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White House Leadership Meeting, 1/11/73
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Gerald R. Ford Congressional Papers
Robert Hartmann's Subject Files
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Economics
Executive privilege (Government information)
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Vietnam War, 1961-1975
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These documents were scanned from Box R33 of the Gerald R. Ford Congressional Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
FOR MR. FORD
EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE
1970
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
1.
Request for FBI Security Investigation files for some
HEW appointees.
No formal Presidential statement put out, but John
Ehrilchman sonveyed to the Congress the fact that
the President directed that the files not be turned over.
30 August 1971
2.
Foreign Relations Committee Chairman requested MPA
studies (5 year plans).
Formal Presidential statement invoked in accordance
with Sect. 634 C of the Foreign Assistance Act.
15 March 72
3.
Rep. Moorhead and Senator Fulbright requested State and
USIA Country Planning Memoranda and Position papers.
Formal Presidential Memorandum to Secretary of State
and Director, USLA based on previous (Aug. 31, 1971)
document invoking executive privilege. (Copy Attached).
Policy Statement dated 24 March 1969 to Heads of
Departments and Agencies. (Copy Attached).
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 15, 1972
MEMORANDUM FOR
FORD LIBRARY & CERALD
THE SECRETARY OF STATE
THE DIRECTOR, UNITED STATES
INFORMATION AGENCY
As you know, by a memorandum of August 30, 1971 to the Secretary
of State and the Secretary of Defense, I directed "not to make
available to the Congress any internal working documents which
would disclose tentative planning data on future years of the military
assistance program which are not approved Executive Branch positions. "
In that memorandum, I fully explained why I considered that the dis-
closure of such internal working papers to the Congress would not
be in the public interest.
I have now been informed that the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
and the House Foreign Operations and Government Information Sub-
committee have requested basic planning documents submitted by the
country field teams to the United States Information Agency and the
Agency for International Development, and other similar papers.
These documents include all USIA Country Program Memoranda and
the AID fiscal year 1973 Country Field Submission for Cambodia, which
are prepared in the field for the benefit of the agencies and the Depart-
ment of State and contain recommendations for the future.
Due to these new requests for documents of a similar nature to those
covered by my August 30, 1971 directive, I hereby reiterate the position
of this Administration so that there can be no misunderstanding on this
point.
My memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies,
dated March 24, 1969, set forth our basic policy which is to comply to
the fullest extent possible with Congressional requests for information.
In pursuance of this policy, the Executive Departments and Agencies
-2-
FORD LIBRARY & GERALO
have provided to the Congress an unprecedented volume of information.
In addition, Administration witnesses have appeared almost continuously
before appropriate Committees of the Congress to present pertinent
facts and information to satisfy Congressional needs in its oversight
function and to present the views of the Administration on proposed
legislation.
The precedents on separation of powers established by my predecessors
from first to last clearly demonstrate, however, that the President has
the responsibility not to make available any information and material
which would impair the orderly function of the Executive Branch of
Government, since to do so would not be in the public interest. As
indicated in my memorandum of March 24, 1969, this Administration
will invoke Executive Privilege to withhold information only in the
most compelling circumstances and only after a rigorous inquiry into
the actual need for its exercise.
In accordance with the procedures established in my memorandum of
March 24, 1969, I have conducted an inquiry with regard to the
Congressional requests brought to my attention in this instance. The
basic planning data and the various internal staff papers requested by
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the House Foreign
Operations and Government Information Subcommittee do not, insofar
as they deal with future years, reflect any approved program of this
Administration, but only proposals that are under consideration.
Furthermore, the basic planning data requested reflect only tentative
intermediate staff level thinking, which is but one step in the process
of preparing recommendations to the Department Heads, and thereafter
to me.
I repeat my deep concern, shared by my predecessors, that unless
privacy of preliminary exchange of views between personnel of the
Executive Branch can be maintained, the full frank and healthy ex-
pression of opinion which is essential for the successful administration
of Government would be muted.
Due to these facts and considerations, it is my determination that
these documents fall within the conceptual scope of my directive of
-3-
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
August 30, 1971 and that their disclosure to the Congress would
also, as in that instance, not be in the public interest.
I, therefore, direct you not to make available to the Congress any
internal working documents concerning the foreign assistance program
or international information activities, which would disclose tentative
planning data, such as is found in the Country Program Memoranda
and the Country Field Submissions, and which are not approved
positions.
I have again noted that you and your respective Department and
Agency have already provided much information and have offered
to provide additional information including planning material and
factors relating to our foreign assistance programs and international
information activities. In implementing my general policy to provide
the fullest possible information to the Congress, I will expect you and
the other Heads of Departments and Agencies to continue to make
available to the Congress all information relating to the foreign
assistance program and international information activities not
inconsistent with this directive.
Children
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 24, 1969
FORD LIBRARY & GERALD
MEMORANDUM FOR THE HEADS OF
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES
SUBJECT: ESTABLISHING A PROCEDURE TO GOVERN COMPLIANCE
WITH CONGRESSIONAL DEMANDS FOR INFORMATION
The policy of this Administration is to comply to the fullest extent
possible with Congressional requests for information. While the
Executive branch has the responsibility of withholding certain infor-
mation the disclosure of which would be incompatible with the public
interest, this Administration will invoke this authority only in the
most compelling circumstances and after a rigorous inquiry into the
actual need for its exercise. For those reasons Executive privilege
will not be used without specific Presidential approval. The following
procedural steps will govern the invocation of Executive privilege:
1. If the head of an Executive department or agency (hereafter
referred to as "department head") believes that compliance with
a request for information from a Congressional agency addressed
to his department or agency raises a substantial question as to
the need for invoking Executive privilege, he should consult the
Attorney General through the Office of Legal Counsel of the
Department of Justice.
2.
If the department head and the Attorney General agree, in accord-
ance with the policy set forth above, that Executive privilege shall
not be invoked in the circumstances, the information shall be re-
leased to the inquiring Congressional agency.
3.
If the department head and the Attorney General agree that the
circumstances justify the invocation of Executive privilege, or
if either of them believes that the issue should be submitted to
the President, the matter shall be transmitted to the Counsel
to the President, who will advise the department head of the
President's decision.
in the event of a Presidential decision to invoke Executive
privilege, the department head should advise the Congres-
sional agency that the claim of Executive privilege is being
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
made with the specific approval of the President.
5. Pending a final determination of the matter, the department
head should request the Congressional agency to hold its
demand for the information in abeyance until such determin-
ation can be made. Care shall be taken to indicate that the
purpose of this request is to protect the privilege pending the
determination, and that the request does not constitute a claim
of privilege.
Richard Nison
THE CHAIRMAN OF THE
COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
WASHINGTON
FORD LIBRARY & 034830
January 8, 1973
I hope you will be interested in this brief
summary of the economic picture as it looked at
the end of the year.
Sincerely,
Herbert Steim
Herbert Stein
Enclosure
THE CHAIRMAN OF THE
COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
WASHINGTON
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
Year-end Statement on the Economy
by
The President's Council of Economic Advisers
January 5, 1973
1972 has been a year of strong economic expansion, with a big
increase of employment, a substantial reduction of unemployment and
a lower rate of inflation. Statistics of production, employment, sales
and prices, published during December and mainly relating to November
confirm that appraisal. Although final figures are not yet available, the
latest reports indicate that the year will meet the Administration's
forecast of a $100 billion increase in the Gross National Product, a 6%
increase in real output and a 3-1/4% increase in prices (as measured by
the GNP deflator).
The December unemployment rate of 5.2% was within the range of
the Administration's forecast that the rate would be in the neighborhood
of 5% by the end of 1972.
In the nine months from February to November 1972, after the
brief price "bulge" that followed the end of the freeze, the Consumer
Price Index has risen at an annual rate of 3. 1%. This is slightly outside
- 2 -
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
the Administration's goal to get the inflation rate into the 2 to 3% range,
although it is only half the rate of 1969. Other comprehensive measures
of prices, such as the deflator for GNP and for private product, have
been rising by less than 3% in recent quarters.
There are many signs of continuing economic progress in 1973.
The strength of consumer sales, persistent high rates of housing starts
and of new orders for manufactured goods, reports of business intentions
to invest, the stimulating influence of the Federal budget and the steady
rise in the supply of money all point to vigor on the demand side of the
economy. This should raise output and employment and reduce unemploy-
ment further. On the inflation side, price and wage decisions will be
made in a climate of much more confidence in the price level and less
need for big wage increases to make good previous lags than has existed
for many years. Thus the prospects are good for another year combining
rapid expansion and a reduced rate of inflation.
While the prospects are good they are not assured, and the
outcome will be greatly influenced by how well we as a nation perform
some difficult tasks. Restraint in Federal budget policy will be required
to prevent the current healthy expansion from blowing off in an inflationary
boom. The determination of the Administration in this respect is well
- 3 -
FORD & LIBRARY CERALD
known; cooperation of the Congress and of the public will be needed to
achieve the result. The price-wage control system needs to be adapted
to get the maximum benefit from it without allowing it to become a drag
on economic efficiency and vitality as we go through 1973. The
Administration has been consulting intensively with all sectors of the
community about the necessary changes. The Administration's recommen-
dations on this subject are still being developed; it is clear that in this
area also cooperation of Congress and the public will be essential.
Undoubtedly other problems not now foreseen will arise. But the excellent
results achieved in 1972 by the combined efforts of Americans in and out
of government provide the basis for confidence that the problems of 1973
will also be met.
End-of-year Indicators
Production & Sales
All the major economic statistics for November reflect the broad-
based economic expansion that is underway. The industrial production
index increased 1. 1% in November and has accelerated to a 12. 7% annual
rate over the last three months. Private housing turned in another good
month with starts at an annual rate of 2. 45 million units, about the same
as October. Through the first 11 months of 1972, housing starts have
- 4 -
FORD LIBRARY is GERALD
averaged 19% above the same period of 1971. New orders received by
producers of durable goods showed an unusually large increase of 3. 1%
in November, and were 21% above a year earlier. Sales of durable goods
were up 2% and the backlog of unfilled orders rose for the fourteenth
consecutive month in November. A slight decline of 0. 2% in November
retail sales followed an exceptionally large 3. 6% increase in October.
The two months combined indicate that consumer spending should be strong
in the fourth quarter of this year.
Employment
The economic expansion has been accompanied by a large increase
in the number of jobs. Civilian employment in December was 2. 4 million
above a year earlier, and employment for the full year was 2. 3 million
more than 1971. In November and December, the unemployment rate
registered a sharp decline to 5. 2% from the 5-1/2% rate that had prevailed
since June. The substantial increases in employment and production
recorded this year had signalled a reduction from the 5-1/2% range.
Wages and Income
Another unusually large gain in personal income was reported for
November which was due partly to a speedup in payments of veterans'
- 5 -
FORD LIBRARY & GERVID
benefits. The most important component of personal income -- wages
and salaries -- increased $4. 6 billion which is about the average monthly
gain of the past six months. Compared with a year earlier, personal
income in November was up 10. 6%, and the wage and salary component
was 11. 0% higher.
Hourly wage rates were unchanged in November and gross weekly
earnings of production workers were down slightly due to a small decline
in hours worked. Hourly and gross weekly earnings in November
increased 6.9% and 7. 2%, respectively, above a year earlier. With a
much slower increase in the consumer price index, hourly and gross weekly
earnings adjusted for inflation advanced 3. 2% and 3. 5%, respectively, in
the 12 months ending in November.
Prices
The price performance in November, like October, was mixed.
Wholesale prices increased 0. 6% following relatively small increases in
the two preceding months. Farm and food prices led the November
increase as they have over the past 12 months. The consumer price
index rose 0. 3% in November. Much of this moderate rise was accounted
for by a large jump (1. 1%) in food prices; nonfood commodities increased
only 0. 1% and services were up 0. 2%.
- 6 -
FORD & LIBRARY CERALD
Annual Developments *
Statistics are now available on the performance of the economy
for most of 1972. It is appropriate to review the available information at
the end of 1972. Tables 1 and 2 report annual statistics to date in two
different ways.
Table 1 gives year-over-year changes for the most recent
reporting period -- either the third quarter compared with the third
quarter of 1971, or November 1972 compared with the same month a
year earlier. For instance, real GNP in the third quarter was 7.2%
above the third quarter of 1971. Table 1 also reports the same year-over-
year changes going back to 1968 so that performance in recent years can
be compared with 1972.
The changes displayed in Table 2 cover the first three full quarters
(or 11 months) of 1972 compared with the same period of 1971. When
fourth quarter (and December) statistics are available to be incorporated,
the comparison will give the performance of 1972 as a whole relative to
1971. Table 2 also shows full-year changes going back to 1968, as well
as the average annual changes from 1960 to 1970.
* After the original preparation and release of this summary on Decem-
ber 27, 1972, the December employment statistics became available
and have been included in the tables.
FORD LIBRARY & GERALD
Economic Indicators
(based on seasonally adjusted data)
Table 1: Year-over-year percentage changes in selected
economic indicators, 1968 to 1972
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
Quarterly Data (changes based on
third quarter of one year to third
quarter of following year)
GNP
10.1
7.2
4.7
7.6
9.3
Real GNP
7.2
2.2
-.3
2.4
4.9
Implicit deflator
2.7
4.9
5.1
5.1
4.1
Compensation per man-hour2/
6.1
6.6
7.8
6.7
7.4
Real compensation per man-hour2/
2.9
2.2
1.9
1.1
2.9
Output per man-hour3/
5.4
2.4
2.0
-.4
2.5
Monthly Data (changes based on
November of one year to November
of the following year)
Industrial production
10.3
4.5
-6.8
2.4
5.9
Civilian employment (December)
3.0
1.9
0
2.8
1.8
Consumer price index
3.5
3.5
5.6
5.7
4.7
Less food
2.9
3.4
6.3
5.6
4.8
Wholesale price index
5.4
3.2
2.6
4.6
3.2
Industrials
3.7
3.2
3.6
3.9
2.6
Real weekly spendable earnings4/
4.2
3.9
-1.3
-.5
-.2
(increase in millions)
Civilian employment (December)
2.41
1.47
.01
2.13
1.37
(actual level)
Unemployment rate (December)
5.2
6.0
5.8
3.5
3.4
Table 2: Percentage changes in yearly averages of selected
GERALD
FORD & LIBRARY
economic indicators, 1968 to 1972, and compound rate of
change for 1960 to 1970
1960
1/
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
to
1970
Quarterly Data
GNP
9.3
7.6
5.0
7.6
8.9
6.8
Real GNP
6.1
2.7
-.5
2.7
4.7
4.0
Implicit deflator
3.0
4.7
5.5
4.8
4.0
2.7
Compensation per man-hour2/
6.2
7.1
7.2
6.7
7.5
5.2
Real compensation per man-hour2/
2.9
2.7
1.2
1.3
3.2
2.3
Output per man-hour3/
4.5
3.6
.6
-.1
2.9
2.6
Monthly Data
Industrial production
6.6
.2
-3.7
4.7
5.7
4.9
Civilian employment (through
December)
2.9
.6
.9
2.6
2.1
1.8
Consumer price index
3.3
4.3
5.9
5.4
4.2
2.7
Less food
3.0
4.6
6.0
5.5
4.4
2.8
Wholesale price index
4.3
3.2
3.7
3.9
2.5
1.5
Industrials
3.4
3.6
3.8
3.4
2.5
1.4
Real weekly spendable earnings4/
4,2
2.8
-1.2
-.4
.6
.9
(increase in millions)
Civilian employment (through
December)
2,29
.49
. .73
1.98
1.55
1.29
(actual level)
Unemployment rate (through
December)
5.6
5.9
4.9
3.5
3.6
5/4.7
Footnotes
1/
First 3 quarters (or 11 months) of 1972 compared to same period of 1971.
2/
Private, nonfarm economy; all employees.
3/
Private, nonfarm economy; all persons.
4/
Private nonfarm production worker with three dependents.
5/
Average of ten annual rates.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
FORD LIBRARY & GERALD
January 12, 1973
Dear Chuck:
I noticed a newspaper story the day before yesterday describing your
advocacy of required senatorial confirmation for a number of people
in the roles of presidential advisor. The story suggested that you and
I were having a series of conversations about this subject.
Since, of course, we are not having such conversations I thought I
should write to tender to you my availability and to express my
concern about your suggestion.
I seriously question whether senatorial confirmation of the five or six
individuals mentioned in the newspaper story would affirmatively
contribute to better government. Under existing statutes, and by
reason of his Constitutional powers, the President is required to
perform literally thousands of different functions and is presented
with many, many decisions for resolution every day. The Director
of the Domestic Council staff, the Director of the Office of Management
and Budget, the Director of the Council on International Economic
Policy and those in similar positions have really only one primary
function: to organize material and available information to facilitate
the President's discharge of his functions.
There's a great deal of newspaper mythology built up around the
positions and people who do this kind of work. Your comments at
breakfast the other morning suggested that they were vested with great
"power". Obviously, that is only so in a derivative sense, if at all.
They are delegated functions and responsibilities only to the extent that
the President in his total and complete discretion determines that they
should be. Thus in one Administration they may be ministerial
functionaries and in another they may have broad discretionary powers
but if they do have such powers they are the President's powers
merely temporarily delegated to such an individual for the convenience
of the President.
-2-
GERALD FORD LIBHARY
From the standpoint of pure governmental theory, therefore,
since their powers are entirely derivative and entirely Presidential,
their capacity comes from the people, the nation as a whole, in
the election of the President. They are not powers derived from
any congressional action, or any law passed by the Congress nor
do they act in execution of any congressional law except as alter-
egos of the President in his execution of those laws as the Executive.
Thus from a purely technical standpoint I have great difficulty with
the concept that these individuals should be subject to senatorial
confirmation since they have no governmental role apart from the
President and he surely should not be subject to senatorial
confirmation in the strict sense of the word.
Additionally, I can anticipate a problem of mixed commitments and
mixed obligations stemming from a confirmation process. The papers
are carrying stories today of the action of the Democratic caucus
in resolving to extort from each Cabinet officer a prior commitment
to make himself available to any committee chairman or subcommittee
chairman who may, at any time, for any reason, however reasonable
or unreasonable, decide to summon the Cabinet officer to a meeting
of the committee or subcommittee.
I could foresee a set of circumstances where a presidential assistant
had demanded of him a commitment to make himsclf available on
call to committees of the Congress as a condition precedent to his
confirmation. Were such a commitment demanded and made, such
an individual could become virtually useless to the President because
one of the essential requirements must be total availability to the
requirements of the President and his schedule. If I were subject to
the call of the Congress, continually faced with the necessity of
testimony before committees, etc., it would be impossible for me
to discharge my obligations to the President in the way that I now
must do. We see in the Director of the Office of Management and
Budget, who does make himself available to only a few committees
for testimony on economic and fiscal matters, a good example of what
can happen. The Director of the OMB now finds his time considerably
occupied with congressional testimony. It makes his position doubly
difficult and reduces his utility to the President.
-3-
GERALO FORD LIBRARY
I would be willing to predict that were the five or six people men-
tioned made subject to senatorial confirmation it would be a
relatively short time before new positions were created, new
assistants appointed for the President, not subject to senatorial
confirmation, to perform the functions necessary to the operation
of the Office of the President now performed by those named. It
would be necessary simply to get the work done. As I'm sure you
know, most of us put in a 14-hour day around here. This time is
spent entirely in meeting the requirements of the President.
Were hours to be subtracted from that day for congressional
purposes, then there has to be a substitution of effort for that time
lost. And were the confidential relationship between the President
and certain of his assistants to be exposed to congressional scru-
tiny, then the President necessarily would have to develop new
confidential relationships to take their place.
I'll be happy to talk with you in person about this at your conven-
ience, if that's your desire. I personally deplore efforts on the
part of a few individuals in the Congress and in the press to
drive a wedge between the Legislative and Executive branches of
the Government. I don't think that it is dictated by the issues
which confront the country, nor by the natural desires of a
majority of those in either branch. On the contrary, I think if
jealousy of prerogatives and territorial imperative are permitted
to enter into deliberation on the issues, we will get a bad result
for the country.
There is plenty of work to be done. And there are few enough
people to do it. The question ought not to be who will do the work
or make the decisions, it seems to me. For my part I'm more
than happy if good work can be done by a congressional committee
because that'll leave more time for us to do the remaining work
that needs to be done. I am concerned that some Members of the
Congress will become so jealous of their congressional preroga-
tives that their efforts will actually impede our work and in the
net sum we will fail to do those things which must be done this
year.
-4-
All of the foregoing is said in recognition of the necessity of the
Congress to have all of the information that it should have to
make proper decisions. I don't think anyone here believes that
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
any committee or subcommittee of the Congress should be
stinted in the provision of facts, advice and opinion on any
domestic issue. Foreign affairs, on the other hand, are beyond
my scope and ken. I'm sure there are some very different
considerations that enter in where delicate negotiations are under
way, for instance. Executive Privilege applies in a narrow
range of cases on the domestic side, and I am asking that you be
furnished with 8ur statement of policy on that subject because I
know that it does play a part in your view of this total matter.
Please let me know if you wish to discuss this further -- I'm happy
to do SO.
Yours sincerely,
John D. Ehrlichman
Assistant to the President
Honorable Charles Percy
United States Senate
Washington, D. C. 20510
1/16/73 WH meeting (Scott 6 for m the Ind
1210 frogen
Junt3 Press
- 40 only available
F.Y. 1973 - 250 will mut.
74 - working to mut goal
of fall employment Nevenues
FORD LIBRARY is GERALD
Budget -mp Jom. 29
- have reported
about 657
will report
per-cent - -cent
Every Pres. since Jefferson
Only may high for Pres. to NOT ask for
Only way to and Dobt Carling
mental.
Joint Committee - Feb. 15, 1973.
1)
Having monatorn - pipiline
2)
apreculture - RE.A. - 2% out
5% in -Loan guarantee
ACP- -
300 million-cut
3
NASA - delays cancellations -
- I
I
83 billion
Scholly - Colickman
Step y- food
- health costs
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
Maintain not - construction
interests + durdends.
Beganning to hant more than help in
some areas,
More
Most effective me 8 Law.
Byber - application & get approval
now- effort. after fact regulatory
Cost 8 Twing Conncil
staff - Wage/Price
2R.5. -1500 people (3000)
"meassmable
RN - budget description
Mc Hovern (defference)
no discipline in his budget plans.
Prevate Plasins -
alministration will me -intorbuce. -
FORD LIBRARY & GERALD
Vetres -11 in 1972
budget crunch wome now than before
attennative/more more inflation on Ind increase.
"take - home pay
Health Insurance
Welpore reform - mushpeations
Special Revenue
that
Trade-
Energy
Environment 1 12 not actel on.
no, more restrictive megulations.
Housing-
235/736 -not working. (Eventure 4 Congress)
new options ) not lag.
Tal Repan 1
get control of spending
hey tapes down.
FORD & LIBRARY GERALD
non public schools
tax vehif for elderly (property)
templification Equal of tax system -
)
1969 act- -
9 million of tax rolls.
D gast what were done.
Don't defend status gno.
Executive Privilege -
FORD is LIBRARY GERALD
Nevon admin - 3 times in 4 yrs.
2RS - nstumn
Symmyton
none a white House assistance.
Only RN. deads in writing.
Cabnet - teshipping (meassable time)
Regios - out country, /old Congress.
rule 8 Masm
infedential information.
Present medictant - no
Watergate
/
(most intensive investigation
total on
let chips fall where they may.
defendants have nights.
Eventure offer ? Presedent
50% ant
no added layer between Pro. of people.
Vutnam
Bombing - Manamous of Jr. NSC. Chil &
contraction of May 8ᵗʰ policy.
suspended in Oct because of
meaningful neptrations.
Bomling brought Inch to table
won't speculate.
FORD LIBRARY & GERALD
Talks NOW ) services
Dec. -
Bombing - future
unproductive + harmful to
speculate
In 1968 - niton wouldn't comment
during negotiations -shape
If table.
while negotiations in propers 1
frain agreement int to discuss.
President -will report me soon
negotiations. as it will not endanger
Dich Kennedy
Faird - Vastnampatron success.
Their - no rets.
President quote -
Resolutions -aid to Hanoi
harmful
North Victnam atrates
an for
Quantity Rontin Tin
destrycl
GERALD R. FORD
Danny City
Herman Kahn- 1 Anturday Phrina
Bombing - hand military targets.
CHANGESin GNP PRICE INDEXES
PERCENT CHANGE, ANNUAL RATE 1)
12
TOTAL GNP
8
FORD & LIBRARY THE
PRE-FREEZE
FREEZE
BULGE
POST-BULGE
4
o
8
PRIVATE NONFARM PRODUCT
4
o
!!!!!!!!!!!
...........
24
PRIVATE FARM PRODUCT
20
16
12
8
4
0
-4
-8
20
TOTAL GOVERNMENT PRODUCT
16
12
8
4
0
1968 IV
1969 IV
1970 IV
1971 II
1971 IV
1972 I
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
1969 IV 1970 IV 1971 II 1971 IV 1972 I 1972 III
* IMPLICIT PRICE DEFLATORS
11 SEASONALLY ADJUSTED. SOURCE: DEPARTMENT of COMMERCE.
a great deal has been
written in critic ism of
President nixon's
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
"cexcessive" neto. use of the
Infact in the 22nd Congress
the President vetord 20
measures,
President Eisenhower
during the Republican
83rd Congress vetoid
51 measures,