New Bedford, Massachusetts, where his father
By the mid-1870s, however, the novelty of
and the species was in immediate danger of ex-
enthusiasm for painting nor his ability to produce
found work as a cooper. Despite family opposi-
Yosemite and the western landscape had worn
tinction. Bierstadt began his painting in an at-
powerful images.
tion and a reported lack of natural gifts, Bierstadt
thin and reviews of Bierstadt's work became in-
mosphere of widespread public outrage over the
The final decade of Bierstadt's career was
determined early on that he wished to become an
creasingly negative in tone. By 1880 both he and
wanton destruction of American wildlife and ever
marked by personal loss and financial distress.
artist. He began by teaching himself the
Frederic Church, once celebrated as heroic artist-
more forceful calls for preservation. In The Last of
His beloved Rosalie died in 1893 after a long
rudiments of drawing and then advertising his
explorers, were disparaged as living relics of an
the Buffalo, a dramatic re-creation of the once-
illness. Various business ventures turned sour,
services as a drawing instructor. After several
years of saving the meager profits from such
endeavors, he set sail for Düsseldorf, where he
hoped to study with Andreas Achenbach, a
prominent member of the Düsseldorf circle of
artists. Although his desire to work with Achen-
bach was not realized, Bierstadt made remarkable
progress under the informal guidance of Emanuel
Leutze and Worthington Whittredge, two
American artists working in the German art
capital. After more than two years in Germany,
Carte-de-visite photograph of
Seal Rock, circa 1872. Oil on canvas, 30 X 44 inches. New
Albert Bierstadt by
Bierstadt journeyed to Switzerland and Italy,
Thunderstorm in the Rocky Mountains, 1859. Oil on canvas, 19 X
Britain Museum of American Art, Connecticut; Alix W. Stanley
Napoleon Sarony, New
where he continued his habit of producing plein-
29 inches. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Gift of Mrs. Edward
Fund.
York. Collection of James P.
air (open-air) oil sketches, which he later used to
Hale and Mrs. John Carroll Perkins given in memory of their
Crain.
father, Elias T. Milliken.
compose studio paintings. In the fall of 1857,
A SECOND TRIP TO CALIFORNIA
after four years abroad, Bierstadt returned to
Soon after returning from Europe, Bierstadt
New Bedford, where he soon prospered as a
FIRST TRIP WEST
began to plan a second trip to California. In July
A
painter of both European and American subjects.
In 1858 Bierstadt made his bid for national atten-
lbert Bierstadt (1830-1902), one of the
1871 the artist and his wife boarded the recently
tion when he placed a six-by-ten-foot painting of
most prominent American landscape
completed transcontinental railroad, and within
Switzerland's Lake Lucerne on exhibition at the
painters of the nineteenth century, is best known
days they had arrived in San Francisco, where
National Academy of Design in New York. Wide-
for his panoramic views of the American West.
Bierstadt enjoyed the patronage of California's
ly praised by critics, Lake Lucerne demonstrated
Justly celebrated as the preeminent painter of the
railroad barons and a kinder critical climate. For
the high level of Bierstadt's technical expertise.
Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and
more than two years, Bierstadt traveled widely
Less than a month after the exhibition opened,
Yosemite Valley, Bierstadt applied his superb
within the state in search of fresh subject matter.
technical skills to a broad range of subjects, pro-
Bierstadt was elected a member of the academy.
He returned to Yosemite, but in the eight years
ducing a body of work that includes European
Although he had enjoyed substantial success
since his earlier visit, the valley had become a
and tropical views as well as the heroic western
following his return from Europe, Bierstadt soon
tourist mecca, thanks in part to the popularity of
pictures. Now, a full century after the last of his
sought fresh subject matter. In 1859, one year
his own paintings. Bierstadt's search for pristine
after his New York debut, he joined Frederick W.
great western panoramas was completed, more
wilderness eventually led him to Hetch Hetchy
than seventy of Bierstadt's finest paintings,
Lander's survey party to the Rocky Mountains,
Valley north of Yosemite, the rugged South
representing all phases of his career, have been
and in the Far West he found the subject that
Sierra near Kings Canyon, and the Farallon
gathered from public and private collections for
Islands west of the Golden Gate. The oil sketches
this retrospective exhibition.
secured on these trips served as studies for the
steady stream of paintings that appeared during
the 1870s.
EARLY YEARS
Born in Solingen, Germany, the son of a Prussian
soldier and his wife, Albert Bierstadt came to
CHANGE OF TASTE
America in 1832 when his parents immigrated to
By the mid-1870s, however, the novelty of
New Bedford, Massachusetts, where his father
Yosemite and the western landscape had worn
found work as a cooper. Despite family opposi-
thin and reviews of Bierstadt's work became in-
tion and a reported lack of natural gifts, Bierstadt
creasingly negative in tone. By 1880 both he and
determined early on that he wished to become an
Frederic Church, once celebrated as heroic artist-
artist. He began by teaching himself the
Sunlight and Shadow, 1862. Oil on canvas, 41½ X 35½ inches.
Surveyor's Wagon in the Rockies, circa 1859. Oil on paper
explorers, were disparaged as living relics of an
The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Gift of Mr. and Mrs.
mounted on masonite, 73/4 X 12½ inches. The Saint Louis Art
rudiments of drawing and then advertising his
John D. Rockefeller 3rd.
Museum; Gift of J. Lionberger Davis.
would make him famous. Though not the first
the southern route to California and arrived in
RETURN TO EUROPE
artist to see or even paint the Rocky Mountains,
San Francisco in July. Within days they were on
In the fall of 1866 Bierstadt married Rosalie
Bierstadt was the first who had at his command
their way to Yosemite Valley. "If report was
Osborne, the divorced wife of Fitz Hugh Ludlow.
the technical skill, European experience, and
true," Ludlow wrote, "we were going to the
The following spring the artist and his bride
marketing expertise that would allow him to pro-
original site of the Garden of Eden." Awed by
sailed for Europe on a two-year working honey-
duce heroic western landscapes for an eastern au-
Yosemite's spectacular scenery, they spent seven
moon. Buoyed, no doubt, by the recent pur-
dience excited by reports of great natural
weeks camped beneath the valley's soaring
chases of McHenry and Kennard, Bierstadt active-
wonders.
granite walls. While in the valley, Bierstadt com-
ly pursued additional European patronage by
Following his return from the Rockies, Bierstadt
pleted numerous plein-air sketches, which he
exhibiting his paintings abroad and by astute
left New Bedford and moved to New York,
later used to compose the first of his Yosemite
social cultivation. In the spring of 1868, for exam-
where he settled in the Tenth Street Studio
paintings.
Storm in the Rocky Mountains, Mt. Rosalie, 1866. Oil on canvas,
ple, near the end of his European sojourn,
Building. There he joined a group of artists that
By early September Bierstadt and Ludlow had
83 X 142½ inches. The Brooklyn Museum 76.79, Museum
Bierstadt placed three works, including Among the
Collection.
included Frederic Church, the most celebrated
returned to San Francisco. Shortly thereafter they
Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, one of his
landscape painter of the day. An accomplished
resumed their journey, traveling north to the Col-
finest western landscapes, on private exhibition at
businessman as well as a gifted artist, Church
umbia River in Washington Territory. Again,
was completed early in 1864. Shortly thereafter
the Langham Hotel in London. The English press
had already achieved the success to which
Bierstadt completed numerous plein-air sketches
Bierstadt began a large painting of Oregon's
responded with high praise.
Bierstadt aspired.
and Ludlow kept detailed notes describing the
Mount Hood and an equally expansive view of
Before his departure for Europe, Bierstadt had
As early as January 1860, Bierstadt began ex-
terrain and its inhabitants. In Portland they
Yosemite Valley. In 1865 the sale of his earlier
begun what was to become a decade-long cam-
hibiting paintings with Rocky Mountain subjects.
boarded a steamer bound for San Francisco, and
masterwork, The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak,
paign of vigorous lobbying to secure a congres-
Three months later he contributed the first of his
by mid-December they had successfully crossed
to James McHenry, an English railroad en-
sional commission for two paintings intended for
large-scale western landscapes, Base of the Rocky
the Isthmus of Panama and returned to New
trepreneur, for $25,000 caused a sensation and
the House Chamber of the Capitol. His difficulty
Mountains (now unlocated), to the annual exhibi-
York City.
marked a milestone in Bierstadt's career. Though
in placing these works reflected the profound
tion at the National Academy of Design. One
he continued to produce easel paintings and
changes that were taking place in American taste
reviewer described the picture as "the pièce de
publish engravings and chromolithographs for a
toward landscape, changes that made Bierstadt's
résistance" of the show. Three years later
more moderate market, Bierstadt increasingly
later years a constant struggle to maintain the
Bierstadt completed the most important picture to
pursued the patronage of wealthy entrepreneurs
level of patronage that he had enjoyed at the
result from the 1859 trip: The Rocky Mountains,
and European aristocrats. Storm in the Rocky
very height of his early fame and fortune.
Lander's Peak. Widely exhibited, the painting
Mountains, Mt. Rosalie, completed in 1866, for ex-
garnered much praise and confirmed Bierstadt's
ample, was purchased for a similarly astonishing
position as the preeminent visual interpreter of
sum by Thomas W. Kennard, another English
the West.
railroad investor.
At the same time that he was producing some
THE SECOND TRIP WEST
of his most important paintings, Bierstadt was
In the spring of 1863, while the Civil War was
overseeing the construction of an enormous
still raging, Bierstadt departed on a second
house and studio, later known as Malkasten,
Yosemite Valley, 1868. Oil on canvas, 36 X 54 inches. The
overland journey. Accompanied by Fitz Hugh
Oakland Museum; Gift of Miss Marguerite Laird in memory of
overlooking the Hudson River near Irvington,
Ludlow, a well-known journalist and writer,
Mr. and Mrs. P. W. Laird.
New York. In that studio he painted the largest
Bierstadt set his sights on the Pacific Coast.
of his western panoramas, The Domes of the
Ludlow's spirited letters describing their journey
Yosemite, 1867 (St. Johnsbury Athenaeum, St.
were published in newspapers in both New York
THE GREAT WESTERN LANDSCAPES
Johnsbury, Vt.), a work commissioned by Le
and San Francisco and later served as the basis
Almost immediately upon his return, Bierstadt set
Grand Lockwood, an American financier. Even at
for his book-length account of their expedition,
to work on the series of paintings that would
the moment of his greatest popular and material
The Heart of the Continent (1870).
mark the high point of his career. Cho-looke, The
success, however, Bierstadt began to feel the im-
Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, 1868. Oil on
Following the old Oregon Trail through
Yosemite Fall, a western idyll that shows the artist
pact of changes in American taste that would ac-
canvas, 72 X 120 inches. National Museum of American Art,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; Bequest of Helen
Nebraska Territory, Bierstadt and Ludlow took
and his companions camped near Yosemite Falls,
celerate during the coming decade.
Huntington Hull.
William C. ELLis, M.D.
34 FT. AMHERST Rd
blens Falls, n.y. 12804
My Dear Ms. mobley -
11/3/91
you were so kind To give me your card on The afternion
of Friday OcT 25th when The Yak Class of 45w left Dry
White House Following President Bush's personal brief. Ym
indicated Rat "There would be some offical photographs of
That session and since I didn'T tring my camera las
requested), I don't have a momento of The occasim -
I would be most grateful iF one could be found My
address is written above.
Thank you so much for any Dring you can do.
Cordrally
wmc ELLIS
IDANY: (EPM) NPION NP 122
District of Columbia Bicentennial
34 FT. Amherst Rd
Gleus Falls D.Y. 1280ml
4 NOV
USA
29
1231
1903
am
Ms. Helen R. Mobley
Office of Public Liason
The White Heris
WashingTon DC.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Date:
10/28/91
TO:
Tony SNOW
FROM:
NELSON LUND
Associate Counsel
to the President
Action
Comments
FYI
Race /Civil Rts
General Services Administration
Office of Congressional and
Intergovernmental Affairs
DEMOVAL
BERVICE
Washington, DC 20405
April 13, 1992
MEMORANDUM FOR DEBRA R. ANDERSON
DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT
AND DIRECTOR OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
THRU:
LONNIE P. TAYLOR
ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR CONGRESSIONAL
AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
FROM:
STUART B. PIPER
INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS OFFICER
SUBJECT:
Items for the White House Intergovernmental Report
for the week of April 6-10, 1992
Federal Business Opportunity Symposium
GSA Region 3 held its third Federal Business Opportunity
Symposium in Hunt Valley, MD, a suburb of Baltimore.
Approximately 95 small, minority, and woman entrepreneurs
participated in the meeting presided over by GSA Regional
Administrator George Cordes. The District Office of the Small
Business Administration participated in the symposium and
Congresswoman Helen Bentley sent a representative. Prior
symposiums have been held in Philadelphia, PA and Richmond, VA.
Future symposiums are scheduled for Pittsburgh, PA and
Charleston, WV.
Presidential Disaster Declared in Mississippi
President Bush declared a disaster in the four Mississippi
counties of Lauderdale, Sharkley, Washington, and Yalobusha. The
disaster resulted from damage suffered from tornados, high winds
and storms in mid-March. GSA has provided telecommunications
support, transportation for the Federal Emergency Management
Agency's furniture and equipment, contracts for rental cars,
office supplies, copier service, and security guard service. The
Disaster Field Office is located in Meridian, MS.
Buy Recycled Conference and Trade Show - Portland, Oregon
Representatives from GSA's Public Building and Federal Supply
Services participated in a "Buy Recycled Conference and Trade
Show" held in Portland, OR.
Federal Recycling Program
Printed on Recycled Paper
CIVIL RIGHTS COMPROMISE
1.
THE QUOTA ISSUE HAS BEEN RESOLVED. THE
COMPROMISE BILL IS CONSISTENT WITH THE PRESIDENT'S
PRINCIPLES AND WITH HIS CIVIL RIGHTS BILL (S. 611)
The burden of proof on the business necessity issue is
shifted to the employer (as in all bills);
The issue of defining business necessity is resolved by
codifying pre-Wards Cove case law, including Griggs and
Beazer (as in the President's bill);
The "particularity/group of practices" issue is resolved by
codifying the Wards Cove approach (as in the President's
bill).
THIS BILL DOES NOT IMPEDE MERIT HIRING. IT IS NOT A
QUOTA BILL.
2.
ON THE DAMAGES ISSUE, THE COMPROMISE
INCORPORATES A SLIGHTLY MODIFIED VERSION OF THE
DANFORTH PROPOSAL.
Compensatory and punitive damages will now be
available under Title VII;
These damages are capped, setting an important
precedent for tort reform;
Damages for 98% of all businesses are capped at
$50,000, the lowest tier of the new damages structure
(and much lower than the cap in the President's bill).
3.
CONGRESS MUST APPLY THIS NEW CIVIL RIGHTS LAW TO
ITSELF.
O
Congressional employees deserve to be protected from
sexual harassment and other forms of improper
discrimination.
Congressional employees deserve the same judicially
enforceable rights as other Americans.
David
Duke
Talking points on David Duke
- 11/10/91
I have a hard time believing that in this day and age anyone
could take seriously a man who was selling Nazi literature just
last year. Fifty years ago, I volunteered to fight in World War
II, along with millions of other Americans. We fought because we
wanted to crush this evil, because we knew it was the right thing
to do. Millions died in that cause, and they did not die in
vain. Yet here we are in 1991, dealing with someone who is a
Nazi, although he wraps himself in causes that many people
accept. I find it disgusting.
* David Duke argues that his Nazi affiliations represented
"youthful indiscretions." I don't buy it. I went to war at the
age of 17, and by that time, I understood the difference between
right and wrong, good and evil. Most people do. David Duke was
involved in Nazi causes at the age of 40. That's not youthful
indiscretion; that's his view of things. Let me say, with each
appearance he makes, he tramples upon the memories of brave men
and women who fought and died resisting Hitler and his evils, and
he mocks the bravery and sacrifice of people who risked
everything to keep America free.
*
David Duke claims that he's fighting for the common man, and
resisting distant, bad government. Well, most of the people who
serve our country in the military might be called "the common
man" or "the common woman, II even though they're the lifeblood of
our liberty. No one who has embraced Nazism can ever speak for
the average American, because patriotic Americans despise Nazism
with every ounce of their being.
OF
THE
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
THE 1789 TREASURI
WASHINGTON
ECO/TAKES/ Tax data
November 26, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR TONY SNOW
FROM:
BRUCE BARTLETT
SUBJECT:
Taxes
It is interesting to note that despite the criticism of the
Bush Administration over raising taxes, taxes at the federal
level have not, in fact, risen at all. They are lower now, even
after the budget agreement, than they were early in 1989, before
any Bush policies took effect.
Where taxes have increased, however, is at the state and
local level, where they have risen by almost one percent of GNP
since 1988. Moreover, reports indicate that state and local
taxes are expected to continue rising in 1992.
I wonder, therefore, whether the administration isn't
partially being blamed for what state and local governments are
doing. Perhaps there is some way of raising this point in a
speech without appearing to be critical of state and local
governments.
'90
ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT
To the Congress of the United States:
The United States enters the 1990s as a prosperous nation with a
healthy and dynamic economy. Our living standards remain well
above those of other major industrialized nations, and our prosperi-
ty is spread widely. Since 1982, American firms and workers have
produced the longest peacetime expansion on record and created
more than 20 million jobs. The containment of inflation during this
long economic expansion is a milestone in postwar U.S. history.
In 1989, we regained our position as the world's leading exporter
and retained our position as the world's leading job creator, with
the fraction of the population employed reaching its highest level
ever. In all, 2½ million jobs were created in 1989. The unemploy-
ment rate fell to levels not seen since the early 1970s, as did jobless
rates for blacks and teenagers. The unemployment rate for Hispan-
ics was the lowest since 1980, when the United States began regu-
larly reporting it.
We have proven to the world that economic and political freedom
works. After years of economic decline, the people of Eastern
Europe are turning toward free markets to revive economic growth
and raise living standards. I remain strongly committed to aiding
the efforts of these brave men and women to transform their soci-
eties-and thereby to change the world.
Despite our successes, we cannot be satisfied with simply sustain-
ing the strong record of the 1980s. We must improve on that
record, deal with inherited problems, and meet the new challenges
and seize the new opportunities before us.
GOALS AND PRINCIPLES
The primary economic goal of my Administration is to achieve
the highest possible rate of sustainable economic growth. Achieving
this goal will require action on many fronts-but it will permit
progress on many more. Growth is the key to raising living stand-
ards, to leaving a legacy of prosperity for our children, to uplifting
those most in need, and to maintaining America's leadership in the
world.
To achieve this goal, we must both enhance our economy's ability
to grow and ensure that its potential is more often fully utilized than
in previous decades. To these ends, as explained in the Report that
follows, my Administration will:
Reduce government borrowing by slowing the growth of Feder-
al spending while economic growth raises revenue until the
not spent for other purposes but are used to build the reserves
budget is balanced, and reduce the national debt thereafter;
necessary to guarantee the soundness of Social Security. Moreover, it
would transform the Federal Government from a chronic borrower,
Support a credible, systematic monetary policy program that
draining savings away from private investment, to a saver, providing
sustains maximum economic growth while controlling and re-
funds for capital formation and economic growth by reducing the
ducing inflation;
national debt.
Remove barriers to innovation, investment, work, and saving in
I remain strongly committed to the principles of low marginal
the tax, legal, and regulatory systems;
tax rates and a broad tax base developed in the Economic Recovery
Avoid unnecessary regulation and design necessary regulatory
Tax Act of 1981 and the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Steady adherence
programs to harness market forces effectively to serve the Na-
to these principles reduces government's distorting effect on the
tion's interest; and
market forces that drive economic growth.
Continue to lead the world to freer trade and more open
I strongly support the Federal Reserve's goal of noninflationary
markets, and to support market-oriented reforms around the
growth and share with them the conviction that inflation must be
world.
In advancing these principles, we must be both ambitious and real-
controlled and reduced in a predictable fashion. Accelerating infla-
istic. There is room to improve, and there is much to be done to
tion not only erodes the value of families' savings, it produces eco-
prepare for the next century. We must not fear to dream great
nomic imbalances and policy responses that often lead to reces-
sions.
dreams. But we must not fail to do our homework; the American
people are ill-served by promises that cannot be kept.
The United States is part of an increasingly integrated global
economy, in which domestic fiscal and monetary policies affect the
MACROECONOMIC PROSPECTS AND POLICIES
economies of other nations, though the main impacts are on the do-
The economy's performance during 1989, the seventh year of eco-
mestic economy. My Administration remains committed to partici-
nomic expansion, has set the stage for healthy growth in the 1990s.
pating actively in the valuable process of coordinating macroeco-
Growth in national output was more moderate in 1989 than the
nomic policies internationally.
very rapid pace in 1988 and 1987. But, in sharp contrast to most
ENCOURAGING ECONOMIC GROWTH
past periods of low unemployment and high capacity utilization, in-
flation was kept firmly in check. Measured broadly, the price level
As we begin the 1990s, a central focus of my economic policies
rose 4.1 percent during 1989, down from 4.5 percent during 1988.
will be to build on the successes of the 1980s by creating an envi-
If my budget proposals are adopted, and if the Federal Reserve
ronment in which the private sector can serve as the engine that
maintains a credible policy program to support strong noninflation-
powers strong, noninflationary economic growth.
ary growth, the economy is projected to expand in 1990 at a slight-
America's continued economic progress depends on the innova-
ly faster pace than in 1989. Growth is projected to pick up in the
tion and entrepreneurship of our people. I will therefore continue
second half of the year and to continue at a strong pace as the
level of output rises to the economy's full potential.
to press for a permanent research and experimentation tax credit,
for increased Federal support of research with widespread societal
Fiscal and monetary policies should establish credible commit-
benefits and that private firms would not have adequate incentives
ments to policy plans aimed at maximizing sustainable growth over
to undertake, for removal of regulatory and legal barriers to inno-
the long run. A steady hand at the helm is necessary to produce
vation, and for a lower tax rate on capital gains.
rapid and continuous increases in employment and living stand-
ards.
We must remove impediments to saving and investment in order
My budget proposals reflect a strong commitment to the princi-
to enhance the economy's growth potential. The fiscal policy I de-
ples of the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings law, which has helped reduce
scribed earlier will raise national saving. In addition, I have asked
the Federal deficit from 5.3 percent of GNP in fiscal 1986 to 2.9
the Congress to enact the Savings and Economic Growth Act of 1990,
percent in fiscal 1989. That is why I insisted last fall that the Con-
which contains a comprehensive program to raise household saving
gress pass a clean reconciliation bill and stood by the sequestration
across the entire income spectrum. This program would help Ameri-
order that resulted from my strict adherence to the Gramm-
can families plan for the future and, in the process, make more funds
Rudman-Hollings law.
available to finance investment and spur productivity, thus raising
I have also proposed a fundamental new rule for fiscal policy
living standards, enhancing competitiveness, and expanding employ-
ment opportunities.
that would that future Social Security surpluses are
One of my highest legislative priorities this year is to reduce the
My proposals for reform of food safety regulation and the Clean
capital gains tax rate. This tax reform would promote risk-taking
Air Act follow the two key principles that apply in these cases: the
and entrepreneurship by lowering the cost of capital, thereby en-
goals of regulation must balance costs and benefits; and the meth-
couraging new business formation and creating new jobs. A capital
ods of regulation must be flexible and cost-effective. One of my top
gains tax cut would stimulate saving and investment throughout the
legislative priorities is to improve the Clean Air Act in a way that
preserves both a healthy environment and a sound economy.
economy.
Government can encourage economic growth but cannot manage
When confronted with a threat to the solvency of our thrift insti-
it. I remain strongly opposed to any sort of industrial policy, in
tutions, my Administration moved swiftly to resolve the crisis. We
which the government, not the market, would pick winners and
must continue to reform the regulation of financial institutions and
losers. Second-guessing the market is the way to raise government
markets to preserve the soundness of the U.S. financial sector
spending and taxes, not living standards.
while encouraging innovation and competition.
The growth of our Nation's labor force is projected to slow in the
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
1990s, and demands for skilled workers are expected to continue to
increase. These developments will shift attention away from wor-
The 1980s have underscored the increased importance of global
ries about the supply of jobs that have haunted us since the 1930s
economic events in shaping our lives. We have all been touched by
and toward new concerns about the supply of workers and skills.
the movements toward political and economic freedom in Eastern
We cannot maintain our position of world leadership or sustain
Europe. We have been impressed by the rapid growth of market-
rapid economic growth if our workers lack the skills of their for-
oriented Asian economies. And we have great expectations for the
eign competitors. As I demonstrated last fall at the Education
movement in the European Community toward a single, open
Summit, the Federal Government can lead in improving the inad-
market by 1992.
equate performance of our elementary and secondary schools. Be-
Reductions in trade barriers between nations have raised living
cause school systems must be held accountable for their students'
standards around the world. Investment has become more globally
performance, the Nation's Governors and I have developed ambi-
integrated, as citizens of other countries recognize the great
tious national education goals. To meet these goals, we must give
strength and potential of our economy, and as Americans continue
students and parents the freedom to choose their schools, and we
to invest abroad.
must give schools the flexibility to meet their students' needs.
My Administration is strongly committed to supporting the his-
More disadvantaged Americans must be brought into the eco-
toric efforts of the governments and people of Eastern Europe to
nomic mainstream, not just to enhance our Nation's economic
move toward market-based economies. Similarly, under the Brady
growth, but as a matter of simple decency. To this end, I have sup-
Plan, we will continue to support heavily indebted nations that
ported legislation to open new opportunities for the disabled, in-
adopt sound economic policies to revive economic growth. In both
creased assistance to the homeless, helped implement welfare
cases, reform must be comprehensive to succeed, but the rewards of
reform, proposed more effective job training programs, and intro-
success will be great.
duced initiatives that will bring jobs and better housing to de-
America will continue to lead the way to a world of free, com-
pressed inner cities. I have proposed substantial increases in spend-
petitive markets. Increased global competition is an opportunity for
ing for Head Start to prepare children from disadvantaged families
the United States and the world, not a threat. But we cannot
remain competitive by avoiding competition. My Administration
for effective learning.
Those who cannot read and write cannot participate fully in the
will therefore continue to resist calls for protection and managed
economy. Mrs. Bush and I will continue to support the difficult but
trade. To serve the interests of all Americans, we must open mar-
important struggle to eliminate adult functional illiteracy.
kets here and abroad, not close them. I will strongly resist any at-
tempts to hinder the free international flows of investment capital,
REGULATORY REFORM
which have benefited workers and consumers here and abroad.
The improved performance of U.S. markets that were deregulat-
And my Administration will work to reduce existing barriers to
ed during the 1980s showed clearly that government interference
international investment throughout the world.
with competitive private markets inflates prices, retards innova-
My highest trade policy priority is the successful completion this
tion, slows growth, and eliminates jobs. But in some cases, well-de-
year of the current Uruguay Round of negotiations, aimed at
signed regulation can serve the public interest.
strengthening and broadening the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT). Successful completion of these negotiations will
expand the world's gains from free and fair trade and raise living
standards in all nations.
LOOKING AHEAD
When I look back on the 1980s, on what the American people
have accomplished, it is with pride. And when I look forward to the
1990s, it is with hope and optimism. Our excellent economic health
will allow us to build on the successes of the 1980s as we prepare
for the next century. Clearly, there is much work to be done. But
with the economic principles and policies that I have proposed, I
am confident that the United States can enjoy strong, sustainable
economic growth and use the fruits of that growth to raise living
standards, solve longstanding problems, deal with new challenges,
and make the most of new opportunities.
THE ANNUAL REPORT
ay Bush
OF THE
COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
THE WHITE HOUSE,
FEBRUARY 6, 1990
Taxes as a Share of GNP
Federal
State & Local
20.6%
15.2%
15%
20.4%
14.8%
20.2%
14.6%
20%
14.4%
19.8%
14.2%
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
88
89
90
91
Year/Quarter
State & Local
Federal
Source: National Income Accounts
A16 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1991
POLITICS
Cuomo's Budget Problems in New York Indicate
State of the States Will Be Key Issue in '92 Race
By DAVID SHRIBMAN
the 1988 Democratic National Convention
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
Where the Money Is
in Atlanta.
ALBANY, N.Y For weeks Gov. Mario
New state taxes imposed for fiscal 1992
If Mr. Cuomo does patch together a
Cuomo has been closeted with advisers,
budget solution and decides to press ahead
NEW TAXES
studying reports, considering his options,
(in millions)
with a campaign for the White House, the
plotting his strategy. The subject isn't the
fiscal health of New York is sure to be a
presidential candidacy he's contemplating.
Personal income
$6,495
campaign issue. "The thing speaks for it-
It's the state budget gap he's trying to
5,062
self," says Richard Rosenbaum, a Republi-
Sales and use
fill.
can national committeeman from New
The state economic problems that are
Corporate income
1,690
York. "The White House won't need to be
the subject of Mr. Cuomo's ruminations-
Motor fuel/motor vehicle excise
716
told by me that the results have been abys-
and at the very least the pretext for his de-
mal. It borders on the catastrophic."
lay in deciding on a presidential run-are
Health-care related
319
Revenue Estimates
real. New York is facing a gap of nearly
Alcoholic beverage
220
But even in states where governors
$700 million in the current fiscal year, with
a shortfall topping $3.6 billion for the fiscal
Cigarette and tobacco
217
aren't contemplating presidential cam-
year to begin April 1-double the budget
paigns, contentious budget battles are be-
Meals and rooms
31
gap the state publicly acknowledged until
ginning anew as states. already a quar-
Waste and environmental
28
ter of the way through the fiscal year,
this' week.
Just months after several states con-
aren't getting the revenue improvements
Miscellaneous
1,439
cluded the bloodiest season of budget poli-
they expected.
tics in history, governors and lawmakers
TOTAL
$16,217
"These states are dealing with revenue
are back at the drafting table, girding to
estimates that all assumed an economic
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures
do battle again. And whether or not Mr.
recovery would begin in July," says Mar-
Cuomo plunges into the presidential race,
cia Howard, deputy director of the Na-
does enter the race, he'll couch his deci-
the state of the states is likely to be a ma-
tional Association of State Budget Officers.
jor issue in next year's presidential cam-
sion to seek higher office as the only way
"There may have been a recovery, but we
to solve the problems of states such as his.
know for sure that state revenues don't re-
paign
Many of the candidates already in the
He'll almost certainly say. the revenue
flect one.'
shortfalls, skyrocketing medical costs and
presidential race have seized upon the par-
That's already apparent in Maine, Colo-
lous state of state budgets as a metaphor
soft economy that are plaguing New York
rado, Florida and Georgia. By year's end,
are all difficulties that can best be solved
for what has gone wrong in government.
as many as 30 states may face revenue
with new leadership in the White House.
The argument: The problem in Carson
shortfalls.
City, Baton Rouge, Helena, Atlanta and
Problems at Home
The problem is deepened because these
Lansing all state capitals where tax reve-
states, which increased taxes by more than
By the same token, if he decides against
nue fell in the first quarter of fiscal 1992
$16 billion last year, the largest boost in
a presidential campaign, he 11 argue that
compared with the like period a year ear-
history, thought they had weathered the
the problems at home are so great that he
lier-is- really the problem of Washing-
storm. Just this week, for example, inde-
can't abandon them now for his own per
ton
pendent Gov. Lowell Weicker acknowl-
sonal gain
Cut spending, cut education, balance
edged that Connecticut faced a $175 million
the :budget-and by the way, do it all with
"Keep your eye on the state finances,
shortfall despite enacting a wage tax only
less money from Washington, Democratic
says John Marino, New York's Democratic
three months, earlier
Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas complained
chairman and a close Cuomo adviser He
More than a quarter of the states in-
in Manchester: N.H., this month. Former
has to feel better about things on the state
creased
taxes
last
year
by
more
than
5%
Democratic Gov. Jerry Brown of Califor
level.
niajadded during a candidates' debate in
Right now the governor is engaged in
Detroit last week States are suffering
negotiations to shape a multiyear budget
because the economy is suffering
agreement-precisely the sort of thing he
The political problems of state budgets
criticized President Bush and the Demo-
come into sharpest relief here in Albany,
cratic leadership for doing on the federal
where Mr. Cuomo faces the challenge of
level last year. Such an agreement pre-
solving his own budget mess and where
sumably would solve the problem and per-
he's weighing the political value of making
mit the governor to campaign for president
that very same mess an object lesson in
unfettered by the sorts of annoying distrac-
presidential politics.
tions that Michael Dukakis had to face on
For it is clear now that if Mr. Cuomo
Beacon Hill in Boston only weeks before
mostly through income and sales taxes.
vived the worst of the budget cutting. is at
lems is health-care costs, a factor that,
The National Conference of State Legisla-
it again, slicing state programs and em-
along with welfare, could add a couple of
tures rates fiscal 1992 budgets as "ex-
ployees. In Vermont, Democratic Gov.
hundred million dollars to California's
tremely austere, and projects cost over-
Howard Dean, who took office in August
budget problem if health costs continue to
runs in areas such as health care, judicial
after the death of GOP Gov. Richard Snell-
accelerate for the rest of the fiscal year.
courts, crime fighting and education. Gen-
ing, is worried about revenue projections.
Sen. Bob Kerrey of Nebraska believes that
eral-fund reserves, an important criterion
"We're not in the position to raise taxes
factor may add momentum to the push for
for state credit ratings, were the lowest
again," he says, "so we'll have to cut
a national health-care plan. "Otherwise,"
ever recorded at the end of a fiscal
spending."
he says, "the states are going to be con-
year.
A major contributor to the budget prob-
stantly suffering."
The principal cause of the states' prob-
lems right now is the weak economy,
which is depressing state revenue collec-
tions and is giving Democratic presidential
candidates other than Mr. Cuomo an open-
ing for criticizing President Bush.
"If you have a recession, you have no
tax revenues," says former Sen. Paul
Tsongas of Massachusetts. "You lose thou-
sands of jobs, and people who are not
working are not paying taxes. You can't
blame the governors when the bottom falls
out of their revenue bases.'
Little relief is in sight for Gov. Cuomo.
This fall's economic report of the Port Au-
thority of New York and New Jersey, for
example, predicted that the region's recov-
ery "will be slow with broad-based mo-
mentum picking up only. in late 1992
Preliminary Estimates
General-fund revenues. in California
were $183 million below expectations last
month, falling short by $528 million, or
nearly 5%, in the first four months of the
fiscal, year. Preliminary estimates from
California's Commission on State Finance
said there could be a $3 billion gap in the
current year
All of this comes after California closed
a $14 billion budget gap this summer with
a plan that included $7 billion in new reve
nues, the biggest-ever state tax increase
The tax portion of the budget package
has prevented this from being worse,
says Elizabeth Hill, a nonpartisan Califor
nia legislative analyst. Unless the econ
omy turns around suddenly, and we re not
seeing those indications. this is going to
be a: difficult year.
It's hard all over. In Maine, GOP Gov
John McKernant who thought he had sur-
Wall Street Journal November 20, 1991
Across the Country,
Continued From Page C1
Roach, a partner for. personal financial
a tax of as much as 14% on interest and
planning at accountants Price Waterhouse
Increased State Levies
dividends and 7% on capital gains.
in Morristown, N.J. This year the capi-
"People are furious, says Patricia
tal-gains tax consists of two-thirds of the
Hit Incomes Harder
Burton, a tax specialist in Gales Ferry,
old rate of 7% and one-third of the new
Conn. A special session of the state's Leg-
rate- of 4.5%, for a combined rate of
islature convened Monday to consider re-
6.2%
By EARL C. GOTTSCHALK JR.
pealing the measure, but income-tax oppo-
Also, it's important to remember the ef
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAI
nents apparently lack the votes needed to
fects of state and local levies in reviewing
From Connecticut to California, state
override a promised veto by Gov. Lowell
your financial and investment plans. "With
taxes are taking a bigger chunk of most
Weicker.
state taxes at record highs and pressures
taxpayers' income-and there isn't any
Pennsylvania increased its personal in-
for increases to continue next year, the
relief in sight.
come-tax rate to 3.1% (including a 0.3%
stakes are higher than ever before," says
Hammered by recession and federal
surtax through next June from a previous
Mr. Roach.
cutbacks, 34 states and the District of
rate of 2.1%. "The chances are, however,
For instance, high state and local taxes
Columbia raised income, sales and use
these surtaxes never lapse," says Larry C.
can raise the effective yield on Treasury
and corporate taxes by $16.2 billion, or
Rabun, a Philadelphia partner in Deloitte
securities, which are exempt from state
5.4%, in this year's legislative sessions.
& Touche accountants.
and local income taxes. Tax-exempt my-
It was the largest one-year percentage
New York state postponed a previously
nicipal bonds from in-state issuers and
increase since 1971, according to the Na-
enacted tax cut that would have lowered
same-state municipal-bond funds can also
tional Conference of State Legislatures.
its top income-tax rate to 7.7% from 7.875%
be more attractive for residents of high-tax
Taxes on personal income account
and delayed an increase in the standard
states.
for $6.5 billion of the increase, with 21
deduction. And Rhode Island increased its
People who are really fed up could take
states raising personal income taxes by
personal income-tax rate to 27.5% of fed-
drastic action and move. Alaska, Florida,
boosting rates, eliminating exemptions,
eral tax liability from 22.96%:
Texas, Washington, Nevada, South Dakota
imposing temporary surcharges or sus-
Some states zeroed in on high-income
and Wyoming, for example, have no per-
pending previously: enacted cuts. That
individuals. California, for example, im2
sonal income tax; two other states, New
doesn't include rises enacted earlier that
posed new, temporary tax brackets on
Hampshire and Tennessee, don't tax wages
took effect this year, such as New Jer-
high-income earners. For 1991, there will
and salaries but do tax capital gains, divi-
sey's 1990 law that doubled the levy on
be a 10% rate for single taxpayers with
dends and interest
high-income earners to 7% from 3.5%.
taxable income of more than $100,000 and
But moving isn t really practical for
Moreover, the outlook is for further
couples filing jointly with more than $200,-
most people. And besides, says Hal Hovey,
increases in 1992. "There will be tremen-
000. For taxpayers with taxable income in
editor of State Budget and Tax News an
dous pressure to avoid. raising state.
excess of $200,000 (single) and $400,000
Alexandria, Va., newsletter, needs for
taxes again next year, since it's an elec:
(joint ), the rate will be 11%. Previously;
services for exploding populations are
tion year and many states have had
the top rate was 9.3%. California also in
likely to cause Florida, Texas and Nevada
back-to-back tax increases 11 says Scott
creased the rate of its alternative mini-
to increase taxes on individuals as well as
Mackey, a policy specialist at the state
mum tax to 8.5% from 7%.
on corporations. The increases may. not
legislative group. But because revenue
Maine imposed- a temporary 10% sur
acome through a personal income tax. but
collections are falling short, many states
charge for incomes of more than $75,000
revenues can be raised by increasing sales
will have to retain temporary tax in-
(married, filing jointly North Carolina in
and use taxes, Mr. Hovey. says
creases and. surcharges, they enacted
creased its rate to 7.75% from 7% for tax
Retirees often do flee to low-tax states.
this year, he says
payers with taxable income of more than
Butlif they are California residents, they
Most of the personal income-tax in
$100,000 (married, filing jointly) and more
may find- that the state pursues: them to
creases enacted during recent legisla
than $60,000 (single.)
collect income tax on payouts of a pension
tives sessions were retroactive to, last-
In general, there are no special strate
earned in California
Jan. If 1991 meaning taxpayers will be
gies for easing the state and local bites.
Marvin Weisbrod, vice president of Tri-
seeing the full effect on this year's tax
But taxpayers in such states as Connecti-
plecheck Income Tax Service Inc., a tax-
bill.
cut who face a higher income: tax rate next
preparation concern based in Burbank, Ca-
But increases in some states-such
year. might consider shifting income into
lif says. retired. California teachers: and
as, Illinois's temporary, Increase to 3%
1991 if possible. For example, if you have:
state employees who moved to Nevada
from 2.5% went into effect July 1, Still
an end-of-the-year bonus coming, it would
were taxed by California on their pension
others go into effect Jan. 1. 1992
make sense to receive it in December in
payouts even though they were no longer
Connecticut took center stage by en
stead, of January.
living in the states Everyone with a pen-
acting its first broad based personal in
Connecticut residents could also save
sion earned while living in California is
come: tax flat-rate tax that will
money by deferring: any major. capital
ble for the tax. but it's hard to find fleeing
amount to 1.5% this year and 4.5% be
gains until next year, when the capital-
retirees unless they were state employees,
ginning Jan. 1. The new levy replaces
gains tax is capped at 4.5 %, says Kevin
Mr. Weisbre says
SpecialReport
OCTOBER 1991
Survey of State Tax Rates and Collections
Rates for FY'92 Rise Sharply; Collections for FY'90 Break $300 Billion
by Gregory S. Leong
Thirty states have enacted tax increases
their cigarette excises. The bulk of the new
that will raise a total of $17 billion in new
revenue will not come from higher excise
revenue in FY1992, making FY'91 the biggest
rates, however, but rather from higher sales
revenue-raising year in history at the state
taxes in six states, and higher personal income
level. In addition to hiking tax rates, states
taxes in eight states.
increased taxes indirectly by broadening tax-
able bases, extending temporary hikes, and
Individual Income Taxes
conforming to federal tax rates. They also
Connecticut was the only state to enact a
enacted a host of "non-tax" revenue-raising
new broad-based income tax this year. Law-
measures; such as higher fees and accelerated
makers there repealed taxes on capital gains,
collections, that will bring in approximately
dividends, and interest income, replacing
$2.4 billion more in FY'92 revenue.
them with a flat 4.5 percent income tax. All
Gasoline and tobacco were the most
told, the state's FY'91 tax package is expected
popular targets as 23 states hiked the amounts
to net $1 billion in new FY'92 revenues. With
they collect at the pump and 14 states raised
this new tax system, Connecticut joins six
Figure 1
Percentage Distribution of State Government Tax Collections by Source
Fiscal Year 1990
Alcohol
1.1
Death and Gift
1.3
Severance
1.6
Type
Tobacco
1.8
of Tax
Property
1.9
Total State Tax Revenues = $300.5 Billion
Public Utilities
2.2
Insurance
2.5
Other
2.6
Licenses
6.3
Motor Fuels
6.5
Corporate Income
7.3
Personal Income
32.0
General Sales
33.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percent of Total State-Level Collections
Source: Tax Foundation (see table 3).
Gregory Leong is Director of Special Studies at the Tax Foundation.
2
SpecialReport
State Rates and Collections
Table 1
Major State Taxes and Rates
as of August 1, 1991
General Sales
Gasoline Tax
Cigarette Tax
Property
State
Corporate
Individual
and Use Tax
(per gallon)
(per pack of 20)
Tax
Alabama
5% (F)
2 to 5% (F)
4% (a)
11 cents
16.5 cents
Alaska
1 to 9.4
none
none
8
29
X
Arizona
9.3
3.8 to 7
5 (a)
18
18
X
Arkansas
1 to 6.5
1 to 7
4.5 (a)
18.5
22
9.3 (c)
1 to 11 (c)
6 (a,d)
15 (b)
35
X
California
Colorado
5 to 5.2 (d)
5 (c)
3 (a)
22
20
X
Connecticut
11.5 (f)
4.5 (g)
8 (d)
23 (b)
40 (b)
Delaware
8.7 (w)
3.2 to 7.7
none
19 (I)
24
District of Columbia
10 (f)
6 to 9.5 (f)
6
18
30
Florida
5.5 (c)
none
6 (a)
4 (w)
33.9
Georgia
6% of taxable net
1 to 6
4 (a)
7.5 3%
12
income
of retail
Hawaii
4.4 to 6.4
2 to 10
4 (a)
24.8 to 32.5 (v)
40% of wholesale
Idaho
8
2 to 8.2
5
22 (v)
18
Illinois
4.8 (h)
3 (h)
6.25 (a)
19 (d,w)
30
Indiana
3.4 (i)
3.4
5
15
15.5
lowa
6 to 12 (F,j)
.4 to 9.98 (c,F)
4 (a)
20
36
Kansas
4.5 (f)
3.65 to 5.15 (k)
4.25 (a)
17 (b)
24
Kentucky
4 to 8.25
2 to 6
6 (a)
15 (e)
3
Louisiana
4 to 8 (F)
2 to 6 (F)
4 (a)
20
20
Maine
3.5 to 8.93
2 to 8.5 (o)
6 (d)
19
37
Maryland
7
2 to 5
5
18.5
16
Massachusetts
9.5 (e,m)
6.25 (n)
5
21 (e)
26
Michigan
2.35
4.6
4
15
25
X
Minnesota
9.8 (c)
6 to 8.5
6.5 (a,d)
20.25
43
Mississippi
3 to 5
3 to 5
6
18 (d)
18
Missouri
5 to 6.5 (d,F)
1.5 to 6 (F)
4.225 (a,d)
11
13
Montana
6.75 (f,s)
2 to 11 (F)
none
20
18
Nebraska
5.58 to 7.81
2.37 to 6.92
5 (a)
23.71 (v)
27
X
5.75 (a,b)
18
35
Nevada
none
none
New Hampshire
8
5 (g)
none
18
25
New Jersey
9 (f,t)
2 to 7
7
10.5
40
New Mexico
4.8 to 7.6
1.8 to 8.5
5
16.2
15
New York
9 (c,d,e,f,u)
4 to 7.875 (d,p)
4 (a)
8
39
North Carolina
7.75 (f)
6 to 7.75
4 (a)
22.6 (v)
5
North Dakota
3 to 10.5 (c,F)
2.67 to 12 (F,q)
5
17 (d)
29
X
Ohio
5.1 to 8.9
.743 to 6.9
5 (a)
21 (v)
18
Oklahoma
6
.5 to 7 (k,F)
4.5 (a)
16 (e)
23
Oregon
6.6
5 to 9 (F)
none
20
28
Pennsylvania
12.25
3.1 (d)
6 (a)
12
31
Rhode Island
9 (f)
27.5 % of modified
7
26 (e)
37
X
Federal Income tax
South Carolina
5
2.5 to 7
5 (a)
16
7
South Dakota
none
none
4 (a)
18
23
Tennessee
6 (g)
6 (g)
5.5 (a)
21 (w)
13
Texas
none
none
6.25 (a)
20
41
Utah
5
2.55 to 7.2 (F)
5 (a)
19 (w)
26.5
Vermont
5.5 to 8.25
28% of federal income
5
15
18 (b)
tax liability (d,o)
Virginia
6
2 to 5.75
3.5 (a)
17.5
2.5
Washington
none
none
6.5 (a)
23 (I)
34 (d)
West Virginia
9.15
3 to 6.5 (c)
6
15.5
17
Wisconsin
7.9
4.9 to 6.93
5 (a)
22.5 (1)
30 (e)
Wyoming
none
none
3 (a)
9 (1)
12
(X) Indicates property tax levied.
income from interest and dividends. Additional
at varying rates.
(F) Allows federal income tax as a deduction.
changes in deductions also added in 1991 for CT.
(q) Election to be taxed on 14% of taxpayer's federal
(a) Local taxes are additional.
(h) Additional 1.5-2.5% personal property replacement tax
income tax liability.
(b) Future increases cheduled under current law. As
imposed.
(r) Additional county transportation tax levied.
of October 1, 1991, CT gas tax -25 cents, and
(i) A supplemental net income tax is imposed at 4.5%.
(s) 7% rate for corporations using "water's edge"
cigarette tax 45 cents.
(j) Franchise tax is 5% of taxable net income.
apportionment.
(c) Alternative minimum tax is imposed.
(k) In KS and OK, higher rates may apply to taxpayers
(t) A 7.25 corporation income tax is imposed on
(d) Future reductions scheduled under current law. CT
deducting federal income tax.
entire net income of foreign corporations not subject
sales tax drops to 6% October 1,1991.
(1) Tax rate is periodically adjusted administratively.
to the corporation business tax.
(e) Alternative methods of calculation may be required.
(m) Excise tax is imposed equal to the greater of (a) $2.60
(u) Small business taxpayers are subject to a lower
(f) Corporate surtax is imposed, CT 20%, DC 5%,
(includes surtax) per $1,000 of value of MA tangible
(v) Includes additional taxes or fees. Hawaii gas rates
KS 2.25%, NJ 375%, NY 15%, NC 4%, ME -
property not taxed locally or net worth allocated to MA,
include county rates.
10%. MT 5%. RI 11%. CT surtax scheduled to
plus 9.5% (includes surtax) of net income, or (b) $400.
(w) Additional tax or surcharge imposed.
decrease to 10% in 1992 and be eliminated in
(n) Tax of 12% on income derived from interest,
Sources: Compiled by Tax Foundation from survey of
1993.
dividends. and capital gains.
state revenue offices and data reported by
(g) In NH and TN, rates apply to income from
(o) Income surtax imposed, ME 5-15%, VT 3-6%.
Commerce Clearing House through July 1,
dividends and interest. In CT, lower rates applied to
(p) Qualified taxpayers may elect to pay alternative taxes
1991.
SpecialReport
3
State Rates and Collections
states which use a flat tax rate for all income.
Twenty-three states enacted higher ex-
Seven other states raised individual in-
cises on motor fuels this year. California and
come tax rates: Rhode Island and Vermont,
Rhode Island enacted the largest increases,
which base their income taxes on federal tax
six cents per gallon. Hawaii added five cents
liability, hiked their rates; California, Massa-
per gallon and still imposes the highest gaso-
chusetts, Nebraska, and North Carolina
raised their marginal rates for top income
earners; and Pennsylvania raised its flat rate
Table 2
from 2.1 to 3.1 percent.
Rates in three states, Kansas, Oklahoma,
Projected Fiscal 1992 State Level
and South Carolina, dropped for FY'92. South
Net Revenue Gains and Losses
Carolina, as a result of prior legislation, en-
Resulting from 1991 Enactments
acted the final phase of income tax reduction,
Revenue
Per
lowering the bottom marginal rate from 3 to
State
($Millions)
Capita (a)
2.5 percent. Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South
Alabama
$172.0
$42.57
Alaska
1.0
1.82
Dakota, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming
Arizona
9.1
2.48
retain the distinction of being the only seven
Arkansas
264.7
112.60
states which levy no individual income tax.
California
6,568.0
220.70
Colorado
-
-
Tennessee and New Hampshire exempt
Connecticut
1,035.5
315.02
wages and salaries but tax income from inter-
Delaware
94.5
141.86
Florida
51.1
3.95
est and dividends.
Georgia
-
-
Hawaii
48.0
43.31
Corporate Income Taxes
Idaho
12.7
12.61
Illinois
817.0
71.47
Six states - Arkansas, Kentucky, Minne-
Indiana
42.7
7.70
sota, Nebraska, North Carolina, and Pennsyl-
lowa
13.6
4.90
Kansas
-
.
vania - raised corporate income tax rates for
Kentucky
-
-
FY'92 while two states, Colorado and West
Louisiana
315.0
74.65
Virginia, lowered them. Pennsylvania en-
Maine
266.0
216.63
Maryland
90.1
18.84
acted the largest percentage increase, 44 per-
Massachusetts
-
-
cent, and consequently has the highest mar-
Michigan
(10.0)
(1.08)
Minnesota
287.7
65.76
ginal corporate tax rate in the nation, 12.25
Mississippi
-
-
percent, slightly above Iowa's 12 percent.
Missouri
-
-
Iowa is followed by North Dakota (10.5 per-
Montana
(4.7)
(5.88)
Nebraska
17.3
10.96
cent), and Minnesota (9.8 percent). (This rank-
Nevada
140.6
116.99
ing is based solely on marginal tax rates and
New Hampshire
61.7
55.62
New Jersey
(20.0)
(2.59)
does not take into account surtaxes or alterna-
New Mexico
27.1
17.89
tive minimum taxes, where imposed.) Five
New York
1,200.0
66.70
states continue to avoid corporate income
North Carolina
616.9
93.07
North Dakota
(0.1)
(0.16)
taxes altogether: Nevada, South Dakota,
Ohio
122.1
11.26
Texas, Washington, and Wyoming.
Oklahoma
-
-
Oregon
92.6
32.58
Pennsylvania
3,302.0
277.91
Sales and Excise Taxes
Rhode Island
130.8
130.35
South Carolina
10.6
3.04
Among the six states that increased their
South Dakota
-
-
sales taxes for FY'92, California imposed the
Tennessee
5.5
1.13
largest rate hike, from 4.75 to 6 percent. Con-
Texas
799.0
47.04
Utah
4.9
2.84
necticut, which had the highest sales tax in the
Vermont
90.1
160.10
nation last year, 8 percent, reduced its rate to 6
Virginia
33.2
5.37
Washington
10.7
2.20
percent. As a result, New Jersey and Rhode
West Virginia
-
-
Island now have the highest sales tax rates in
Wisconsin
284.7
58.20
-
-
the nation, 7 percent, followed by Minnesota
Wyoming
District of Columbia
44.5
73.32
and Washington, 6.5 percent. Five states -
$17,048.2
-
Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hamp-
(a) Based on latest available population data, June 1990.
shire, and Oregon - do not impose a sales
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, and
and use tax.
Tax Foundation survey of revenue departments,
legislative officials, and governors' offices.
SpecialReport
4
State Rates and Collections
line tax in the nation: the combined state-local
tional taxes for every man, woman and child.
tax ranges from 24.8 to 32.5 cents per gallon.
Eight other state governments will extract
Rhode Island (26 cents), Nebraska (23.71
over $100 per capita in new state taxes in
cents), and Connecticut and Washington (23
FY'92:
cents) follow closely behind. Florida levies the
lowest rate, 4 cents; but gasoline is also subject
Pennsylvania
$277.91
Delaware
$141.86
California
$220.70
Rhode Island
$130.35
to a 6.9 percent general sales tax. Alaska and
Maine
$216.63
Nevada
$116.99
New York have the next lowest rates at 8 cents.
Vermont
$160.10
Arkansas
$112.60
On cigarettes, the largest tax increases
were enacted by Pennsylvania and the Dis-
Meanwhile, four states bucked the rev-
trict of Columbia, which raised their rates 13
enue-raising trend by passing measures that
cents to 31 cents and 30 cents per pack respec-
will bring in less revenue in FY'92, but not
tively. Minnesota had been imposing the
very much less. Montana will spare its taxpay-
highest rate in the country cents per pack
ers $5.88 per capita; New Jersey, $2.59 per
- but fell to second on October 1, 1991, when
capita, Michigan, $1.08 per capita, and North
Connecticut's increase to 45 cents took effect.
Dakota, 16 cents per capita in FY'92. In all the
(See table 1 for more details.)
states which passed any kind of new revenue
measures this year, the average additional tax
Additional Tax Burden Per Capita
burden will be $62.84 per capita for FY'92.
Five states - California ($6.6 billion),
Trends in State Tax Collections
Pennsylvania ($3.3 billion), New York ($1.2
billion), Connecticut ($1 billion), and Texas
This year's $17 billion increase in FY'92
($799 million) account for more than 75 per-
taxes, following on the heels of the $9.5 billion
cent of the net $17 billion tax increase (see
increase in FY'91, has perpetuated the 1980s'
table 2). However, a per capita analysis gives
trend of escalating state taxes.
a clearer picture of what these additional tax
Moreover, state tax collections grew at an
revenues mean to the average taxpayer.
average rate of 8.6 percent in the 1980s, out-
While California's $6.6 billion increase is
pacing inflation by more than 3 percentage
by far the largest total tax hike, the heaviest
points and personal income by 0.6 percentage
additional per capita tax burden will fall on
points. During the decade, state tax
taxpayers in Connecticut. There, a one billion
collections rose 119 percent, from $137.1 bil-
dollar tax hike translates to $315.02 in addi-
lion in 1980 to $300.5 billion in 1990. Personal
Table 3
State Government Tax Collections By Type
Fiscal Years 1980-1990
($Billions)
Percent
Percent
Change
Change
Type of Tax
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989 (a)
1990
80-90
89-90
Total
$137.1
$149.8
$162.6
$171.5
$196.9
$215.9
$228.1
$246.5
$264.1
$284.4
$300.5
119.3%
5.7%
General Sales
43.2
46.4
50.4
53.6
62.6
69.6
74.8
79.2
87.1
93.5
99.7
131.0
6.6
Personal Income
37.1
40.9
45.7
49.8
59.0
63.9
67.4
76.2
80.1
88.8
96.1
158.9
8.2
Corporate Income
13.3
14.1
14.0
13.2
15.5
17.6
18.4
20.5
21.6
23.9
21.8
63.6
-8.8
Motor Fuels
9.7
9.7
10.5
10.8
12.4
13.3
14.1
15.7
17.2
18.1
19.4
99.6
7.2
Licenses
8.7
9.5
10.1
10.7
12.0
13.8
14.9
15.9
17.0
17.7
18.8
116.3
6.2
Other
3.2
3.4
3.7
3.9
5.2
6.0
6.4
7.1
7.4
7.7
7.8
142.8
1.3
Insurance
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.9
4.1
4.5
5.5
6.3
6.9
7.4
7.4
137.7
0.0
Public Utilities
3.4
4.3
4.9
5.7
5.9
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.2
6.5
93.5
4.8
Property
2.9
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.9
4.0
4.4
4.7
5.0
5.3
5.8
100.5
9.4
Tobacco
3.7
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.8
5.1
5.5
47.1
7.8
Severance
4.2
6.4
7.8
7.4
7.2
7.2
6.1
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.7
11.7
14.6
Death and Gift
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.5
3.0
3.2
3.5
3.8
86.7
8.6
Alcohol
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.2
29.2
3.2
(a) 1989 figures revised.
Source: Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census: and Tax Foundation computations.
5
SpecialReport
State Rates and Collections
income taxes, insurance taxes, and sales
digious revenue producer for state gov-
taxes grew the fastest, jumping 159 per-
ernments is corporate income taxes,
cent, 138 percent, and 131 percent
which have been increasing rapidly and
respectively.
represented 7.3 percent of total collec-
tions in FY'90, or $22 billion. The remain-
FY'90 Collections Reach All-Time High
der of FY'90's revenue was garnered
State tax revenues broke the $300
mostly from motor fuel taxes and li-
billion mark for the first time in FY'90,
censes (see table 3 and figure 1).
rising 5.7 percent from their FY'89 level
of $284 billion, and providing 58 percent
Tax Burden Per Capita
of total general revenue for the states.
Based on FY'90 tax collections, the
Severance tax, property tax, and death
average state tax burden per capita rose
and gift tax grew the fastest, but most of
$62, from $1,148.52 in FY'89 to $1,211.14
the new funds were clearly due to per-
in FY'90. Alaskans pay the highest per
sistent growth in collections from the
capita taxes in the country, $2,811.49 per
mainstays of state government finance,
resident. Hawaii ($2,106.78), Delaware
personal income taxes and general sales
($1,695.59), and Connecticut ($1,602.62)
taxes. They rose 8.2 percent and 6.6 per-
rank two-three-four in taxes per person.
cent respectively. Together these two tax
Taxpayers in New Hampshire
sources accounted for more than 65 per-
($536.67), South Dakota ($718.52), Texas
cent of the tax pie - $99.7 billion from
($866.36), and Tennessee ($870.38) will
sales taxes, and $96.1 billion from per-
shoulder the lightest per capita state tax
sonal income taxes. The third most pro-
burdens (see table 4 and figure 2).
Figure 2
State Tax Collections Per Capita by State
Fiscal Year 1990
NH
WA
$537
$1,525
#50
ME
#8
VT
MT
ND
$1,271
$1,183
$1,073
$1,060
#16
#23
#33
#35
MN
OR
MA
$1,559
$980
#6
$1,557
#39
ID
WI
NY
#7
$1,131
SD
$1,341
$1,591
#25
$719
WY
#13
MI
#5
RI
#49
$1,348
$1,220
$1,229
#12
#19
CT
#18
IA
PA
$1,603
NE
$1,193
$1,113
#4
NJ
959
#21
OH
#28
NV
#43
IL
IN
$1.350
$1,317
UT
$1,054
DE
$1,128
$1,101
#10
#36
#15
$1,026
$1,696
CO
#27
#30
WV
CA
#38
VA
#3
$932
$1,459
KS
$1,243
#45
MO
KY
$1,067
$1,077
#17
#9
$965
#34
MD
$1,156
DC
#32
#41
$1,349
#24
NC
$3,807
#11
TN
$1,186
OK
$870
#22
$1,105
AR
#47
AZ
SC
NM
#29
$962
$1,194
$1,128
#20
$1,329
#42
#26
#14
MS
AL
GA
$931
$945
$1,093
LA
#46
#44
#31
AK
TX
$968
$2,811
$865
#40
#1
#48
FL
HI
$1,027
$2,107
#37
#2
Source: Tax Foundation
6
SpecialReport
State Rates and Collections
Taxes Per $1,000 of Personal Income
Table 4
Taxpayers paid a national average of
Total State Level Tax Collections Per $1,000 in Personal
$64.87 in state level taxes per $1,000 of per-
Income and Per Capita Tax Burden
sonal income earned. The average effective
rate, therefore, of taxes per $1,000 of personal
Fiscal Year 1990
income is 6.49 percent. Thirty-one states and
Personal
Total Tax
the District of Columbia surpassed this na-
Per $1000
Rank
Per
Income (b)
Revenue
tional average rate. Alaska, second only to the
State
of Income
Per Capita
Capita (a)
(SMillions)
($Millions)
District of Columbia, led the states with an
Total
$64.87
$1,211.14
$4,632,380
$300,488.6
effective rate of 12.9 percent, nearly double the
Alabama
63.76
44
945.29
59,907
3,819.5
Alaska
129.20
1
2,811.49
11,969
1,546.4
national average. By comparison, taxpayers
Arizona
73.27
20
1,194.13
59,732
4,376.8
in New Hampshire paid 2.6 percent of their
Arkansas
67.65
42
961.80
33,423
2,260.9
California
70.16
9
1,458.98
618,850
43,419.2
personal income in state taxes, only one-fifth
Colorado
49.57
45
931.71
61,916
3,069.4
of Alaska's rate. The ten states with the high-
Connecticut
63.20
4
1,602.62
83,355
5,268.0
Delaware
84.62
3
1,129.6
est taxes as a percentage of personal income
1,695.59
13,349
Florida
55.27
37
1,027.17
240,459
13,289.5
are:
Georgia
64.49
31
1,092.62
109,765
7,078.2
Hawaii
104.02
2
2,106.78
22,446
2,334.8
Alaska
12.9
Minnesota
8.3
Idaho
74.61
25
1,131.11
15,262
1,138.7
Hawaii
10.4
Wyoming
8.2
Illinois
55.55
27
1,127.72
232,071
12,890.5
New Mexico
9.3
Washington
8.1
Indiana
65.26
30
1,100.55
93,494
6,101.6
lowa
69.17
21
1,193.15
47,897
3,313.1
West Virginia
9.0
Kentucky
7.7
Kansas
59.89
32
1,077.26
44,562
2,669.0
Delaware
8.5
Wisconsin
7.7
Kentucky
77.44
24
1,156.13
55,019
4,260.7
Louisiana
67.29
40
968.42
60,730
4,086.7
The lowest percentages are paid by tax-
Maine
73.90
16
1,271.14
21,120
1,560.9
Maryland
61.70
11
1,348.99
104,543
6,450.1
payers in:
Massachusetts
68.78
7
1,557.26
136,226
9,369.1
Michigan
66.52
19
1,220.34
170,534
11,343.4
New Hampshire
2.6
New Jersey
5.4
Minnesora
83.21
6
1,558.65
81,948
6,819.3
South Dakota
4.5
Tennessee
5.5
Mississippi
73.11
46
931.08
32,770
2,395.9
Colorado
5.0
Missouri
5.5
Missouri
55.16
41
965.23
89,535
4,939.2
Texas
5.2
Florida
5.5
Montana
71.04
33
1,073.36
12,074
857.7
Nebraska
55.66
43
958.53
27,182
1,512.9
Virginia
5.4
Illinois
5.6
Nevada
67.85
15
1,317.39
23,335
1,583.3
New Hampshire
25.82
50
536.67
23,060
595.3
Outlook for State Taxpayers
New Jersey
54.06
10
1,349.76
193,008
10,433.9
New Mexico
93.43
14
1,329.34
21,556
2,014.0
While Americans are struggling to make
New York
72.38
5
1,590.54
395,336
28,614.6
ends meet in a recessionary economy, state
North Carolina
73.23
22
1,186.48
107,403
7,864.7
North Dakota
69.48
35
1,059.97
9,745
677.1
legislatures have handed them a whopping
Ohio
60.34
36
1,054.32
189,537
11,436.4
$17 billion tax hike. Despite the size of the
Oklahoma
71.57
29
1,105.31
48,581
3,476.9
Oregon
57.13
39
980.15
48,762
2,785.9
increase, demands for more state-level funds
Pennsylvania
59.59
28
1,112.61
221,850
13,219.7
are already being heard, as state governments
Rhode Island
65.23
18
1,229.05
18,906
1,233.3
South Carolina
74.73
26
1,128.40
52,646
3,934.4
try to simultaneously keep up with federal
South Dakota
45.27
49
718.52
11,047
500.1
spending mandates and satisfy their own
Tennessee
55.09
47
870.38
77,052
4,245.0
wish-lists for higher spending. This perpetu-
Texas
51.70
48
866.36
284.678
14,716.5
Utah
72.87
38
1,026.20
24,263
1,768.0
ates a trend of the 1980s - higher taxes and
Vermont
67.85
23
1,183.00
9,812
665.7
higher spending at the state level. And with
Virginia
54.02
34
1,066.77
122,178
6,600.5
Washington
80.88
8
1,525.29
91,774
7,423.1
no robust recovery in sight, it is a trend which
West Virginia
90.44
17
1,243.25
24,655
2,229.7
will cause an increasing amount of pain to
Wisconsin
76.59
13
1,340.57
85.620
6,557.7
Wyoming
82.23
12
1,348.39
7,438
611.6
state taxpayers.
Exhibit: Dist. of Col.
157.43
3,806.74
14,675
2,310.3
(a) Population as of June 1990.
(b) Personal income is the sum of the State estimates. It omits the earnings of Federal civilian and
military personnel stationed abroad and of U.S. residents employed abroad temporarily by private
The Tax Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan
U.S. firms.
research and public education organization, has
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and
been monitoring tax and fiscal activities at all levels
Tax Foundation computations.
of government since 1937.
Tax Foundation
470 L'Enfant Plaza, SW, Suite 7400
Washington, DC 20024
(202) 863-5454
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
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Edited by William A. Schambra
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themes of vital
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By Edward C. Banfield
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tyranny in the vain effort to ac-
Collected here are Edward C.
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Banfield's most important insights
American ex-
Collected here are his essays
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system. Included for the first time
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dividual liberties against rampant
in this edition are "Was the
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Founding an Accident?" and
the American
merce and federalism in com-
discussions of Tocqueville and of
bating the centralizing tendencies
art and the public interest. Index.
character and issues
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"Ed Banfield's incisive and clear-
the principles of the Founding
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By Robert A. Goldwin
to change the way they rule-
democracy in America today, read
provided his analysis informs but
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These are the insights of a man
does not discourage us."
frame the argument about social
who has worked in the White
-Milton Friedman, senior
House as a clarifier of ideas for
policy in the remainder of this
research fellow, Hoover Institution,
century."
- George F. Will
the President, at NATO as a
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has taught at the Universities of
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Goldwin has also had a
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distinguished career as a college
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James Q. Wilson has been a
science.
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The essays discuss topics as
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understand.
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leading college text on American
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Four U.S. presidents have turned
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This volume includes chapters
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government at the University of
unspoken principles of our
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Where does the Constitution lodge
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to have a powerful legislative
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compare them with those that
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were the focus of our Revolution,
arriving at the dawn of a new
the decisiveness essential for a
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Also of Interest
The dust jacket
identifies
author Robert Goldwin as having
been a 'clarifier of ideas' for Presi-
dent Gerald Ford. After reading
NEW!
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NEW IN PAPERBACK!
collection of essays, articles and
After the People Vote
Confronting the
speeches, I can believe the presi-
A Guide to the Electoral
dent was well-served.
The
Constitution:
leaders of the emerging
College, Revised Edition
The Challenge to Locke,
democracies of Eastern Europe
Edited by Walter Berns
Montesquieu, Jefferson,
and Latin America could learn
and Federalists from
much from Mr. Goldwin's theories
What if no presidential candidate
about rights, constitutions and
Utilitarianism, Historicism,
gets an electoral college majority?
morality in foreign affairs."
Or a presidential candidate dies
Marxism, Freudianism,
-Washington Times
before the November election? Or
Pragmatism,
"Robert Goldwin is a great
after the November election but
Existentialism
liberator from cliches. He com-
before the electoral votes are cast?
bines a curious intellect, a life
Or after the electoral votes are
Edited by Allan Bloom
spent in government and
cast but before they are counted?
With the Communist nations a
academia, and an elegant mode
Or before the winning candidate
of expression to make this an ex-
assumes office?
shambles everywhere, our Con-
citing book. It is also a useful
Questions like these have
stitution may appear to have
book, in the sense that thoughtful
puzzled even constitutional
weathered the greatest challenge.
scholars. This guide explains the
Yet notions hostile to our prin-
persons will keep returning to it
workings of the electoral college,
ciples pose no less serious threats.
as a sound guide to thinking
the process of presidential succes-
Ways of thinking that spring from
about all kinds of important ques-
tions in our lives as citizens, ques-
sion, and the interactions of the
the social sciences, for example, or
tions about the Constitution,
Constitution, federal and state
from contemporary rights
theories, constitute a direct assault
human rights, higher education,
statutes, and party and par-
on our traditions. This book ad-
and much more." -Allan Bloom,
liamentary rules. Invaluable not
dresses the question, Can our
University of Chicago
only to students enrolled in
courses on the American political
Constitution survive postconstitu-
"Robert Goldwin is identified as a
tional thought?
system but to the press and public
'conservative' scholar in most
as well.
The seventeen essays in this
circles, but his conservatism is of
In addition to the distinguished
volume examine first the precepts
the old school- identified with
constitutional scholar Walter
of the Founding Fathers and their
values, rather than causes.
Berns, this edition includes essays
mentors. Then the most signifi-
His book reflects the solid scholar-
by Norman J. Ornstein and Mar-
cant postconstitutional ideas are
ship of a thoughtful professional.
tin Diamond. Robert Goldwin,
outlined, together with analyses of
And equally important, Dr.
Michael Malbin, Thomas Mann,
how they harmonize with the
Goldwin puts all this thoughtful
Howard Penniman, Austin Ran-
Constitution and how they under-
stuff in a highly readable style."
mind it.
ney, and Richard M. Scammon
- Abner J. Mikva,
The authors include eminent
also collaborated.
U.S. circuit judge
American authorities on the Con-
About the first edition: "A
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1990, 194 pages
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Nov 19,91 16:38 No. .008 P.01
of OREGON
THE OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20301-4000
Date 19 Nov 91
UNITED STATES OF
FAX COVER SHEET
ORCE MANAGEMENT
AND PERSONNEL
MILITARY MANPOWER AND PERSONNEL POLICY
(Officer and Enlisted Personnel Management)
TO: HELEN MOBLEY
;PHONE (202)456-1647
WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF PUBLIC LIAISON
FROM: CPT JOE RAPONE
i (703) 614-3973/4092
MESSAGE:
COL DEUTSCH'S Bio, As REQUESTED.
- CPT RAPONE
Page 1 of 2 pages (including this cover sheet)
(Sending FAX Number (703) 614-6058)
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
November 13, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR MICHAEL BYERS
FROM:
HELEN MOBLEY
SUBJ:
REQUEST FOR SPEAKERS
As we discussed, I am putting together a briefing for business and community leaders
from the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. The group of approximately 50, is
specifically interested in hearing about the budget allocations for the Hampton Roads
area as well as projected manpower ceilings and OM&N. The group has specifically
requested Tom Baca, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Environment, to brief them.
We are planning the briefing for Thursday, November 21 from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm in
Room 474 of the Old Executive Office Building. For this particular type of briefing
we would like each speaker to brief the group and take questions for a total of 50
minutes. We would probably have a short break between the second and third
speakers.
Please call me if you have any questions at (202)456-7900. Thank you very much for
your assistance.
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R. LARNED ASSOC.
TEL No. .804-671-7800
Oct. 2,91 11:27 P.01
Relinger
#X
FAX Transmission Date: 2 October 1991
From: Wagner for Delegate
Virginia Beach, VA
To: The White House
Washington, D.C.
Office of Public Liason
Please pass to: Ms Helen Mobley
Number of Pages (Including this Page)
4
If all pages not received please call (804)490-7641
Number to be faxed to: (202)456-1647
Helen, Thanke for all your help. d look
forward to your decision.
Thank
Grand Ways
R. LARNED ASSOC.
TEL No 804-671-7800
Oct. 2,91 11:27 P.02
Frank
WAGNER
Republican
Delegate 21st District
The white House
1 October 1991
Office of Public Liaison
Washington, D.C.
Dear Ms. Mobley,
As per your request, the following White House briefings are
hereby requested:
The first briefing is requested on a date prior to the 5 November
1991 election (Preferably in the second half of October)
The second briefing is requested for after the 5 November
election, with a decision on dates prior to 5 November for
campaign purposes. (If briefing is approved, it is preferred that
the dates be in mid November to allow as much time for planning
and legislation drafting prior to the General Assembly convening.
FILIPINO-AMERICAN CITIZEN BRIEFING (Briefing one)
Background: Filipino-Americans make up 9% of my districts voting
age population. They tend to exercise their right to vote and
represent the most crucial swing block vote in the forthcoming
elections. The Filipino-American community tends to be very well
organized operating under various civic organizations, with
overall co-ordination being performed by an umbrella
organization.
If a briefing can be arranged, not only leaders from the Hampton
Roads area will be invited, but is my intent to invite leaders
from across the country, with special emphasis on California,
Florida, Indiana, Northern Virginia and Ohio. Several leaders
from out-of-state have indicated their desire to attend and
arrange for co-ordination of travel plans/invitations for
additional leaders. Some will have direct family ties or
personal friendships with Defense Secretary Ramos and other
political leaders within the Philippine government.
The following issues are upper-most on the minds of Filipino-
American citizens.
Defense & Diplomatic Relationships - Given current actions by the
Philippine Senate regarding base closing, what will be the future
of American/Filipino diplomatic and defense relations in the
future. (Request State and Defense Department briefer)
American Citizenship - Recent legislation has been passed to make
it easier for Filipinos serving in the U.S. Navy to gain U.S.
citizenship. Request briefing on new legislation, along with
details for application and approval procedures. Many U. S.
citizens of Filipino decent have blood relatives who have
experienced significant delays (Many in excess of a decade) for
P.O. Box 68003 Virginia Beach, Virginia 23455 (804) 490-7641
Extended Page 2.1
1
Wagner for Delegat (Page 2)
being approved for immigration to the United States. Request
information and/or details regarding delays experienced and
measures to speed application processing.
(Request Bureau of Immigration & Naturalization briefing)
Business Opportunities - Filipino-American citizens are a hard
working important segment of the American economy and many are
small business owners. Due primarily to lack of information and
various government programs designed to assist these
language barriers many of these firms have not taken advantage firms in of
growth. (Request brief by Small Business Administration)
Proposed itinerary (2 Day)
Day 1
Noon
Arrival Hotel check-in sight seeing
Evening
Reception at Republic of the Philippines Embassy
(Tentative)
Day 2
Legislative Breakfast (Breakfast Meeting with
various State senators & congressmen)
Executive/White House briefing (Diplomatic and
Defense Issues.)
Lunch at Hotel - Guest either SBA or Immigration
Briefing at Hotel - SBA or Immigration
Sightseeing and Shopping
Celebration Dinner at Hotel.
Estimated guests - 100 Thursday/Friday event would be
preferred.
HAMPTON ROADS DEFENSE BRIEFING (Briefing 2)
Background: The Hampton Roads economy is perhaps the most
dependent economy in the country on the defense dollar. bleak
World
events and fiscal necessities have presented a rather
future for those that depend on defense as a cornerstone of their
economy.
General Assembly opening in January it is imperative to
Following November's election, but prior to the session of the
understand the full consequences of both approved and planned
defense ceilings and/or cutbacks.
A potential impact to our local economy and develop logical forwarded plans
cornerstone of my campaign has been the need to recognize the
to diversify the business base in Hampton Roads. (See
news article)
If elected, I will move rapidly to build a bi-partisan coalition and
of conservative Democrats, Republicans and various community and
business leaders to develop such a coordinated business plan Rebates
Extended Page
2.2
business see that leaders it is included to develop in the BULLI forthcoming u state budget debates.
Wagner for Delegate (Page 2)
R. LARNED ASSOC.
TEL No 804-671-7800
Michael
Manifower
Oct. 2,91 Nospeculation 11:29 P.03
Enviros
Defense
Plans
Wagner for Delegate (Page 3)
The key to implementing such a plan is to insure these leaders
are properly briefed on Pentagon/Defense Department plans for the
remainder of this decade and beyond, and how they relate to
Defense Department spending/Navy manning levels/Civilian DOD
employment levels in the Hampton Roads area. A solid briefing
from DoD will allow community leaders to fully understand the
potential impact and gauge the scope of economic changes
necessary to maintain a stable economy in this region.
An important new potential area for economic expansion is the
environmental engineering field. Given that various Federal
facilities have some major environmental problems, and that it is
apparent that significant funds may be available for moving
research from the labs into practical application, the Hampton
Roads area would be ideally situated to receive these funds.
Operating under the umbrella of The Research Triangle for
Environmental Engineering, these Federal seed funds would be used
50-min
directly on resolving and cleaning up real Federal government
environmental problems. Necessarily, the Chesapeake Bay would be
impacted in a very positive manner. However, the third and
perhaps most important impact, would be to enhance an all ready
budding new industry in this area, that has direct non-Government
market implications with potential export implications.
thers Nov.21
Therefore, a morning/afternoon meeting is envisioned. Morning
briefings would be conducted by DoD planners with emphasis on
force numbers, homeporting, projected manpower forecasts for
Hampton Roads, and projected OM&N funding levels. Include
forecasts for new construction carriers and submarines, status of
9-12
homeporting, projected manpower ceilings for Norfolk Naval
Shipyard, as well as other DoD government activities in the area.
This information is absolutely vital if local leaders are to make
educated decisions on how to stimulate and maintain sound
economic conditions in Hampton Roads.
It is requested that the afternoon briefings be conducted by
representatives of the DoD environmental divisions, EPA,
Department of Energy and Resolution Trust Agency specifically
designed to inform guests of the opportunities available in the
environmental engineering field, with an emphasis on moving
technology from the lab into practical field application.
I apologize for the length of this letter, but I wanted to insure
that I provided as much information as possible regarding the
requested briefings. If you have any questions please do not
hesitate to contact me at your convenience.
Thanks for all your support.
opportunities
in Enviro.
Sincerely
Trank w Wagner
Dr. Erstamine's
Frank W. Wagner
At.Sec.botense ok
Wagner for Delegate (Page 3)
Executive Office of the President
CONFERENCE ROOM RESERVATION REQUEST
NAME OF INDIVIDUAL HOSTING/ATTENDING EVENT:
EXTENSION:
OFFICE/AGENCY: Helen modey
7900
Public hiaison
DATE OF MEETING:
Nov.21
STAFF PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR CLEARANCE:
HOURS:
H. mobley
From: 1pm To: 4pm
TYPE OF EVENT:
Official:
Private:
Meeting
Reception
Other
I
PURPOSE OF MEETING:
Occius Virginia Ligislators Issue Briefing
NUMBER OF ATTENDEES:
IN ATTENDANCE:
President
100
First Lady
Vice President
ROOM(s) REQUESTED:
22 OEOB
274 OEOB
450 OEOB
474 OEOB
476 OEOB
Roosevelt Room West Wing
Other
GSA REQUIREMENTS:
NO
YES (fill out TYPE OF SERVICE below)
TYPE OF SERVICE:)
Elevator Service
#4
#6
#7
SPECIAL ROOM ARRANGEMENTS (See reverse side for options)
Time Reserved
12:00-1:00
Theatre:
Number of Chairs 100
Floors Reserved
1-4
Reception: Number of Table(s)
6ft
8ft
10ft
Podium
Conference: Number of Table(s)
6ft
8ft
10ft
Coat Rack
Number of Chairs
Flags
Other
Need Easel
WHITE HOUSE STAFF MESS REQUIRED:
NO
YES
Estimated Cost $
Funding to be Provided by:
Counsel's Approval:
REMARKS:
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
DATE OF REQUEST:
APPROVED BY:
RETURN TO: White House Administrative Office
Room 1, OEOB; 48 hours prior to event.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
November 7, 1991
MEMORANDUM FOR MICHAEL BYERS
FROM:
HELEN MOBLEY
SUBJ:
REQUEST FOR SPEAKERS
As we discussed, I am putting together a briefing for business and community leaders
from the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. The group is specifically interested in
hearing about the budget allocations for the Hampton Roads area as well as projected
manpower ceilings and OM&N. The group has specifically requested Tom Baca,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Environment, to brief them.
We are planning the briefing for Thursday, November 21 from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm in
Room 474 of the Old Executive Office Building. For this particular type of briefing
we would like each speaker to brief the group and take questions for a total of 50
minutes. We would probably have a short break between the second and third
speakers.
Please call me if you have any questions at (202)456-7900. Thank you very much for
your assistance.