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Ford, Betty - Cancer - Printed Material
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Ford, Betty - Cancer - Printed Material
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Sheila R. Weidenfeld Files (Ford Administration)
Sheila Weidenfeld's General Subject Files
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President (1974-1977 : Ford). Office of the First Lady. 1974-1977
Cancer
Health
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1976-06-30
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The original documents are located in Box 37, folder "Ford, Betty - Cancer - Printed
Material" of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United
States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections.
Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public
domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to
remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid
copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Some items in this folder were not digitized because it contains copyrighted
materials. Please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library for access to
these materials.
Digitized from Box 37 of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
Cancer Resoarch Accomplishments During 1975
Prepared for use by Mrs. Betty Ford at November 1975 annual meeting of
the American Cancer Society
Treatment:
(a) There is increasing evidence that anticancer drugs used after
surgery for breast cancer can provent recurrence of that disease.
The drug L-PAM (L-phenylalanine mustard) has continued to give
lower recurrence rates than a placebo in reports on a growing
number of women followed for two years in the study directed
by Dr. Bernard Fisher, chairman of the National Surgical Adjuvant
Breast Project. The approach has been supported by similar find-
ings with 3 three-drug combination in a study at. the National
Cancer Institute of Milan, Italy.
(b) Anticancer drugs also are being shown to be effective against
recurrence of osteogenic sarcoma, a cancer of the bone, in
continuing studies, Results with an increasing mmber of
patients followed for longer periods of time have improved on
findings reported initially last year.
is
FORD
(c) Advanced cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, recurring after
surgery, have begun to respond to drug combinations in studies
conducted by Dr. Charles Moerte1 and colleagues at the Mayo
Clinic. In future studies, the drug combinations may be usable
to prevent recurrence.
(d) Adriamycin and DTIC have been approved for use against cancer
in standard medical practice.
2 -
Detection AM Diagenver:
(a) Breast cancer continued to be dotected at an early, localized
stage in a high proportion of cases discovered in the breast cancer
screening demonstration program conducted jointly by the National
Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society. Nearly 80 percent
of reported cases have had no evidence of spread to the axillary
(ampit) lymph nodes. Women in the screening program are given
annual physical examinations, X-ray manmograms, and a thormogram,
and are instructed in the practice of monthly breast self-examination
between the annual check-ups.
(b) A computerized technique for X-ray examination had been reported
to be effective in diagnosing brain cancers and other brain diseases.
The technique is being modified for scanning of other parts of the
body.
Cause & Prevention:
(a) Publication of the Atlas of Cancer Mortality for U.S. Counties: 1950-1969
has led to oxtensive work to uncover reasons for geographic.concen-
trations of cancer. NCI cpidemiologists have reported unusual
occurrences of bladder cancer linked with the chemical industry,
and unusual occurrences of lung cancer linked with smelters that emit
arsenic into the air as a byproduct of copper, lead and zinc production.
(b) Scientists are exploring the role in cancer causation of viruses
isolated during the past year from human cancers, normal human
tissues, and disorders characterized by a weakening of the body's
(continued)
- 3 -
imme system. Examples of such viruses Include a virus isolated
from the laboratory-grown leukemic cells of a woman with acute
myelogenous leukemia, a rare form of this blood cancer, by scientists
at NCI and Litton Bionetics, Inc. A similar virus was isolated from
laboratory-grown human embryo cells by scientists at the University
of Chicago. Collaborating sciontists at NCI and the National Institute
of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have reported isolation of a
different type of virus from the brain tumor of a patient with an
inherited immmologic disorder.
(c) Dr. Peter Duesberg and coworkers at the University of California,
Berkeley, have pinpointed the location of & virus gene that is
responsible for the cancerous transformation of infected animal
cells. The gone is part of the genetic material of the Rous
Sarcoma virus, which causes tumors in chickens.
Basic Research:
(a) NCI scientists have identified a unique type of human white blood
cell in patients with an immme defect that may make them susceptible
to developing cancer. The white blood cell, called a "suppressor
T cell," blocks antibody production, making the patients vulnerable
to infections and other diseases.
(b) Other NCI scientists have identified a type of white blood cell that
they believe is the immature "stem cell" from which all blood cells
develop, including red blood cells and platelets 85 well 85 the
various white blood cells.
4
Is there any evidence that the mastectomies of Mrs. Ford and Mrs.
Rockefeller have increased the awareness for early detection of
breast lesions among American Women?
Immediately after Mrs. Ford's and Mrs. Rockcfeller's mastectomies,
the NCI-ACS breast cancer detoction demonstration centers were
flooded with requests for appointments and, in some cases, had a
patient backup for three or four months. This immediate overwhelming
influx of patients was attributed to the publicity attached to
Mrs. Ford and Mrs. Rockefeller. Many of the patients verified the
fact that their decision to have a breast examination was influenced
by the news stories on the two prominent women.
The initial influx of patients has now passed, and none of the
centers is backed up to a great extent. Even now, however, some of
the patients coming through the centers mention Mrs, Ford and Mrs.
Rockefe1ler.
Elsewhere, attendance at ACS public education programs on breast cancer
ALD R. FORD LIBRARY
has trebled in the past year. These programs include instruction in
breast self-examination, films, and information on anatomy.
Although no statistical studies have been attempted on the impact of
the publicity, it is evident that many women were stimulated to have
a breast examination by the articles on Mrs. Ford snd Mrs. Rockefeller.
Female Cancer
GRUMMAN HEALTH SYSTEMS
Detection
Mobile Unit VM-1
FORD GREAT LIBRARY
LEAD SHIELDED WALLS,
PARTITION & SLIDING DOOR
ENTRY
EXIT
CURBSIDE
X-RAY TUBE
WASH
STEP
STEP
BASIN
EXAMINATION
TABLE
"PAP SMEAR"
SEAT
SEAT
DRESSING
DISROBING
AREA
SLIDING CURTAINS
AREA
DRIVING
COMPARTMENT
ELECTRIC
3-AXIS SEAT
ELEVATOR
INTERVIEW AREA
THERMOGRAPHY
SENOGRAPH
PHOTO
SEAT
TABLE
FLUOROGRAPHIC
MAMMOGRAPHY
CAMERA
SENOGRAPH COOLER
INFRA-RED
THERMAL PICTURE
CAMERA
DISPLAY UNIT
UNIT
PLAN VIEW
SCALE IN FEET
Female Cancer Detection Mobile Unit
VM-1
Purpose:
Provides rapid, accurate and economical system for detection of breast, cervical and lung
cancer in a mobile environment, using mass screening techniques consisting of medical inter-
view, mammography, clinical examination of the breast, Pap cervical smear, thermography,
and chest x-ray.
System Highlights:
High-Density Packaging
Area Components
Medical Interview Area and Dressing Rooms
Mammography
Performed with efficient Senograph unit. Low radiation dose of
2-2.5 rads per exposure by using non-screen film
Examination Table
Required for clinical examination of breast
Enables preparation of Pap smears from cervix and vagina for
pathology
Thermography
Creates an instantaneous thermal image on film. Breast cancer
produces increased heat in high proportion of cases
Chest X-ray
Provides photofluorography with an Odelca camera
Mobile - quick transfer of services to area of requirement
Rapid Patient Processing - estimated at 10 minutes per patient
Self-contained - requires no umbilicals
Special Environmental Features:
Life-time all-aluminum shell (.102 aluminum sidewalls)
Dual roof-mtd air conditioners - 24,000 BTU/HR total
Dual doors for efficient patient flow
Dual 5 KW electric power generators sets with remote start on roll-out drawers for ease of
maintenance
Formica walls and acoustic tile ceiling - insulated with sprayed-in-place polyurethane foam
Electric heaters with individual thermostatic control
Low-profile fluorescent lighting
Warm decorative interior, easy-to-clean carpeting throughout
GRUMMAN HEALTH SYSTEMS
Customized exterior painting and lettering
534 BROAD HOLLOW ROAD
MELVILLE, N. Y. 11746
Medical Special Purpose Equipment:
Certified lead-lined X-ray area with lead glass viewing window
TEL. 516-575-3513
Senograph Cooler specially designed to absorb Senograph-generated heat
TELEX 961308
Senograph seat with three axis movement
CABLE: GRUMAIR
Storage cabinet for cones, film, interview cards and miscellaneous equipment
General:
Overall dimensions
26' 4" long, 7'7" wide, 10'2" high (headroom 6'5" floor to ceiling)
Weight
12,000 pounds
Power
available at 220V, 115V, 60 Hz, single phase and 12VDC
Chassis
power steering, power brakes, automatic transmission, choice of
standard chassis to 13,000 GVW
Safety features in accordance with Federal Highway Safety Act
1657-71-1A
What
is a
Breast
Exam?
This leaflet was prepared to help you understand
and to know what to expect from an examination
of your breasts, a four-part comprehensive proce-
dure recommended by the American Cancer So-
ciety. The Guttman Breast Diagnostic Institute
provides this examination at its facilities at 200
Madison Ave, Manhattan, and in health fairs and
screening programs conducted by the Society's
New York City Division.
Questions You May Have:
Your Exam:
Are mammography and thermography
1
You will have an Interview-usually by one of
proven methods of cancer detection?
our volunteers who will ask some general and
Yes. Both methods combined with palpation, make
personal health questions related to the breast.
the most complete breast cancer detection test avail-
able. Hundreds of thousands of women have had these
2
Each part of your breasts will then be carefully
tests in the United States.
felt by the examiner's hand. This is called
Palpation. If you think you have any breast
problems, take this opportunity to mention them
Should I have mammography if I'm pregnant?
to the examiner.
If you're pregnant and have no symptoms you will
You will be shown how to give yourself this
not routinely receive the mammography test. How-
examination and you'll receive a leaflet explain-
ever, if you have any concern about your breasts and
ing the procedure. Be sure to ask for a leaflet.
wish to have the exam, please tell the technician.
You should examine yourself once a month. The
best time is about one week after your menstrual
period, when bathing or showering while your
When will I receive the results of these tests?
skin is still wet and your fingers slide easily.
You will be notified by mail of the results within a
few weeks. If you were tested at a health fair, call the
American Cancer Society if you don't hear within six
3
The Thermography test is done in an air condi-
weeks.
tioned room to cool your breasts. This test
gives us a picture of heat patterns of your
breasts. The examiner will take a picture using
What if the report asks me to return
for re-examination?
a special camera to pickup variations in breast
skin temperature which may be an important
This does not mean we have found any cause for con-
indicator in early cancer detection.
cern. We may have to re-examine you for technical
reasons-if the equipment has not functioned properly
or if the photographic plates haven't reproduced well.
4
You will receive a Mammography test, a quick,
painless x-ray examination using very low rad-
iation. These pictures show us the inner struc-
What if the tests are negative?
ture of the breast and can pinpoint the location
This means your breasts are healthy and that we have
of even the smallest abnormality.
found no condition warranting further care.
(over)
However, you must:
1-Continue to have your re-examination on a
regular basis. We'll write to remind you.
2-Regularly examine your breasts yourself.
Keep the booklet on breast self-examination
handy and do the test once a month. Report any
change you feel in your breast promptly either
to your physician or to us.
EARLY DETECTION SAVES LIVES—
IT MAY SAVE YOURS!
American Cancer Society
New York City Division, Inc.
19 West 56th Street, New York, N.Y. 10019
586-8700
BROOKLYN UNIT:
141 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11201
UL 8-8200
STATEN ISLAND UNIT:
42 Richmond Terrace, Staten Island, N.Y. 10301
Glbraltar 7-2140
Guttman Breast Diagnostic
Institute
200 Madison Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. 10021
689-9797
PRACTICAL MASS SCREENING
FOR EARLY BREAST CANCER
PHILIP STRAX, M.D., GUTTMAN INSTITUTE, NEW YORK, N.Y.
GENERO FORD
GUTTMAN INSTITUTE
200 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
RESULTS
METHOD
RATIONALE
Number of Examinations
(1971-1974)
80,442
PROBLEM
AGE-ADJUSTED MORTALITY RATES, ALL CAUSES AND
Initial Exams
40,341
BREAST CANCER WOMEN AGED 25 YEARS AND OVER:
Subsequent Exams
40,101
UNITED STATES, 1935-1967.
ALL CAUSES
BREAST CA'S
PER 1,000
PER 100,000
Of 3,367 recommendations for biopsy or aspiration,
20
50
The challenge of breast cancer in American women
MORTALITY
1,910 were done and 478 cancers found.
has never been greater:
BREAST CANCER
Age
< 36
36-40
41-50
51-60
61 >
40
Age distribution:
% total exams
16%
15%
31%
24%
14%
One of every 14 women develops breast cancer.
One of every four cancers in women is in the
15
% cancer
1%
3%
29%
34%
33%
breast.
MORTALITY
VALUE OF PERIODIC EXAMINATIONS
ALL CAUSES
30
Breast cancer is the most common cause of death
On initial exam, the number of prevalent cancers present is high, depending on such factors as
in women aged 40 to 45. It is the most common
10
self-selection and age of women. Because cancers have been present for varying lengths of time, only
cause of cancer death at any age.
half of the cancers are free of nodal involvement. On subsequent exam, the number of incident
20
cancers, which have become detectable since the previous exam, is much less, but the majority have no
nodal spread.
Over 90% of breast cancer is detected by the
woman. In the majority of instances the disease is
negative axillary nodes
5
not localized at the time of diagnosis.
10
exams
No. of Ca
rate/1000
No. of Ca
% of Ca
INITIAL EXAMS
40,341
374
9.4
185
49%
And there has been no change in mortality in
SUBSEQUENT EXAMS
40,101
104
2.6
66
63%
40 years!
0
0
1935
1945
1955
1967
VALUE OF THE TANDEM TECHNIQUE
NOTE: All rates are adjusted to the age of women 25 years of age and over in 1940.
SOURCE: Annual Volumes, Vital Statistics of the United States, National Center for
The tandem technique, using clinical examination, mammography and thermography gives the
Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
highest yield of cancers because some are detectable on only one modality. Those found on one
modality only have a higher percentage of negative nodes.
NOTE: 1. "Interval" Cancers: of the 478 cancers found, 437 were detected on screening modalities
and 41 were "interval" cancers found by the women themselves within a year of a negative
examination. They are not included in the tally below.
REMEDY
2. Thermography, when abnormal, alerts the physician to the possible presence of cancer in a
stage not yet detectable by palpation or mammography and suggests more frequent
The only promise for improvement in death rate lies in earlier detection of more cases in a localized
examinations in order to localize it earlier. Since a positive thermogram alone is never the
basis for biopsy, it is also not represented in the data below.
stage. This goal can be achieved only through periodic examination of apparently asymptomatic
3. Negative Nodes are included in the below data only when proven. The surgical procedures
women in mass screening.
in 12% of the cases did not include axillary dissection, so that the true percentage of negative
nodes may be higher.
This concept is pointed up by the one-third
today enhance the value of the x-ray and improve
In 437 cancers (excluding 41 "interval" cancers)
reduction in mortality achieved by the mass
the yield.
screening program of the Health Insurance Plan of
Thermography has been highly regarded as an
All Cancers
Negative Axillary Nodes
Greater New York involving 62,000 women-31,000 in
additional means to alert the clinician to the
CANCERS DETECTED BY:
No. of Ca
% of Ca
No. of Ca
% of Ca
a study group with a carefully matched control
group. The study group was screened periodically
presence of an occult cancer, as a potential
MAMMOGRAPHY ONLY
over three years with mammography and clinical
prescreening modality, and as an indicator of a high
not palpable
75
17%
52
69%
examination. In the six years of follow-up, 88
risk group.
CLINICAL EXAM ONLY
women died in the control group against 56 in the
A 4-part tandem approach to breast cancer
not on x-ray
121
28%
75
62%
study group. Of 44 women whose breast cancer was
detection offers the best hope for the greatest yield
BOTH felt on palpation
detected by mammography alone, only 1 has died.
of localized, curable breast cancers in a mass
and seen on mammogram
241
55%
98
41%
Improved mammographic techniques available
screening program.
VALUE OF BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION (BSE)
The GUTTMAN INSTITUTE (Stella and Charles Guttman Breast Diagnostic Institute) was
formed in 1968 to develop an efficient, economical and effective examination to achieve this goal. Its
Since 95% of breast cancer is first detected by the women themselves, indoctrination into BSE is vital as
TANDEM TECHNIQUE consists of an interview for historical data, a clinical examination,
a first step in screening. Women can be taught (and should be taught by the physician) to detect
improved mammography and thermography.
small lesions of 1 cm. or less in their own breasts. BSE is especially important to detect "interval"
cancers. When BSE indoctrination is part of the screening process, "interval" cancers are detectable
with a high degree of no nodal involvement.
Of the 41 "interval" cancers, 27 or 66% had no nodal involvement.
MOBILE FACILITY
The Guttman Institute operates an active
FIXED FACILITY
"outreach" program.
A significant proportion of the population lives in a
low socioeconomic milieu where motivation for
At its central location in Manhattan, the Guttman Institute (in cooperation with the American Cancer
preventive care is poor. When a screening program
Society-New York City Division) offers a complete examination consisting of:
is brought into a community under the auspices of a
neighborhood's organizations, peer pressure and
1
convenience increase motivation.
INTERVIEW for demographic data, including
menstrual, parity, breast and family
A 26 foot van outfitted with a CGR Senograph for
mammography and an AGA Thermovision for
history.
thermography makes the entire tandem
technique screening process completely mobile.
CLINICAL EXAMINATION under the
Up to 70 women per day can be examined.
2
supervision of a physician skilled in
this procedure. Details of breast
structure as well as masses,
ENTRANCE
EXIT
recommendation for treatment and
follow-up are recorded. Breast
self-examination is taught and
LEAD
strongly encouraged on an individual
CURTAINS
basis at this time.
AGA
THERMOVISION
THERMOGRAPHY AND DRESS
CURTAINS
VERTICAL
CAMERA
STAND
FOR X-RAY
MAMMOGRAPHY performed with the CGR
s
3
Senograph using improved film
CGR SENOGRAPH
techniques. Two views of each breast
CONTROLS AND
AGA THERMOVISION
TECHNICIAN STATION
AND TECHNICIAN
are performed in six minutes time, with
STATION CONTROLS
low radiation dose by using non-screen
film (2-2.5 rads per exposure) or by using
UNDRESS
PALPATION
MAMMOGRAPHY
rare earth screens 0.5 rad per
dose). Data of breast structure and
masses plus recommendations for
follow-up and treatment are recorded.
THERMOGRAPHY performed with the AGA
Thermovision detects the infrared
emanation from the breast which is
visualized on 70mm film. Details of the
vein patterns plus abnormalities of heat
When the Guttman Institute participates in large
manifestations are recorded with
"health fairs" sponsored by neighborhood
recommendation for follow-up.
community organizations in which hundreds of
women may be examined in a few days, a 70mm
photomammography device is used. It is
transportable, uses 110 volt current, and is capable
of examining up to twenty women per hour with a
radiation dose of 1-1.5 rads per exposure. This
device, together with an AGA Thermovision also
TANDEM TECHNIQUE 2,500 women per month receive this 4-part
using 70mm film, demonstrates how great numbers
examination, given in less than twenty minutes time per patient.
of women can be periodically screened very
30,992 examinations were given in 1974. All modalities are done
economically with the tandem technique.
independently. Reports are sent to the woman's physician. No
treatment is given.
Advances in rare earth fluorescing screen technology, coupled with special films in vacuum cassettes, produce
images with radiation dose substantially less than 0.5 rad per exposure. The photomammography device
described on the next page is being optimized to produce full size mammograms of excellent quality using
rare earth screen in a novel vacuum contact system.
POTENTIAL
As a direct result of the persisting mortality reductions achieved in the Health Insurance Plan of Greater
New York study and the practical tandem technique approach to mass screening developed by the
Guttman Institute, the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society have jointly funded 27
demonstration projects, including the Guttman Institute, to screen over 250,000 women annually
for the next 5 years.
The potential from the screening programs
includes:
Detection of more minimal and pre-clinical cancers
with a great majority free from nodal involvement.
Evaluation of the contribution of each modality to the
screening process.
Identification of higher risk groups and optimum
screening frequency.
Increased motivation of women to accept periodic
breast examination.
Increased use of breast self-examination, taught
directly at the centers.
Improvement in detection techniques.
The 27 projects will act as foci for disseminating knowledge about mass screening to the profession-at-large,
and act as catalysts to encourage the development of other centers under private and public health auspices.
CONCLUSION
1. MASS SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER OFFERS THE ONLY PRACTICAL PROGRAM AVAILABLE
TODAY TO BEGIN THE CONTROL OF BREAST CANCER.
2. MASS SCREENING CAN BE MADE A PRACTICAL, ECONOMICAL AND HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE
PROCEDURE.
3. THE 4-PART TANDEM TECHNIQUE OFFERS THE BEST YIELD OF MINIMAL, CURABLE BREAST
CANCERS.
The female breast has intrigued mere man
As a valuable, lovable, marvellous sight;
As a matter of fact, from the time man began,
He's found it the source of much varied delight.
To all it brings life when life struggles to start,
And then it delights, ever more with the years;
To some it's a symbol of beauty in art,
To others it's sorrow and sadness and tears.
Let's take up the challenge and seek out new ways
To find hidden cancer when close to its start;
Let's learn the new markers that guide through the maze,
To bring more success to the surgeon's art.
P.S.
Supported in part by N.C.I. Contract NO. 1-CN-35004
CQUDTED
cancer is one of mankind's oldest
enemies, laying waste since earliest
times to people of all ages and stations
in life. Once considered a shameful
malady to be acknowledged in whispers,
if at all, it has, only in the past few
decades, been forced into the open and
assailed with all the vigor and deter-
mination science and medicine can muster.
One of the first to take up the counter-
attack against this widespread and
dangerous foe, the Southern California
Cancer Center offers hope-and the strong
possibility of victory-to thousands each
year who seek protection against the
onslaughts of malignancies.
Cancer is met and engaged on many
fronts-diagnosis, therapy, research and
FORD j 03.840 LIBRARY
education. A complete cancer-fighting
facility-one of the leading institutions of
its kind in the country-the Southern
California Cancer Center holds out
to the cancer patient every possible
chance for survival.
83
H
HEARTH
I
detection increasing the odds
More than 1.5 million Americans have been
saved from cancer through early detection
and treatment. An average of 200,000
are rescued each year. At least another
100,000 could be saved annually if cancer
is caught in time.
The Southern California Cancer Center
views early diagnosis and treatment as one
of its most important contributions to
the conquest of malignancies. The center's
precise detection machines help put time
on the side of the patient. By measuring
heat variations caused by tumors, the
Thermograph brings a high degree of
accuracy to the discovery of breast cancer.
Nuclear medicine employs radioactive
materials to pinpoint cells that have run
amuck and is invaluable in detecting
brain, thyroid and liver malignancies.
To heighten the chances of life for hundreds
of women each year in the Los Angeles area,
a free "Pap" clinic is conducted in con-
junction with the American Cancer Society.
Examination of uterine smears reveals the
presence of abnormal cells shed by the
body in the early stages of cancer formation
and gives the potential victim the edge
in surviving this type of malignancy.
striking back through therapy
the giant machines
To treat those already afflicted, a battery
of mechanical giants is used to beam
cancer-killing rays into affected areas of the
human body to battle threatening tumors.
A pioneer in the field of radiation therapy,
the center was the first on the West
Coast to apply this form of treatment to
the control and eradication of malig-
nancies. Over the years, it has added to
its lineup of equipment until, today, it
boasts one of the largest arsenals of
cancer-combating machines to be found
anywhere.
In addition, radium and cesium implants
are utilized to fight cancers of the
tongue, uterus and cervix.
Radiation therapy, however, is only one
avenue for striking back at cancer.
Because the Cancer Center emphasizes
the team approach to the counterattack
against this determined aggressor, the
patient has the benefit of experience and
knowledge in many areas.
He is assured that the best possible
therapy or combination of treatment
techniques will be focused on the
solution of his problem.
COUNTER
Left: Two-million-volt Van de Graaff
Accelerator so precise that it can treat
tumors around the eyes or in the lungs
with complete safety effective on
cancers located from one to five inches
under the skin.
Below: Cobalt.. one of the earliest cancer
therapy machines.. still successfully
engaged in turning back the inroads of
malignancies.
I
Below: Picker Vanguard... a lower-voltage
machine for tumors situated fractions
of an inch below the skin... often used
against skin cancer.
Above: Betatron... at 18 million volts,
the most powerful cancer fighter presently
in existence. can zero in with pinpoint
accuracy on tumors four or five inches
under the skin anywhere in the body.
research
probing for the breakthrough
The basic ingredient of life-the human
cell-remains a mystery and, therefore,
cancer which is a disease of the human cell
exists as part of that mystery. To date,
researchers have been unable to determine
exactly why "good guy" cells become "bad
guys" terrorizing the body and working
toward its destruction.
Yet they remain undaunted. The search
intensifies and the frontiers of knowledge
widen, however begrudgingly, keeping alive
the hope of a significant breakthrough.
Research in the Southern California
Cancer Center is concentrated on breast
cancer and leukemia. An electron micro-
scope magnifies the "gangster" cells of
cancer 200,000 times for investigations by
scientific probers. Whirling ultra-
centrifuges, generating thousands of
times the force of gravity, and the ultra-
microtome, which slices cells into minute
sections, are enlisted in the attempt to pry
open the elusive secrets of malignancies.
Counterattacking through research, the
Cancer Center hopes to find the Achilles'
heel which will eventually spell defeat for
this devastating peril to life.
CA
education
the forward thrust of knowledge
Simultaneously, continuing medical education
COUNTER
ЛТАСК
public seminars and other educational projects.
programs help doctors remain alert to new
The nature of cancer, how it strikes, what can
diagnostic and therapy techniques for the benefit
be done about it arm the patient with infor-
of the patient. Fellowships and residencies,
mation that can save his life. The Southern
are other means of honing the cancer knowledge
California Cancer Center and California
of doctors, better equipping them to aid
Hospital Medical Center combine forces in
cancer sufferers.
follow-up the constant pursuit
One of the elements brought into play by the
Southern California Cancer Center in its
pursuit of a victory over malignancy is the
largest private Tumor Registry in California,
serving as a giant knowledge bank.
More than 40,000 medical histories have been
recorded here since 1942, giving the patient
resource to research and statistical facts which
can be used for comparison and guidance
in his own situation.
Moreover, the Tumor Registry keeps watch
over the progress of each patient through
the years, issuing periodic checkup reminders
so that he will be certain to receive the
follow-up crucial to his survival.
experience
acquired impressive expertise in dealing with
the power of know-how
this type of problem.
California Hospital Medical Center ranks as
one of the largest cancer treatment facilities
Some of the most widely known and highly
in the state. Approximately one-third of its
respected cancer specialists in the nation have
patients are malignancy victims. Consequently,
been affiliated with the Southern California
its medical and nursing staffs are particularly
Cancer Center since its inception. Treating
qualified to understand the cancer patient
thousands of patients annually, they have
and to provide the kind of care and support
he needs.
When life is at stake, the insights and advantages
of years of experience represent an incomparable
asset to the patient.
continuing the counterattack
southern california cancer center
a division of california hospital medical center
non-profit non-sectarian
Counterattacking cancer with one of the
1414 South Hope Street, Los Angeles, California 90015
(213) 748-2411
most comprehensive programs to be found
anywhere in the country, the Cancer Center
is grateful for the community assistance
board of directors
which has enabled it to score consistent
chairman-emeritus
advances.
Orville N. Meland, M.D.
president
Through the generosity of its friends, it has
Donald P. Loker Property Management
extended the hand of help to thousands,
vice-president and treasurer
including many without the ability to pay.
William N. Martin
It stands ready to assist thousands more who
Chairman of the Board: Bayly, Martin and Fay, Inc.
will be struck down by the ravages of cancer
vice-president
William Stinehart
and will want to place their chances for life
Senior Vice-President: Gibraltar Savings and Loan Association
on the best counter-measures available.
secretary
James L. Nolan Attorney: Adams, Duque and Hazeltine
However, it must have continual support to
assistant secretary and assistant treasurer
maintain its philanthropic activities. A non-
Samuel J. Tibbitts President: Lutheran Hospital Society
profit organization, it offers opportunities
Walter C. Alvarez, M.D.
for giving which can return substantial tax
Dr. W. Ballentine Henley
President: United Church of Religious Science
and income savings benefits to the donor.
Paul H. Jernstrom, M.D.
Director Emeritus John MacLeod John MacLeod Enterprises
If you have been helped and wish to help
J. Robert Meserve Attorney: Meserve, Mumper and Hughes
others-or if you are interested in performing
Robert C. Niven Fidelity and Deposit Co. of Maryland
James F. Nolan, M.D.
a humanitarian deed for its own sake-please
Mrs. George Ponty: Civic Leader
contact our Director of Development.
Julian M. Sether, M.D.
Sgt. Barton L. Bartel
deputy sheriff
"The people at SCCC
know what they're
doing. The service is
outstanding
they
make you feel like they
care. / have full confidence
in the Cancer Center
they do a great job.
five who are alive
The files of the
Southern California Cancer
Center Tumor Registry
contain the names of
thousands of others who
are living, too. Many
more thousands
will live with your help.
Helen Heath
accountant
"All / met at the
SCCC were warm
and caring during a
very difficult
time for me.
/ remember its
staff with affection
and gratitude."
Pauline Cullins
Walter H. Drane
welder
attorney
COUNTER
ЛТАСК
"Early detection,
"The SCCC
regular check-ups
provides all types
and the kind of
of vital services
treatment / received
for cancer victims.
at the SCCC have
/ feel that our
made it possible
community is
for me to still
fortunate to have
be alive to talk
such a facility
about it. "
available and my
relations with
it have always
been pleasant."
Harry W. Atkinson
mechanic
"The best of facilities,
the best of care. / owe my
life to the SCCC's
fine medical staff."
American Cancer Society
Annual Report 1974
Cancer hasn't stopped 1,500,000
Americans from living.
1,500,000 Americans who have had can-
cer are alive, well and free of the disease.
This fact represents a benchmark in the
progress of cancer control. But the Society's
goal is to save even more lives from cancer
and 2,300,000 volunteers are helping to
make it possible. Concentrating on Educa-
tion, Research and Service programs, the
ACS works to improve cancer prevention,
early detection and prompt treatment.
Physicians, scientists, nurses and allied
health experts, civic leaders and com-
municators are united in their efforts to
wipe out cancer in our lifetime. The 1974
Annual Report documents those generous
gifts of time, support and energies toward
the conquest of cancer.
Contents:
From the Chairman and President
2
From the Executive Vice President
3
Breast Cancer Detection Program
4
Service and Rehabilitation
10
Research
11
Public Education
14
Public Information
16
Smoking and Health
18
Professional Education
20
Worldwide
21
Crusade
21
Treasurer's Report
22
Financial Statements
23
Auditors' Report
26
National Officers, House of Delegates
28
Research Committees
29
FORD
Divisions
32
A
Legacies
inside back cover
From the Chairman and
From the Executive
the President
Vice President
Worldwide attention focused on breast
men were visited after breast surgery by
The commitment of millions of Ameri-
and young investigators here and abroad.
cancer this past year because of the fact
ACS Reach to Recovery volunteers.
cans to the conquest of cancer became a
that it struck two famous women, Mrs.
nationwide priority with the passage of
The ACS in cooperation with Mount
Gerald Ford and Mrs. Nelson Rocke-
The American Cancer Society supports
the National Cancer Act of 1971. The
Sinai School of Medicine initiated valu-
feller. Their straightforward reaction
basic research and clinical research
American Cancer Society pioneered in
able studies on the hazards of vinyl
and candor served as an inspiration
bringing the knowledge of the labora-
the effort to get adequate Federal re-
chloride and other occupational causes of
and guide to many thousands of women
tory to the patient's bedside. It under-
sources and funding for cancer research
cancer and reported on them at a scien-
confronted by breast cancer.
writes the continued search for causes
and control.
tific symposium in New York City.
and cures of cancer. Last year the ACS
The American Cancer Society has in re-
provided more than $26 million for can-
By 1974, the great expansion of the gov-
The follow-up of the massive ACS
cent years concentrated its many ré-
cer research. It also continued to spear-
ernment's cancer control program had
Cancer Prevention Study traced
sources toward improving control of
head the use of community resources in
served to increase the need for ACS ac-
George P. Rosemond, M.D.
of the original 1,000,000 subjects en-
Lane W. Adams
breast cancer, aware that it is the major
screening programs and to conduct pro-
tivities. Our millions of volunteers
President
rolled in the Study from 25 states; new
Executive Vice President
cancer concern of women. A special sec-
grams such as arranging for Pap tests
throughout the country responded to the
questionnaires were completed or death
tion of this report illustrates how the
on a community-wide basis through
Denge P. remand MD
tasks of expanding our education, serv-
certificates were obtained to provide
Lane W adams
vital ACS programs of education, re-
local health departments, industries, and
ice and rehabilitation programs.
data on exposure to occupational agents
search and rehabilitation have contrib-
organizations.
suspected of causing cancer.
uted to this national goal. We have wit-
Volunteers and staff of the ACS have in
nessed this firsthand, one of us as a sur-
Another area of cancer prevention cur-
many instances already become involved
The ACS National Conference on
geon who treats breast cancer, the other
rently of deep concern to the Society is
in the 17 Comprehensive Cancer Centers
Childhood Cancer, held in Dallas,
as a lay officer of the Society who works
the link between cigarette smoking and
established by the National Cancer In-
brought scientists and physicians and
closely with hundreds of ACS volun-
lung cancer. It is estimated that 81,000
stitute around the country. These centers,
allied health professionals together to
teers involved in life-saving efforts.
men and women will die of lung cancer
currently in varying operational stages,
discuss progress in treatment of leu-
this year. Our Society, the government
will be affiliated with a network of com-
kemia and other cancers affecting chil-
The Society believes early detection and
and other agencies in the public health
munity hospitals to provide the public
dren under 15
diagnosis of cancer is the key to success-
field have a grave responsibility to cut
with screening programs for early detec-
ful treatment and emphasizes the value
down on the shocking toll produced by
tion, diagnosis and treatment. Also there
More than 60,000 patients were as-
of breast self-examination based on the
cigarette smoking.
will be an outreach program to offer pro-
sisted through the three major rehabili-
fact that more than 95% of all breast
fessional education, public education and
tation programs of the Society-for
cancers are first discovered by women
As we review 1974, there is some cause
W. Armin Willig
information. Volunteers will be an ac-
patients who had breast surgery through
themselves.
for satisfaction that one out of three
Chairman
tive part of this network as each center
Reach for Recovery; for patients who
cancer patients is being cured today. Yet,
begins to service more and more com-
lost their voice boxes through the ACS-
The Society, along with other organiza-
111,000 cancer patients will die who
Warmin
munities.
sponsored International Association of
tions, supported research investigating
might have been saved by earlier diag-
Laryngectomees; for patients with bowel
a combination of modalities that could
nosis and treatment. This is a challenge
For example, the Society's volunteers
or bladder surgery through the United
detect breast cancer before a lump could
that makes us move into 1975 with
are helping implement cancer control
Ostomy Association.
be felt. The ACS initiated the program
renewed energy.
programs like the Pap test screening of
that is now jointly sponsored with the
low income groups while the NCI sup-
More than 50,000 public education
government's National Cancer Institute,
plies the funds. This joint effort will
programs were conducted on uterine
resulting in 27 Breast Cancer Detection
make it possible to achieve the ACS ob-
cancer and the Pap test. An ACS-spon-
Demonstration Projects around the
jective of a Pap test for every woman by
sored Gallup study showed that 78%
country. Early data reveal that most
1976.
of all U.S. women have now had a Pap
breast cancers found in this program,
test.
where screening includes a medical his-
The American people continued to sup-
tory, doctor's examination, mammogra-
port ACS activities by giving $97.3
Stepped-up action programs to help
phy (low-radiation X ray) and thermog-
million to the Crusade through contribu-
smokers quit cigarettes included com-
raphy (heat scanning), are being dis-
tions and legacy income. This amounted
munity and school quit-clinics, special
covered before the cancers have spread,
to an increase in funding of 4.6% over
radio and TV spots.
and therefore are highly curable.
the year before.
The following pages report what we
The ACS Reach to Recovery program
Here we present a few of the year's
accomplished this past year. With strong
is an outstanding example of service and
highlights of the Society's cancer control
commitments to our ongoing programs,
rehabilitation. Volunteers who have
efforts:
we are taking the initiative in expanding
themselves undergone breast surgery,
overall cancer control programs in com-
visit-with the physician's consent and
A record sum of more than $26 mil-
munities across the nation.
cooperation-breast cancer patients and
lion was spent for cancer research in the
provide psychological and practical help.
form of 498 grants to 127 institutions
During the past year alone 45,000 wo-
in the U.S. and to outstanding scientists
2
3
Breast Cancer Detection
monstration Projects-A
amatic Attack on Breast Cancer
cancer detected and treated at its
stage, in situ, is practically 100%
Unfortunately, most breast can-
not being found that early, and is
more women in this country than
other form of cancer.
American Cancer Society has fo-
vital energies and resources on this
in recent years, and late in
launched an aggressive new cam-
to try to save more women. The
Cancer Institute joined the
in establishing a nationwide net-
of 27 Breast Cancer Detection
nonstration Projects. These projects
the best early-detection examina-
available anywhere in the world at
present time. The examination, for
35 and older who have no symp-
of breast disease, involves four
a detailed history of the patient's
a clinical exam (palpation);
nmography (low-radiation X rays);
thermography (measuring heat pat-
of the breasts).
5,000 women will be screened
project the first year, another
the second year; each of these
women will be reexamined
five years, then followed for
more years. Nearly 300,000 women
participate in the program.
WERS FROM DATA
of data from each project by
versity City Science Center in Phila-
ohia has already proved that these
detection techniques will save more
Equally important, the data could
answers to some of the questions
rounding this disease: Which women
the greatest risk of developing it? Is
a relationship between other breast
and cancer, between the Pill and
Which types of breast cancer
be found earliest? Are these sophis-
expensive techniques feasible
screening? What are the full
abilities of the still-experimental
nique of thermography?
A Dramatic Attack on
Breast Cancer
Teamwork between the private sector
top priority in the country. The National
would turn up for the exam to validate
Delaware State Correctional Institute;
(ACS) and government (NCI) was
Cancer Act had allocated $400 million
the project's effectiveness. The success of
busloads of nuns arrived. Minority
the key to getting a national program of
in its first year for a full-scale war on
New York City's Guttman Institute was,
women were sought out; medical history
this scope underway. Combining forces
cancer. The government's National Can-
after all, only one experience in one city.
forms were translated into Spanish. Not
provided more funds, prevented dupli-
cer Institute was now in a position to
To answer the skeptics and probe
yet a year old, this project is a friendly,
cation of effort, and brought many levels
contribute funds and expertise to aug-
women's real concerns about breast can-
relaxed place where 25 to 30 women are
of the ACS into action, including a
ment the new ACS program. ACS and
cer and what, if anything, they were
examined each day.
powerful ACS resource-volunteers.
NCI would jointly establish twenty
doing to help protect themselves, the
ACS staff and volunteers worked closely
projects, almost twice the number the
ACS commissioned the Gallup Organi-
How One Project Works
with federal agencies, medical societies,
Society could have supported alone. NCI
zation to poll women across the nation.
The projects differ in style and atmos-
professional organizations, community
would pay two-thirds of the costs; ACS,
ACS education programs had long
phere, depending on the communities
groups, women's clubs and the media to
one-third. In addition, ACS would re-
stressed breast self-examination. Were
they serve. Some are dynamic, bustling;
get the projects set up and operating
of a breast-screening study he had con-
many practicing it? No one knew.
the demonstration projects, not only as
others operate at a more deliberate pace.
quickly.
ducted for Hospital Insurance Plan of
early detectors, but because they would
One of the earliest projects, at Virginia
Greater New York (HIP). The HIP
Controversy about surgical treatment
teach women BSE.
Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Wash-
How Did This Program Begin?
study showed that death rates had de-
was swirling through the lay press, and
ington, has achieved an outstanding ex-
The growing frustration about breast
creased one-third among women who
the debate was spilling over into medi-
BSE ON TELEVISION
pertise in its 18 months of operation.
cancer deaths erupted at an ACS meet-
had been examined annually by palpa-
cal meetings and professional journals.
ing in July of 1971. The disease had
tion and mammography; that one-third
As a direct response to what Gallup had
Were women so frightened about the
reached the status of an urgent national
of the cancers found in these women
revealed, the Society made a film for
disease and confused about the complex
television called "Breast Cancer: Where
problem. Society leaders decided that
would have been missed without mam-
issues surrounding treatment that they
mography; and even more striking, that
We Are." It shows a doctor teaching a
action was imperative and that the So-
would stay away from the projects? No
woman how to examine her breasts. This
ciety itself should launch the attack.
of the 44 cancers detected by mammo-
one knew that either.
graphy alone, only one patient died in
was the first attempt to teach BSE to a
nationwide audience via television. A
A planning committee of physicians, lay
the succeeding five years.
cruit the patients, and Society volunteers
would be an integral part of each project.
The Gallup survey found cancer to be
ten-city survey several weeks later meas-
volunteers and staff began mapping out
a campaign. They had to devise a reliable
Armed with this evidence, and hoping to
the major health concern of the women
ured the film's impact on audiences. It
of America, and breast cancer was re-
found that 83% of the women who saw
system for early detection and determine
broaden his screening efforts, Dr. Strax
JOINT PROJECTS ANNOUNCED
how early was early enough.
had asked the American Cancer Society
ferred to specifically most often. The
the film said they would now practice
The first three ACS-NCI Breast Cancer
study showed that most women had
BSE.
to help him offer these breast exams free
Detection Demonstration Projects were
One approach was already being tested
to the women of New York City. Divi-
heard of BSE, but few were practicing it,
Director Dr. Thomas Carlile is ex-
announced in January 1973. Not sur-
and few were receiving breast exams
WOMEN RESPOND TO THE EXAM
sion leadership was enthusiastic. Work-
tremely enthusiastic about what is finally
at the Stella and Charles Guttman
prisingly, New York City's pioneering
from their doctors. Many women lacked
In overwhelming numbers women began
Breast Diagnostic Institute, Inc., in New
ing together, Dr. Strax and the Division
happening in earlier breast cancer de-
Guttman Institute was expanded to form
confidence in their ability to do BSE
calling for appointments. Medical Col-
added another procedure-thermography
tection around the country, and espe-
York City, funded in part by the Society's
one; the other two were the University
-to the examination, and devised a
properly. The survey singled out doctors
lege of Wisconsin in Milwaukee filled
cially at Virginia Mason. His deep com-
New York City Division. Initiated by
of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville,
as the most important force for getting
its first quota within 48 frantic hours;
Dr. Philip Strax in 1968, Guttman Insti-
method for giving the exam to large
mitment is shared by his professional.
Kentucky, and Emory University School
numbers of women at low cost.
women to practice breast self-examina-
Georgetown University in Washington,
staff, and by a band of devoted American
tute was already giving women a breast
of Medicine in cooperation with Georgia
D.C., opened in June 1974, and had a
Cancer Society volunteers. Dr. Carlile
examination that included mammog-
Baptist Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.
waiting list of 8,000 by October.
emphasizes the educational opportunities
raphy and thermography.
At the ACS National Board Meeting in
of the project-for the patient, volun-
November 1971, the planning commit-
By November of 1973, 17 more proj-
"Our problem was not getting the first
teers and staff. He believes wholeheart-
Dr. Strax, a radiologist, had come to the
tee made its recommendations and a
ects had been approved, and by mid-
5,000 women to come; it was holding
edly in the complete exam, but says,
New York City Division with the results
Special Task Force on Breast Cancer was
1974 the number had risen to a final
back the second 5,000," says Dr. Leslie
"Learning to examine her own breasts
approved to carry them out. The Task
27. Detection Projects now flourish in
Whitney, Project Director at the Gen-
is of prime importance to each woman
Force brought together a multidiscipli-
Florida and Hawaii, Washington and
eral Division of the Wilmington Medi-
and to the goal of the program."
nary group of 22 cancer experts and in
Delaware, Rhode Island, Wisconsin and
cal Center, Wilmington, Delaware. One
February 1972, announced that twelve
many states in between. Some are part
of the newer centers, it serves the entire
CHEERFUL ATOMSPHERE
breast cancer detection projects would
of large medical complexes; some are in
state, plus adjoining areas of Pennsyl-
At this project's small but efficient quar-
be set up across the nation, each modeled
small private hospitals; others in teem-
vania, Maryland, Virginia and New
ters, about 42 patients are examined
after the Guttman Institute.
ing community institutions, or newly
tion. Gallup concluded that if women
Jersey. "Our project caught the imagi-
each day. The atmosphere is cheerful,
established clinics.
were convinced that early detection in-
nation of the whole community," adds
welcoming. ACS volunteers answer
NATIONAL PRIORITY
creased their chances of survival, nothing
Dr. Whitney. Downstate groups or-
phones quickly, appointments are made,
While this plan was taking shape within
WOMEN'S ATTITUDES POLLED
would keep them from having breast
ganized carpools to drive the 90 miles
questions answered; a panicky caller is
the American Cancer Society, the cam-
While the projects were being planned,
examinations or doing BSE. The Gallup
to Wilmington; arrangements were
calmed and turned over to the medical
paign against all cancer had become a
some experts feared not enough women
findings reinforced belief in a need for
made to accommodate women from the
social worker. Patients are clearly the
6
7
A Dramatic Attack on
Breast Cancer
first priority; they move from exam to
she should have a biopsy. Emotional
If they have any questions, they find him
exam with a minimum of delay, and
support is willingly offered to anxious
always ready to discuss points of differ-
maximum privacy.
patients by the staff. Resolving a prob-
ence with them. Such interaction en-
lem in terms of its human aspects makes
riches the already remarkable spirit
Each phase of the examination is a learn-
staff and volunteers a team here, makes
among those involved in this project-
ing experience. The mammography and
what they do so much more than just a
a spirit that operates very much to the
thermography technicians explain what
job. They take pride in their own and
benefit of its patients.
they are doing while they work. The
each others' achievements.
patient is encouraged to ask questions.
Is Cancer Being Found Earlier?
A nurse clinician gives the palpation
Yes, according to a report covering
exam. Speaking reassuringly, she
project activities through October 1974,
thoroughly and carefully examines the
the centers are discovering about 6 can-
patient, stressing that the women be-
cers per 1,000 women. In general, proj-
come familiar with how her breasts look
ect findings indicate that of those found
and feel. She takes the patient's hand
to have cancer, 77% have negative
and shows her exactly how to examine
nodes. That is, cancer was detected very
herself, pointing out the normal ridges,
early, before it had spread to the lymph
muscles and bumps. The procedure is
nodes. By contrast, in the general popu-
gentle and unhurried; again the pa-
lation, only about 45% of breast cancer
tient's questions are invited-and
is being found early, while the nodes are
answered fully.
cancer-free. Detecting breast cancer be-
Special recruiting methods are used to
fore it invades the nodes greatly increases
If there are suspicious findings, Dr.
draw in the minority women of the area.
a woman's chances of survival.
Carlile talks with the patient, explain-
One half-day twice a week is set aside
for these women who are not as likely to
Reaction to the news last fall that Mrs.
hear about the project through the
Gerald Ford and Mrs. Nelson Rocke-
media, and who need special encourage-
feller had breast cancer caused thousands
ment, understanding and appointment
of women to contact the ACS; the de-
flexibility.
tection centers reported a 700% increase
Each person at Viriginia Mason is en-
in calls during that period. The projects
couraged to grow as an individual, and
had already become a part of the public
expand her role. Volunteers agree to a
consciousness, and were a source of help
long-term commitment before being ac-
and reassurance when they were needed.
cepted and are given periodic training
The Breast Cancer Detection Demon-
sessions. They know they are vital to the
ing that final diagnosis and treatment
operation of the project. Some of these
stration Projects epitomize the American
are up to her own doctor. If she wishes,
dedicated women had worked over 300
Cancer Society's threefold program of
he will call her doctor and make an
hours by the project's first anniversary.
research, education and service. Now a
appointment while she is still in his
One volunteer is learning to read therm-
powerful force against breast cancer is
at work across the nation.
office. If the patient has no doctor, the
ograms; another, a nurse, has exchanged
staff medical social worker arranges to
her volunteer status for a full-time job
find help for her.
on the staff. Still another originally came
to the project as a patient, but was so
EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
impressed that she applied and is now a
Follow-up of patients with suspicious
volunteer.
findings is considered a major respon-
sibility at Virginia Mason. Did the pa-
REMARKABLE SPIRIT
tient go to a doctor, as arranged? Was
Staff members have visited other projects
there a biopsy? If so, where was it done;
to exchange ideas and experiences. The
what was the outcome? If not, was it
project manager took a special course in
because the patient refused? Perhaps a
reading the X rays; she is teaching what
staff member could help persuade her.
she learned to her technicians. They have
Hours of counsel are sometimes needed
set up a system wherein they scan X rays,
to persuade a frightened woman that
then listen to Dr. Carlile's taped reports.
9
Service and Rehabilitation
Research
Many of the specially trained volunteers
speech therapy and specialized assistance
The ACS research program is a forceful
University is pursuing replication of gen-
of the American Cancer Society's Service
from the International Association of
resource in the fight against cancer be-
etic material and how this information
and Rehabilitation program are former
Laryngectomees. The IAL, sponsored by
cause it has consistently awarded project
is released to the cell in a usable form.
cancer patients. They, along with cap-
the ACS, now has some 215 member
and personnel grants that encourage un-
able staff, provided help last year to some
clubs in the U.S. and 11 foreign countries.
usual investigations in detecting, pre-
The ACS has its own "in house" research
300,000 cancer patients and their fam-
venting, understanding and treating
project for cancer prevention which ex-
ilies throughout the country.
Last August the IAL held its 23rd
cancer. Supporting basic research on how
amines and tabulates data on where and
Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, Pa.,
cells thrive or malfunction and how ab-
when cancers appear in populations and
More than 50,000 patients received spe-
with more than 500 laryngectomees and
normal cell growth can be corrected
what potential cancer-causing hazards
cialized help after breast cancer surgery,
their families attending. As part of the
increases knowledge vital to all health
exist in our environment and our long-
larynx surgery and surgery in the bowel
program, instruction in esophageal
programs; supporting clinical research
term habits. These epidemiological
or bladder area-sites of the Society's
speech was offered at beginner, inter-
improves current methods of saving lives
studies have already demonstrated the
three major rehabilitation programs.
mediate and advanced levels. There was
from cancer through surgery, radiation,
connection between cancer and indus-
also a seminar in public speaking which
chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
trial pollutants such as asbestos dust.
The Society's Reach to Recovery pro-
showed laryngectomees how to become
They have confirmed the link between
gram for women who have had breast
effective communicators, able to conduct
In 1974, the ACS received 1,613 appli-
cigarette smoking and lung cancer, as
cancer surgery reached fully one-half
various education and rehabilitation ses-
cations and supported 498 research
well as cancers of the mouth, larynx,
of all women in this country who had a
sions in their own communities.
grants with an investment of more than
pancreas and bladder.
mastectomy last year.
$26 million-some of which was funded
According to the results of an updated
directly by the Society's Divisions.
The ACS funded its Environmental Re-
survey released at the Meeting, there are
Though approved by the ACS expert
search Project in 1971 to delve into the
about 30,000 laryngectomees living in
research committees, 903 grants
multiplicity of causes and time-lapse
the U.S. today and approximately one
totalling $50.6 million could not be
factors in cancers occurring in certain OC-
out of every seven is a woman.
supported because of insufficient funds.
cupations. The project is co-directed by
E. Cuyler Hammond, Sc.D., ACS Vice
Employment discrimination, a major
Many of the nation's major institutions
President for Epidemiology and Statistics,
threat to the total rehabilitation of re-
covered cancer patients, became a top
priority for the ACS last year with the
formation of a National Work Study
Group on the Employability and Insur-
Now operating in almost every part of the
ability of Recovered Cancer Patients.
U.S., the program gained nationwide
attention following both Mrs. Gerald
The special group commissioned to in-
Ford's and Mrs. Nelson Rockefeller's
vestigate the extent of this problem is
breast cancer surgeries in the fall of
studying ways in which management
1974. Record demands were made on
and industry can be re-educated about
the program's 7,500 volunteers, all mas-
the employability of former cancer
tectomees themselves, by women want-
patients.
ing to know about the program. Also in
have developed cancer-related research
and Irving J. Selikoff, M.D., Director of
1974, the Reach to Recovery manual
MGM, producers of "Medical Center,"
programs with ACS grants-127 uni-
Environmental Sciences Laboratory of
was completely revised, expanded and
one of the country's most popular tele-
versities and institutes were involved in
Mount Sinai Hospital, in New York City.
indexed.
vision programs, worked closely with the
recent awards. ACS Research Professor-
ACS to bring this problem into the open.
ships, now totalling 21, provide grants
As one of its first tasks, it reactivated the
Ostomates-patients who have had sur-
"Tainted Lady," a one-hour episode seen
to scientists at leading institutions for
mass population Cancer Prevention
gery in the bowel or bladder area-were
last fall, dealt with this issue on CBS-TV.
the duration of their active research
Study of one million Americans which
similarly helped to return to productive
commitment.
was originally organized by the ACS in
and normal lives. The ACS program is a
The cancer patient and his or her family
1959. With about 95% of the partici-
cooperative effort with the United
also needed special counseling and assist-
For example, Dr. David Baltimore at
pants traced, and death causes checked,
Ostomy Association and local ostomy
ance in coping with advanced illness.
M.I.T. has added cellular immunity to
the follow-up Study acts as an effective
groups.
Last year, the ACS organized a group of
his ongoing investigation of viruses and
control population group for the pro-
clergy at a national level to propose bet-
how they affect the cell's genetic appara-
ject's ongoing occupational investiga-
People who have lost their voice boxes-
ter ways to deal with the social, psycho-
tus. Also in the field of molecular biol-
tions with cooperating unions and
after larynx surgery-were offered
logical and family adjustments involved.
ogy, Dr. Jerard Hurwitz at Yeshiva
industry, as well as providing a data
10
11
Research
bank for many non-occupational epi-
demiologic studies.
At Mount Sinai, Dr. Selikoff's team in-
volves physiologists, hygienists, field
epidemiologists, mineralogists, lab and
clinical technicians working to identify
cancer-causing substances and those
groups most likely endangered by them.
Early in 1974, following the announce-
ment by an industrial manufacturer that
two workers in one of its vinyl chloride
plants had died of angiosarcoma of the
liver, a rare form of cancer, the ERCP
teams set to work.
Epidemiological studies were begun on a
large group of vinyl chloride workers in
New York State to see if other cancers
might be caused by the substance. Vinyl
chloride, a gas, is converted to powder
form to make many plastic products. It
is also used as a propellant for aerosol
sprays.
The ACS analyzed its Cancer Prevention
Study records of 76,000 deaths to see if
angiosarcoma had appeared in non-
occupationally exposed populations.
Secondary exposure was checked by
sampling dust from homes of vinyl
chloride workers and examining health
Commenting on the scope of the prob-
watching the smokers closely in all our
records of those coming in contact with
lem, Dr. Selikoff said, "The discrepancy
occupational exposure studies."
lesser amounts of the substance during
between laboratory results on animals
and human incidence of cancer has to do
By the end of 1974, there were 29
with time-we're seeing a 20-year hold-
angiosarcoma cases related to vinyl
ing period before the cancer shows up in
chloride exposure throughout the world.
humans. Whether somebody inhales a
Of the 17 cases which occurred in the
substance may make more of a difference
U.S., 14 have ended in death. The aver-
than if it is ingested.
age exposure to vinyl chloride was 19
years. At issue now is the level of ex-
posure that is tolerable.
"Furthermore, the multiple factor effect
makes defining high risk groups and
Dr. Hammond and Dr. Selikoff have
regulating exposures difficult because
more than the work place has to be
warned that zero exposure should be the
considered.
goal. "Prevention of cancer in the year
2000 is the order of the day right now."
"We need to know if cigarette smoking
is involved or if hobbies add another
Results of research have already brought
source of exposure. As a specific ex-
manufacturing changes in asbestos
beneficial to the workers' health. More
the manufacture of vinyl chloride paints.
ample, individuals exposed to asbestos
such decisions are sure to come.
Conclusive answers are not possible yet,
who smoke cigarettes have a significantly
but studies are continuing.
higher incidence of lung cancer. We are
13
Public Education
The 1974 Public Education program
Government and industry joined the
involved a nationwide effort to persuade
ACS in bringing cancer education-action
people to take recommended health
programs to employees. Honeywell, Inc.,
actions such as monthly breast self-
and Olin Corp. with 100,000 employees,
INTERIOR OF MOBILE UNIT: PAP TEST
examination, annual Pap test, regular
and the U.S. Civil Service Commission
health checkup or attend a quit smoking
with 2.6 million Federal civilian em-
clinic as safeguards against cancer.
ployees, worked with ACS staff and vol-
unteers in launching programs tailored
The new emphasis on "action" was intro-
to employee needs.
duced in June as a result of special Gallup
studies sponsored by the ACS which
showed that a saturation point had been
reached in providing information to the
public. A new emphasis was needed: a
commitment to follow through on
health actions.
By the year's end, local public education
programs based on the six "target" sites
(breast, lung, uterus, colon-rectum, skin,
oral) reached a total of 18,732,000 peo-
ple throughout the country-an increase
Rather than telling young people what
of nearly 300,000 over the previous
health habits and attitudes to adopt, the
year. The number of adult programs in-
new ACS Public Education program for
cluding a film showing, speaker and
youth provides them with ways to make
discussion expanded by 13,807 and
up their own minds. The emphasis is on
youth programs by 28,492.
learning about cancer in order to protect
themselves and how to adopt personal
In order to help provide the means for
health habits which may determine
people to change health habits, ACS
whether cancer will ever pose a serious
Divisions and Units arranged BSE teach-
threat to them.
ins, community-wide screening projects
and neighborhood health fairs. More
Largely as a result of intense coopera-
than 60% of all ACS Divisions now use
tion between ACS Units, local public
mobile units to carry cancer information
health departments, and other organiza-
and detection exams to inner city and
tions and community facilities, a record
rural populations.
high of 48,000 education programs
aided uterine cancer control efforts.
Widespread use of a new anatomical
teaching model increased audience par-
According to a Gallup study, the per-
ticipation and understanding of proper
centage of women who had ever had a
breast self-examination procedures. The
Pap test rose from 53% in 1970 to 78%
in 1973. Now the Uterine Cancer Task
Force objective of a Pap test for every
woman by 1976 is near its goal.
Six new volunteer guidance handbooks
and two filmstrips were produced for
ACS Divisions covering youth and adult
education programs. A special training
filmstrip was developed on how to con-
duct a "Stop Smoking Program" at the
model contains simulated lumps which
community level, and in addition, a
women can find and feel so they become
variety of new films, posters, leaflets,
more aware of what to look for when
and exhibits were provided as support
examining their breasts.
materials.
14
Public Information
Cancer hasn't stopped
1,500,000 people from living.
The American Cancer Society's Public
month last year containing information
Information program has always pro-
and statistics supplied by the ACS. News-
vided quick and continuous dissemina-
papers requested and received resource
tion of information and factual data to
materials for features and frequently re-
the mass media in all areas of cancer-
printed sections of the ACS breast self-
research, prevention, early diagnosis,
examination leaflet.
treatment and rehabilitation.
The ACS cooperated with Barbara
This capacity was extraordinarily tested
Walters, who presented a second five-
last year immediately following Mrs.
part series on breast cancer in October,
Gerald Ford's breast cancer surgery.
to bring her Not For Women Only view-
After the news broke, ACS physician
ers up to date. ACS helped prepare a fea-
members and volunteer officers were
ture on The Killers series for Public
Mrs. Evelyn Roll
Mrs. Thelma Hinz
Mr. George Schmauder
Mrs. Mary Reese
Mr. Podesta
Mr. Paul Quadrato
called upon by the media to present
Broadcast Television called Cancer: The
background information about breast
Cell That Won't Die. After local show-
ings of that segment in early March,
many ACS Divisions and Units arranged
for their volunteer experts to appear on
panels to answer questions phoned in by
the public.
The ACS created a humorous, helpful
film on stopping smoking for use on
cancer to millions of viewers, listeners
TV. Let's Call It Quits stars Tom Bosley
and readers everywhere. Public concern
in the role of a bedeviled heavy smoker.
was heightened by the incredible coin-
cidence of Mrs. Nelson Rockefeller's
Mr. Homer Odums
Mr Daniel Endweiss
Mrs. Rose Prum
Mr. Michael Cayeros
Mr. Morris Gazek
Mrs. Bernice Johnson
similar surgery just a few weeks later.
Since the fight against breast cancer had
been a main ACS priority all year long,
the public interest was served by spe-
cialized films and informative spots
already prepared. Local television sta-
tions re-ran the American Cancer Soci-
ety's half-hour film, "Breast Cancer:
Where We Are," released early in 1974.
When the entire film could not be
shown, segments were used in news re-
ports or to demonstrate the breast self-
Volunteer communicators were vital to
examination procedure, in several cases
the public information effort. TV spots
Mr. James Marra
Mrs. Jean Mathesius
Mr. Sam Kantor
Mrs. Martlyn Dyson
Mr. Alcibiedes Balbuena
Jeffrey Sensenig
for the first time in prime time on tele-
and ads created by agencies N. W. Ayer
vision.
and Ogilvy & Mather enabled the Soci-
They did it by not letting fear kill them. They
did it by going to the doctor in time. They
ety to channel the public's attention to
did it with the help of the effective methods
the hopeful side of cancer during the
of treatment today-surgery, radiation, chemo-
Crusade and throughout the year.
therapy. They did it because of the advances
made through research. More than
1,500,000 Americans are living proof
The 16th annual Science Writers' Semi-
cancer can be cured. The American Cancer
nar brought the nation's top scientists
Society needs millions to save millions more.
and clinicians together to provide the
Please, give more today. We want to
latest data to medical writers and jour-
wipe out cancer in your lifetime.
nalists. In intensive sessions over a five-
American Cancer Society
day period, discussions followed presen-
There were major magazine stories on
tations on research, detection, diagnosis
breast cancer appearing almost every
and treatment of cancer.
Mr. Donald Perry
Mrs. Louise Robinson
Dr. Robert Wren
Mr. George Walsh
Photography by Cailor/Resnick
This space contributed b the publisher as public service
16
Smoking and Health
Of the 52 million Americans who still
Evidence of a link between smoking dur-
smoke, more than half indicated they
ing pregnancy, increased still-births,
would like to quit, according to a Gallup
increased mortality of newborns and low
survey conducted for the ACS. In 1974,
birth weight of babies was also reported.
the ACS ran 200 "Helping Smokers
Quit" clinics in communities as pilot
The recent upsurge in lung cancer death
programs for the new goal of 1,000
rates for women, doubling in the past
clinics in 1975.
ten years, can be attributed to the fact
that women began to smoke in greater
The ACS continued its effort to educate
numbers about 35 years ago and more
Americans-especially young people-
are now entering the age range (55-64)
about the health hazards of cigarette
when lung cancer strikes most often.
smoking. It expanded its antismoking
campaign through a variety of special
Lung cancer supplanted uterine cancer
materials presented to the public as
last year as having the third highest mor-
posters, films, pamphlets, radio and TV
tality rate for women among the five
spots, and strengthened its education
leading cancer sites (breast, colon-rec-
program for students in primary and
tum, lung, uterine, ovary). It remained
secondary schools with the teacher as
number one for American men.
MRS.
JONES
example-setter.
The ACS intensified action to reduce tar
Examples of antismoking efforts on the
and nicotine content of cigarettes. Sales
local level included a don't-smoke mes-
of low-tar cigarettes accounted for over
sage on 250,000 milk cartons delivered
half of the increased cigarette sales in
daily by a New Jersey dairy to public
1973. The ACS and other health agen-
schools in three counties and a statewide
cies are calling on the government to set
100
DOO
DOCTORS
HAVE
ACS-backed D-day campaign in Minne-
a maximum ceiling for tar and nicotine
SMOKING
sota on October 7 which urged all smok-
content of cigarettes.
ers to stop for at least one day-476
companies distributed pledge cards en-
The ACS supported federal, state and
couraging individuals to make a com-
local legislation limiting smoking in
mitment to stop smoking.
public places because it 1) discourages
the smoker from smoking, 2) dissuades
The increase in the number of teen-age
the non-smoker and ex-smoker from
girls smoking became a source of major
smoking, 3) protects the non-smoker
concern. By January, 1974, the percent-
from harmful effects to health. Stringent
age of girls between 12 and 18 who
laws are being passed in many states and
smoke, once much lower than that for
cities-in 1974, for example, New York
boys, rose to 15.3%, only slightly less
City added elevators and supermarkets
than boys, 15.8%. And studies have
to the areas where smoking is prohibited.
shown that health habits established in
the teens are hardest to break.
At the international level, planning be-
gan for the Third World Conference on
Smoking and Health, co-sponsored by
the ACS and National Cancer Institute,
to be held in New York City in June,
1975. Its purpose is to evaluate key
research and action programs in Smok-
ing and Health that have taken place
throughout the world and to consider
new actions necessary to counter some of
the recent gains made by the cigarette
industry. Already, 30 countries, includ-
ing the USSR, have accepted invitations
7
to participate.
18
Professional Education
Worldwide
Crusade
Last year, the Society's Professional Edu-
Nursing Management of the Patient
The Foreign Desk draws upon the
The Australian Cancer Society sent its
Public support expressed a confidence
câtion program continued its efforts to
with Cancer, and Detecting Breast
resources of the ACS to channel informa-
newly appointed National Director, Mr.
in ACS programs that continued to grow
bring the latest developments in cancer
Cancer Earlier which includes the tech-
tion, advice and program guidance about
Giles Pickford, to observe ACS opera-
last year. The investment of Americans
to the medical community by presenting
niques and application of thermography,
cancer control to all nations of the world.
tions and another representative, Mrs.
in the fight against cancer paid off in
another key, national-level conference,
xeroradiography and conventional
It collaborates with overseas volunteer
Margaret Beare, to learn about "Reach
more lives saved-1,500,000 Americans
this one on Cancer Management. Co-
mammography.
health agencies, cancer societies and in-
to Recovery." Mrs. Beare will imple-
who had cancer were alive and well.
sponsored by the American Cancer
terested individuals to exchange vital
ment that program in Australia as a di-
Society and the National Cancer Insti-
The ACS bi-monthly publication, Ca-A
knowledge.
rect result of the enormous success of the
The American Cancer Society's Crusade
tute and programmed in two parts, Part
Cancer Journal for Clinicians, reached
10-country tour of cancer societies in the
in fiscal 1974, despite an uneven nation-
I on Treatment and Rehabilitation was
over 360,000 professionals last year.
In 1974, the Foreign Desk assisted in
Far East undertaken by Mrs. Terese
wide economic picture, reached $97.3
held in New York City in November,
Cancer, the Journal of the ACS for spe-
organizing and managing the first Inter-
Lasser, the program's National Con-
million in contributions from public
1974. Part II on Detection and Diagno-
cialists in Oncology, increased its circu-
national Conference on Public Educa-
sultant.
sources, including approximately $24
sis will be presented in May of 1975 in
lation to 15,000 subscriptions, up by
tion About Cancer of the International
million in bequests and legacies.
Denver, Colorado.
1,000 from the year before. In 1974,
Union Against Cancer (UICC). Ninety
The ACS fifth Postgraduate Course in
other Professional Education publica-
physicians, education and communica-
Cancer was held in Asuncion, Paraguay.
The annual Crusade did more than ask
Attendance at Part I of the Conference
tions reported on a wide range of medi-
tions experts from 30 countries attended
More than 400 physicians and medical
for contributions. It brought to the peo-
achieved an all-time high of 3,500 and
cal topics such as Early Diagnosis of
the May meeting. Panel discussions in-
students attended the five-day meeting
ple the most concentrated educational
offered a practical updating, including
Colorectal Cancer, Cancer Chemothera-
cluded Motivating Physicians to Educate
which was opened jointly by the Presi-
message ever prepared by the ACS on
overviews, specific advances and future
peutic Agents, the Nurse's Role in Re-
Patients, Use of Mass Media and Prob-
dent of the Republic of Paraguay, Gen-
the importance of early detection and
prospects, for physicians and related
habilitation as well as proceedings of
lem Solving in Public Education. Screen-
eral Stroessner, and by the then Presi-
the seven warning signals.
health professionals. On an invitational
previous conferences.
ing of films and television spots from the
dent of the ACS, Dr. Justin J. Stein.
basis, a special session was held for
countries highlighted the different na-
There were 1,989,360 residential Cru-
oncologic nurses.
The ongoing program of Clinical Fel-
tional priorities.
The Foreign Desk received about 75
saders, 107,712 independent business
lowships provided training in diagnosis
visitors from abroad during the year. It
Crusaders and 49,082 special gifts Cru-
Earlier in the year, the ACS presented
and treatment of cancer for 263 physi-
In October, approximately 5,000 phy-
also sent information about the ACS
saders. More than 2 million strong, these
the first National Conference on Child-
cians and dentists. The Society's Clinical
sicians, researchers, public education
programs and samples of our materials
volunteers served under the leadership
hood Cancer which brought 625 pro-
Professorship program gained momen-
specialists and cancer society adminis-
on a semi-annual basis to a mailing list
of 1974 Co-Chairmen Marvella Bayh
fessionals to Dallas, Texas-an unusually
tum, with five new Professors of Clinical
trators gathered in Florence, Italy, for
of more than 475 individuals and organ-
and Peter Graves, and visited homes,
large attendance for such a specialized
Oncology appointed last year, bringing
the UICC's XIth International Cancer
izations.
businesses and large industrial concerns
subject.
the total of Professorships to 11. The
Congress-the Congress meets every four
in every community.
program is designed to improve cancer
years. For the first time, through the
The ACS-Eleanor Roosevelt Interna-
teaching in medical schools at under-
efforts of the ACS, a special two-day pro-
tional Fellowship Grant Program allows
graduate, postgraduate and continuing
gram on Cancer Control was arranged so
yearly exchange of researchers interested
education levels.
that lay cancer experts could discuss
in working in the U.S. and abroad. Fi-
education, fund raising and volunteer
nanced by the ACS for the UICC, last
Throughout the year, Divisions and
recruitment in relation to scientific
year's grants totaled $278,315 and en-
Units conducted 45,000 topical pro-
programs.
abled 19 researchers to benefit from the
grams, 36,500 of them with film show-
international experience-12 will work
ings, for 1,237,000 health professionals.
The Congress provided a week of con-
in the U.S., six in England and one in
"Manned" exhibits were arranged for a
ferences, symposia, workshops and
The Netherlands.
total of 988 exhibit-days for physicians
advanced courses covering a wide range
and medical students, 210 exhibit-days
of topics such as Detection of Preclinical
As part of the expanding Professional
for dentists and dental students, and
Cancer, Viruses and Human Cancer,
Education audio-visual library, the ACS
2,313 for nurses and student nurses. A
Breast Cancer: Treatment of Primary
also has launched a series of audio tapes
new exhibit "Control of Cancer of the
Tumors; Cancer and Smoking and Re-
containing highlights of ACS National
Colon and Rectum" first appeared at the
habilitation of the Cancer Patient.
Conferences. Three of these audio tapes
annual AMA meeting in June. As ad-
were available by the end of 1974:
juncts to various programs, Professional
Last year, the ACS expanded its training
Childhood Cancer, Virology and Immu-
Education literature reaching physicians
opportunities for cancer society repre-
Inspiration for the 1975 Crusade will be
nology, and Cancer Nursing.
numbered 4 million pieces, dentists
sentatives from abroad. Mrs. Noorini
provided by Mrs. Gerald Ford as Hon-
813,000 and nurses 6.7 million.
Soetadji, General Secretary of the Wis-
orary Chairman, and Raquel Welch as
Four new films were released for free
nuwardana Cancer Society of Surabaya,
Chairman of the campaign. Special Cru-
loan or five-year lease to professional in-
Indonesia, and Mr. H. R. Gunatilake, a
sade Chairman for Education during the
stitutions, organizations or individuals:
member of the Board of the Sri Lanka
coming year will be Edward Asner with
Colon Stoma Placement, Early Cancer
(Ceylon) Society studied Division ac-
Marlin and Carol Perkins as Honorary
Detection in the Physician's Office,
tivities in various parts of the U.S.
Chairmen.
20
21
American Cancer Society, Inc., National Headquarters and Chartered Divisions
Combined Summary of Financial Activities for the Year Ended August 31, 1974 with Comparative Totals for 1973
Treasurer's Report
Current Funds
Donor
Donor
1974
1973
General
Restricted
Endowments
Total
Per Cent
Total
Per Cent
Support from the public:
Contributions -
These gifts include bequests of $24,116,620
and special events of $6,081,542 (net
of direct expenses of $1,197,684).
The cost of raising this money was
$11,563,196 or 12% (Note 1) (Exhibit1)
$89,338,917
$7,736,726
$193,292
$ 97,268,935
$93,013,644
Other support and revenue:
Investment income-
Pending actual disbursement for budgeted
program expenditures, funds are
invested in bank savings accounts,
certificates of deposit, U.S. Government
short-term securities, etc.
10,299,565
255,030
2,303
10,556,898
6,081,571
Other income, including $92,794 from
U.S. Government agencies
190,673
94,882
-
285,555
373,300
For the fifth consecutive year the Amer-
improvement through the cooperative
grants and fellowships; 12% is for
ican Cancer Society, supported by public
efforts of its members among themselves
National Office programs including
Total support and revenue
99,829,155
8,086,638
195,595
108,111,388
99,468,515
contributions, is presenting combined
and with others.
technical and advisory help to Divisions
financial statements, which include the
in program planning and support service
Awards and expenditures:
National Society and its Divisions, to-
Support and revenue for the fiscal year
activities.
Program services -
gether with an unqualified report of our
ending August 31, 1974 reached a record
Research - To support basic scientific
independent auditors.
high of $108,111,388. The 1974 Cru-
Funds bequeathed to the Society which
studies, clinical investigations and
sade saw the public contributing
are not restricted by the testators for
conduct programs seeking new knowl-
The financial statements which follow
$73,152,315 of this amount;
specific program purposes are also di-
edge for the cure of cancer
19,962,433
6,389,215
-
26,351,648
28.6%
25,054,410
30.7%
have been prepared in conformity with
$24,116,620 came from legacies and
vided so that 60% is retained by Divisions
Public education- Programs designed to
the "Standards of Accounting and Finan-
bequests, and the balance of
for their programs with 40% going to
inform the public about cancer
cial Reporting" developed by the Na-
$10,842,453 represents the amount the
the National Headquarters for use
prevention and symptoms and to
tional Health Council and the National
Society received from investments and
principally in support of the research
encourage periodic physical
Assembly for Social Policy and Devel-
other sources. Funds available are tem-
program.
examinations
14,999,802
35,357
-
15,035,159
16.3
13,385,603
16.4
opment.
porarily invested at prevailing short-
Professional education- Programs designed
term interest rates from the time of
The ACS, Inc. invites inquiry and will be
to improve the knowledge, skills and
In addition to the accounting criteria, the
receipt of contributions until they are
pleased to respond to requests for infor-
techniques of the medical and allied
ACS met organizational and operational
actually needed for program purposes.
mation on its program activities or finan-
health professions in the detection and
membership standards established by
ces. The financial statements of the
treatment of cancer
9,526,384
381,985
-
9,908,369
10.8
8,846,570
10.8
the National Health Council in the
The Society's standard practice is to
Society's National Office for the year
Patient services - To provide for
category of "Active Members-Voluntary
budget funds based on the previous year's
ended August 31, 1974, together with
information, counseling, nursing and
Health Agencies."
income. This enables us to conduct the
the report of our auditors, are also avail-
homemaking services, transportation,
Society's affairs in a manner which as-
able on request.
for S. lawron
dressings, and loan closet items
11,257,955
246,133
-
11,504,088
12.5
10,483,284
12.8
Acceptance by the National Health
sures advance planning and provides for
Community services - To provide for
Council is assurance to the public that
continuity of program and support for
programs in cancer detection, mass
the ACS is democratically organized
ongoing research projects. Substantially
John S. Lawson, Treasurer
screening, rehabilitation and
and controlled by a volunteer Board of
all of the unrestricted funds on hand at
development of cancer registries
8,276,001
290,954
-
8,566,955
9.3
5,772,627
7.1
Directors including both lay and pro-
August 31, 1974 were budgeted for
American Cancer Society, Inc.
-
fessional people from throughout the
fiscal 1975 programs.
Combined Budget 1974-1975
Total program services
64,022,575
7,343,644
71,366,219
77.5
63,542,494
77.8
country; has no restrictions on partici-
Program Services:
Supporting services -
pation based on race, religion, age, or
Except for gifts restricted by donors for
Research
$28,653,000
28.7%
Management and general - To direct the
sex; is primarily and predominantly
specific purposes, contributions received
Public Education
17,139,000
17.2
overall affairs of the Society,
supported by voluntary contributions;
in the Annual Cancer Crusade are di-
10,579,000
10.6
accounting, personnel and office
Professional Education
follows ethical methods of fund raising,
vided so that 60% is retained by the
service activities
9,114,866
15,586
-
9,130,452
9.9
7,993,421
9.8
promotion, and reporting of fund
Divisions for their programs of Public
Patient Services
13,457,000
13.5
Fund raising- Activities to secure
raising costs; and meets other stringent
and Professional Education, Research,
Community Services
8,187,000
8.2
increased support from the public for
criteria for ethical and democratic
Service to the cancer patient, and for
$78,015,000
78.2%
the needs of research, education,
operation.
supporting services of Fund Raising and
service and overall direction
11,527,989
35,207
-
11,563,196
12.6
10,164,482
12.4
Management and General; a minimum
Supporting Services:
Total supporting services
20,642,855
50,793
-
20,693,648
22.5
18,157,903
22.2
The National Health Council, an or-
of 25% (actually 28.6% of 1974 ex-
Management & General
$ 9,861,000
9.9%
ganization of more than 70 national
penditures by National and Divisions
Fund Raising
11,885,000
11.9
Total awards and expenditures
84,665,430
7,394,437
-
92,059,867
100.0%
81,700,397
100.0%
voluntary professional and govern-
was for research) is for the Society's na-
$21,746,000
21.8%
Support and revenue in excess of awards
mental agencies, together with other
tionally-administered research program;
Grand Total
$99,761,000
100.0%
and expenditures
$15,163,725
$ 692,201
$195,595
$ 16,051,521
$17,768,118
groups, works for health protection and
3% is for a national program of medical
The accompanying notes to combined statements and exhibit I are an integral part of this statement.
22
23
American Cancer Society, Inc., National Headquarters and Chartered Divisions
Combined Balance Sheet-August 31, 1974 and 1973
American Cancer Society, Inc., National Headquarters and Chartered Divisions
Combined Statement of Changes in Fund Balances for the Year Ended August 31, 1974 with Comparative Totals for 1973
Assets
1974
1973
Liabilities and Fund Balances
1974
1973
Current Funds
Endowment Funds
Current Funds-General
Land,
Cash:
Research, professional education and
Building and
Funds
Donor
Equipment
Donor
Functioning
1974
1973
Checking accounts at National,
medical project awards payable
$ 24,845,805
$ 22,339,043
General
Restricted
Funds
Endowments
as Endowments
Total
Total
58 Divisions and their Units
$ 6,293,843
$ 9,907,180
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
1,891,196
1,646,264
Balances, beginning of year
$ 97,011,096
$7,788,608
$5,251,192
$3,845,856
$4,894,775
Savings accounts
6,547,348
$118,791,527
$ 99,459,287
8,355,249
Total liabilities
26,737,001
23,985,307
Support and revenue in excess
12,841,191
18,262,429
of awards and expenditures
Temporary investments, at cost, which
per combined summary of
approximates market:
Fund balances (Note 3):
financial activities
15,163,725
692,201
-
195,595
-
16,051,521
17,768,118
Certificates of deposit and time
deposits
96,349,165
78,046,396
Appropriated for special projects
6,876,907
6,891,359
Interfund transfers Reservation
Commercial paper
6,764,178
7,737,444
Available for fiscal 1975 and 1974
of funds by action of Boards
U.S. Government and other
programs ($98,267,000 budgeted
of Directors, net
(19,951)
-
-
-
19,951
-
-
for fiscal 1975 programs,
securities
16,174,906
10,532,276
including $2,053,000 to be
Property transactions:
119,288,249
96,316,116
financed from 1975 income)
105,107,625
90,119,737
Acquisitions
Accrued interest, other receivables
111,984,532
97,011,096
Land and buildings
(170,338)
(224,452)
453,461
-
-
58,671
2,088,160
and prepaid expenses
4,691,593
4,654,745
Office furniture and fixtures
-
-
971,231
-
-
971,231
905,528
Educational, crusade and service
Straight-line depreciation
-
-
(969,866)
-
-
(969,866)
(762,862)
materials, at cost
1,900,500
1,763,113
Sales and retirements
-
-
(39,552)
-
-
(39,552)
(666,704)
$138,721,533
$120,996,403
$138,721,533
$120,996,403
Balances, end of year
$111,984,532
$8,256,357
$5,666,466
$4,041,451
$4,914,726
$134,863,532
$118,791,527
Current Funds-Donor Restricted
The accompanying notes to combined financial statements are an integral part of this statement.
Cash:
Research awards payable
$
317,288
$
324,028
Checking accounts
$ 1,758,057
$ 1,804,543
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
13,090
7,900
Savings accounts
922,720
1,266,132
Total liabilities
330,378
331,928
2,680,777
3,070,675
Temporary investments, at cost, which
American Cancer Society, Inc., National Headquarters and Chartered Divisions
approximates market:
Combined Statement of Awards and Expenditures by Functions for the Year Ended August 31, 1974 with Comparative Totals for 1973
Certificates of deposit and time
deposits
5,259,336
3,897,507
Program Services
Supporting Services
U.S. Government and other
Fund balances-Restricted by
Public
Professional
Patient
Community
Management
Fund
1974
1973
contributors for specific programs or
Research
Education
Education
Services
Services
and General
securities
1,017,368
Raising
Total
Total
528,007
use within specific geographic areas
5,787,343
4,914,875
Awards and grants
$23,705,900
$
62,818
$3,599,065
$
314,602
$3,367,673
$
-
$
-
$31,050,058
$27,954,663
($1,494,000 budgeted for fiscal
Accrued interest and other receivables
118,615
134,986
1975 programs) (Note 5)
8,256,357
7,788,608
Salaries
1,523,846
7,392,012
2,760,845
3,742,119
2,810,110
4,507,386
5,509,084
28,245,402
25,373,955
$ 8,586,735
$ 8,120,536
$ 8,586,735
$ 8,120,536
Employee health
and retirement
Land, Building and Equipment Funds
benefits (Note 1)
177,724
723,175
295,088
376,219
280,529
486,248
489,397
2,828,380
2,681,519
Land ($1,339,961 and $1,148,883)
5%-91/2% mortgages payable
$ 1,561,723
$
797,384
Payroll taxes
69,285
501,082
181,018
263,622
187,918
304,417
370,730
1,878,072
1,573,304
and buildings, at cost, less
Professional fees
accumulated depreciation of
and contract
$336,304 and $342,186 (Note 1)
$ 4,610,166
$ 3,455,626
services
78,011
76,892
25,025
18,220
97,184
730,735
280,187
1,306,254
1,256,049
Electronic data processing equipment,
Office supplies
126,364
503,672
144,805
228,188
140,994
372,722
450,932
1,967,677
1,643,073
office furniture and fixtures, at cost,
Telephone
31,621
480,593
144,045
259,530
154,965
248,901
439,312
1,758,967
1,475,176
less accumulated depreciation of
$4,538,232 and $4,268,797
2,618,023
2,592,950
Fund balances (Note 1)
5,666,466
Postage and
5,251,192
shipping
48,042
556,834
237,384
228,417
139,754
224,735
593,326
2,028,492
1,739,625
$ 7,228,189
$ 6,048,576
$ 7,228,189
$ 6,048,576
Occupancy
Endowment Funds and Funds Functioning as Endowments
(Note 6)
88,110
962,491
375,777
537,513
321,809
675,064
629,023
3,589,787
3,055,749
Printing, visual
Cash:
Fund balances:
Checking accounts
$
200,033
$
Donor endowments
$ 4,041,451
aids, etc.
18,584
1,974,552
1,099,379
210,063
170,368
236,992
1,188,992
4,898,930
4,007,936
-
$ 3,845,856
Savings accounts
142,153
105,197
Funds functioning as endowments
Meetings, includ-
342,186
105,197
(by action of Boards of Directors)
4,914,726
4,894,775
ing related travel
288,884
503,144
611,483
193,587
262,219
601,437
603,838
3,064,592
2,515,722
Investments, at cost, which
Travel-other
126,263
775,594
276,297
335,262
297,548
400,417
476,601
2,687,982
2,307,121
approximates market:
Specific assistance
Certificates of deposit and time
to patients
-
-
-
4,577,109
144,109
-
-
4,721,218
4,251,128
deposits
3,854,101
4,101,778
Office furniture
U.S. Government and other
and equipment
securities
3,193,557
2,904,611
(Note 1)
17,790
354,809
73,446
141,673
84,954
158,950
139,609
971,231
905,528
7,047,658
7,006,389
Other expenses
51,224
167,491
84,712
77,964
106,821
182,448
392,165
1,062,825
959,849
Notes Receivable
96,242
125,905
Totals
$26,351,648
$15,035,159
$9,908,369
$11,504,088
$8,566,955
$9,130,452
$11,563,196
$92,059,867
$81,700,397
Deposits of marketable securities
with trustee for research professor-
The accompanying notes to combined financial statements are an integral part of this statement.
ships (Note 4)
1,470,091
1,503,140
$ 8,956,177
$ 8,740,631
$ 8,956,177
$
8,740,631
The accompanying notes to combined financial statements are an integral part of this balance sheet.
24
25
American Cancer Society, Inc., National Headquarters and Chartered Divisions
Notes to Combined Financial Statements - August 31, 1974
American Cancer Society, Inc., National Headquarters and Chartered Divisions
Exhibit I
Support from the Public
For the years ended August 31, 1974 and 1973
(1) Accounting policies:
bequests is recorded when the Society has an
(6) Lease agreements:
Standards of accounting and reporting
irrevocable right to the bequest and the pro-
The Society's principal lease agreements for
The Society follows the standards of account-
ceeds are measurable.
office and warehouse space expire on various
ing and financial reporting for voluntary
dates until December 31, 1985, with aggre-
(2) Allocation of public support:
health and welfare organizations developed
gate minimum annual rentals as follows:
Support from the public is received princi-
by the National Health Council and the
pally by the Chartered Divisions and is shared
Year Ended August 31
National Assembly for Social Policy and
with the National Headquarters. In accord-
1975
$2,207,000
Development.
ance with National policy, 40% of gross
1976
1,594,000
In accordance with these standards:
contributions, exclusive of approved special
1977
1,129,000
purpose gifts, is allocated to support the Na-
1978
579,000
1. Purchases of office furniture and equip-
tional research program and other program
1979
386,000
ment are reflected as current General Fund
activities for research (25%), medical
1980-1984
1,044,000
expenditures in the year of acquisition.
grants and fellowships (3%) and other pro-
1985-1986
79,000
Major property additions are reported
grams (12%). Unrestricted legacy income
directly in the statement of changes in fund
allocated to National (40%) is used prin-
(7) Tax status:
balances. Fixed assets on hand are reflected
cipally in support of the research program.
The Society is a nonprofit voluntary health
in the Land, Building and Equipment
agency, exempt from income tax under Sec-
1974
1973
1974
1973
Fund at cost, net of straight-line deprecia-
(3) Available funds and budgets:
tion 501(c)(3) of the U.S. Internal Revenue
tion.
To provide continuity of programs and per-
Code, and contributions to the Society qualify
mit effective budgeting, substantially all activ-
2. Donated land, buildings, equipment
for the 50 per cent charitable contributions
and other items are recorded at their fair
ities are financed by the public support re-
limitation. The Society has been classified as
New York:
ceived during the previous fiscal year.
market value at date of receipt.
an organization that is not a private founda-
Alabama
$
917,574
$
713,116
Long Island
1,214,174
1,185,617
Accordingly, substantially all of the available
tion and has been designated as a "publicly
Current General Funds reflected in the accom-
Alaska
170,140
supported" organization.
145,209
New York City
3,583,261
5,291,382
3. Volunteers contribute their services to
the Society in all aspects of its programs.
panying balance sheet will be used for fiscal
Arizona
709,582
792,330
New York State
3,980,337
3,843,109
Since no objective basis exists for assign-
1975 programs of education, service and
Arkansas
444,798
469,127
Queens
467,182
478,396
ing values to these services, they are not
related supporting activities covered by
Auditors' Report
California
11,360,946
10,159,764
Westchester
642,568
908,752
reflected in the accompanying financial
approved budgets.
To the Board of Directors of
statements. Similarly, the value of space
Colorado
962,858
942,211
(Total)
9,887,522
11,707,256
Amounts appropriated for special projects by
and time contributed by various media for
American Cancer Society, Inc.:
Connecticut
4,742,186
1,598,375
North Carolina
1,252,001
1,233,996
the Boards of Directors are not expendable
Society educational and fund raising ad-
in the ensuing budget year but are earmarked
We have examined the combined balance
Delaware
326,099
352,751
North Dakota
270,869
250,682
vertisements is not subject to control or
measurement and has not been reflected in
for program development or expansion over
sheet of American Cancer Society, Inc.,
District of Columbia
953,724
1,279,065
Ohio
5,637,114
5,986,244
a period not to exceed three years.
the accompanying financial statements.
National Headquarters and Chartered
Florida
5,121,745
5,104,343
Oklahoma
626,999
589,857
Principles of combination
(4) Research professorships:
Divisions, as of August 31, 1974, the re-
lated combined summary of financial ac-
Georgia
2,348,153
2,428,911
Oregon
1,057,152
980,571
The accompanying combined financial state-
Under the terms of agreements with 21 edu-
tivities and the combined statements of
Hawaii
922,308
1,019,104
Pennsylvania:
ments include the accounts of the National
cational and medical institutions, the Society
is obligated to pay the annual stipends of 21
awards and expenditures by functions
Idaho
302,148
204,349
Pennsylvania
4,022,663
3,865,228
Headquarters of the Society, which is a New
career professorships in cancer research, each
and changes in fund balances for the year
York not-for-profit corporation, and its 58
Illinois
5,511,749
then ended. Our examination was made
5,164,587
Philadelphia
1,048,293
1,114,778
Chartered Divisions which are separately in-
of which terminates upon the retirement of
in accordance with generally accepted
Indiana
1,816,022
1,425,203
(Total)
5,070,956
4,980,006
corporated under the laws of the various
the approved investigator. The Society has
appropriated and deposited with a Trustee
auditing standards, and accordingly in-
Iowa
1,447,557
1,266,899
Puerto Rico
45,518
-
states and Puerto Rico. All significant intra-
$1,470,091 as performance bonds. The net
cluded such tests of the accounting records
Kansas
Society accounts and transactions have been
1,029,765
1,119,904
Rhode Island
493,056
587,596
income of each trust is paid to the Society.
and such other auditing procedures as we
eliminated in preparation of the combined
considered necessary in the circumstances.
Kentucky
788,025
696,126
South Carolina
924,855
771,174
financial statements.
As of August 31, 1974, the estimated aggre-
We have previously examined and re-
Louisiana
601,478
2,246,555
South Dakota
236,404
196,569
Pension plan
gate contingent liability over the terms of the
ported on the combined financial state-
Maine
404,933
462,553
Tennessee
1,357,639
1,312,929
The Society has a contributory pension plan
21 active contracts, was approximately
ments for the preceding year.
which covers substantially all eligible em-
$8,215,000, exclusive of the liability for
Maryland
2,111,152
1,861,926
Texas
4,382,942
4,075,071
In our opinion, the accompanying com-
ployees. Annual payments are made to the
fiscal 1975 stipends which has been recorded
Massachusetts
2,539,480
bined financial statements present fairly
3,625,457
Utah
343,772
326,845
plan trustee in accordance with the Society's
in the accompanying financial statements.
the assets, liabilities and fund balances
Michigan
3,141,809
2,942,193
Vermont
285,215
427,584
policy of funding accrued pension costs. Prior
(5) Current donor restricted funds:
of American Cancer Society, Inc., Na-
Minnesota
1,877,987
1,434,903
Virginia
1,943,804
1,838,915
service costs are amortized over the average
Current donor restricted funds were restricted
tional Headquarters and Chartered Divi-
future service lives of active covered em-
Mississippi
694,134
424,203
Washington
1,278,351
1,213,126
by contributors for the following purposes:
sions, as of August 31, 1974, and its reve-
ployees. At November 5, 1974, pension fund
nues, expenditures and changes in fund
Missouri
2,163,934
2,074,859
West Virginia
608,694
470,115
assets approximated the actuarially computed
1974
1973
balances for the year then ended, in con-
Montana
234,417
220,348
Wisconsin:
value of vested benefits. The total pension
formity with generally accepted account-
Nebraska
671,743
678,700
Milwaukee
496,725
493,966
expense for 1974 and 1973 was $1,895,800
Research
$3,735,015
$3,852,197
ing principles applied on a basis consistent
and $1,751,000, respectively.
Other programs
1,605,481
1,497,391
with that of the preceding year.
Nevada
289,763
171,972
Wisconsin
1,209,307
940,381
For use within
New Hampshire
390,139
316,936
(Total)
1,706,032
1,434,347
Outstanding legacies
specific
The Society is the beneficiary under various
Arthur Andersen & Co.
New Jersey
4,455,216
2,966,005
Wyoming
141,559
141,132
geographic
wills and trust agreements, the total realiz-
locations
2,915,861
2,439,020
New Mexico
251,917
181,645
Canal Zone
15,000
-
able amounts of which are not presently de-
terminable. The Society's share of such
$8,256,357
$7,788,608
New York, N.Y.
Grand Total
$97,268,935
$93,013,644
December 16, 1974.
26
The accompanying notes to combined financial statements are an integral part of this exhibit.
27
NATIONAL OFFICERS
Harold P. Rusch, M.D., Madison, Wis.
Dale B. Flickinger, M.D., Minot, N.D.
William C. Moloney, M.D., Boston, Mass.*
Eldon R. Ulmer, Anchorage, Ak.
COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH AND
George E. Stringfellow, Arlington, Va.
William J. Flynn, M.D., Youngstown, 0.*
Mrs. E. Morgan Montgomery, New York, N.Y.*
Thomas P. Ulmer, Jacksonville, Fla. *+
CLINICAL INVESTIGATION AWARDS
Mrs. Albert D. Lasker
Howard C. Taylor, Jr., M.D., New York, N. Y.
G. Robert Gadberry, Wichita, Kan.*
H. Don Moseley, M.D., Coeur Alene, Ida.
Cecil H. Underwood, Bethany, W.Va.*
Honorary Chairman of the Board of Directors
Travis T. Wallace, Dallas, Tex.
Van Holt Garrett, Jr., Englewood, Colo.
Gerald P. Murphy, M.D., Snyder, N.Y.*
Edward C. Veprovsky, M.D., Flushing, N.Y.
Elizabeth Miller, Ph.D., Chrmn.
McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research,
W. Armin Willig
Shields Warren, M.D., Boston, Mass.
Mrs. Orin G. Geesey, Kemmerer, Wyo.*
Alan S. Nelson, Kennebunk, Me.*
Donald T. Waggener, D.D.S., Lincoln, Neb.
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
Chairman of the Board of Directors
Lawrence Welk, Brentwood, Calif.
Myron G. Gibbons, Tampa, Fla.
Mrs. Walter G. Newnam, Chicago, III.*
John Wallace, Needham, Mass.
Elwood V. Jensen, Ph.D., Vice-Chrmn.
Thomas P. Ulmer
Granville Whittlesey, Jr., New York, N.Y.
Jean C. Gladden, M.D., Harrison, Ark.*
Mrs. Robert L. Nicks, Dickson, Tenn.
D.E. Ward, Jr., M.D., Lumberton, N.C.
Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research,
Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, III.
Francis J. Wilcox, Eau Claire, Wis.
Cecil A. Gordon, Paterson, N.J.
Nelson R. Niles, M.D., Portland, Ore.
J. Holman Waters, Salt Lake City, Ut.
George P. Rosemond, M.D.
President
Ashbel C. Williams, M.D., Jacksonville, Fla.
Paula Green, New York, N.Y.*
Spencer W. Northup, M.D., Toledo, O.
Sidney Weinhouse, Ph.D., Philadelphia, Pa.*
Irving Gordon, M.D.
Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine,
Benjamin F. Byrd, Jr., M.D.
David A. Wood, M.D., San Francisco, Calif.
William Griffiths, Ph.D., Berkeley, Calif.
William F. Nowlin, M.D., Gary, Ind.*
Raymond L. Weisberg, M.D., San Francisco, Calif.
Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
Vice President and President-Elect
William O. Wuester, M.D., Elizabeth, N.J.
Richard F. Grise, M.D., Bowling Green, Ky.
Bedford T. Otey, M.D., Flandreau, S.D.
Frank H. Weitzel, Washington, D.C.
Clifford W. Gurney, M.D.
Justin J. Stein, M.D.
Matthew Guinan, New York, N.Y.*
Omar T. Pace, M.D., Springfield, Mass.*
John E. Westford, Bellingham, Wash.
Division of the Biological Sciences,
Immediate Past President
HOUSE OF DELEGATES
Lewis W. Guiss, M.D., Los Angeles, Calif.*
Ingolv D. Peterson, Billings, Mont.*
Nathaniel Whitehorn, New York, N.Y.*
Pritzker School of Medicine,
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, III.
R. Lee Clark, M.D.
Saul B. Gusberg, M.D., New York, N.Y.
John D. Pigott, M.D., Memphis, Tenn.*
Leslie W. Whitney, M.D., Wilmington, Del.
Nathan O. Kaplan, Ph.D.
Chairman of the Medical and
Ora R. Ackerman, Ed.D., Fort Wayne, Ind.
Clifford O. Hagan, Lexington, Ky.*
Joseph A. Pinter, Brightwater, N.Y.
Drake W. Will, M.D., Honolulu, Hawaii*
Scientific Executive Committee
Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of California at
W. A. D. Anderson, M.D., Miami, Fla.*
George E. Hale, M.D., Anchorage, Ak.*
Mrs. Barbara B. Porter, Bethany Beach, Del.
Paul Whitcomb Williams, New York, N.Y.*
San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
R. Wayne Rundles, M.D.
Billie L. Aronoff, M.D., Dallas, Tex. *+
Chairman of the Medical and Scientific Committee
Harold A. Harper, Ph.D., San Francisco, Calif.
Mrs. Nancyann Raber, Santa Barbara, Calif.
W. Armin Willig, Louisville, Ky. *+
Morton M. Kligerman, M.D.
Harvey W. Baker, M.D., Portland, Ore.*
Mrs. Barbara B. Porter
John C. Hawk, Jr., M.D., Charleston, S.C.
George J. Race, M.D., Dallas, Tex.
John Page Wilson, M.D., Atlanta, Ga.*
Cancer Research and Treatment Center,
Vice President
Sol R. Baker, M.D., Beverly Hills, Calif.*
Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N.M.
Ralph Hester, C.L.U., Jackson, Miss.*
Walter H. Rath, M.D., St. Albans, Vt.
Robert S. Wren, M.D., Ossining, N.Y.
Hon. Joseph H. Young
James D. Barger, M.D., Las Vegas, Nev.*
E. Sherwood Lawrence, M.D.
Larry Hilaire, Portland, Ore.*
James W. Rawles, Richmond, Va.
Hon. Joseph H. Young, Baltimore, Md. *+
Infectious Disease and Immunology Division,
Chairman of the Executive Committee
William O. Barnes, Jr., Red Bank, N.J.*
Mrs. Amory Houghton, Jr., Corning, N.Y.'
James E. Reid, Forest Hills, N.Y.*
Mrs. Alton Zamzow, Three Rivers, Tex.*
New York Univ. School of Medicine,
New York, N.Y.
John S. Lawson
W. Cecil Bauer, Birmingham, Ala.*
David Smith Hubbell, M.D., St. Petersburg, Fla.
James P. Ricker, Flint, Mich.
Robert P. Zanes, Jr., M.D., Madison, Conn.
Treasurer
Thomas T. Bednarek, M.D., Billings, Mont.
Mrs. Arnold Jacobson, R.N., Crosby, N.D.*
Walter A. Ricker, Jr., M.D., Zenith, Wash.*
Joseph J. Zavertnik, M.D., Miami, Fla.*
Walter Lawrence, Jr., M.D.
Allan K. Jonas
Senator Irwin Belk, Charlotte, N.C.
Division of Surgical Oncology,
Arthur G. James, M.D., Columbus, O.*
Andrew A. Rindlaub, Portchester, N.Y.
Medical College of Virginia,
Secretary
Práxedes Rivera Bernacet, Hato Rey, P.R.
Robert W. Jamplis, M.D., Palo Alto, Calif.*
A. Addison Roberts, Rosemont, Pa.
Richmond, Va.
PAST OFFICER DIRECTORS
W. Kenneth Bonds, Oklahoma City, Okla.*
Mrs. William V. Johnson, Los Angeles, Calif.*
Phillip G. Rose, Reno, Nev.
Choh Hao Li, Ph.D.
Harold E. Bowman, M.D., Grand Rapids, Mich.*
Henry P. Johnston, Birmingham, Ala.*
George P. Rosemond, M.D., Philadelphia, Pa. *+
Hormone Research Laboratory,
Univ. of California, San Francisco,
Charles R. Ebersol, Torrington, Conn.
Foster J. Boyd, M.D. Wilmington, O.
Allan K. Jonas, Los Angeles, Calif.*
R. Wayne Rundles, Ph.D., M.D., Durham, N.C.*+
San Francisco, Calif.
Mrs. Robert W. Huff, Rome, Ga.
Luther W. Brady, Jr., M.D., Philadelphia, Pa.*
Bishop Robert F. Joyce, Burlington, Vt.*
The Rev. Perry H. Saito, Stevens Point, Wis.
Fritz Lipmann, M.D., Ph.D.
A. Hamblin Letton, M.D. Atlanta, Ga.
Frank E. Brennan, Kansas City, Mo.
Gustave L. Juengling, III, Cincinnati, O.*
Mrs. Virginia Sams, Pekin, III.
Rockefeller Univ., New York, N.Y.
William B. Lewis, New York, N.Y.
W. Lyle Brewer, Ph.D., Rochester, N.Y.*
James J. Klauer, Sioux Falls, S.D.*
Edward F. Scanlon, M.D., Evanston, III.*+
Salvador E. Luria, M.D.
Mrs. Gaston Oxenaar, Wallingford, Vt.
Mrs. Helene G. Brown, Woodland Hills, Calif.
Hon. Morgan M. Kline, Bloomfield, Conn.*
Joseph C. Schabacker, Ph.D., Tempe, Ariz.*
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Mass.
Mrs. John T. Pirie, Jr., Lake Forest, III.
Robert L. Brown, M.D., Atlanta, Ga.*
John A. Knebel, M.D., Buffalo, Wyo.
Edward C. H. Schmidt, Ph.D., M.D., Easton, Md.*
Clement Markert, Ph.D.
H. Marvin Pollard, M.D., Ann Arbor, Mich.
Charles J. Buesing, C.L.U., Monmouth Beach, N.J.
George P. Koeck, M.D., West Orange, N.J.*
Robert L. Schmitz, M.D., Chicago, III.*+
Dept. of Biology, Yale Univ.,
Jonathan E. Rhoads, M.D. Philadelphia, Pa.
Daniel Burdick, M.D., Syracuse, N.Y.*
Robert M. Kretzschmar, M.D., Iowa City, Ia.*
Edward J. Schneider, San Francisco, Calif.*
New Haven, Conn.
Samuel M. Seegal, Brookline, Mass.
Miss Mary E. Busch, Baltimore, Md.
C. Roger Kurtz, M.D., Washington, D.C.*
E. L. "Jack" Schuetz, Lincoln, Neb.*
Henry C. Pitot, M.D., Ph.D.
Benjamin F. Byrd, Jr., M.D., Nashville, Tenn.
Miss Ann Landers, Chicago, III.*
Robert J. Schweitzer, M.D., Oakland, Calif.
Dept. of Pathology, McArdle Laboratory
for Cancer Research,
HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS
Joshua F. B. Camblos, M.D., Asheville, N.C.*
Chas. W. Lantz, Hollywood, Fla.*
John K. Scott, M.D., Madison, Wis."
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
Mrs. Henry R. Cannon, Nashville, Tenn.*
William E. Larsen, M.D. Leawood, Kan.
William C. Scott, M.D., Tucson, Ariz.
Richmond T. Prehn, M.D.
Frank E. Adair, M.D., New York, N.Y.
Robert B. Caraway, Jr., M.D., Wharton, Tex."
Mrs. Albert D. Lasker, New York, N.Y.*
Mrs. William J. Seidel, Spartanburg, S.C.*
Institute for Cancer Research,
James S. Adams, New York, N.Y.
David J. Carlson, M.D., Milwaukee, Wis.
Dennis W. Laudon, Milwaukee, Wis.
Stanley Shmishkiss, Swampscott, Mass.*
Philadelphia, Pa.
Elmer H. Bobst, New York, N.Y.
John Mack Carter, New York, N.Y.*
John S. Lawson, Bronxville, N.Y.'
Joseph S. Silber, Cleveland, O.*
Howard V. Rickenberg, Ph.D.
Thomas Carlile, M.D., Seattle, Wash.
R. Lee Clark, M.D., M.Sc., Houston, Tex.
Charles J. Lee, Jr., M.D., Santurce, P.R.*
Herbert R. Silverman, Red Bank, N.J.
Division of Research,
National Jewish Hospital and Research Center,
Lowell T. Coggeshall, M.D., Foley, Ala.
Robert B. Clifton, M.D., Lake Charles, La.
LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr., M.D., Washington, D.C.
Margaret H. Sloan, M.D., Rockville, Md.*
Denver, Colo.
Warren H. Cole, M.D., Asheville, N.C.
Marvin C. Colton, Albuquerque, N.M.
Louis A. Leone, M.D., Providence, R.I.*+
Charles R. Smart, M.D., Salt Lake City, Ut.*
John Spizizen, Ph.D.
Murray M. Copeland, Houston, Tex.
Thomas P. Cook, Minneapolis, Minn.
James B. Lepley, D.D.S., Upper Saddle River, N.J.*
Clair A. Snyder, Wyomissing Hills, Pa.
Dept. of Microbiology,
Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation,
Emerson Foote, Carmel, N.Y.
Kent L. Copenhaver, Brownsville, Tex.
Mrs. Jim Lewis, Austin, Tex.*+
Harry Webb Southwick, M.D., Winnetka, III.
La Jolla, Calif.
Mrs. W. Parmer Fuller, Jr., Hillsborough, Calif.
Ray S. Crampton, M.D., Laurel Hollow, N.Y.*
Edward F. Lewison, M.D., Baltimore, Md.*
James Patrick Spell, M.D., Jackson, Miss.
Abraham White, Ph.D.
Mrs. Powell Glass, Lynchburg, Va.
Jacob A. Dalm, Jr., Kalamazoo, Mich.*
Charles E. Lockhart, M.D., Springfield, Mo.*
Donald E. Stader, M.D., Allentown, Pa.
Institute of Biological Sciences,
Mrs. Roger Goodan, Los Angeles, Calif.
Milton F. Darr, Jr., Oak Brook, III.
Charles O. Long, M.D., East Lansing, Mich.
Elvis J. Stahr, LL.D., Greenwich, Conn.*
Syntex (U.S.A.), Inc., Research Division,
Palo Alto, Calif.
Mrs. Anna Rosenberg Hoffman, New York, N. Y.
James R. Dellinger, Jr., Cartersville, Ga.
Robert M. Love, Bedford, N.H.
Justin J. Stein, M.D., Los Angeles, Calif.
Donald E. Johnson, Flint, Mich.
Albert C. Diddams, M.D., Gallup, N.M.*
Walter B. Love, Jr., Monroe, N.C.*
Lester G. Steppacher, M.D., Wyncote, Pa.*
Walter J. Kohler, Kohler, Wis.
Victor C. Diehm, Conyngham, Pa.*
Alexis E. Lubchenco, M.D., Denver, Colo.*
Carl H. Stetson, Jr., North Scituate, R.I.
COUNCIL FOR ANALYSIS
Mrs. Forrest E. Mars, The Plains, Va.
Vernon E. Duckwall, M.D., Elkins, W. Va.
John S. Lyle, M.D., Norwich, Vt.*
Donald E. Stewart, M.D., Crookston, Minn.*
AND PROJECTION
Mrs. R. E. Mosiman, Seattle, Wash.
William M. Dugan, Jr., M.D., Indianapolis, Ind.
David E. Marcello, Jr., M.D., Brockton, Mass.
C. Chester Stock, Ph.D., New York, N.Y.*
Harry M. Nelson, M.D., Bloomfield Hills, Mich.
John Ridgeway Durant, M.D., Birmingham, Ala.
Donald A. Mayeux, Mamou, La.*
Mrs. M. D. Stoddard, Coeur d'Alene, Ida.
James A. Miller, Ph.D., Chrmn.
Dept. of Oncology,
Alton Ochsner, M.D., New Orleans, La.
Mrs. Elizabeth W. Estes, Lorena, Tex.
Robert E. McAfee, M.D., Portland, Me.
George W. Sumner, Jr., Honolulu, Hawaii
McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research,
Eugene P. Pendergrass, M.D., Philadelphia, Pa.
Titus Carr Evans, Sr., Ph.D., Iowa City, Ia.
Raymond A. McCormack, Jr., M.D., Trenton, N.J.
Stephen William Sutherlin, Indianapolis, Ind.*
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
Alfred M. Popma, M.D., Boise, Id.
Robert C. Eyerly, M.D., Danville, Pa.*
Hon. Thomas F. McGowan, Buffalo, N.Y.
Charles L. Tarleton, Little Rock, Ark.
Vittorio Defendi, Ph.D.
J. Leonard Reinsch, Atlanta, Ga.
Robert J. Faulconer, M.D., Norfolk, Va.*
Frank H. McGregor, M.D., Oklahoma City, Okla.
John F. Thomas, M.D., Austin, Tex.*
*Denotes Member. Board of Directors
Dept. of Pathology,
New York Univ. Medical Center,
Matthew B. Rosenhaus, New York, N. Y.
Jack J. Fisher, Wooster,
Robert J. McKenna, M.D., Los Angeles, Calif.
Lewis Thomas, M.D., New York, N.Y.*
Denotes Member. Executive Committee
New York, N.Y.
28
29
Maurice R. Hilleman, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Thomas E. Thompson, Ph.D.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON CLINICAL
Research Laboratories,
Dept. of Biochemistry,
INVESTIGATIONS I-CHEMOTHERAPY
Jerome Jaffe, M.D.
Lee W. Wattenberg, M.D.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON VIROLOGY
Merck, Sharp and Dohme,
Univ. of Virginia, School of Medicine,
AND HEMATOLOGY
Columbia Univ. Neuropsychiatric Institute
Univ. of Minnesota Medical School,
AND CELL BIOLOGY
New York, N.Y.
Division of Merck and Co., Inc.,
Charlottesville, Va.
Minneapolis, Minn.
West Point, Pa.
H. G. Williams-Ashman, Ph.D.
Emil Frei III, M.D., Chrmn.
Joseph Leighton, M.D.
George Weber, M.D.
Karl G. Lark, Ph.D., Chrmn.
Henry S. Kaplan, M.D.
Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research,
Scientific Director Elect,
Dept. of Pathology, Medical College of
School of Medicine, Indiana Univ.,
Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Utah,
Dept. of Radiology, School of Medicine,
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, III.
Children's Cancer Research Foundation,
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Salt Lake City, Ut.
Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
Gerald N. Wogan, Ph.D.
Boston, Mass.
Stanley Levenson, M.D.
Lauren A. Woods, Ph.D., M.D.
Sherman Weissman, M.D., Vice-Chrmn.
George Klein, M.D.
Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science,
John Bennett, M.D., Vice-Chrmn.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine,
Medical College of Virginia, Virginia
School of Medicine, Yale Univ.,
Dept. of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
School of Medicine and Dentistry,
Yeshiva Univ., Bronx, N.Y.
Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, Va.
New Haven, Conn.
Stockholm, Sweden
Cambridge, Mass.
Univ. of Rochester Cancer Center,
Brian MacMahon, M.D.
Gerald Fink, M.D.
George Palade, M.D.
Ira G. Wool, M.D., Ph.D.
Rochester, N.Y.
Dept. of Epidemiology,
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y.
Dept. of Cell Biology,
Dept. of Physiology,
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr., M.D.
Harvard Univ. School of Public Health,
PERSONNEL FOR RESEARCH
Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn.
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
Chief, Medicine Branch,
Boston, Mass.
Guido Guidotti, Ph.D.
Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular
Donald Pinkel, M.D.
National Cancer Institute,
Ralph M. Richart, M.D.
Purnell W. Choppin, M.D., Chrmn.
Biology, Harvard Univ.,
Dept. of Pediatrics,
NIH, Bethesda, Md.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON CLINICAL
Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Rockefeller Univ., New York, N.Y.
Cambridge, Mass.
Milwaukee Children's Hospital,
INVESTIGATIONS -IMMUNOLOGY
Rose Ruth Ellison, M.D.
College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Milwaukee, Wis.
Columbia Univ., New York, N.Y.
F. E. Shideman, M.D., Ph.D., Vice-Chrmn.
Janet W. Hartley, Ph.D.
AND IMMUNOTHERAPHY
E. J. Meyer Memorial Hospital,
Dept. of Pharmacology, Univ. of Minnesota
Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National
Frank J. Rauscher, Jr., Ph.D.
Dept. of Medicine,
Benjamin F. Rush, Jr., M.D.
Medical School, Minneapolis, Minn.
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
Herbert F. Oettgen, M.D., Chrmn.,
Buffalo, N.Y.
National Cancer Institute, NIH,
Dept. of Surgery,
Elijah Adams, M.D.
NIH, Bethesda, Md.
Bethesda, Md.
Division of Applied Immunology,
Jack Fox, Ph.D.
College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research,
Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research,
Newark, N.J.
Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine,
Leonard Hayflick, Ph.D.
Edward Reich, Ph.D.
Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore, Md.
Dept. of Microbiology, Stanford Univ.,
New York, N.Y.
New York, N.Y.
Thomas Skillman, M.D.
Dept. of Chemical Biology,
Dept. of Medicine,
Renato Baserga, M.D.
School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
Rockefeller Univ., New York, N.Y.
D. Bernard Amos, M.D., Vice-Chrmn.
Walter J. Gensler, Ph.D.
Roland K. Robins, Ph.D.
Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology,
Dept. of Chemistry, Boston Univ.,
Ohio State Univ., College of Medicine,
Temple Univ., Health Sciences Center,
John J. Holland, Ph.D.
Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, N.C.
Boston, Mass.
Columbus, Ohio
Philadelphia, Pa.
Dept. of Biology, Univ. of California at
ICN Nucleic Acid Research Institute,
Irvine, Calif.
Frank L. Adler, Ph.D.
Harlan J. Spjut, M.D.
George J. Brewer, M.D.
San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
Charles E. Mengel, M.D.
Baylor College of Medicine,
Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of
Arnold Levine, Ph.D.
Marvin A. Schneiderman, Ph.D.
Dept. of Immunology,
Dept. of Medicine,
Public Health Research Institute of the
Univ. of Missouri, School of Medicine,
Texas Medical Center, Houston, Tex.
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
Demography, National Cancer Institute, NIH,
City of New York, New York, N.Y.
Columbia, Mo.
Herman D. Suit, M.D., Ph.D.
George O. Clifford, M.D.
Orlando J. Miller, M.D.
Bethesda, Md.
Dept. of Radiation Therapy,
School of Medicine, Creighton Univ.,
College of Physicians and Surgeons,
Elmer L. Becker, M.D., Ph.D.
Enrico Mihich, M.D.
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass.
Omaha, Neb.
Columbia Univ., New York, N.Y.
Dept. of Pathology, Univ. of Connecticut,
Dept. of Experimental Therapeutics
Farmington, Conn.
Roswell Park Memorial Institute,
Halvor Vermund, M.D.
Pedro Cuatrecasas, M.D.
Robert Bruce Nicklas, Ph.D.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON BIOCHEMISTRY
Buffalo, N.Y.
Dept. of Radiology, Univ. of California at
Dept. of Pharmacology and Experimental
Dept. of Zoology, Duke Univ.,
AND CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
Friedrich Deinhardt, M.D.
Dept, of Microbiology,
Charles A. Nichol, Ph.D.
Irvine, Irvine, Calif.
Therapeutics, John Hopkins Univ.
Durham, N.C.
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center,
Director of Research,
Joseph Wiener, M.D.
Keith R. Porter, Ph.D.
Chicago, III.
Burroughs Wellcome Company,
New York Medical College,
Herman N. Eisen, M.D.
Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and
Research Triangle Park, N.C.
Basic Science Building,
Center for Cancer Research,
Developmental Biology, Univ. of
John L. Fahey, M.D.
Valhalla, N.Y.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Colorado, Boulder, Colo.
Joseph Larner, M.D., Ph.D., Chrmn.
Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology,
Seymour Perry, M.D.
Cambridge, Mass.
Dept. of Pharmacology,
Univ. of California, Los Angeles Center for
Division of Cancer Treatment,
Matthew D. Scharff, M.D.
Univ. of Virginia, School of Medicine,
Health Sciences, Los Angeles, Calif.
National Cancer Institute,
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON
Sidney Fleischer, Ph.D.
Dept. of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein
Charlottesville, Va.
NIH, Bethesda, Md.
INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH GRANTS
Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn.
College of Medicine, Yeshiva Univ.,
Evan M. Hersh, M.D.
Phillips W. Robbins, Ph.D., Vice-Chrmn.
Section of Immunology, Dept. of
E. Peter Geiduschek, Ph.D.
Bronx, N.Y.
Robert Silber, M.D.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Developmental Therapeutics, Univ. of Texas,
Professor of Medicine,
Erich Hirschberg, Ph.D., Chrmn.
Dept. of Biology, Univ. of California at
R. Walter Schlesinger, M.D.
Cambridge, Mass.
M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute,
School of Medicine,
College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
Dept. of Microbiology, College of Medicine
Emmanuel Farber, M.D., Ph.D.
Houston, Tex.
New York Univ. Medical Center,
at Newark, Newark, N.J.
Vincent P. Hollander, M.D., Ph.D.
and Dentistry of New Jersey,
Loren G. Humphrey, M.D., Ph.D.
New York, N.Y.
Fels Research Institute,
Robert E. Parks, Jr., M.D., Vice-Chrmn.
Hospital for Joint Diseases and
Rutgers Medical School,
Temple Univ. School of Medicine,
Univ of Kansas, Medical Center,
Joseph V. Simone, M.D.
Dept. of Biochemical Pharmacology,
Medical Center, New York, N.Y.
Piscataway, N.J.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Kansas City, Kan.
Hematology-Oncology,
Division of Biological and Medical Sciences,
William P. Jencks, M.D.
Patricia Gail Spear, Ph.D.
Harry V. Gelboin, Ph.D.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Brown Univ., Providence, R.I.
Graduate Dept. of Biochemistry,
Dept. of Microbiology, Univ. of
Charles F. McKhann, M.D.
Chemical Branch, National Cancer Institute,
Memphis, Tenn.
Dept. of Surgery, Mayo Memorial Building,
Creed W. Abell, Ph.D.
Brandeis Univ., Waltham, Mass.
Chicago, Chicago, III.
NIH, Bethesda, Md.
Minneapolis, Minn.
William G. Thurman, M.D.
Dept. of Human Biological Chemistry and
Wolfgang Joklik, Ph.D.
Peter K. Vogt, Ph.D.
Victor Ginsburg, Ph.D.
Tulane Univ. School of Medicine,
Genetics, Division of Biochemistry, The Univ.
Univ. of Southern California School of
Richard S. Metzgar, M.D.
Dept. of Microbiology, Duke Univ., Durham, N.C.
New Orleans, La.
National Institute of Arthritic,
of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex.
Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif.
Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, N.C.
Leroy C. McLaren, Ph.D.
Metabolic and Digestive Diseases,
Felix Milgrom, M.D.
Burton L. Baker, Ph.D.
Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine,
Frank Young, M.D., Ph.D.
NIH, Bethesda, Md.
Dept. of Microbiology, State Univ. of New York
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON CLINICAL
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N.M.
Dept. of Microbiology, School of
INVESTIGATIONS I-PREVENTION,
Medicine and Dentistry, Univ. of
Jack Gorski, Ph.D.
at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
Harry F. Bisel, M.D.
A. Frederick Rasmussen, Jr., M.D.
Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.
Dept. of Biochemistry,
Robert S. Schwartz, M.D.
Dept. of Medicine, Mayo Clinic,
School of Medicine, Center for Health
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
Rochester, Minn.
Hematology Service, Dept. of Medicine,
Sciences, Univ. of California, Los Angeles,
Bernard L. Horecker, Ph.D.
New England Medical Center Hospital,
Antolin Raventos, M.D., Chrmn.
Harlyn O. Halvorson, Ph.D.,
Los Angeles, Calif.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON NUCLEIC
Roche Institute for Molecular Biology,
Tufts Univ. School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
Dept. of Radiology, Univ. of California,
Rosensteil Basic Medical Sciences Research
Frank H. Ruddle, Ph.D.
ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Nutley, N.J.
William O. Weigle, Ph.D.
Davis School of Medicine, Davis, Calif.
Center, Brandeis Univ., Waltham, Mass.
Kline Biology Tower, Yale Univ.,
Ora M. Rosen, M.D.
Dept. of Experimental Pathology, Scripps Clinic
Thomas C. Hall, M.D., Vice-Chrmn.
Harold A. Harper, Ph.D.
New Haven, Conn.
Robert T. Schimke, M.D., Chrmn.
Dept. of Medicine and Molecular Biology,
and Research Foundation, La Jolla, Calif.
Los Angeles County-Univ. of Southern
Graduate Division, Univ. of California,
Henry P. Treffers, Ph.D.
Dept. of Biological Sciences, Stanford Univ.,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine,
Ralph C. Williams, Jr., M.D.
California Cancer Hospital and
San Francisco, Calif.
School of Medicine, Yale Univ.,
Stanford, Calif.
Yeshiva Univ., Bronx, N.Y.
Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of New Mexico,
Research Institute, Los Angeles, Calif.
Philip Krutzsch, Ph.D.
New Haven, Conn.
Melvin V. Simpson, Ph.D., Vice-Chrmn.
John A. Rupley, Ph.D.
Albuquerque, N.M.
James Fischer, M.D., Ph.D.
Dept. of Anatomy, College of Medicine,
Fred T. Valentine, M.D.
Dept. of Biochemistry, State Univ. of
Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Arizona,
Dept. of Therapeutic Radiology,
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
John L. Ziegler, M.D.
New York Univ. School of Medicine,
New York, Stony Brook, N.Y.
Tucson, Ariz.
Yale Univ. School of Medicine,
Pediatric Oncology Branch,
Herbert R. Morgan, M.D.
New York, N.Y.
New Haven, Conn.
J. Thomas August, M.D.
Gordon H. Sato, Ph.D.
National Cancer Institute,
Division of Oncology, Univ. of Rochester,
Samuel B. Weiss, Ph.D.
Dept. of Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein
Dept. of Biology, Univ. of California at San Diego,
NIH, Bethesda, Md.
William H. Hartmann, M.D.
Rochester, N.Y.
Dept. of Biochemistry, Univ. of Chicago,
College of Medicine, Yeshiva Univ., Bronx, N.Y.
La Jolla, Calif.
Dept. of Pathology,
Joseph E. Plager, M.D.
Chicago, III.
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Vanderbilt Univ. School of Medicine,
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Division of Biology, Kansas State Univ.,
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Buffalo, N.Y.
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Manhattan, Kan.
Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research,
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Alan C. Sartorelli, Ph.D.
Joint Center for Radiation Therapy,
C. Thomas Caskey, M.D.
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School of Medicine, Yale Univ.,
Dept. of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine,
Theodore L. Steck, M.D.
New Haven, Conn.
Texas Medical Center, Houston, Tex.
Division of Biological Sciences,
Frederick P. Herter, M.D.
Pritzker School of Medicine,
College of Physicians and Surgeons,
M. Michael Sigel, Ph.D.
R. David Cole, Ph.D.
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
Columbia Univ., New York, N.Y.
Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine,
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Univ. of Miami, Miami, Fla.
Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif.
30
31
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Dept. of Physiological Chemistry, Univ. of
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What you leave behind with those
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AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY, INC.,
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32
Cancer's Seven
Warning Signals
1
Change in bowel or bladder habits.
2
A sore that does not heal.
3
Unusual bleeding or discharge.
4
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere.
5
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing.
6
Obvious change in wart or mole.
7
Nagging cough or hoarseness.
If you have a warning signal, see your doctor.
74-120M-2/75-No.1508.74
75
CANCER
FACTS
&
FIGURES
AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY
®
11,000
2,100
2,800
2,000
1,600
3,700
6,900
12,000
2,100
2,300
14,000
21,000
800
27,000
70,000
3,700
10,000
1,400
5,300
9,800
43,000
26,000
35,000
2,100
37,000
1,700
16,000
63,000
5,400
6,300
12,000
7,400
17,000
13,000
3,100
11,000
14,000
5,000
8,500
12,000
2,300
6,600
6,500
6,600
10,000
12,000
32,000
11,000
28,000
estimated cancer incidence
ALASKA
in 1975 by states
HAWAII
300
1,700
total: 665,000* (Excluding Puerto Rico)
PUERTO
RICO
6,000
"Excluding superficial skin cancers and carcinoma-in-situ of the uterine cervix.
Based on rates from the NCI Third National Cancer Survey.
CONTENTS
BASIC DATA
Page
Page
What Is Cancer?
THE ACS
INCIDENCE
What It Is
30
1975 Estimates, by States
front cover
Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal growth and spread of cells. If this malignant process is
Income Sources
29
By Sex & Site
.4, 10
not controlled or checked, the patient will die. However, many cancers can be cured if detected early
Funds Allocations
29
For Major Sites-1975
5
in their development and treated promptly.
The 58 Divisions
back cover
By Site, By State
9
BREAST CANCER
14
Leading Sites- 1975
11
LARYNGECTOMEE ASSN.
23
How Treated?
CANCER
What It Is
3
LEUKEMIA
20
3
LOCALIZING STATISTICS
13
By surgery, X-rays, radioactive substances, and various drugs, chemicals and hormones.
How Treated
Can It Be Prevented?
4
LUNG CANCER
18
Who Will Get It?
3
ORAL CANCER
18
How Many Are Being Saved?
How Many Will Get It?
3
OSTOMY PROGRAM
23
How Many Have It?
3
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
21
About 222,000 Americans will be saved from cancer this year. This means that about one-third of all
New Cases Annually
3
PUBLIC EDUCATION
20
people who get cancer will be saved.
CELEBRITIES AND CANCER
31
REACH TO RECOVERY
22
CLINICAL FELLOWSHIPS
22
RESEARCH
How Many More Could Be Saved?
COLON-RECTUM CANCER
17
Summary of Grants
24
COSTS OF CANCER
28
Background Narrative
23
Another 111,000 cancer patients will probably die in 1975 who might have been saved by earlier and
ACS Aided Research
26
DEATHS
better treatment.
How Many Will Die?
4
SERVICE & REHABILITATION
22
National Death Rate
4
SEVEN SAFEGUARDS
2
Survival Rate Is One-In-Three
By Sex & Site
4, 10
SKIN CANCER
18
For Major Sites-1975
5
SURVIVAL RATES
In the early 1900's few cancer patients had any hope of long-term survival. In the 1930's fewer
By Site, By State
8
Now One-In-Three
3
than one-in-five was being saved - that is, alive five years after first being treated. In the 1950's
Worldwide
12
How Many Actually Saved?
3
13
How Many More Could Be Saved?
3
one-in-four was being saved. Now the ratio is one-in-three. The gain from 1-4 to 1-3 currently
By Age Groups & Sex
Leading Causes
13
Cured of Cancer: 1.5 Million
4
amounts to some 55,000 lives each year. Of every six persons who get cancer today (exclusive of
Trends in Death Rate
11
Five-Year Chart
5
superficial skin cancer and carcinoma-in-situ of uterine cervix), two will be saved and four will
EARLY DETECTION IS VITAL
5
SWORD OF HOPE
30
die. Numbers 1 and 2 will be saved. Number 3 will die but might have been saved with early diag-
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROJECTS
TRENDS IN CANCER-1975
6
nosis and prompt treatment. Numbers 4, 5 and 6 will die of cancer which cannot yet be con-
Cancer Prevention Study
27
UNPROVEN METHODS
23
16
trolled; only the results of research can save these patients. This means that about half of those
Occupational Group Studies
28
UTERINE CANCER
WARNING SIGNALS
2
who get cancer could and should be saved. Thus, the immediate goal of cancer control in this
country is saving 333,000 lives, or half of those who get cancer (other than superficial skin cancer
and carcinoma-in-situ of the uterine cervix) each year.
Who Will Get Cancer?
CANCER'S 7 WARNING SIGNALS
THE 7 SAFEGUARDS URGED BY ACS
Cancer strikes at any age. It affects children as well as adults, but it strikes with increasing frequency
with advancing age.
Change in bowel or bladder habits
Lung: Reduction and ultimate elimination of
cigarette smoking.
Asore that does not heal
How Many Will Get Cancer?
Colon-Rectum: Proctoscopic exam as routine in
About 53 million Americans now living will eventually have cancer; one-in-four persons according to
Unusual bleeding or discharge
annual checkup for those over 40.
present rates. Cancer will strike over the years in approximately two of three families. In the 70's,
there will be an estimated 3.5 million cancer deaths, 6.5 million new cancer cases, and more than
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Breast: Self-examination as monthly female practice.
10 million under medical care for cancer.
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Uterus: Pap test for all adult and high-risk women.
How Many With Cancer?
Obvious change in wart or mole
Skin: Avoidance of excessive sun.
This year more than 1 million Americans will be under medical care for cancer.
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Oral: Wider practice of early detection measures.
New Cases Annually
If YOU have a warning signal, see your doctor!
Basic: Regular physical examination for all adults.
There will be about 665,000 new cancer cases (diagnosed for the first time) in 1975. (This does not
include superficial skin cancer or carcinoma-in-situ of the uterine cervix, which have been included in
past years.)
These estimates of the incidence of cancer are based upon data from the National Cancer Insti-
tute's Third National Cancer Survey (1969-71). The incidence of superficial skin cancer is shown
2
3
©1974, American Cancer Society, Inc.
ESTIMATED NEW CASES AND DEATHS
FIVE YEAR CANCER SURVIVAL RATES*
to have been substantially under-reported; the annual number of new cases may vary from
FOR MAJOR SITES OF CANCER - 1975*
FOR SELECTED SITES
300,000 to 600,000 or more. Carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix is first diagnosed in over 40,000
cases annually.
Site
No. of Cases
Deaths
0
20
40
60
80
100
BLADDER
71%
How Many Will Die?
21%
Lung
91,000
81,000
This year about 365,000 will die of the disease; that is about 1,000 persons a day; one every one-and-
BREAST
84%
Colon-
one-half minutes. Of every six deaths from all causes in the U.S., one is from cancer. In 1974 an esti-
99,000
49,000
56%
Rectum
mated 358,000 Americans died of cancer, and in 1973 it was 351,000. In 1972 it was 344,000. In
COLON
71%
RECTUM
43%
1971, 337,398 cancer deaths were reported by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics.
Breast
89,000
33,000
LARYNX
79%
Uterus
38%
46,000**
11,000
National Death Rate
LUNG
33%
Oral
23,000
8,000
10%
There was a steady rise in the (age-adjusted*) national death rate until 1950. Since 1950 it has been
Skin
9,000*
5,000
ORAL
67%
flattening out. In 1930 the number of cancer deaths per 100,000 population (age-adjusted) was 112;
30%
in 1940 it was 120; by 1950 it had risen to 125; and in 1971 the number was 131. Except for cancers
Leukemia
21,000
15,000
PROSTATE
68%
of the lung, ovary, and pancreas, age-adjusted cancer death rates in general are leveling and in some
57%
cases dropping off.
*Figures rounded to the nearest 1000.
UTERUS
82%
**If carcinoma-in-situ included, cases total over 86,000.
44%
LOCALIZED
REGIONAL
INVOLVEMENT
Can It Be Prevented?
Estimates widely, from 300,000-600,000 or more,
*ADJUSTED FOR NORMAL LIFE EXPECTANCY
for superficial skin cancer.
SOURCE: END RESULTS GROUP, NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE
Some cancers; not all. Most lung cancers are caused by cigarette smoking, and most skin cancers by
INCIDENCE RATES ARE BASED ON RATES FROM
N.C.I. THIRD NATIONAL CANCER SURVEY
frequent overexposure to direct sunlight. These can be prevented by avoiding their causes. Also,
certain cancers caused by occupational factors - particularly bladder cancer in thedye industry -
have been prevented by eliminating the causative agents.
WHY EARLY DETECTION IS VITAL
About half of all cancers could be detected early enough to be curable. For unknown reasons, some
About One and One-Half Million Now Living - Cured
cancers grow and spread slowly while others grow and spread rapidly. Some types spread with such
There are now 1,500,000 Americans, alive today, who have been cured of cancer. By "cured" it
is
rapidity that they are incurable at the present time.
meant they are without evidence of the disease at least five years after diagnosis and treatment. The
Cancer typically begins as a "localized" disease. At the start, just one cell (or perhaps a few) under-
decision as to when a patient may be considered cured, in the sense of being free of the disease, is one
goes an abnormal change it becomes a malignant cell, cancer. The cancer cell reproduces itself by
that must be made by the individual physician. For most forms of cancer, five years is the accepted
dividing into two cells, which in turn redivide and so on. All of the descendants of the original cancer
time. However, some patients can be discharged as free of the disease after one year; others after three
cell are themselves cancer cells - thus the cancer grows.
years, while some may be followed much longer than five years.
Most cancers originate on the surface of some tissues such as the skin, the surface of the uterus, the
lining of the mouth, stomach, intestines, bladder or a bronchial tube, or the lining of a duct in the
*Age-adjusted-a method used to make valid statistical comparisons by assuming the same age distribution among different groups
breast, prostate gland or elsewhere. For a time, such cancers typically remain in the lining or on the
being compared.
surface at the site of origin ("in situ") and are visible only under a microscope.
After a while, some of the cancer cells penetrate beyond the surface and "invade" the underlying
tissues. This is "invasive cancer." After invading, the cancer continues to grow, though, for a time, the
CANCER INCIDENCE BY SITE AND SEX*
CANCER DEATHS BY SITE AND SEX
cancer cells may remain as an intact mass which may be visible to the naked eye. As long as all the
living cancer cells remain where the disease started, it is said to be "localized."
1%
1%
SKIN
1%
SKIN
SKIN
SKIN
1%
The more dangerous phases of cancer are the later ones. Some of the cancer cells eventually become
2%
ORAL
1%
ORAL
detached and are carried through the lymph channels or blood vessels to other parts of the body. This
ORAL
5%
ORAL
3%
process is known as "metastasis." But the body has a protective mechanism. The detached cancer cells
27%
BREAST
20%
BREAST
LUNG
22%
LUNG
33%
may be trapped in a lymph node in the region of the original organ. This retards the spread for a time.
6%
LUNG
11%
LUNG
This stage of the disease is known as "regional involvement."
COLON &
COLON &
RECTUM
14%
RECTUM
12%
15%
COLON &
15%
COLON &
If left untreated the cancer cells eventually spread to other parts of the body. This is "advanced
RECTUM
RECTUM
OTHER
OTHER
cancer." Death is almost inevitable.
15%
DIGESTIVE
12%
OTHER
DIGESTIVE
14%
OTHER
9%
DIGESTIVE
DIGESTIVE
The problem therefore is to detect cancer before it has spread so that it can be removed by surgery
PROSTATE
17%
PROSTATE
9%
14%
UTERUS
7%
UTERUS
or destroyed by radiation and/or chemotherapy.
URINARY
9%
URINARY
6%
4%
URINARY
3%
URINARY
Early Detection and High Risk Groups
LEUKEMIA
&
LEUKEMIA &
LEUKEMIA &
LEUKEMIA &
8%
LYMPHOMAS
7%
9%
9%
LYMPHOMAS
LYMPHOMAS
LYMPHOMAS
The key to saving three-out-of-six persons who get cancer, rather than the present two-out-of-six, is
ALL OTHER
12%
15%
ALL OTHER
ALL OTHER
12%
19%
ALL OTHER
earlier detection of the disease. Present treatment knowledge is adequate for this goal but timely
detection and diagnosis lag behind.
*Excluding superficial skin cancer and carcinoma-in-situ
of uterine cervix.
4
5
One important way of improving treatment yield is selective, earlier detection - determining popu-
The death rate for men since 1930 has risen by over 40%, due mainly to a 2,000% increase for lung
lation groups more likely to have cancer and providing frequent and inexpensive checkups for them.
cancer, a highly preventable disease.
Short of a universal screening test that would disclose the presence or absence of cancer, identifying
Since 1949, more men than women have been dying from cancer each year; in 1975 about
high risk groups can be a most effective step in saving more lives.
55 to 45.
The following are the major cancer sites for which some high risk categories have been identified.
Better 3-year survival rates were reported among white Americans since the 1940's for cancers of
Lung Cancer: It is estimated that cigarette smoking causes at least 80% of lung cancer. The highest
the bladder, brain, breast, cervix, body of the uterus, larynx, thyroid, prostate, chronic and childhood
number of male lung cancers occurs in age group 60-69, in men who have smoked two or more packs a
leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, melanoma and multiple myeloma at the 7th National Cancer
day for 20 years and who started smoking before age 15. A male in this group has a 15 to 20 times
Conference, co-sponsored by the ACS-NCI in September, 1972.
greater chance of dying from lung cancer than his counterpart who never smoked. He also has a signifi-
The same report noted "little or no improvement in life expectancy" for patients with lung and
cantly higher risk of getting cancer of the larynx, bladder and oral cavity.
pancreas cancer.
The largest number of female lung cancers occur in age group 55-64, in women who have smoked
Deaths by age groupings show more than half of all mortality among persons over 65.
one or more packs of cigarettes a day for at least 20 years, inhale smoke deeply and begin smoking
Cancer is the leading cause of death among women age 30 to 54.
before age 20. A woman in this group has a risk of dying of lung cancer 5 to 10 times that of a female
In 1975, cancer will take the lives of about 3,500 children under 15 and about half of them will
who never smoked.
die of acute leukemia, a cancer of the blood-forming tissues - a notable reduction from the maximum
Breast Cancer: High risks in the U.S. are: 1) women over age 35 - risk increases with age; 2) a
deaths (4,615) recorded in this age group in 1965.
woman who has never had a child; 3) a woman who bore her first child after age 25; 4) women whose
More school children die of cancer than from any other disease.
mothers or sisters had breast cancer; 5) women who experienced early menarche and/or late menopause.
The overall incidence of cancer among men is increasing, but among black men the incidence is
Gastric Cancer: A recent study of Japanese (who have a very high incidence of stomach cancer)
substantially higher. The cancer mortality rate per 100,000 population has increased by 50% for black
gives some interesting clues to high risk. The elevated incidence of gastric cancer continues for
men against 16% for white men. In black women, the mortality rate has been declining, but by 3%
Japanese who migrate to Hawaii but does not persist among their offspring. Diet is a likely causative
while it declined by 9% among white women.
factor and evidence for a higher incidence of gastric cancer was observed among frequent consumers of
The increase among men is attributed to higher incidence of prostate cancer as well as lung, and to
pickled vegetables and dried salted fish, but not for consumers of raw fish and unprocessed vegetables.
a lesser increase in colon cancer. The decrease among women is attributed to a drop in cancers of the
Diet has been suggested as the causative factor in all countries with a high incidence of gastric
stomach and rectum, as well as cervix.
cancer.
Colon-Rectum Cancer: The familial tendency for polyps has been observed and a high incidence of
Trends in Individual Sites
colon-rectum cancer in patients with a history of familial polyposis is documented.
Lung cancer: The male mortality rate has increased more than 20 times in 45 years and is going
Cancer of the Uterine Cervix: The high risk female for this cancer is of low income background,
up steadily in women. Incidence has doubled in both men and women, both black and white. It is
who never has had a Pap test or regular checkups, has borne children, has a history of early sexual
second in incidence only to colon-rectum cancer overall and first in incidence in men.
intercourse with multiple partners.
Colon-rectum cancer: Excluding skin cancer, it is the site of the greatest number of new cases
Cancer of the Endometrium: Most cases of this cancer occur in women between the ages of 50 and
estimated for 1975. Slight, if any, recent change in incidence or death rates.
64, women with late menopause, postmenopausal bleeding, obesity, a tendency toward high blood
Breast cancer: It is the leading cause of cancer incidence and death among women today. Leading
pressure, and a history of diabetes.
cause of all deaths among women 40-44 years of age and second leading cause of death for other
Other cancers: There is evidence of a relationship between cancer and certain industries, such as
age groups. No great reduction in mortality rate in the past 35 years. Survival is 85%-90% when
asbestos, typography and roofing, plastics - vinyl chloride and arsenic processing. (See page 28).
found early.
Uterine cancer: Deaths continue steady decline, now are one-third of rate 35 years ago. Two
Practical Controls
factors contribute - better programs of education for women and wider use of Pap test for cancer of
The ACS sometimes in cooperation with the NCI, is initiating practical control measures toward
the uterine cervix.
improving early case finding. Examples are: the Society's Uterine Cancer Task Force program of
Pancreas cancer: Highly fatal, with incidence up 65% in past generation, 200% in the past 40
having a Pap test for every woman in the country and the Breast Cancer Task Force program, which
years. No known reason.
has already established 27 centers where mammography, thermography, xeroradiography and clinical
Larynx cancer: Strikes few women, survival rate among men improved into the '60s but has since
examinations are being tested.
leveled off.
Stomach cancer: Steady decrease, both sexes; about half the death rate of 20 years ago. Reasons
TRENDS IN CANCER
unknown.
Cancers of the bladder, kidney, brain, lip-tongue-mouth: Improvement in survival through the
The overall age-adjusted cancer death rate for American women has been declining slowly but
'40s, a plateau since early '50s.
steadily since 1936. The total drop has been about 13%, largely due to a sharp reduction in mortality
Prostate and thyroid cancers, Hodgkin's disease: All show some improvement in recent survival
from cancer of the uterine cervix, a readily detectable disease.
information.
Leukemia: No great change in survival data of chronic forms but acute leukemias show continuing
dramatic improvement.
6
7
Estimated New Cancer Cases for All Sites,
Estimated Cancer Deaths for All Sites,
Plus Major Sites, by State - 1975
Plus Major Sites, by State - 1975
All Sites*
Major Sites
All Sites
Major Sites
Number
Number
Death Rate
of
Colon-
Uterus
Leu-
of
per 100,000
Colon-
Leu-
State
Cases
Breast
Rectum
Lung
Oral
(Invasive)
Prostate
Stomach
Pancreas
kemia
State
Deaths
Population
Breast
Rectum
Lung
Oral
Uterus
Prostate
Stomach
Pancreas
kemia
Alabama
10,000
1,100
1,100
1,400
350
1,000
1,000
300
400
300
Alabama
5,600
155
425
550
1,300
125
250
350
175
375
200
Alaska
300
50
50
60
15
20
20
15
10
20
Arizona
5,000
600
800
Alaska
200
60
15
20
50
5
10
10
10
10
10
600
150
350
450
150
200
150
151
225
300
700
70
50
150
100
150
125
Arkansas
6,600
600
800
1,000
200
500
800
200
250
300
Arizona
3,000
Arkansas
225
400
900
75
100
275
125
250
200
California
3,700
183
63,000
8,700
8,700
8,700
2,300
3,900
4,700
2,300
2,100
2,000
7,700
1,400
1,800
1,400
Colorado
5,400
750
800
650
150
350
550
150
200
200
California
34,500
161
3,200
4,300
750
1,000
1,600
Colorado
3,000
128
275
400
600
60
70
175
100
175
150
Connecticut
10,000
1,400
1,700
1,300
450
550
750
400
350
350
Delaware
1,700
200
300
250
70
100
100
50
Connecticut
5,500
171
500
800
1,100
175
125
250
250
325
250
50
40
Delaware
950
163
70
125
225
25
20
40
30
50
30
Dist. of Columbia
3,100
450
400
350
200
250
250
90
80
60
28,000
3,300
3,900
Dist. of Columbia
1,600.
213
175
200
325
60
60
90
60
80
40
Florida
5,000
1,100
1,600
2,700
1,000
1,000
700
Florida
16,600
236
1,200
2,100
4,400
350
400
900
600
950
500
Georgia
12,000
1,500
1,400
1,800
450
1,100
1,100
400
350
400
Georgia
6,600
136
550
650
1,600
150
275
375
250
350
275
Hawaii
1,700
100
200
200
80
80
60
150
60
70
90
60
50
Idaho
2,100
250
250
250
50
100
250
70
70
100
Hawaii
900
104
60
90
150
30
20
30
Idaho
1,100
145
90
125
200
20
25
80
40
70
70
Illinois
37,000
5,100
5,800
4,800
1,300
2,700
3,000
1,400
1,200
1,200
Indiana
16,000
2,200
2,700
2,300
450
1,300
1,400
Illinois
20,100
171
1,900
2,900
4,300
450
700
1,000
850
1,100
900
400
500
500
Indiana
8,800
160
800
1,300
2,100
175
325
450
250
500
350
Iowa
9,800
1,300
1,800
1,300
300
650
1,100
300
300
400
7,400
950
lowa
5,400
183
500
900
1,100
100
125
350
175
250
275
Kansas
1,100
1,000
250
650
800
150
250
300
550
850
90
125
275
100
225
200
Kentucky
11,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
400
900
900
250
350
400
Kansas
4,100
172
375
Kentucky
5,800
175
425
800
1,400
150
200
300
150
325
275
Louisiana
11,000
1,300
1,200
1,800
450
850
950
400
350
350
300
250
Maine
3,700
500
600
500
125
250
400
150
150
100
Louisiana
6,000
154
475
600
1,600
150
200
325
250
Maine
2,200
211
175
300
475
40
60
125
90
100
80
Maryland
12,000
1,600
1,800
1,900
500
900
950
350
400
300
Massachusetts
21,000
3,200
3,500
2,500
850
Maryland
6,600
159
600
900
1,700
175
200
325
200
325
200
1,200
1,500
850
600
550
Massachusetts
11,400
189
1,200
1,700
2,300
300
300
500
525
600
400
Michigan
27,000
3,700
3,900
3,600
900
1,800
2,300
850
800
750
12,000
Michigan
14,500
153
1,400
1,900
3,200
300
425
800
525
700
550
Minnesota
1,600
2,000
1,300
350
600
1,300
500
450
400
1,100
125
125
450
300
375
275
Mississippi
6,600
750
800
950
200
700
750
250
250
Minnesota
6,600
163
600
950
300
Mississippi
3,600
153
275
400
850
70
125
250
150
225
200
Missouri
17,000
2,100
2,500
2,400
500
1,200
1,700
450
550
550
475
Montana
2,100
250
300
250
70
150
200
80
80
Missouri
9,200
190
800
1,200
2,100
175
275
550
275
400
80
Montana
1,300
177
100
150
250
25
30
70
50
80
60
Nebraska
5,300
700
900
550
150
300
500
150
200
200
Nevada
1,400
150
150
250
50
Nebraska
2,800
180
250
425
500
60
70
175
100
175
150
60
90
15
50
40
Nevada
800
153
60
80
200
15
20
25
10
60
30
New Hampshire
2,800
350
500
400
100
200
250
70
80
100
New Hampshire
1,500
193
150
250
350
30
50
80
40
80
70
New Jersey
26,000
3,800
4,500
3,400
850
1,600
1,700
1,100
900
700
300
400
600
650
800
500
New Mexico
2,300
250
250
300
60
150
200
80
70
70
New Jersey
14,300
189
1,400
2,200
3,000
New Mexico
1,300
116
100
125
250
20
30
60
50
70
50
New York
70,000
10,700
12,000
8,500
2,400
4,300
4,700
2,800
2,300
2,000
North Carolina
14,000
1,600
1,400
1,900
500
1,200
1,200
350
450
500
New York
37,700
194
4,000
5,800
7,800
800
1,000
1,600
1,700
2,100
1,400
North Carolina
7,300
137
600
800
1,700
175
300
400
225
425
350
North Dakota
2,000
200
300
200
50
80
200
100
80
70
Ohio
35,000
4,800
5,600
4,800
North Dakota
1,100
167
90
150
175
15
25
70
60
80
50
1,200
2,500
2,700
1,200
1,000
1,000
19,100
170
1,800
4,200
425
650
900
700
900
750
Oklahoma
8,500
950
1,100
1,300
250
600
2,700
900
250
300
300
Ohio
177
80
125
300
150
275
200
Oregon
6,900
900
1,000
950
4,700
350
550
200
500
1,100
650
200
250
300
Oklahoma
80
225
125
200
200
Pennsylvania
43,000
6,300
7,400
5,400
1,400
2,800
3,400
1,600
1,300
1,300
Oregon
3,900
179
325
500
850
100
4,800
750
950
1,200
950
Rhode Island
3,700
550
500
700
1,200
500
200
200
Pennsylvania
23,500
3,600
300
150
193
2,300
90
80
Rhode Island
2,000
200
200
350
450
60
50
90
100
90
60
South Carolina
6,500
800
750
950
250
700
650
150
250
200
South Carolina
3,600
131
300
375
800
80
150
225
100
250
150
South Dakota
2,300
250
350
250
50
150
300
80
90
100
Tennessee
12,000
1,500
1,600
South Dakota
1,200
170
80
175
200
20
40
100
50
90
80
1,800
450
1,000
1,100
300
450
400
Tennessee
161
550
750
1,600
150
225
400
200
400
275
Texas
32,000
3,800
3,700
6,600
5,000
1,000
2,300
2,700
1,100
1,200
1,200
150
2,000
4,500
375
600
900
650
1,100
900
Utah
2,100
300
300
200
50
Texas
18,000
1,400
200
250
80
60
80
80
50
50
60
Vermont
1,600
200
300
200
60
100
200
50
50
60
Utah
1,100
95
100
150
175
20
30
Vermont
850
181
70
150
175
20
30
60
30
50
40
Virginia
13,000
1,800
1,700
2,000
500
1,000
1,100
350
450
400
Washington
11,000
1,400
1,500
1,600
350
700
950
350
Virginia
7,200
147
650
900
1,800
175
250
375
225
425
275
350
400
Washington
5,800
162
500
700
1,500
125
150
350
225
325
275
West Virginia
6,300
650
800
1,000
200
600
600
200
200
150
14,000
2,200
2,500
West Virginia
3,500
195
250
400
900
70
125
200
125
200
125
Wisconsin
1,500
450
850
1,300
600
450
450
Wisconsin
7,800
167
800
1,200
1,300
175
200
450
350
400
325
Wyoming
800
100
100
90
20
60
80
20
30
30
Wyoming
500
142
40
60
100
10
10
40
15
30
20
United States
665,000
89,000
99,000
91,000
23,000
46,000
56,000
23,000
22,000
21,000
United States
365,000
170
33,000
49,000
81,000
8,000
11,000
19,000
14,000
20,000
15,000
Puerto Rico
6,000
350
275
300
425
700
300
500
100
125
Puerto Rico
3,000
105
125
175
250
175
200
175
425
100
125
Does not include carcinoma-in-situ of the uterine cervix or superficial skin cancers. These estimates are offered as a rough guide and should not be regarded as
definitive. They are calculated according to the distribution of estimated 1975 cancer deaths by state. Especially note that year to year changes may only
represent improvements in the basic data.
8
9
Reference Chart: Leading Cancer Sites, 1975*
Estimated Cancer Deaths and New Cases by Sex for All Sites - 1975
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
WARNING SIGNAL
NEW CASES
DEATHS
IF YOU HAVE ONE,
ESTIMATED DEATHS
ESTIMATED NEW CASES
SITE
1975
1975
SEE YOUR DOCTOR
SAFEGUARDS
COMMENT
BREAST
89,000
33,000
LUMP OR THICKENING IN THE
ANNUAL CHECKUP.
THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH IN WOMEN.
SITE
TOTAL
MALE
FEMALE
TOTAL
MALE
FEMALE
BREAST.
MONTHLY BREAST SELF EXAM.
665,000*
334,000*
331,000*
COLON
99,000
49,000
CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS;
ANNUAL CHECKUP INCLUD-
CONSIDERED A HIGHLY CURABLE DISEASE WHEN
All Sites*
365,000
199,000
166,000
AND
BLEEDING
ING PROCTOSCOPY, ESPECIAL-
DIGITAL AND PROCTOSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS ARE
Buccal Cavity & Pharynx (Oral)
8,200
5,900
2,300
23,300
16,600
6,700
RECTUM
LY FOR THOSE OVER 40.
INCLUDED IN ROUTINE CHECKUPS.
Lip
225
200
25
4,000
3,700
300
LUNG
91,000
81,000
PERSISTENT COUGH, OR
PREVENTION: HEED FACTS
THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH AMONG
1,950
1,400
550
4,500
3,100
1,400
LINGERING RESPIRATORY
ABOUT SMOKING, ANNUAL
MEN, THIS FORM OF CANCER IS LARGELY
Tongue
AILMENT.
CHECKUP. CHEST X-RAY
PREVENTABLE.
Salivary Gland
650
400
250
Floor of Mouth
525
400
125
8,400
5,000
3,400
ORAL
24,000
8,000
SORE THAT DOES NOT HEAL.
ANNUAL CHECKUP.
MANY MORE LIVES SHOULD BE SAVED BECAUSE
(INCLUDING
DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING.
THE MOUTH IS EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO VISUAL
Other & Unspecified Mouth
1,250
800
450
PHARYNX)
EXAMINATION BY PHYSICIANS AND DENTISTS.
Pharynx
3,600
2,700
900
6,400
4,800
1,600
SKIN
9,000***
5,000
SORE THAT DOES NOT HEAL,
ANNUAL CHECKUP, AVOIDANCE
SKIN CANCER IS READILY DETECTED BY OBSER-
Digestive Organs
101,700
53,800
47,900
167,800
87,800
80,000
OR CHANGE IN WART OR MOLE.
OF OVEREXPOSURE TO SUN.
VATION, AND DIAGNOSED BY SIMPLE BIOPSY.
Esophagus
6,500
4,700
1,800
7,400
5,500
1,900
UTERUS
46,000**
11,000
UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR
ANNUAL CHECKUP, INCLUD-
UTERINE CANCER MORTALITY HAS DECLINED 65%
Stomach
14,400
8,500
5,900
22,900
14,000
8,900
DISCHARGE
ING PELVIC EXAMINATION
DURING THE LAST 35 YEARS. WITH WIDER APPLI-
WITH PAP TEST.
CATION OF THE PAP TEST, MANY MORE LIVES CAN
Small Intestine
700
350
350
2,200
1,200
1,000
BE SAVED, ESPECIALLY FROM CERVICAL CANCER.
Large Intestine (Colon-
38,600
17,900
20,700
69,000
31,000
38,000
KIDNEY
43,000
17,000
URINARY DIFFICULTY.
ANNUAL CHECKUP WITH
PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR WORKERS IN HIGH-RISK
Rectum)
10,600
5,900
4,700
30,000
17,000
13,000
AND
BLEEDING IN WHICH CASE
URINALYSIS.
INDUSTRIES ARE HELPING TO ELIMINATE ONE OF
Liver
9,800
4,800
5,000
11,500
5,700
5,800
BLADDER
CONSULT DOCTOR AT ONCE.
THE IMPORTANT CAUSES OF THESE CANCERS.
Pancreas
19,500
10,900
8,600
21,500
12,000
9,500
LARYNX
9,000
3,000
HOARSENESS DIFFICULTY
ANNUAL CHECKUP, INCLUD-
READILY CURABLE IF CAUGHT EARLY.
Other & Unspecified Digestive
1,600
750
850
3,300
1,400
1,900
IN SWALLOWING
ING MIRROR LARYNGOSCOPY.
Respiratory System
85,700
67,150
18,550
102,600
81,600
21,000
PROSTATE
56,000
19,000
URINARY DIFFICULTY.
ANNUAL CHECKUP,
OCCURS MAINLY IN MEN OVER 60, THE DIS
INCLUDING PALPATION.
EASE CAN BE DETECTED BY PALPATION AND
Larynx
3,250
2,800
450
9,100
8,000
1,100
URINALYSIS AT ANNUAL CHECKUP.
Lung
81,100
63,500
17,600
91,000
72,000
19,000
STOMACH
23,000
14,000
INDIGESTION.
ANNUAL CHECKUP.
A 40% DECLINE IN MORTALITY IN 20 YEARS,
Other & Unspecified Respirator
1,350
850
500
2,500
1,600
900
FOR REASONS YET UNKNOWN.
Bone, Tissue and Skin
8,600
4,900
3,700
15,300
7,800
7,500
LEUKEMIA
21,000
15,000
LEUKEMIA IS A CANCER OF BLOOD-FORMING TISSUES AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE ABNORMAL
Bone
1,900
1,100
800
1,900
1,100
800
PRODUCTION OF IMMATURE WHITE BLOOD CELLS. ACUTE LEUKEMIA STRIKES MAINLY CHILDREN
AND IS TREATED BY DRUGS WHICH HAVE EXTENDED LIFE FROM A FEW MONTHS TO AS MUCH AS
Connective Tissue
1,700
900
800
4,400
2,400
2,000
TEN YEARS. CHRONIC LEUKEMIA STRIKES USUALLY AFTER AGE 25 AND PROGRESSES LESS RAPIDLY.
Skin (Melanoma)
5,000
2,900
2,100
9,000*
4,300*
4,700*
IF DRUGS OR VACCINES ARE FOUND WHICH CAN CURE OR PREVENT ANY CANCERS THEY
Breast
32,900
300
32,600
88,700
700
88,000
PROBABLY WILL BE SUCCESSFUL FIRST FOR LEUKEMIA AND THE LYMPHOMAS.
LYMPHOMAS
29,000
19,000
THESE DISEASES ARISE IN THE LYMPH SYSTEM AND INCLUDE HODGKIN'S AND LYMPHOSARCOMA.
Genital Organs
42,700
19,800
22,900
127,900
60,300
67,600
SOME PATIENTS WITH LYMPHATIC CANCERS CAN LEAD NORMAL LIVES FOR MANY YEARS.
Cervix, Invasive
7,800
-
7,800
19,000*
-
19,000*
Uterus
Corpus Uteri
3,300
-
3,300
27,000
-
27,000
*All figures rounded to nearest 1,000.
If carcinoma-in-situ is included, cases total over 86,000.
Ovary
10,800
-
10,800
17,000
-
17,000
Estimates vary widely, from 300,000 to 600,000 or more, for superficial skin cancer.
Other Female Genital
1,000
-
1,000
4,600
-
4,600
INCIDENCE ESTIMATES ARE BASED ON RATES FROM N.C.I. THIRD NATIONAL CANCER SURVEY
Prostate
18,700
18,700
-
56,000
56,000
-
Other Male Genital
1,100
1,100
-
4,300
4,300
-
Urinary Organs
16,500
11,000
5,500
43,200
30,000
13,200
Trends in Age-Adjusted Cancer Death Rates Per 100,000 Population 1949-51 to 1969-71
Bladder
9,400
6,500
2,900
28,700
21,000
7,700
Percent
Kidney & Other Urinary
7,100
4,500
2,600
9,000
5,500
Sex
Site
1949-51
1969-71
Comments
14,500
Changes
20
Steady increase mainly due to lung cancer.
Eye
400
200
200
1,700
800
900
Male
All Sites
129.8
156.1
Female
All Sites
119.8
107.8
10
Slight decrease.
Brain & Central Nervous
Male
Breast
0.3
0.3
Constant rate.
System
8,500
4,800
3,700
10,700
5,900
4,800
Female
Breast
22.0
22.8
+
4
Slight fluctuations: Overall no change.
19.6
18.9
4
Endocrine Glands
1,650
650
1,000
9,000
2,600
6,400
Male
Colon & Rectum
Thyroid
1,150
350
800
5,800
Female
Colon & Rectum
19.1
15.3
20
Slight decrease in both sexes.
7,900
2,100
Other Endocrine
500
300
200
1,100
500
600
Male
Lung
18.2
47.1
158
Steady increase in both sexes due to cigarette
Female
Lung
3.9
9.5
144
smoking.
Leukemia
15,200
8,500
6,700
21,200
12,000
9,200
Male
Oral
4.8
4.9
Slight fluctuations: Overall no change in
28,800
15,700
13,100
Female
Oral
1.2
1.5
both sexes.
Lymphomas
18,600
10,000
8,600
Lymphosarcoma &
Male
Skin
2.4
2.4
Slight fluctuations: Overall no change in
3,600
10,200
5,500
4,700
Female
Skin
1.6
1.5
both sexes.
Reticulosarcoma
7,800
4,200
Hodgkin's Disease
3,500
2,100
1,400
7,100
4,200
2,900
Female
Uterus
19.0
9.4
51
Steady decrease attributed in part to widening
Multiple Myeloma
5,100
2,700
2,400
7,800
4,000
3,800
acceptance of regular checkup with "Pap Test".
Other Lymphomas
2,200
1,000
1,200
3,700
2,000
1,700
Male
Esophagus
3.7
3.9
Slight fluctuations: Overall no change in
Female
Esophagus
0.9
1.1
both sexes.
All Other &
Male
Stomach
18.4
8.2
55
Unspecified Sites
24,350
12,000
12,350
24,800
12,200
12,600
Female
Stomach
9.8
3.9
60
Steady decrease in both sexes: Reasons unknown.
Male
Pancreas
Note: The estimates of new cancer cases are offered as a rough guide and should not be regarded as definitive. Especially note that year
6.4
8.6
34
Female
Pancreas
4.1
5.1
+ 24
Steady increase in both sexes: Reasons unknown.
to year changes may only represent improvements in the basic data. ACS six major sites in boldface.
Male
Prostate
13.2
13.2
I
Fluctuations all through period: Overall no change.
*Carcinoma-in-situ of the uterine cervix and superficial skin cancers not included in totals.
Female
Ovary
6.9
7.6
+ 10
Steady increase.
INCIDENCE ESTIMATES ARE BASED ON RATES FROM N.C.I. THIRD NATIONAL CANCER SURVEY.
Male
Kidney
2.7
3.6
+ 33
Steady slight increase.
Female
Kidney
1.6
1.7
*
Slight fluctuations: Overall no change.
Male
Leukemia
6.3
7.2
+ 14
Early increase, later leveling off.
Female
Leukemia
4.4
4.5
+
2
Slight early increase, later leveling off.
*Percent changes not listed because they are not meaningful.
10
11
Mortality for the Five Leading Cancer Sites by Age, Sex and Site, U.S. - 1971
(15)
(39)
(19)
TOTAL
UNDER 15
15-34
35-54
55-74
75+
LEUKEMIA
MALE FEMALE
7.41 3) 4.74 (10)
5.85 (20) (18)
4,97 (25) 1.38 (38)
(27) 3.75
4.21 (30) 3.32 (29)
5) (11)
3.96 (20)
5.83 2)
4.46
(19) 4.43
2) 8)
3.48 2.75 (33)
4.01 (31) 1)
3.80
7.29 4) 5.45 3)
6.91 9) 7)
3.81 (33) (31)
3.95 (21)
4.71 (26) 3.64
1.54 (39) 0.91 (40)
1.98 (37)
7.18 6) 4.99 5)
4.93 6)
6.37 (14) 3.05 (30)
1) 5,00( 4)
(37) (36)
5.01 (24) 3.61 (25)
5,01 (23) 4.16 (17)
4.61 (28) (28)
5.35 (22) 3.55 (26)
3,93 (32) (34)
7.05 7) 4.75 9)
3.68 (34) 2.84 (32)
3.52 (27)
MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
7.05 8)
Lung
Breast
Leukemia
Leukemia
Leukemia
Breast
Lung
Breast
Lung
Breast
Lung
Colon &
Rectum
54,931
29,969
923
707
722
495
9,364
8,509
35,258
14,487
10,098
9,880
2)
Colon &
Colon &
Brain,
Brain,
Leukemia
Colon &
Lung
Colon &
Colon &
Prostate
Breast
PROSTATE
MALE
13.66 (12)
15.25 8)
14.46(10)
16.01 4)
15.37
6.51 (31)
13.50(14)
10.05(24)
0.83(40)
12.88(15)
3.68 (35)
11.90(18)
11.82(21)
15.45( 5)
13.52 13.52(13)
5.79 (32)
3.97 (34)
12.83(16)
11.87 (20) (20)
9.92 (25)
2.05(38)
14.66( 9)
9.22 (26)
2.19(37)
4.43(33)
Hodgkin's
7.18(29)
15,38 6)
14.12(11)
12.66(17)
16.50( 3)
8.07 (27) (27)
8.00(28)
11,45 (23) (23)
3.13(36)
17.98 =
11.52 (22)
6.85 (30)
Rectum
Rectum
etc.
etc.
Disease
Rectum
Rectum
Rectum
22,410
23,924
489
364
484
475
2,403
3,503
12,049
11,251
9,807
6,473
Prostate
Lung
Lympho-
Bone
Testis,
Uterus
Pancreas
Uterus
Prostate
Lung
Colon &
Pancreas
FEMALE
(39)
8)
(38)
sarcoma,
etc.
Rectum
4.31
4) 20.62( 5)
12.70(18)
21.18( 3)
2) 35,62(
10.62
17.87
8.71 (33)
10.08
36.95 5) 13.63(14
9.82
15.79
1) 34.39( 2)
(23) 12.16
9.23(30)
5.92 (37)
15.74 7.03(35)
11.67 (23)
3) 18.81 6)
etc.
15.87
113
74
235
1,417
7,625
7,388
25.55 12.92
31.47 18.78( 7)
15.89
22.88 (19) 11.99 (21)
35.11 6) 17.20( 9)
13,686
(28) 10.09
(18) 12.33(19)
8) 21,12( 4)
17,772
344
3,104
7,737
2,940
STOMACH
22.80 (20) 11.71
Pancreas
Uterus
Bone
Kidney
Brain,
(33)
Brain,
Brain,
Colon &
Pancreas
Uterus
(34)
Stomach
(38)
Uterus
MALE
8.68
15.01
33,83( 9)
16.11 (31)
etc.
etc.
etc.
Rectum
15.01
9.89
9,967
12,216
81
67
429
321
1,242
2,628
5,773
5,999
3,295
2,766
Source: World Health Statistics Annual 1968-1969.
Stomach
Ovary
Soft
Lympho-
Lympho-
Hodgkin's
Stomach
Ovary
Stomach
Ovary
Pancreas
Stomach
Age-Adjusted Death Rates Per 100,000 Population for Selected Cancer Sites for 40 Countries - 1968-1969
(39)
(40)
Tissue
sarcoma,
sarcoma,
Disease
SKIN
MALE FEMALE
2.35 8) 1.42 (13)
4.67 1) 2.47 2)
1.68 9)
0.87 (32) (31)
1.65 (21) 1.09 (25)
1.53 1,23
1.38
2.60( 4) 5)
2,48( 7) 1,83 ( 6)
(15) 1.41
0.33
2,64 ( 3) 2.27 3)
(28) (35)
0.73
(19)
1.66 (20) 1.28 (19)
4.44 2) 2,49 1)
2.59 5) 1.74( 8)
1,75 ( 71
1.99 1.57 (12)
1.52 (25) 1.32 (17)
1.11 (30) (26)
1.68 (18) 1.67 (10)
2.35 9) (29)
2.11 (12) 1.41 (14)
9,421
9,978
62
51
254
1,147
2,477
4,918
5,333
2,714
2,730
2,48 ( 6) 1.59
2.20 1,99 4)
etc.
etc.
296
0.81
0.77 (35)
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, 1971
1.33
UTERUS
FEMALE
9,67 (27)
7.89 (35)
28,79 ( 2)
11.01
7,15 (36)
14.33( 9)
14.24(10)
15.64
8.17 (33)
9.77 (26)
88.56(
10.55(22)
12.21
6.19(37)
(31) 9.07 (31)
16.51
8,07 (34)
5.85 (38)
12.20(15)
14.21 (11)
10.76(21)
18.92 4)
18.04 6)
8,29 (32)
9.44 (29)
9,12 (30)
5.31 (39) 5.31 (39)
1.59 1.59 (40)
12.51
18,73 5)
9.81 (25)
12.07 12.07 (16)
10.02 (24)
11.11(18)
26.87 3)
Mortality for Leading Causes of Death: United States, 1971
CANCER AROUND THE WORLD
6)
Death
Percent
Death
Percent
BREAST
FEMALE
22.18 (12)
23.54( 9)
11.49(26)
3.70 (39)
3.06 (40)
25.34( 3)
14.22 (24)
16.99(22)
18.79(18)
9.83(31)
8.61 (34)
23.57 8)
23.73( 7)
25.06 4)
16.79 (23)
20.93(15)
21.78(14)
4.87 (36)
4.15 (37)
26.51 1)
23,35 (10)
24,54( 5)
19,17 (17)
5.28 (35)
11.23(27)
12.03(25)
9,19 (32)
26.36( 2)
11.15(28)
18.62(19)
23,04 (11)
9.08 (33)
Number
Rate
of
Number
Rate
of
of
Per 100,000
Total
of
Per 100,000 Total
Rank
Cause of Death
Deaths
Population
Deaths
Rank
Cause of Death
Deaths
Population
Deaths
8)
(35)
=
5)
6)
FEMALE
4.98
6.25
3,57 (34)
5.45(17)
7.66( 9)
3,95 (28)
(12)
3,57 (33)
3,73 (29)
3.58 (32)
9)
7)
MALE
7.59 (37)
72.08 2) 4)
5.81 (16)
8,80 ( 7)
1,41 (40)
(37)
(36)
9,08(
8,90 (
3.61
LUNG
6)
4.40 2.24 (38)
4.96 (22)
26.42 (25) 5,27
31.37 (23) 11,75( 3)
All Causes
1,927,542
932.2
100.0
3)
8)
80.02 1) 12,89( 2)
1 Diseases of Heart
743,138
359.5
38,6
9 Arteriosclerosis
(40)
(28)
31,521
15,2
1,6
29.27 (24)
34.17 (20)
59.57 5)
60.76 4)
11.55 (35)
2 Cancer
337,398
163.2
17.5
10 Suicide
24,092
11.7
1.2
40.26
34.59
16.81
3.77
43.15
13.87
36.62
11.96
6.98
33.08
13.95
24.44
3 Stroke
209,092
101.1
10.8
11 Emphysema
22,539
10.9
1.2
4 Accidents
113,439
54.9
5.9
12 Homicide
18,787
9,1
1.0
5)
15,957
7.7
FEMALE
16.92 9)
(39)
0.8
13.97 (15)
2.30 (40)
(34)
5 Influenza & Pneumonia
3.0
4.16(37)
57,194
27.7
13 Congenital Anomalies
22.38 3) 18,39 7)
8.01 (30) 6.41 (33)
21.49 9) 18.71 6)
11.92 10.11 (23)
5.53(35) (37)
3.28 (38)
18,50 (16) 16.83 (11)
22.30( 4) 20.25 3)
22.26 5) 21.09 1)
6.82 (31)
11.74 (24) 10.97 (20)
6.33 5,58 (35)
25,18 2) 21.06 2)
13.01 (22) 8.77 (24)
5.06 (37) (32)
2.0
COLON & RECTUM
10.58 (25) 8.72 (25)
19,29
MALE
7.14(31)
22,10
21.69 7) 17.68 8)
10.04 (22)
6 Certain Diseases of Infancy
38,494
18.6
14 Nephritis and Nephrosis
8,443
4.1
0,4
20.84 15.22
21,63 8) 18.75
21.24 16.85
7 Diabetes Mellitus
15.52 8.43
13,92 (21) 10.76
14.99 11.46
25.54 1) 16.28
8.99 (27) 8.26
12.79
16.46 12.94
20.03 (12) 12,28
38,256
18.5
2.0
15 Hypertension
7,837
3.8
0,4
8 Cirrhosis of Liver
31,808
15.4
1.7
6)
Other & III-Defined
229,547
110.8
11.9
18.94
6.66
5.30
2.57 (40)
2.85 (39)
8,50 (29)
Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, 1971
Prepared by: Research Department, American Cancer Society, July, 1974
FEMALE
4.84 7) (10)
1,28 (14)
(32) 0.32 (40)
0.67 (32)
2.23 0.66 (34)
1.21 (15)
0.92 (27)
(39)
ORAL
3.26 0.80
6.00( 4) 2.64 6)
1,20
1,31 0.77 (31)
(22) 1.38
(27) 1.29
MALE
11.08 3) 0.93
1.96 0.61 (37)
20.70 1) 7.71 1)
4.72 8) 2.06 8)
1.71 (36) 0.94 (25)
5.71 5) 0.96 (23)
0.66 (35)
1.39
4.53 9) 2.67 5)
1.81 (34) 1.01 (22)
(40) 0,57 (38)
1.80 (35) 0.62 (36)
2.60 1.18
3.28 2.29 7)
2.94 (23) 1.09 (21)
4.01 (12) 2.78 3)
3.50 (15) 0.87 (29)
4.11 1.11 (20)
2,78 (24) 0.90 (28)
3.39 9)
15.17 2) 5.49 2)
2.27 (28) 1.12 (19)
5.55 6) 0.95 (24)
3.37
3.69 2.71
0.66
NOTE: Figures in parentheses are order of rank within site and sex group.
Applying Cancer Statistics Locally
Estimated No.
Estimated No.
Estimated No.
Estimated No.
Estimated No.
Cancer Cases
Estimated No.
Estimated No.
Who Will be
Who Will
Who Will Die
Who are Alive,
Under
Who Will Die
of
Saved from
Eventually
of Cancer if
FEMALE
106.7 (18)
(27)
Community
Cured of
Medical Care
of Cancer
New Cases
Cancer
Develop
ALL SITES
191,2 3) 5)
127.6 (28) 104.1 (21)
186.9 5) (12)
132.7 84,1 (32)
149.9 109.9 (15)
138.5 1)
70.5
159.2 131.6 2)
35.5 (40) 35.9 (40)
190.2 4) 103.9 (22)
9) (26)
177.2 125.4 6)
130.9 3)
Present Rates
147.8 121.5 7)
117.8
142.1 (23) (29)
204.6 2) 118.1 9)
86.5
77.3(37) 62.0 (38)
51.1 (38) (37)
184.7 7) 121.1 8)
163.7 (13) 118.1 (10)
205.1 1) 130,5 4)
168.0 107.9 (17)
111.6 (34) 112.7 (14)
Population
Cancer
73.9
in 1975
in 1975
in 1975
in 1975
Cancer
Continue
186.61 (9
182.7 8) 101.7
157.1 (16) 109.7
133.9 (24) 105.0
123.3(30)
168.8 98.2
129.8 (26) 106.4
1,000
7
4
1
3
1
250
150
2,000
15
9
3
6
2
500
300
MALE
3,000
22
13
4
8
3
750
450
100,3
125.4
114.0
45.4
147.1 (22) 103.2
112.4
4,000
30
18
6
11
4
1,000
600
5,000
37
21
7
14
5
1,250
750
10,000
74
43
15
28
9
2,500
1,500
70
United States
Australia
Belgium
China (Taiwan)
Dominican Rep.
England & Wales
185
Germany F.R.
25,000
107
37
6,250
Bulgaria
Denmark
Hong Kong
Luxembourg
Malta Gozo
Mauritius
Netherlands
New Zealand
Northern Ireland
23
3,750
Philippines
Portugal
Romania
Scotland
Singapore
Switzerland
Venezuela
Yugoslavia
50,000
370
215
75
140
47
Barbados
12,500
7,500
Austria
Canada
Chile
Finland
France
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Norway
Poland
Sweden
100,000
740
430
150
280
93
25,000
15,000
200,000
1,480
860
300
560
186
50,000
30,000
500,000
3,700
2,150
750
1,400
465
125,000
75,000
NOTE: The figures can only be the roughest approximation of actual data for your community. It is suggested that every effort be made to
obtain actual data from a Registry source.
12
13
Cancer Research Center
Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
BREAST CANCER
Rhode Island Hospital
Business Loop 70th & Garth Avenue
800 N.E. 8th Street
Rhode Island Department of Health
Columbia, Mo. 65201
Oklahoma City, Okla. 73190
Eddy Street
314-443-2216
405-235-8331 ext. 241
Providence, R.I. 02908
Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Projects
401-831-6970
College of Medicine and Dentistry
Breast Cancer Screening Project
of New Jersey
2222 N.W. Lovejoy
Vanderbilt University School
The American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute have funded 27 detection projects
15 S. 9th Street
Portland, Ore. 97210
of Medicine
Newark, N.J. 07107
503-229-7292
Nashville, Tenn. 37322
across the nation in a joint effort to demonstrate the value of better diagnostic technology in achieving
201-484-9221
615-322-2501
Temple University
earlier case-finding to reduce the shocking mortality from breast cancer, the foremost cancer killer of
Guttman Institute
3401 No. Broad Street
St. Joseph's Hospital
200 Madison Avenue (at 35th Street)
Philadelphia, Pa. 19140
American women.
1919 La Branch
New York, N.Y. 10016
215-221-3832
Houston, Texas 77002
At each center a comprehensive breast examination will be available to women 35 and over who
212-689-9797
and
713-225-3131 ext. 301
Albert Einstein Medical Center
have no present or past indications of breast disease. The restriction was imposed because this is a test
Duke University Medical Center
York & Tabor Roads
Virginia Mason Medical Center
3040 Erwin Road
Philadelphia, Pa. 19141
911 Seneca Street
program designed to develop techniques which eventually will make it feasible for community medical
Durham, N.C. 27705
215-567-0559
Seattle, Wash. 98101
919-286-7943 or 383-1060
206-624-1144
facilities to offer early detection to women everywhere. All project centers were operational by late
University of Pittsburgh School of
University of Cincinnati Medical Center
Medicine/The Falk Clinic
3601 Fifth Avenue
Medical College of Wisconsin
1974, with fair geographic distribution and adequate service potential as prime considerations in site
Eden & Bethesda Avenues
8700 W. Wisconsin Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
selection.
Milwaukee, Wis. 53236
513-872-5331
412-624-3336
414-257-5200
The examination has been standardized as a four-part procedure which can detect breast cancer in
its earliest stages when it is most curable: 1) Interview (general and personal health questions related to
the breast); 2) Palpation (each breast felt by examiner for lumps or other abnormalities); 3) Mammog-
The ACS Approach
raphy (painless, low-radiation X-ray examination to expose the inner structure of each breast, and
pinpoint small abnormalities); 4) Thermography (a camera picture of the heat patterns in the breast).
With about 89,000 new cases and 33,600 deaths expected in 1975, breast cancer remains the foremost
To get these tests, qualified women in the areas served by the 27 projects need only contact their
site of cancer incidence and death in American women.
local ACS Unit where a Society volunteer will set up an appointment. Women with symptoms will be
Although this disease is found most often among women of middle age and over - who are the
referred to their own physicians or to a radiologist, hospital or clinic.
main educational target - the ACS has in recent years been encouraging girls of high school age to
Women tested at the centers will also be taught how to do breast self-examination (BSE), a simple
learn breast self-examination as a future health habit. At present rates, one of every 15 American
procedure. The ACS recommends that every woman practice BSE monthly. Statistics show that 95%
women will develop breast cancer at some time. Early detection through self-examination and periodic
of all breast cancers are discovered by women themselves.
health checkups are of primary importance in control of breast cancer.
The demonstration project idea was initiated by the ACS in 1971 because complete breast screening
The current methods of therapy are highly effective (85% survivals at five years) when diagnosis and
had been obtainable at relatively few medical centers in the U.S. The Society allocated $2-million to
treatment are achieved at an early stage. At the present time, about 95% of patients discover their
launch the program.
cancers themselves through breast self-examination but, by that time, 60% of them have cancers that
In 1972, the NCI joined and helped expand the effort by providing additional financial backing.
have spread to the axillary lymph nodes, a stage when the five-year survival rate is only 40-45%. How-
The two agencies allocated $5.4-million to support all 27 centers for the first year, with NCI contrib-
ever, the percentage of those with localized cancers has increased since the 1940s, as a result of wider
uting nearly $4-million and the ACS nearly $1.5-million.
public education, and a more alert medical profession. Most lumps in the breast are not malignant -
Some of the institutions will use their funds (around $200,000 each) to expand ongoing programs.
65-80% of breast biopsies are benign.
Most will use the money to set up new facilities. Each funded institution must screen at least 5,000
Studies on the various techniques of treatment of primary operable breast cancer are now underway
women during the first year and an additional 5,000 in the second year. Each of these 10,000 women
in a number of U.S. institutions.
will be reexamined through five years and then followed up for another five years. ACS volunteers will
The American Cancer Society recommends that any woman suspecting that she may have breast
help motivate women - many of them from low-income families - to have the free examinations. The
cancer should consult a physician who is knowledgeable in this field, seek and rely on the physician's
program will be evaluated through national tabulation of findings by the University City Science
advice and judgment in the selection of treatment for her individual medical situation. All American
Center, Philadelphia.
women should be well informed SO that they may intelligently discuss important considerations with
their physicians.*
BREAST CANCER DETECTION DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS-SCREENING CENTERS
(Listed alphabetically by states)
Women's Attitudes, Beliefs, Habits
University of Arizona
Georgetown University Medical School
Mountain States Tumor Institute
Arizona Medical Center
3800 Reservoir Road. N.W.
215 Avenue B
Cancer is the number one disease concern of American women and breast cancer figures prominently
Tucson, Ariz. 85724
Washington, D.C. 20007
Boise, Idaho 83702
602-882-7401 or 7402
202-625-2183
208-345-3590
in this concern, according to the Gallup survey conducted for the ACS in late 1973 on "Women's Atti-
Los Angeles County, University
St. Vincent's Medical Center
Iowa Lutheran Hospital
tudes Regarding Breast Cancer."
of Southern California/John
Barrs Street & St. Johns Avenue
University at Penn
Wesley Hospital
Jacksonville, Fla. 32204
Des Moines, Iowa 50316
Despite the high degree of concern, few women have their breasts examined regularly by their physi-
Los Angeles, Calif. 90033
904-389-7751 ext. 8491 or 8492
515-283-5678
213-748-5379
cian or engage in monthly breast self-examination, though they are aware that early discovery
Georgia Baptist Hospital
University of Kansas Medical Center
improves chances of cure. In fact, results of interviews with more than 1,000 women 18 and over
Samuel Merritt Hospital/Breast
340 Boulevard N.E.
Rainbow Boulevard at 39th Street
Screening Center
Atlanta, Georgia 30312
Kasnas City, Kan. 66103
showed that wider and better education is needed on this subject because too many women hold too
384 34th Street
404-525-7861
913-342-1338
Oakland, Calif. 94609
and
many mistaken beliefs about the disease.
415-658-8525
Emory University
University of Louisville School
Atlanta, Georgia 30322
of Medicine
For example, there is widespread belief that most breast lumps are cancerous - only about
Wilmington General Hospital
404-355-4940
601 S. Floyd Street
20-35% are.
Chestnut & Broom Streets
Louisville, Ky. 40402
Wilmington, Del. 19899
Pacific Health Research Institute, Inc.
502-583-2894
302-428-4815
Alexander Young Building, Suite 545
A majority (62%) of women mistakenly believe that a blow or injury to the breast can cause breast
Hotel & Bishop Streets
University of Michigan Medical Center
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
396 W. Washington Street
808-524-4337
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48103
*For a copy of the American Cancer Society Policy Statement on the Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer, contact your local ACS
313-763-0056
Unit or Division,
14
15
cancer. On the other hand, only 41% knew that if there is a family history of breast cancer, there is
checkups regularly compared with 29% for whites; 45% of the white women reported having had
more likelihood of developing the disease.
specific tests to detect cancer compared with 28% for nonwhites; and 52% of the whites had had a Pap
Other observations: about one half of women surveyed incorrectly believe that use of birth control
test, compared to 22% of nonwhites. A later study showed that while 59% of women in a family
pills increases the chances of developing breast cancer; 25% believe breast feeding decreases chances of
income bracket above $7,000 had had a Pap test, only 32% of those with incomes under $3,000 had.
developing breast cancer - it doesn't.
A Gallup study for the ACS, released in 1974, showed that almost nine in 10 women (87%) were
The Gallup survey pointed out that one half of the adult female population does not have annual
aware of the Pap test as a means to detect cancer. Since 1963, there has been substantial increase in
breast examinations by a physician --- lack of examination is more prevalent among older women, the
the proportion of those who reported ever having had the test - 48% to 78%. Those who reported
poorly educated, low-income women, and blacks.
having had it within the past year rose from 23% to 52%. Among women asked why they first had the
Only one out of every four women who have heard of breast self-examination has ever practiced it,
test, 29% said it was part of a routine physical examination; 23% said their physicians suggested it;
and three out of four of these aware women do not practice it monthly.
only 11% specifically mentioned personal safety as the paramount reason. Thus it seems a woman
According to the survey, there are three factors accounting for the failure of women who know
usually has her first Pap test through her doctor's influence.
about BSE to practice it: 1) Ignorance of the importance of frequent breast examination; 2) Fear and
anxiety (46% of all women said they feel doing monthly BSE would make them worry needlessly);
and 3) Lack of knowledge about breast self-examination and confidence in how to do it.
ACS Recommendations
The survey further showed that the physician plays a key role in convincing women to practice BSE
The ACS recommends that the "cervical scrape method (Pap test) by the physician be used where
on a regular and continuing basis. Of women who had received personal instruction from a physician
possible, and that the irrigation smear technique
useful for many women who cannot or will not
about BSE, 92% continue to practice it.
come to the doctor, and requiring special training for the cytotechnologist, should not be undertaken
Women's confidence in their physicians also determines to a large degree whether or not they con-
unless personnel trained in the preparation and interpretation of the slides are available." This may be
sent, prior to exploratory surgery, for immediate removal of the breast provided tests showed the
however the only way of involving a "hard-to-reach" group.
lump to be cancerous. Concerning the removal of a breast, 92% of the women think that a normal life
The five-year survival rate among patients with localized uterine cancer is 82%; this drops to 44% if
pattern can probably be maintained or re-established after a mastectomy, but there is less confidence
the cancer has spread beyond its site of origin before treatment. However, the U.S. death rate for
among single and young women, and among those of lower socio-economic status.
uterine cancer shows a steady decline; it is one-third the rate of 45 years ago. Two factors contribute
to this progress: the unremitting programs of education for women, and improvement in detection and
UTERINE CANCER
treatment. The educational campaign has paralleled a gradual but steady drop in death rates. In 1930,
the age-adjusted death rate per 100,000 females was 27.9. By 1945, this had declined to 23.5. By
Uterine cancer could be dramatically reduced as a cause of death - if every adult woman had a Pap
1971, the long-term effects of the program had helped bring the figure to 9.2.
test with the annual checkup and if postmenopausal women and those approaching menopause had
The Pap test is based on the study of cells which are shed normally or scraped from living tissue.
any abnormal bleeding checked by their doctor. The Pap test is so simple, important and effective, it is
The technique is named for Dr. George N. Papanicolaou, who developed it with financial support from
routinely given to adult women on admission to many U.S. hospitals. This early detection technique
Cornell University, the Commonwealth Fund and the National Cancer Institute. The American Cancer
can detect not only cancers of the cervix, but precancerous conditions, and permits diagnosis at this
Society also invested about $1-million in research and in winning acceptance for this method of cancer
site before symptoms appear. Cancer of the corpus (body) of the uterus can be diagnosed before
detection, termed cytologic examination. When cell samples are studied by qualified laboratory cyto-
symptoms if women at high risk (see Early Detection and High Risk Groups, page 5) are checked
technologists, the results are 95% accurate (confirmed by tissue diagnosis) in cervical cancer detection,
regularly. There will be 46,000 new cases of uterine cancer, both fundal and cervical (excluding
and about 60% accurate in detection of cancer of the body of the uterus. The Pap test of cells
carcinoma-in-situ) in 1975, and 11,000 deaths.
obtained from the cervix has made it possible to detect carcinoma-in-situ sufficiently early to make
In 1972 the Society activated a National Task Force on Uterine Cancer Control to provide new
treatment almost 100% successful.
direction for a major ACS program of a Pap test for every woman 20 years or older to whom the test
is applicable, and for those under 20 at risk. The latter term refers to the younger woman who has
COLON-RECTUM CANCER
begun to make sex a part of her life; data indicate a causal relationship between cervical cancer and
early sexual activity. Key objective of the task force is to assist in mobilizing health resources at
Cancer of the colon and rectum will strike 99,000 Americans this year, claiming more victims than any
national, state and community levels in a coordinated plan of action designed to persuade every
other type except superficial skin cancer. It occurs about equally in men and women. Over 49,000 die
American woman to have a Pap test by 1976.
of it annually - though almost three out of four patients might be saved by early diagnosis and
Cancer of the corpus of the uterus is primarily a disease of the mature woman. Most cases of endo-
prompt treatment. Key to early diagnosis is the proctoscopy as part of the health checkup. This is an
metrial carcinoma are diagnosed in the 50 to 60 age group. According to the 1970 census, there are
examination with a lighted tube passed into the rectum and lower colon by which the physician can
about 45 million women 35 years of age or older. Of these, an estimated 700,000 will eventually
inspect the wall visually. Undergone regularly by all over 40, this exam might help save more lives
develop this type of cancer. Many older women have not had a checkup since childbearing years. The
from cancer than any other step in the health checkup. Another detection technique is the guaiac test
need is to persuade older women to have regular examinations and get them to seek prompt medical
for occult blood in stool specimens which involves preparing three samples at home over three consec-
attention for the warning signal of abnormal bleeding.
utive days on special resin-treated paper and having a physician check them. In conjunction with
There has been a decrease in deaths from uterine cancer among American women. It now ranks
professional education aimed against cancer of this site, the chief public education tools are materials
fourth highest, with breast cancer first, colon-rectum cancer second and lung cancer third. Among low-
stressing the importance of the proctoscopic examination, and stressing the hopeful aspects if
income groups, the incidence of cancer of the uterine cervix is higher. Puerto Rican immigrant women
treated early.
have about four times as much cervical cancer as the average American female population and the rate
is 90 blacks to 50 whites.
One study may have thrown light on this by showing that 22% of nonwhite women had health
16
17
ORAL CANCER
The recent upsurge in the lung cancer death rate for women can be attributed to the fact that
women began to smoke in much greater numbers about 30 years ago and the trend has been increasing
Cancers of the mouth area afflict some 23,000 Americans annually and kill about 8,000. So many
steadily since then, partly as a result of advertising and promotion.
deaths arising from a site so easily observable underline the need for a more intensive program of
Smoking habits are established in the teens, and in the great majority of cases, teen-age girl smokers
education. To achieve this, the Society has accelerated its efforts to make dentists, physicians, nurses
will become adult women smokers. Teen-age girls, who never smoked to the extent teen-age boys did,
and the general public more aware of the potentials for closer control at this site. It is accomplished
through professional and public education programs and materials, together with community-wide
have now caught up. In 1968, only about half as many teen-age girls smoked as boys - 8.4% of girls
screening projects.
between 12 and 18 were smokers compared to 14.7% of the boys. But, by January 1974, 15.3% of the
girls between 12 and 18 were smoking, only a fraction of a point below the boys' 15.8%. This means
SKIN CANCER
that in about another 10 years or less, there should be as many adult female smokers as there are adult
male smokers, with a commensurate increase in lung cancer deaths for women.
More than 9,000 new cases of skin cancer are reported in the U.S. each year (excluding superficial
Recently, some vital information has been disclosed concerning women and smoking. There is
cases). Superficial skin cancer, which ranges in incidence from 300,000 to 600,000 cases a year, is a
evidence of a link between smoking by pregnant women and (1) stillbirths, (2) increased mortality
form of cancer that is preventable through avoidance of overexposure to the sun. Early detection is
among newborns, and (3) low birth weight of babies. Lower-than-normal birth weight is associated
achievable through the annual physical examination and knowledge of the Warning Signals. The ACS
with a child's poor physical and emotional development.
estimates that about 95% of skin cancer could be cured if sores which do not heal were reported
Smoking mothers set the example for children. Statistics show that youngsters whose parents smoke
promptly to a physician. Deaths run about 5,000 a year and are caused mainly by melanoma.
are more likely to adopt the habit than the children of non-smoking parents.
ACS Policies and Programs
LUNG CANCER
The major thrust of the ACS effort is to educate Americans - particularly young people - regarding
Today over 100,000 American men and women are suffering from lung cancer. In 1975, another
the personal health hazards of cigarette smoking. To help disseminate the facts to the broadest pos-
91,000 will be stricken with this disease. During the same year, 81,000 will die of lung cancer-or
sible public audience the Society makes available a wide variety of materials and activities. Basic to the
approximately 225 a day.
Society's policy is the conviction that adult individuals must make up their own minds about smoking,
This is largely a preventable disease, since most lung cancer is caused by cigarette smoking. Unfor-
but this requires that individuals know the facts.
tunately, it is difficult to diagnose in time for cure. Only about 10% of all cases are being saved.
The ACS believes there have been a number of developments which are cause for concern, vigilance
Though the general trend of smoking has been upward in the past 25 years, there were a number of
and action: per capita consumption on the rise again; gross consumption 584.7-billion cigarettes in
years during which there was a sharp decline - 1965-71 - due to the impact of educational anti-
'73) up over '72, some 52-million smokers still numbered among the population, no genuine abate-
smoking campaigns. In 1965, nearly 43% of the total adult population was smoking; by 1971,
ment of advertising on the part of manufacturers.
this had dropped to 36%, or about 1 in every 3 adult Americans was a smoker, with 29-million
The ACS, therefore, has reaffirmed its decision to expand and intensify the fight against smoking
ex-smokers.
along the following general lines: 1) Support Federal action to reduce tars and nicotine in cigarettes,
While no national survey has been taken since 1971, there are indications that the total percentage
to require disclosure of these figures on packages and in advertising, and to require a stronger warning
of smokers in the adult population is beginning to increase again.
label; 2) Seek elimination of cigarette advertising in all media, hopefully by voluntary self-regulation;
In 1971, the anti-smoking educational campaign was weakened when the number of anti-smoking
3) Oppose cigarette company sponsorship of indirect advertising via televised sports events, which has
spots on television was markedly reduced. This occurred when Congress outlawed cigarette advertising
become a new promotional device since explicit TV advertising became illegal in 1971; 4) Urge TV
on broadcasting and the stations applied public service standards for usage to the anti-smoking mes-
personalities and entertainers to refrain from smoking during their broadcasts because of their influ-
sages. Prior to this, stations were acting on a ruling from the Federal Communications Commission to
ence on the young; 5) Support restrictions on smoking in places of public assembly, such as theaters,
give the spots significant air time. As a result, during the past 4 years, there has been an upturn in the
restaurants, offices, hospitals, and in trains, planes, buses, elevators and other places of common trans-
per capita rate of smoking, although it is still below the peak of 10 years ago.
port; 6) Involve physicians, dentists and nurses more deeply in local programs and educational efforts;
During the past 20 years, as a result of pressure brought by the ACS and other anti-smoking forces,
7) Expand educational programs for primary and secondary school students with new emphasis on
the cigarette companies have reduced the tar content of cigarettes. It is important because the ingre-
teacher involvement and teachers as exemplars, while maintaining the position that smoking areas
dients of tobacco tars are regarded as the factors which cause lung cancer as well as other cancers. The
should not be provided on school grounds or in school buildings; 8) Extend anti-smoking information
tar content of the average cigarette today is 50% lower than it was 20 years ago and 30% lower than it
through films, television, radio, magazine and newspaper articles, posters, brochures.
was 10 years ago. An important factor in the reduction of tar content is the addition of filters which
The Society also reiterates its strong support of research into the health hazards of smoking, the
strain out a good deal of the tar. Today, 85% of all cigarettes smoked have filters. A generation ago,
carcinogenic components of cigarette smoke, the development of less dangerous cigarettes, the nature
only 3.5% of all cigarettes were filter-tipped. The tar content of cigarettes is also reduced by adding to
of addiction and the motivations for smoking, the effects of smoke on the non-smoker, the most effec-
the tobacco synthetic products which have very little tar; also by "puffing up" the tobacco, resulting
tive methods for persuading and helping people quit the habit.
in greater bulk, and therefore less actual tobacco per cigarette.
One way is through "helping smokers quit" clinics. Approximately 200 ACS antismoking clinics
were in operation in 1974. The National ACS goal for 1975 is to conduct 1,000 clinics at the com-
Women and Smoking
munity level. The average percentage of people quitting cigarettes through clinics is 35-40%. ACS
cessation programs are run in industry, hospitals, health centers, schools and colleges. Company incen-
Though women used to feel safe from lung cancer because the death rate was low for women com-
tive programs are encouraged and aided. Hoped-for goal is at least one clinic in each community.
pared with that for men, this picture is beginning to change alarmingly. The female lung cancer death
rate has doubled in the past ten years. While female death rates from lung cancer were once as low
Help for Nonsmokers
as 1/6 the death rate for men, they are now only 1/4 the death rate for men and are threatening to
Ex-smokers in the U.S. number some 30 million. Increasingly, these nonsmokers are making their own
catch up.
feelings about smoking felt in various ways. They are being aided by Federal and state and local
18
19
tion level has been reached in information dissemination, but that behavioral changes in the American
authorities in many instances. In March, '74, an Interstate Commerce Committee order restricting
population have lagged behind.
smoking on interstate buses to a rear smoking section limited to 20% of seating capacity was upheld
The traditional ACS education program has emphasized three ways for individuals to protect them-
by court order and put into effect nationally. In July, 1973, the CAB regulation establishing com-
selves against cancer: 1) adopt preventive habits - avoid cigarette smoking, overexposure to sunlight
pulsory separate smoking sections for all classes of airline service became effective.
and other known causes of cancer; 2) have medical checkups regularly, no matter how well they feel;
A number of bills in state legislatures favoring nonsmokers have won support and this is expected to
3) learn cancer's Warning Signals and go to their doctor or clinic if one should occur.
spur action by other states. Since Arizona passed a bill banning smoking in elevators, buses and cul-
The new public education effort now will sharpen its focus on: new audiences (high risk groups, and
tural centers such as museums, theaters, libraries, Nebraska has passed one similar to it, and legislation
those who have been missed in the past); expansion of participatory education to stimulate greater
of the same kind was introduced in the New York State Legislature. Minnesota is considering a bill
audience involvement; aid in the provision of services and resources so that necessary action can be
restricting smoking in all public gathering places, and nonsmoking legislation is under scrutiny in Con-
taken.
necticut and Maine. Miami, Florida prohibits smoking in stores, buses, elevators. Such bills, ordi-
Cancers of six sites - breast, colon-rectum, lung, oral cavity, skin, uterus - offer the greatest oppor-
nances and restrictions are indicative of a wave of action beginning to take form nationally.
tunity for saving lives, either by prevention or through early diagnosis and treatment. They add up to
Nonsmokers are receiving consideration in other quarters too. The Marriott hotel chain has set aside
more than 60% of all cancer cases and over 50% of deaths. The ACS continues to emphasize these sites
entire floors for nonsmokers. Since certain studies have shown smokers about twice as likely to have
in a massive effort to help save thousands of additional lives each year through intensification of its
auto accidents, several insurance firms offer discounts to nonsmokers. The Department of Defense
educational and service efforts.
made it known in 1973 that cigarettes would no longer be included in "C" rations.
Public education activities are programmed at two age levels, one for adults and another for young
people. Many ACS Units maintain separate volunteer subcommittees for each SO that one aspect of the
LEUKEMIA
total program will not overshadow the other. Generally, the adult program stresses early detection,
while the youth program emphasizes prevention in ways young people will find acceptable.
Leukemia is cancer of the blood-forming tissues. Long considered primarily a disease of children, it
Adult education helps save lives by stressing the importance of early detection and of prevention
actually strikes many more adults and at a rapidly increasing rate. There is no prevention or cure as
where applicable (lung, skin, etc.). The message is spread as widely as possible through meetings, films,
yet, but some cancer experts believe the latter may be imminent. The first temporary remissions in
person-to-person activities, leaflets and mass media. The program attempts to reach people where they
acute leukemia were achieved by chemotherapy in 1947. Today, in some medical centers, survival
live, where they work and where they meet - to persuade them to consult their physicians at the early
times are improving dramatically and patients have longer symptom-free periods with near-normal
recognition of a Warning Signal, and to have the regular health checkups which can lead to earlier diag-
blood pictures. Some drugs, in combinations, have prolonged the life of leukemia patients for well
nosis and treatment and therefore more cures.
over 10 years. In some medical centers, remissions are being achieved in up to 90% of so-called child-
The opportunity exists in the '70s to save almost one million Americans who, at present rates, will
hood, or acute leucocytic leukemia.
probably die of cancer during the decade but who could have been saved by earlier detection and treat-
Many of the drugs, still experimental, are restricted to certain research institutions. Meanwhile, re-
ment. This would entail the enlistment and training of more volunteers to give talks, lead discussions,
search continues to seek better chemicals to treat the disease and better ways of using them. New
show films, etc. It would mean greater efforts to reach more adults, plus expansion of the Society's
drugs and combinations of drugs are constantly under trial in 80 U.S. medical centers. As treatment
programs aimed at young people.
improves, the rate of remissions in acute leukemia nears 100% and the remission time grows longer. In
1960, only a few patients could be expected to live five years, while under today's optimum treatment
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
regimen, almost 25% are expected to live that long.
The ACS conducts a nationwide service program which attempts to meet the often extraordinary
The Society's professional education program reaches physicians, medical students, dentists, nurses
requirements of leukemia patients and their families. The Society endeavors to help those so afflicted
and members of related professions with the latest information about cancer. Special seminars, con-
solve the multiple aspects of the total problem through all available local funds and resources. If leu-
ferences, courses, fellowships and scholarships provide training in the detection, diagnosis, treatment
kemia strikes, families in need are directed to consult the nearest ACS Unit to find out what help is
and rehabilitation of cancer patients. Speakers and materials are made available to professional soci-
available from the Society and other local agencies.
eties for their programs. Journals, other publications and exhibits offer the newest findings on the
In 1975, there will be 21,000 new victims of leukemia and 15,000 deaths. It strikes both sexes as
management of cancer.
well as all ages. The disease constitutes approximately half the cancer deaths of American children
Last year, four major national conferences covered a broad range of cancer-related topics, including
between ages 3-14, where cancer is the leading disease-death cause.
cancer nursing, cancer of the colon and rectum, virology and immunology and childhood cancer. Two
The ACS has long been in the forefront of the leukemia fight and has supported much research
major conferences on advances in cancer management and a regional conference on cancer for medical
directly or indirectly in the field over the years, with close to 100 grants in effect last year alone. This
students are being planned for the 1974-75 year.
program embraces the continuing search for more effective drugs for treating the disease, plus studies
In 1974 several hundred thousand members of the medical professions were reached with ACS
relating to radiation, viruses, basic leukemic cell structure and function, and other problem areas.
materials and programs designed and conducted for the various specialties concerned with cancer. Pro-
gram activities dealt with the major sites of cancer, i.e.: lung, colon-rectum, breast, uterus, skin, oral.
PUBLIC EDUCATION
The Society maintains a library of films for professional education which are available in 16mm and
8mm cartridge formats and in video cassettes. These are available through Divisions and Units, on loan
American Cancer Society public education activities will take on an added dimension in 1975 focusing
or on five-year lease to qualified professional institutions, agencies or individuals. Over the last nine
on action-oriented programs - programs which motivate people to discuss facts about cancer, commit
years 39 new Professional Education films have been produced and circulated, 4 of them in the last
themselves to get a Pap test and other cancer detection exams or to take advantage of a specific service
fiscal year. Most are for physicians and medical students. Films have also been produced for dentists,
provided, i.e., free instruction in breast self-examination, "helping smokers quit" clinic, etc.
nurses and nursing students, pharmacists and speech therapists.
This new focus is in direct response to Gallup studies done for the Society which show that a satura-
Eight Professional Education films will be in production and six are expected to be released during
1974-75. Two others have been approved for production but await funding. An expanding library of
audio and video tapes is under continuing development.
20
21
Clinical Fellowships
tional Units of the ACS adopting it almost daily. Carefully selected and trained volunteers assist the
physician and surgeon in providing specialized assistance without interfering in any way with the
The ACS National Clinical Fellowship program has, since 1948, invested approximately $18-million
doctor-patient relationship. The high quality of this effort is assured by uniform training practices
for the training of more than 3700 physicians and dentists in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
under the direction of a qualified medical advisor at the Division and Unit level. The patient sees and
Training is provided on two levels at approved teaching centers and hospitals. The regular Clinical
talks to another woman who had the same surgery - intimate proof that it will be possible for her to
Fellowship program, for hospital residents, is designed to provide specialized training in scope and
look normal and return to normal activities. She receives practical help on how to go about it and
depth beyond that which would ordinarily be received in residency training programs. The Junior
medical personnel are relieved of time-consuming activities not primarily medical in nature. There
Faculty Clinical Fellowship program, for postresident physicians and dentists, is intended to strength-
were 32,000 such visits during 1973. A film, Recovery After Mastectomy, can be shown at the pa-
en cancer teaching programs by supporting outstanding young clinicians in academic careers upon
tient's bedside.
completion of their specialty training. Fellows put their special skills and knowledge to work through
2) Volunteers of the ACS, in many instances working with volunteers of the various ostomy groups
their professional societies, teaching activities, participation in hospital cancer programs and in their
throughout the country, are mobilizing to provide psychological reassurance for patients with
private practices. Many new departments and divisions of oncology in hospitals and medical schools in
ostomies. The volunteer in the ostomy visitor program, himself an ostomate, can provide the assur-
the nation are now headed by ACS former Fellows. During 1973-74, 190 Clinical Fellows and 45
ances that a patient can gain in no other way. Again, careful selection of volunteers and high standards
Junior Faculty Clinical Fellows received training in 117 institutions in 39 states, Puerto Rico and
of training under medical supervision will provide valuable assistance to the surgeons and enterostomal
Washington, D.C.
therapists in the medical team who face the problem of rehabilitation of the ostomy patient. Enteros-
tomal therapists are being sponsored for training by ACS Divisions and training facilities are receiving
Clinical Professorships
ACS support. Bedside film is People With Colostomies.
In 1971, the Society established a new program and category of support: American Cancer Society
3) The International Association of Laryngectomees, which assists those who have lost their voices
Professors of Clinical Oncology. The purpose of the Professorships, awarded to medical schools, is to
to cancer, is sponsored by the American Cancer Society. It is composed of 213 member clubs in 45
improve cancer teaching at the undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing education levels, to stimu-
states of the United States, in Canada, England, Israel, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Belgium, India,
late clinical investigation of cancer and to coordinate all cancer-related activities - educational, service
South Africa, Jamaica and Venezuela. Stated purpose is to promote and support the total rehabilita-
and research - in the medical school. Nine Clinical Professors have been appointed and at least five
tion of laryngectomized persons by the exchange and dissemination of ideas and information to the
others are being proposed.
clubs and to the public; to facilitate the formation of new clubs; to foster improvement in the teaching
of postlaryngectomy speech. Programs of the IAL include: 1) seminars and institutes for prospective
SERVICE AND REHABILITATION
teachers; 2) public and professional education in first aid and artificial respiration required for laryn-
gectomees; 3) registry of postlaryngectomy speech instructors; 4) international annual meetings; 5)
The prime objectives of the Society's service and rehabilitation program are to support physicians'
encouragement of the new patient with helpful literature; 6) Film: To Speak Again.
efforts in early detection, to bring greater comfort to cancer patients, to ease the burden on their fami-
lies, and to improve the quality of survival by assisting patients in their physiological and psychological
UNPROVEN METHODS OF CANCER MANAGEMENT
rehabilitation.
The ACS provides information to physicians and the public on unfounded claims concerning unproven
Service
methods of cancer management, and aids in the creation or strengthening of state laws to control the
use of worthless cancer remedies and tests. An active file of information on such unproven methods
The Society expects all of its organized Units to conduct a minimum service program which: 1) in-
is maintained.
cludes information and counseling regarding existing facilities and services related to cancer within the
community; 2) provides assistance to the cancer patient and family with the help of community re-
RESEARCH
sources (medical and social), with loan of sick room equipment and with transportation service to and
from treatment facilities.
The ACS entered the field of cancer research in 1946, putting close to a million dollars into grants.
Depending on local needs and financial resources available, the program may be expanded by Units
Since then, the Society has been a major independent source of research support along with the
from a minimum program to a total program which includes: medication, nursing service, homemaker
National Cancer Institute, the National Science Foundation, and other agencies. The Society's research
services and rehabilitation. Community projects having the endorsement of state and local medical
program has grown because the demand has grown. In 1950, the average project grant was $6,600 per
societies may be supported to include cancer detection in physicians' and dentists' offices, diagnostic
year. In 1973, the average allocation was $35,500.
services, and community programs including support of cancer registries and hospital cancer clinics for
The year the Society got into the research business, the NCI program was just getting off the
limited periods.
ground. Together, they opened up the field. Millions of dollars were plowed into universities, medical
In 1973, 270,759 cancer patients received all types of ACS services. (A tabulation of services pro-
schools, hospitals and institutes to set up research programs where none existed. Hundreds of scientists
vided to these patients shows: 35,439 equipment loans, 38,188 gift items, 31,827 transportation ser-
were attracted to this new area. Once established, many moved on to other centers, setting up new
vices, 50,876 rehabilitation services, 166,764 information and referral activities.)
programs, and attracting additional hundreds (later, thousands) of scientists. Each new wave of expan-
sion created a new demand for support. Both the ACS and NCI responded with increased research
Rehabilitation
budgets. Some scientists applied to the ACS, others to the NCI, some to both.
The American Cancer Society conducts rehabilitation programs for mastectomy, ostomy and laryn-
In fiscal year 1974 (Sept. 1, 1973 through Aug. 31, 1974), the ACS made 498 grants to 127 major
gectomy patients:
institutions in this country and to scientists working both here and abroad. The total amount, subject
1) The Reach to Recovery program, first step of an organized and comprehensive plan for the re-
to audit, was $27,316,950 which includes some $3,000,000 granted directly by ACS divisions. Refund
habilitation of the mastectomy patient, is now in operation in most parts of the country with addi-
of unexpended balance of some $900,000 from prior year awards, left a net total of $26,416,950.
22
23
181,376.00
88,835.00
78,797.00
642,668.00
65,229.00
107,838.00
146,508.00
28,015.00
193,113.00
98,441.00
452,533.00
55,000.00
61,025.00
222,538.00
57,334.00
284,062.00
8,751.00
42,200.00
75,899.00
37,852.00
57,905.00
20,702.00
324,582.00
590,376.00
8,335.00
135,000.00
701,857.00
75,490.00
814,171.00
769,443.00
70,000.00
375,000.00
8,645.00
37,500.00
30,000.00
1,170,010.00
787,156.00
3,000,000.00
$27,316,950.00
(900,000.00)
$26,416,950.00
The number of ACS grants applied for and approved by its expert research committees, but which
were not supported because of insufficient funds, has increased at a phenomenal pace in recent years
- from 60 grants of about $1.5-million unfunded in 1964, to 903 grants totaling over $50-million in
$
1974. These figures apply to National Office grants only and are illustrated in the following table:
Approved
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH GRANTS & FELLOWSHIPS AWARDED BY ACS (NATIONAL SOCIETY & DIVISIONS) DURING FISCAL YEAR ENDED AUGUST 31, 1974
Southern California, University of, Los Angeles, Calif. (4)
State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. (4) 206,737.00
Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pa. (2)
Eleanor Roosevelt-ACS International Cancer Fellowships (1)
Funded
But Not Funded
Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Ala. (2)
St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital, Memphis, Tenn. (2)
Requested
Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. (14)
State University of New York at Albany, N.Y. (1)
State University of New York, Brooklyn, N.Y. (2)
State University of New York, Buffalo, N.Y. (2)
Switzerland, University of, Geneva, Switzerland (2)
Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa. (5)
Tennessee, University of, Memphis, Tenn. (3)
Fiscal
Texas, University of, Houston, Tex. (11)
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa. (1)
Trudeau Institute Inc., Saranac Lake, N. Y. (1)
Tufts University, Medford, Mass. (5)
Universities Assoc. for Res. & Educ. in Pathology, Inc.,
Utah, University of, Salt Lake City, Utah (6)
Utrecht, University of, Utrecht, Netherlands (1)
No. of
No. of
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (2)
Vermont, University of, State Agricultural College,
Veterans Administration Hospital, Minneapolis, Minn. (1)
Virginia, University of, Charlottesville, Va. (3)
Walter and Eliza Hall Inst. of Medical Research,
Washington, University of, Seattle, Wash. (7)
No. of
Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. (10)
Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich. (1)
Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. (1)
Wisconsin, University of, Madison, Wis. (17)
To Support Journal "Cancer Research" (1)
Committee and Operating Expenses in Evaluating and
Total Awarded (496)
Amount
Grants
Amount
Yale University, New Haven, Conn. (21)
Yeshiva University, Bronx, N. Y. (18)
Professional Programs of the UICC (2)
Processing Research Applications (1)
Total
Grants
Amount
National Epidemiological Studies (1)
Refund of Unexpended Balances of Prior Year Awards
Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate number of grants per institution for
the year ending August 31, 1974; totals are subject to audit.
Year
Requests
(2)
1965
$23,829,008
$13,088,622
$ 4,046,015
25,042,749
384
11,013,667
106
4,955,328
Bethesda, Md. (1)
Melbourne, Australia (2)
482
157
756
Burlington, Vt.
Tobacco Habituation (1)
Nutrition and Cancer (1)
Division Research Grants (1)
1966
611
1967
932
40,338,782
528
16,884,962
103
4,393,132
1968
986
43,498,174
489
17,174,670
200
7,603,796
1969
1,254
63,995,580
534
19,652,785
375
15,713,333
1970
1,252
67,607,098
507
19,125,420
460
21,318,199
1971
1,126
58,378,944
642
22,692,927
325
14,183,963
60,082.00
235,754.00
172,038.00
881,685.00
40,000.00
42,162.00
67,500.00
152,430.00
321,361.00
38,440.00
302,301.00
17,000.00
16,275.00
8,000.00
1,500.00
112,935.00
40,760.00
25,000.00
40,650.00
7,947.00
293,023.00
110,000.00
112,500.00
110,217.00
88,450.00
80,668.00
62,041.00
78,818.00
41,590.00
293,583.00
118,203.00
8,850.00
170,744.00
3,000.00
259,879.00
21,676,069
650
34,914,342
40,000.00
40,740.00
67,750.00
259,221.00
327,156.00
50,875.00
289,042.00
269,521.00
35,000.00
34,156.00
58,070.00
1972
1,361
82,416,461
516
1973
1,260
75,849,496
525
23,052,737
527
27,092,335
1974
1,613
105,095,040
498
27,316,950
903
50,643,280
A summary of all project and personnel grant applications reviewed in fiscal '73 by anatomical sites
(1)
shows this breakdown:
Head and Neck - 12 applications (1% of all applications reviewed), 4 funded (33%) for $227,000
Mallory Institute of Pathology, Boston, Mass. (1)
with 4 unfunded (33%) for $151,400 and 4 unapproved (33%); Digestive Organs 113 applications
Maryland, University of, Baltimore, Md. (2)
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. (5)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. (17)
Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn. (1)
Medical College of South Carolina, Charleston, S. C. (1)
Miami, University of, Coral Gables, Fla. (2)
Michigan, University of, Ann Arbor, Mich. (5)
Minnesota, University of, Minneapolis, Minn. (6)
Missouri, University of, Columbia, Mo. (1)
Mount Sinal School of Medicine, New York, N. Y. (3)
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C. (1)
NCI-Viral Leukemia and Lymphoma Branch, Bethesda, Md. (1)
National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases,
Bethesda, Md. (1)
National Society for Medical Research, Washington, D. C. (1)
Nebraska, University of Omaha, Neb. (3)
New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, Mass. (1)
New Jersey, College of Medicine and Dentistry,
New Brunswick, N. J. (1)
New Mexico, University of, Albuquerque, N. M. (1)
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, N. M. (1)
New York University, New York, N. Y. (5)
North Carolina, University of, Chapel Hill, N. C. (2)
Northeastern University, Boston, Mass. (1)
Northwestern University, Chicago, III. (4)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (2)
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (2)
Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore. (1)
Oregon, University of, Eugene, Ore. (4)
Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute, Miami, Fla. (1)
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. (1)
Pennsylvania, University of, Philadelphia, Pa. (8)
Pittsburgh, University of, Pa. (4)
Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y. (1)
Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth England
Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. (4)
Public Health Research Institute, New York, N.Y. (2)
Rhode Island, University of, Kingston, R.I. (1)
Rochester, University of, Rochester, N.Y. (6)
Roger Williams General Hospital, Providence, R.I. (1)
Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y. (5)
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, Calif, (6)
Scripps Clinic Research Foundation, La Jolla, Calif. (6)
South Carolina, University of, Columbia, S.C. (1)
reviewed (10% of all), 33 funded (29%) for $1,469,000 with 61 unfunded (54%) for $3,798,500 and
Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y. (5)
Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Md. (1)
Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, N.Y. (11) 513,206.00
South Alabama, University of, Mobile, Ala. (1)
19 unapproved (17%); Respiratory Organs 39 applications reviewed (3% of all), 14 funded (36%) for
$742,200 with 19 unfunded (49%) for $1,187,000 and 6 unapproved (15%); Female Genital Organs
96 applications reviewed (8% of all), 38 funded (40%) for $1,876,300 with 43 not funded (45%) for
$2,764,600 and 15 unapproved (15%); Urinary Organs - 21 applications reviewed (2% of all), 10
funded (48%) for $536,300 with 7 not funded (33%) for $421,200 and 4 unapproved (19%); Lym-
phomas and Leukemia - 165 applications reviewed (14% of all), 69 funded (42%) for $3,306,000
with 82 not funded (50%) for $6,129,900 and 14 unapproved (8%); Other Sites, including eye, skin,
central nervous system, thyroid, bone 202 applications reviewed (17% of all), 62 funded (31%) for
$3,259,400 with 100 not funded (50%) for $6,483,900 and 40 unapproved (20%).
$ 190,704.00
32,170.00
125,000.00
70,475.00
9,915.00
401,817.00
114,687.00
1,457.00
165,957.00
116,764.00
42,795.00
2,133,307.00
35,096.00
248,484.00
9,705.00
531,062.00
207,922.00
55,000.00
30,720.00
22,188.00
8,500.00
591,129.00
176,767.00
30,976.00
132,531.00
256,012.00
99,365.00
134,750.00
316,065.00
50,000.00
182,083.00
137,500.00
65,685.00
19,585.00
204,937.00
477,308.00
180,168.00
65,288.00
207,250.00
17,501.00
74.097.00
69,975.00
84,653.00
408,078.00
100,000.00
17,536.00
51,350.00
62,590.00
30,000.00
Of a total 1,260 applications reviewed by the ACS in 1973, 40% were funded for $23,052,737 with
46% not funded for $33,835,600 and 14% unapproved. These represent sum totals and not just those
$
involving anatomical sites. Applications for these grants are carefully screened by scientific review
committees. A small percentage are approved and funded. Another group consists of approved grants
for which no funds are available. The third is made up of applications which were not approved or
funded.
Albany Medical College of Union University, Albany, (1)
The Society makes three types of grants to support research: 1) "Research Project Grants" to fi-
Alabama, University of, Tuscaloosa, Ala. (4)
American Health Foundation, New York, N. Y. (2)
Arizona University, Tucson, Ariz. (3)
Basel, University of, Switzerland (1)
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. (8)
Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Mass. (2)
Boston University, Boston, Mass. (1)
Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass, (5)
Brown University, Providence, R. I. (3)
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. (3)
California, University of, California (state system) (44)
Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1)
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (6)
Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif. (1)
Children's Cancer Research Foundation, Boston, Mass, (3)
Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio (1)
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, N. Y. (1)
Community Blood Council of Greater New York, N. Y. (1)
German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (1)
Grumman Aerospace Corporation, Bethpage, N. Y. (1)
support of pilot studies and of young investigators in the cancer field; 3) "Research Personnel Grants"
Chicago, University of, Chicago, III. (10)
Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Calif. (1)
Cincinnati, University of, Cincinnati, Ohio (1)
Colorado, University of, Boulder, Colo. (15)
Columbia University, New York, N. Y. (6)
Connecticut, University of, Storrs, Conn. (3)
to outstanding scientists and students specializing, or planning to specialize, in cancer research; these
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (4)
Cornell University, New York, N. Y. (2)
Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. (1)
Duke University, Durham, N. C. (4)
Emory University, Atlanta, Ga. (1)
Florida, University of, Gainesville, Fla. (3)
George Washington University, Washington, D. C. (2)
Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (1)
Harvard University, Boston, Mass. (15)
Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pa. (3)
nance individual work; 2) "Institutional Research Grants" to universities, institutes and hospitals for
Illinois, University of, Urbana, 111. (5)
Indiana, University of, Bloomington,' Ind. (2)
Institute for Medical Research, N. J. (1)
lowa, State University of, Iowa City, lowa (2)
Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me. (2)
Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, Mo. (2)
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. (7)
Kansas, University of, Lawrence, Kan. (1)
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (1)
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Albuquerque, N. M. (1)
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. (1)
Louisville, University of, Louisville, Ky. (1)
cover many levels of academic and professional training, starting with fellowships and scholarships for
recent M.D. and Ph.D. graduates and ranging to research professorships.
25
24
In the research professorship category, the Society will invest $566,000 to support 21 of the na-
the importance of hormones in the development and treatment of cancer of the prostate and breast.
tion's most gifted scientists, men devoting their life's work to cancer research. These professorships at
Dr. Peyton Rous ('66), who first demonstrated that viruses are a cause of cancer in animals, and
leading universities and research institutes have been guaranteed financially by the Society for the
Dr. Wendell Stanley ('46), who was the first to extract viruses in solid form. Dr. James Watson ('62),
duration of their scientific lifetimes provided that they continue to be productive. The commitment
who, with his colleagues, discovered the "architecture" of DNA, and Dr. Severo Ochoa ('59), who, with
for the professorships averages $400,000 and in some cases exceeds $700,000. Freed of major adminis-
his associates, disclosed how this molecule is synthesized. Drs. George W. Beadle and Edward Tatum
trative responsibilities and other restrictions, these scientists can devote their talents to their chosen
('58), who uncovered the mechanism by which the gene transmits a hereditary trait or function.
fields of research.
Some other eminent scientists who have received ACS grants are: Dr. David Baltimore, who simul-
Basic research proceeds generally in two directions: 1) to discover why and how the cellular machin-
taneously with Dr. Howard Temin, made the startling discovery that DNA is not always the "master
ery goes wrong and triggers the disease process, and 2) to develop means of correcting or controlling
molecule" and that it may be produced by RNA. Dr. Jonathan Beckwith, who was the first to isolate
abnormal cell growth. We already have some answers, but not enough.
and photograph a gene. Dr. Joseph Burchenal, pioneer and eminent researcher in cancer chemotherapy
Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy - all these methods of saving lives have been improved
and director of many team efforts in basic and clinical research. Dr. Robert Good, who is a leading
through research, most notably in the field of chemotherapy. Here, the hope remains high that new
investigator in cancer immunology and was one of the three men making up the President's panel to
and ever more potent drugs to control specific cancers will be developed. Combinations of compounds
supervise the Federal cancer program. Dr. Ludwik Gross, one of the original and most prolific contrib-
have been found dramatically useful in treating children with acute leukemia, more than a hundred of
utors to knowledge about viral causation of animal cancers. Dr. James Holland, whose clinical research
whom have now survived ten years and more, and one rare type of cancer (choriocarcinoma) has been
with acute lymphocytic leukemia has lengthened the average survival rate for children with this disease
cured by chemicals alone.
to four years or better. Dr. Henry Kaplan, whose work with radiation and chemotherapy took Hodg-
At certain specialized cancer centers, drugs have become a really potent factor in the treatment of a
kin's disease out of the "hopeless" column and opened the way toward achieving 80 to 90% five-year
dozen or so human cancers and are achieving astonishing long-term survival in some "incurable" can-
cures. Dr. Choh H. Li, who was the first to synthesize the incredibly complex growth hormone.
cers. The drugs are used alone, or in series, or in combination with such standard therapy as surgery
Dr. Andre Nahmias, whose work has produced all but conclusive proof that cancer of the cervix is
and radiation. All these drugs, being highly toxic, require exactness in both timing and dosages because
caused by a common type of virus (herpes) and that it is very likely transmitted sexually. Dr. George
they can be so very damaging to the patient's normal tissue. There exist over 40 of such useful drugs
M. Papanicolaou, whose Pap test has saved the lives of tens of thousands of women from cervical
and of every one of these there are many thousands of compounds which have been tested and
cancer. Dr. Howard Skipper, whose work with "total cell kill" in animal leukemia led the way to great
rejected.
advances in the treatment of leukemia in humans through combination chemotherapy. Dr. Chester
Developments in the area of immunology and its relation to cancer have generated rapidly increas-
Southam, pioneer in cancer immunotherapy, on whose original work much of the current immuno-
ing research in this field. The human immune system is being explored as a means of both diagnosing
therapy research is based.
cancer and treating it. Research currently involves identifying the antigens produced by cancer and
ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER RESEARCH PROJECT
stimulating the immune system to combat cancer with BCG (a vaccine for TB), cancer cells, etc.
Major Research Aided by ACS
The purpose of this study, begun in late 1971, is to identify factors in the human environment which
To date, the Society has spent some $350-million for the support of projects, institutions and person-
play a role in the occurrence of cancer in man. The project is being co-directed by E. Cuyler Ham-
nel involved in every important area of cancer research and clinical investigation.
mond, Sc.D., Vice President for Epidemiological and Statistical Research of the ACS, and Irving J.
Many of the nation's major cancer research programs were developed with the aid of ACS grants.
Selikoff, M.D., Director of the Environmental Sciences Laboratory of Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York
Among them are those now in operation at Sloan-Kettering (New York), M.D. Anderson (Houston),
City. It consists of two major parts: 1) a resumption of the Society's Cancer Prevention Study; 2)
Southern Research Institute (Birmingham), McArdle Laboratories (Wisconsin University), Institute of
studies of occupational groups exposed to industrial products which are suspected of causing cancer.
Cancer Research (Philadelphia), University of California in San Francisco, University of Chicago, Yale
(New Haven), Emory (Atlanta), University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, Washington Univer-
Cancer Prevention Study
sity (St. Louis), Tufts (Mass.), Princeton (N.J.) and others.
Originally, this was a six-year follow-up study begun in 1959 in which 68,000 volunteers of the ACS in
The ACS Research Professorship Program, unique in the field, has been in existence since 1957.
25 states enrolled more than 1,000,000 subjects and asked them to complete questionnaires about
Every ACS Research Professor stands at the top of his field. Several are world-renowned:
their habits, exposures, heredity, history of disease, etc. Each year's follow-up reported whether or not
Dr. Charles Heidelberger, who synthesized the drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), one of the major agents for
the persons enrolled were alive or dead. If dead, copies of the death certificates were obtained and
treatment of skin cancer, breast cancer and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Dr. Dan H. Moore, who
analyses were made of death rates from cancer and other diseases in relation to these factors. The
was one of the first to detect and study the presence of virus particles in breast cancer; he is now a
study was highly successful - about 30 papers were published, including important information on
leading investigator in that field. Dr. Elliot F. Osserman, who is a pioneer in the study of multiple
smoking, air pollution, and risk factors in relation to cancer and other diseases.
myeloma and some forms of leukemia; he has made major contributions toward the detection and
The study was resumed in 1971 in order to 1) be able to make analyses of some of the factors in-
treatment of these diseases.
volving the less common sites of cancer, and 2) determine if general reduction of tar and nicotine con-
Dr. Robert W. Holley, another ACS Lifetime Professor, is a Nobel Prize winner in medicine; he and
tent in cigarettes in the last 19 years as a result of ACS studies is reflected in a lowering of cancer
two other Americans were honored (1968) for their discovery of the process by which enzymes, con-
death rates, and 3) provide data on cancer death rates for persons not exposed to occupational agents
sisting of a sequence of amino acids, determine a cell's function in genetic development. Other Nobel
suspected of causing cancers as a control for the studies of occupational groups.
laureates among ACS grantees have been: Dr. Charles Huggins ('66), who was the first to demonstrate
The 1971 follow-up was remarkably successful. Volunteers were able to trace (dead or alive) 94.6%
of the subjects. Nearly 90,000 deaths were reported and death certificates for most of these persons
have been obtained. In the 1972 follow-up the surviving subjects were traced again and requested to
complete a short supplementary questionnaire on diseases, hospitalization, and habits. Data are now
being prepared for analyses.
27
26
Studies of Occupational Groups
SOURCES OF INCOME
With the cooperation of industry and labor unions, a number of studies of union workers exposed to
Financial support of the American Cancer Society in fiscal 1974 reached about $97 million from pub-
various agents have been started. For example, it has been found that asbestos workers have a high risk
lic sources. The Cancer Crusade raised approximately $73 million. National Headquarters and char-
of lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer and other conditions; thus studies of a number of groups of
tered Divisions received $24 million from bequests and legacies. The public has given generous
asbestos workers are underway. Analysis of death rates from lung cancer and other diseases in these
and growing support to the Crusade. In 1944, the Society raised $800,000; in 1956, the figure was
groups was published in 1974. Printing pressmen are exposed to carbon black, various dyes, talc con-
$27,234,906; in 1973, more than $93 million.
taining asbestos and various other substances; thus, in cooperation with the Printers Union and the
Legacies - in which the Society becomes beneficiary of willed funds - are an increasingly impor-
Printers Guild, a study of death rates of long-time members of this trade is being conducted.
tant source of ACS income. Income from legacies indicates confidence in the leadership of the Society
Cancer death rates among typographers, cotton mill workers, vinyl chloride workers and other occu-
and a determination by many to continue the fight against cancer even after their lifetime. Legacy
pational groups are under study. A survey of roofers was recently completed and is being prepared for
income in relation to Crusade receipts is shown below.
publication.
Year
Crusade
Legacies
Year
Crusade
Legacies
THE COSTS OF CANCER
After the cardiovascular diseases, cancer is the most devastating in terms of lives lost but may be more
1958
29,796,676
2,894,239
1966
38,590,502
11,673,973
costly in over-all implication because it can continue for years and become as chronic in its financial
1959
30,372,944
4,237,179
1967
41,070,771
9,996,188
as in the medical aspects. Economic specifics are limited as they relate to cancer but they can be
1960
28,356,626
5,372,115
1968
43,410,932
11,810,927
1961
30,791,708
6,151,247
1969
46,605,435
14,407,712
measured somewhat in the light of total health cost.
In 1971, the nation's spending for all medical care reached $75-billion and accounted for 7.4% of
1962
33,313,773
5,758,100
1970
50,147,609
15,099,088
the gross national product; in 1950, the figure was $12.1-billion. Of the $75-billion total, $65-billion,
1963
33,151,138
7,608,928
1971
56,427,471
13,636,651
or 87%, was for personal health care - meaning for health services of direct benefit to individuals.
1964
34,093,865
9,681,476
1972
62,044,243
16,774,295
Of this $65-billion, 27% was spent by or on behalf of the aged. This group comprises only 10% of
1965
36,920,999
8,887,755
1973
67,784,862
25,228,782
the population but their higher costs reflect these facts: 1) average over-65s have more and costlier
illnesses than younger age groups; 2) they are twice as likely to have chronic conditions (such as can-
cer); 3) they enter hospitals more often and stay longer; 4) they use physician services to a far greater
extent.
In 1971, the personal health care bill for the average American was $311, but for the average aged
HOW ACS FUNDS ARE ALLOCATED
person (over 65) it was $861. Per capita hospital-care expenditures for the aged was $410 and for
(BASED ON TOTAL 1973-74 BUDGET $89,633,000)
physicians' services $144. In 1971, 37% of every personal health care dollar was a direct patient outlay
with the remaining 63 cents paid by government (Federal, state, local), private health insurance, phi-
lanthropy and industry.
Direct Cost Estimate
The nearest approximation of the direct costs of cancer was arrived at some years ago by the Presi-
dent's Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke. Personal services, such as hospital and nursing
Research $26,028,400 400
home care, physicians' and nurses' services and drugs, were put at a $920.7 7-million total, with non-
personal services, such as research, training, construction, insurance, health services, etc., adding an-
other $326.8-million. That comes to nearly $1.25-billion, and the year was 1962. At the ACS National
Conference on Human Values and Cancer, at Atlanta in June '72, an American Hospital Association
director put that figure at $3-billion, an increase of 150% in 10 years.
Public Education $15,457,100
The 1962 report cited cancer illness among those under 65 as costing 72,000 man-years of produc-
tivity among the labor force; 44,000 man-years among those keeping house, and 52,000 man-years
among those unable to work.
Among women, cancer far exceeds any other disease as a cause of "working years lost"; among
men, it is third after accidents and heart disease. Cancer also costs American business and industry the
Professional Education Patient $9,387,000,1,425,700 Services Community Services $8,316,900,Sing $10,389,000 Management and General $8,628,200
loss of valuable executives at the peak of their efficiency and of trained workers at the height of their
productivity. Lung cancer, the greatest cancer killer among men and continuing to rise at an alarming
rate, becomes a major cause of disability among the country's work force. Lung cancer and emphy-
sema, another chronic lung disease caused mainly by cigarette smoking, may be the prime disablers of
29.0%
17.2%
10.5%
12.7%
9.3%
11.7%
9.6%
workmen between 40 and 65. Emphysema now ranks second to heart disease in that respect, and as a
killer it increased its U.S. death toll 700% between 1950 and 1965.
28
29
CELEBRITIES AND CANCER
THE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY
Cancer has struck many personalities of world and na-
Blackmer, Catherine Drinker Bowen, Betty Bruce, Nor-
WHAT THE ACS IS: The American Cancer Society, Inc., is a voluntary organization of about 2.3-
tional fame. Such greats of stage and screen as John
man Chandler, Eddie Condon, Martha Deane, Duke El-
million Americans united to conquer cancer. It is a national organization fighting cancer through bal-
Wayne, William Powell, Glynis Johns and Van Johnson
lington, John Ford, Laurence Harvey, Chet Huntley, Al-
have all had cancer but are alive today - cured of the
len Jenkins, Gene Krupa, Charles A. Lindbergh, Anna
anced programs of research, education and patient service and rehabilitation.
disease. Other famous names on the cured list include:
Magnani, Frank McGee, Nancy Mitford, Marcel Pagnol,
Senator Maureen Neuberger, the NAACP's Roy Wilkins,
Georges Pompidou, Arthur W. Radford, Diana Sands,
HOW ORGANIZED: The American Cancer Society, Inc., is composed of a National Society, with 58
theatre's Richard Rodgers and William Gargan, televi-
David Siqueiros, Lewis L. Strauss, Del E. Webb, William
chartered Divisions, and 2,758 local Units.
sion's Virginia Graham and Arthur Godfrey, pro-foot-
L. White.
ball's Jack Pardee.
In 1972-73, these: Leo G. Carroll, Robert Casadesus,
Most people in public life are reluctant to talk about,
Dave Chasen, Sir Francis Chichester, Walter Van Tilburg
THE NATIONAL SOCIETY: A 190-member "House of Delegates" provides a basic representation
or perhaps ever think about, their personal involvement
Clark, Richard Crooks, Edward-Duke of Windsor, Har-
from the 58 Divisions and additional representation on the basis of population. It elects and is gov-
with this or any disease, so the actual records are sparse.
vey Firestone Jr., Jack Hawkins, Fay Holden, Tim Holt,
Even among those lost to cancer, the death cause is not
Elena Krushchev, Elmer Layden, Frank Leahy, Jose
erned by a Board of Directors of 114 voting members - approximately half members of the medical
always accurately specific, but the toll of world figures
Limon, Matthew McCloskey, Neil McElroy, Katina Paxi-
or scientific professions and half laymen. The National Society is responsible for over-all planning and
with each passing year is a dramatic reminder of the full
nou, Lester Pearson, Edward G. Robinson, Winthrop A.
coordination, and provides technical help and materials to Divisions and Units. The National Society
dimensions of cancer's human devastation.
Rockefeller, Aline Saarinen, Ellen B. Stevenson, Admiral
In 1973-74, these well-known people died of cancer:
Felix Stump, Margaret Webster, Marie Wilson.
administers programs of research, medical grants and clinical fellowships, and is charged with carrying
Stewart Alsop, Bud Abbott, Bernt Balchen, Sidney
Among other past victims in various fields:
out public and professional education on the national level.
Entertainment
Literature
Music
THE 58 DIVISIONS: These are governed by 4,794 members of Divisional Boards of Directors, again
Tallulah Bankhead
Charlotte Armstrong
Sidney Bechet
Richard Barthelmess
Hamilton Basso
Eddy Duchin
medical men and laymen, in all the states plus six metropolitan areas, the District of Columbia, Puerto
Mimi Benzell
Ludwig Bemelmans
Amelita Galli-Curci
Rico. Physicians and dentists also serve as regular volunteers.
Humphrey Bogart
Van Wyck Brooks
Percy Grainger
Spring Byington
Thornton W. Burgess
Glen Gray
Jack Carson
Henry Seidel Canby
Oscar Hammerstein II
THE UNITS: These are organized to cover the 3,130 counties in the U.S. There are over 66,850 com-
George M. Cohan
Rachel Carson
Spike Jones
munity leaders who direct the Society's programs at this level. The basic strength of the Society lies in
Gary Cooper
T.S. Eliot
Franz Lehar
DIED OF
the loyal ranks of volunteers fighting cancer in their communities.
Brian Donlevy
Edna Ferber
Frank Loesser
LUNG CANCER
Dan Duryea
Lewis S. Gannett
Malcolm Sargent
Fernandel
Erle Stanley Gardner
Alec Templeton
Creighton W. Abrams
THE BRANCHES: An organizational development of growing importance whereby the ACS reaches
Cedric Hardwicke
John Gunther
John Charles Thomas
Michael Arlen
more people at the "grass roots" action level by involving more people in its programs. A Branch is the
Sonja Henie
Lorraine Hansberry
Gene Austin
organizational element next below the Unit, and is established on the basis of géographic subdivision
Jean Hersholt
Mark Hellinger
Sports
William Baziotes
Judy Holliday
James Hilton
Tommy Armour
Joseph Drexel Biddle
of Unit areas. These are permanent (year-round) organizations that are involved with program activi-
Edward Everett Horton
Aldous Huxley
Ty Cobb
Elizabeth Bowen
ties as well as Crusade.
Charles Laughton
Oliver LaFarge
Ernie Davis
Frank Buck
Gertrude Lawrence
Harold Lamb
Hank Gowdy
Bruce Cabot
Gypsy Rose Lee
Howard Lindsay
Willie Hoppe
Clair L. Chennault
Harold Lloyd
Gavin Maxwell
Walter Hagen
Nat "King" Cole
Paul Lukas
Clifford Odets
Fred Hutchinson
Bill Corum
Dennis O'Keefe
Edward Arlington
Red Rolfe
Bebe Daniels
THE SWORD OF HOPE:
Zasu Pitts
Robinson
Barney Ross
Walt Disney
Dick Powell
Damon Runyon
Babe Ruth
Glenda Farrell
This is the registered trademark and insignia of the American Cancer Society. The double-edged blade
Charles Ruggles
Lillian Smith
Horton Smith
King George VI of England
Ann Sheridan
Gertrude Stein
Dick Tiger
Betty Grable
with twin serpent caduceus forming the hilt emphasizes the medical and scientific aspects of the Soci-
Zachary Scott
Jacqueline Susann
Paul "Dizzy" Trout
Buster Keaton
ety's programs. The Sword of Hope appears on all ACS Crusade materials, literature, posters, ads,
Ed Sullivan
James Ramsey
"Pop" Warner
Josef Krips
films, etc., and is shown at meetings, lectures, exhibits and film showings.
Lee Tracy
Ullman
Babe Didrikson Zaharias
Sean Lemass, P.M., Eire
Sophie Tucker
Robert Carl Zuppke
Hal March
Ed Wynn
Edward R. Murrow
Communications
Boris Pasternak
Arthur "Bugs" Baer
Hubbell Robinson
John Chapman
Robert Ryan
Science
Government
Bill Cunningham
Robert A. Taft
Marie Curie
William C. Bullitt
Rube Goldberg
William Talman
Tom Dooley
Harry F. Byrd
Dan Parker
Robert Taylor
Enrico Fermi
Grenville Clark
Quentin Reynolds
Jennie Tourel
J.B.S. Haldane
John Foster Dulles
Joe Williams
Franchot Tone
Irene Joliot-Curie
Herbert Hoover, Jr.
Walter Winchell
Martin Whitaker
William Menninger
Adam Clayton
John von Neumann
Powell, Jr.
Peyton Rous
Sam Rayburn
Richard E. Shope
Lurleen Wallace
30
31
CHARTERED DIVISIONS OF THE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY, INC.
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Philadelphia Division, Inc.
2926 Central Avenue
2702 East 55th Place
22 Bridge Street
21 South 12th Street
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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
(205) 879-2242
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lowa Division, Inc.
New Jersey Division, Inc.
1343 G Street
P.O. Box 980
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2700 Route 22, P.O. Box 1220
Avenue Domenech 257-Alto
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Mason City, lowa 50401
Union, New Jersey 07083
(515) 423-0712
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(907) 277-8696
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Kansas Division, Inc.
4700 North 12th Street
3003 Van Buren
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Rhode Island Division, Inc.
Phoenix, Arizona 85014
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333 Grotto Avenue
(602) 264-5861
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(505) 268-4501
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P.O. Box 3822
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South Carolina Division, Inc.
1429 West Seventh Street
1169 Eastern Parkway
6725 Lyons Street
4482 Fort Jackson Boulevard
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Masonic Temple Bldg., Room 810
Long Island Division, Inc.
South Dakota Division, Inc.
731 Market Street
535 Broad Hollow Road
700 South 4th Avenue
333 St. Charles Avenue
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New Orleans, Louisiana 70130
(Route 110)
Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57184
(415) 777-1800
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(605) 336-0897
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Colorado Division, Inc.
Maine Division, Inc.
Tennessee Division, Inc.
1809 East 18th Avenue
Federal and Greene Streets
New York City Division, Inc.
2519 White Avenue
Denver, Colorado 80218
Brunswick, Maine 04011
19 West 56th St.
Nashville, Tennessee 37204
(303) 321-2464
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New York, New York 10019
(615) 383-1710
(212) 586-8700
Connecticut Division, Inc.
Maryland Division, Inc.
Texas Division, Inc.
Professional Center
200 East Joppa Road
Queens Division, Inc.
P.O. Box 9863
270 Amity Road
Towson, Maryland 21204
111-15 Queens Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
Woodbridge, Connecticut 06525
(301) 828-8890
Forest Hills, New York 11375
(512) 345-4560
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(212) 263-2224
Massachusetts Division, Inc.
Utah Division, Inc.
Delaware Division, Inc.
138 Newbury Street
Academy of Medicine Bldg.
Westchester Division, Inc.
610 East South Temple
Boston, Massachusetts 02116
1925 Lovering Avenue
(617) 267-2650
107 Lake Avenue
Salt Lake City, Utah 84102
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(801) 322-0431
Wilmington, Delaware 19806
(302) 654-6267
Michigan Division, Inc.
(914) 793-3100
1205 East Saginaw Street
Vermont Division, Inc.
District of Columbia Division, Inc.
Lansing, Michigan 48906
North Carolina Division, Inc.
Drawer C, 13 Loomis Street
Universal Building, South
(517) 371-2920
P.O. Box 27624
Montpelier, Vermont 05602
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
222 North Person Street
(802) 223-2348
Washington, D.C. 20009
Minnesota Division, Inc.
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611
(202) 483-2600
2750 Park Avenue
(919) 834-8463
Virginia Division, Inc.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55407
3218 West Cary Street
Florida Division, Inc.
(612) 871-2111
North Dakota Division, Inc.
Richmond, Virginia 23221
1001 South MacDill Avenue
P.O. Box 426
(804) 359-0208
Tampa, Florida 33609
Mississippi Division, Inc.
Hotel Graver Annex Bldg.
(813) 253-0541
345 North Mart Plaza
115 Roberts Street
Washington Division, Inc.
Jackson, Mississippi 39206
Fargo, North Dakota 58102
323 First Avenue West,
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(601) 362-8874
(701) 232-1385
Seattle, Washington 98119
2025 Peachtree Road, N.E.
(206) 284-8390
Suite 14
Missouri Division, Inc.
Ohio Division, Inc.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
P.O. Box 1066
715 Jefferson Street
453 Lincoln Bldg.
West Virginia Division, Inc.
(404) 351-3650-1-2
1367 East Sixth Street
Jefferson City, Missouri 65101
325 Professional Building
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
(314) 636-3195
Charleston, West Virginia 25301
Hawaii Division, Inc.
(216) 771-6700
(304) 344-3611
Community Services Center Bldg.
200 North Vineyard Boulevard
Montana Division, Inc.
2115 Second Avenue North
Oklahoma Division, Inc.
Wisconsin Division, Inc.
Honolulu, Hawaii 96817
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1312 Northwest 24th Street
P.O. Box 1626
(531) 1662-3-4-5
(406) 252-7111
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73106
Madison, Wisconsin 53701
(405) 525-3515
(608) 249-0487
Idaho Division, Inc.
Nebraska Division, Inc.
P.O. Box 5386
6910 Pacific Street, Suite 210
Oregon Division, Inc.
Milwaukee Division, Inc.
1609 Abbs Street
Omaha, Nebraska 68106
1530 S.W. Taylor Street
6401 West Capitol Drive
Boise, Idaho 83705
(402) 551-2422
Portland, Oregon 97205
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53216
(208) 343-4609
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(414) 461-1100
Nevada Division, Inc.
Illinois Division, Inc.
4220 Maryland Parkway
Pennsylvania Division, Inc.
Wyoming Division, Inc.
37 South Wabash Avenue
Suite 105
P.O. Box 4175
1118 Logan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60603
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Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
(312) 372-0472
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NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS: AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY, INC., 219 E. 42nd ST., NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017
74-400M-10/74-No. 5008-LE
The Shaky Link Between
CANCER AND
CHARACTER
Nobody has proved a cause-and-effect relationship
between cancer and despair, loneliness, or loss
of loved ones. The clearest causes are environmental
carcinogens, not the victim's personality.
by Mary G. Marcus
MOST PHYSICIANS AND PSYCHOLOGISTS
ease more painful emotionally than it
that if type-A people loosen up enough
accept the idea that psychological fac-
already is. Although it may eventually
to alter their personalities, they can de-
tors play an important role in the de-
be shown that emotional factors play
crease the risk of heart attacks.
velopment of a variety of illnesses
some role, the research thus far does not
Interest in the psychological aspects
including asthma, tuberculosis, colitis,
allow us to draw such conclusions.
of cancer revived in the 1950s, when
hypertension, arthritis and heart at-
Situation and Personality. According to
Lawrence LeShan spotted a common
tacks. Cancer has usually not been in-
earlier reports, psychological factors
pattern among cancer patients he was
cluded among these illnesses. But
supposedly trigger particular diseases in
treating in psychotherapy. As children,
reports that personality plays a role in
people who, because of genetic, con-
most of his patients had gone through
the development of the disease now ap-
stitutional or environmental factors,
experiences that weakened their ability
pear regularly, and cancer patients are
are predisposed to the disease. These
to form emotional relationships. They
beginning to wonder if their emotions
psychological factors fall into two cate-
had lost a parent, brother, or sister, and
are somehow responsible for their
gories: situation and personality.
had come to associate emotional rela-
misfortune.
Among the situational factors influenc-
tionships with pain and loneliness.
In ancient Greece, the physician
ing disease are life events such as birth,
Later, as adolescents or young adults,
Galen theorized that melancholy
marriage, death, loss of job, or change of
many of these patients had developed
women were more likely than sanguine
home. Personality factors include de-
either a close, happy personal relation-
women to develop cancer. Today's the-
pression, rigidity and dependency.
ship or a satisfying job, only to have
orists claim that cancer tends to de-
Psychiatrist Thomas Holmes be-
the relationship or employment end
velop in inner-directed families; that
lieves that constant stress weakens the
abruptly. LeShan's patients said that
expressing our emotions may help us re-
body's resistance, allowing the onset of
this loss left them without hope, believ-
sist cancer; that cancer victims have
illness. In one study, Holmes and his
ing that they were forever doomed to
placid, gentle, nonaggressive disposi-
colleague Richard Rahe found that over
loneliness. LeShan found that his pa-
tions, and as children lacked closeness
79 percent of those who had undergone
tients first developed symptoms of can-
to their parents; and that cancer may re-
major life changes developed some kind
cer anywhere from six months to eight
sult from hopelessness following the
of illness within two years of the
years after rupture of the relationship.
loss of a loved one.
changes, while only 37 percent of those
Distortion of Emotions. LeShan's early
These reports of emotional causes of
who experienced minor life changes de-
work identified two of the most fre-
cancer bring hope to some and anguish
veloped such illnesses.
quently suggested psychological fore-
to others. The optimistic see the pos-
The role of stress in development of
runners to cancer: hopelessness and
sibility of changing their personalities,
illness has long been noted by Canada's
loss. LeShan's studies, however, are
thereby avoiding the disease; the pessi-
Hans Selye. He argues that illnesses ap-
beset with problems that make one
mistic see the new reports as a death
pear when the body reacts to long-term
skeptical of his conclusion. His evi-
sentence against which it is pointless to
stress by prolonged excessive produc-
dence is retrospective; he studied peo-
struggle. Instead of asking, "Why me?,"
tion of various hormones.
ple who had already developed cancer.
some cancer victims, convinced of the
The relationship of personality to
Since retrospective studies compare
link, assume that it is their own fault
heart attacks has also been widely pub-
people with cancer with those who do
that they have developed cancer. Some
licized. Meyer Friedman and Ray
not have it, the personality differences
fall back on the old notion that they are
Rosenman found that type-A people,
that appear may be caused by the can-
sick because of their sins.
classified as competitive and driven, are
cer. For example, LeShan states that a
Cancer is a horror in itself, and hasty
much more likely to develop heart at-
feeling of utter despair was present in 43
generalizations from inconclusive re-
tacks than type-B people, who are easy-
out of 45 cancer patients as compared
Mark Kozlowski
search could make the course of the dis-
going. Friedman and Rosenman suggest
with only one out of 30 who did not
52
PSYCHOLOGY TODAY June 1976
PHILIP STRAX, M.D.
Foreword by MARVELLA BAYH (Mrs. Birch Bayh)
EARLY
DETECTION
BREAST CANCER IS CURABLE
EARLY DETECTION
Breast Cancer Curable
STRAX
JOAN
BOOK
EARLY
DETECTION
Breast Cancer Is Curable
PHILIP STRAX, M.D.
HARPER & ROW, PUBLISHERS
New York / Evanston / San Francisco / London
THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED to the two and a half million
volunteers of the American Cancer Society who give of
themselves toward the prevention, early detection and ade-
quate treatment of cancer as well as to the rehabilitation
of the cancer patient.
This book is also dedicated to the many who are doing
the same in other organizations on a national level, such as
the United Order of True Sisters, as well as to organiza-
tions operating on the local scene, such as the Stella and
Charles Guttman Breast Diagnostic Institute in New York
City.
These inspired and dedicated volunteers have learned
that the greatest benefit in doing for others accrues to
themselves. They echo the call: we must all strive to-
EARLY DETECTION: BREAST CANCER IS CURABLE. Copyright © 1974 by
gether to conquer cancer in our lifetime!
Philip Strax. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatso-
ever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations
embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address Harper
& Row, Publishers, Inc., 10 East 53rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10022.
Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited,
Toronto.
FIRST EDITION
ISBN: 0-06-014151-4
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 74-4856
Designed by Gwendolyn O. England
Contents
Foreword, by Marvella Bayh ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xiii
1 Don't Be Afraid of Breast Cancer 1
2 Alertness Could Save Your Life 11
3 Who Is Most Likely
to Develop Breast Cancer 21
4 What We Know About the Breast 32
5 What We Know About Breast Cancer 45
6 What Constitutes a Breast Examination 50
7 How Breast Cancer Is Treated 70
8 What Else Physicians Could Do 79
9 What Else You Can Do:
Ten Precepts for Protection 85
10 Do You Have a Question? 87
Glossary 99