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World Affairs Council Luncheon, Grand Rapids, MI, November 2, 1970
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World Affairs Council Luncheon, Grand Rapids, MI, November 2, 1970
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Gerald R. Ford Congressional Papers
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The original documents are located in Box D30, folder "World Affairs Council Luncheon,
Grand Rapids, MI, November 2, 1970" of the Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary
and Speech File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. The Council donated to the United
States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections.
Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public
domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to
remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid
copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
I. A FOREIGN POLICY FOR THE 1970's: A NEW STRATEGY
FOR PEACE.
The foreign policy inherited by President Nixon was
formed in the late 1940's. But the world has changed
a great deal in the last twenty years:
- Then, U.S. nuclear monopoly; today, Soviet nuclear
arms rivaling our own, and growing stronger.
- China racing to become a nuclear power. On the
other hand,
- Western Europe and Japan (now third largest world
economy) now recovered and strong, able to play an
active part in the world;
-2-
- Colonial empires gone; many new nations developing
identity, political institutions and purposes of
their own;
- The once-solid Communist bloc is deeply strained and
divided: e.g., revolts in East Germany, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia; massive Sino-Soviet military confron-
tation on their Asian frontier;
- Emergence of global and particularly regional inter-
national organizations in Asia, Latin America,
Africa, etc., increasingly able to muster regional
efforts and resources to attack regional problems.
Digitized from Box D30 of The Ford Congressional Papers: Press Secretary and Speech File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
-3-
Result: A very different world, in which U.S. is no
longer so secure, but also no longer so alone in provid-
ing leadership and resources for security and progress in
the world community. Accordingly, it is time to take a
new look at our foreign policy.
II. TOWARD A NEW POLICY: THE ADMINISTRATION'S REVIEW.
To adapt U.S. foreign policy to the needs of the 70's
and beyond, and to improve our machinery for develop-
ing and carrying it out, the Nixon Administration has
taken two major steps:
- At the President's direction, the National Security
Council machinery drawing on all the foreign affairs
agencies, has been revitalized and strengthened,
-4-
and has begun a searching review of existing U.S.
policy, element by element -- more than 80 basic
studies undertaken so far.
- Under Secretary Roger's leadership, an equally
fundamental reform movement has been launched in
the Department of State, to provide more effective
leadership in developing policy recommendations
for the President, and in coordinating and super-
vising all the scattered foreign affairs agencies
and programs of the Government.
- This has involved 13 task forces of 250 of the best
officers for the past year, and has produced more
than 500 recommendations for important changes,
many already being put into effect -- the most
important modernization process ever to affect the
State Department.
-5-
III. THE NEW APPROACH: THE NIXON DOCTRINE.
The NSC review will be a long process -- a great
nation does not change course abruptly from day to
day. But it has already produced very important
decisions regarding Asia, Strategic Arms Limitation,
Latin America and other areas.
An important change in the policy of the past
twenty years is already beginning to appear. The
nature of this change is expressed in the so-called
Nixon Doctrine, first enunciated last year by the
President at Guam. It is based on these principles:
- A more equal sharing of responsibility with other
nations; in today's world, the U.S. cannot and
will not "conceive all plans, design all programs,
-6-
execute all the decisions, and undertake all defense
the
^
of free nations" (Nixon report to Congress,
2/18/70.)
- We must and will loyally honor our commitments
to friends and allies; but those commitments must
be based on our national interests, and we will
carefully and critically assess those interests in
considering any new commitments.
- We must and will maintain our strength; "which can-
not be gained by good will alone. "
- We must and will try, in concert with our allies,
to negotiate settlements of the concrete issues
which divide and threaten the world.
-7-
IV. PUTTING THE NIXON DOCTRINE INTO EFFECT: VIET-NAM.
When President Nixon took office, U.S. troops had
been fighting in Vietnam for five years; our armed
forces there had grown to more than half a million
men. No end was in sight.
The U.S. objective in Vietnam is an end to the fight-
ing, and a settlement which will leave the South
Vietnamese future. free to determine democratically their own
In the end, South Vietnam must be responsible for
its own survival; we cannot carry the main burden.
In the past, the U.S. had not adequately prepared the
South Vietnamese to assume the major share of their
own military effort.
-8-
Accordingly, the Administration launched a major
Vietnamization program, to prepare the SVN forces to
take over gradually the full defense of their own
country.
At the same time, the President ordered the gradual
withdrawal of U.S. forces, as South Vietnamese man-
power was organized and trained to replace them. By
this month, 165,000 U.S. men had been withdrawn; more
than 250,000 will have been withdrawn by next spring.
The Cambodian sanctuaries operation successfully in-
sured the continuation of this program.
Vietnamization will take time; we would prefer to
negotiate a peace, now. The President's October 7
-9-
five-point peace proposal:
- A cease-fire-in-place, internationally supervised,
throughout Indochina;
- Enlarged Indochina Peace Conference;
- An agreed timetable for complete withdrawal of out-
side forces from South Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos;
- A political settlement based on the wishes of South
Vietnamese of all parties;
- Immediate, unconditional release of all POW's on
both sides.
-10-
These proposals are supported by South Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos; both parties in the Congress (Senate
resolution); and widely throughout the world.
V. OTHER INITIATIVES FOR PEACE: THE MIDDLE EAST.
The Mideast has been at war off and on for 20 years.
We have no commitment to either side; we seek a just
peace to prevent a great power confrontation, to make
social progress possible for all peoples in the area,
to allow peaceful commerce with and through the area
for all countries.
We have not been the major arms supplier for either
side; we have urged international agreement on
limitation of arms shipments to the area, which
the Soviets decline; we have at times supplied limited
Middle
-11-
arms to one side or the other, in the belief that
a military preponderance on either side is more
dangerous than a balance.
Only the parties can reach a settlement; we have tried
to bring the parties together to negotiate, in talks
with them, in four-power consultations, in the UN and
elsewhere.
Last June, a U.S. initiative succeeded in bringing
about a cease-fire agreement in the area, but negoti-
ations have since been stalled by Egyptian violations
(erection of new missile sites in the cease-fire
zone).
We are continuing to try to bring the parties
100 GE R. FORD LIBRARY
-12-
together to negotiate on the basis of the UN Security
Council Resolution of 11/22/67, which provided for:
- Arab recognition of Israel's rights to exist within
secure frontiers;
- Israeli withdrawal from occupied territory;
- free use by all parties of international waterways
in the area;
- a fair settlement of the refugee problem.
VI. OTHER INITIATIVES FOR PEACE.
In Europe, through NATO, we have proposed negotia-
tions with the Communist countries on mutual reduc-
tion of forces in both Eastern and Western Europe;
-13-
In four-power talks on Berlin, we are negotiating
with the Soviets for improved conditions of life
including free access for the people of West Berlin;
President Nixon has carried out the first visits by
a U.S. President to Communist countries -- Romania,
Yugoslavia.
We resumed talks with Communist China at Warsaw last
January after a two year break (however, Chinese have
stalled since last spring; we hope for early resump-
tion); we have indicated our willingness to seek an
improved climate of U.S. - Chinese relations by relax-
ing certain restrictions on trade and travel to China.
-14-
VII. LIMITING THE ARMS RACE.
One of the most pressing problems confronting the
new Nixon Administration was the urgent need to
stop the spiraling and costly arms race between
East and West. Accordingly, the President has taken
a number of major steps:
- After exhaustive preparation, Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks (SALT -- on nuclear warheads and
delivery systems) with the Soviet Union were under-
taken. These will be long and difficult, and may
be the most significant arms control negotiations
ever undertaken. Our goal is to reduce the likeli-
hood of nuclear war and the cost of the arms race
-15-
by maintaining a stable U.S. - Soviet strategic
relationship.
- We ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
last year, and it is now in effect, to prevent new
nuclear threats to the peace from developing in
presently non-nuclear countries around the world.
- We have renounced any use of biological weapons,
committed ourselves not to use lethal or incapaci-
tating chemical weapons unless they are used
against us, and resubmitted the 1925 Geneva Protocol
on chemical and biological weapons to the Senate
for approval.
-16-
- We and the Soviets have joined in submitting to
the Geneva Conference of the UN Disarmament Committee
a revised draft treaty to prohibit placing nuclear
or other mass destruction weapons on the seabed out-
UN General Assembly seems assured.
side the 12 mile coastal limit. Endorsement by the
- We have reduced our own Defense budget by a total
17 billion since FY '68 -- from 9 percent of GNP
in FY '69 to 7 percent of GNP in FY '71 -- the
smallest proportion in twenty years (in other
terms, from 42 to 35 percent of the Federal budget).
-17-
VIII. SHARING RESPONSIBILITY WITH OTHER NATIONS.
A basic principle of the Nixon Doctrine is this,
that today other nations can and must play the
leading role in their own defense; we will provide
our allies, and other strategic nations when we
think it necessary, with a nuclear shield; they
must be primarily responsible for manning and
organizing conventional defenses and for dealing
with insurgency, though we will help when our
interests are threatened.
Accordingly, we have not only introduced the
Vietnamization policy in Vietnam, but we are
-18-
making significant reductions of our forces in
Thailand, the Philippines, Korea and Japan (totaling
46,000 troops withdrawn by next spring);
In addition, we are calling on our European allies to
assume a larger share of the defense of the Atlantic
Alliance, which remains the keystone of our security
arrangements.
In announcing a new Latin American policy based on a
more equal inter-American partnership, we have pledged:
- to continue U.S. assistance;
- to work to reduce non-tariff barriers of developed
countries against Latin American products;
- to consult the Latins in advance on U.S. trade
-19-
decisions which affect them;
- we have removed "tied loan" restrictions and
- proposed the establishment of a multilateral, inter-
American development assistance agency and a $1.8
billion multi-year U.S. contribution to the Inter-
American Development Bank.
The President has proposed sweeping reforms of the
U.S. aid program to channe1 the bulk of development
loan funds through international institutions.
Secretary Rogers has made the first official tour
of Africa by a U.S. Secretary of State, and pledged
continued support of African development, and U.S.
cooperation in keeping the continent free of great.
power rivalries and conflicts.
-20-
Since June 1969 we have reduced U.S. civilian
representatives abroad by more than ten percent.
IX. OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO PURSUIT OF PEACE.
In other contributions to strengthening the rule of
law in the world and settlement of disputes by nego-
tiation, not force:
Secretary Rogers has proposed measures to strengthen
the International Court of Justice;
We have reached agreement with Japan on the return
of Okinawa;
We have reached a comprehensive boundary agreement
-21-
with Mexico which will resolve this long-standing
and difficult problem permanently on the basis of
agreed principles.
In addition, we have launched important international
initiatives to attack the worldwide problem of
pollution of our natural environment;
To launch strong international efforts to control
the illicit drug traffic; and
To develop the Law of the Sea to protect free transit
through international straits, to define preferential
fishing rights for coastal states, and to organize
the exploitation of seabed resources in a way which
-22-
will contribute to progress in the less-developed
as well as the industrialized nations.
X. CONCLUSION: A DYNAMIC STRATEGY FOR PEACE.
These and many other efforts we are undertaking add
up to a new look at America's place in the rapidly
changing world which confronts us. What was good
enough yesterday is not good enough today.
As President Nixon said in India last year, "In
today's rapidly changing world there is no such
thing as a static peace or a stagnant order. To
stand still is to build pressures that are bound
to explode the peace; and more fundamentally, to
stand still is to deny the universal aspirations of
-23-
mankind. Peace today must be a creative force, a
dynamic process, that embraces both the satisfaction
of man's material needs and the fulfillment of his
spiritual needs."
We are not standing still. Recognizing the meaning
of changing conditions, we are modifying our stands,
to make room not only for the material resources,
but for the imagination and the leadership which
other nations as well can supply.
But we are not turning our backs on the world, and
we must not try. The fear and the needs which divide
the world can only be overcome by the combined efforts
of many nations, working together. In those combined
efforts, we will continue to do our full part.
"A GENERATION OF PEACE"
I. "A GENERATION OF PEACE" -- Words first used in
Indo-China proposal
"FROM THE ERA OF CONFRONTATION TO NEGOTIATION" -- Words
first used in Inaugural Address.
A. Is this merely campaign hyperbole or rhetoric?
B. Is he relying on "summitry" talks (U.S. & USSR)?
2/
II. A CHANGING WORLD since World War II
A. Europe no longer prostrate
B. Communist nations no longer single monolith bloc
headed by Russia.
1. Sino-Soviet split
2. Eastern Europe restless
C. Growing community of Asian free nations
1. Among the first ten nations in economic
growth of G.N.P., four of them are in this area:
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia.
3/
2. Japan
a. One of the economically powerful in
world.
3. Thailand
a. New constitution
b. Held first elections
4. South Korea
a. One of the fastest growing economies
in the world.
4/
5. Indonesia
a. Half of all Southeast Asia in population
b. Once pro-China dictatorship under Sukarno;
now anti-Red.
C. Have stopped inflation spiral. Was 20%
a year; now 10%.
d. Economic renaissance
6. Malaysia
a. Economic growth in productivity of
8% a year.
N0#50R6
7/
7. Taiwan
a. Economic growth of 9%
b. Provides technical assistance to 27 lesser
developed countries.
8. All of these, together with Philippines, India,
Australia, and New Zealand, constitute a new
economic and political community of free nations,
while China's economic growth remains stagnated
at 1960 level.
8/
III. NIXON STRATEGY FOR PEACE
A. Strength
1. Strong defense posture (nuclear sufficiency)
a. Safeguard system (protecting retaliatory
power)
1) A.B.M.
b. Only through strong defense posture can
there be the requisite diplomatic and
military credibility for negotiating.
9/
B. Partnership
1. Sharing peace-keeping responsibility
C. Negotiations
1. Negotiating on many fronts
a. Settling disputes
b. Limiting arms
World conflict will never be settled by any big
"parley at the summit" by the big powers. But
the area of conflict can be narrowed or sliced
away by negotiated treaties on a host of problems --
10/
-- on subjects such as arms, nuclear weapons,
trade, and certain geographic area -- such as
Middle East or Indo-China.
D. Opening New Channels of Communication
E. Peace Initiatives
1. Breaking stalemates in cold war
IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY
A. Sharing World Responsibilities
1. Nixon Doctrine
a. U.S. will no longer commit massive troops
for defense of Asian nations.
11/
b. U.S. will no longer fight Asian wars for
them but may provide arms assistance when
security of a nation is threatened by
foreign aggression.
C. Recognizes the new capability of Asian
nations to assume their own defense.
2. Multi-lateral approach to foreign aid
a. The U.S. should channel an increasing share
of its development assistance through the
multi-lateral institutions as rapidly as
practicable.
b. Our remaining bilateral assistance should
be provided largely within a framework
established by the international institutions.
12/
3. Reduction of U.S. military presence abroad
a. It will total 311,200 by June 1970;
withdrawal from Vietnam, Thailand,
Philippines, South Korea and Japan.
4. Reduction of U.S. civilian presence abroad
5. New Latin American policy
a. Emphasis on partnership
b. Tariff preferences
C. Advance trade consultation
13/
6. Africa - first official tour by Secretary
of State
a. Richard Nixon said, "The Africa of the
1970's will need schools rather than
sympathy, roads rather than rhetoric, farms rather than
formulas, local development rather than lengthy sermons.
We will do what we can in a spirit of constructive
cooperation rather than by vague declarations of good will.
The hard facts must be faced by Africans and their friends;
and the hard work in every corner of the Continent must be
done. A durable peace cannot be built if the nations of
Africa are not true partners in the gathering prosperity
and security which fortify that peace."
14/
B. Negotiating Settlements of Dispute
1. Okinawa - reversion to Japan
2. Panama - U.S. cedes Rio-Hato Tract (reserved
tract for future building and uses for U.S.
troop training - June 1970)
3. Mexico - Comprehensive boundary agreement
signed.
C. Negotiating Arms Limiting Arms Race
1. SALT Talks - outlook for success
2. Nuclear Proliferation Treaty signed 1969
3. Renouncement of chemical warfare by U.S.
15/
4. Draft treaty to prevent emplacement of nuclear
weapons on seabeds
5. DOD budget down 9% - 7%; lowest in 20 years.
D. Initiatives for Peace
1. Vietnamization
a. 165,000 troops withdrawn; by spring 1970 --
265,000 will have been withdrawn.
16/
2. Eastern Europe
a. First president to visit Communist countries
1) Romania - 1.5 million greeted Nixon
in 1969
2) Yugoslavia in 1970
3. Communist China
a. Warsaw talks opened
b. Relaxation of trade
17/
4. Mid-East Cease Fire Initiative
a. 90-day truce between Israel and UAR and
Jordan
b. Withdrawal of territories occupied in
1963 conflict
C. Recognition of each other's sovereign
and territorial integrity
18/
5. Indo-China Peace Proposal
a. Cease-Fire (standstill)
b. Mutual exchange of prisoners
C. Indo-China peace conference
d. Time-table for troop withdrawal negotiable
e. Political settlement with
self-determination for South Vietnam
19/
V. "GENERATION OF PEACE"
A. If Mid-East cease-fire develops into an end to war
B. If Paris talks stalemate is broken or policy of
Vietnamization works, then guns are silent for
the first time in 50 years.
As Churchill said of a significant turning point in
World War II, "This is not the end, nor the beginning of
the end, but it is perhaps the end of the beginning."
And so President Nixon with these initiatives has made
an "end of the beginning" towards "a generation of peace."
20/ ADDITIONAL RHETORICAL MATERIAL
QUOTATIONS ON PEACE
Cicero: "What then should be the objective of those who are
at the helm of government, which they should never lose sight
of, toward which they ought to set their course? It is peace
with dignity."
Churchill: "Patience and perseverance must never be begrudged
when the peace of the world is at stake."
Eisenhower to Prime Minister MacMillan: "I think that people
want peace so much that one of these days government had
better get out of their way and let them have it."
21/
QUOTATIONS ON NEGOTIATION
Churchill: "Jaw, jaw, jaw is better than war, war, war."
Churchill: "I do not hold that we should arm in order to
fight. I hold that we should arm in order to parley."
QUOTATION ON STATESMANSHIP
Alexander Hamilton: "As a general marches at the head of
his troops, so ought we politicians march at the head of
affairs, in so much that they ought not to await the event
to know what measures to take, but the measures which they
have taken out to produce the event."
NOTES
GRAND RAPIDS
Nov. 2, 1970
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
OFFICE OF THE MINORITY LEADER
Herald R. 3rd
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20515
M.C.
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCIL
LUNCHEON
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
m office Copy
NOTES FOR WORLD AFFAIRS COURCIL
"A GENERATION OF PEACE"
LUNCHEON
NOV.,2, 1970 GR, MICH
MONDAY
I. "A GENERATION OF PEACE"
Words first used in Indo-Chine proposal
"FROM THE ERA OF CONFRONTATION TO NEGOTATION"
Words first used in Insugural Address
A. Is this merely campaign hyperbole or rhetoric?
B. Is he relying on "sumnitry" talks (U. S. & USSR)?
II. A CHANGING WORLD since World War II
A. Europe no longer prostrate
B. Communist nations no longer single monolith bloe headed by Russia
1. Sino-Soviet split
2. Eastern Europe restless
C. Growing community of Asian free nations
1. Among the first ten nations in economic growth of G.P.N.,
four of them are in this area; Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia
2. Japan
a. One of the economically powerful in world
3. Thailand
a. New constitution
b. Hold first elections
4. South Korea
a. One of the fastest growing economies in the world
GEREAUR FORD LIBRARY
-2-
5. Indonesia
a. Half of all Southeast Asia in population
S. Once pro-Chine dictstorship under Sukarno; now anti-Red.
C. Have stopped inflation spiral. Was 20% a year; now 10%.
d. Economic rensissance
6. Malaysis
s. Economic growth in productivity of 8% a year
7. Taiwan
a. Economic growth of 9%
b. Provides technical assistance to 27 lesser developed countries
8. All of these, tegether with Philippines, India, Australia,
and New Zealand, constitute a new economic and political
community of free nations, while China's economic growth
remains stagnsted at 1960 level.
III. NIXON STRATEGY FOR PEACE
A. Strength
1. Strong defense posture (suclear sufficiency)
a. Safeguard system (protecting retalistory power)
1) A.B.M.
b. only through strong defense posture can there be the
requisite diplomatic and military credibility for negotisting.
B. Partnership
1. Sharing pasce-keeping responsibility
c. Negotiations
1. Negotisting on many fronts
a. Settling disputes
b. Limiting arms
World conflict will never be settled by any big "parley at the summit"
by the big powers. But the area of conflict can be nerrowed or sliced
away by negotisted treaties on a host of problems--on subjects such
as arms, nuclear waspons, trade, and certain geographic area--
such as Middle East or Indo-Chins.
GREATO FORD LIBRARY
-30
D. Opening New Channels of Communication
E. Peace Initistives
1. Breaking stalemates in cold war
IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY
A. Sharing World Responsibilities
1. Nixon Dostrins
8. U. S. will no lenger commit massive troops for defense
of Asian nations.
b. U. S. whal no longer fight Asian ware for them but may
provide arms assistance when security of a nation is
threstened by foreign aggression.
c. Recognizes the new espability of Asian nations to assume
their own defense.
2. Multi-lsterel approach to foreign aid
8. The U. 8. should channel an increasing share of its
development assistance through the multi-lateral institutions
as rapidly as practicable.
b. Our remaining bilateral assistance should be provided
largely within a framswork established by the international
institutions.
3. Reduction of U. 8. military presence abroad
a. It will total 311,200 by June 1970; withdrawal from
Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, South Korea and Japan.
4. Reduction of U. S. civilism presence abroad
5. New Latin American policy
a. Emphasis on partnership
b. Tariff preferences
c. Advance trade consultation
6. Africa - first official tour by Secretary of State
a. Richard Nixon said, "The Africa of the 1970's will need schools
rather than sympathy, roads rather than rhetoric, farm # rather
than formulas, local development rather than lengthy sermons.
We will do what we can in a spirit of constructive cooperation
rather than by vague declarations of good will. The hard facts
must be faced by Africans end their friends; and the hard work
in every corner of the Continent must be done. A durable peace
cannot be built 1f the nations of Africa are not true partners
in the gethering prosperity and security which fortify that
peace.
-4-
B. Negotisting Settlements of Dispute
1. Okinawa - reversion to Japan
2. Panama . U. 8. codes Rie-Hato Tract (reserved tract for
future building and uses for U. s. troop training - June 1970)
3. Mexico - Comprehensive boundary agreement signed
C. Negotiating Arms Limiting Arms Race
1. SALT Talks - outlook for success
2. Muclear Proliferation Tresty signed 1969
3. Renouncement of chemical warfare by U. S.
4. Draft treaty to prevent emplacement of nuclear weapons on seabeds
5. DOD budget down 9% - 7%; lowest in 20 years.
D. Initiatives for Peace
1. Vietnamination
a. 165,000 troops withdrawn; by spring 1970 . 265,000 will have
been withdrawn.
2. Eastern Europe
a. First president to visit Communist countries
1) Romanie . 14 million greeted Nixon in 1969
2) Yugoslavia in 1970
3. Communist China
8. Warsaw talks opened
b. Relaxation of trade
4. Mid-East Casse Fire Initiative
a. 90-day trues between Israel and UAK and Jordan
b. Withdrawef of territories occupied in 1963 conflict
c. Recognition of each other's sovereign & territorial integrity
FORD d LIBRARY GERALD
+50
5. Indo-Chine Pasce Propossl
a. Cease-Fire (stendstill)
b. Mutual exchange of prisoners
C. Indo-Chine peace conference
d. Time-table for troop withdrawal negotiable
e. Political settlement with self-determinstion for
South Vistnam
V. "GENERATION or PEACE"
A. If Mid-East earne-fire develops into an end to war
B. If Paris talks stalemate is broken or policy of Vietnsmisation
works, then guns are silent for the first time in 50 years.
As Churchill said of a significane turning point in World War II,
"This is not the end, nor the beginning of the end, but it is perhaps
the end of the beginning."
And so President Nixon with these initistives has made an "end of
the beginning towards "s generation of peace."
FORD LIBRAHO
Additional Ehetorical Material for Congressman Ford
Quotations on Peace
Cicero: "What then should be the objective of those who are st the helm
of government, which they should never less sight of, toward which they
eught to set their course? It is peace with dignity."
Churchill: " Patience and perseverance must never be begrudged when the
peace of the world is at stake."
Eisenhower to Prime Minister MeeMillen: "I think that people want
peace so much that one of these days government had better get out
of their way and let them have it."
Quotations on Negotiation
"Jaw, jaw, jaw is better then war, war, war." Churchill
"I do not hold that we should arm in order to fight. I hold that we
should arm in order to parley." Churchill
Quotations on Statesmanship
"As a general marches st the head of his troops, so ought we politicians
march at the head of affairs, in so much that they ought not toawait the
event to know what measures to take, but the measures which they have
taken out to produce the event." Alexander Hamilton
"A GENERATION OF PEACE"
I. "A GENERATION OF PEACE"
Words first used in Indo-Chine proposal
"FROM THE ERA OF CONFRONTATION TO NEGOTATION"
Words first used in Insugural Address
A. Is this merely campaign hyperbole or rhetoric?
B. Is he relying on "summitry" talks (U. S. & USSR)?
II. A CHANGING WORLD since World War II
A. Europe no longer prostrate
B. Communist nations no longer single monolith bloc headed by Russia
1. Sino-Sovist split
2. Eastern Europe restless
C. Growing community of Asian free nations
1. Among the first ten actions in economic growth of G.P.N.,
four of them are in this area; Japan, South Kores, Taiwan, Malaysis
2. Japan
a. One of the economically powerful in world
3. Thailand
a. New constitution
b. Held first elections
4. South Kores
8. One of the fastest growing economies in the world
GERALD
FORD & LIBRARY
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S. Indonesia
a. Half of all Southeast Asis in population
b. Once pre-China dictstorship under Sukarno; now anti-Red.
c. Have stopped infletion spiral. Was 20% a year; now 10%.
d. Economic renaissance
6. Malaysia
s. Economic growth in preductivity of 8% a year
7. Teiwen
8. Economic growth of 9%
b. Provides technical assistance to 27 lesser developed countries
8. All of these, together with Philippines, India, Australia,
and New Zaaland, constitute a new economic and political
community of free nations, while China's economic growth
remains stagnsted at 1960 level.
III. NIXON STRATEGY FOR PEACE
A. Strength
1. Strong defense posture (muclear sufficiency)
a. Safeguard system (protecting retaliatory power)
1) A.B.M.
b. only through strong defense posture can there be the
requisite diplomatic and military credibility for negotisting.
B. Partmership
1. Sharing pasce-keeping responsibility
c. Negotiations
1. Negotisting on many fronts
a. Settling disputes
b. Limiting arms
World conflict will never be settled by any big "parley at the summit"
by the big powers. But the area of conflict can be narrowed or sliced
away by negotiated tresties on a host of problems-on subjects such
as arms, nuclear waspons, trade, and certain geographic area--
such se Middle East or Indo-China.
SERALD R.FORD LIBRABY
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D. Opening New Channels of Communication
R. Peace Initiatives
1. Bresking stalemates in cold war
IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY.
A. Sharing World Responsibilities
1. Nixon Doctrine
a. U. 8. will no longer commit massive troops for defense
of Asian nations.
b. U. 8. will no longer fight Asian ware for them but may
provide arms assistance when security of a nation is
threstened by foreign aggression.
or Recognises the new capability of Asian nations to assume
their own defense.
2. Multi-lstarel approach to foreign aid
a. The U. S. should channel an increasing share of its
development assistance through the multi-lsteral institutions
as rapidly as practicable.
b. Our reasining bileteral assistance should be provided
largely within a framswork established by the international
institutions.
3. Reduction of U. S. military presence abroad
a. It will total 311,200 by June 1970; withdrawal from
Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, South Korea and Japan.
4. Reduction of U. S. civilism presence abroad
5. New Latin American policy
a. Emphasis on partnership
b. Tariff preferences
C. Advance trade consultation
6. Africa . first official tour by Secretary of State
a. Richard Nixon said, "The Africa of the 1970's will need schools
rather than sympathy, roads rather than rhetoric, farm 8 rather
than formulas, local development rather than lengthy sermons.
We will do what we can in a spirit of constructive cooperation
rather than by vague declarations of good will. The hard facts
must be faced by Africans and their friends; and the hard work
in every corner of the Continent must be done. A durable peace
cannot be built if the nations of Africa are not true partners
in the gathering prosperity and security which fortify that
peace.
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B. Negotisting Settlements of Dispute
1. Okinawa - reversion to Japan
2. Panama . U. 8. cedas Rio-Hato Tract (reserved tract for
future building and uses for U. 8. troop training - June 1970)
3. Mexico - Comprehensive boundary agreement signed
C. Negotisting Arms Limiting Arms Rese
1. SALT Talks . outlook for success
2. Mislear Proliferation Treaty signed 1969
3. Renouncement of chemical warfare by U. 8.
4. Draft trasty to prevent emplosement of nuclear weapons on seabeds
5. DOD budget down 9% - 7%; lowest in 20 years.
D. Initiatives for Paace
1. Vietuamization
8. 165,000 troops withdrawn; by spring 1970 - 265,000 will have
been withdrawn.
2. Eastern Europe
a. First president to visit Communist countries
1) Romania - 11 million greeted Nixon in 1969
2) Tugoslavia in 1970
3. Communist China
a. Warsew talks opened
b. Relaxation of trade
4. Mid-East Casse Fire Initiative
a. 90-day truce between Israel and UAK and Jordan
b. Withdrawof of territories occupied in 1963 confliet
c. Recognition of each other's sovereign & territorial integrity
FORD i LIBRARY GERALD
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5. Indo-China Fesce Proposal
a. Casse-Fire (standstill)
b. Mutual exchange of prisoners
c. Indo-Chine peace conference
d. Time-table for troop withdrawal negotiable
e. Political settlement with self-determinstion for
South Vietnam
V. "GENERATION or PEACE"
A. If Mid-Kast couse-fire develops into an end to war
B. If Peris talks stalemate is broken or policy of Vietnsmisation
works, then guns are silent for the first time in 50 years.
As Churchill said of a significant turning point in World War II,
"This is not the end, nor the beginning of the end, but it is perhaps
the end of the beginning."
And so President Nixon with these initistives has made an "end of
the beginning towards "a generation of peace."
ERALD FORD, (BRARY
Additional Rhetorical Material for Congressman Ford
Quotations on Peace
Cicero: "What then should be the objective of those who are st the helm
of government, which they should never lose sight of, toward which they
ought to set their course? It is peace with dignity."
Churchill: " Patience and perseversnce must never be begrudged when the
peace of the world is at stake."
Eisenhower to Prime Minister MeaMillan: "I think that people want
peace 80 much that one of these days government had better get out
of their way and let them have it."
Quotetions on Negotiation
"Jaw, jaw, jaw is better then war, war, war." Churchill
"I do not hold that we should arm in order to fight. I hold that we
should arm in order to parlay." Churchill
Quotations on Statesmanship
"As a general marches at the head of his troops, 80 ought we politicisms
march at the head of affairs, in so much that they ought not toawait the
event to know what measures to take, but the messures which they have
taken out to produce the event." Alexander Hamilton
FORD & LIBRARY 070839
U.S. DIPLOMACY FOR THE 1970's
FROM CONFRONTATION TO NEGOTIATION
I. INITIATIVES FOR PEACE
Mideast cease-fire proposal: In June 1970 Secretary
Rogers proposed that Israel, the UAR, and Jordan observe a
90-day cease-fire and begin negotiations under UN Representa-
tive Gunnar Jarring's auspices in accordance with the UN
Security Council resolution of November 22, 1967. It is the
U.S. hope that this initial cease-fire will be extended and
that the countries involved will not again resort to force.
Indochina 5-point peace proposal: President Nixon on
October 7 proposed, with the full support of South Viet-Nam,
Laos, and Cambodia, a 5-point initiative for peace in South-
east Asia: (1) a cease-fire in place, to be internationally
supervised and to encompass the fighting in all Indochina;
(2) an enlarged peace conference to deal with the conflict in
all three states of Indochina; (3) an agreed time-table for
complete withdrawals as part of an overall settlement;
(4) a political settlement that truly meets the aspirations
of all South Vietnamese and reflects the existing relationship
of political forces; (5) the immediate and unconditional
release of all prisoners of war held by both sides. These
proposals have the general support of both parties in Congress,
all segments of the population in all parts of the political
spectrum, and very widespread international approval.
Expanded Paris peace talks: On January 25', 1969 repre-
sentatives of all parties engaged in the Viet-Nam conflict
began substantive discussions at Paris. The U.S. has proposed,
among other things, mutual troop withdrawals, cease-fires and
elections under international supervision, and prisoner
repatriation. In July 1970, to underline the continuing U.S.
desire to achieve a negotiated peace, President Nixon appointed
veteran diplomat David K.E. Bruce to head the U.S. delegation.
We are ready to consider all proposals and regard everything
as negotiable except the right of the South Vietnamese people
to determine their own future.
Vietnamization and troop withdrawals of more than a
quarter of a million U.S. military personnel by spring 1971
are being carried out by the Administration. From an author-
ized troop level in July 1969 of 549,500 to 399,000 in Sep-
tember 1970 and further cuts by the end of June 1971 of 115,000.
Mutual force reductions in Europe: We have joined our
NATO allies in proposing mutual and balanced force reductions
which would not be of military disadvantage to either side.
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The reductions would be carried out under adequate verifica-
tion and controls. Present levels in the central region of
Europe are about 600,000 combat-ready troops on each side.
Berlin Four Power talks: In keeping with Four Power
rights and responsibilities for Berlin and Germany as a whole,
the three western powers last spring asked the USSR to join in
talks to improve the situation in and around the city. We
seek improvements in the movement of goods and persons between
Berlin and the FRG and in circulation within Berlin; also, an
end to discriminatory treatment of the West Berlin economy by
the East.
Eastern Europe: President Nixon's precedent-setting
trip to Romania in August 1969 stimulated a program of cooper-
ation with Romania in the economic, scientific, and cultural
fields and a process of exchanging views on broader questions
of mutual concern. We are taking advantage of all opportuni-
ties to expand communications wherever possible with the
countries of Eastern Europe; e.g., the President's trip to
Yugoslavia.
Communist China: The Administration announced in
July 1969 new regulations to permit American tourists and
residents abroad to purchase limited quantities of goods
originating in China. We have validated more than 700 pass-
ports for Americans to travel to China; offered exchange
visits of journalists, scientists, scholars; and offered to
engage in selected trade. We permit foreign subsidiaries of
U.S. firms to participate in nonstrategic trade between China
and third countries. We have removed the $100 ceiling on
noncommercial purchases of mainland Chinese goods by Americans.
In January 1970 the U.S. resumed the Ambassadorial level talks
at Warsaw with mainland China after a 2-year lapse. The
Chinese postponed the third meeting scheduled for May osten-
sibly because of the Cambodian incursions, and since then no
approach has been made by the Chinese for a new meeting.
II. LIMITING THE ARMS RACE
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: We have engaged in
the SALT talks with the USSR in an effort to enhance interna-
tional security by maintaining a stable U.S.-Soviet strategic
relationship, to halt a costly and dangerous strategic arms
race, and to reduce the likelihood of nuclear war.
Non-Proliferation Treaty: The NPT, brought into force
on March 5, 1970 after ratification by over 40 countries,
represents a major step in the prevention of nuclear war. It
establishes an obligatory international safeguards system to
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prevent the diversion of fissionable materials from peaceful
purposes to weapons manufacture in the non-nuclear countries.
Procedures for the safeguards system are now being worked out
at the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna.
Chemical and Biological Warfare: On November 25, 1969
President Nixon reaffirmed U.S. policy on no-first-use of
lethal chemicals and extended this policy to incapacitating
chemicals. He has also renounced the use of biological
weapons, including toxins, even in retaliation. President
Nixon has in addition resubmitted to the Senate for approval
the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use in war of
poisonous gases and bacteriological weapons.
Draft Seabed Treaty: The U.S. and the USSR on
September 1, 1970 submitted at the Geneva Conference of the
Committee on Disarmament a revised draft treaty which would
prohibit the emplacement of nuclear weapons and other mass-
destruction weapons on the seabed outside a 12-mile limit.
It received virtually unanimous approval, and endorsement this
fall by UNGA appears assured.
Defense Department budget: In the current fiscal year
for the first time in 21 years defense spending is no longer
the biggest category of federal spending. Since FY 1968 the
Defense Department has made significant budget reductions
totaling $17 billion. In terms of gross national product, our
defense budget has gone from 9 percent in FY 1969 to 7 percent
in FY 1971. This represents the smallest portion of the GNP
allocated to national defense in 20 years. In terms of the
Federal Budget the decline in the defense allocation during
the same period is from 42 percent to 35 percent.
III. SHARING WORLD RESPONSIBILITIES
Nixon Doctrine
- We will honor our commitments, provide allies and
strategic nations with nuclear shield;
- Conventional defense is primarily up to the countries
themselves, but we will assist where our interests
are involved;
- Insurgencies are best handled by threatened govern-
ments with police, paramilitary action, and economic
and social reforms;
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- We will view new commitments in the light of our
national interests, specific threats to those
interests, and our capacity to contain those threats
at an acceptable risk and cost.
Reduction of U.S. military presence in Asia: In addi-
tion to the reduction of 265,000 in our troop strength in
Viet-Nam which will have been accomplished by the end of
FY 1971, we are making significant reductions of our military
presence in Thailand, the Philippines, Korea, and Japan.
Specifically, in these other countries of Asia we will have
withdrawn 46,200 of our troops by the end of FY 1971.
Reduction of U.S. civilian presence overseas: Since
June 30, 1969 we have reduced the number of U.S. civilian
employees of all government agencies overseas from 49,138 to
43,677-well over 10 percent.
Multilateral approach to foreign aid: President Nixon
on September 15 proposed fundamental and sweeping reforms in
U.S. aid programs based on the recommendations of the Peterson
task force. The new program would channel the bulk of devel-
opment loan funds through international institutions.
New Latin American policy: As outlined by President
Nixon our policy is based on: a firm commitment to the inter-
American system; respect for national identity and dignity;
a firm commitment to continued U.S. assistance for hemispheric
development. We have removed "tied loan" restrictions, worked
to reduce non-tariff barriers of the industrialized countries
against Latin American products; we consult in advance on
trade matters within the inter-American system before decisions
are made which affect its members; we have proposed establish-
ment of a multilateral, inter-American development assistance
agency, and a $1.8 billion multi-year contribution to the
Inter-American Development Bank.
Africa: A new dialogue opened with the first official
tour by a Secretary of State to Africa. We have two major
concerns: that the continent be free of great power rivalry
or conflict in any form; that Africa realize its great poten-
tial. We will continue to support African economic develop-
ment, giving priority to multidonor arrangements and regional
projects.
IV. NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
International Court of Justice: To strengthen the Court
Secretary of State Rogers has proposed the following measures:
greater use of its advisory opinion procedures; preventing
delays by deciding preliminary questions promptly; and greater
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use of summary proceedings. The U.S. with 8 cosponsors sub-
mitted a request for a review of the Court's role for inclusion
on the UNGA agenda.
Okinawa reversion: In November 1969 President Nixon
and Prime Minister Sato agreed that administrative rights over
Okinawa could be returned to Japan without detriment to the
mutual security interests of either country. They agreed on
talks to accomplish reversion during 1972. U.S. military
bases will remain on Okinawa following reversion, but will
become subject to the provisions of the U.S.-Japan Security
Treaty.
Panama - Rio Hato tract: The U.S. ceded back to Panama
on August 23, 1970 a 30-square mile tract it had been using
for 15 years as an artillery range and for other troop-train-
ing activities.
Mexico border agreement: On August 21, 1970 Presidents
Nixon and Diaz Ordaz agreed on the basic principles of a com-
prehensive treaty which would define territorial and maritime
boundaries between the two countries for all time. The first
draft of a treaty incorporating these principles is expected
to be ready. in October.
V. QUALITY OF LIFE
International environmental control projects: On Janu-
ary 13, 1970 we established under Christian Herter, Jr. an
office of Environmental Affairs in the Department of State to
marshal government and private resources in support of inter-
national environmental initiatives; we are active participants
in programs in the field of environment being conducted by
NATO, UNESCO, and the UN Economic Commission for Europe; we
strongly endorse the 1972 U.N. Conference on the Human
Environment.
Efforts to halt drug trafficking: (1) We are increasing
the U.S. Narcotics Bureau enforcement staff overseas from 34
to 70 agents; (2) we are working closely with INTERPOL to
apprehend drug traffickers; (3) we are members with France of
a joint task force on illicit narcotics traffic, and are con-
ducting a special training program for French police narcotics
units at Justice's Narcotics Bureau; (4) we have launched a
major information program to warn young Americans traveling
abroad of the serious consequences of arrests for drug viola-
tions in foreign countries; (5) we are working with Turkey,
Mexico, and France to restrict the cultivation and processing
of opium and marihuana, and smuggling of these drugs into the
U.S.
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Law of the Sea:
Marine pollution: In 1969 we participated with 46 coun-
tries in preparing two international conventions to (1) permit
a coastal state to take limited anti-pollution measures
against vessels on the high seas, and (2) impose strict lia-
bility upon the owners of vessels responsible for pollution.
We have also proposed a conference on the dangers of pollution
in the Arctic.
Territorial seas: The U.S. seeks a new international
treaty under UN auspices dealing with the territorial sea
limit, freedom of transit through and over international
straits, and the defining of preferential fishing rights for
coastal states on the high seas.
Draft Seabed Convention: We submitted to the UN Seabeds
Committee on August 3, 1970 a draft UN Convention on the
International Seabed Area which provides for equitable seabed
exploitation beyond the 200 meter depth and the legal frame-
work and machinery to administer seabed exploitation.
THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION AND RURAL AMERICA
Results of policy decisions and action programs demonstrate that the
Nixon Administration aims to help farmers market their products more
profitably, earn better incomes, and operate in an improved agricultural
environment--thereby assuring consumers a continuing abundance of quality
food.
Income. Pricing policies and the handling of payments for major
price-supported commodities illustrate the Administration's desire to
strengthen the economic position of farmers. Sales of soybeans produced
$200 million more this year than last after a decision was made to lower
the support price so that soybeans could compete more aggressively in
domestic and world markets. With respect to support programs, rather
than issue partial payments which would be completed at a later date,
the Government paid out 2 million payments-in-full, totaling $2 billion,
to producers of wheat, feed grain and cotton in the first week after July
1, 1970. This undertaking, of a dimension and within a time frame never
before equaled, was made possible through the cooperation of farmers and
the use of sophisticated data processing techniques. Substantial benefits
to farmers and rural communities resulted.
Exports. Reversing a two-year slump, U.S. agricultural exports in
fiscal 1970 amounted to more than $6.6 billion, including an all-time
high of $5.7 billion in cash sales. The current year promises to set a
record of more than $7 billion in total exports. A vigorous market
development program contributed to this expansion. The importance of
foreign sales to America's farmers is highlighted by the fact that the
output of one out of every five acres harvested moves into international
trade and some 585,000 farm workers are engaged in production for export.
Strengthened meat outlook. In taking action to establish slightly
higher levels of meat imports, President Nixon reinforced the system of
voluntary restraints agreed to by foreign governments and curtailed the
use of transshipments to circumvent those agreements. This has assured
American cattlemen a firm base for future development of the domestic meat
supply and a potentially greater export capability.
Dairy industry. Remodeling of milk marketing orders and expansion
into new areas have increased the usefulness of this modern marketing
mechanism for those engaged in the specialized farming operations of
milk and dairy production. In general, prices received by dairy farmers
for milk are at an all-time high.
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Soybean success. The Government's pricing decision was a key factor--
together with foreign market accessibility, increased overseas demand, and
the efficiency of American farmers--in making fiscal 1970's growth in
domestic and foreign use of soybeans the greatest ever seen in any one year.
In addition to production increases, farmers are realizing better prices.
During the year preceding October, 1970, the cash price of soybeans advanced
from $2.38 to $2.92 a bushel and it has gone as high as $3.14 in the futures
market. The soybean crop is a significant "equalizer," helping farmers
take up the slack when reductions occur in other crops. This year soybeans
have been planted on 41.6 million acres, compared with less than 24 million
in 1960 and fewer than 14 million in 1950.
Food assistance. Farmers are indirect beneficiaries of the various
food assistance programs. These have been stepped up sharply since May, 1969,
when the President called on Congress to eliminate hunger and malnutrition
in America once and for all. As millions of malnourished people get the
chance to improve their diets through use of Food Stamps, for example, purchases
of higher-protein foods, especially livestock products, have begun to increase
dramatically. This means not only a boost to livestock farming, but an
increased demand for feed grains, soybeans and other animal feeds as well.
In addition, the inculcation of improved dietary habits through the work of
the 7,000 nutrition aides employed by USDA's Extension Service will help
create a sustained demand for farm commodities of higher nutritional value.
More than 11 million needy persons are now reached by food assistance
programs, compared with 6.9 million in May of 1969.
School lunch expansion. The scope of child nutrition programs has
similarly been broadened. Some 5.2 million needy youngsters now receive
free or reduced-price lunches daily, compared with 3 million last year.
Watershed progress. President Nixon resolved an impasse which, for two
years, had kept nearly 100 watershed projects from receiving funds. These,
and 94 other projects approved since the President cleared the logjam,
represent one-sixth of all such projects approved since the inception of the
16-year-old watershed program. By preventing floods and protecting soil and
water supplies, watershed projects help farmers and ranchers grow better
crops, earn more money, and save time and effort.
Regional projects. The Nixon Administration authorized 17 new
regional Resource Conservation and Development projects. Many of the earlier
ones have been expanded. There are now 68 such projects across the Nation.
They create new markets for farm crops and new job opportunities for rural
residents, and they provide across-the-board development of a region's total
resources. The program was strengthened this year by a new law authorizing
the Department of Agriculture to assist in recreational, fish and wildlife
developments.
Environmental improvement. Through the activities of 3,000 conservation
districts and cooperative agreements with land owners, farmers and other
land users are encouraged to manage natural resources both for the enhancement
of the environment and for the promotion of better agricultural practices.
During fiscal 1970, the USDA Soil Conservation Service aided more than 1.1
million people with direct conservation planning action on rural and suburban
land.
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Rural housing. Operations of the rural credit service of the Department
of Agriculture, the Farmers Home Administration, have resulted in a
record-high volume of loans for rural homebuilding, with $1.4 billion
available this year. Legislation enacted last December gives the private
sector opportunity to participate in FHA's rural housing programs. Rural
home construction is moving ahead rapidly from 54,000 units in 1969 to
80,000 in 1970.
Electricity for farms. Since the Nixon Administration has been in
office, the Rural Electrification Administration has made 527 electric
loans totaling $514.9 million and 281 telephone loans amounting to $196.3
million. REA borrowers provide electric service to 6.4 million farm and
related rural consumers, and dial telephone service to 2.1 million subscribers
in 46 states. They have helped launch local community projects creating
60,000 new jobs.
Rural development. The Administration's rural development program
has moved aggressively in matters that affect the living quality in rural
areas. It is estimated that some 500,000 rural families will benefit from
developmental grants made by the Farmers Home Administration to finance
community water and waste disposal facilities. In 18 rural development
categories within the Department of Agriculture alone, programs reached an
estimated $1.7 billion in 1970 and requirements are expected to move up to
$2.5 billion in 1971 in support of programs, services and facilities to
implement a policy of creative, balanced national growth. Recognizing
the importance of planning and decision-making by local governmental units
and local citizens--especially the younger generation--several months ago
the Department of Agriculture conceived an innovative "Building Our
American Communities" program. This is now operational through active
participation by the Future Farmers of America. The program will combine
practical studies of community developmen problems and opportunities with
action projects to promote safety, health, environmental clean-up and
efficient use of community resources. The Resource Conservation and
Development philosophy of grassroots involvement and approval of projects
by Governors supports the spirit of New Federalism--bringing government
back to the people.
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