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Digitized from Box D19 of the Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
Reading Text
Iowa
March 11, 1966
United Nations
We have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals, as
citizens of a free nation in the world society of other nations, to
the task of assuring peace....now and forever.
At this critical hour in world history, the United Nations is faced
with possibly its most important and meaningful task.
We should recall that the U.N. was created to "reaffirm faith in the
fundamental human rights, to promote social progress---to unite our
strength and to maintain international peace and security-=-to save
succeeding generations the scourge of war.W
More than 20 years ago the U.N. was created with jubilant hope and
enthusiasm. Today, some believe these emotions have turned to cynicism...
that the U.M. cannot survive in a controversial and turbulent world.
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
United Nations
-3-
Trygve Lie, an able Secretary-General of the organisation, once said
of the infant United Nations...."e have built as strong an
organization as all of them could agree upon, and as, in their
judgment, could in practice be effective at this stage in the
history of the world."
Today, history's stage is changed.
Since the words were uttered by Mr. Lie, we have witnesses the mishrooms
of atomic fury...the stark reality of the hydrogen bomb...New centers
of world power are emerging...Membership in the U.N. is more than
doubled....It is no longer an organisation of the traditional and
major powers. A group of people form a nation today. It joins the
U.N. tomorrow.
Despite the new challenges, the new forces, the strong voices of dissent
there are
and criticism, the cries for abolishing the U.N., a world peace
organisation with a record of major accomplishments.
LIBRARY
U.N.
The United Nations has made rapid strides in the fields of health,
agriculture, education and other a ctivities related to economic
and social development.
International protection is provided for more than a million refugees.
Unfortunates who are victims of aggression, oppression and military
conflict are provided food, shelter, medical care, education.
More than 500 U.N. programs benefit children by helping the developing
countries fight disease, hunger, malnutrition, ignorance and the
break-down of family life.
Millions of children are protected from malaria, tuberculosis,
leprosy. Millions more are cured.
Children caught in shanty towns and big-city slums are aided by the
U.N. support of day-care centers, community and health facilities.
FORD i LIBRARY GERALD
U.N.
-5-
Although the U.N. is strengthening its activities in the areas of
economic and social welfare, it faces other tasks of awesome proportions,
among them 1s the controversial issue of peacekeeping finances.
The past summer, there was a capitulation to the demands of the
Soviet Union and 11 other nations which allowed these delinquents
to dodge their financial obligations as U.N. members.
These member nations owed $108 million on the basis of a World Court
decision. The debt represents their share of financing previous
U.N. peacekeeping activities.
In granting Russia and other nations full voting rights in the
U.N. General Assembly despite their financial delinquency the
organization has beenseverely weakened.
In the future this condition must be changed. Each nation must bear
its fair share to maintain strength and unity of purpose.
U.N.
With a fullscale jungle war in Viet Nam, trouble brewing in many
places, and unrest surging through the target nations of Communism,
the U.N. has a greater role and responsibility than ever before.
It should be obvious that the U.N. charter, created in a less
troublesome time, should be re-examined with the thought of more
efficient ways to cope with the modern problems of a modern world.
If we fail, we could be witness to oblivion.
Somehow, some way, we must insist that member nations and others as
well conduct themselves within the rules and regulations of the
United Nations.
The U.N. must have sufficient, but limited, powers to prevent aggression
by those who would rule the world with iron fists.
Great power and great danger go hand-in-hand. A mistake, a lapse in
judgment, an instant of madness, & schisophrenic decision could
GERALE FORD LIBRARY
plunge the nations of the world into one final war.
U.N.
-7-
I end this message to you who are conducting a model United Nations
on a campus in the heartland of America.
We have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals,
as citizens of a free nation in the society of other nations,
to the task of assuring peace in the world'
now and forever.
Thank you.
Reading Text
Hov. fulln ON BN' anderson Initcalfe
Iowa
March 11, 1966
United Nations
We have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals, as
citizens of a free nation in the world society of other nations, to
the task of assuring peace....now and forever.
At this critical hour in world history, the United Nations is faced
with possibly its most important and meaningful task.
We should recall that the U.N. was created to "reaffirm faith in the
fundamental human rights, to promote social progress---to unite our
strength and to maintain international peace and security---to save
succeeding generations the scourge of war.W
More than 20 years ago the U.N. was created with jubilant hope and
enthusiasm. Today, some believe these emotions have turned to cynicism...
that the U.N. cannot survive in a controversial and turbulent world.
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
U.N.
&
Some opponents of the U.N., particularly those from overseas, may
have ulterior motives. Others honestly may just doubt the practicality of
such an organization.
We must face reality, even if we disagree with those who predict
doom for the U.N.
Certainly, the United Nations is in trouble, for it reflects the
condition of the world. However, greatness emerges from trouble
and strife. Greatness in accomplishments is the hallmark of free men
working their will.
I have great confidence that the strength of the United Nations
will emerge if the peoples of the world stand strong in their faith.
We can ask...what is the future for the United Nations?
The answer may be---the right to suggest, to recommend, to persuade,
and certainly, to deliberate.
World atmosphere has drastically changed since the creation of the U.N.
Therefore, suggestion, recommendation, persuasion may have to be conducted
with different outlooks.
United Nations
-3-
Trygve Lie, an able Secretary-General of the organization, once said
of the infant United Nątions "We have built as strong an
organization as all of them could agree upon, and as, in their
judgment, could in practice be effective at this stage in the
history of the world."
Today, history's stage is changed.
Since the words were uttered by Mr. Lie, we have witnesses the mushrooms
of atomic fury
the stark reality of the hydrogen bomb....New centers
of world power are emerging Membership in the U.N. is more than
doubled
It is no longer an organization of the traditional and
major powers. A group of people form a nation today. It joins the
U.N. tomorrow.
Despite the new challenges, the new forces, the strong voices of dissent
there are
and criticism, this cries for abolishing the U.N., a world peace
organization with a record of major accomplishments.
FORD in LIBRARY GERALD
U.N.
The United Nations has made rapid strides in the fields of gealth,
agriculture, education and other a ctivities related to economic
and social development.
International protection is provided for more than a million refugees.
Unfortunates who are victims of aggression, oppression and military
conflict are provided food, shelter, medical care, education.
More than 500 U.N. programs benefit children by helping the developing
countries fight disease, hunger, malnutrition, ignorance and the
break-down of family life.
Millions of children are protected from malaria, tuberculosis,
leprosy. Millions more are cured.
Children caught in shanty towns and big-city slums are aided by the
U.N. support of day-care centers, community and health facilities.
LIBRARY
U.N.
-5-
Although the U.N. is strengthening its activities in the areas of
economic and social welfare, it faces other tasks of awesome proportions,
among them is the controversial issue of peacekeeping finances.
The past summer, there was a capitulation to the demands of the
Soviet Union and 11 other nations which allowed these delinquents
to dodge their financial obligations as U.N. members.
These member nations owed $108 million on the basis of a World Court
decision. The debt represents their share of financing previous
U.N. peacekeeping activities.
In granting Russia and other nations full voting rights in the
U.N. General Assembly despite their financial delinquency the
organization has beenseverely weakened.
In the future this condition must be changed. Each nation must bear
its fair share to maintain strength and unity of purpose.
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
U.N.
With a fullscale jungle war in Viet Nam, trouble brewing in many
places, and unrest surging through the target nations of Communism,
the U.N. has a greater role and responsibility than ever before.
It should be obvious that the U.N. charter, created in a less
troublesome time, should be re-examined with the thought of more
efficient ways to cope with the modern problems of a modern world.
If we fail, we could be witness to oblivion.
Somehow, some way, we must insist that member nations and others as
well conduct themselves within the rules and regulations of the
United Nations.
The U.N. must have sufficient, but limited, powers to prevent aggression
by those who would rule the world with iron fists.
Great power and great danger go hand-in-hand. A mistake, a lapse in
judgment, an instant of madness, a schizophrenic decision could
plunge the nations of the world into one final war.
U.N.
-7-
I end this message to you who are conducting a model United Nations
on a campus in the heartland of America I began it.
We have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals,
as citizens of a free nation in the society of other nations,
to the task of assuring peace in the worldb now and forever.
Thank you.
Maintaining the PEACE
Korea -
Middle East -
Congo -
Cyrus
(
Viet Nam-
Desarmament
Outer -Space
Technical houstand
GERALD REFORD RA
State College of Jong - -YN,
not " have t to speak r only noth q Bal GOOD
a
History - Oct 1945
20gms
Oct 1965
Vandarbiz
51 To over 110
Q - should there be universality
Red China - art 4
Fenances - History - 4.5. frincipal contributor
70%
now 31%
Special pund -
Place Keeping 1
artich 19
Organization Security Krend
Reveral assembly
1965
Before you speak say:
"In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the
Holy Spirit, Amen"
We have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as
individuals, as citizens of a free nation in the world society
now
of other nations, to the task of assuring peace....
and forever.
At this critical hour in the space of world history, we commemorate
the - anniversary of an organization whose goal and purpose
is to make our world one of meaningful peace.
This year is
Today is is the 20th anniversary of the United Nations, created
to "reaffirm faith in the fundamental human rights to promote
social progress
to unite our strength and to maintain
international peace and security to save succeeding generations
the scourge of war."
Twenty years ago
the United Nations was created
with jubilant hopes and enthusiasm. Today, some believe these
emotions have turned to cynicism ...that the U.N. cannot survive
FOR
in a controversial and turbulent world.
GERALD
RARY
-more-
U.N.
-3-
anything apple two you The
nations
Trygve Lie once said of the infant United
"We have
1
built as strong an organization as all of them could agree upon,
and as, in their judgment, could in practice be effective at this
stage in the history of the world." He spoke of the founding
member nations.
Today, history's stage is changed.
-more-
FORD & LIBRARY 07/839 &
U.N.
4
Since the words were uttered by Trygve Lie, we have witnessed
the mushrooms of atomic fury...the stark reality of the hydrogen
ofworld power
with q1,N
bomb. New centers of power are emerging. Membership is more than
doubled, It is Ms longer an organization of the tradehousl of myov
provis a group 2 people become a nation today. It forms The MIN, tomorrow
Despite the new challenges, the new forces, the strong voices of
dissent and criticism, the cynicism, the cries for abolishing the
U.N., this great world peace organization has a record of
major accomplishments.
The United Nations has made rapid strides in the fields of health,
agriculture, education and other activities related to economic and
social development.
refugees
International protection is provided for more than a million
Unfortund Teny who are are provided the victims food, of shelter, aggression, medical oppression care, education. + multing conflict
More than 500 U.N. programs benefit children by helping developing
countries fight disease, hunger, malmubrition, ignorance and the
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
break-down of family life.
-more-
U.N.
5
Millions of children are prevented from getting malaria, tuberculosis,
protected from
leprosy. Millions more are cured.
in
the
out
44 Through governments A/Annam countries applied increase are nutrition assisted local programs in production the training 70 of eggs, countries, of primary fish, vegetables, school U.N. teachers. helps
Children caught in shanty towns and big-city slums are aided by the
Community
Accilities
U.N support of day-care centers, and health clubs.
Secretary General U Thant describes the U.N.'s world-wide work
as "the foundation upon which new concepts of human welfare and
solidarity are being developed." This is one of the reasons
why 1965 is designated by the General Assembly as International
Co-Operation Year.
Although the U.N. is strengthening its activities in the areas of
economic and social welfare, it faces other tasks of awesome
proportions.
BL & LIBRARY 077835
-more-
U.N.
-6-
issue
Among the tasks is the matter of peacekeeping finances.
there was a cantidation
The past summer, our government cepithlated to the demands
which allowed There delinguents
of the Soviet Union and 11 other nations by allowing them
to dodge their financial obligations as U.N. members.
onthe basis of a World Court decession
These member nations owe $108 million...a I of their share
previous
in financing U.N. peacekeeping activities.
In granting Russia and other nations full voting rights in the
General assembly
U.N. despite their financial delinquency, I believe the
has
organization WAIP weakened.
In the future this condition must be changed. Each nation must
bear its fair share to maintain sårength and unity of purpose.
-more-
FORD
U.N.
-7-
not The least the buflict ? which between is +
With a fullscale war in Viet Nam, trouble brewing in many places, A Paherton India
and unrest surging through the target nations of Communisim,
the U.N. has a greater role and responsibility than ever before
should be alvious
It seems terms the U.N. charter, created in a less troublesome
time, should be re-examined with the thought of more affeicient afficient
risuleing ways to cope with the modern problems of a more modern world.
If we fail, we could be witness to oblivion.
+ others as well
Somehow, some way, we must insist that the member nations conduct
themselves within the rules and regulations of the United Nations.
The U.N. must have sufficient, but limited, powers to prevent aggression
by those who would rule the world with iron fists.
Great power and great danger go hand-in-hand. A mistake, a lapse
in judgment, an instant of madness could plunge the nations of the
world into one final war.
-more-
FORD & LIBRARY 07V830
U.N.
-8-
The annustring
20
should
On this United Nations Day, We pay tribute to those who
1
United Nations
worked with dedication to set the goals of the organization.
The U.N. reasons for existence are clearly stated in the
Preamble to the Charter. I repeat these goals, which I
listed allow minutes ago. They are: "to reaffirm faith in the
fundamental rights to promote social progress... to unite our
strength and to maintain international peace and security...
to save succeeding generations the scourge of war." These words
should be remembered.
On this anniversary of the United Nat ions, we salute those
who wrote those brave words... we salude their vision... we
salute those who have tried in the past 20 years to make these
words a reality.
-more-
FORD & LIBRARY 97V839
U.N.
9
I end this message as I began it.
We have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals,
as citizens of a free nation in the society of other nations,
to the task of assuring peace in the world....now and forever.
After you finish your talk conclude by saying:
"Let us pray.
"0, Eternal God, we beseech thee for all who serve in
the United Nations Organization. Grant thy blessing
upon their endeavors to heal the wounds of the world
through cooperation in education and other fields of
human service; and may thy Holy Spirit so guide their
deliberations in Council and Assembly, that all causes
of strife may be removed, and peace and concord be
secured among all the peoples of the earth; through
Jesus Christ our Lord. =
GREAT FORD LIBRARY
A
A/6001/Add.1*
20 September 1965
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
CAUTION: ADVANCE COPY
The attached document, "Introduction to the Annual Report of
the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization"
(document A/6001/Add.1), is not to be made public by press,
radio or other information media until:
12 noon (EDT) Tuesday, 21 September 1965
FORD & LIBRARY 07V839
ЗИОНАИ UNITED NATIONS
JARTBOGENERAL
A/6001/Add.1*
YM22AASSEMBLY
20 September 1965
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
Twentieth session
INTRODUCTION TO THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
ON THE WORK OF THE ORGANIZATION
(16 June 1964-15 June 1965)
* This document is a limited edition of the report which will appear in printed
form as Supplement No. 1A to the official records of the twentieth session of
the General Assembly.
65-22205
A/6001/Add.1
English
A/6001/Add.1
Page 2
English
Page 3
solution to the constitutional and financial problems covered by its terms of
I
reference. That these efforts did not altogether succeed before 15 June, by
During the period of approximately ten months since the introduction to
which date the Committee was due to submit a report to the General Assembly,
my last annual report on the work of the Organization was published in
was only an indication of the serious differences of interpretation and opinion
November 1964, there have been many developments on the international scene,
which continued to prevail among the Member States. In the circumstances, it
which have inevitably had their repercussions on the United Nations. The
was a substantial achievement that the Committee was able to reach a consensus by
postponements of the opening date of the nineteenth session of the General
which the members agreed that the United Nations should be strengthened through
Assembly, and its inability, when it met, to follow the normal rules of procedure
a co-operative effort and that the General Assembly, when it reconvened, must
on account of the controversy over the applicability of Article 19 of the Charter,
conduct its work normally, according to its rules of procedure.
constituted the prime cause of concern. > When the Assembly recessed on
The Special Committee resumed its work in mid-August and was able
18 February 1965, a mood of frustration and dissatisfaction prevailed. There was
on 31 August to reach a further consensus which unquestionably represented
no disputing the damage which had been done to the effectiveness and dignity of
considerable progress and gave rise to a new feeling of encouragement and hope.
the United Nations.
Nevertheless, as I remarked at the time, the episode had
The consensus was as follows:
its heartening aspect in the loyal and unceasing efforts of the Member States
"(a) That the General Assembly will carry on its work normally
to preserve their Organization by finding a solution.
in accordance with its rules of procedure;
Another regrettable development of direct concern to the United Nations
"(b) That the question of the applicability of Article 19 of the
was the announcement by Indonesia of its decision to withdraw from the
Charter will not be raised with regard to the United Nations Emergency
Organization as from 1 January 1965. Inevitably there were comparisons with the
Force and the United Nations Operation in the Congo;
history of the League of Nations, but subsequent events have shown that some of
"(c) That the financial difficulties of the Organization should
those gloomy prognostications reflected undue pessimism. I sincerely hope that
be solved through voluntary contributions by Member States, with the
highly developed countries making substantial contributions.'
Indonesia's withdrawal from the United Nations is only a temporary phase and that,
before long, Indonesia will find that its long-term interests can best be served
Tribute is due to the patient and constructive work of the Committee and
by resuming its membership and by participating fully in the Organization's
to the co-operation of all delegations, which made this result possible. Much,
constructive activities.
of course, remains to be done. The actual financial situation of the Organization,
to which I refer elsewhere in this introduction, remains precarious at the time
The desire of the Members to resolve the crisis in which the Organization
had found itself was reflected in the decision of the General Assembly, before it
of writing. In addition, I wish to address an appeal to all Member States to
co-operate with the Special Committee in completing its work and finalizing its
recessed in February, to establish the Special Committee on Peace-keeping
recommendations on all points covered by its terms of reference. In my view
Operations with the task of conducting a comprehensive review of the question of
it is essential for the successful conduct of peace-keeping operations in the
peace-keeping operations in all their aspects, including ways of overcoming
future that we should have well-established ground rules and guidelines to
the financial difficulties of the Organization. During the subsequent months,
govern them. This is particularly true of the financing of peace-keeping
strenuous efforts were made in the Special Committee to find at least an interim
operations. As I have pointed out in connexion with the United Nations Force in
A/6001/Add.1
English
Page 4
A/6001/Add.1
English
Page 5
be Cyprus, the policy of piecemeal extension of peace-keeping operations, to
"They are unanimously convinced that such co-operation, which
makes financed by voluntary contributions which may or may not be fortheoming,
the agencies of the United Nations system are empowered and equipped
I their efficient planning and economical running almost impossible.
to promote and to assist, and the essentially technical character
of which is a prerequisite for its success, must be further
hope that this problem will receive some attention at the twentieth
considerably strengthened and intensified, so as to respond more
session of the General Assembly and that the discussions on the subject
adequately to the increasing needs of the developing countries and
to the promotion of peace and progress in the world as a whole."
and may assist the Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations in evolving
formulating its own recommendations on this urgent question.
I must add that it is the feeling of the Executive Heads of all the
The difficulties of the Organization proper were overshadowed
organizations that a pre-condition for the continued success of economic,
to through this period by adverse developments in international relationships,
social and cultural co-operation on an international plane is the preservation
which I shall make further reference in the pages that follow.
to the greatest possible extent of the essentially technical character of
Yet, although a review of the last ten months may leave behind it
such action. I have previously had occasion to observe that it would be a matter
general feeling of lack of achievement, much constructive work, in a the
for regret on the part of the entire international community if important
whole range of activities from peace-keeping operations to technical
meetings dealing with these questions, and depending for their success on the
Nations assistance, has been carried out during the period. For example, the United
vital element of international co-operation, were to fail to yield solid results
of Force in Cyprus has made a significant contribution to the maintenance
because of the introduction of highly contentious political issues into the
peace in the area and to bringing quiet to Cyprus, even though the
discussions and deliberations. The admitted difficulty of drawing a clear
political problems remain unsolved. There have been accomplishments of
line between what is political and what is not must not be allowed to distract
particular satisfaction in such other fields as economic and social
the Member States from their specific duty to respect the Charter, the
development and decolonization. Our work in the economic and social field
conventions and the constitutional procedures of the agency concerned and from
has, in my view, been accurately assessed by the Administrative Committee
their general obligation to safeguard, in the common interest, the future
on Co-ordination in the report on its meeting in Vienna in the last week
of international order itself.
of April:
A development of note in recent years is an increasing movement towards
seeking solutions to international problems within the United Nations by way
middle is being of the during International Co-operation Year, which Co-ordination the
"As held this session of the Administrative Committee on
of consensus rather than by reliance upon majority votes. Thus, for example,
Administrative United Nations Development Decade, the marks
detailed procedures of conciliation have been developed for the United Nations
building of particular emphasis on the steady progress achieved on this
to place Committee on Co-ordination deem it fit, members of occasion, the
Conference on Trade and Development. There has also been a growing interest in
and cultural peace through co-operative action in the in social the
methods of peaceful settlement of international disputes, and there are at least
the results fields and to lay stress on the indisputable economic,
to which this international co-operation has already value of led.
three items on the provisional agenda of the twentieth session of the General
Assembly which may lead to a comprehensive review of the whole question of
pacific settlement, both through the United Nations and through general
diplomacy.
A/6001/Add.1
English
Page 6
A/6001/Add.1
English
Page 7
Alongside these developments, I have noted there has been a most welcome
trend - on the part, in particular, of newly independent African States - to
The deterioration in the international situation generally, as well as the
accept, often without extensive reservations, the compulsory jurisdiction of the
inability of the nineteenth session of the General Assembly to function normally,
International Court of Justice. I very much hope that this trend will be continued,
have made an adverse impact in the field of disarmament. No substantial progress
and that States will also have more frequent recourse to the Court as a means of
has been achieved since my last report, and the high hopes engendered by the
settling their legal disputes. I would like to take this opportunity to draw
agreements reached in 1963 have been greatly diminished.
attention once more to the resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1947
Yet the danger to world peace looms larger all the time. The past year has
calling upon Member States to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
been marked by increasing concern over the evident intensification and extension
under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute. The Court has already established
of the nuclear arms race. The nuclear tests conducted by the People's Republic of
that it merits universal confidence and if real progress is to be made in the
China have raised the number of nuclear Powers to five. Other nations possess or
peaceful settlement of disputes, I feel that the Court should increasingly come
are close to possessing a nuclear capacity which any worsening of global or
to play the vital role envisioned for it in the Charter as the principal judicial
regional relations may tempt or force them to explore. There is real reason for
organ of the United Nations.
anxiety that, unless steps are taken quickly to halt the proliferation of nuclear
A different aspect of the question of the extent of participation by countries
Powers and weapons, the nations of the world may within a very few years find the
in organized international activities is raised by the recent phenomenon of the
problem of proliferation beyond control. A world containing ten, fifteen and
emergence of exceptionally small new States. Their limited size and resources can
perhaps even more nuclear Powers could well be a world confronting itself finally
pose a difficult problem as to the role they should try to play in international
with the question of its survival.
life. In one or two cases, such States have decided to restrict their membership
A recognition of the sheer necessity of finding some way to cope with the
to one or more of the specialized agencies, so that they may at any rate receive
dangers of the arms race and of nuclear proliferation has at least led to a
the fullest possible assistance from the United Nations system in advancing their
renewal of disarmament discussions and negotiations. The Disarmament Commission,
economic and social development. I believe that the time has come when Member
composed of all the Members of the United Nations, undertook a comprehensive review
States may wish to examine more closely the criteria for the admission of new
of the whole range of disarmament problems and reached some significant decisions.
Members in the light of the long-term implications of present trends.
One resolution welcomed the proposal for a world disarmament conference and
One of the important events of 1965 was the celebration of the twentieth
recommended that the General Assembly should consider the proposal at its next
anniversary of the United Nations in San Francisco. Our thanks are due to the
session. A second resolution specifically recommended that the Conference of the
City of San Francisco, to its Mayor and to its distinguished citizens for their
Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament should give priority to agreement on
dedication to the United Nations, for the fitting way in which they arranged the
preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons and extending the partial test ban
celebration, and for their heartwarming hospitality. The occasion provided an
treaty to underground tests. The Commission indicated that in seeking new
appropriate and timely reminder both of the achievements of the international
approaches to disarmament, all States, large and small, nuclear and non-nuclear,
community and of the distance that still lies between us and the goals we set
could make a contribution. It also recognized that partial measures and limited
ourselves two decades ago.
steps offered the best prospects for early agreement. The two measures singled
out for urgent action were viewed as the first concrete steps necessary to halt
the further expansion of the arms race in the nuclear field.
A/6001/Add.1
English
A/6001/Add.1
Page 8
English
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Detailed and expert negotiations were taken up in the Conference of the
Eighteen-Nation Committee, which resumed its work at the end of July and is still
that man finds himself engaged in a race between building a better world and
in session at the time of writing. The very resumption of the Conference was of
destroying an imperfect one. And it is in the power of man alone to determine how
political importance in a period of increasing international tensions. The
that race will end. A growing awareness that the decisive moment may be close
continuation of negotiations should provide opportunities to narrow the gap between
should lead to a more insistent demand, and a more persistent search, for new ideas
opposing positions and to seek new areas of agreement on disarmament itself. At
and new methods for bringing about disarmament and lasting peace. The search for
the same time, however, in disarmament as in other political questions, concessions
solutions can go on simultaneously in many ways - multilaterally and bilaterally,
on a universal basis and at regional levels. It must go on.
are needed from all sides if agreements are to be reached. It is a matter not only
for regret but also for grave concern that there is not yet sufficient evidence
There has been some further progress in the area of international co-operation
of a readiness to make such concessions or accommodations in the form either of
in the peaceful uses of outer space. Several international programmes, such as the
new proposals or of acceptable modifications of old ones.
International Year of the Quiet Sun, the International Indian Ocean Expedition, the
The prevention of the further proliferation of nuclear weápons is the most
World Magnetic Survey and others, have developed successfully during the period.
urgent question of the present time and should remain at the very top of the
On the basis of unanimous opinion within the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of
disarmament agenda. It is of prime importance that both the nuclear and non-nuclear
Outer Space, it was decided that the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee need not
Powers give first priority to this problem and devote their concentrated and
meet in 1965, but that the Committee, with the assistance of the Secretariat, should
unceasing attention to solving it. The emergence of additional nuclear Powers
continue to fulfil the objectives in the field of science and technology which were
threatens to have a contagious and cumulative effect, which may produce its own
outlined in its previous report. In response to the Committee's request, the
chain reaction. Both the nuclear and non-nuclear Powers must exercise the highest
Secretariat has been compiling information for a report on the possibility of
degree of responsibility and restraint to prevent that from happening.
establishing a civil world-wide navigational satellite system. The Secretariat has
One hopeful development that indicates a practical recognition of this need
also continued to compile information on facilities for education and training in
for responsibility and restraint is to be found in the efforts of States of Latin
basic subjects related to the peaceful uses of outer space, as well as to compile
America. Since the adoption of General Assembly resolution 1911 (XVIII) of
reviews of national and co-operative international space activities on the basis of
27 November 1963 on the denuclearization of Latin America, they have made good
information voluntarily submitted by Member States. These compilations are to be
progress towards an agreement to keep their territories free of nuclear weapons.
published every other year.
Success in their endeavours will not only be an achievement of great benefit to
The Secretariat has continued to receive from Member States literature on the
the States of Latin America, militarily, politically, economically and socially;
goals, tools, applications and results of space technology. The Member States have
it can, indeed, be of great importance to the world at large. It may well have a
been given information on various space conferences and symposia open to their
catalytic effect on other initiatives for denuclearization, for preventing the
scientists. Consultations have proceeded with the specialized agencies and the
further spread of nuclear weapons, and for other measures of disarmament.
Committee on Space Research on the question of the possible need for material which
The year 1965 marks not only the twentieth anniversary of the founding of
would enhance popular understanding of space activities and also on the question of
the United Nations; it signals also the twentieth anniversary of the explosion
the distribution of technical literature.
of the first atomic bomb. It is not by the force of nature but by his own will
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It is now to be hoped that further steps in international co-operation
last field may result from the decision, to which I referred in the introduction to in the this
Some consolation may be drawn from the fact that neither the sharpening of
establish annual report, by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
international political problems nor the financial crisis within the United Nations
and a working group of the whole to examine the desirability, Space to
seriously affected the momentum of existing international action in the economic
exploration objectives of an international conference or meeting to be held in organization
and social fields. Yet here, too, a disturbing shadow has been cast, in the form
meet in and peaceful uses of outer space. The working group, which 1967 is due on to the
of a worsening of the relative economic position of the developing countries.
September, will report to the Committee at its next session.
Since my last report there has been a deterioration in market conditions for
The Committee's Legal Sub-Committee has meanwhile continued to work
exports from those countries, after improvements which proved short-lived. The
and drafting of the international agreements on assistance to and return of on the
year 1965 opened with export prices at a lower level than twelve months previously,
The space vehicles and on liability for damage caused by objects launched astronauts into space.
and still falling. Once again, therefore, it has to be recorded that the terms of
completion of the two agreements would contribute substantially to
trade are moving against the developing countries. The danger of this trend in
address development of the law of outer space, and it is to be hoped that the the will
world trade is accentuated by problems of external financial imbalance in leading
itself to further subjects in respect of which legal rules are Committee
industrial countries, causing them to adopt restrictive measures and to hold back
Taking this question as a whole, we can in my view claim that there essential. has
on programmes of development assistance.
ensure very significant that progress in the past few years in the United Nations in been to
This situation gives added significance to the results of the first United
purposes. the exploration and use of outer space would be confined to peaceful seeking
Nations Conference on Trade and Development and to the action which has followed
endorsed General Assembly resolution 1884 (XVIII) of 17 October 1963,
it. The work started by the Geneva Conference was carried an important step
America and broadened the understanding reached between the United which
further when the General Assembly gave its unanimous approval to the establishment
outer and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to refrain from stationing States of in
of the new institutional machinery of the Conference. The machinery is endowed
with an instrument that is new to the United Nations system - a mechanism
space any objects carrying nuclear weapons or other weapons of
Declaration destruction, and resolution 1962 (XVIII) of 13 December 1963, mass the
consisting of special procedures with which to formularize conciliation between
of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States containing in
various interests before voting takes place. The primary objective of these
Exploration and Use of Outer Space, were very important steps. They the
procedures is to maintain the fundamental principle of equality of vote while at
space significantly should to meet the increasingly insistent demand for ensuring that helped
the same time taking into account the fact that specific recommendations for action
may substantially affect the economic and financial interests of particular
hope, the be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. I had myself expressed outer the
countries. Recommendations which do not reflect the common will of all parties
implementation on occasion of the adoption of resolution 1884 (XVIII), that
concerned run a grave risk of remaining without effect on national policies, since
of scientific should assist in placing necessary restrictions on the its
they cannot be assured of the positive support and co-operation of the various
my sincere and technological developments. I should like once again military to uses
Governments to which they are addressed. The conciliation mechanism, which will
the hope that the positive trend that has developed in the United Nations express in
no doubt give a new dimension to international co-operation within the United
peaceful uses of outer space will not be halted or reversed.
Nations by recognizing the different requirements of the contemporary world, will
represent an important tool in the continuing process of adjustment through
negotiation and mutual accommodation. It is equally important, however, that we
should be aware that this mechanism is only part of what is needed to arrive at
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satisfactory and practical agreements. The success of the new procedure must
has led Member States to look to the United Nations for greater assistance the
depend largely on the will to arrive at solutions.
slow, their efforts to achieve more rapid progress and to sharpen and multiply the
The main objective during the past year has been the administrative and
in tools available to the Organization for this purpose. This is clear from recent
organizational consolidation of the new institutional machinery. A solid
records of the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies.
foundation for future work has now been established. The first session of the
Among the problems to which a new emphasis has been given are the relationship cities.
Trade and Development Board established four specific committees, all of which
population growth to development and the phenomenon of migration towards these
will bear important responsibilities and will become centres for the formulation
of Research programmes have been launched to give Governments more insight into of
of policies in their respective fields, with an appropriate institutional basis.
problems and into the ways of solving them. There is also a greater awareness factors,
They will thus be capable of contributing efficiently and expeditiously to the
importance of social policies - of the role of human resources and
implementation of the work programme of the Conference.
the those represented by the younger generation, in the shaping of fostering a better
Despite the progress made in the organizational and administrative field,
especially life for all. In the economic field, United Nations activities aimed at
however, the year has not fulfilled the hopes generated in developing countries
industrial development are gaining a new momentum, and there has been a
by the agreements reached in Geneva. Many of the Geneva recommendations, adopted
strengthening of the Secretariat in this area. Throughout the economic Committee and social
either unanimously or by large majorities, still remain to be implemented. That
work has been stimulated by the energy with which the Advisory about its
the implementation of these recommendations is necessary and that the time for it
on field, Science and Technology of the Economic and Social Council has set
is ripe is, I believe, hardly open to question. Such action would not only assist
task.
economic development in the developing regions and thus strengthen the world's
Particularly noteworthy is the increasing attention given to development
economy, but it would also have a positive and far-reaching effect on the
and, with it, the desire of the growing number of Governments methods which which resort
international climate in general. The new trade machinery is not just another
planning it to obtain through the United Nations a better knowledge of the and
forum for exerting pressure. It should be a centre for formulating new policies
to help them to organize their development efforts in the most coherent
and for achieving specific solutions of trade problems. More specifically, it is
purposeful can manner. I regard this as significant and promising, and I welcome the of
an indispensable instrument for the adoption, by both developed and developing
support given by the Economic and Social Council to the idea of having a group
countries, of new approaches to international economic problems within the context
high-level experts assist the Secretariat in this field.
of a new awareness of the needs of developing countries. I am confident that
More research has been undertaken over a broader range of problems and its more
answers to those problems will be found if all parties continue to show the same
is being provided to Governments by the Organization through
patience and the same spirit of conciliation they have shown during this first
assistance technical assistance programmes and through its work as an executing agency of number the
year of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
Special Fund. The latter is entrusting to the United Nations an increasing
Aside from trade, this year of political and financial difficulties has been
of projects, especially in the area of the development of natural resources.
one of intensified activity in all sectors of the economic and social field. The
fact that twenty years after the signing of the Charter we find ourselves at the
midpoint of the United Nations Development Decade, as well as the realization that,
so far, progress towards the objectives of the Decade has been disappointingly
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The ability of the Organization to provide guidance to those shaping
national development policies and to promote international co-operation for
voluntary contributions of Governments. I am sure that those Governments will
narrowing the gap between rich and poor countries has owed much, and more this
share with the organizations a justifiable feeling of satisfaction, indeed of
year is than in the past, to the dynamism of the regional economic commissions. This
pride, in the accomplishments of this unprecedented enterprise, which has amply
reflected in the increased number of meetings held and projects carried out at
demonstrated both the feasibility and the value of concerted action in meeting some
the regional level. Together with the creation of the United Nations Institute
of the most pressing needs of the developing countries in a disinterested manner
for Training and Research and the steps taken to continue and enlarge the
free from political considerations.
World Food Programme, the launching of the African Development Bank and the
In the current Expanded Programme, field operations are continuing at the
measures aimed at the establishment of an Asian Development Bank must be
record level of $101 million for the biennium 1965-1966. A new element in the
considered as major advances on the institutional front.
Programme is the use of its funds to assign to several countries a small number
The Economic and Social Council has reaffirmed the objectives of the United
of experts with formally defined operational and executive responsibilities,
and Nations Development Decade and stressed the importance of increasing the quantity
pursuant to a decision made by the Economic and Social Council in 1964. The greater
quality of international aid and co-operation. It is to be hoped that the
part of the Programme, however, consists as before of the supply of advisory
interest shown in better planning at the national level will lead to those
experts, consultants, instructors and fellowships. Such work has continued in a
objectives being translated into a coherent set of interrelated goals and targets
number of cases to open the way to larger projects qualifying for support from the
providing a framework for the development efforts of the world community over the
Special Fund; at the same time, there has been no slackening of the demand by
next five or ten years, as well as a better means of measuring the progress
Governments for the great range of services which the Expanded Programme is
the achieved. This should enhance our ability, in the years to come, to improve
uniquely suited to provide. On the whole, greater attention has been given by
which performance in the first half of the United Nations Development Decade, during upon
Governments to gearing their demands to development needs and to the use of the
shocking disparities in conditions and levels of living have continued
facilities of the Programme as a fully integrated element of their development
to persist.
strategy. There remains no doubt that the scale of assistance could substantially
The two large United Nations development assistance programmes supported
and usefully be increased.
voluntary contributions - the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance and the by
During 1965 the Special Fund also set a new pace in its development assistance
Special Fund - have had another year of vigorous activity. I may mention that
activities. The Governing Council approved a record level of 111 new projects
its in July 1965 the Expanded Programme observed a notable anniversary by completing
with an over-all cost of $265.5 million. This brought the total programme to
the first fifteen years of operation. In a special review marking the
522 projects costing $1,151 million, 58 per cent of which is being provided by the
had Executive Chairman of the Technical Assistance Board recalled that assistance occasion,
recipient Governments and the remainder by the Fund. There was also an impressive
been given to more than 120 developing countries. This assistance took
growth in the level of operations: disbursements of Special Fund resources are
form of 32,000 man-years of advice and the award of 31,700 fellowships for study the
expected to rise to between $70 million and $75 million in 1965, compared with
abroad, for as well as seminars and training courses and the provision of equipment
$48.7 million in 1964. Particular credit for this large increase in field work is
demonstration, training and investigation purposes. To make these services
due to the ability of the executing agencies to gear themselves to carry out
and facilities available, a total of almost $500 million was spent by the
operational activity on an entirely new scale.
participating organizations in the fifteen years, all of it derived from the
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The number of Special Fund-assisted pre-investment projects
field completion work also rose steeply. With projects averaging four years in reaching
I have mentioned earlier that the first half of the Development Decade
forty-two will have been completed on some forty of them in 1965 duration,
has seen an awareness of the necessity to invest more in human resources in
operation over the previous five years. These and other projects at compared with in
order to achieve economic growth and social progress. This investment must
have already yielded a harvest of significant returns. Surveys present and
logically begin with the child. The phenomenon of children growing to
industrial feasibility studies have provided much useful data on natural
adulthood unhealthy, uneducated and unprepared for the demands of life can
Projects and agricultural potentialities in scores of developing resources and
only retard progress. The grave problems facing children in developing
bear supporting applied research have brought science and technology countries.
countries are still, however, insufficiently recognized. It is virtually
technical on economic growth in hundreds of practical ways, and advanced education to and
impossible for countries with a very low national income to provide all the
training have continued apace.
services necessary to protect the child through his vulnerable years and prepare
Some of the these results can be given in statistical terms, and are
him for life in an era of change. There is a need for far greater outside
indirectly impressive and gratifying. By 1 July 1965, nineteen projects had these
resources specifically directed to helping developing countries meet the needs
capital. led to the investment of over $1,026 million in domestic directly and or
of the rising generation.
managers, Over 70,000 senior and middle-level engineers, technicians, instructors, external
In ensuring a useful and productive future for children and youth in
auspices. supervisors and administrators had been trained under Special
developing societies, an essential task accordingly falls to the United Nations
Fund-assisted Besides building up supplies of knowledge, capital and Fund
Children's Fund: but the requests for aid from the Fund are outpacing its
regions, projects had helped to establish or strengthen, in all manpower, the
resources. The current annual expenditures of about $35 million must be spread
future vital training, research, planning and service institutions developing which
over 118 countries and territories for programmes in aid of children in the
growth will spring. Still greater results from this pre-investment from
fields of health, nutrition, education, vocational training and social services.
assistance may be confidently forecast as the programme continues to expand in
These programmes are co-operative ventures with the technical agencies of the
scope and effectiveness.
United Nations family. Because of the need to meet on-going projects, less
Increased they resources are needed by both the Expanded Programme and the Special
than 10 per cent of the programme allocations made by the Executive Board of
services. Fund if are to meet a larger proportion of the rising requests for
the Fund in June 1965 could be devoted to new projects. While aid from the
the annual That is why I have urged that the General Assembly raise to $200 their million
Fund continues to be highly effective in many areas, it clearly does not yet
suggestion target for the two programmes together. I am happy to note that this
have sufficient resources to carry out fully its vital role in the Development
moreover, has received the support of a number of Governments. It is
Decade.
approve the that the Assembly will shortly be able to consider and my hope,
I think it is appropriate to recall that, despite difficulties within
Programme Economic and Social Council's proposals for combining expeditiously the Expanded
the membership over the financing of United Nations peace-keeping operations,
I have and the Special Fund in a new United Nations Development
all of the actual operations of this nature have been maintained according
become expressed the view on other occasions that this consolidation Programme. has
to plan. Peace-keeping action was in fact extended, in a limited form, by
a matter of some urgency; it should help to rationalize the efforts now and
the mission undertaken by the United Nations in the Dominican Republic. In
considerably to strengthen the capacity of the United Nations family
all cases these operations continued to vindicate the importance which most
accelerated organizations to help meet the urgent needs of the developing countries of
Development Decade.
economic and social advance in the second half of the United for Nations
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Member of States attach to the valuable function which the United Nations is capable
carrying out in situations which are by common consent judged dangerous to
The need therefore becomes all the more urgent to achieve a political
international peace.
solution to the Cyprus problem. To help the parties find this solution, the
Among the present United Nations peace-keeping operations, that in Cyprus
United Nations Mediator on Cyprus, Mr. Galo Plaza, devoted his best efforts
continues to be a major concern of the Organization. The duration of the
from September 1964 to March 1965. On 26 March, he submitted to me a
United Nations Force in Cyprus, which was established on 27 March 1964 for three
report on the mediation activities, which I found encouraging because it
months, has repeatedly been extended under its original mandate, the last time
envisaged a reasonable basis for a settlement of the problem. In view of the
for a period of six months ending on 27 December 1965.
importance which I attach to the Mediator's report, I decided to transmit it
The repeated extension of the Force by the Security Council, involving the
immediately to the parties concerned as well as to the members of the Security
agreement of the parties directly concerned in the Cyprus problem, attests
Council.
abundantly to the helpful if not indispensable role of the Force. The explosive
Unfortunately, two of the parties reacted negatively to the report, to
situation prevailing in the island has been contained remarkably well and there
such an extent that the Mediator has been unable actively to continue his
have been no major outbreaks of fighting since August 1964. With the cessation
endeavours since the publication of the report. While I deeply regret this
of active hostilities, it has been possible to make some progress towards the
turn of events, I believe that it should not preclude a continuation of efforts
relaxation of prevailing restrictions and a return to normal conditions. There
by all possible means to bring about direct discussions and negotiations between
is no doubt that this general improvement has been due in large measure to the
the parties concerned, as recommended by the Mediator and in the light of his
efforts of the United Nations Force. While the Force has been successful
analysis of the situation. It is my earnest hope that, in the interest of the
The in these respects, the underlying causes of the conflict remain without change.
well-being of the people of Cyprus and the cause of international peace and
Government of Cyprus, on the one hand, and the Turkish Cypriot leadership,
security, these parties will soon find it possible to meet together in the
on the other, have maintained their basic positions regarding the future of
search for a peaceful solution and an agreed settlement of the Cyprus problem,
the country and their relations continue to be marred by suspicion and mistrust.
in the true spirit of the Security Council resolution of 4 March 1964. At my
The continuance of the armed confrontation between the two sides makes the
request, the Mediator remains available to the parties for the continuation of
present quiet little more than an uneasy truce. I am convinced that there
the mediation effort, in accordance with the provisions of that resolution.
would be an imminent danger of violence breaking out anew and quickly if the
A new United Nations mission in the peace-keeping category was established
United Nations Force were to be withdrawn from the island.
in the Dominican Republic following the adoption by the Security Council of
In the light of this situation, I had no sound alternative but to recommend
resolution 203 (1965) of 14 May 1965 which called for a strict cease-fire in
that the Security Council extend the Force once more. But I did so with some
that country and invited me to send a representative there for the purpose
misgivings. As time goes by, the Force may find that it will have to make
of reporting to the Council on the prevailing situation. In pursuance of
greater efforts to obtain smaller results, while the United Nations will find
that resolution, I appointed Mr. José Antonio Mayobre as my Representative
since the responsibility of financing the operation increasingly difficult, particularly
in the Dominican Republic.
of the financial burden is being borne by the generous voluntary contributions
The situation in the Dominican Republic arising from the civil strife
only a handful of Member States. An indefinite prolongation of the Force
which broke out in Santo Domingo at the end of April 1965, was of unusual
contains also the danger of perpetuating the present stalemate by providing the
complexity. It had considerable international repercussions, reflected in
settlement. parties concerned with an excuse for not exerting all possible efforts towards a
numerous Security Council meetings, particularly with regard to the unilateral
military involvement of the United States in the initial stage and, later, to
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the actions of the Organization of American States, including the establishment
United Nations Emergency Force and, until the recent renewal of conflict over
and deployment in Santo Domingo of a force designated as the Inter-American
Kashmir, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan. To
Peace Force. The violent struggle between contending parties in the Dominican
the extent that any generalization can be valid, these three operations, like
Republic generated deep-seated feelings of hatred and mistrust. The rapidly
the United Nations Force in Cyprus, have often seemed to possess the limitations
deteriorating economic situation resulting largely from the crisis added another
of their own success, namely, that they have helped over long periods to contain
disturbing dimension to the problems confronting the country.
and isolate explosive situations without really affecting the basic causes of
While the mandate of my Representative in the Dominican Republic is a
conflict. Two of the three have lasted for sixteen years and one for nearly
limited one, the effect of his role has been significant. When he arrived in
nine years; all have been indispensable for most of that time to relative peace
Santo Domingo on 17 May, fighting between the two Dominican contending parties
and order in the areas in which they operate, and their withdrawal would without
had flared up despite a cease-fire agreement reached on 5 May under the auspices
question have had far-reaching consequences. On the other hand, the very fact
of the Organization of American States. My Representative played a major role
that they have become an accepted and semi-permanent part of the way of life in
in bringing about a cessation of hostilities on 21 May. Since then the situation
the areas has tended to some extent to reduce the sense of urgency which might
has remained generally quiet, although there have been a number of isolated
stimulate a search by the parties concerned for a basic and peaceful solution of
incidents. My Representative, assisted by a small but efficient staff, has
their conflicts. This state of affairs is no reflection on the conduct and
kept me informed as to the situation both in Santo Domingo and in the interior
competence of the officers, men and Secretariat officials of these three missions;
of the country, regarding not only the observance of the cease-fire but also
on the contrary it is perhaps the best testimony to their effectiveness, good
serious cases of violations of human rights and the prevailing economic conditions.
judgement, courage and vigilance. It is, none the less, a dilemma which Member
I have transmitted this information to the Security Council at frequent intervals,
States would do well to study carefully in relation to both present and future
thus keeping the Council informed of all important events and developments.
operations of a peace-keeping nature, with a view to strengthening the machinery
It bears mentioning that for the first time a United Nations peace mission
for peace-making (good offices, negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration,
has found itself operating in the same area and dealing with the same matters
etc.) parallel to that of peace-keeping.
as an operation of a regional organization, in this instance the Organization
While the foregoing considerations apply to the Military Observer Group in
of American States. Apart from its deeper implications, this circumstance has
India and Pakistan in a general sense, its position warrants further comment.
given rise to some special and unfamiliar problems in the way of relationships
There is no doubt in my mind that over a long period the presence of the Group
and liaison, which have however, been progressively surmounted.
acted to some extent as a deterrent to the renewal of hostilities; however, as
The presence of my Representative in the Dominican Republic has undoubtedly
I pointed out in my report to the Security Council of 3 September 1965 on the
been a moderating factor in a difficult and dangerous situation which, at the
situation which had by that time developed in Kashmir, it must be recognized that
time of writing, holds promise of being peacefully resolved.
the mandate of the mission had been strictly limited in scale and scope. The
The newer peace-keeping efforts of the United Nations in Cyprus and in
mission had consisted simply of a group of forty-five officers stationed along
the Dominican Republic have naturally tended to overshadow those of much longer
a cease-fire line almost 500 miles in length; it had been given the quite limited
standing: the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine, the
function of observing and reporting and of investigating complaints of violations
received from either party; it had no authority or function entitling it to
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enforce or prevent anything, or to try to ensure that the cease-fire was respected.
Since the Security Council is, at the time of writing, actively seized of the
In the introduction to the annual report last year, I recalled the continued
crisis over Kashmir, I do not think it appropriate for me to go further in the
efforts of the United Nations in the field of decolonization and referred to the
present context than to ask that those limitations should be properly understood.
major questions in that field for which solutions had to be found through peaceful
One operation of a peace-keeping nature, the United Nations Yemen Observation
means and which therefore called for attention by the General Assembly.
Mission, was terminated on 4 September 1964, having been established by the
In the intervening period, another former dependent territory, the Gambia,
Security Council on 11 June 1963. This operation was both limited in scope and
acceded to independence and constitutional progress towards self-government and
small in size. Its function was to observe and report on the implementation of
independence was made in some of the remaining dependent territories. However, the
the disengagement agreement in Yemen between the United Arab Republic and
problems to which I referred last year remain without any positive movement towards
Saudi Arabia in the effort to ensure against any developments in the situation that
peaceful solution. The Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the
might threaten the peace of the area. As I reported to the Security Council
Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial
on 2 July 1964, the Mission observed only a disappointing measure of disengagement,
Countries and Peoples, which continued to discharge its mandate as established by
in particular with regard to the withdrawal of the troops of the United Arab
the General Assembly in resolution 1956 (XVIII) of 11 December 1963, accordingly
Republic, and I appealed most urgently to the parties concerned to meet at the
gave priority in its work to examining the situation in those territories which
highest level with a view to achieving full and rapid implementation of the
continued to give cause for serious concern.
disengagement agreement. I also warned the Council that in my opinion the
With regard to Southern Rhodesia, the United Kingdom Government found it
Mission should be terminated in September 1964, if no improvement in the situation
necessary, in view of its concern about the possibility of unconstitutional action
was by then evident. The parties concurred in the termination of the Mission
by the Government of the Territory, to reiterate its warning of the serious
on 4 September. Since that time there have been favourable developments,
consequences which would flow from a unilateral declaration of independence by that
culminating in consultations and agreement at the highest level among the parties,
Government. It also reaffirmed its intention of pursuing the search for a political
which I had always felt to be essential to a solution of the situation in Yemen.
settlement based on general consent. However, no progress can yet be recorded in
As far as the United Nations Mission was concerned, its mandate was so
this regard and it is to be hoped that a basis for early independence, acceptable
limited, being restricted to observation and reporting only, that inevitably the
to the majority of the population, will soon be found which, in conformity with
results achieved were widely interpreted as disappointing. There is little doubt
the pertinent United Nations resolutions, will embody full democratic freedom and
that the Mission could have accomplished much more if its functions had been
recognition of the equal rights of all the inhabitants.
broader and stronger. Yet, in the circumstances, I believe that the Mission
In the case of the territories under Portuguese administration, there was no
actually accomplished more than could have been expected of it and that, during
change in Portugal's position of non-compliance with the relevant United Nations
its fourteen months of existence, it exercised an important restraining influence
resolutions and in its refusal to co-operate with the Organization in implementing
on hostile activities in the area. The problem continued inevitably to rest
them. Far from recognizing the right of the inhabitants to self-determination,
between the two principal countries involved, the United Arab Republic and Saudi
as laid down by the General Assembly, it pursued its policy of closer political
Arabia, whose Heads of State have now successfully brought their statesmanship to
and economic integration of the territories with Portugal.
bear on finding an agreed settlement.
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Likewise, South Africa has maintained its disregard of United Nations
the rights of the African populations in Southern Rhodesia, in Territories under
resolutions concerning South West Africa and its attitude of non-co-operation
Portuguese administration, in South West Africa and in Basutoland, Bechuanaland
in this respect. In addition to continuing the application of apartheid policies
and Swaziland. At the same time, the Special Committee requested all States and
in the territory, it has taken preliminary steps to implement some of the
all international institutions to refuse assistance of any kind to the Governments
recommendations of the Odendaal Commission which, in the view of the Special
of Portugal and South Africa and the minority settler régime of Southern Rhodesia,
Committee, would lead to the partition of the territory and its absorption into
South Africa.
so long as the latter failed to renounce their policy of colonial domination and
the practice of apartheid.
In regard to the territories mentioned above, the Special Committee gave
I am hopeful that the Special Committee's work in Africa will have served
increasing attention to the implications of the activities of foreign economic
to demonstrate further the concern of the United Nations for the position of
and other interests and their mode of operation in order to assess their economic
the dependent peoples and to enable the Special Committee to increase its
and political influence. It is the hope of the Special Committee that a study
contribution to the speedy emergence of their countries from dependence.
of these activities will result in greater appreciation of some of the factors
It may be timely to recall, in a year proclaimed as International Co-operation
impeding the implementation of the Declaration.
Year, that the Declaration contained in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) was
At its nineteenth session, the General Assembly, following a recommendation
adopted nearly five years ago. In it, the General Assembly declared, inter alia,
by the Special Committee and in response to an invitation by New Zealand as the
that:
administering Power, authorized the supervision by the United Nations of the
elections in the Cook Islands, including observation of the proceedings concerning
"5. Immediate steps shall be taken, in Trust and Non-Self-Governing
Territories or all other territories which have not yet attained
the Constitution in the Legislative Assembly to be elected. The report of the
independence, to transfer all powers to the peoples of these
United Nations Representative appointed for the purpose remains to be considered
territories, without any conditions or reservations, in accordance
with their freely expressed will and desire, without any distinction
by the General Assembly. It is hoped that the Assembly's deliberations and those
as to race, creed or colour, in order to enable them to enjoy
of the Special Committee will lead to increased co-operation between administering
complete independence and freedom."
Powers and the Organization in regard to dependent territories.
It is my earnest hope that all Member States and in particular the
Another development of note was the decision of the Special Committee to
administering Powers will, in a spirit of constructive co-operation, do their
hold meetings in Africa during May and June 1965 in order to establish direct
utmost to assist the dependent peoples to achieve their aspirations in conditions
contact with peoples under colonial rule in the continent and to acquire a
of peace and harmony.
deeper knowledge of their situation as well as of their aspirations.
The situation in the Republic of South Africa presents no less dark and
In the resolutions adopted by the Special Committee during its meetings in
disturbing a picture than previously. As a result of further study by the United
Africa, emphasis was placed on the legitimacy of the struggle of colonial peoples
Nations organs, it was also revealed in clearer detail than ever before. The
to secure the effective exercise and enjoyment of the rights set forth in the
Expert Committee established under the Security Council resolution of 18 June 1964
Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Declaration embodied
submitted its report at the end of February 1965. The Special Committee on the
in General Assembly resolution 1514 (xv). In one of these resolutions, the
Policies of Apartheid of the Government of the Republic of South Africa continued
Special Committee recommended that the Security Council and the General Assembly
to follow the situation constantly and submitted two reports to the General
should take the positive measures laid down in the Charter to ensure respect for
Assembly and the Security Council, with a number of recommendations for action.
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Meanwhile I have been taking steps, in consultation with the appropriate
It is to be regretted that the South African Government has failed to respond
specialized agencies, to establish a programme for the education and training been of
to the invitation of the Security Council to accept the main conclusion of the
Africans abroad. A limited number of fellowships and grants have
Group of Experts that "all the people of South Africa should be brought into
South awarded for the academic year 1965-1966, and the full programme is expected the to
consultation and should thus be enabled to decide the future of their country at
come into operation next year. I hope that this programme will receive
the national level". Such consultations are crucial to any efforts to find a
generous support of Member States.
solution which would take into account the legitimate rights and concerns of all
I feel bound to emphasize that the actual financial crisis, in which the
the people of South Africa. Attempts to impose solutions by force, when a great
Organization has for too long found itself placed, has by no means been dispelled
majority of the people do not have representation in the sovereign Parliament, can
the consensus reached by the Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations these and,
only lead to increased bitterness, tension and conflict.
by effect, accepted by the General Assembly on 1 September 1965. As I write for me
The Security Council and the General Assembly are due to consider the
words, in our financial difficulties remain serious, and it seems appropriate
situation soon in the light of the most recent developments, which have in no way
to restate them here in factual terms.
diminished its seriousness. The overwhelming feeling among Member States is
During the first eight months of this year the Organization's cash outgo to
clearly that it is essential to secure an abandonment of the policies of apartheid
meet its current operating expenses and to settle some of its most pressing debts
and a resolution of the situation through the full, peaceful and orderly application
from prior years exceeded its cash income. As a result it was necessary on
of human rights and fundamental freedoms to all the inhabitants of South Africa,
several occasions during this period to borrow money temporarily from special funds
regardless of race, colour or creed, in order to forestall serious dangers to
and accounts in my custody, in order to meet the payroll and other day-to-day
peace and to fulfil the objectives of the United Nations. I would hope, therefore,
that earnest efforts will be made to overcome differences about procedures and
expenses. Between 1 January and 31 August 1965, the Organization received a total of
specific measures and that effective action commanding the widest support in the
approximately $73.6 million from Governments consisting of advance payments
Organization will be taken.
towards the regular budget and United Nations Emergency Force expenses for 1965 and
Such action, in my opinion, should make it clear that the solution sought
($35.4 million); payments of assessed contributions to the regular budget, the
by the United Nations is one which takes full account of the legitimate rights
to the accounts of the Emergency Force and the United Nations Operation in
and concerns of all the people of South Africa, and which emerges through free
Congo for 1964 and prior years ($18.5 million); voluntary contributions to assist
discussions among representatives of all the people. It should express the
the Organization out of its present financial difficulties and voluntary
readiness and willingness of the United Nations to assist those people in the
contributions to the Emergency Force and Congo accounts ($18.5 million); and
search for such a solution. In view of the grave dangers of tension and conflict,
deferred payment for a United Nations bond ($1.2 million). During the same period
the United Nations should give the utmost attention to political and humanitarian
miscellaneous income, other than from staff assessment, was received in an amount
measures which would not leave violence as the only means of fulfilling legitimate
estimated at $4.3 million in respect of the regular budget and Emergency Force
aspirations, and which would help counteract the growth of racial bitterness and
tension. In this connexion, I wish to express my appreciation to several Member
accounts. The Organization's expenses for the same eight-month period in respect of the
States who have responded to the appeal in General Assembly resolution 1978 B
regular budget and the Emergency Force are estimated as having totalled approximately
(XVIII) of 16 December 1963 for assistance to families of persons persecuted for
$72 million. Since, in addition to paying current operating expenses, it was
their opposition to apartheid.
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necessary to settle some of the more pressing debts from prior years, all the
the twentieth session of the General Assembly to fill both the new seats and those
income received in the first eight months of 1965 was disbursed, the relatively
which will become vacant on 31 December 1965 in the two Councils. This procedure
modest cash balances which the Organization had available at the beginning of this
is consistent with Assembly resolution 1991 (XVIII), which provides that elections
year were drawn down, and it became necessary to resort to the borrowings
to fill both old and new seats should be held at the same time. In accordance with
referred to above.
rule 140 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the term of office of
My estimate is that, as of the beginning of September, an amount of
the members of the Councils will begin on 1 January 1966.
approximately $100 million would be required to enable the Organization to liquidate
It will be a matter of general satisfaction that the wish of the Organization
in full the obligations currently outstanding against the special accounts of the
to see the composition of two of its principal organs reflect more adequately the
United Nations Emergency Force and the United Nations Operation in the Congo; to
present membership will thus be fulfilled with a minimum of delay.
meet in full the additional obligations that will be incurred, in the case of the
I referred at the beginning to certain developments on the international scene
Emergency Force, between 1 September 1965 and such time as a decision will have
which have inevitably had their repercussions on the United Nations. Of these,
been reached at the twentieth session of the General Assembly on the future of
perhaps the most important is the escalation of the conflict in Viet-Nam, even
that operation and its financing; to restore the Working Capital Fund to its
though, paradoxically, the problem of Viet-Nam is one in regard to which the
authorized level of $40 million; and to cover amounts due to Member States as
Organization has not been able to take any constructive action. This of course is
adjustments on assessed contributions for the costs of the two peace-keeping
to some extent understandable. The settlement reached at Geneva in 1954 prescribed
forces.
no role for the Organization in the settlement that was to follow. Neither North
It has been agreed, in the terms of the consensus referred to earlier, that
Viet-Nam nor South Viet-Nam is a Member of the United Nations, and most recently
these financial difficulties should be solved through voluntary contributions by
the parties directly interested in the Viet-Nam conflict have openly voiced the view
Member States. At the time of writing, such contributions paid or pledged total
that the United Nations as such has no place in the search for a solution for the
somewhat less than one-fifth of the amount required. I have already made an
problem of Viet-Nam. This last factor, of course, cannot by itself prevent the
urgent appeal to all who have not yet done so to come forward with contributions.
United Nations from discussing the problem, but it does militate against the
I should like to reiterate this appeal; and I do so with some confidence that, on
Organization being able to play a constructive role at this stage.
reflection, Governments will see the clear and pressing need to enable the
It is because of the profound effect that the Viet-Nam situation is having on
Organization to solve its financial difficulties, in view of the stake they have
problems of global as well as regional importance, and the shadow it casts on almost
in its survival and the value they attach to its present and potential usefulness.
every area of international co-operation, that I have devoted considerable personal
I was gratified to be able to announce, just before 1 September 1965, the date
effort in the realm of quiet diplomacy to getting the parties concerned to stop the
recommended by the General Assembly in resolution 1991 (XVIII), that the amendments
fighting and to start the discussions which alone, in my view, can lead to a
to the Charter approved under that resolution had been ratified by more than two-
solution. I remain as fully convinced as ever that total victory or total defeat
thirds of the Members of the United Nations, including all the permanent members of
for one side or the other is out of the question and that military action cannot
the Security Council.
bring peace and restore stability to the area. The only way to those goals is the
The amendments enlarge the Security Council and the Economic and Social
way of discussions; and it is clear, as I have stated previously, that those
Council, and alter the number of votes necessary for decisions by the Security
discussions can yield fruitful results only if there is a willingness by all sides
Council. In order to give effect to the amendments, elections will be held during
to make major concessions.
/
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I cannot emphasize too strongly the profound and dangerous effect which,
essential, therefore, that the world disarmament conference should be held under
however paradoxical the circumstances, the present situation in Viet-Nam is having
conditions which would make it possible for all countries, if they so wished, to
on the atmosphere in the United Nations, reflecting in turn the impact of the
participate in it.
dispute upon the relations between East and West. Patient and persistent efforts
Both the Viet-Nam situation and the disarmament impasse point once again to
over several years, within the United Nations as well as outside it, had brought
the imperative need for the United Nations to achieve universality of membership
East and West closer together than at any other time in the past decade and had
as soon as possible. Being aware of the political and other difficulties involved
opened up many real possibilities of fruitful collaboration. Signs at last were
in bringing this about, I should like to renew the suggestion which I made in the
present of a thaw in international affairs which could be encouraged not only to
introduction to my last annual report to the effect that, in the meantime, the
endure but also to spread around the world. The conflict over Viet-Nam has
countries not at present represented in New York should be enabled to maintain
cruelly set back that trend and has served to revive, to intensify and even to
contact with the world body and listen to its deliberations, and thus be more
extend some of the attitudes of the cold war. The conflict engages not only the
directly exposed to the views of the rest of mankind. I feel, indeed, that the
lives of the soldiers and civilians who are caught up in the present fighting.
experience of the last ten months has reinforced the view I expressed on this matter
It threatens also to affect the peace of the world and the fate of all mankind. It
last November. I have no doubt that the true interests of peace would be better
must be stopped.
served if non-Member States were to be encouraged to maintain observers at
One of the issues before the United Nations on which the situation in
United Nations Headquarters so that they may be in a position to sense the currents
Viet-Nam has had a noticeable impact is disarmament, on which I have made some
and cross-currents of world opinion which are so uniquely concentrated in the
comments elsewhere in this introduction. The lack of substantial progress, both in
Organization. Meanwhile, it is to be recorded that last year the General Assembly
the discussions of the Disarmament Commission in New York and the subsequent
admitted three new Members - Malawi, Malta, and Zambia - and that applications are
meetings of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Disarmament Committee in Geneva,
now pending on the part of the Gambia, the Maldive Islands and Singapore.
is one obvious result of the intensification of the cold war. I feel most strongly,
The importance of the universality of membership applies not only to the
however, that the time has come when the nuclear Powers must agree on the total
political work of the United Nations, but also to its economic and social activities.
banning of nuclear tests, including underground tests, and take at least the first
In this connexion, I feel that it is very important that the Governments of all
concrete steps towards the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. I
Member States should be enabled to participate in the work of at least one of the
am convinced that progress in these two directions is in the interest of all
regional economic commissions. The excellent record of co-operative endeavour and
countries - whether they be large or small, nuclear or non-nuclear - and I very much
positive results which the regional economic commissions have been able to achieve
hope that the deliberations of the twentieth session of the General Assembly will
is no doubt responsible for the desire of some Member Governments, now denied such
help towards progress in these two directions.
participation, to be enabled to join in this constructive effort. Inasmuch as the
I also venture to hope that at its twentieth session the General Assembly will
regional commissions have so far been able to get on with their work in the
approve the recommendations of the Disarmament Commission to hold a world
interests of the economic benefits of the countries involved, avoiding as far as
disarmament conference. In this connexion, I cannot help observing that progress
possible political considerations, I hope that this widening of participation may
in disarmament, whether general or nuclear, can hardly be made if all the major
be possible.
military Powers of the world, both in terms of conventional and nuclear weapons,
In addition to making progress towards universality of membership, we have
are not enabled to participate in the deliberations. I would regard it as
also striven very hard to achieve the participation of nationals of all Member
/
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States in the Secretariat of the United Nations. Special efforts have been made
Under the circumstances it would be inappropriate for me to comment here on the
to secure an adequate place in the Secretariat for nationals of those countries
situation as it now stands. One thing already clear, however, is the danger, which
which, for one reason or another, have continued to be under-represented during
the Kashmir conflict has once more brought home, of leaving without a solution
recent years. These special efforts have included the dispatch of special missions
grave problems affecting relations between States, in the hope that the mere
for the recruitment of suitable candidates from countries of Africa and Eastern
passage of time may solve them. We must draw from it a warning of the ever-present
Europe. I hope that, thanks to their efforts, we shall be able to obtain a larger
danger of an explosion, in any part of the world, if long-standing sources of
number of qualified candidates for service not only at Headquarters but also with
conflict are not dealt with in a purposeful manner, and when any incident is
the economic commissions and in the field offices.
capable of raising national emotions to fever-pitch. Such warnings may, I feel,
The events in the Caribbean which have been the subject of discussion in the
increase our recognition of the importance of having an effective international
United Nations in recent months have focused attention once again on the role of
machinery which can intervene in such difficult situations. From this it follows
regional organizations in the maintenance of peace. In the case of the Dominican
that, if the United Nations is to be an effective instrument for the maintenance
Republic, the regional organization concerned assumed virtually full responsibility
of peace and security, it should not continue to have to contend with financial and
for both a peace-keeping operation and the mediation of a political settlement,
other inadequacies. The Organization, to be strong and effective, must also be
and the United Nations undertook only the limited - although, as it turned out,
solvent.
very important - function which I have described earlier. As I have stated, the
The ten months that have passed have without doubt been difficult ones in the
fact that the United Nations operation had to function in parallel with that of
history of the United Nations. On the other hand, the situation in the world today
the regional organization led inevitably to difficulties in relationships. Without
has brought home, I believe, to all Member States how important it is that the
wishing to comment further on this specific situation, and without intending to
United Nations should function effectively. I should like to believe that the
question the competence of any regional organization to take action in conformity
Organization is emerging from its recent crisis with a new spirit of confidence
with the terms of its own constitution, I maintain the view which I expressed at the
and determination that will be reflected, in the first instance, in the work of the
time, that the developments in the Caribbean should stimulate some thought by all of
twentieth session of the General Assembly. A heavy responsibility now lies on all
us concerning the character of the regional organizations and the nature of their
Members to translate revived hopes into those measurable achievements that can only
functions and obligations in relation to the responsibilities of the United Nations
be attained by far-sighted initiatives and by a will to find and agree on common
under our Charter. I believe that a good deal of thinking has in fact been applied
measures and programmes of action.
to this question in a number of quarters, and I should like now to suggest that it
All Member States have a stake in the maintenance of international peace and
is one which deserves some concerted study within the United Nations.
security, which is, in fact, the condition of their own survival. In the common
In very recent weeks the international situation has again been deeply
task of preserving peace, there is no better instrument available to them than the
disturbed, in this case by the armed conflict which broke out between India and
United Nations. If the Organization is a fragile instrument, and still
Pakistan over the long-standing problem of Kashmir. At the time of writing I am,
insufficiently universal in its nature, it rests with the Member States to make it
in compliance with resolutions adopted with the full support of the Security Council,
more durable in substance and all-embracing in scope. It is understandable that
actively engaged in the endeavour to bring the fighting to an end; and, in
the United Nations should mirror the difficulties and disensions which we see in so
accordance with the decisions which the Council has so far taken, I shall continue
many parts of the world today; but in reflecting these distortions of peace the
to exert every effort to bring about a return to peaceful conditions in the area.
mirror itself should not be allowed to distort the image further. The image,
however disturbing, must be clearly seen, so that in full awareness of the realities
/
we may continue to move patiently but purposefully towards the goal of peace.
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"ocrText": "The original documents are located in Box D19, folder \"Iowa, March 11, 1966\" of the Ford\nCongressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential\nLibrary.\nCopyright Notice\nThe copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of\nphotocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. The Council donated to the United\nStates of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections.\nWorks prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public\ndomain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to\nremain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid\ncopyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.\nDigitized from Box D19 of the Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library\nReading Text\nIowa\nMarch 11, 1966\nUnited Nations\nWe have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals, as\ncitizens of a free nation in the world society of other nations, to\nthe task of assuring peace....now and forever.\nAt this critical hour in world history, the United Nations is faced\nwith possibly its most important and meaningful task.\nWe should recall that the U.N. was created to \"reaffirm faith in the\nfundamental human rights, to promote social progress---to unite our\nstrength and to maintain international peace and security-=-to save\nsucceeding generations the scourge of war.W\nMore than 20 years ago the U.N. was created with jubilant hope and\nenthusiasm. Today, some believe these emotions have turned to cynicism...\nthat the U.M. cannot survive in a controversial and turbulent world.\nGERALD FORD LIBRARY\nUnited Nations\n-3-\nTrygve Lie, an able Secretary-General of the organisation, once said\nof the infant United Nations....\"e have built as strong an\norganization as all of them could agree upon, and as, in their\njudgment, could in practice be effective at this stage in the\nhistory of the world.\"\nToday, history's stage is changed.\nSince the words were uttered by Mr. Lie, we have witnesses the mishrooms\nof atomic fury...the stark reality of the hydrogen bomb...New centers\nof world power are emerging...Membership in the U.N. is more than\ndoubled....It is no longer an organisation of the traditional and\nmajor powers. A group of people form a nation today. It joins the\nU.N. tomorrow.\nDespite the new challenges, the new forces, the strong voices of dissent\nthere are\nand criticism, the cries for abolishing the U.N., a world peace\norganisation with a record of major accomplishments.\nLIBRARY\nU.N.\nThe United Nations has made rapid strides in the fields of health,\nagriculture, education and other a ctivities related to economic\nand social development.\nInternational protection is provided for more than a million refugees.\nUnfortunates who are victims of aggression, oppression and military\nconflict are provided food, shelter, medical care, education.\nMore than 500 U.N. programs benefit children by helping the developing\ncountries fight disease, hunger, malnutrition, ignorance and the\nbreak-down of family life.\nMillions of children are protected from malaria, tuberculosis,\nleprosy. Millions more are cured.\nChildren caught in shanty towns and big-city slums are aided by the\nU.N. support of day-care centers, community and health facilities.\nFORD i LIBRARY GERALD\nU.N.\n-5-\nAlthough the U.N. is strengthening its activities in the areas of\neconomic and social welfare, it faces other tasks of awesome proportions,\namong them 1s the controversial issue of peacekeeping finances.\nThe past summer, there was a capitulation to the demands of the\nSoviet Union and 11 other nations which allowed these delinquents\nto dodge their financial obligations as U.N. members.\nThese member nations owed $108 million on the basis of a World Court\ndecision. The debt represents their share of financing previous\nU.N. peacekeeping activities.\nIn granting Russia and other nations full voting rights in the\nU.N. General Assembly despite their financial delinquency the\norganization has beenseverely weakened.\nIn the future this condition must be changed. Each nation must bear\nits fair share to maintain strength and unity of purpose.\nU.N.\nWith a fullscale jungle war in Viet Nam, trouble brewing in many\nplaces, and unrest surging through the target nations of Communism,\nthe U.N. has a greater role and responsibility than ever before.\nIt should be obvious that the U.N. charter, created in a less\ntroublesome time, should be re-examined with the thought of more\nefficient ways to cope with the modern problems of a modern world.\nIf we fail, we could be witness to oblivion.\nSomehow, some way, we must insist that member nations and others as\nwell conduct themselves within the rules and regulations of the\nUnited Nations.\nThe U.N. must have sufficient, but limited, powers to prevent aggression\nby those who would rule the world with iron fists.\nGreat power and great danger go hand-in-hand. A mistake, a lapse in\njudgment, an instant of madness, & schisophrenic decision could\nGERALE FORD LIBRARY\nplunge the nations of the world into one final war.\nU.N.\n-7-\nI end this message to you who are conducting a model United Nations\non a campus in the heartland of America.\nWe have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals,\nas citizens of a free nation in the society of other nations,\nto the task of assuring peace in the world'\nnow and forever.\nThank you.\nReading Text\nHov. fulln ON BN' anderson Initcalfe\nIowa\nMarch 11, 1966\nUnited Nations\nWe have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals, as\ncitizens of a free nation in the world society of other nations, to\nthe task of assuring peace....now and forever.\nAt this critical hour in world history, the United Nations is faced\nwith possibly its most important and meaningful task.\nWe should recall that the U.N. was created to \"reaffirm faith in the\nfundamental human rights, to promote social progress---to unite our\nstrength and to maintain international peace and security---to save\nsucceeding generations the scourge of war.W\nMore than 20 years ago the U.N. was created with jubilant hope and\nenthusiasm. Today, some believe these emotions have turned to cynicism...\nthat the U.N. cannot survive in a controversial and turbulent world.\nFORD & LIBRARY GERALD\nU.N.\n&\nSome opponents of the U.N., particularly those from overseas, may\nhave ulterior motives. Others honestly may just doubt the practicality of\nsuch an organization.\nWe must face reality, even if we disagree with those who predict\ndoom for the U.N.\nCertainly, the United Nations is in trouble, for it reflects the\ncondition of the world. However, greatness emerges from trouble\nand strife. Greatness in accomplishments is the hallmark of free men\nworking their will.\nI have great confidence that the strength of the United Nations\nwill emerge if the peoples of the world stand strong in their faith.\nWe can ask...what is the future for the United Nations?\nThe answer may be---the right to suggest, to recommend, to persuade,\nand certainly, to deliberate.\nWorld atmosphere has drastically changed since the creation of the U.N.\nTherefore, suggestion, recommendation, persuasion may have to be conducted\nwith different outlooks.\nUnited Nations\n-3-\nTrygve Lie, an able Secretary-General of the organization, once said\nof the infant United Nątions \"We have built as strong an\norganization as all of them could agree upon, and as, in their\njudgment, could in practice be effective at this stage in the\nhistory of the world.\"\nToday, history's stage is changed.\nSince the words were uttered by Mr. Lie, we have witnesses the mushrooms\nof atomic fury\nthe stark reality of the hydrogen bomb....New centers\nof world power are emerging Membership in the U.N. is more than\ndoubled\nIt is no longer an organization of the traditional and\nmajor powers. A group of people form a nation today. It joins the\nU.N. tomorrow.\nDespite the new challenges, the new forces, the strong voices of dissent\nthere are\nand criticism, this cries for abolishing the U.N., a world peace\norganization with a record of major accomplishments.\nFORD in LIBRARY GERALD\nU.N.\nThe United Nations has made rapid strides in the fields of gealth,\nagriculture, education and other a ctivities related to economic\nand social development.\nInternational protection is provided for more than a million refugees.\nUnfortunates who are victims of aggression, oppression and military\nconflict are provided food, shelter, medical care, education.\nMore than 500 U.N. programs benefit children by helping the developing\ncountries fight disease, hunger, malnutrition, ignorance and the\nbreak-down of family life.\nMillions of children are protected from malaria, tuberculosis,\nleprosy. Millions more are cured.\nChildren caught in shanty towns and big-city slums are aided by the\nU.N. support of day-care centers, community and health facilities.\nLIBRARY\nU.N.\n-5-\nAlthough the U.N. is strengthening its activities in the areas of\neconomic and social welfare, it faces other tasks of awesome proportions,\namong them is the controversial issue of peacekeeping finances.\nThe past summer, there was a capitulation to the demands of the\nSoviet Union and 11 other nations which allowed these delinquents\nto dodge their financial obligations as U.N. members.\nThese member nations owed $108 million on the basis of a World Court\ndecision. The debt represents their share of financing previous\nU.N. peacekeeping activities.\nIn granting Russia and other nations full voting rights in the\nU.N. General Assembly despite their financial delinquency the\norganization has beenseverely weakened.\nIn the future this condition must be changed. Each nation must bear\nits fair share to maintain strength and unity of purpose.\nFORD & LIBRARY GERALD\nU.N.\nWith a fullscale jungle war in Viet Nam, trouble brewing in many\nplaces, and unrest surging through the target nations of Communism,\nthe U.N. has a greater role and responsibility than ever before.\nIt should be obvious that the U.N. charter, created in a less\ntroublesome time, should be re-examined with the thought of more\nefficient ways to cope with the modern problems of a modern world.\nIf we fail, we could be witness to oblivion.\nSomehow, some way, we must insist that member nations and others as\nwell conduct themselves within the rules and regulations of the\nUnited Nations.\nThe U.N. must have sufficient, but limited, powers to prevent aggression\nby those who would rule the world with iron fists.\nGreat power and great danger go hand-in-hand. A mistake, a lapse in\njudgment, an instant of madness, a schizophrenic decision could\nplunge the nations of the world into one final war.\nU.N.\n-7-\nI end this message to you who are conducting a model United Nations\non a campus in the heartland of America I began it.\nWe have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals,\nas citizens of a free nation in the society of other nations,\nto the task of assuring peace in the worldb now and forever.\nThank you.\nMaintaining the PEACE\nKorea -\nMiddle East -\nCongo -\nCyrus\n(\nViet Nam-\nDesarmament\nOuter -Space\nTechnical houstand\nGERALD REFORD RA\nState College of Jong - -YN,\nnot \" have t to speak r only noth q Bal GOOD\na\nHistory - Oct 1945\n20gms\nOct 1965\nVandarbiz\n51 To over 110\nQ - should there be universality\nRed China - art 4\nFenances - History - 4.5. frincipal contributor\n70%\nnow 31%\nSpecial pund -\nPlace Keeping 1\nartich 19\nOrganization Security Krend\nReveral assembly\n1965\nBefore you speak say:\n\"In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the\nHoly Spirit, Amen\"\nWe have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as\nindividuals, as citizens of a free nation in the world society\nnow\nof other nations, to the task of assuring peace....\nand forever.\nAt this critical hour in the space of world history, we commemorate\nthe - anniversary of an organization whose goal and purpose\nis to make our world one of meaningful peace.\nThis year is\nToday is is the 20th anniversary of the United Nations, created\nto \"reaffirm faith in the fundamental human rights to promote\nsocial progress\nto unite our strength and to maintain\ninternational peace and security to save succeeding generations\nthe scourge of war.\"\nTwenty years ago\nthe United Nations was created\nwith jubilant hopes and enthusiasm. Today, some believe these\nemotions have turned to cynicism ...that the U.N. cannot survive\nFOR\nin a controversial and turbulent world.\nGERALD\nRARY\n-more-\nU.N.\n-3-\nanything apple two you The\nnations\nTrygve Lie once said of the infant United\n\"We have\n1\nbuilt as strong an organization as all of them could agree upon,\nand as, in their judgment, could in practice be effective at this\nstage in the history of the world.\" He spoke of the founding\nmember nations.\nToday, history's stage is changed.\n-more-\nFORD & LIBRARY 07/839 &\nU.N.\n4\nSince the words were uttered by Trygve Lie, we have witnessed\nthe mushrooms of atomic fury...the stark reality of the hydrogen\nofworld power\nwith q1,N\nbomb. New centers of power are emerging. Membership is more than\ndoubled, It is Ms longer an organization of the tradehousl of myov\nprovis a group 2 people become a nation today. It forms The MIN, tomorrow\nDespite the new challenges, the new forces, the strong voices of\ndissent and criticism, the cynicism, the cries for abolishing the\nU.N., this great world peace organization has a record of\nmajor accomplishments.\nThe United Nations has made rapid strides in the fields of health,\nagriculture, education and other activities related to economic and\nsocial development.\nrefugees\nInternational protection is provided for more than a million\nUnfortund Teny who are are provided the victims food, of shelter, aggression, medical oppression care, education. + multing conflict\nMore than 500 U.N. programs benefit children by helping developing\ncountries fight disease, hunger, malmubrition, ignorance and the\nFORD & LIBRARY GERALD\nbreak-down of family life.\n-more-\nU.N.\n5\nMillions of children are prevented from getting malaria, tuberculosis,\nprotected from\nleprosy. Millions more are cured.\nin\nthe\nout\n44 Through governments A/Annam countries applied increase are nutrition assisted local programs in production the training 70 of eggs, countries, of primary fish, vegetables, school U.N. teachers. helps\nChildren caught in shanty towns and big-city slums are aided by the\nCommunity\nAccilities\nU.N support of day-care centers, and health clubs.\nSecretary General U Thant describes the U.N.'s world-wide work\nas \"the foundation upon which new concepts of human welfare and\nsolidarity are being developed.\" This is one of the reasons\nwhy 1965 is designated by the General Assembly as International\nCo-Operation Year.\nAlthough the U.N. is strengthening its activities in the areas of\neconomic and social welfare, it faces other tasks of awesome\nproportions.\nBL & LIBRARY 077835\n-more-\nU.N.\n-6-\nissue\nAmong the tasks is the matter of peacekeeping finances.\nthere was a cantidation\nThe past summer, our government cepithlated to the demands\nwhich allowed There delinguents\nof the Soviet Union and 11 other nations by allowing them\nto dodge their financial obligations as U.N. members.\nonthe basis of a World Court decession\nThese member nations owe $108 million...a I of their share\nprevious\nin financing U.N. peacekeeping activities.\nIn granting Russia and other nations full voting rights in the\nGeneral assembly\nU.N. despite their financial delinquency, I believe the\nhas\norganization WAIP weakened.\nIn the future this condition must be changed. Each nation must\nbear its fair share to maintain sårength and unity of purpose.\n-more-\nFORD\nU.N.\n-7-\nnot The least the buflict ? which between is +\nWith a fullscale war in Viet Nam, trouble brewing in many places, A Paherton India\nand unrest surging through the target nations of Communisim,\nthe U.N. has a greater role and responsibility than ever before\nshould be alvious\nIt seems terms the U.N. charter, created in a less troublesome\ntime, should be re-examined with the thought of more affeicient afficient\nrisuleing ways to cope with the modern problems of a more modern world.\nIf we fail, we could be witness to oblivion.\n+ others as well\nSomehow, some way, we must insist that the member nations conduct\nthemselves within the rules and regulations of the United Nations.\nThe U.N. must have sufficient, but limited, powers to prevent aggression\nby those who would rule the world with iron fists.\nGreat power and great danger go hand-in-hand. A mistake, a lapse\nin judgment, an instant of madness could plunge the nations of the\nworld into one final war.\n-more-\nFORD & LIBRARY 07V830\nU.N.\n-8-\nThe annustring\n20\nshould\nOn this United Nations Day, We pay tribute to those who\n1\nUnited Nations\nworked with dedication to set the goals of the organization.\nThe U.N. reasons for existence are clearly stated in the\nPreamble to the Charter. I repeat these goals, which I\nlisted allow minutes ago. They are: \"to reaffirm faith in the\nfundamental rights to promote social progress... to unite our\nstrength and to maintain international peace and security...\nto save succeeding generations the scourge of war.\" These words\nshould be remembered.\nOn this anniversary of the United Nat ions, we salute those\nwho wrote those brave words... we salude their vision... we\nsalute those who have tried in the past 20 years to make these\nwords a reality.\n-more-\nFORD & LIBRARY 97V839\nU.N.\n9\nI end this message as I began it.\nWe have no higher calling than to pledge ourselves as individuals,\nas citizens of a free nation in the society of other nations,\nto the task of assuring peace in the world....now and forever.\nAfter you finish your talk conclude by saying:\n\"Let us pray.\n\"0, Eternal God, we beseech thee for all who serve in\nthe United Nations Organization. Grant thy blessing\nupon their endeavors to heal the wounds of the world\nthrough cooperation in education and other fields of\nhuman service; and may thy Holy Spirit so guide their\ndeliberations in Council and Assembly, that all causes\nof strife may be removed, and peace and concord be\nsecured among all the peoples of the earth; through\nJesus Christ our Lord. =\nGREAT FORD LIBRARY\nA\nA/6001/Add.1*\n20 September 1965\nORIGINAL: ENGLISH\nCAUTION: ADVANCE COPY\nThe attached document, \"Introduction to the Annual Report of\nthe Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization\"\n(document A/6001/Add.1), is not to be made public by press,\nradio or other information media until:\n12 noon (EDT) Tuesday, 21 September 1965\nFORD & LIBRARY 07V839\nЗИОНАИ UNITED NATIONS\nJARTBOGENERAL\nA/6001/Add.1*\nYM22AASSEMBLY\n20 September 1965\nORIGINAL: ENGLISH\nTwentieth session\nINTRODUCTION TO THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL\nON THE WORK OF THE ORGANIZATION\n(16 June 1964-15 June 1965)\n* This document is a limited edition of the report which will appear in printed\nform as Supplement No. 1A to the official records of the twentieth session of\nthe General Assembly.\n65-22205\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nA/6001/Add.1\nPage 2\nEnglish\nPage 3\nsolution to the constitutional and financial problems covered by its terms of\nI\nreference. That these efforts did not altogether succeed before 15 June, by\nDuring the period of approximately ten months since the introduction to\nwhich date the Committee was due to submit a report to the General Assembly,\nmy last annual report on the work of the Organization was published in\nwas only an indication of the serious differences of interpretation and opinion\nNovember 1964, there have been many developments on the international scene,\nwhich continued to prevail among the Member States. In the circumstances, it\nwhich have inevitably had their repercussions on the United Nations. The\nwas a substantial achievement that the Committee was able to reach a consensus by\npostponements of the opening date of the nineteenth session of the General\nwhich the members agreed that the United Nations should be strengthened through\nAssembly, and its inability, when it met, to follow the normal rules of procedure\na co-operative effort and that the General Assembly, when it reconvened, must\non account of the controversy over the applicability of Article 19 of the Charter,\nconduct its work normally, according to its rules of procedure.\nconstituted the prime cause of concern. > When the Assembly recessed on\nThe Special Committee resumed its work in mid-August and was able\n18 February 1965, a mood of frustration and dissatisfaction prevailed. There was\non 31 August to reach a further consensus which unquestionably represented\nno disputing the damage which had been done to the effectiveness and dignity of\nconsiderable progress and gave rise to a new feeling of encouragement and hope.\nthe United Nations.\nNevertheless, as I remarked at the time, the episode had\nThe consensus was as follows:\nits heartening aspect in the loyal and unceasing efforts of the Member States\n\"(a) That the General Assembly will carry on its work normally\nto preserve their Organization by finding a solution.\nin accordance with its rules of procedure;\nAnother regrettable development of direct concern to the United Nations\n\"(b) That the question of the applicability of Article 19 of the\nwas the announcement by Indonesia of its decision to withdraw from the\nCharter will not be raised with regard to the United Nations Emergency\nOrganization as from 1 January 1965. Inevitably there were comparisons with the\nForce and the United Nations Operation in the Congo;\nhistory of the League of Nations, but subsequent events have shown that some of\n\"(c) That the financial difficulties of the Organization should\nthose gloomy prognostications reflected undue pessimism. I sincerely hope that\nbe solved through voluntary contributions by Member States, with the\nhighly developed countries making substantial contributions.'\nIndonesia's withdrawal from the United Nations is only a temporary phase and that,\nbefore long, Indonesia will find that its long-term interests can best be served\nTribute is due to the patient and constructive work of the Committee and\nby resuming its membership and by participating fully in the Organization's\nto the co-operation of all delegations, which made this result possible. Much,\nconstructive activities.\nof course, remains to be done. The actual financial situation of the Organization,\nto which I refer elsewhere in this introduction, remains precarious at the time\nThe desire of the Members to resolve the crisis in which the Organization\nhad found itself was reflected in the decision of the General Assembly, before it\nof writing. In addition, I wish to address an appeal to all Member States to\nco-operate with the Special Committee in completing its work and finalizing its\nrecessed in February, to establish the Special Committee on Peace-keeping\nrecommendations on all points covered by its terms of reference. In my view\nOperations with the task of conducting a comprehensive review of the question of\nit is essential for the successful conduct of peace-keeping operations in the\npeace-keeping operations in all their aspects, including ways of overcoming\nfuture that we should have well-established ground rules and guidelines to\nthe financial difficulties of the Organization. During the subsequent months,\ngovern them. This is particularly true of the financing of peace-keeping\nstrenuous efforts were made in the Special Committee to find at least an interim\noperations. As I have pointed out in connexion with the United Nations Force in\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 4\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 5\nbe Cyprus, the policy of piecemeal extension of peace-keeping operations, to\n\"They are unanimously convinced that such co-operation, which\nmakes financed by voluntary contributions which may or may not be fortheoming,\nthe agencies of the United Nations system are empowered and equipped\nI their efficient planning and economical running almost impossible.\nto promote and to assist, and the essentially technical character\nof which is a prerequisite for its success, must be further\nhope that this problem will receive some attention at the twentieth\nconsiderably strengthened and intensified, so as to respond more\nsession of the General Assembly and that the discussions on the subject\nadequately to the increasing needs of the developing countries and\nto the promotion of peace and progress in the world as a whole.\"\nand may assist the Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations in evolving\nformulating its own recommendations on this urgent question.\nI must add that it is the feeling of the Executive Heads of all the\nThe difficulties of the Organization proper were overshadowed\norganizations that a pre-condition for the continued success of economic,\nto through this period by adverse developments in international relationships,\nsocial and cultural co-operation on an international plane is the preservation\nwhich I shall make further reference in the pages that follow.\nto the greatest possible extent of the essentially technical character of\nYet, although a review of the last ten months may leave behind it\nsuch action. I have previously had occasion to observe that it would be a matter\ngeneral feeling of lack of achievement, much constructive work, in a the\nfor regret on the part of the entire international community if important\nwhole range of activities from peace-keeping operations to technical\nmeetings dealing with these questions, and depending for their success on the\nNations assistance, has been carried out during the period. For example, the United\nvital element of international co-operation, were to fail to yield solid results\nof Force in Cyprus has made a significant contribution to the maintenance\nbecause of the introduction of highly contentious political issues into the\npeace in the area and to bringing quiet to Cyprus, even though the\ndiscussions and deliberations. The admitted difficulty of drawing a clear\npolitical problems remain unsolved. There have been accomplishments of\nline between what is political and what is not must not be allowed to distract\nparticular satisfaction in such other fields as economic and social\nthe Member States from their specific duty to respect the Charter, the\ndevelopment and decolonization. Our work in the economic and social field\nconventions and the constitutional procedures of the agency concerned and from\nhas, in my view, been accurately assessed by the Administrative Committee\ntheir general obligation to safeguard, in the common interest, the future\non Co-ordination in the report on its meeting in Vienna in the last week\nof international order itself.\nof April:\nA development of note in recent years is an increasing movement towards\nseeking solutions to international problems within the United Nations by way\nmiddle is being of the during International Co-operation Year, which Co-ordination the\n\"As held this session of the Administrative Committee on\nof consensus rather than by reliance upon majority votes. Thus, for example,\nAdministrative United Nations Development Decade, the marks\ndetailed procedures of conciliation have been developed for the United Nations\nbuilding of particular emphasis on the steady progress achieved on this\nto place Committee on Co-ordination deem it fit, members of occasion, the\nConference on Trade and Development. There has also been a growing interest in\nand cultural peace through co-operative action in the in social the\nmethods of peaceful settlement of international disputes, and there are at least\nthe results fields and to lay stress on the indisputable economic,\nto which this international co-operation has already value of led.\nthree items on the provisional agenda of the twentieth session of the General\nAssembly which may lead to a comprehensive review of the whole question of\npacific settlement, both through the United Nations and through general\ndiplomacy.\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 6\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 7\nAlongside these developments, I have noted there has been a most welcome\ntrend - on the part, in particular, of newly independent African States - to\nThe deterioration in the international situation generally, as well as the\naccept, often without extensive reservations, the compulsory jurisdiction of the\ninability of the nineteenth session of the General Assembly to function normally,\nInternational Court of Justice. I very much hope that this trend will be continued,\nhave made an adverse impact in the field of disarmament. No substantial progress\nand that States will also have more frequent recourse to the Court as a means of\nhas been achieved since my last report, and the high hopes engendered by the\nsettling their legal disputes. I would like to take this opportunity to draw\nagreements reached in 1963 have been greatly diminished.\nattention once more to the resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1947\nYet the danger to world peace looms larger all the time. The past year has\ncalling upon Member States to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court\nbeen marked by increasing concern over the evident intensification and extension\nunder Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute. The Court has already established\nof the nuclear arms race. The nuclear tests conducted by the People's Republic of\nthat it merits universal confidence and if real progress is to be made in the\nChina have raised the number of nuclear Powers to five. Other nations possess or\npeaceful settlement of disputes, I feel that the Court should increasingly come\nare close to possessing a nuclear capacity which any worsening of global or\nto play the vital role envisioned for it in the Charter as the principal judicial\nregional relations may tempt or force them to explore. There is real reason for\norgan of the United Nations.\nanxiety that, unless steps are taken quickly to halt the proliferation of nuclear\nA different aspect of the question of the extent of participation by countries\nPowers and weapons, the nations of the world may within a very few years find the\nin organized international activities is raised by the recent phenomenon of the\nproblem of proliferation beyond control. A world containing ten, fifteen and\nemergence of exceptionally small new States. Their limited size and resources can\nperhaps even more nuclear Powers could well be a world confronting itself finally\npose a difficult problem as to the role they should try to play in international\nwith the question of its survival.\nlife. In one or two cases, such States have decided to restrict their membership\nA recognition of the sheer necessity of finding some way to cope with the\nto one or more of the specialized agencies, so that they may at any rate receive\ndangers of the arms race and of nuclear proliferation has at least led to a\nthe fullest possible assistance from the United Nations system in advancing their\nrenewal of disarmament discussions and negotiations. The Disarmament Commission,\neconomic and social development. I believe that the time has come when Member\ncomposed of all the Members of the United Nations, undertook a comprehensive review\nStates may wish to examine more closely the criteria for the admission of new\nof the whole range of disarmament problems and reached some significant decisions.\nMembers in the light of the long-term implications of present trends.\nOne resolution welcomed the proposal for a world disarmament conference and\nOne of the important events of 1965 was the celebration of the twentieth\nrecommended that the General Assembly should consider the proposal at its next\nanniversary of the United Nations in San Francisco. Our thanks are due to the\nsession. A second resolution specifically recommended that the Conference of the\nCity of San Francisco, to its Mayor and to its distinguished citizens for their\nEighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament should give priority to agreement on\ndedication to the United Nations, for the fitting way in which they arranged the\npreventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons and extending the partial test ban\ncelebration, and for their heartwarming hospitality. The occasion provided an\ntreaty to underground tests. The Commission indicated that in seeking new\nappropriate and timely reminder both of the achievements of the international\napproaches to disarmament, all States, large and small, nuclear and non-nuclear,\ncommunity and of the distance that still lies between us and the goals we set\ncould make a contribution. It also recognized that partial measures and limited\nourselves two decades ago.\nsteps offered the best prospects for early agreement. The two measures singled\nout for urgent action were viewed as the first concrete steps necessary to halt\nthe further expansion of the arms race in the nuclear field.\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nA/6001/Add.1\nPage 8\nEnglish\nPage 9\nDetailed and expert negotiations were taken up in the Conference of the\nEighteen-Nation Committee, which resumed its work at the end of July and is still\nthat man finds himself engaged in a race between building a better world and\nin session at the time of writing. The very resumption of the Conference was of\ndestroying an imperfect one. And it is in the power of man alone to determine how\npolitical importance in a period of increasing international tensions. The\nthat race will end. A growing awareness that the decisive moment may be close\ncontinuation of negotiations should provide opportunities to narrow the gap between\nshould lead to a more insistent demand, and a more persistent search, for new ideas\nopposing positions and to seek new areas of agreement on disarmament itself. At\nand new methods for bringing about disarmament and lasting peace. The search for\nthe same time, however, in disarmament as in other political questions, concessions\nsolutions can go on simultaneously in many ways - multilaterally and bilaterally,\non a universal basis and at regional levels. It must go on.\nare needed from all sides if agreements are to be reached. It is a matter not only\nfor regret but also for grave concern that there is not yet sufficient evidence\nThere has been some further progress in the area of international co-operation\nof a readiness to make such concessions or accommodations in the form either of\nin the peaceful uses of outer space. Several international programmes, such as the\nnew proposals or of acceptable modifications of old ones.\nInternational Year of the Quiet Sun, the International Indian Ocean Expedition, the\nThe prevention of the further proliferation of nuclear weápons is the most\nWorld Magnetic Survey and others, have developed successfully during the period.\nurgent question of the present time and should remain at the very top of the\nOn the basis of unanimous opinion within the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of\ndisarmament agenda. It is of prime importance that both the nuclear and non-nuclear\nOuter Space, it was decided that the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee need not\nPowers give first priority to this problem and devote their concentrated and\nmeet in 1965, but that the Committee, with the assistance of the Secretariat, should\nunceasing attention to solving it. The emergence of additional nuclear Powers\ncontinue to fulfil the objectives in the field of science and technology which were\nthreatens to have a contagious and cumulative effect, which may produce its own\noutlined in its previous report. In response to the Committee's request, the\nchain reaction. Both the nuclear and non-nuclear Powers must exercise the highest\nSecretariat has been compiling information for a report on the possibility of\ndegree of responsibility and restraint to prevent that from happening.\nestablishing a civil world-wide navigational satellite system. The Secretariat has\nOne hopeful development that indicates a practical recognition of this need\nalso continued to compile information on facilities for education and training in\nfor responsibility and restraint is to be found in the efforts of States of Latin\nbasic subjects related to the peaceful uses of outer space, as well as to compile\nAmerica. Since the adoption of General Assembly resolution 1911 (XVIII) of\nreviews of national and co-operative international space activities on the basis of\n27 November 1963 on the denuclearization of Latin America, they have made good\ninformation voluntarily submitted by Member States. These compilations are to be\nprogress towards an agreement to keep their territories free of nuclear weapons.\npublished every other year.\nSuccess in their endeavours will not only be an achievement of great benefit to\nThe Secretariat has continued to receive from Member States literature on the\nthe States of Latin America, militarily, politically, economically and socially;\ngoals, tools, applications and results of space technology. The Member States have\nit can, indeed, be of great importance to the world at large. It may well have a\nbeen given information on various space conferences and symposia open to their\ncatalytic effect on other initiatives for denuclearization, for preventing the\nscientists. Consultations have proceeded with the specialized agencies and the\nfurther spread of nuclear weapons, and for other measures of disarmament.\nCommittee on Space Research on the question of the possible need for material which\nThe year 1965 marks not only the twentieth anniversary of the founding of\nwould enhance popular understanding of space activities and also on the question of\nthe United Nations; it signals also the twentieth anniversary of the explosion\nthe distribution of technical literature.\nof the first atomic bomb. It is not by the force of nature but by his own will\n/\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 10\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 11\nIt is now to be hoped that further steps in international co-operation\nlast field may result from the decision, to which I referred in the introduction to in the this\nSome consolation may be drawn from the fact that neither the sharpening of\nestablish annual report, by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer\ninternational political problems nor the financial crisis within the United Nations\nand a working group of the whole to examine the desirability, Space to\nseriously affected the momentum of existing international action in the economic\nexploration objectives of an international conference or meeting to be held in organization\nand social fields. Yet here, too, a disturbing shadow has been cast, in the form\nmeet in and peaceful uses of outer space. The working group, which 1967 is due on to the\nof a worsening of the relative economic position of the developing countries.\nSeptember, will report to the Committee at its next session.\nSince my last report there has been a deterioration in market conditions for\nThe Committee's Legal Sub-Committee has meanwhile continued to work\nexports from those countries, after improvements which proved short-lived. The\nand drafting of the international agreements on assistance to and return of on the\nyear 1965 opened with export prices at a lower level than twelve months previously,\nThe space vehicles and on liability for damage caused by objects launched astronauts into space.\nand still falling. Once again, therefore, it has to be recorded that the terms of\ncompletion of the two agreements would contribute substantially to\ntrade are moving against the developing countries. The danger of this trend in\naddress development of the law of outer space, and it is to be hoped that the the will\nworld trade is accentuated by problems of external financial imbalance in leading\nitself to further subjects in respect of which legal rules are Committee\nindustrial countries, causing them to adopt restrictive measures and to hold back\nTaking this question as a whole, we can in my view claim that there essential. has\non programmes of development assistance.\nensure very significant that progress in the past few years in the United Nations in been to\nThis situation gives added significance to the results of the first United\npurposes. the exploration and use of outer space would be confined to peaceful seeking\nNations Conference on Trade and Development and to the action which has followed\nendorsed General Assembly resolution 1884 (XVIII) of 17 October 1963,\nit. The work started by the Geneva Conference was carried an important step\nAmerica and broadened the understanding reached between the United which\nfurther when the General Assembly gave its unanimous approval to the establishment\nouter and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to refrain from stationing States of in\nof the new institutional machinery of the Conference. The machinery is endowed\nwith an instrument that is new to the United Nations system - a mechanism\nspace any objects carrying nuclear weapons or other weapons of\nDeclaration destruction, and resolution 1962 (XVIII) of 13 December 1963, mass the\nconsisting of special procedures with which to formularize conciliation between\nof Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States containing in\nvarious interests before voting takes place. The primary objective of these\nExploration and Use of Outer Space, were very important steps. They the\nprocedures is to maintain the fundamental principle of equality of vote while at\nspace significantly should to meet the increasingly insistent demand for ensuring that helped\nthe same time taking into account the fact that specific recommendations for action\nmay substantially affect the economic and financial interests of particular\nhope, the be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. I had myself expressed outer the\ncountries. Recommendations which do not reflect the common will of all parties\nimplementation on occasion of the adoption of resolution 1884 (XVIII), that\nconcerned run a grave risk of remaining without effect on national policies, since\nof scientific should assist in placing necessary restrictions on the its\nthey cannot be assured of the positive support and co-operation of the various\nmy sincere and technological developments. I should like once again military to uses\nGovernments to which they are addressed. The conciliation mechanism, which will\nthe hope that the positive trend that has developed in the United Nations express in\nno doubt give a new dimension to international co-operation within the United\npeaceful uses of outer space will not be halted or reversed.\nNations by recognizing the different requirements of the contemporary world, will\nrepresent an important tool in the continuing process of adjustment through\nnegotiation and mutual accommodation. It is equally important, however, that we\nshould be aware that this mechanism is only part of what is needed to arrive at\nLIBRARY\nA/6001/Add.1\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nEnglish\nPage 13\nPage 12\nsatisfactory and practical agreements. The success of the new procedure must\nhas led Member States to look to the United Nations for greater assistance the\ndepend largely on the will to arrive at solutions.\nslow, their efforts to achieve more rapid progress and to sharpen and multiply the\nThe main objective during the past year has been the administrative and\nin tools available to the Organization for this purpose. This is clear from recent\norganizational consolidation of the new institutional machinery. A solid\nrecords of the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies.\nfoundation for future work has now been established. The first session of the\nAmong the problems to which a new emphasis has been given are the relationship cities.\nTrade and Development Board established four specific committees, all of which\npopulation growth to development and the phenomenon of migration towards these\nwill bear important responsibilities and will become centres for the formulation\nof Research programmes have been launched to give Governments more insight into of\nof policies in their respective fields, with an appropriate institutional basis.\nproblems and into the ways of solving them. There is also a greater awareness factors,\nThey will thus be capable of contributing efficiently and expeditiously to the\nimportance of social policies - of the role of human resources and\nimplementation of the work programme of the Conference.\nthe those represented by the younger generation, in the shaping of fostering a better\nDespite the progress made in the organizational and administrative field,\nespecially life for all. In the economic field, United Nations activities aimed at\nhowever, the year has not fulfilled the hopes generated in developing countries\nindustrial development are gaining a new momentum, and there has been a\nby the agreements reached in Geneva. Many of the Geneva recommendations, adopted\nstrengthening of the Secretariat in this area. Throughout the economic Committee and social\neither unanimously or by large majorities, still remain to be implemented. That\nwork has been stimulated by the energy with which the Advisory about its\nthe implementation of these recommendations is necessary and that the time for it\non field, Science and Technology of the Economic and Social Council has set\nis ripe is, I believe, hardly open to question. Such action would not only assist\ntask.\neconomic development in the developing regions and thus strengthen the world's\nParticularly noteworthy is the increasing attention given to development\neconomy, but it would also have a positive and far-reaching effect on the\nand, with it, the desire of the growing number of Governments methods which which resort\ninternational climate in general. The new trade machinery is not just another\nplanning it to obtain through the United Nations a better knowledge of the and\nforum for exerting pressure. It should be a centre for formulating new policies\nto help them to organize their development efforts in the most coherent\nand for achieving specific solutions of trade problems. More specifically, it is\npurposeful can manner. I regard this as significant and promising, and I welcome the of\nan indispensable instrument for the adoption, by both developed and developing\nsupport given by the Economic and Social Council to the idea of having a group\ncountries, of new approaches to international economic problems within the context\nhigh-level experts assist the Secretariat in this field.\nof a new awareness of the needs of developing countries. I am confident that\nMore research has been undertaken over a broader range of problems and its more\nanswers to those problems will be found if all parties continue to show the same\nis being provided to Governments by the Organization through\npatience and the same spirit of conciliation they have shown during this first\nassistance technical assistance programmes and through its work as an executing agency of number the\nyear of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.\nSpecial Fund. The latter is entrusting to the United Nations an increasing\nAside from trade, this year of political and financial difficulties has been\nof projects, especially in the area of the development of natural resources.\none of intensified activity in all sectors of the economic and social field. The\nfact that twenty years after the signing of the Charter we find ourselves at the\nmidpoint of the United Nations Development Decade, as well as the realization that,\nso far, progress towards the objectives of the Decade has been disappointingly\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 14\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 15\nThe ability of the Organization to provide guidance to those shaping\nnational development policies and to promote international co-operation for\nvoluntary contributions of Governments. I am sure that those Governments will\nnarrowing the gap between rich and poor countries has owed much, and more this\nshare with the organizations a justifiable feeling of satisfaction, indeed of\nyear is than in the past, to the dynamism of the regional economic commissions. This\npride, in the accomplishments of this unprecedented enterprise, which has amply\nreflected in the increased number of meetings held and projects carried out at\ndemonstrated both the feasibility and the value of concerted action in meeting some\nthe regional level. Together with the creation of the United Nations Institute\nof the most pressing needs of the developing countries in a disinterested manner\nfor Training and Research and the steps taken to continue and enlarge the\nfree from political considerations.\nWorld Food Programme, the launching of the African Development Bank and the\nIn the current Expanded Programme, field operations are continuing at the\nmeasures aimed at the establishment of an Asian Development Bank must be\nrecord level of $101 million for the biennium 1965-1966. A new element in the\nconsidered as major advances on the institutional front.\nProgramme is the use of its funds to assign to several countries a small number\nThe Economic and Social Council has reaffirmed the objectives of the United\nof experts with formally defined operational and executive responsibilities,\nand Nations Development Decade and stressed the importance of increasing the quantity\npursuant to a decision made by the Economic and Social Council in 1964. The greater\nquality of international aid and co-operation. It is to be hoped that the\npart of the Programme, however, consists as before of the supply of advisory\ninterest shown in better planning at the national level will lead to those\nexperts, consultants, instructors and fellowships. Such work has continued in a\nobjectives being translated into a coherent set of interrelated goals and targets\nnumber of cases to open the way to larger projects qualifying for support from the\nproviding a framework for the development efforts of the world community over the\nSpecial Fund; at the same time, there has been no slackening of the demand by\nnext five or ten years, as well as a better means of measuring the progress\nGovernments for the great range of services which the Expanded Programme is\nthe achieved. This should enhance our ability, in the years to come, to improve\nuniquely suited to provide. On the whole, greater attention has been given by\nwhich performance in the first half of the United Nations Development Decade, during upon\nGovernments to gearing their demands to development needs and to the use of the\nshocking disparities in conditions and levels of living have continued\nfacilities of the Programme as a fully integrated element of their development\nto persist.\nstrategy. There remains no doubt that the scale of assistance could substantially\nThe two large United Nations development assistance programmes supported\nand usefully be increased.\nvoluntary contributions - the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance and the by\nDuring 1965 the Special Fund also set a new pace in its development assistance\nSpecial Fund - have had another year of vigorous activity. I may mention that\nactivities. The Governing Council approved a record level of 111 new projects\nits in July 1965 the Expanded Programme observed a notable anniversary by completing\nwith an over-all cost of $265.5 million. This brought the total programme to\nthe first fifteen years of operation. In a special review marking the\n522 projects costing $1,151 million, 58 per cent of which is being provided by the\nhad Executive Chairman of the Technical Assistance Board recalled that assistance occasion,\nrecipient Governments and the remainder by the Fund. There was also an impressive\nbeen given to more than 120 developing countries. This assistance took\ngrowth in the level of operations: disbursements of Special Fund resources are\nform of 32,000 man-years of advice and the award of 31,700 fellowships for study the\nexpected to rise to between $70 million and $75 million in 1965, compared with\nabroad, for as well as seminars and training courses and the provision of equipment\n$48.7 million in 1964. Particular credit for this large increase in field work is\ndemonstration, training and investigation purposes. To make these services\ndue to the ability of the executing agencies to gear themselves to carry out\nand facilities available, a total of almost $500 million was spent by the\noperational activity on an entirely new scale.\nparticipating organizations in the fifteen years, all of it derived from the\n/\nA/6001/Add.]\nEnglish\nPage 16\nA/6C01/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 17\nThe number of Special Fund-assisted pre-investment projects\nfield completion work also rose steeply. With projects averaging four years in reaching\nI have mentioned earlier that the first half of the Development Decade\nforty-two will have been completed on some forty of them in 1965 duration,\nhas seen an awareness of the necessity to invest more in human resources in\noperation over the previous five years. These and other projects at compared with in\norder to achieve economic growth and social progress. This investment must\nhave already yielded a harvest of significant returns. Surveys present and\nlogically begin with the child. The phenomenon of children growing to\nindustrial feasibility studies have provided much useful data on natural\nadulthood unhealthy, uneducated and unprepared for the demands of life can\nProjects and agricultural potentialities in scores of developing resources and\nonly retard progress. The grave problems facing children in developing\nbear supporting applied research have brought science and technology countries.\ncountries are still, however, insufficiently recognized. It is virtually\ntechnical on economic growth in hundreds of practical ways, and advanced education to and\nimpossible for countries with a very low national income to provide all the\ntraining have continued apace.\nservices necessary to protect the child through his vulnerable years and prepare\nSome of the these results can be given in statistical terms, and are\nhim for life in an era of change. There is a need for far greater outside\nindirectly impressive and gratifying. By 1 July 1965, nineteen projects had these\nresources specifically directed to helping developing countries meet the needs\ncapital. led to the investment of over $1,026 million in domestic directly and or\nof the rising generation.\nmanagers, Over 70,000 senior and middle-level engineers, technicians, instructors, external\nIn ensuring a useful and productive future for children and youth in\nauspices. supervisors and administrators had been trained under Special\ndeveloping societies, an essential task accordingly falls to the United Nations\nFund-assisted Besides building up supplies of knowledge, capital and Fund\nChildren's Fund: but the requests for aid from the Fund are outpacing its\nregions, projects had helped to establish or strengthen, in all manpower, the\nresources. The current annual expenditures of about $35 million must be spread\nfuture vital training, research, planning and service institutions developing which\nover 118 countries and territories for programmes in aid of children in the\ngrowth will spring. Still greater results from this pre-investment from\nfields of health, nutrition, education, vocational training and social services.\nassistance may be confidently forecast as the programme continues to expand in\nThese programmes are co-operative ventures with the technical agencies of the\nscope and effectiveness.\nUnited Nations family. Because of the need to meet on-going projects, less\nIncreased they resources are needed by both the Expanded Programme and the Special\nthan 10 per cent of the programme allocations made by the Executive Board of\nservices. Fund if are to meet a larger proportion of the rising requests for\nthe Fund in June 1965 could be devoted to new projects. While aid from the\nthe annual That is why I have urged that the General Assembly raise to $200 their million\nFund continues to be highly effective in many areas, it clearly does not yet\nsuggestion target for the two programmes together. I am happy to note that this\nhave sufficient resources to carry out fully its vital role in the Development\nmoreover, has received the support of a number of Governments. It is\nDecade.\napprove the that the Assembly will shortly be able to consider and my hope,\nI think it is appropriate to recall that, despite difficulties within\nProgramme Economic and Social Council's proposals for combining expeditiously the Expanded\nthe membership over the financing of United Nations peace-keeping operations,\nI have and the Special Fund in a new United Nations Development\nall of the actual operations of this nature have been maintained according\nbecome expressed the view on other occasions that this consolidation Programme. has\nto plan. Peace-keeping action was in fact extended, in a limited form, by\na matter of some urgency; it should help to rationalize the efforts now and\nthe mission undertaken by the United Nations in the Dominican Republic. In\nconsiderably to strengthen the capacity of the United Nations family\nall cases these operations continued to vindicate the importance which most\naccelerated organizations to help meet the urgent needs of the developing countries of\nDevelopment Decade.\neconomic and social advance in the second half of the United for Nations\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 18\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nPage 19\nMember of States attach to the valuable function which the United Nations is capable\ncarrying out in situations which are by common consent judged dangerous to\nThe need therefore becomes all the more urgent to achieve a political\ninternational peace.\nsolution to the Cyprus problem. To help the parties find this solution, the\nAmong the present United Nations peace-keeping operations, that in Cyprus\nUnited Nations Mediator on Cyprus, Mr. Galo Plaza, devoted his best efforts\ncontinues to be a major concern of the Organization. The duration of the\nfrom September 1964 to March 1965. On 26 March, he submitted to me a\nUnited Nations Force in Cyprus, which was established on 27 March 1964 for three\nreport on the mediation activities, which I found encouraging because it\nmonths, has repeatedly been extended under its original mandate, the last time\nenvisaged a reasonable basis for a settlement of the problem. In view of the\nfor a period of six months ending on 27 December 1965.\nimportance which I attach to the Mediator's report, I decided to transmit it\nThe repeated extension of the Force by the Security Council, involving the\nimmediately to the parties concerned as well as to the members of the Security\nagreement of the parties directly concerned in the Cyprus problem, attests\nCouncil.\nabundantly to the helpful if not indispensable role of the Force. The explosive\nUnfortunately, two of the parties reacted negatively to the report, to\nsituation prevailing in the island has been contained remarkably well and there\nsuch an extent that the Mediator has been unable actively to continue his\nhave been no major outbreaks of fighting since August 1964. With the cessation\nendeavours since the publication of the report. While I deeply regret this\nof active hostilities, it has been possible to make some progress towards the\nturn of events, I believe that it should not preclude a continuation of efforts\nrelaxation of prevailing restrictions and a return to normal conditions. There\nby all possible means to bring about direct discussions and negotiations between\nis no doubt that this general improvement has been due in large measure to the\nthe parties concerned, as recommended by the Mediator and in the light of his\nefforts of the United Nations Force. While the Force has been successful\nanalysis of the situation. It is my earnest hope that, in the interest of the\nThe in these respects, the underlying causes of the conflict remain without change.\nwell-being of the people of Cyprus and the cause of international peace and\nGovernment of Cyprus, on the one hand, and the Turkish Cypriot leadership,\nsecurity, these parties will soon find it possible to meet together in the\non the other, have maintained their basic positions regarding the future of\nsearch for a peaceful solution and an agreed settlement of the Cyprus problem,\nthe country and their relations continue to be marred by suspicion and mistrust.\nin the true spirit of the Security Council resolution of 4 March 1964. At my\nThe continuance of the armed confrontation between the two sides makes the\nrequest, the Mediator remains available to the parties for the continuation of\npresent quiet little more than an uneasy truce. I am convinced that there\nthe mediation effort, in accordance with the provisions of that resolution.\nwould be an imminent danger of violence breaking out anew and quickly if the\nA new United Nations mission in the peace-keeping category was established\nUnited Nations Force were to be withdrawn from the island.\nin the Dominican Republic following the adoption by the Security Council of\nIn the light of this situation, I had no sound alternative but to recommend\nresolution 203 (1965) of 14 May 1965 which called for a strict cease-fire in\nthat the Security Council extend the Force once more. But I did so with some\nthat country and invited me to send a representative there for the purpose\nmisgivings. As time goes by, the Force may find that it will have to make\nof reporting to the Council on the prevailing situation. In pursuance of\ngreater efforts to obtain smaller results, while the United Nations will find\nthat resolution, I appointed Mr. José Antonio Mayobre as my Representative\nsince the responsibility of financing the operation increasingly difficult, particularly\nin the Dominican Republic.\nof the financial burden is being borne by the generous voluntary contributions\nThe situation in the Dominican Republic arising from the civil strife\nonly a handful of Member States. An indefinite prolongation of the Force\nwhich broke out in Santo Domingo at the end of April 1965, was of unusual\ncontains also the danger of perpetuating the present stalemate by providing the\ncomplexity. It had considerable international repercussions, reflected in\nsettlement. parties concerned with an excuse for not exerting all possible efforts towards a\nnumerous Security Council meetings, particularly with regard to the unilateral\nmilitary involvement of the United States in the initial stage and, later, to\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nA/6001/Add.1\nPage 20\nEnglish\nPage 21\nthe actions of the Organization of American States, including the establishment\nUnited Nations Emergency Force and, until the recent renewal of conflict over\nand deployment in Santo Domingo of a force designated as the Inter-American\nKashmir, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan. To\nPeace Force. The violent struggle between contending parties in the Dominican\nthe extent that any generalization can be valid, these three operations, like\nRepublic generated deep-seated feelings of hatred and mistrust. The rapidly\nthe United Nations Force in Cyprus, have often seemed to possess the limitations\ndeteriorating economic situation resulting largely from the crisis added another\nof their own success, namely, that they have helped over long periods to contain\ndisturbing dimension to the problems confronting the country.\nand isolate explosive situations without really affecting the basic causes of\nWhile the mandate of my Representative in the Dominican Republic is a\nconflict. Two of the three have lasted for sixteen years and one for nearly\nlimited one, the effect of his role has been significant. When he arrived in\nnine years; all have been indispensable for most of that time to relative peace\nSanto Domingo on 17 May, fighting between the two Dominican contending parties\nand order in the areas in which they operate, and their withdrawal would without\nhad flared up despite a cease-fire agreement reached on 5 May under the auspices\nquestion have had far-reaching consequences. On the other hand, the very fact\nof the Organization of American States. My Representative played a major role\nthat they have become an accepted and semi-permanent part of the way of life in\nin bringing about a cessation of hostilities on 21 May. Since then the situation\nthe areas has tended to some extent to reduce the sense of urgency which might\nhas remained generally quiet, although there have been a number of isolated\nstimulate a search by the parties concerned for a basic and peaceful solution of\nincidents. My Representative, assisted by a small but efficient staff, has\ntheir conflicts. This state of affairs is no reflection on the conduct and\nkept me informed as to the situation both in Santo Domingo and in the interior\ncompetence of the officers, men and Secretariat officials of these three missions;\nof the country, regarding not only the observance of the cease-fire but also\non the contrary it is perhaps the best testimony to their effectiveness, good\nserious cases of violations of human rights and the prevailing economic conditions.\njudgement, courage and vigilance. It is, none the less, a dilemma which Member\nI have transmitted this information to the Security Council at frequent intervals,\nStates would do well to study carefully in relation to both present and future\nthus keeping the Council informed of all important events and developments.\noperations of a peace-keeping nature, with a view to strengthening the machinery\nIt bears mentioning that for the first time a United Nations peace mission\nfor peace-making (good offices, negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration,\nhas found itself operating in the same area and dealing with the same matters\netc.) parallel to that of peace-keeping.\nas an operation of a regional organization, in this instance the Organization\nWhile the foregoing considerations apply to the Military Observer Group in\nof American States. Apart from its deeper implications, this circumstance has\nIndia and Pakistan in a general sense, its position warrants further comment.\ngiven rise to some special and unfamiliar problems in the way of relationships\nThere is no doubt in my mind that over a long period the presence of the Group\nand liaison, which have however, been progressively surmounted.\nacted to some extent as a deterrent to the renewal of hostilities; however, as\nThe presence of my Representative in the Dominican Republic has undoubtedly\nI pointed out in my report to the Security Council of 3 September 1965 on the\nbeen a moderating factor in a difficult and dangerous situation which, at the\nsituation which had by that time developed in Kashmir, it must be recognized that\ntime of writing, holds promise of being peacefully resolved.\nthe mandate of the mission had been strictly limited in scale and scope. The\nThe newer peace-keeping efforts of the United Nations in Cyprus and in\nmission had consisted simply of a group of forty-five officers stationed along\nthe Dominican Republic have naturally tended to overshadow those of much longer\na cease-fire line almost 500 miles in length; it had been given the quite limited\nstanding: the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine, the\nfunction of observing and reporting and of investigating complaints of violations\nreceived from either party; it had no authority or function entitling it to\n/\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nA/6001/Add.1\nPage 22\nEnglish\nPage 23\nenforce or prevent anything, or to try to ensure that the cease-fire was respected.\nSince the Security Council is, at the time of writing, actively seized of the\nIn the introduction to the annual report last year, I recalled the continued\ncrisis over Kashmir, I do not think it appropriate for me to go further in the\nefforts of the United Nations in the field of decolonization and referred to the\npresent context than to ask that those limitations should be properly understood.\nmajor questions in that field for which solutions had to be found through peaceful\nOne operation of a peace-keeping nature, the United Nations Yemen Observation\nmeans and which therefore called for attention by the General Assembly.\nMission, was terminated on 4 September 1964, having been established by the\nIn the intervening period, another former dependent territory, the Gambia,\nSecurity Council on 11 June 1963. This operation was both limited in scope and\nacceded to independence and constitutional progress towards self-government and\nsmall in size. Its function was to observe and report on the implementation of\nindependence was made in some of the remaining dependent territories. However, the\nthe disengagement agreement in Yemen between the United Arab Republic and\nproblems to which I referred last year remain without any positive movement towards\nSaudi Arabia in the effort to ensure against any developments in the situation that\npeaceful solution. The Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the\nmight threaten the peace of the area. As I reported to the Security Council\nImplementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial\non 2 July 1964, the Mission observed only a disappointing measure of disengagement,\nCountries and Peoples, which continued to discharge its mandate as established by\nin particular with regard to the withdrawal of the troops of the United Arab\nthe General Assembly in resolution 1956 (XVIII) of 11 December 1963, accordingly\nRepublic, and I appealed most urgently to the parties concerned to meet at the\ngave priority in its work to examining the situation in those territories which\nhighest level with a view to achieving full and rapid implementation of the\ncontinued to give cause for serious concern.\ndisengagement agreement. I also warned the Council that in my opinion the\nWith regard to Southern Rhodesia, the United Kingdom Government found it\nMission should be terminated in September 1964, if no improvement in the situation\nnecessary, in view of its concern about the possibility of unconstitutional action\nwas by then evident. The parties concurred in the termination of the Mission\nby the Government of the Territory, to reiterate its warning of the serious\non 4 September. Since that time there have been favourable developments,\nconsequences which would flow from a unilateral declaration of independence by that\nculminating in consultations and agreement at the highest level among the parties,\nGovernment. It also reaffirmed its intention of pursuing the search for a political\nwhich I had always felt to be essential to a solution of the situation in Yemen.\nsettlement based on general consent. However, no progress can yet be recorded in\nAs far as the United Nations Mission was concerned, its mandate was so\nthis regard and it is to be hoped that a basis for early independence, acceptable\nlimited, being restricted to observation and reporting only, that inevitably the\nto the majority of the population, will soon be found which, in conformity with\nresults achieved were widely interpreted as disappointing. There is little doubt\nthe pertinent United Nations resolutions, will embody full democratic freedom and\nthat the Mission could have accomplished much more if its functions had been\nrecognition of the equal rights of all the inhabitants.\nbroader and stronger. Yet, in the circumstances, I believe that the Mission\nIn the case of the territories under Portuguese administration, there was no\nactually accomplished more than could have been expected of it and that, during\nchange in Portugal's position of non-compliance with the relevant United Nations\nits fourteen months of existence, it exercised an important restraining influence\nresolutions and in its refusal to co-operate with the Organization in implementing\non hostile activities in the area. The problem continued inevitably to rest\nthem. Far from recognizing the right of the inhabitants to self-determination,\nbetween the two principal countries involved, the United Arab Republic and Saudi\nas laid down by the General Assembly, it pursued its policy of closer political\nArabia, whose Heads of State have now successfully brought their statesmanship to\nand economic integration of the territories with Portugal.\nbear on finding an agreed settlement.\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nA/6001/Add.1\nPage 24\nEnglish\nPage 25\nLikewise, South Africa has maintained its disregard of United Nations\nthe rights of the African populations in Southern Rhodesia, in Territories under\nresolutions concerning South West Africa and its attitude of non-co-operation\nPortuguese administration, in South West Africa and in Basutoland, Bechuanaland\nin this respect. In addition to continuing the application of apartheid policies\nand Swaziland. At the same time, the Special Committee requested all States and\nin the territory, it has taken preliminary steps to implement some of the\nall international institutions to refuse assistance of any kind to the Governments\nrecommendations of the Odendaal Commission which, in the view of the Special\nof Portugal and South Africa and the minority settler régime of Southern Rhodesia,\nCommittee, would lead to the partition of the territory and its absorption into\nSouth Africa.\nso long as the latter failed to renounce their policy of colonial domination and\nthe practice of apartheid.\nIn regard to the territories mentioned above, the Special Committee gave\nI am hopeful that the Special Committee's work in Africa will have served\nincreasing attention to the implications of the activities of foreign economic\nto demonstrate further the concern of the United Nations for the position of\nand other interests and their mode of operation in order to assess their economic\nthe dependent peoples and to enable the Special Committee to increase its\nand political influence. It is the hope of the Special Committee that a study\ncontribution to the speedy emergence of their countries from dependence.\nof these activities will result in greater appreciation of some of the factors\nIt may be timely to recall, in a year proclaimed as International Co-operation\nimpeding the implementation of the Declaration.\nYear, that the Declaration contained in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) was\nAt its nineteenth session, the General Assembly, following a recommendation\nadopted nearly five years ago. In it, the General Assembly declared, inter alia,\nby the Special Committee and in response to an invitation by New Zealand as the\nthat:\nadministering Power, authorized the supervision by the United Nations of the\nelections in the Cook Islands, including observation of the proceedings concerning\n\"5. Immediate steps shall be taken, in Trust and Non-Self-Governing\nTerritories or all other territories which have not yet attained\nthe Constitution in the Legislative Assembly to be elected. The report of the\nindependence, to transfer all powers to the peoples of these\nUnited Nations Representative appointed for the purpose remains to be considered\nterritories, without any conditions or reservations, in accordance\nwith their freely expressed will and desire, without any distinction\nby the General Assembly. It is hoped that the Assembly's deliberations and those\nas to race, creed or colour, in order to enable them to enjoy\nof the Special Committee will lead to increased co-operation between administering\ncomplete independence and freedom.\"\nPowers and the Organization in regard to dependent territories.\nIt is my earnest hope that all Member States and in particular the\nAnother development of note was the decision of the Special Committee to\nadministering Powers will, in a spirit of constructive co-operation, do their\nhold meetings in Africa during May and June 1965 in order to establish direct\nutmost to assist the dependent peoples to achieve their aspirations in conditions\ncontact with peoples under colonial rule in the continent and to acquire a\nof peace and harmony.\ndeeper knowledge of their situation as well as of their aspirations.\nThe situation in the Republic of South Africa presents no less dark and\nIn the resolutions adopted by the Special Committee during its meetings in\ndisturbing a picture than previously. As a result of further study by the United\nAfrica, emphasis was placed on the legitimacy of the struggle of colonial peoples\nNations organs, it was also revealed in clearer detail than ever before. The\nto secure the effective exercise and enjoyment of the rights set forth in the\nExpert Committee established under the Security Council resolution of 18 June 1964\nCharter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Declaration embodied\nsubmitted its report at the end of February 1965. The Special Committee on the\nin General Assembly resolution 1514 (xv). In one of these resolutions, the\nPolicies of Apartheid of the Government of the Republic of South Africa continued\nSpecial Committee recommended that the Security Council and the General Assembly\nto follow the situation constantly and submitted two reports to the General\nshould take the positive measures laid down in the Charter to ensure respect for\nAssembly and the Security Council, with a number of recommendations for action.\nA/6001/Add.1\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nEnglish\nPage 27\nPage 26\nMeanwhile I have been taking steps, in consultation with the appropriate\nIt is to be regretted that the South African Government has failed to respond\nspecialized agencies, to establish a programme for the education and training been of\nto the invitation of the Security Council to accept the main conclusion of the\nAfricans abroad. A limited number of fellowships and grants have\nGroup of Experts that \"all the people of South Africa should be brought into\nSouth awarded for the academic year 1965-1966, and the full programme is expected the to\nconsultation and should thus be enabled to decide the future of their country at\ncome into operation next year. I hope that this programme will receive\nthe national level\". Such consultations are crucial to any efforts to find a\ngenerous support of Member States.\nsolution which would take into account the legitimate rights and concerns of all\nI feel bound to emphasize that the actual financial crisis, in which the\nthe people of South Africa. Attempts to impose solutions by force, when a great\nOrganization has for too long found itself placed, has by no means been dispelled\nmajority of the people do not have representation in the sovereign Parliament, can\nthe consensus reached by the Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations these and,\nonly lead to increased bitterness, tension and conflict.\nby effect, accepted by the General Assembly on 1 September 1965. As I write for me\nThe Security Council and the General Assembly are due to consider the\nwords, in our financial difficulties remain serious, and it seems appropriate\nsituation soon in the light of the most recent developments, which have in no way\nto restate them here in factual terms.\ndiminished its seriousness. The overwhelming feeling among Member States is\nDuring the first eight months of this year the Organization's cash outgo to\nclearly that it is essential to secure an abandonment of the policies of apartheid\nmeet its current operating expenses and to settle some of its most pressing debts\nand a resolution of the situation through the full, peaceful and orderly application\nfrom prior years exceeded its cash income. As a result it was necessary on\nof human rights and fundamental freedoms to all the inhabitants of South Africa,\nseveral occasions during this period to borrow money temporarily from special funds\nregardless of race, colour or creed, in order to forestall serious dangers to\nand accounts in my custody, in order to meet the payroll and other day-to-day\npeace and to fulfil the objectives of the United Nations. I would hope, therefore,\nthat earnest efforts will be made to overcome differences about procedures and\nexpenses. Between 1 January and 31 August 1965, the Organization received a total of\nspecific measures and that effective action commanding the widest support in the\napproximately $73.6 million from Governments consisting of advance payments\nOrganization will be taken.\ntowards the regular budget and United Nations Emergency Force expenses for 1965 and\nSuch action, in my opinion, should make it clear that the solution sought\n($35.4 million); payments of assessed contributions to the regular budget, the\nby the United Nations is one which takes full account of the legitimate rights\nto the accounts of the Emergency Force and the United Nations Operation in\nand concerns of all the people of South Africa, and which emerges through free\nCongo for 1964 and prior years ($18.5 million); voluntary contributions to assist\ndiscussions among representatives of all the people. It should express the\nthe Organization out of its present financial difficulties and voluntary\nreadiness and willingness of the United Nations to assist those people in the\ncontributions to the Emergency Force and Congo accounts ($18.5 million); and\nsearch for such a solution. In view of the grave dangers of tension and conflict,\ndeferred payment for a United Nations bond ($1.2 million). During the same period\nthe United Nations should give the utmost attention to political and humanitarian\nmiscellaneous income, other than from staff assessment, was received in an amount\nmeasures which would not leave violence as the only means of fulfilling legitimate\nestimated at $4.3 million in respect of the regular budget and Emergency Force\naspirations, and which would help counteract the growth of racial bitterness and\ntension. In this connexion, I wish to express my appreciation to several Member\naccounts. The Organization's expenses for the same eight-month period in respect of the\nStates who have responded to the appeal in General Assembly resolution 1978 B\nregular budget and the Emergency Force are estimated as having totalled approximately\n(XVIII) of 16 December 1963 for assistance to families of persons persecuted for\n$72 million. Since, in addition to paying current operating expenses, it was\ntheir opposition to apartheid.\nA/6001/Add.1\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nEnglish\nPage 29\nPage 28\nnecessary to settle some of the more pressing debts from prior years, all the\nthe twentieth session of the General Assembly to fill both the new seats and those\nincome received in the first eight months of 1965 was disbursed, the relatively\nwhich will become vacant on 31 December 1965 in the two Councils. This procedure\nmodest cash balances which the Organization had available at the beginning of this\nis consistent with Assembly resolution 1991 (XVIII), which provides that elections\nyear were drawn down, and it became necessary to resort to the borrowings\nto fill both old and new seats should be held at the same time. In accordance with\nreferred to above.\nrule 140 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the term of office of\nMy estimate is that, as of the beginning of September, an amount of\nthe members of the Councils will begin on 1 January 1966.\napproximately $100 million would be required to enable the Organization to liquidate\nIt will be a matter of general satisfaction that the wish of the Organization\nin full the obligations currently outstanding against the special accounts of the\nto see the composition of two of its principal organs reflect more adequately the\nUnited Nations Emergency Force and the United Nations Operation in the Congo; to\npresent membership will thus be fulfilled with a minimum of delay.\nmeet in full the additional obligations that will be incurred, in the case of the\nI referred at the beginning to certain developments on the international scene\nEmergency Force, between 1 September 1965 and such time as a decision will have\nwhich have inevitably had their repercussions on the United Nations. Of these,\nbeen reached at the twentieth session of the General Assembly on the future of\nperhaps the most important is the escalation of the conflict in Viet-Nam, even\nthat operation and its financing; to restore the Working Capital Fund to its\nthough, paradoxically, the problem of Viet-Nam is one in regard to which the\nauthorized level of $40 million; and to cover amounts due to Member States as\nOrganization has not been able to take any constructive action. This of course is\nadjustments on assessed contributions for the costs of the two peace-keeping\nto some extent understandable. The settlement reached at Geneva in 1954 prescribed\nforces.\nno role for the Organization in the settlement that was to follow. Neither North\nIt has been agreed, in the terms of the consensus referred to earlier, that\nViet-Nam nor South Viet-Nam is a Member of the United Nations, and most recently\nthese financial difficulties should be solved through voluntary contributions by\nthe parties directly interested in the Viet-Nam conflict have openly voiced the view\nMember States. At the time of writing, such contributions paid or pledged total\nthat the United Nations as such has no place in the search for a solution for the\nsomewhat less than one-fifth of the amount required. I have already made an\nproblem of Viet-Nam. This last factor, of course, cannot by itself prevent the\nurgent appeal to all who have not yet done so to come forward with contributions.\nUnited Nations from discussing the problem, but it does militate against the\nI should like to reiterate this appeal; and I do so with some confidence that, on\nOrganization being able to play a constructive role at this stage.\nreflection, Governments will see the clear and pressing need to enable the\nIt is because of the profound effect that the Viet-Nam situation is having on\nOrganization to solve its financial difficulties, in view of the stake they have\nproblems of global as well as regional importance, and the shadow it casts on almost\nin its survival and the value they attach to its present and potential usefulness.\nevery area of international co-operation, that I have devoted considerable personal\nI was gratified to be able to announce, just before 1 September 1965, the date\neffort in the realm of quiet diplomacy to getting the parties concerned to stop the\nrecommended by the General Assembly in resolution 1991 (XVIII), that the amendments\nfighting and to start the discussions which alone, in my view, can lead to a\nto the Charter approved under that resolution had been ratified by more than two-\nsolution. I remain as fully convinced as ever that total victory or total defeat\nthirds of the Members of the United Nations, including all the permanent members of\nfor one side or the other is out of the question and that military action cannot\nthe Security Council.\nbring peace and restore stability to the area. The only way to those goals is the\nThe amendments enlarge the Security Council and the Economic and Social\nway of discussions; and it is clear, as I have stated previously, that those\nCouncil, and alter the number of votes necessary for decisions by the Security\ndiscussions can yield fruitful results only if there is a willingness by all sides\nCouncil. In order to give effect to the amendments, elections will be held during\nto make major concessions.\n/\nA/6001/Add.1\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nEnglish\nPage 30\nPage 31\nI cannot emphasize too strongly the profound and dangerous effect which,\nessential, therefore, that the world disarmament conference should be held under\nhowever paradoxical the circumstances, the present situation in Viet-Nam is having\nconditions which would make it possible for all countries, if they so wished, to\non the atmosphere in the United Nations, reflecting in turn the impact of the\nparticipate in it.\ndispute upon the relations between East and West. Patient and persistent efforts\nBoth the Viet-Nam situation and the disarmament impasse point once again to\nover several years, within the United Nations as well as outside it, had brought\nthe imperative need for the United Nations to achieve universality of membership\nEast and West closer together than at any other time in the past decade and had\nas soon as possible. Being aware of the political and other difficulties involved\nopened up many real possibilities of fruitful collaboration. Signs at last were\nin bringing this about, I should like to renew the suggestion which I made in the\npresent of a thaw in international affairs which could be encouraged not only to\nintroduction to my last annual report to the effect that, in the meantime, the\nendure but also to spread around the world. The conflict over Viet-Nam has\ncountries not at present represented in New York should be enabled to maintain\ncruelly set back that trend and has served to revive, to intensify and even to\ncontact with the world body and listen to its deliberations, and thus be more\nextend some of the attitudes of the cold war. The conflict engages not only the\ndirectly exposed to the views of the rest of mankind. I feel, indeed, that the\nlives of the soldiers and civilians who are caught up in the present fighting.\nexperience of the last ten months has reinforced the view I expressed on this matter\nIt threatens also to affect the peace of the world and the fate of all mankind. It\nlast November. I have no doubt that the true interests of peace would be better\nmust be stopped.\nserved if non-Member States were to be encouraged to maintain observers at\nOne of the issues before the United Nations on which the situation in\nUnited Nations Headquarters so that they may be in a position to sense the currents\nViet-Nam has had a noticeable impact is disarmament, on which I have made some\nand cross-currents of world opinion which are so uniquely concentrated in the\ncomments elsewhere in this introduction. The lack of substantial progress, both in\nOrganization. Meanwhile, it is to be recorded that last year the General Assembly\nthe discussions of the Disarmament Commission in New York and the subsequent\nadmitted three new Members - Malawi, Malta, and Zambia - and that applications are\nmeetings of the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Disarmament Committee in Geneva,\nnow pending on the part of the Gambia, the Maldive Islands and Singapore.\nis one obvious result of the intensification of the cold war. I feel most strongly,\nThe importance of the universality of membership applies not only to the\nhowever, that the time has come when the nuclear Powers must agree on the total\npolitical work of the United Nations, but also to its economic and social activities.\nbanning of nuclear tests, including underground tests, and take at least the first\nIn this connexion, I feel that it is very important that the Governments of all\nconcrete steps towards the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. I\nMember States should be enabled to participate in the work of at least one of the\nam convinced that progress in these two directions is in the interest of all\nregional economic commissions. The excellent record of co-operative endeavour and\ncountries - whether they be large or small, nuclear or non-nuclear - and I very much\npositive results which the regional economic commissions have been able to achieve\nhope that the deliberations of the twentieth session of the General Assembly will\nis no doubt responsible for the desire of some Member Governments, now denied such\nhelp towards progress in these two directions.\nparticipation, to be enabled to join in this constructive effort. Inasmuch as the\nI also venture to hope that at its twentieth session the General Assembly will\nregional commissions have so far been able to get on with their work in the\napprove the recommendations of the Disarmament Commission to hold a world\ninterests of the economic benefits of the countries involved, avoiding as far as\ndisarmament conference. In this connexion, I cannot help observing that progress\npossible political considerations, I hope that this widening of participation may\nin disarmament, whether general or nuclear, can hardly be made if all the major\nbe possible.\nmilitary Powers of the world, both in terms of conventional and nuclear weapons,\nIn addition to making progress towards universality of membership, we have\nare not enabled to participate in the deliberations. I would regard it as\nalso striven very hard to achieve the participation of nationals of all Member\n/\nA/6001/Add.1\nA/6001/Add.1\nEnglish\nEnglish\nPage 32\nPage 33\nStates in the Secretariat of the United Nations. Special efforts have been made\nUnder the circumstances it would be inappropriate for me to comment here on the\nto secure an adequate place in the Secretariat for nationals of those countries\nsituation as it now stands. One thing already clear, however, is the danger, which\nwhich, for one reason or another, have continued to be under-represented during\nthe Kashmir conflict has once more brought home, of leaving without a solution\nrecent years. These special efforts have included the dispatch of special missions\ngrave problems affecting relations between States, in the hope that the mere\nfor the recruitment of suitable candidates from countries of Africa and Eastern\npassage of time may solve them. We must draw from it a warning of the ever-present\nEurope. I hope that, thanks to their efforts, we shall be able to obtain a larger\ndanger of an explosion, in any part of the world, if long-standing sources of\nnumber of qualified candidates for service not only at Headquarters but also with\nconflict are not dealt with in a purposeful manner, and when any incident is\nthe economic commissions and in the field offices.\ncapable of raising national emotions to fever-pitch. Such warnings may, I feel,\nThe events in the Caribbean which have been the subject of discussion in the\nincrease our recognition of the importance of having an effective international\nUnited Nations in recent months have focused attention once again on the role of\nmachinery which can intervene in such difficult situations. From this it follows\nregional organizations in the maintenance of peace. In the case of the Dominican\nthat, if the United Nations is to be an effective instrument for the maintenance\nRepublic, the regional organization concerned assumed virtually full responsibility\nof peace and security, it should not continue to have to contend with financial and\nfor both a peace-keeping operation and the mediation of a political settlement,\nother inadequacies. The Organization, to be strong and effective, must also be\nand the United Nations undertook only the limited - although, as it turned out,\nsolvent.\nvery important - function which I have described earlier. As I have stated, the\nThe ten months that have passed have without doubt been difficult ones in the\nfact that the United Nations operation had to function in parallel with that of\nhistory of the United Nations. On the other hand, the situation in the world today\nthe regional organization led inevitably to difficulties in relationships. Without\nhas brought home, I believe, to all Member States how important it is that the\nwishing to comment further on this specific situation, and without intending to\nUnited Nations should function effectively. I should like to believe that the\nquestion the competence of any regional organization to take action in conformity\nOrganization is emerging from its recent crisis with a new spirit of confidence\nwith the terms of its own constitution, I maintain the view which I expressed at the\nand determination that will be reflected, in the first instance, in the work of the\ntime, that the developments in the Caribbean should stimulate some thought by all of\ntwentieth session of the General Assembly. A heavy responsibility now lies on all\nus concerning the character of the regional organizations and the nature of their\nMembers to translate revived hopes into those measurable achievements that can only\nfunctions and obligations in relation to the responsibilities of the United Nations\nbe attained by far-sighted initiatives and by a will to find and agree on common\nunder our Charter. I believe that a good deal of thinking has in fact been applied\nmeasures and programmes of action.\nto this question in a number of quarters, and I should like now to suggest that it\nAll Member States have a stake in the maintenance of international peace and\nis one which deserves some concerted study within the United Nations.\nsecurity, which is, in fact, the condition of their own survival. In the common\nIn very recent weeks the international situation has again been deeply\ntask of preserving peace, there is no better instrument available to them than the\ndisturbed, in this case by the armed conflict which broke out between India and\nUnited Nations. If the Organization is a fragile instrument, and still\nPakistan over the long-standing problem of Kashmir. At the time of writing I am,\ninsufficiently universal in its nature, it rests with the Member States to make it\nin compliance with resolutions adopted with the full support of the Security Council,\nmore durable in substance and all-embracing in scope. It is understandable that\nactively engaged in the endeavour to bring the fighting to an end; and, in\nthe United Nations should mirror the difficulties and disensions which we see in so\naccordance with the decisions which the Council has so far taken, I shall continue\nmany parts of the world today; but in reflecting these distortions of peace the\nto exert every effort to bring about a return to peaceful conditions in the area.\nmirror itself should not be allowed to distort the image further. The image,\nhowever disturbing, must be clearly seen, so that in full awareness of the realities\n/\nwe may continue to move patiently but purposefully towards the goal of peace."
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