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Bradley H. Patterson Files (Ford Administration)
Bradley Patterson's Native American Programs Files
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Indians of North America
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The original documents are located in Box 4, folder "Newsclips (3)" of the Bradley H.
Patterson Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United
States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections.
Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public
domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to
remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid
copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Digitized from Box 4 of the Bradley H. Patterson Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
NEWS
CLIPS
OFFICE OF INFORMATION
202-343-7445
VOL. 6 No. 46
November 13, 1976
Indians treated disgracefully
Pity the poor Indians. They lost the
promise, arbitration would result.
wars and the peace.
That kind of pressure wouldn't be
But the Indians of the Northwest do
WILLIAM
necessary If the states would negotiate
not want pity. All they want is a fair
BEBOUT
in good faith instead of crying hysteri-
shake. If they get it, they'll have
cally at the mere mention of Indian
achieved An historic first in their
Capital Journal
fishing rights. The conduct of state
relations with the government of the
Editorial Poge
officials in both Oregon and Washing-
United States.
Editor
ton has been and continues to be
The most volatile issue is Indian
disgraceful.
fishing rights, 8 subject that evokes
10-24-76
But even Ullman seems to lack a
emotions so strong that the facts rarely
real understanding of the Indians'
are discussed outside a federal court-
Belloni decisions were upheld unani-
grievances. He said that continuing
room.
mously by federal appellate judges.
reliance on the federal courts to
And not even one tiny bit of the
The states, however, ignored federal
achieve a settlement would lead to a
blame can be assessed against the
court orders with the same stubborn
"dead end."
Indians. They've been willing to com-
indifference they gave to Indian pleas
There are three branches of govern-
promise from the beginning. But the
to negotiate a compromise.
ment, he said, and Congress will
successors to their conquerors, repre-
The states contend they must man-
"change the rules" if the Indians
sented by the state governments of
age the fishery resource to protect it
continue to use the judicial branch to
Oregon and Washington, won't give an
from ruination by both Indians and
get justice.
Indian the time of day unless ordered
non-Indians. I have no quarrel with
The Indians would not be in court, of
to do so by a federal judge.
state fishery management. But it must
course, if either Congress or the states
The courts have ruled that the
be noted that salmon runs in many
had heeded their pleas for fair treat-
Indians are entitled to an opportunity
streams under state management have
ment under the treaties they negotiated
to harvest 50 per cent of the salmon. in
fallen off sharply and there is no way
in good faith with the federal govern-
the Columbia Kiver after the "escape-
the blame can be placed on Indian
ment 100 and more years ago. And
ment" of enough fish to ensure preser-
fishermen. It's doubtful some of the
anyone who thinks the Indians got a
vation of the runs
streams have been visited by an Indian
good deal in those treaties is just plain
There's a great deal of difference
fishermen since the days of Lewis and
stupid. To deny the Indians what little
between the opportunity to catch fish
Clark. And no one contends seriously
they have coming to them would be
and the ability to do so. The fact is
that the Indians are responsible for the
worse than stupid. It would be crimi-
that Indians have taken no more than
decline in Columbia River runs. The
nal.
12 to 14 per cent of Columbia River
fact is that Indian conservation prac-
It should be obvious that the states
salmon runs since the long legal battle
tices, including use of modern hatcher-
can afford to give up more than 12-14
started in the 1960s.
ics, are-just as advanced and effective
per cent of the salmon runs, and that
The Indians never would have none
as those used by the states.
the Indians would be willing, even
to court if the states had been willing
Rep. Al Ullman of Oregon, chairman
eager, to settle for less than half the
to negotiate a reasonable settlement.
of the House Ways & Means Commit-
fish ir the river.
FORD
But the refusal of the states to negou-
lee, told the editorial boards of the
If Ullman can achieve a settlement
ate and the heavy toll on salmon runs.
Capital Journal and Oregon Statesman
through legislation, that's dandy.
taken by non-Indian fishermon down-
last week that the fishing issue must be
should have been done more than a
LIBRARY
stream left the Indians with no alterna-
solved by negotiation or binding arbi-
decade ago. Bui Uliman and every one
tive.
tration.
else with a conscience should recognize
The decisions of U.S. District Judges
Ullman says he intends to introduce
that although the government may
Boldt of Seattle and Belioni of Portland
legislation in the next session of Con-
confront the Indians from a position of
upheld the provisions of the 19th Centu-
gress to force such negotiations. If the
unchallengeable political power, the
ry treaties which gave the Indians
states then fail to sit down with the
full weight of justice and morality is on
their fishing rights. And the Boldt and
Indians and work out a realistic com-
the side of the Indians.
STATES
DEPARTMENT
OF
THE
OF
INDIAN
AFFAIRS
1951 Constitution Avenue N.W. Washington, D.C. 20245
Banking_interests in
The Julsa Trilmite
D.
Cherokee politics fuel
OCT 22 1976
tribal dispute
Cherokee banking interests and their
By BILL SAMPSON
family and business connections are
The emergence of banking interests
uation is this: I am the Chief. Someday
the topics of considerable discussion in
in Cherokee politics plus expectation of
we will get large deposits. Bankers are
the campaign and throughout the Cher-
a $113 million settlement for the Indi-
running for the Council. Bankers will
okee Nation area.
ans has fueled a new tribal political
selves. divide these deposits among them-
For example, the board chairman of
controversy.
the First National Bank of Tahlequah
The Cherokees are in the midst of a
"THIS IS A neat scenario, but prag-
is Peter A. Manhart. He was the head
political campaign to elect a deputy
matically difficult to achieve. There is
of a group of investors which acquired
chief and 15 councilmen. Mail balloting
no bank in the Cherokee Nation which
control of the bank in 1972. One of those
is going on this month with results to
could effectively invest the hundreds of
investors was James R. Jones, before
be announced in mid-November.
millions of dollars in question. Regula-
he was elected 1st District congress-
The banking issue has been raised
tory agencies require certain amounts
man. Jones' wife, Olivia, is on the
largely by Tulsan James Gordon and
of capital in proportion with bank de-
bank's board.
Tulsa County Sheriff Dave Faulkner,
posits. If a bank has high deposits,
Earlier this month, at Jones' request,
both of whom oppose Sallisaw Mayor
without proper equivalent capital, it
the House Standards of Official Con-
R. Perry Wheeler for deputy chief.
becomes risky to the depositors and
duct Committee announced it had
Wheeler has been endorsed by Chero-
stockholders of that bank and regula-
looked into the Jones' interest in the
kee Chief Ross Swimmer; whose posi-
tors would not allow it.
Tahlequah bank and informed the con-
tion as president of the First National
"As a practical matter. Cherokee
gressman he does not have to report
Bank of Tahlequah made the banking,
funds will be placed in banks through-
his wife's bank stock holdings to the
interest issue fair game in the cam-
out the United States. Most of our
House.
money is put out for bid by the Bureau
Manhart married the widow of Keith
so far as Gordon and Faulkner
Smith, long-time Jay lawyer, who, be-
are concerned.
of Indian Affairs. Our bank would
fore he died in 1974, was director and
SWIMMER says there "is no great
have to compete with all other bidders
general counsel for the Delaware
conspiracy" to monopolize Cherokee
nationwide and pay more than the
County Bank, Jay; president and gen-
banking as is being implied by some
highest bid of those banks as well as
eral counsel of the Bank of Locust
campaign talk.
pledge U.S. securities to protect the
Grove; president of the First National
Gordon and Faulkner have been on
money of the tribe.
Bank of Tahlequah and board chair-
the stump throughout the 14 northeast-
"This money is therefore not particu-
man of the First National Bank of
ern Oklahoma counties within the old
larly significant to a bank, especially
Sallisaw, all located within the old
Cherokee Nation criticizing the influ-
one of our size."
Cherokee Nation.
ence of bankers on the campaign and
The so-called "banking candidates"
Smith's grandmother was one-fourth
proclaiming their independence of big
for the council as Gordon has called
Cherokee and came to Indian Territory
money interests.
them are:
after the Civil War with her husband,
Three candidates for the council -
1. Gary Chapman, assistant vice
Lee B. Smith, who had been a captain
including the chief's father - and a
president. installment loans, Commer-
in the Confederate Army.
high election official of the tribe have
cial National Bank, Muskogee. The
banking connections, in addition to
Chapmans are an old-line Cherokee
CHIEF SWIMMER takes issue with
Chief Swimmer.
family, dating many years back into
the Manharts being brought into discus-
The Cherokees have been antici-
tribal history.
sions of Cherokee politics. He said:
pating a financial settlement with the
2. Robert McSpadden. vice president,
"Why are they discussed at all? I am
federal government concerning the Ar-:
First National Bank, Vinita. McSpad-
not personally privy to their business
kansas River bed ownership matter
den is a relation of former congress-
dealings outside of First National
since the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in
man and one-time gubernatorial can-
Bank. They certainly do not affect the
1970 the Cherokees, Choctaws and
didate Clem McSpadden. The McSpad-
tribe or influence my decisions (as
Chickasaws own the river.
dens are related to the Rogers family
chief) in the least. I do consider them
The property involved was appraised
of Cherokees, for whom Rogers
as good friends and have been as-
by the government earlier this year at
County was named and from which hu-
sociated with them in the bank for two
$177 million. including powerhead value
morist Will Rogers was descended. R.
years.
on two hydroelectric dams. Propor-
Vance McSpadden. another relation, is
"First National has been the tribal
tionately. the Cherokees should receive
business director of the Cherokee Na-
bank for decades. and I think the Cher-
about $113 million of that amount if
tion.
okees are proud that their chief is pres-
Congress agrees to a lease or outright
3. Robert O. Swimmer (Chief Swim-
ident of the bank."
payment for the property developed
mer's father), a board member of First
He also provided a list of 12 banks
into a navigation channel by the fed-
National Bank of Tahlequah.
throughout the United States where
eral government.
IN ADDITION to the candidates for
Cherokee funds are deposited "to avoid
In response to an inquiry by The
elective posts, Tulsan Phillip Viles Jr.
any question about deposits being con-
Tribune about the issue, Chief Swim-
is a member of the tribe's voter regis-
centrated in any bank.
mer replied:
tration committee, a key institution in
Former Cherokee Chief W. W.
"You did raise an interesting theoret-
tribal elections. Viles is a lawyer in the
Keeler, retired president and chief ex-
ical question concerning large sums of
trust department of F&M Bank in
ocutive officer of Phillips Petroleum
money that may come into the tribe's
Tulsa.
Co., also is on the Tahlequah bank
hands. Put in its simplest form, the sit-
The interrelationships of these various
board.
Maine refuses to
Dir Thiston (Stobe
negotiate with Indians
OCT 23 1976
Associated Press
"My responsibility in this case ex-
tends, not only to the tribes but to the
1
AUGUSTA, Maine - Maine's at-
one million non-Indian citizens of
Maine," he said. "I do not believe it is
torney general rejected a request by a
Federal civil rights agency yesterday
responsible or fair for me to settle any
claim, and thereby hand over public
They
to negotiate an out-of-court settlement
assests, unless I am convinced on the
to claims by Indians for 60 percent of
merits of the claimant's case."
want
the land in the state.
60% of
Earlier the Maine Advisory Com-
Jacques E. Wilmore, regional direc-
mittee to the US Commission on Civil
tor of the Federal commission, had
state's
Rights had offered its help in such
sent a telegram to Gov. James B.
land
negotiations, saying that the legal
Longley, the tribal governors of the
questions surrounding the Indians
Passamaquoddy and Penobscot Indi-
claims "could have dire results for the
ans and Brennan. Wilmore asked for
citizens of Maine."
the negotiations and said related Fed-
eral court rulings have indicated that
A suit filed on behalf of the Pas-
the Indians' case has merit.
samaquoddy and Penobscot Indians
has thrown a cloud over the ownership
The Indians have said they are
of 12.5 million acres of land, forcing
willing to negotiate but have not put
the cancellation of $27 million in mu-
forth any proposals. They have placed
nicipal bond sales and threatening to
the value of their claims at $25 billion.
dry up the source of mortgage loans in
northern and central parts of the state.
"In our judgement continued refus-
al of the governor and the attorney
"I believe it would be wrong to set-
general to regotiate this matter with
tle a case merely because the other
the Indians could have dire results for
side has been able to bring pressure to
the citizens of Maine," Wilmore said.
bear on the state in an attempt to win
"Already there have been indications
a settlement," said Atty. Gen. Joseph
that further delay will have a deleteri-
E. Brennan in a letter to the regional
ous effect on the ability of some Maine
office of the civil rights panel.
communities to market municipal
bonds. Banks may refuse to grant
Brennan repeated his stand that
mortgages in the contested area, and
the Indian claims are without merit.
the contined impasse may effect cru-
cial funding by Federal agencies."
Other investors in the Tahlequah
bank with Manhart and Jones included
"Anyone can put together a cast of
oversee the proper and most rewarding
Thomas A. Manhart, Manhart's father,
people and come up with a million
investment of tribal funds? Is there an
plays, but in this case I am afraid the
and A. J. Hintze, former chief geophy-
industry governed more strictly by law
cast is simply not together."
sicist and director of exploration for
and examined more regularly than
Philips Petroleum Co. In 1969, the
Gordon, in his campaign for deputy
banking? Clearly, the fact that bankers
elder Manhart, chairman of the Energy
chief, focused on the banking issue
run for tribal council does not act to
Development Inc. of Tulsa, installed
last Sunday at a Pryor meeting where
the detriment of the tribe."
Hintze as president of the firm. Both
various candidates for Cherokee office
First National Bank of Tahlequah has
are associates and friends of Keeler.
spoke. He heads a slate of candidate
a "correspondent" relationship with
Viles, the tribal voter registration
sponsored by Cherokees for Responsi
the Bank of Oklahoma in Tulsa. This is
committee member and F&M Bank
ble Government, an Indian political
customary banking practice whereby
employe, has strong banking, political
party. Gordon was an unsuccessful can-
didate for chief in 1975, losing to Swim-
larger and smaller banks in various
and family ties dating back into early
areas of the state and nation provide
Oklahoma statehood and the Cherokee
mer.
mutual help and financial assistance
Nation.
"Nine of the 15 candidates on the
in dealings where one or the other is
slate are half to fullblood Cherokee,
most familiar.
HIS FATHER, Phil Viles, Claremore
Gordon said, "and not one is
insuranceman, is president of the
When the story broke about the Cher-
banker. We are not taking the Cherokee
Rogers County Bank of Claremore. He
Nation down that banker road."
okee financial scandals during the last
ars of the administration of Chief
is a former vice chairman of the Grand
He emphasized the Cherokee people's
River Dam Authority, appointed origi-
Reeler, it was learned the Tahlequah
"right to know why and by what
and Tulsa banks both held notes involv-
nally by the late J. Howard Edmondson
process their money is invested and
when he was Oklahoma governor.
ing tribal construction and housing ven-
spent."
The elder Viles' wife, mother of the
tures that failed financially.
Tulsa lawyer-banker, is the daughter of
HE CHARGED the former commu-
Chief Swimmer has reorganized
former Cherokee Chief J. B. Milam,
nity representatives program had been
tribal administration in an effort to ac-
who led the tribe from 1941 to 1940.
brushed aside by Swimmer's appoint-
count for those losses, overcome the
Chief Milam had oil interests near
ment of a council last year in advance
setback and return the tribe to fiscal
Chelsea. Mrs. Viles brother, H. Stewart
of this year's election.
responsibility.
Milam, heads the Chelsea Bank and
He said the Cherokees, "once proud
her sister, Mrs. Ralph Hackett, controls
Following is a list of banks in which
of their education and culture, have
Chief Swimmer said the Cherokees
a bank at Tarkio, Mo. Some of the
become a laughingstock before other
Milams and the McSpaddens are coun-
have funds on deposit (but he did not
tribes" because of Cherokee financial
sins.
list amounts):
scandals involving housing and con-
Is this network of Cherokee banking
struction in the early 1970s.
First National Bank, Tahlequah; Lib-
interests and the emergence of bankers
Sheriff Faulkner has stressed his in-
erty State Bank, Tahlequah; Union
into current Cherokee politics since the
Commerce Bank, Cleveland, Ohio:
dependence of the chief, of banking in-
river bed case was decided in the Cher-
Coast Federal Savings and Loan, Los
terests and of any slate during his cam-
okees' favor in 1970 coincidental?
Angeles: Peoples Bank and Trust,
paign.
Chief Swimmer addressed the ques-
Blanchard, La.
tion, saying:
Swimmer kas endorsed Wheeler for
University Savings and Loan, Surety
"One of the major problems of In-
deputy chief, but says he is not sup-
Savings Association and Main Bank of
dian Tribes around the country indack
porting any particular candidates for
Houston, all of Houston, Texas; Brazo-
of qualified leadership. Last year
the council positions.
sport Bank of Texas, Freeport, Tex.;
(when Swimmer became a candidate
"Of the 42 people running for council,
Union Bank, Sherman Oaks, Calif.; Me-
and was elected chief) I felt very
I am acquainted with around 23 and
chanic National Bank, Huntington
strongly about this. I told our board of
feel that any of these would serve
Park, Calif., and Zion First National
directors and the chairman, Mr. Man-
well," the chief said.
Bank, Roosevelt, Utah.
hart, that I believed if the Cherokees
Swimmer took issue with Gordon and
were going to survive and be a positive
influence in Eastern Oklahoma, they
Faulkner over the banking candidates,
needed a capable leader.
saying:
"I did not believe the people seeking
"The question of my banking inter-
the office of chief were qualified. Most
ests have been raised before and I am
of my income is derived from my work
sure that Mr. Faulkner derives much
at the bank. This is my profession and
of his commentary from this source.
my future. During the last year, my
Also, the Gordon slate brags about not
directors have allowed me to be absent
having a banker among its number.
from the bank a great deal of time S0
"I simply do not understand this atti-
that I could get the tribal problems
tude. Most businesses enjoy the fact
solved.
that bankers as well as other profes-
"MUCH PROGRESS has been made
sional people serve on their boards of
in this regard. I have always believed
directors. But if you listen to Mr.
that First National would be better off,
Faulkner and Mr. Gordon, it seems in-
as well as every other bank in the
appropriate for a banker to work with
area, if through our efforts, we could
the tribe.
create jobs, train people and raise the
"IS A BANKER unqualified to under-
per capita income of the Cherokees
stand the financial business of the
$1,000 per year than if the bank re-
tribe? Is a banker less qualified to
ceived all tribal deposits.
evaluate business opportunities, advise
"It is the long-term effect of what we
tribal members regarding finances and
are dong now that will help the Chero-
kees and their economy. Short term
goals for banking interests are net part
of my plan.
"There is no great conspiracy to
monopolize banking or any other in-
dustry. I am simply doing what I can
to make a contribution to a great race
of people who have had a pretty rough
time over the last 100 years.
Seattle
Dost-Intelligencerr
The Fishing War
OCT 22 1976
From Page A-1
age.
day that the FBI will enter the con-
According to Gruett, a state boat
fired the cannister after a gillnetter
troversy.
"The Seattle FBI office has been
made a very close pass at a patrol
ordered to investigate specific com-
boat and the fisherman allegedly
Fishing War:
threw something at an officer.
plaints regarding attempts to prevent
Indians from exercising their fishing
The "fishing war" got its start aft-
PAGE ONE
rights," said Ron Sim, an assistant to
er a landmark decision by U.S. Dis-
Pitkin.
trict Judge George Boldt two years
FBI Steps In
ago which ruled that treaty Indians
Sim said that under federal law
have the right to take half of Wash-
attempting to deprive Indians of their
ington's harvestable salmon.
rights is a felony.
This year, state Fisheries Depart-
Charging commercial fishermen
The tribal officers issued a call for
ment Director Donald Moos ordered
have become so violent toward Indi-
an end to the "lawless conduct of
Puget Sound closed to non-Indians for
ans that bloodshed may be near, trib-
commercial fishermen who have been
"fall fishing" as a conservation meas-
al spokesmen announced yesterday
defying state closure orders and
ure.
that the FBI has been ordered to
threatening violence to Indian and
Many gillnetters, who charge that
state enforcement officers."
the closure isn't a conservation meas-
protect Indian rights in Puget Sound's
According to the Indian spokesmen,
ure when Indians are allowed to fish,
"fishing war."
"rabblerousers" among the fishermen
and plagued by financial problems in
The spokesmen said that Indians
have brought about a "near total
a poor fishing year, have been defy-
have caught only 12 per cent of
breakdown in fisheries management
ing the state closure order.
Washington's salmon harvest this
on Puget Sound." They said this
In their announcement yesterday,
year, and caught only 5 to, 8 per cent
would have an unfavorable impact on
the Indian tribal officials said the
in previous years, but they are being
Puget Sound salmon stocks "which
reason for the poor run of cohos on
made "scapegoats" for the failure of
will last for years."
Puget Sound at present is the fact
salmon runs in Puget Sound.
As the Indian tribes made their
that the coho run was largely caught
The tribal spokesmen said a Lum-
announcement, there was another in-
by non-Indian trollers off the coast
mi Indian research boat was fired on
cident of violence on Puget Sound in
during the summer.
13 times, repeated attempts have
the "fishing war."
The Indians said the trollers caught
been made by. commercial fishing
Between 30 and 40 gillnet fishermen
a record 1.3 million cohos this year
vessels to ram and sink Indian skiffs,
encircled six state Fisheries Depart-
off the coast. The Indians will end
Indian net fishermen on river banks
ment patrol boats in two incidents
the Puget Sound coho season with a
have been cursed and insulted by the
Wednesday.
total off-reservation catch of 144,000
public, and even football teams from
A Coast Guard cutter and a heli-
cohos, while non-Indian fishermen
Indian high schools have received ra-
copter were called out twice during
took 350,000 in Puget Sound, the tribal
cial insults from the stands.
the night, once to escort the state
leaders said.
"Thank God nobody has been killed
patrol boats from the mouth of Hood
One Indian spokesmen, Bernard
so far," said Helen Keeline of the
Canal, and a second time to escort
Gobin of the Tulalip Tribe, said feel-
Point Elliott Treaty Indians. "But I'm
them south from the Mutiny Bay
ings are running so high among gill-
afraid somebody is going to get killed
area of Whidbey Island.
netters that "our people are seriously
before this is over.'
The gillnet boats were making high
concerned for their safety."
speed "passes" at the state boats,
He said Indians in the Anacortes
A spokesman for U.S. Attorney
threatening to ram them, according
area are sleeping aboard their boats
Stan Pitkin's office confirmed yester-
to Bruce Gruett, assistant director of
to prevent vandalism, some of which
Back Page, Column 1
field services for the department.
has occurred.
"It was a hairy situation," he said.
Indians and their children all over
"There were some wild men out
Puget Sound have experienced verbal
there."
"abuse, according to the tribal leaders.
He estimated that between 40 and
All fear-for their lives because many
50 gillnet boats were fishing illegally
of the commercial fishermen are
near the mouth of Hood Canal.
carrying guns on their vessels, the
Gillnet fishermen said a tear gas
tribal leaders said.
cannister fired by a state patrol boat
"No fish is worth a person's life,"
landed in one vessel, set fire to the
said Forrest L. Kinley of the Lummi
rain gear and caused about $800 dam-
Tribe.
Indicted
Tribe
Fraud
PHOENIX, Ariz. (AP) -
Corporation of Beverly Hills,
Authority money invested with
for the arrest of Eldred and
Scales said he and FBI
The former executive director
the indictments said.
American Funding.
Schaffer.
agents had been investigating
of the Navajo Housing Author-
The indictments said Miller
Miller, between June 1974
A summons was issued for
the matter since last March.
ity was indicted today by a
and three other persons named
and January 1975, placed near-
Miller, who resigned last April
Neither the Department of
federal grand jury, which
in the report caused invest-
ly $13.3 million of Housing and
from the Navajo Housing Au-
Housing and Urban Develop-
charged him with receiving
ments of federal Department
Urban Development funds with
thority job he had held nearly
ment nor the Navajo Housing
$42,000 in kick-backs from a
of Housing and Urban Develop-
the firm for investment
five years. His annual salary
Authority management board
California investment firm.
ment money with American
purposes.
was about $23,000.
apparently knew of Miller's
The alleged payments to Pat
Funding in return for "kick-
The housing authority was
Hadden, vice president-
transactions with American
Chee Miller, 31, a Navajo,
backs consisting of 1½ per
established in 1963 to utilize
secretary of Window Rock
Funding until early last Febru-
were from American Funding
cent" of the total Housing
Housing and Urban Develop-
Constructors, Inc., arranged
ary.
ment money for
for III etings between Eldred
of low rent, low income hous-
American Funding invested
and Miller, Scales said.
OCT
some of the federal funds
ing on the Navajo Reservation.
Scales said Hadden paid
received by the Housing Au-
1976
named A. Gordon Eldred,
therity in art term govern-
ments ermed the kickbacks.
American Funding's senior
ment securities. All but nearly
Farmington Daily Times
vice president, and Mervin B.
He said Hadden first met
$4.4 million has been re-
Schaffer of Los Angeles.
Fldred through Schaffer, vice
covered.
Miller, Eldred and Schaffer
president of Jusco Construc-
Navajo Housing Authority
were charged with conspiracy
tion Co. of Los Angeles. He
has filed a federal court suit
to defraud the federal govern-
said Hadden had met Schaffer
against American Funding,
ment, misapplication of funds
while trying to arrange for
which was placed in re-
from an Indian tribal organiza-
bonding for Window Rock Con-
ceivership last March 22 by a
tion and interstate transporta-
structors, which is based in
federal judge in Los Angeles,
tion of money obtained by
Window Rock, Ariz., the Nava-
for the unrecovered money.
fraud.
jo capital.
American Funding paid
Leslie J. Hadden of Gallup,
Scales said it might be early
$704,000 in interest on the
N.M., was named as an unin-
next year before the three go
Housing Authority loans.
dicted coconspirator, said
to trial. The charges carry
Asst. U.S. Atty. Gary V.
penalties ranging from a $5,000
Window Rock Constructors
Scales.
fine to 10 years in prison, or
did some of the housing con-
Bench warrants were issued
both, Scales said.
struction work.
FORD
The Datias Burning News
TEXAS
OCT 1 7 1976
First Indian coordinator
Kiowa works to urge education
By RANDY NORDHEM
Satepauhoodle will be responsible
grams are helping in the education of
Cletis Satepauhoodle remembers
for coordinating federally-funded In-
Indians.
white preachers telling him when he
dian education programs for some 70
"Things are beginning to pick up,"
was a boy in Oklahoma that Indian
tribes in Oklahoma, New Mexico,
he says. "But, we've got to produce."
dances were sinful.
Texas, Arkansas and Louisiana.
Congress wants to know the effec-
"When I was brought up," says the
He says in his new job he hopes to
tiveness of the money it is spending for
39-year-old Kiowa, "being an Indian
teach the value of education to Indians.
Indian education.
was something to be looked down
"The Indian needs unity and the
"The people in Washington want
upon.
only thing that will unify the Indian is
results."
"In order to be successful you
education. We need a common goal. We
Satepauhoodle says his job initially
shouldn't have to talk Indian, they
all know our i al is to educate our
will consist of familiarizing himself
used to say. The less you knew about
youth."
with the federal programs in the 5-
being Indian the better.
Satepauhoodle, who soon will submit
state area. Then, he may make recom-
"If you could marry a white girl you
his doctoral dissertation to Penn State
mendations for change.
were closer to your goals."
University, says the Indian is divided
"I GUESS YOU could call me a
SATEPAUHOODLE spits out his
by tribal differences.
troubleshooter."
tobacco and laughs.
"WE STILL ARE a multitude of dif-
He says the emphasis in recent years
"I married an Indian."
Satepauhoodle was recently appoint-
ferent people. Even though we look
on the plight of the Indian has given
alike, there are great distances be-
rise to a renewed sense of pride among
ed Indian Education Coordinator for
the Indian.
tween us."
the U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
Satepauhoodle, whose office is filled
tion and Welfare's Southwest region.
Satepauhoodle also says Indian cul-
with Indian art and Indian music can
It is the first such regional position
tures traditionally have seen little
be heard from his homemade cassettes,
in the nation.
value in formal education.
stresses the Indian can maintain pride
Although most Indians still live in
in his heritage and still be an educated
rural areas, many are moving to the
member of society.
cities because they have lost the land
"You can live with two hats. You
given their families by the govern-
don't have to forsake one lifestyle to be
ment near the turn of the century.
successful in the other."
They come to the cities for work, but
have no skills and can only be employ-
ed as laborers, he says.
"It's a matter of educating the first
generation," Satepauhoodle says. That
generation, in turn, will instill the
value of education into Indian
children.
SATEPAUHOODLE believes the
youth now in school may be the first
generation.
He says the numerous federal pro-
NOV
Albuquerque Tribune
Arizona Republic
2 1976
Indians may leave school
3 0 1976
if free lunches dropped
Rhodes urges
better Indian
The chairman of the All
The USDA had set a Nov. 1
should be filed by the Dec. 1
Indian Pueblo Council said
deadline after notifying New
deadline.
medical care
today a mass withdrawal
Mexico last spring that there
Underwood said Anaya's
from schools of Indian child-
would no longer be categori-
decision to join the Indian
Health needs of Ameri-
ren "is a possibility" if free
cal approvals of Indian
suit was made after discus-
can Indians deserve top
lunches are denied by the
children as needy for pur-
sions with Lovato.
priority by the federal
U.S. Department of Agricul-
poses of receiving a free
Lovato said if the free
ture (USDA).
lunch.
lunch program is denied In-
government, Rep. John J.
Indian leaders objected to
dian children, the suit will
Rhodes, R-Ariz., said
Delfin Lovato said. "Until
the change which requires
be filed immediately.
Friday.
we have been denied serv-
eligibility criteria be met
He said he thinks the eligi-
Rhodes. who is running
ice, we have not been hurt.
based on family size and
bility compliance deadline
for re-election in the First
But once it happens, we will
income. Indian families have
was extended because of the
been encouraged not to
election and "to see whose
Congressional District,
move. The council would
said he will "continue to
wholeheartedly support
comply with the new man-
back the monkey is going to
withdrawal of children if
push hard for federal
dates by their leade:
be on."
that's the only alternative
The state's notification of
funding sufficient to en-
we have."
the deadline extension fol-
sure efficient operation of
lows Atty. Gen. Toney Anay-
existing Indian health fa-
Lovato said the Indians
a's decision last week to join
cilities and create addi-
have called the USDA's no-
tional facilities for the
tice that lunches will be de-
the All Indian Pucblo Coun-
future."
nied children who do not
cil in a suit agair it USDA.
prove eligibility based on
The suit seeks to stop the
The congressman dis-
family size and income "a
USDA from enforcing its
cussed the recently
bluff."
eligibility ruling and
enacted Indian Health
charges discrimination.
Care Act during a meet-
NEW MEXICO officials
ing of the Indian Health
Monday notified the federal
JACK UNDERW OOD, as-
Advisory Board at the
government that it is extend-
sistant attorney general as-
Phoenix Indian Medical
ing the deadline for compli-
signed to the State Depart-
Center.
ance with eligibility rules
ment of Education. said the
He described the meas-
another month to Dec. 1.
deadline for compliance
"had to be extended because
ure, which he co-spon-
we didn't want to cut off any
sored, as "a far from per-
Indian children before we
fect piece of legislation
got our suit filed." He said it
but far better than any-
thing we have had up to
this point. It is a
beginning."
Rhodes said he urged
President Ford to sign the
bill, which provides 525
new positions in the In-
dian health system and
$337 million for new In-
dian health-care facilities.
ORME DAM LOCATION ENDORSED
NOV
1376
Building That Turned Up
Phoeny
pagette
In Flood Plain Legalized
By DON WARNE
structure will be under water in event of
tional $4 million cost to the county.
Maricopa County supervisors today
a 100-year flood.
Some Skunk Creek area residents prefer
"legalized" the building erected in Mesa
The oversight surfaced when the
the proposed Adobe Dam there be
in violation of 1975 state flood plain
owner of the adjacent property. Ray-
lowered. with a backup dam built to
regulations, after being told the owner
mond Miller, requested a permit to
contain flood waters.
otherwise would sue.
construct an addition to an existing
building on his property.
In other flood-related action, the board
The request was turned down and
recommended that the Central Arizona
Project's Orme Dam be placed at the
Miller protested that the tire company
confluence of the Salt and Verde rivers.
structure had just gone up.
and went on record favoring one flood
It was subsequently determined that
control dam instead of two over Skunk
the county's Building Safety Department
Creek.
had issued Arizona State Tire Co. a
COUNTY OFFICIALS learned belated-
permit without checking to determine
ly that Arizona State Tire Co. erected a
whether the site was in a flood plain.
building this year at 2333 N. Country
THE COUNTY then revoked the per-
Club Drive, Mesa, despite the fact the
mits for the tire company building. "I
determined that the building did exist
and the permits had been issued in
error." Scott Clarke, county flood plain
administrator, reported.
But when lifigation was threatened
county officials decided they had no
choice but to have the superivsors take
action to formally approve the issuance
of the permits.
Clarke noted there was no evidence of
wrongdoing in the original issuance of
the permits. but said federal flood insur-
ance in the county would be jeopardized
if mistakes continue.
"We have taken steps to tighten
procedures." he said.
SUPERVISORS WANT Orme Dam at
its presently scheduled location. despite
objections by environmentalists a nd
Fort McDowell Reservation Indians.
Supervisors believe alternate sites would
not provide the Phoenix area with ade-
quate flood control protection.
They opposed two dams in Skunk
Creek because there would be an addi-
NORTHERN CHEYENNE WILL VOTE NEXT YEAR ON FUTURE OF 1.5 TRILLION TONS OF COAL
The Northern Chevenne Indians will hold a
"Full control" would probably mean some sort of
referendum next year to determine the future of coal
venture with a company in which the tribe would retain
development on their reservation in eastern Montana.
majority control. Rowland says that he could that
The tribe unilaterally voided leases several years ago
the tribe have jobs in the venture, if possible. most of the
covering 214,000 acres about 49 percent of the
top ones.
reservation. Development prospects have been in limho
The Energy Daily Friday, October 29,1976
ever since. The Northern Cheyenne Reservation overlays
In the original leasesa the tribe was to receive cents
an estimated 1.5 trillion tons of coal, much of it low in
per ton in royalty paymentsr Rowland says that under
sulfur.
new leases, the tribe would ask for S10iper tonwBut, he
says, "I don't know if the operators want to pay thats"
"The Cheyenne voided the leases with Consolidation
Rowland also has fairly specific conditions in mind for
Coal and Peabody because they believed that they had
resuming negotiations with the companies. "We want
been issued illegally. The tribe claimed that the Interior
them to tear those leases up and come in and wo'd start
epartment's Bureau of Indian Affairs had committed
even. I don't think they'll do that."
36 violations of regulations regarding leasing on tribal
lands. In an unusual concession to tribal sovereignty.
Although Rowland may funwilling to predictive
then-Interior Secretary Rogers Morton agreed that
ourçume of a coal referendum. thirty-simtribal members
Interior would pay the tribe's legal fees if they chose to
who. visited the Black Mesa Mine, on tho, Navajo
sue the BIA. No suit has been brought, but the tribe and
Reservation in Arizona are convinced that mining should
the coal companies have been unable to agree to terms
be banned on the reservation. Before thetrip, organized
lor renewed leasing.
by the tribe's coal research office. opinion was divided
among the group After the visit. opinion was unanimpus
Tribal Chairman Allen Rowland told The Energy
against mining. All those who visited the Navajo
Daily that, while he wouldn't predict the outcome of the
Reservation expressed & desire to leavetheir Imading its
referendum, 'If they decide to go for development, I
undisturbed state, despite the additional money that coal
think the tribe should be in control. We'll have to have
development would bring in. Said one. don't like to
full authority on mining volume. acreage and other
have our land ruined and money doesn't mean
factors."
everything.'
BISMARCK, N. D.
Court rejects
TRIBUNE
D. 19,000
Indian plea
OCT 18 1976
WASHINGTON (AP) The the lake.
Supreme Court on Monday ref-
The Salish and Kootenai
Fort Yates Children
used to hear an appeal by the
tribes were given the reserva-
Salish and Kootenai Indians of
tion lands as part of the Treaty
See Teacher Interns
Montana that part of reserva-
of Hell Gate in 1855. The reser-
¡tien lands granted them in a
vation included the southern
Teacher Corp interes were
131-year-old treaty were unlaw-
half of Flathead Lake, its lake
introduced at a recent
fully taken.
bed and banks.
American Indian Day
The court let stand a deci-
James M. Namen, who owns
celebration at the Fort Yates
sion by the 9th U.S. Circuit
and operates a business adja-
elementary school.
Court of Appeals that landown-
cent to the southern portion of
Interns earning degrees
(ers bordering Flathead Lake.,
the lake, was sued by the con-
,part of the sprawling Flathead
federated Indian tribes in 1973
while team teaching with Fort
Yates instructors include
Indian reservation, can enjoy
when he began building a
access to and build wharves on
breakwater on the lake.
Curtis LeBeau, Arlea Ellert-
Tribal spokesmen said the
son, Linda and Paul Comeau,
breakwater denied Indians the
Errol Crow Ghost, Virgil
use of part of the lake, in viola-
Tioksin and Lillian White
tion of the treaty.
Temple. Parents were briefed
A District Court and later
on several federal programs
the circuit of appeals denied the
including Teacher Corp, Title I
Indians' right to prevent adja-
and Follow Through.
Fort Yates élementary
BILLINGS GAZETTE
cent owners landowners from
building on the lake.
classes participated in the
BILLINGS, MONTANA
The Indian tribes argued un-
Indian Day celebration with
Date 11/2
successfully to the Supreme
displays of Indian légends,
Court that the lower court rul-
singing and dancing. Fry
ings tarnished the integrity of
bread, wojapie and refresh-
the original treaty.
ments were served following
the program.
About Nonintercourse
When Wampanoag Chief Massasoit
THE LAW
celebrated Thanksgiving in 1621 as a
guest of the Plymouth Colony pilgrims,
mated value of the property, which the
his tribe occupied an area that ran from
Indians had handed over to the state in
Cape Cod north almost to Boston. With-
a series of ancient agreements: $25 bil-
in 50 years, land-greedy colonists had
lion. Last December a federal appeals
forced the Indians into a corner of their
judge ordered the reluctant Justice De-
territory, some 20,000 acres in an area
partment to take on their case, and he
known as Mashpee on the southwestern
recently reminded the department to
shore of Cape Cod. After another two
start action by Nov. 15. The state attor-
centuries, the state of Massachusetts de-
ney general's office insists that the Indi-
cided to turn the reservation into a town-
ans' claim is "without merit." but the lit-
ship, and the Indians naively sold off
igation has already weakened state and
their land, bit by bit. Today 500 Wam-
local bonds. Says State Treasurer Rod-
panoag are still living in Mashpee (total
ney Scribner: "We've been scampering
pop. 2,500), but new housing develop-
around and plugging the leaks like the
ments now surround the salt marshes
proverbial little Dutch boy." Adds Mil-
and ponds that the Indians once raked
linocket Town Manager Michael La
for scallops and quahogs. Mashpee's ex-
Chance, who saw two of his town's
pensive ocean-front property is dotted
$500,000 borrowings collapse: "We're
with signs that shout PRIVATE, KEEP
hoping someone will inject a note of
GRACE
OUT! Standing on a windswept bluff
common sense. Until that happens, it's
above a beach road blockaded by boul-
an economic disaster."
ders, Russell Peters, 47, president of
Indian Offensive. Aroused by the
INDIAN ADVOCATE THOMAS TUREEN
the Mashpee Wampanoag tribal coun-
possibilities of victory. other tribes are
"It's their land."
cil, bitterly told TIME's David Wood:
besieging Tureen with their demands.
"I haven't set foot on this beach for 40
His eight pending suits now include the
Mashpee, where the Indian offensive
years. We will get this beach back."
Oneida claim to 300,000 acres in New
has hit closest to home. Others. how-
That beach and then some. Provid-
York State, the Narraganset claim to
ever. have adopted a more philosophical
ed, that is, that a young lawyer named
3,200 acres in Rhode Island and the
attitude. "If the suit is successful. it is
Thomas Tureen can convince the courts
Western Pequot claim to 800 acres in
not going to make such a major differ-
to accept his theory about the Noninter-
Connecticut. Says Tureen, who lives in
ence," says local Attorney Richard
course Act of 1790. This much amended
a farmhouse outside Calais, Me., but flies
Cohen. "The title of the town will
act states that "any title to Indian land
about new England in his own Cessna:
change hands. and the homeowners will
obtained without federal approval is null
"It's their land. Legally it's theirs, and
end up paying the same kind of 'rent'
and void." Tureen's theory is that this
they can have it back."
that they pay now under the name of
act invalidates many subsequent land
That prospect has some real estate
taxes. What we'll end up with is a pret-
sales throughout New England. In
developers in a rage. particularly in
ty prosaic town. run by Indians."
Mashpee. specifically. a class-action
TIME, NOVEMBER 15, 1976
filed in August demands the return of
virtually the entire town to the Wam-
panoag. The suit, however, would allow
householders to stay as long as they paid
"fair rental value," which could amount
to more than $2 million annually.
Though the suit could drag on for years.
the town was stunned to learn in Sep-
tember that the leading Boston bond
counsel. Ropes & Gray. refused to okay
a $4 million bond issue for a new school.
Its reason: since Indian lands cannot be
taxed. a Wampanoag legal victory could
wipe out the tax base for paying off the
bonds. Word spread quickly to local
banks, which began shutting off mort-
gage loans. Says Mashpee Selectman
George Benway: "Ninety-nine percent
of all real estate transactions have
stopped. Building funds have dried up.
The whole town has stopped."
Governor Michael Dukakis has al-
ready signed legislation to rescue Mash-
pee for the time being by guaranteeing
the town's credit. but the Wampanoag
case is only the latest battle in a new In-
dian uprising against the while man
finight this name In the 11 staff
ed in Maine. where Attorney Tureen.
now 32. arrived from St. Louis with an
interest in Indian legal problems. In
1971. with Tureen's help, the Penobscot
and Passamaquoddy tribes set out to sue
the state, claiming title to 12.5 million
acres-two-thirds of Maine. The esti-
Nov.7,1976 Nov.
42
The inventory, which was begun in
The papers charge: "Cavett's arrange-
Cavett Returns
January and is estimated to cost $100,000,
ment with Dockstader to obtain the arti-
is about one-third completed. It marks
fests from the museum were as follows:
the first attempt to catalogue the vast
In exchange for 'donating' certain pro-
Indian Artifacts
collection of Indian art and artifacts
Columbian artifacts to the Museum, CA.
hrought together early In this century by
vols received # full tax deduction on those
George 0. Heye, an engineer who bullt
Items plus four Plains Indian artifacts,
a fortune out of his Standard OII Com-
1.6. the war shirt, shield and shield cover,
To a Museum
pany investments.
and two buffalo hides. This constitutes
The collection, which includes hundreds
a double benefit clearly prohibited by
of thousands of arrowheads as well as
law."
priceless pre-Colombian gold statuary, is
The court papers said that Cavett do-
By FRED FERRETTI
regarded by art historians and an-
nated 53 Items, to the museum and that
Dick Cavett has returned to the Mu-
thropologists as the most comprehensive
his "interest in the museum centered on
seum of the American Indian four arti-
in its field. No attempt has ever been
the possibility that he could obtain some
made to assess its monetary value.
of its artifacts for his private collection."
facts that the State Attorney General's
Mr. Heye built the Museum of the
office charged he had obtained from the
Jerican Indian at Audubon Terrace,
$400,000 Damage to Carrier
museum unlawfully.
163th Street and Broadway, and the re-
NORFOLK, Va., Nov. 5 (AP)-The Navy
The pieces-a beaded Sloux war shirt
search annex was built on land that once
said Friday that it would cost $400,000
and buffalo robe, an Oto buffaio robe
belonged to the naturalist John James
to repair damage to the aircraft carrier
and a buffalo-hide shield with eagle-
Audubon. Mr. Heye remained the autocrat
John F. Kennedy in a collision Sept. 14
feathered deerskin covers-were the sub-
of the collection until his death in 1958.
with the destroyer Bordelon north of
ject of a State Supreme Court motion
The museum was then run as a fiduciary
Scotland. The Bordelon was reported
trust by its board of trustees.
earlier to have been heavily damaged in
for a summary judgment against Mr. Cav-
1960 Dr. Dockstader was appointed
the collision in refueling operations, but
ett which was sought by Attorney Gener-
director. In 1974, a trustee, Dr. Edmund
this was the first confirmation that dam-
al Louis J. Lefkowitz's office last July.
Carpenter, an anthropologist, charged Dr.
age to the carrier had also been "sub-
The court action-grew out of the office's
Dockstader and the board of trustees
stantial."
two-year investigation of the museum's
with mismanagement of the collection,
deaccession, investment and financial
inaccurate record-keeping, questionable
policies.
policies of deaccession - in which pieces
were removed from the permanent collec-
The investiagtion has resulted thus far
tion for sale or trade-and conflict of
in the dismissed of the museum's former
interest.
director Dr. Frederick J. Dockstader, the
resignations of six trustees and the begin-
Disposal Called 'Surreptitious'
ning of an inventory of the museum's
The investigation by Mr. Cooper result-
four-million-piece collection.
ed in a complaint from the Attorney
Last July, in demanding the return of
General's office charging the trustees
the Indian pieces, Assistant Attorney
with disposing of parts of the collection
General Joel Cooper, who directed the
in a "surreptitious and wasteful" way,
state investigation, accused Mr. Cavett
and an order was issued prohibiting Dr.
of "a reckless indifference to the legality
Docstader and the trustees from dispos-
of his transactions when the law clearly
ing of any other pieces.
requires a much higher standard of con-
Dr. Dockstader was first removed from
duct."
any connection with the collection and
Mr. Cavett, through his lawyer, Steven
later was dismissed, in October 1975. A
Landers, resisted until Thursday. Then he
new administrator, Alexander Draper,
returned the pieces. They were picked
was appointed to oversee the inventory
up by a museum representative at Mr.
process.
Cavett's East 79th Street apartment and
According to court papers filed by the
taken to the museum's research annex
Attorney General's office, Mr. Cavett's
on Bruckner Boulevard, in the Pelham
dealings with the museum and Mr. Dock-
Bay section of the Bronx.
stader went like this:
Exchange of Stipulations
Dr. Dockstader would show interest in
On Monday, as part of the agreement
a. piece that a dealer had usually an
for the return, the Attorney General's of-
item of pre-Columbian art-and would
fice and Mr. Landers will exchange stipu-
notify Mr. Cavett's accountant.
lations in State Supreme Court-Mr. Cav-
The dealer would deliver the piece to
ett will attest to the return and Mr. Coop-
the museum and pick up a check from
er will agree to drop the motion for a
Mr. Cavett's accountant. A clay figure
summary judgment.
was bought for $800, the Attorney Gen-
A spokesman for Mr. Lefkowitz refused
eral said, and once it had been given to
to comment on the arrangement except
the museum it was valued at $2,000. Later
to confirm that the four Items had been
Dr. Dockstader would ask Mr. Cavett
returned and that a court appearance was
which pieces in the museum's collection
scheduled for Monday.
he would like to change from so-called
Mr. Landers likewise confirmed the re-
"loan" status to "gift" status. This was
turn and said: "Next week Mr. Cavett
done in connection with Mr. Cavett's in-
will have a full statement on the matter."
come tax reports.
Meanwhile, the investigation of the mu-
One letter, attached ot the court papers,
seum's collection goes on.
shows that gifts which initially cost $17,-
700 when they were given to the museum
subsequently valued at $39,735.
The Seattle Daily Times
P 218 SUN 200,628
OCT 22 1976
Forum to focus on
Indian way of life
By PATRICIA YU297F
Indians before white people
came had the most perfect socie-
The difference was based on the
ty, believes Barbara Means, an
stereotype that Indian women are
Oglala Sioux That's because they
promiscuous, and that 11 didn't
had God, the Great Spirit, as head
matter as much if they were
of their government and prayed
raped, she said
for guidance before making any
Ms. Means maintains that she
decision.
never knew what sexism was until
All could benefit by learning
she left the reservation in South
more about the Indian philosophy
Dakota, because the Sioux believe
and way of life, agreed Yvonne
Wanrow, a Colville Indian. "The
in equality.
message Indians have to give is
Women always have been on the
tribal council, although not in
something really important.
numbers equal to men, Ms Means
The two will share their views
at a public forum, "Native Ameri-
Barbara Means
admitted She said that many of
the women did not have the edu-
can Women in Action: Many
cational level needed and that
Fronts, One Struggle," at 8 p.m.
today at the University of Wash-
those with young children thought
ington HUB auditorium. It is spon-
it important to raise them before
sored by Campus Radical Women
becoming politically involved.
and the Freedom Socialit Socialist
Party.
BOTH WOMEN plan to speak
Ms Wanrow was convicted
this evening on Indian parenting.
three years ago of killing a man
Indians, although they may not
who. she has said, she believed
wear buckskin any more, still are
was threatening herself, her child
transmitting Indian traditions and
dren and those of a friend.
philosophy to their children as
strongly as ever, Ms. Means said.
HER CONVICTION later was
Her grandmother, she ex-
reversed and 8 new trial ordered
plained, told her to compare white
on the grounds that a taped cover-
and Indian cultures and take only
sation during which she reported
Yvonne Wanrow.
the best from white society. To
the crime to the police was inad-
Ms. Means, that's education. In
missible as evidence. The Spokane
SHE BELIEVES that she was
the course of her studies, she is
County prosecutor's office ap-
judged after the shooting by stand-
comparing Indian literature -
pealed the reversal and she's
ards that condone violent acts by
much of it written down incorrect-
awaiting # decision the
men and condemn them by wom-
ly by whites - with the personal
Supreme Court.
en. The disputed tape, on which
recollection of older Indians in an
Ms Means is a senior in Native
she discussed the shooting in a
effort to correct it.
American Indian, literature and
calm voice, was misinterpreted
She pians to return to the reser-
creative writing at the University
for another reason, she thinks.
vation and use her education to
of Washington She is from
Because she did not reaci in a
teach and to write books for chil-
Wounded Knee, S.D., scene of the
state of hysteria as her white
dren.
American Indian Movement occu-
woman friend did, Ms. Wanrow
Ms. Wanrow said that her
pation in 1973.
said, people immediately thought
speaking engagements and travel-
Ms Means, cousin of Russell
of the stereotype that Indians are
ing work a hardship because of
Means, an AIM leader, helped to
cold blooded savages But as Ms.
her children, and she tries to limit
found the Ogiala Sioux Civil
Means pointed out, Indians have
the length of her trips for the sake
Rights Organization.
always been taught to remain
of her family But in her travels,
Ms. Wanrow has become an ac-
calm in crisis situations.
she's gotten an even greater un-
tivist since the shooting, which de-
Recum towards Indian women
derstanding of others' problems
veloped into a rallying point for
has shown itself in many ways,
and feels she should help If she
feminists and those concerned
Ms Means has discovered through
can.
with Indian rights.
her research She found instances
"It's so essential, so neccessary.
She said II has been difficult to
in whuch an Indian who raped a
It's necessary because of my chil-
tell whether the oppression she's
while woman received a life sen-
dren If I'm going to help my chil-
faced was due to her sex or her
tence. while one who raped an in-
dren, it's got to be done.'
race.
duan woman received as intle as a
year's imprisonment
The Salt Make Trilmne
SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH
D. 302 SUN 168,358
OCT 20 1076
BIA Turnaround
Aids Indians,
Executive Says
By Vandra Huber
Tribune Staff Writer
Within the last eight years, there has
The native of Tanana, Alaska, was
voice in tribal government, they ought
been a revolution in the Bureau of
critical of the recent controversy in the
not to be controlled by Indians," he
Indian Affairs. In-
Indian community over a memo writ-
explained.
dians are finally
ten by Howard Borgstrom, a federal
David Berg, representing presiden-
speaking for In-
budget examiner. The memo redefined
tial hopeful Jimmy Carter, termed this
dians, Morris
the government's position with Indians.
approach to governing Indian affairs a
Thompson, com-
Indian officials at the convention Mon-
conflict of interest. "The BIA can not be
missioner of In-
day had termed it a detrimental
a real advocate for Indians when they
dian affairs, De-
method of terminating federal relations
are representing both the Indians and
partment of the
with Indians.
the government seeking such things as
Interior, said
Mr. Thompson said the interpretation
Indian water rights. That's a real
Tuesday.
is a "complete misrepresentation of the
conflict of interest," the lawyer exp-
The Athabascan
facts and does not represent the way
lained.
Input at All Levels
Indian was in Salt
the government feels at all.
Lake City to par-
He said Gov. Carter is pledged to
ticipate in the
"Mr. Borgstrom was not in a policy-
having Indian input at all levels of his
33rd annual con-
making capacity. The note expressed
administration.
his views and is not the official
vention of the Na-
tional Congress of
statement of the department, he said.
Brad Patterson, coordinator of In-
dian policies for President Ford, said
American Indians
Reservation Issue
that Indians, through the Ford ad-
at the Salt Palace.
Law and order on reservations, he
ministration, now have advocates in 34
"The agency is
continued, is the biggest issue facing
offices in 21 agencies in Washington,
120 years old. But
the Bureau of Indian Affairs. He noted
D.C.
Mr.
it wasn't until 1966
Thompson
that the government has recognized
From 1969 the budget of the Bureau of
that the first person of Indian extrac-
Indian rights to set up their own court,
Indian Affairs has risen from $270
tion headed the agency. Non-Indians
police force, set grazing fees. But they
million to $785 million, he said.
have really run the show until the 1970s.
have not resolved the question of
Samuel Deloria, director, University
Now, all but one of the top positions -
jurísdiction over non-Indians.
"of New Mexico Indian Law Center,
commissioner and six directors - are
"This is an issue that will have to be
criticized both presidential representa-
Indian," he said.
determined by Congress. Non-Indians
tives, saying that if they are SO
Strides, he said, have also been made
were invited onto the reservations in
concerned with Indian issues and want
in other areas. Tribal governments are
the late 1930s without Indian consent
Indians to have a voice in their policy
now recognized as contractual agen-
but with the consent of the government.
making procedures, "why then did both
cies. The Indian Financing Act pro-
They feel that because they have no
President Ford and Jimmy Carter elect
vides loans and grants to improve the
to send two turkeys instead of Indians
economy of the tribes.
to an Indian convention?'
Mr. Deloria also critlcized both
Erosion Reversed
presidential candidates' plans to in-
"During the last six years. the
crease national parks.
historical erosion of the amount of
lands owned by the Indians has been
reversed. In 1971 the largest land
settlement in the history of the U.S. was
made. giving Indians 40 million acres in
Alaska,' he said.
Rocky Monntain News
Dentist underdog in
DENVER, COLO.
D. 214,490 SUN. 236,903
race against Evans
OCT 21 1976
By DOUGLAS KREUTZ
"HE'S NOT TAKING anything for granted,"
Vens Statf
Ballas said. "He's got a full campaign sched-
Melvin Takaki is a Pueblo dentist who would
ule, working as hard as he always has.
like to stop filling cavities and construct what
Probably owing to the fact that the candi-
he considers some long-neglected political
dates are friends, their campaigns to date have
bridgework between Colorado's Third Congres-
been uncommonly "clean," featuring a mini-
sional District and the federal government.
mum of ad hominem potshots and
concentrating on issues and records.
To do this. Takaki, 38, will have to defeat six-
The main issue appears to be economics,
term Rep. Frank Evans, D-Colo., Nov. 2.
with particular emphasis on unemployment.
Republican Takaki, the underdog, thinks his
Takaki criticized his opponent for trying to
chances of winning are improving every day.
solve unemployment problems with federally
But Evans. while not writing off his opponent,
sponsored jobs rather than "real jobs."
figures Takaki would be well advised to post-
"Evans would like to see the Congress cough
pone turning away dental patients until after
up billions of dollars to give everybody tempo-
election day.
rary jobs," Takaki said. "That sounds fine, but
Both men have spent much of October rang-
what does it really mean? If the Congress pays
your salary, your job can be cut the minute that
ing around the massive Third District, roughly
the southern half of the state. Toward the end of
Congress decides that you've had it."
the month. however. the road tour to places
According to Takaki, the only way to solve
such as Delta, Durango. Pagosa Springs,
the unemployment problem is to coax industry
into southern Colorado.
Alamosa, Lamar, Del Norte, Gunnison, Lead-
ville. Buena Vista and Canon City will give way
Evans says he has been doing exactly that.
to a home stand in Pueblo County, where about
30 per cent of the district's votes usually are
IN A RECENT INTERVIEW he pointed to his
cast
plans for an economic development region for
the high plains area, including parts of south-
EVANS' MESSAGE IS simple and solid: You
eastern Colorado. He said he and 16 other legis-
know me. I've done a good job. Let me
lators have proposed that $1.2 million be spent
to set up an agency within the Commerce De-
Challenging Republican Melvin Takaki
continue.
Takaki's bid demands a little more ground-
partment to coordinate and help finance local
"My biggest problem is name recognition
work In an interview with the News, he ex-
and state efforts to bring jobs into the area.
appearance are those of taxation and
plained: "My biggest problem is name
But he added, "If private industry can't pro-
recognition. There are people out there who
vide jobs for all those seeking jobs. we can do
sharing.
don't know me. But started on the West-
one of two things. We can either allow these
Evans said the accomplishment of which he
ern Slope, walking precincts and meeting peo-
people to live off unemployment compensation,
is proudest during his most recent term is Con-
welfare and food stamps, or give them an
gress' passage of his "Payments in Lieu of
ple. and we'll continue with that.'
To complement a full schedule of flesh press-
opportunity to work through government jobs.
Taxes" bill. The bill, signed late Wednesday LV
ing and speech giving, Takaki has engaged a
Evans said his idea of a good government-
President Ford, will reimburse counties for
campaign staff of four paid workers and hun-
sponsored employment program would be one
loss of revenue due to large federal accreage.
dreds of volunteers.
flexible enough to expand when jobs were
scarce and be scaled down when jobs became
"THE CONGRESS has finally made up for
Terry Weldon. his campaign manager, said:
more abundant in the private sector
years of inequity with this bill." Evans said
"We've raised about $86,000. and we look for-
ward to about $15,000 more coming in to us. A
Other economic issues that get batted around
For years, the counties have been providing
services on federal lands and in turn. ave
lot of it IS used to pay for space in the media,
at practically every Evans or Takaki campaign
ceived very little repayment. He said the
but one of the most important uses of money is
measure will provide about $8 million in "no-
to get back out into the field. to travel this
strings-attached funds" for Colorado counties
district
Weldon said Takaki and his staff have logged
Takaki said he would rather nanimize the
82,000 miles by car and 21,000 by air since the
federal government's role in correcting eco-
candidacy announcement in February.
nomic problems and concentrate on more
Bill Ballas, who is directing Evans' cam-
"natural" solutions.
paign. said the 53-year-old congressman will be
stumping the district until election day - re-
We have to stop driving small people out of
minding voters of his accomplishments and
business, and we have to encourage more pri-
vate businesses to expand," he said. He said
preaching the value of experience.
that if he is elected he will work for an assort-
ment of tax subsidies that will encourage small
businesses and offer economic incentives to
firms that enlarge their work forces.
Takaki criticized Evans for denying states an
important source of operating funds by oppos
ing revenue sharing programs.
"We continue to differ in what the role the
federal government should be." Takaki s.id.
"He has consistently voted against ue
Colorado "sunset law" concept to federal agen-
ED GARDNER, Evans' Colorado aide, said
cies. Sunset laws require agencies to justify
about $25,000 had been raised for the campaign
their existence every few years or go out of
and that he expected about $10,000 more to
existence.
come in during late October.
Evans and Takaki, both Pueblo natives.
According to Ballas, Evans is going to win in
agree that their race could be one, although
the steady, strong way he has won in the past.
polls have indicated Evans has the edge.
"The only thing that might arise to cause a
Evans, the senior member of the Colorado
problem is the general atmosphere of the pub-
delegation, entered the House in 1964 after
lic and the cynicism they have against Con-
upsetting longtime Rep. J. Edgar Chenoweth, a
gress," Ballas said. There appears to be a
Republican. He hasn't had a close race since
feeling among certain segments of society that
1968, when he ran against Republican Paul
the best way to accomplish things is by getting
Bradley, and earlier this year he easily defeat-
new faces. This, of course, we don't agree
ed William J. Gradishar in the Democratic
with."
primary.
According to Weldon, a Takaki victory might
Takaki formerly served on the Pueblo City
be almost as much of a shock to Takaki as to
Council and as mayor, He said his participation
political observers - but victory is becoming
in Pueblo's non-partisan city government earn-
more likely every day.
ed him the respect of voters from both parties.
"I don't think Takaki even conceived that it
WELDON SAID several influential Pueblo
was possible to win as a Republican in this dis-
area Democrats are S0 impressed with Takaki
trict," Weldon said. "He's running against a
that they've volunteered their time and serv-
six-term incumbent, and at first he didn't have
ices to his campaign. They include campaign
visions of carrying this thing through. But now
chairwoman Nancy Baker and campaign treas-
it's gotten so we have a candidate who is stand
urer Roger Harper, both of whom have forsak-
ing out there saying, 'My gosh, it looks like
en their favorite party in favor of their favorite
we're going to win this thing. I can't believe
candidate.
it.
Running against Evans and Takaki, but
NEWS PHOTOS
Rep. Frank Evans
apparently attracting scant support, are inde-
You know me
Let me continue.
pendent candidate Henry Olshaw and La Raza
Unida candidate Alfredo Archer.
sharing and has been very reluctant to release
Takaki and Evans have full campaign sched-
any authority to local governments."
ules between now and election day, with
emphasis on Pueblo County. Only two mutual
EVANS SAID HE CONTINUES to oppose
appearances have been scheduled - both on
revenue sharing because federal programs
local television stations.
seem to work better, but he added that he
Takaki said he'll spend the remaining days
would agree to extend revenue sharing for
making sure voters have at least heard of
three years because a sudden cut-off could
Takaki. Beyond that he'll try to convince them
cause unnecessary complications.
that his relatively recent entry into partisan
Another campaign issue that has attracted
politics makes him a cleaner, more objective
considerable attention, especially in rural
candidate than his opponent. He'll promise re-
areas, is gun control.
peatedly to go after big government with an ax
Takaki is opposed to new restrictions on
and remember the plight of the unemployed
ownership and registration of weapons on the
when he gets to Washington.
grounds they would limit a right while failing to
solve crime problems.
EVANS WILL REMIND constituents of what
Evans said he believes strict gun registration
he has done and what he is doing. Among his
laws would assist attorneys prosecuting cases
favorite topics are:
involving firearms.
-The problems of farmers and ranchers. He
"Gun legislation isn't going to stop crime,"
has urged that Ford sign the Emergency Live-
he said, "but it would assist in the catching of
stock Credit Act extension, which would make
criminals and would be helpful in court."
it possible for ränchers suffering bad years to
Takaki says the first thing he'll do if voters
get loans backed by the government.
send him to Washington is to find a way to cut
-Water. "I'm greatly concerned that we con-
the fat out of big government.
tinue funding the Colorado water projects S0
that our water can be put to a beneficial use in
"WE NEED A complete reform of the review
this state."
process in government," he said. "One of the
-Indians. According to Evans' campaign
first priorities is to have Congress clean itself
handouts: "When Southern Ute and Mountain
out. We have to see which federal government
Ute Indians asked for medical funds, Evans.
agencies are needed and which are not. There's
fourth ranking member of the Interior appro-
a tremendous amount of waste in the bureauc-
priations subcommittee, inserted into the budg-
racy of government."
et about $1 million for a new health clinic in
Evans evidently agrees. Last May he intro-
Ignacio and aid for a hospital in Cortez."
duced a bill in the House that would apply the
-Military spending. "The nation must retain
a strong defense. However, I seriously doubt
the need for the B-1 bomber and additional
expensive and vulnerable nuclear aircraft
carriers. Also, I believe the Trident submarine
program should be slowed down. In my mind,
one of our greatest defense needs is an acceler-
ated naval ship-building program to replace
our dangerously aging fleet."
Familington Daily THICS
UCI 2 y N/O
MINNEAPOLIS
AIM Schedules Protest
Fli INCE AND
Over Alleged Incidents
OCT 16 1976
PONCA CITY, Okla. (AP)
what he termed years of
the brutality charges.
Members of the American
brutality toward Native Ameri-
The allegations of brutality
GENERAL
Indian Movement (AIM) have
cans throughout the country, to
were raised in an Oklahoma
tentatively scheduled a rally
support Carter Camp "and
City news conference Tuesday
CONSTRUCTION
here Nov. 3 to protest allega-
other Native Ameican POWs,"
by David Hill of the national
tions an Indian was mistreated
NEWS
and bring to light the plight of
AIM organization. He said an
while in the custody of Ponca
Native Americans in Ponca
Indian was mistreated after
HEIGHTS
TO.
City police.
City. Noear made his com-
being taken into custody by
NEW PLANT
Roland Noear of White
ments after a group of AIM
Ponca City police, and said
U or M-DULUTH TO
Eagle, head of the local AIM
members met with Mayor
then that plans were being set
BUILD COAL GAS PLANT
movement, said Wednesday
Kenneth Holmes and other city
for the rally.
the rally will be held to protest
officials Wednesday to discuss
In a prepared statement
ST. PAUL AND VICINITY
issued before meeting with the
Plan in Progress
Indians, Holmes said Police
Vadnais Heights. Dynamic Air
Chief Norman Coffelt had
Co. Roseville, will build. a new
plant in Vadnais Heights!" Com-
asked "that an outside inquiry
pretion is scheduled for February,
OCT 1976
be made by the FBI" into the
1977.
Albuquerque Tribune
allegations "because of his
wishes to obtain an impartial
OUTSIDE THE TWIN CITIES
Contract Awarded
Indian fights ouster
review of these matters."
Byron to build Lutheran church
Holmes said he understood
addition. Benike Construction Co.
SANTA FE (AP)-The deposed president of the Jicar-
the FBI does not normally
has been awarded the general
contract for construction of an
illa Apache Tribal Council, Charlie Vigil, says he will
conduct such probes unless a
peachment. fight his ouster by seeking a referendum vote on his im-
formal brutality charge is
addition to Christ Lutheran
lodged by the alleged victim,
Church. The addition consists of a
library, three classrooms and an
And Vigil said he will ask for a Department of Justice
but that he and other city
extension of the church.
investigation of alleged violations of civil rights, includ-
officials hoped the FBI would
Case Lake starts
ing his own.
investigate.
housing project. Ground has been
He also said he is going to seek a petition for recall of
The mayor said an internal
broken on the Leech Lake Indian
the seven council members who voted to impeach him
investigation is partially com-
reservation for a $5 million, 100
Oct. 16 and a petition to fire the tribe's long-time legal
pleted and early results in-
unit housing project. Minnesota
counsel, Robert Nordhaus of Albuquerque, who he said
dicate the Indian who allegedly
Chippewas Construction Co. is the
"has supported the present council more than he has the
was mistreated had been in an
ganeral contractor. The project is
plain, grassroots people."
altercation before police ar-
financed by HUD.
rived.
Plan in Pregress
Duluth, heating plant for U of M.
ballot boxes and attempting to fix a tribal election.
Vigil also accused his political opposition of stuffing
The University of Minnesota-
Duluth has received a $2.2 millien
grant from the Federal Energy
Vigil's impeachment was disclosed Wednesday.
Research and Development Ad-
He told the news conference that after he received
ministration for a coal gasification
notice of the impeachment move, he asked for a delay of a
heating plant. Construction is to be
few days to obtain an attorney.
completed by February, 1978.
Plainview to build feed store and
He said the council refused, so he told them he would
warehouse. Wm. Krefosky Con-
not participate in a kangaroo court and walked out. They
struction Co. has been awarded the
then voted to impeach him and this, he said, violated his
general construction contract for a
constitutional rights because he was entitled to be present
new feed store and warehouse for
with an attorney of his choice.'
Peoples Cooperative Assn.
The Oreamutan
Deseret News
DUE
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH
OCT 20 1976
OCT 1 8 1976
Indians
"I feel council mem-
bers should be absolutely
free to exercise Indepen-
Custody
After some hearings
and investigations of
both home situations,
dent judgments on behalf
seeking
of the people they serve,"
of Indians
Hermansen awarded
custody to the Toms:
Lane said.
Crockett said Utah law
removal
That cannot be done,
he added, if council mem-
is settled
provides for transfer of
cases between jurisdic-
bers thre "beholden to
tions as if the case had
SILETZ - Members of
agencies from which they
A battle over custody
originally been filed in a
the Confederated Tribes
get their paychecks."
of three Indian children
certain court.
of Siletz Indians are ask-
whose parents died sev-
Lane formerly served
eral years ago has been
Regarding the lack of
ing for the resignations
as director of a statewide
of the tribal chairman
settled by the Utah Sup-
standing of the Toms,
manpower program for
Crockett said the court
and vice chairman.
feme Court.
the Portland Urban Indi-
recently ruled in a case
Joe Lane of Portland,
In a unanimous deci-
an Center.
involving parentless chil-
former tribal chairman,
sion, the court upheld a
He said he resigned as
dren, saying next of kin
said the tribe, by a major-
Third District Juvenile
have a recognisable and
tribal chairman in Sep-
ity vote, recently ap-
Court decision awarding
legitimate interest in the
tember 1975 because he
custody to Mr. aftil-Mirs.
children's welfare.
proved an amendment to
did not want to be
Delton Tom, the chil-
the tribe's constitution
charged with conflict of
dreti's aunt and uncle
On allowing the county
and bylaws saying no
interest.
Justice J. Allan Cruck-
attorney to participate in
person can serve on the
He continued as a man-
ett wrote the opinion He
the proceedings, Crock-
tribal council who is
power employer until
said Mr. and Mrs. Wallen
ett said the trial eourt
holding a salaried posi-
January 1976.
Baker, also the chil-
has wide latitude in at-
tion with any federal,
Lane man said the trib-
dren's aunt and uncle,
tempting to determine
where the children
state or local government
al council will meet again
appealed a finding by
agency involved in a pro-
Nov. 6 to consider the is-
Judge Merrill Herman-
should be placed.
gram serving the Siletz
sen which gave custody
-
due.
Indians.
to the Toms.
Lane said tribal cluir-
The Bakers said the
man Arthur Bensell
juvenile court lacked
works with the Oregon
jurisdiction, the Toms
Indian Commission Drug
had no standing to chal-
and Alcohol Abuse Pro-
lenge their petition be-
cause the Toms were not
gram and vice chairman
Robert Rilatos works on
the parents and the court
erred in involving the
a Comprehensive Em-
Jumb County attorney in
ployment and Training
the proceedings.
Act manpower program.
Crockett said the chil-
Lane said those rela-
dren were born to Mr.
tionships raised a fear
and Mrs: Eldon Pikyavit
that conflict of interest
on the Moapa Indian Re-
charges could be leveled
servation In-Moapa; Nev.
against the Siletz in fu-
Their father died in 1973
ture dealings with feder-
and their mother in 1974.
al, state or local govern-
The children lived with
ments.
the Toms and a grand-
The tribe is engaged in
mother, Mrs. Ethel Tom.
a fight to have itself re-
Crockett said upon
cognized once more by
hearing rumors the chil-
the federal government.
dren weren't being prop-
Lane is one of the leaders
erly cared for, the Bak-
of the restoration move-
ers took the children and
went back to their home
ment.
in Jumb County.
The Bakers filed a peti-
tion in Second District
Juvenile Court in Bult
Lake County for custody
of the children and ob-
tained a temporary
order.
Arizona Republic
Phoenix GAZEHE
OCT 2 3 1976
OCT 2 8 1976
San Carlos police seize
Indictments Sought
crashed plane and dope
SAN CARLOS - Reservation police Friday confiscat-
In Navajo Fund Loss
ed an airplane and some 1,500 pounds of marijuana
that were aboard.
Everett Littlewhiteman, San Carlos tribal special
By RICK LANNING
Los Angeles to freeze the remaining
officer, said the twin-engine Piper Comanche crash-
The U.S. Attorney's office asked a
funds. Ellorts have been under way by
landed on a mesa north of here Thursday, and the
federal grand jury in Phoenix today to
attorneys since April to get back the
occupants fled. Police conducted an unsuccessful 24-
return an indictment charging conspira-
Navajos' money.
hour surveillance, he added.
cy and misapplication of Navajo tribal
The indictments requested today- by
Authorities were not able to determine who owns the
funds against three persons connected
the U.S. Attorney's office allege eight
with the defunet American Funding Co.
counts of conspiracy, misapplication of
plane, valued at $85,000.
of Beverly Ilills, Calif.
tribal funds. and interstate transporta-
Littlewhiteman said one wheel and a landing gear
tion of stolen funds.
Asst. U.S. Atty. Gary Scales, a special
were damaged.
prosecutor from the Justice Depart-
EARLIER THIS year the Navajo Hou-
ment's Washington office, said he ex-
sing Authority sued American Funding
pected "momentary indictments"
for $4.5 million in funds that NHA said
against the suspects, one of whom is a
had been invested with the firm. NHA
OCT 3 1 1976
former high-ranking official under
said the money, which it was unable to
Farmington Daily Times
Tribal Chairman Peter MacDonald.
recover, had been illegally invested with
the company.
AMERICAN FUNDING; an investment
BIA Office
Earlier this month it was revealed
firm headed by ex-convict Gordon
Eldred, has been under investigation
that American Funding had paid nearly
For Cortez
after some $13 million in federal funds
$500,000 in commissions to individuals
associated with construction work on the
The U.S. Bureau of
designated for low-cost Navajo housing
Reclamation will establish an
was given to the firm to invest. When
Navajo Reservation.
office in Cortez, Colo. to direct
Navajo officials asked for the money,
Among those receiving finder's fees or
the company was unable to come up
commissions from the Beverly Hills
construction activities on the
with it.
firm were Pat Chee Miller and Leslic J.
Dolores Project, to control the
The company was placed in receiver-
Hadden, both of Gallup.
flow of the Dolores River.
Cortez was selected because
ship by a U.S. District Court judge in
of its proximity to th two dams
which are the major features
of the project, according to
Commissioner of Reclamation
Gilbert G. Stamm.
"Development of the project
will result in improved man-
Tribal embezzler gets probation
agement of Dolores River
flows, providing an increased
water supply for industry and
A 28 year-old Navajo woman was sen-
to $2,400, depending upon an accounting
tourist trade and alleviating
teneed in federal court Monday to four
of funds missing.
water shortages for irriga-
years' probation for embezzling $148
tion," Stamm said.
Arizona Republic
from the Window Rock Court of the
The defendant pleaded guilty Sept. 13
The Dolores office will be a
NOV 2 1976
Navajo Tribe.
to embezzling the $148 in an agreement
field division of the Western
with the U.S. attorney's office for dis-
Colorado Projects Office,
Doris McLancer, aiso known as Doris
missal of five other counts that accused
Grand Junction, Colo., which is
Blueeyes, of Gallup, N.M., was sen-
her of embezzling an additional $1,328.
responsible for the general
tenced by U.S. District Judge Carl A.
Muecke. As a condition of probation, she
She admitted stealing the funds while
administrative direction of
employed as clerk of the court in Octo-
project activities.
was ordered to pay restitution of $1,400
ber 1974. She no longer holds the job.
Construction is scheduled to
begin during th during the
summer of 1978 on the main
dam, the McPhee Dam and
reservoir.
Drinking Emotional Problem
GANADO, Ariz.-Emotional
and New Mexico agreed that
and seminars appeared to give
Indian Affairs Social Services
problems must be corrected
more funds need to be al-
delegates direction on un-
in Gallup and Ernest Benally
before a drinking problem can
located for alcoholism re-
derstanding alcoholism, partic-
from BIA Social Services in
be corrected. That was one one
habilitation programs instead
ularly as it applies to the
Farmington spoke on child
of the central themes evolving
of creating or fattening gov-
Navajo reservation, and how
abuse.
from the recent Karl Meninger
ernment agencies catering to
alcoholism as a problem re-
Mental Health Symposium
that problem.
lated to emotional primary and
held at the College of Ganado.
COG Psychologist Peter G.
secondary causes.
More than 100 symposium
Handeland, symposium chair-
Principal speakers included
delegates from Utah, Arizona,
man, said the series of lectures,
Dr. Fred Snyder, chief of
mental health services for the
Navajo Area Indian Health
Farmington Daily Times
Service; Dr. Donald Gatch of
Rough Rock Demonstration
NOV
2
1976
School; Dr. B. Gonzalez, a
Public Health Service psy-
chiatrist; Ethelou Yazzie, di-
rector of the Rough Rock
school; and Allan Y. Hill,
directors of the Ganado Alco-
holism Program.
Jesus Alonzo from Burcau of
OCT 2 9 1976
Albuquerque Tribune
Indian school suit planned
Asst. Atty. Gen. Jack Un-
would file suit on behalf of
wood, "most of them are
derwood said today a suit
Leonard J. DeLayo, school
ashamed to report how littie
would probably be filed in
superintendent, and the All
income they have."
the next few days in Federal
Indian Pueblo Council.
Underwood said the state's
Court in Washington, D.C.,
The suit would ask that the
and the Indians' objection is
on behalf of Indian school
U.S. Department of Agricul-
also that the reporting re-
children and their families.
ture be stopped from requir-
quirement violates the fami-
Underwood said the state
ing that Indian families re-
lies' right to privacy.
port their income and family
IN ADDITION, "The Indi-
size as a prerequisite to ob-
ans feel it's a charity thing
taining free lunches for
that they are entitled to as
their school children.
wards of the federal govern-
UNDERWOOD said the
ment, which holds their
federal government has had
lands in trust for them. Be-
the power to require the
sides, 98 per cent of the
reporting since 1970, but has
children would qualify any-
only now decided to enforce
how."
it.
Underwood said the feder-
The federal government
al government is being
has been accepting blanket
"very hard-nosed about it."
certification of all tribe
The state is now paying
children, until now.
for the meals, and wants
"It's a matter of pride for
reimbursement from the
the Indians," said Under-
Department of Agriculture.
ASHINGTON
Elected Chief Feuds
Oregon
Journal
ORE
With Choctaw Band
PHILADELPHIA, Miss., Nov. 9 (AP)
The tribal council of the Mississippi
Band of Choctaw Indians has voted to
OCT 1 4 1976
end the $20,000 salary of Chief Calvin
Issac in response to his attempts to
enforce federal regulations on coun-
cil members.
Isaac said earlier that some mem-
BPA, Indians Agree
hers of the council were employed
by the tribal government in violation
of federal conflict-of-interest regula-
tions and must resign one job or the
To Fish Restoration
other by Nov. 30.
"Regardless of what you do here,
By TOM McALLISTER What
tion activities is proposed.
I'll be here for the next 2½ years
Journal Outdoor Editor
until my term ends," the 43-year-old
WARM SPRINGS m what will be
BPA fish restoration funds could
university graduate said. "It may
a test of its authority to allocate funds
handily be channeled through such an
come as a surprise to you, but I'm not
for Columbia River fish restoration pro-
organization representing the whole
going to resign." Isaac was elected
jects, Bonneville Power Administration
Columbia Basin fishery, where it is now
to the post in July 1976.
Director Don Hodel signed such an
fragmented between many state and
federal agencies.
agreement Wednesday with four treaty
Indian tribes.
Schausten said BPA has no interest in
The salmon-steelhead restoration
involving itself in fishery regulation or
project, at a cost of one-half million
allocation but only wants to increase
dollars with 20 per cent to come from
the amount of money available for res-
the tribes and 80 per cent from BPA, is
toration and propagation.
to be carried out through the tribes,
which will identify suitable projects:
Straub in his original proposal spoke
Catalyst for the venture was the re-
of a $5 million-a-year mitigation fund
from BPA.
cent recommendation by Gov. Bob
Straub that BPA help pay for restora-
To test this fishery funding immedi-
tion of the Columbia River fishery,
ately, BPA elected to go first to the
which still produces salmon and steel-
Indian tribes because of their strong
head minimally valued at more than $73
legal and personal interest in the Co-
million a year.
lumbia fishery and the added weight an
Signing for the Indians who met with
state and federal officials at Kah-nee-ta
Congress agreement with them might carry in
Lodge were Zane Jackson, Warm
Springs Tribal Council chairman; Rich-
Currently, BPA allocates $191/2 mil-
ard Halfmoon, executive committee
lion annually out of power revenue to
chairman for the Nez Perce Tribe; Les
maintain, operate and carry the interest
Minthorn, board of trustees chairman
on $300 million worth of fish facilities
for the Umatilla Tribe, and Watson To-
built into the Columbia River dams by
tus, Yakima Tribal Council chairman.
the Corps of Engineers.
A sense of urgency accompanied the
memorandum of agreement between
BPA and the tribes because the pilot
project must be specified and agreed to
by everyone before Nov. 30 in order for
It to be included in the next fiscal BPA
budget.
Hodel said he considers the tribes as
representative of government agencies
and not just fishery users.
If the Bureau of the Budget and Con-
gress pass on this pilot fish restoration
project, involving funds out of BPA rev-
enue, it will establish the precedent and
make way for additional projects, said
Daniel Schausten, assistant to Hodel.
Governors of Oregon, Idaho and
Washington are studying a Pacific
Northwest Regional Commission report
in which an autonomous regional com-
mission with complete responsibility
for Columbia Basin salmon and steel-
head research, management and alloca-
Water is state's pressing problem,
street TRIBUNE
CASPER WYO 10/19/76
Indians claim rights
JACKSON
Sen.
Cliff
Hansen said there can be no
CASPER STAR-TRIBUNE 13/20/26
Hansen, R-Wyo., said he felt
long range planning of
JACKSON
Those
"smoke
water projects on Reservations.
that the resolution of Indian
Wyoming's water usage until
signals" coming from the
"But I deubt that we can
water rights under the Winters
the Indian rights have been
Reservation on Indian water
horse trade successfully with
Act was perhaps the most
defined.
rights can spell trouble for
the Indians," said the State
pressing problem facing
Hansen went on to point out
farmers in Fremont County and
Engineer
Wyoming's water future.
that another law, Section 404,
further downstream in the Big
A former state engineer,
Hansen was speaking to the
gives the U.S. Army Corp of
Horn Basin.
Floyd Bishop, told Horton: "I
Wyoming Water Development
Engineers virtual control over
State Engineer George
concur in the approach, but I do
Association at its annual con-
all water in the U.S.
Christopulos told the Wyoming
not share your optimism."
vention being held at the
"It is conceivable that a
Water
Development
Christopulos also noted that
Ramada Snow King Inn in
rancher may have to ask for a
Association that the Shoshone
federal claims to Wyoming
Jackson.
permit to irrigate his land
and Arapaho Indians claim all
water cloud future planning for
Hansen went on to point out
under the new interpretation,"
the water that runs into, out,
water storage projects.
that Indians of the Arapahoe
Hansen said.
through, under or over the Wind
Horton announced that the
and Shoshone tribes and the
The idea behind the law was
River Reservation, including
Interior Department will confer
Wind River Reservation want
to cover only navigatible waters
any benefits from cloud seeding
with Wyoming and Montana
the water from the Wind River,
to protect agriculture, fishing
or water desalination projects.
governors on any renewal of
ground water, and desalted
and other activities.
"This really leaves us up in
options taken by energy firms
water.
Hansen said that an attempt
the air," he said. "It not only
for water stored in Yellowtail
The Winters Act passed many
of legislative change of Section
stops future water project
Reservoir on the border bet-
years ago gives the Indians the
404 failed by one vote but
planning where Indian claims
ween the two states. The
first right to water that crosses
another attempt at change will
are involved, but it raises a
companies have already been
or originates on their reser-
be made by the next congress.
question for existing projects."
notified that when their options
vations.
Those attending the session
Christopulos pointed out that
come up for renewal in 1978,
applauded when Hansen said
the proposed Westside Project
they will be referred to the
that "The Wyoming State
to sprinkle desert lands above
governors of the two states for
Legislature knows better than
the Big Horn Canal between
action, he said.
the U.S. Congress or any
Worland and Greybull could be
Horton recalled that the
bureaucratic official what is
blocked by Indian claims.
government sold the options for
really needed in Wyoming."
Already. he said, the Bureau of
Bureau of Reclamation water
Hansen was referring to the
Reclamation cannot release
without consulting the states
amount of energy in Wyoming
larger blocks of water from
originally, and that no en-
and its use.
Boysen Reservoir for the
vironmental reports were filed.
"We should give our vast
project until the Indian claims
Sale of water from Boysen and
stores of energy to the nation
are settled in court.
Yellowtail reservoirs has been
for its use, but not at any cost,
Christopulos and others en-
criticized by agricultural in-
Hansen said, "Wyoming has a
dorsed the "administrative
terests, but energy firms have
right to have the land put back
approach" to settling the issue,
not exercised any options to
the way it was found
which was outlined by Jack
date. The assumption was that
Hansen was a luncheon
Horton, assistant Secretary of
the water would be transported
speaker for the convention
Interior for land and water
to the Powder River Basin of
which began Sunday and runs
resources. Horton said he ex-
Wyoming and Montana for
through today. About 150 per-
pected an announcement by
giant coal conversion plants,
sons from Wyoming, all in-
Interior Secretary Thomas
but escalating costs and
SEN. CLIFF HANSEN
terested in the use and
Kleppe of steps to work with
political uncertainties have
management in Wyoming's
'Ask for a permit'
Indians to develop their own
delayed plant construction.
water, attended the session.
78-Man Tribe
THE NEW YORK TIMES, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1976
Fights to Keep
Its Reservation
By MICHAEL KNIGHT
Special to The New York Times
TRUMBULL. Conn., Nov. 7-The na-
tion's smallest Indian reservation won the
first round here last week in a fight for
"We have always maintained that this
its survival when state officials decided
was reservation land and that we owned
that a one-quarter-acre suburban plot did
it," said Aurelius Piper, a Golden Hill
indeed belong to the Golden Hill Tribe.
who is also known as Chief Big Eagle.
The state's ruling, which rejected a
"Nobody can come along with a piece
competing claim by a neighboring land-
of paper and say that it isn't so."
owner and reaffirmed an Indian claim
to the land that dates to 1659, was greet-
Claim Filed by Lawyer
ed by the Indians with a nightlong revel
Mr. Piper took over the leadership of
of singing, drumming and dancing around
the 78-member Golden Hill tribe in 1974
a tepee.
and began efforts to regain 19½ acres
When the dancing ended at dawn and
of reservation land that had been sold
this quiet residential community on the
off a century ago and 80 aeres in what
fringes of Bridgeport returned to its cus-
is now the heart of downtown Bridgeport.
which had been taken by force several
hundred years ago.
But even the remaining quarter-acre
was threatened in July when a Waterbury
attorney who owns a building next to
the reservation filed claim to the land
and then offered to sell it to the state.
The claim by the attorney, John Carl
Kucej. came days after the only house
on the reservation had been torn down
to make way for the.new cultural center.
and resulted in halting construction while
the state conducted a title search on the
property.
Indians Occupy Land
Late last month Mr. Piper and a band
of other Indians from across the country
moved into a tepee on the reservation-
rather than let the land lie contested and
unoccupied-and began a series of spirit-
ual ceremonies, dancing and praying for
the safety and preservation of the reser-
vation.
"Now that the state agrees with us
that this is our land. we can go ahead
and make this a gathering place for all
Indians," Mr. Piper said after the decision
became known. "My uncle never wanted
this place known as an Indian reservation
and just wanted to live and die in peace,
and we respect our elders. But now times
have changed and the national mood of
Indians has changed."
Mr. Kucej. who could not be reached
for comment, is expected to pursue his
claim in the courts in what could be a
long battle retracing the tribe's history
and its sometimes stormy relationships
The New York Times/James Mechan
with the early settlers.
Chief Big Eagle, Aurelius Piper ,at
In addition, the tribe may sue Mr. Kucej
reservation of Golden Hill tribe.
over a drivewav that the Indian< claim.
according to Roger Smith, a nephew of
Mr. Piper. who is tribal coordinator for
tomary calm. work resumed on a log
the state's Indian Affairs Council.
cabin that reservation leaders plan to
make into a regional center of Indian
culture and activism.
BIA tells tribes how to take over
BILLINGS GAZETE
10/08/76
By FLYNN J. ELL
Butler said the policy was
Butler said opposition to the
formed under the Nixon Admin-
And Indians have the right
new policy is varied. including
Of The Gazette Staff
istration in 1970 and calls for
to return the programs to the
fears bv some Indians that the
BIA if they can't handle them,
the takeover of BIA programs
real motive is "termination."
American Indians who
he added.
by tribes.
Other reasons he cited are.
would like to take over the Bu-
The change of program
Reservation programs such
inter-tribal bickering on who
reau of Indian Affairs may have
comes about through what But-
as range managment. educa-
would have the power to award
their toes in the door.
ler calls the "contracting mech-
About 70 members from
tion. law and order. employ-
anism."
jobs to tribal members and per-
ment systems not open to non-
sonality conflicts.
Montana's seven reservations
As it is. the BIA contracts
Indians would be turned back
Many Indians. too. who are
met in Billings last week to find
for various tribal services and
to the tribes, he said.
now holding federal jobs on the
out how to get the job done.
can do so with non-Indians. In-
Butler estimated up to 80
reservation. would lose those
The takeover machinery is
dians could do likewise. but will
per cent of BIA funded pro-
plush positions and take their
the new federal policy called
probably choose to train and
grams would be placed in Indi-
place in line for new jobs con
"Indian Self Determination
use their own people.
LaFollette Butler. a BIA
an hands if tribes want them.
trolled by the tribe.
with a small contingent of BIA
For instance. Butler said. an
Butler said it is too early to
staff member coordinating sem-
advisors remaining
entire employment program on
tell how well the new policy is
inars across the country, said
Under Indi Self
a reservation is now staffed
being accepted by Indians. nor
that many leaders in the bure iu
nation. the Secretary of Interior
with federal employes.
has much impact been made on
favor the new policy which
is required to oblige takeovers
The tribe can say it wants
actual contracting
could be the beginning of the
unless be can cite a definite rea-
that program and set a priority
But tribal leaders attending
end of the BIA.
son for refusing. Batler said.
for training people 1.) work on
the Billings seminal were learn-
the reservation in such areas as
ing how to unrave! contract and
small ranching.
grants procedures. Butter said.
The next step is doing it.
Arrest
Indian
hunters
may
open
treaty
By FLYNN. ELL
"Ther are poor people and were
permits for transporting game animals off
Of The Gazette Staff
hunting for food: that's why they couldn't
the reservations where it is legal to hunt
BILLINGS GAZENE
pay the bond." McCurdy said
the Crow attorney said.
The arrest of four Crow Indians Sun-
The Crow spokesman said that treat-
But even that is not required by law.
day for alleged game violations may have
opened a can of worms called the Fort
tes. including the Ft. Laramie Treaty of
Don Wright, a Blackfoot tribal mem-
Laramie Treaty of 1858.
1868. guarantee Crows hunting rights.
ber. who is the F&G liaison officer with
DuWayne McCurdy. a spokesman for
In the 1868 treaty. Crows agreed to
Montana tribes. said he did not know it
settle in a permanent location. But the
the Crow treaty is valid.
the Crow Indian Justice Association. said
treaty gave them a "right to hunt on the
But Wright said the F&G will arrest
in Billings Thursday that the arrest of the
four by a Montana Fish and Game war-
unoccupied lands of the United States SO
anyone off the reservation who is suspect-
den was a "clear cut case of intimidation
long as game may be found thereon. and
ed of transporting illegal game.
by the Fish and Game Department in vio-
as long as peace subsists among the
Wright said permits to transport
whites and Indians on the borders of the
game are a "convenience" to both Indians
lation of treaty rights."
hunting districts."
and game officers used to verify that
McCurdy said the Crows will contest
A spokesman in the Department of
the arrests in court.
game was killed on the reservation.
Interior Solicitor's Office in Billings said
The four men, Johnny Doyle, Butch
the Ft Laramie treaty is still in effect be-
Bear Don't Walk said the permit it
Woosun. Harold and Brynee Wilson were
cause If contained no time Invitation.
quirement is a throwback to the days
arrested Sunday by Duane Young. an
The Crows think the language applies
F&G warden. who charged them with
to off reservation state and federal lands
when Indians needed a pass to get off the
spotlighting deer and illegally transporting
as well as "unoccupied private land." a
reservation in the vein of "he's a good In-
game animals
term which is without a strict delinition.
dian." so s okay to let him go.
Young set bond at $600 each and the
McCurdy said protests were lodged
men were jailed in Big Horn County prior
with the Bureau of Indian Affairs,
to their release Wedneday when bond was
Wright. in affirming the F&G author-
charged with protecting Indian interests,
reduced to $100 each
but were met with advice to see the Crow
ity to arrest non-Indians or Indians for
off-reservation game violation: said the ie-
Young said be an eyewitness would
VISTA attorney.
verify that the four men were shooting at
Urban Bear Don't Walk, a practicing
gality of arrests is "up to the courts to de
deer while using a spotlight three-quarters
Crow attorney in Billings says decision he
cide."
of a mile east of the reservation boundary
has reviewed indicates the treaty hunting
near Tullock Creek.
rights in Montana are valid under the U.S.
When arrested, the men had two
Constitution. but untested in the U.S. Su-
deer in their possi ssion, Young said.
preme Court
McCurdy said the men shot the deer
Indians have been required to obtain
on the reservation and were taking them
home.
Scholarship Programs Announced
The Navajo Division of
State University and the W.K.
tions have implemented a
with college credits or related
Education, in coordination
Kellogg Foundation.
scholarship assistance pro-
work experience.
with different universities, is
Universities involved in the
gram to aid students in finan-
seeking applicants to partici-
The program is designed to
professional development pro-
cial need. Students may con-
fit the individual needs of the
pate in professional develop-
gram include the University of
tact NDE to explore different
student. A combination of
ment programs at the under-
New Mexico, medicine; Arizo-
sources of assistance.
graduate and graduate levels
study and work-related ex-
na State University, law; New
The Navajo Agricultural In-
in areas of natural resources,
perience is alternated six
Mexico State University, engi-
ternship Program also is seek-
months each. The student is
engineering, medicine, agricul-
neering and agriculture; Colo-
ing eligible men and women
ture and education.
then paid when working as an
rado State University, natural
high school graduates to apply
Interested persons may also
intern and receives scholarship
resources; and University of
for the program. Also eligible
apply for a separate agricul-
assistance from NDE while
Arizona, doctorate in educa-
are persons who have passed
tural program sponsored by
studying on campus full-time.
tion.
the GED test, those currently
the Navajo Tribe, New Mexico
NDE, and various founda-
enrolled in college or Navajos
The program intent is to
prepare the individual upon
graduation to assume man-
agement, professional and sci-
entific positions for the de-
velopment of Navajo tribal
agricultural resources. Under
the program, the student may
also concentrate on related
courses of study including crop
production, soils, soil fertility,
irrigation, farm machinery
Arizona Republic
and equipment.
NOV
1
1976
Further information and ap-
plications for both programs
are available from Dillon
Federal Ban
"IT'S A FASHION fad and it will drop
Platero, Director, Navajo
off," said Geoffrey Stamm. "Next year,
Division of Education, Box 208,
it may be Hungarian peasant blouses.
Window Rock, Ariz. 86515;
These things happen."
phone (602) 871-4941, ext. 432.
On Imported
Dealers here said sales this year are
10 to 50 per cent lower than they were
NOV
1
AIM Plans
in the boom years of Indian jewelry,
1972 to 1975.
Farmington Daily Time
Jewelry Asked
Protest
In that time, the Arts and Crafts
Association and dealers estimated south-
western sales near $1 billion annually.
Wednesday
TUCSON, (AP) - Declining sales in
turquoise and Indian jewelry due. to
While dealers in authentic Indian
PONCA CITY (AP) - The
cheap foreign imitations have authentic
goods expressed worry. a business con-
American Indian Movement
dealers seeking a federal ban on im-
sultant said that the decline mostly will
(AIM) plans a protest rally
ports of Indian-type jewelry.
affect the imports and dealers in cheap-
Wednesday afternoon here
er goods.
against alleged police brutali-
Mark Bahti, a jewelry dealer here and
ty.
new president of the Indian Arts and
"It is our feeling that those individuals
not in the market prior to this upsurge
Officer Tom Montgomery
Crafts Association, said the group de-
will probably be the ones to fall by the
has been accused of brutality
cided at its recent meeting in San Diego
wayside," said consultant Frank Reinow
in the Oct. 22 arrest of Edward
to pursue the ban.
of Albuquerque, N.M.
Calls Him, 24, an Indian resi-
BAHTI AND others said that would be
dent of the Ponca City area.
"IT WAS FELT that those established
one way to help those involved in mak-
Calls Him was arrested on a
ing and selling authentic Indian jewelry.
dealers and craftsmen selling authentic
public drunk charge, but has
They said business has fallen off drasti-
Indian arts and crafts would be the ones
to survive," he said.
bond. been released after posting
cally because of the foreign goods.
The association will ask the President
Police Chief Norman Coffelt
"It has cheapened the whole market,"
Bahti said. "It has taken the aura from
to use his powers to stop unfair foreign
and City Manager Leon Nelson
competition, Bahti said.
suspended Montgomery after
Indian jewelry. People worry about it,
the allegations were made by
so they don't buy at all."
But members said a total ban is
the Ponca City chapter of AIM.
unlikely, although it could emphasize
While he and others blamed the for-
Coffelt said the incident has
their problem and lead to stronger
eign imports for falling business, an
been under investigation since
federal enforcement of laws banning
official of the federal Indian arts and
Oct. 23, when Calls Him en-
misrepresentation of products as Indian
crafts board said there are other
tered the St. Joseph Medical
crafts.
factors.
Center here and complained of
injuries he said he received in
jail.
More
about
Apache blockade of supervisors vowed
Continued from Page B-1
lowered to $3 per $100.
"If the taxes here get
ing the back taxes. That
ed by reservation Indians,
"So, you see, they want-
too high what choice do
would give them all of our
voted a ridiculously high
these businesses have but
ed to impose a high tax
county. which seems to be
tax rate of $15 per $100
to lcave?" Platt said. "In
rate. but realistically,
what they want anyway,"
valuation," he said. "They
that case, I doubt that
he said.
needed only $3 per $100."
did this because they
anybody would want to
Some businesses in
buy property here be-
Dividing Apache County
didn't have to pay the
taxes anyway. But after
Apache County reportedly
cause of the high taxes.
by giving the Navajos the
northern half and creating
the big taxpayers like Ari-
are considering relocating
"Perhaps the Navajo
a ne N county in the
zona Public Service pro-
if the tax rate is increas-
Tribe would then acquire
Anglo-dominated southern
1976
Arizona Republic
tested, the tax rate was
ed as expected.
NOV
the property by just pay-
2
half is one possible solu-
tion. Platt said.
"Another solution is to
Apache blockade of supervisors
terminate the reservation
system in Arizona and di-
vide up the Indian land
equally among the In-
vowed in reapportionment fight
dians." he said. "The
third proposal is to
prohibit Indians who are
By RYAN REINHOLD
exempt from taxes and
ST. JOHNS - After today's general
Indians. said local attorney Mitchell
laws from participating in
election. Apache County may be heading
Platt.
our local government."
for a showdown with its new Board of
Supervisors.
"A bunch of people here are so riled
Harper said he favors
up that they are ready to take up arms
doing away with the
Even though the new three-member
board docs not take office until January,
to stop this injustice." said Mcrle Harp-
reservation and giving
er, a Springerville pharmacist. "And if
Navajos fuil citizenship.
some residents here are talking about
blockading the courthouse to prevent its
that means blockading the courthouse,
"But that includes the re-
then I hope to hell there is, no
sponsibility for paying
first session.
bloodshed."
taxes like everybody
The conflict stems from the recent
else.' he said.
court-ordered reapportionment of
"And don't think we are alone in this
Apache County's supervisor districts,
because Navajo County could soon have
The new supervisors
which. in effect, will automatically put
the same situation that we have here,"
will be Louise A. Deschee-
two Navajo Reservation Indians on the
said Harper. who also owns a pharmacy
ny (District 1) and Arthur
board.
in Holbrook, the Navajo County seal.
N. Lce (District 3). who
And because reservation Indians are
Taxes will be the chief concern of
won their primary bouts,
exempt from state and county laws and
residents in Apache County, said Platt.
and the winner of today's
election in District 2, ei-
taxes. these two new board members
"We saw what happened in nearby
ther Raymond Graymoun-
will he setting tax rates and making
Chinle where the school board. dominal-
tain or Dan Smith Sr.
laws that will not affect them nor other
Continued on Page B-2
Mrs. Descheeny. Gray-
mountain and Smith are
Navajos.
14A-Wednesday, Nov. 3, 1976 Farmington (N.M.) Daily Times
Navajo Vote
77 Per Cent
By SCOTT SANDLIN
Daily Times Staff
SHIPROCK - Navajo voters turned out in
force during balloting in Tuesday's elections,
tipping the balance in some county elections if
not in the federal and state races. Turnout in the
three Shiprock precincts, with 2,575 persons
registered to vote, was 77 per cent, two per cent
above the high 75 per cent turnout in the rest of
San Juan County.
"It's the best turnout I've seen in 20 years
here," said Brother Florence Mayrand, an
election judge.
Judges at polls at Valley Elementary and
White Rock Camp reported some early, minor
trouble with voting machines which delayed
opening polls for half an hour or SO. Voting went
smoothly, they said, with a steady flow all day.
Some voters-about 10, according to poll clerks
- were turned away because of what they said
were late registrations. Other problems arose
from imprecise registrations, particularly at
Precinct 2 (boarding school), said presiding
judge Mrs. Taylor McKenzie.
In one case, a young man from Toadlena
attending school in Shiprock found himself
unable to vote in Shiprock after an apparent
misunderstanding during registration-and 50
miles from his polling place with a class to
attend.
In another, poll clerks required identification
of a woman before producing her polling slip,
although identification is not required unless a
registration is contested.
Waiting
(Staff Photos)
Herb Collins, voting machine repairman from
the county clerk's office, had a full day of it,
Bitsie Hatathley Yazzie rested placidly on a
keeping watch over machines in Shiprock,
bench at the BIA boarding school in Shiprock
Waterflow and Kirtland.
during a full in voting Tuesday.
Other county figures keeping watch over
persons keeping watch over the reservation
during polling included Undersheriff Dan Sul-
livan, District Attorney Tom Hynes, Democratic
County Chairman Charles Hughes and ex-Gov.
Tom Bolack.
THE DAILY OKLAHOMAN
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLA.
D. 169,001 SUN. 282,676
OCT 1 7 1976
FUNDS
Indian Youth Group Meets
When Bicentennial
things" done with the
Indian relations.
ment, and hopes to be
planning was beginning
money, she said, in-
About 500 young peo-
able to co-exist with
five or six years ago, it
cluding the establish-
ple from around the
did not look like Indian
ment of cultural pro-
AIM and the others
state are participating
people would have
grams that will be can
in the conference spon-
through mutual "re-
much to look forward
ried on well after the
sored by the relatively
spect."
to, a Bureau of Indian
Bicentennial year is
new organization.
"UNITY is an organi-
Affairs official said
over.
It was formed last
zation for Indian youth
Saturday.
Ms. Nahwooksy, par-
November by 10 Indian
to do something for
"A lot of us were say-
ticipating in a confer-
clubs in an effort or-
themselves," he said.
ing we really had noth-
ence of the United Na
ganizers hope can de-
Another participant
ing to celebrate," said
tional Indian Tribal
velop a national base.
in the conference, Joe
Clydia Nahwooksy.
Youth at Oklahoma
UNITY is designed to
Doke, an aerospace en-
Ms. Nahwooksy,
City University; said
help Indian youth build
gineer at the Johnson
special assistant to the
Indiansare pleased
a "Your square life"
Space Center, Houston,
BIA commissioner,
that the Bicentennial
stressing mental, so-
said the Indian culture
said that changed when
was not allowed to be
cial, physical and spir-
is "a culture that per-
federal funding was
solely a "white Ameri-
itual fitness.
haps is more misunder-
made available to Indi-
can celebration."
Executive Director
stood than most."
an groups to stage Indi-
With the inclusion of
J.R. Cook said the or-
He said Indian youth
an-related Bicentennial
Indian projects, she
ganization is not linked
should learn to live in
projects.
said, "I think it's (the
with other Indian
modern society while
"There have been
Bicentennial) been a
groups, such às the
maintaining their own
home substantive
helpful thing" in white-
American Indian Move-
culture.
Ft. Lauderdale News, 10/28/76
State Files Suit
Against Seminoles
The suit claims the Indians should
have been collecting taxes on the
retail sale and rental of tangible per-
The state has filed suit in Broward
sonal property to non-Indians; the
County Circuit Court against the
admissions tax imposed on the value
Seminole Tribe of Florida Inc. to
received from the admission of non
determine whether or not the Indians
Indians to the Indian reservation or
must pay certain state taxes.
any amusement facilities; the tran-
The suit filed yesterday on behalf
sient rentals tax imposed upon the
of Gov. Reubin Askew and his cabinet
value from renting, leasing or letting
claims the Indians owe $8,420.32 in
any living quarters, and the lease or
rental tax imposed on the value re-
various taxes which they should have
been paying under the Florida corpo-
ceived from renting, leasing, or let-
ration laws.
ting any real property to non-Indians.
OCT 1976
NIYC Office
Farmington Daily Times
Moves Location
The National Indian Youth
Persons with requests or
Council Indian Employment
persons wishing more informa-
and Training Office has moved
tion on programs may contact
from its former location at 101
Anthony at 327-5341.
S. Locke to a new office at 609
S. Behrend.
The move was made to be
closer to Navajo job seekers,
according to Lucian Anthony,
Farmington office director.
Apaches Vote
Anthony. who has worked in
community development and
employment assistance in San
Juan County for several years,
To Oust Chief
said the office offers work
experience programs, voca-
tional education training and
DULCE (AP) - The
her arraignment Sunday.
on-the-job training in addition
Jicarilla Apache Tribal Coun-
Mrs. Vigil contended her
to the Comprehensive Em-
cil voted unanimously to oust
arrest was part of the harrass-
ployment Training Act
Tribal Council President
ment she asse ted was aimed
(CETA) projects.
Charlie Vigil, who has held the
at her family by her husband's
Counseling is provided in the
council leadership position
political opponents.
office as well as in the field.
eight of the past 12 years.
Police Chief Raleigh Tafoya,
Anthony, who says he main-
The action climaxed a politi-
a member of the tribal council,
tains a close working rela-
cal controversy that has been
said an investigation into some
tionship with Navajo CETA
simmering for months, The
of Mrs. Vigil's complaints is
offices in Shiprock, makes
New Mexican of Santa Fe
under way.
referrals directly to Navajo
reported in its Wednesday
Asked about allegations of
Tribal Employment Service
editions.
harrassment, Tafoya said
and training programs as well
The newspaper said accusa-
there may be limited validity
as assisting Indians from the
tions against Vigil, 55, included
to some of the charges. But he
Shiprock area in finding jobs
malfeasance, gross neglect of
denied any role in such action.
in Farmington.
duty and misconduct reflecting
Tafoya said that since 1963,
Special projects are also
on the dignity of tribal govern-
periods surrounding tribal
included in the NIYC-CETA
ment.
elections have Seen "hot and
program. Anthony assists area
He was elected last July by a
heavy." There has been "tur-
employers in fulfilling af-
disputed two-vote margin over
moil all summer." he said. But
firmative action goals, as well
Hubert Velarde. There were
he added he does not believe
as drawing up program plans
two recounts before the tribal
there is "wholesale harrass-
for Indian employment.
election board certified Vigil
ment."
He also makes regular visits
the winner.
Saying his police department
to schools, encouraging Indian
Vigil was not available for
is "on top of everything," he
students to stay in school and
comment.
said Vigil's supporters should
to seek higher education and
But his wife, Jan Vigil, said
not be afraid to speak out.
training.
her husband's life has been
Some supporters of Vigil
A survey on Indian em-
threatened twice in telephone
indicated they might attempt
ployment opportunities and
calls.
to get a public referendum on
needs is also part of Anthony's
She spoke to a reporter
last week's impeachment vote.
activities.
shortly after being released
Richard Rosenstock, a
Among program goals, says
from jail. She was arrested
Tierra Amarilla attorney who
Anthony, are "developing Indi-
Saturday by tribal police on
represents La Raza Unida
an projects and helping with
charges of failing to support
party, was contacted by some
the organization of the Indian
dependent children and resist-
Vigil backers. He said he is
community for the benefit of
ing arrest.
studying the manner in which
all people."
Pleas of innocent to both
the tribal council conducted
charges were entered during
impeachment proceedings.
B-6 ALBUQUERQUE JOURNAL Tuesday, November 2, 1976
Special Indian Programs Begin
By JIM LARGO
NIYC obtained $27,000 from Com-
dropout rate of any group," he said.
munity Development funds to have
When they get out of school, the stu-
Marie Gabaldon, 15, who lives in the
Mrs. Wilgus run the program, and
North Valley, was one of the first to
dents usually have nothing to do, he
AUIC rents the building from the city
said. They are welcome to participate
take guitar lessons Wednesday from
for $1 per year.
in the program.
Frank Cerna at the Indian Youth and
Recreation Program located in the
Tom Heidlebough of NIYC said
Mitchell building of 412 Fruit NW.
The Mitchell building is also used by
funding is for one year, but leaders
APS "School on Wheels" program. It
hope the programs will be continued
holds classes for dropouts during the
Marie said it was her first time to sit
for several years either with funding
morning hours. During afternoon,
with a guitar on her lap and place her
from the city or other agencies.
most of the students need something
fingers on the strings. "He taught us
to do. A few have jobs.
how to use our fingers, and we learned
Programs in addition to guitar les-
three chords," she said about her
sons include arts and craft classes,
Several Indian students participate
teacher.
tutoring, movies, and general activi-
in the School on Wheels program. Hei-
ties such as billiards, ping-pong, and
dlebough said the students get credits
She is one of many city Indian high
library services.
for taking the courses. Mrs. Wilgus, a
school students who go to the newly
Hopi and Isleta Pueblo Indian, teaches
established recreation program held in
The building is also used by AUIC
reading in one of the classes.
an old building. "He told us we will
general assistance, referrals, and
learn little by little," said Marie.
counseling services for Indian resi-
Mrs. Wilgus has been a teacher in
dents during the day.
APS for 10 years. She was recently
appointed as coordinator for the youth
Between 1 and 8 p.m., the building is
program at the center. "We hope there
She thinks it will not take long for
used by the Indian youth. Approxi-
will be parent participation," she said.
her to play well. "The teacher is easy
mately 20 students go to the building
to learn from," she said. She is learn-
daily, said Heidlebough. Some stu-
She explained that the building will
ing to play for her own enjoyment.
dents who have no transportation are
be left open on Sundays for parents or
Guitar lessons are held every Wednes-
picked up.
other Indian organizations to use for
day.
meetings. She hopes to start an adult
Heidlebough said about 4,000 Indian
program soon.
Ramona F. Wilgus, coordinator, said
students are known to be in the Albu-
the program is one of several pro-
querque Public Schools. He said ap-
Next Wednesday she will hold an
grams just beginning at the Mitchell
proximately 40 per cent of the Indian
adult organizational meeting at 7 p.m.
building. Her program is sponsored by
students usually drop out of school
National Indian Youth Council, 201
every year.
The next day, Thursday, she will
Hermosa NE, and Albuquerque Urban
Indian Center, 510 Second NW.
hold a youth club organization meeting
"Indian students have the highest
at 7 p.m.
'Flights' Pay Weni to Tribal Official
By HOWARD GRAVES
according to knowledgeable
recent interviews that he had
Donald, according to the Atsidi
Arts and Crafts Enterprise
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.
sources.
no knowledge of what hap-
invoices made available by
store in Window Rock.
(AP)-Bank checks used to
One of the couriers said he
pened to the company checks
TG&E to a reporter.
Davis and Via said TG&E
pay charter air service
appeared before the grand
after they were mailed to
TG&E was building a
paid Atsidi for charter air
statements were converted to
jury, which has been delving
Atsidi.
345,000-volt transmission line
services on four other occa-
cash and paid to a top Navajo
into alleged financial ir-
Davis and TG&E vice presi-
across Navajo lands in
sions between May 11, 1973,
tribal official, The Associated
regularities on America's larg-
dent Thomas Via Jr. have said
northwest New Mexico in 1973.
and April 1, 1974. They said
Press learned.
est Indian reservation.
the company was billed by
Davis said he told the grand
those payments were "for
The estimated $6,600, after
A special Justice Depart-
Atsidi for 55.5 hours of charter
jury that TG&E construction
purposes other than Mac-
being converted to cash, was
ment task force and the Feder-
air services at $120 per hour.
crews were encountering "dis-
Donald."
hand carried to the executive
al Bureau of Investigation
Via said Bill Moore, at the
turbances) threats and opposi-
Via said all Atsidi billing
at Window Rock, Ariz., the
tion" from some Navajos. The
statements "had to be Identi-
Navajo capital.
The checks were paid by
Chairman in Dark
company asked MacDonald to
fied for trip purposes so that
visit the protesters in the 78-
we knew they were in conjunc-
Tucson Gas & Electric Co. to
ALBUQUERQUE (AP) - Navajo Tribal Chair-
mile corridor and explain the
tion with our business and not
Atsidi Aviation, Inc., of Gallup.
man Peter MacDonald says the only thing he
utility's position.
for some other business."
The recipient of the money
knows about utility company checks reportedly
Davis said MacDonald
hasn't been publicly identified.
converted to cash and paid to a Navajo official is
agreed to make the trips if the
Those who participated in
what he reads in the newspapers.
company paid for the trips.
OCT 2 9 1976
the transactions declined use
And MacDonald, speaking Thursday at an
"I don't know to this day if
of their names.
Albuquerque news conference, said, "As far as I
they did or did not take the
The checks were subpoenaed
know, the whole matter is in the hands of the
trips," Davis said after he
Farmington Daily Times
by a federal grand jury in
grand jury."
appeared before the grand
Phoenix. No indictments have
jury last month. "But we were
been returned and no charges
have been conducting the
time an assistant to Tribal
able to build the line."
have been filed related to the
probe since last January.
Chairman Peter MacDonald,
Via, in an earlier interview,
checks.
The U.S. attorney's office in
asked TG&E to pay the chart-
said Moore had told him
An Aug. 31, 1973, dated
Tucson declined comment on
er plane fares.
MacDonald went to chapter
TG&E check for $3,360 was
the check-cash transactions.
Davis and Via have said
house meetings to explain the
converted to 33 $100 bills and
Four TG&E executives ap-
repeatedly that the checks
project.
given to a courier.
peared before the jury Sept.
were sent to Atsidi and not to
Moore, a non-Navajo, at one
A second TG&E check, dated
23.
individuals.
time managed a tribally owned
Nov. 2, 1973, for $3,336, was
One of them, board chair-
The flights were made by
motel in Window Rock. He also
cashed at a Gallup bank,
man J. Luther Davis, said in
tribal officials, including Mac-
formerly managed a Navajo
T
OCT
2
8
1976
KYAKOTSMOVI About 35 Hopi tradi-
eties and representatives from the
some of the people you talked to in,
tional leaders gathered here Sunday,
majority of traditionally-established
Keams Canyon.
Hopi Pueblos, have met with our Hopi
In a letter by Sekaquaptewa of Oct.
Oct. 24 and voiced strong opposition to
the proposed $5 million settlement the
people in Kyakotsmovi and read your
22. 1976, stated, "I feel constrained at
Indian Claims Commission has offered
letters.
this time to respectfully remind you that
the Hopi Tribe.
We all regretted very much that both
the harshness of your words and the
The meeting was scheduled for the
of you stated in your letters that you
name calling with which you indulge
would not come and meet with us today.
yourselves are contrary to the dignity
purpose of Hopi Chairman Abbott
Sekaquaptewa and Hopi Agency Super-
We have given your letters serious con-
and self-respect of true Hopi leaders and
intendent Alph Secakuku to explain the
sideration.
disrespectful of the high office that Mr.
issue of why the Hopis were being asked
We found that Supt. Secakuku in his
Kewanyawma holds and that Mrs. Lansa
to accept or reject the proposed settle-
letter of Oct. 23, 1976, stated, "I do not
claims."
ment of the Hopi claims.
wish to prematurely make my personal
It is clear to us that Sekaquaptewa's
However, both officials declined the
views known so as not to undully influ-
attempt to make the Hopis believe that
invitation of the traditionalists in formal
ence anyone."
be does not indulge in harshness of
As an official of the Bureau of Indian
words, name calling and unduly criti-
letters stating their reasons.
In a letter dated Oct. 24 addressed to
Affairs (BIA) you have no business
cizing Kikmongwis and religious leaders
both the chairman and superintendent,
meddling with our Hopi affairs.
or anyone who speaks for them.
which was signed by four traditionalist
We have learned that you are not
He also stated in his letter that, "I
telling the truth in your letter for we
offered to publicly debate this question
leaders. it stated:
now know that you have already held a
with you or your spokesman on tele-
Mr. Sekaquaptewa and Secakuku:
We, the undersigned Hopi traditional
meeting with government Hopi em-
vision just in the past few days, and you
hereditary Kikmongwis, religious head-
ployes and some people from First Mesa.
refused."
men of One-Horn and Two-Horn Soci-
You have already "undully influenced"
On Oct. 21, 1976. some of us spoke on
oppose pay
television with Sekaquaptewa on the
explaining this vital issue, it is too late
positions.
issue of the proposed settlement of John
for any Hopi, especially traditional
You have failed to fully inform the
S. Boyden who has made a deal with the
elders, to fully understand this lawyer's
Hopi people on things that concern the
United States government in offering us
written language within two weeks.
very land, way of life and religion of our
$5,000,000 for lands that U.S. govern-
Therefore, there must be no voting on
people.
ment said he took away from the Hopis
this proposed settlement at this time or.
Instead of obtaining the aboriginal
and never paid for
in the future.
land of our people, the Tribal Council
We did not refuse we were there on
4.) On Oct. 30, 1976, there will be a
and BIA went along with attorney John
Thursday night. Again Sekaquaptewa is
Women's Religious Society performing
S. Boyden to make our landbase smal-
not telling the truth.
in Shungopavy Pueblo and our reli-
ler and smaller.
Following our serious consideration of
gious Hopi leaders all have asked that.
the proposed settlement and other re-
Both the Hopi Tribal Council and John
this Lollcon Ceremony be respected by
lated issues, we have been asked by our
S. Boyden are getting rich while the
all Hopi people, by members of the
religious headmen and people that:
Council and the BIA.
Hopi people are becoming very poor,
1.) As Hopi Kikmongwis, we strongly
5.) Since the majority of the people in
money-wise. This must stop now!
oppose this proposed settlement of John
traditionally-established Pueblos have
We demand that you both inform all
S. Boyden and that we will never sell our
never accepted the Hopi Tribal Councill
Hopi people everywhere that there will
sacred homeland.
Constitution and By-Laws, never signed
be no voting on this proposed settle-
2.) Both Hopi Supt. Alph Secakuku
a contract or contracts of John S. Boy--
ment on Oct. 30, 1976. This is our
and Chairman of the Tribal Council
den's and have never send anyone to the
decision and the decision of our
Abbott Sekaquaptewa be informed by
Tribal Council, we will never accept the
One-Horn and Two-Horn Religious
letter that there will be no voting by any
$5,000,000 by voting, as we do not vote:.
Society leaders.
Hopi on Oct. 30, 1976 on this proposed
6.) It is your responsibility as servants
Mrs. Mina Lansa, kikmongwi of Oraibi
settlement, as was scheduled.
to the Hopi people to do what the Hopil
Claude Kewanyawma. kikmongwi of
3.) We have just been informed about
people want and not what you want.
Shungopavy
this proposed settlement of John S.
Since you both have refused to facre
Ned Nayatewa, kikmongwi of First
Boyden's a week ago and since none of
our people face to face on this vital issue.
Mesa
the Councilmen have up to the present
we will now take action to have both off
Guy Koechaftewa, religious leader,
time, fulfilled their duties by fully
you resigned or removed from your
Mishongnovi
Indian Medical School Construction
Starts of Former Community Center
By SCOTT SANDLIN
McKenzie said earlier.
going up in the library and
ficials also visited the Shiprock
by Shiprock Chapter for the
Daily Times Staff
Phase One for the communi-
books going up on the shelves.
Hospital this month for an
school in 1974, there should be
SHIPROCK - With the
ty center-turned-medical
A library which has been
accreditation inspection there.
ample space for expansion.
pigeons and pigeon droppings
school calls for extensive reno-
growing since NHA's inception
And, since the AISOM pro-
In the interim, planning will
cleared from the attic and
vation and addition of a library
in 1971 and is now housed in
gram is tied to the Shiprock
continue, including garnering
sports equipment stored in the
and office space.
Window Rock, Ariz., will be
hospital, the school's ac-
support from leaders of tribes
basement or covered with
Longhurst said AISOM Γe-
moved to the Shiprock site.
creditation will be dependent
throughout the U.S. for the
tarps, renovation of the Ship-
ceived a $75,000 grant from the
The library, being converted
upon the hospital's.
project, designed as a school
rock Community Center is in
W.K. Kellogg Foundation,
from the community center
Admission criteria have not
for members of all tribes.
full swing.
$5,000 from the Merck Founda-
stage area, will be equipped
yet been formally determined,
The community center is not
tion, and $200,000 from the
with infra-red security system
Longhurst said. Those stan-
just receiving a facelift, how-
Navajo Tribe's revenue-
to detect persons entering the
dards will be drawn up by the
ever. The changes being im-
room.
academic dean, Dr. Jasper
Farmington Daily Times
sharing funds.
plemented now are Phase One
As with any monetary grant,
Physicians in residence at
McPhail.
OCT
2
8
1976
of a total project that will
he said, there are some strings
the Shiprock hospital, AISOM
"About all we know," Long-
convert the one-time communi-
attached. The Kellogg founda-
staff members and other
hurst said, "is that Indians and
ty center into the American
tion designated its funds be
health professionals in the
others who agree to practice
Indian School of Medicine
used for the medical school
Shiprock area will probably
on the reservation and other
(AISOM).
library, and the Merck Foun-
find use for the medical li-
rural, deprived areas will re-
All first-phase renovation is
dation, an offshoot of the drug
brary before students actually
ceive preference for ad-
being financed through grant
manufacturing firm,
arrive on the campus, Long-
mission."
monies, says Phillip Long-
earmarked its monies for
hurst said.
While executive dean
hurst, director of Planning and
building renovation.
The gymnasium floor will
McKenzie was projecting a
Development for the Navajo
The $300,000 renovation was
undergo repair, but remain at
1977 entering class during
Health Authority and
contracted to Zuni Construc-
its present size, with office
planning stages three years
AISOM, despite initial hopes
tion Co., an entity of Zuni
space gleaned from the former
ago, Longhurst now says a 1979
and plans to receive an ap-
Pueblo and the low bidder. Of
spectator area.
class would be the earliest
propriation from Congress for
the remaining funds, about
When the first students ar-
possibility for students starting
the school.
$30,000 will go for library
rive at the fledgling medical
at the Flagstaff campus, and
Longhurst said the medical
equipment, most of the rest to
school, Longhurst said, the
1982 or 1983 for the Shiprock
school planners will again seek
architects' fees and the re-
gym will be converted into
residency.
funding from congress in the
mainder into a contingency
instructional area.
"Probably for the first two
next legislative session. The
fund. Completion- date is pro-
Just when the first students
years we will take only
jected for the first of the year.
will arrive is an unanswered
freshman students," he said.
AISOM appropriation was
stricken from the Indian
The renovated building,
question for the school admin-
"After we get up and running,
Health Care Improvment Act
Longhurst says, will be used
istrators.
we may take transfer students
passed this month while the
primarily for office and library
The AISOM master plan now
as well."
bill was still in committee. The
call tentatively for first hand
Phase Two of the school
space.
fear was that the medical
"We won't have any need for
second-year students to attend
construction would include ad-
school funding might
classes for a couple of years,"
Northern Arizona University in
ditional renovation of the
jeopardize the entire bill, ex-
he said.
Flagstaff to study basic sci-
building and expansion of the
ecutive dean Dr. Taylor
Meanwhile, stacks will be
ences; third-year students stu-
medical library; Phase Three
dying at one of three Arizona
would see construction of hous-
hospitals under consideration:
ing units for faculty and stu-
Maricopa County Hospital, the
dents.
Veterans Administrtion Hospi-
With the 60 acres withdrawn
tal
and
the
Indian
Farmington Daily Times
OCT 2 9 1976
Reservation White Man's Park
LIVINGSTON, Tex. (AP) -
park, using the white man's
closer to the day when we will
"It wouldn't work," Poncho
work for other Indian reserva-
Lester Battise, his stomach
ways to provide jobs, build
be self-sufficient, paying for all
said. "The tribe was reluctant
tions where money and em- 1
bouncing over his belt buckle,
new homes and eventually
of our needs."
to cut the trees and feared
ployment are problems. He
flashed a smile and told vis-
become self-sufficient.
Emmett Battise, the assis-
pollution. They have a great
answered, "We cannot relate
itors to the Alabama-Coushatta
Billboards dot roadways
tant chief of the 550 tribesmen
love for the forest and the
to other reservations. Perhaps
reservation, "When you get
throughout Southeast Texas
said, "We have made a deli-
wildlife."
it could work, perhaps it
aboard the bus have a ticket,
advertising the reservation.
cate step forward, but it is a
In the woodlands of the
couldn't."
money, or your scalp ready."
There are commercials on
step. While we are a tourist
reservation-if you walk softly
During the bus tour down a
Houston television stations.
attraction, we are showing
-a deer can be seen grazing, a
narrow, winding road deep in
The buildings resemble a
visitors the culture and the life
big owl in a tree, and a
the Big Thicket of Southeast
western fort far more than an
of the Alabama-Coushatta.
raccoon scrambling down a
Texas, Battise said, "There
Indian encampment. That
While we attempt to become
branch.
are many
doesn't
seem
:0
bether
the
self-sufficient in this program,
With campsiles now avail-
they have learned to live with
hundreds of youngsters who
we are teaching non-Indians to
able along the banks of a fish-
us. They only bite whites."
dash across the grounds
know us, to understand us, and
stocked lake, the tribe at-
A group of young Indian men
playing Indian around the Indi-
learn something about us."
tempts to extend its attractions
and women don the colorful
ans.
Poncho pointed to a rusty
from the one-day visitor to the
costumes of long ago and
Roland Poncho, 33, director
colored creek that flows across
week-long outdoorsman.
perform the traditional dances
of the tourist section, said,
the reservation and said an
Asst. Chief Battise was
of the tribe.
"once long ago our people
alligator nests there and if
asked if the approach might
One said, "It beats cutting
went to the federal govern-
hungry can be brought to the
timber for a living."
ment said 'we need some help,
surface with a whistle-a bit of
Others guide tourists through
but don't help us too much.'
outdoor knowledge for the
the Indian museum, serve hot
That same feeling exists to-
tourists-and an attraction to
dogs and cheeseburgers at the
day."
bring the visitors back should
restaurant or sell jewelry,
The tribe now receives state
the gator fail to appear the
pottery, and toy tomahawks-
aid and is under the direction
first time.
in the gift shop.
of the Texas Indian Com-
Before the seven-member
mission. Poncho said, "With
There's a miniature train
tribal council decided to move
the tourist attractions, which
that wiggles through the un-
into tourism, it considered a
brought us 300,000 visitors last
derbrush and beneath the tall
lumbering operation and a
year, we are getting closer and
pines, giant oaks and fat
furniture factory.
maples, a reptile center and an
outdoor theater.
The Alabama-Coushatta
have turned the 4,500-acre
reservation into an amusement
Navajo court rules on Pasture
WINDOW ROCK A Navajo tribal
ble harm" if the injunction was not
taken "to remove or do damage to the
court judge on Friday. Oct. 22. granted a
granted.
fence, except under instructions of the
permanent injunction against the Hopi
Prior to issuing the injunction. Lynch
secretary of interior," adding that the
Tribe prohibiting any fence construc-
said "testimony indicates that the BIA
tion in the Pasture Canyon Dam area
did nothing about the fencing and has no
"area director is pursuing appropriate
located east of Tuba City.
administrative and judicial action in con-
plans if it should begin again."
The hearing was unattended by repre-
Val McBroom, BIA reservation pro-
nection with the fencing."
sentatives of the Hopi Tribe. According
gram officer in Window Rock. who
When the prosecuting attorney asked
to Larry Ruzow, a member of the Navajo
served as acting Navajo Area director
McBroom what action he had taken to
tribe's legal counsel firm, Hopi counsel
July 23-28, testified that he issued an
see that the fence was not damaged. he
John Paul Kennedy told him the Hopi
order on July 23 for the "unauthorized
said he had sent people to the judicial
Tribe would not attend the hearing
fence construction" to cease. On July 28.
department, but since the fence had
because they did not recognize Navajo
after the fence had already been
already been torn down, no action was
court jurisdiction over the area.
removed, he ordered that no action be
taken.
Raymond Tso, Navajo tribal prosecu-
tor, however, told the court that Navajo
jurisdiction over the area was estab-
lished by the federal government's
Bennett Freeze of 1972. which stated
that both tribes must consent to any
construction in the area.
The Pasture Canyon Dam area was
the scene of a confrontation between the
Cany on Dam
two tribes in late July. A fencing project
initiated by the village of Moenkopi
Graham Holmes, of the Office of
around the reservoir was removed by
Navajo Land Administration, said the
Navajes after the Navajo tribal court
more than one-mile-long pasture canyon
issued a court order claiming the fence
area in 1934 was set aside for "Navajos
was unauthorized.
and such other Indians as have settled
Members of the Hopi Tribe started the
thereon." In 1966, Hopis from the near-
fence construction, according to Ruzow,
by village of Moenkopi were declared by
because they claimed they were pro-
the Interior Dept. solicitor to have some
tecting their water lines from damage
interest. as yet undefined. in the area,
caused by Navajo livestock wandering
he added.
into the area and from Navajos dumping
garbage.
According to Ruzow, both tribes have
The fencing project was subsequently
traditionally used water from the
dismantled by Navajo police after the
Pasture Canyon reservoir.
court order was obtained, and no fencing
has resumed since, according to testi-
mony Friday by Dwight Marable,
Navajo Area special officer for the
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).
Judge Merwin Lynch told the court
that a permanent injunction was being
granted in order to "preserve peace in
the Pasture Canyon area." He stated
QUA'TOQTI
that at an earlier hearing held in August
where a preliminary injunction was
granted against the fencing, testimony
OCT
2
8
1976
showed that Tuba City residents were
planning to tear down the fence on their
own and that there would be "irrepara-
Cash to Navajo probed
By HOWARD GRAVES
checks to various Indians to pay for
edly that the checks were sent to Atsi-
AP Staff Writer
rights-of-way across their land.
di and not to individuals.
Bank checks used to pay
The checks were subpoensed by a
The flights were made by tribal offi-
federal grand jury in Phoenix. No in-
cials, including MacDonald, according
charter air service statements
dictments have been returned and no
to the Atsidi invoices made available
were converted to cash and
charges have been filed related to the
by TG&E to a reporter.
paid to a top Navajo tribal offi-
checks.
TG&E was building a 345,000-volt
cial, The Associated Press has
transmission line across Navajo lands
learned.
AN AUG. 31, 1973, dated TG&E
in northwest New Mexico in 1973
check for $3,360 was converted to 33
The estimated $6,600, after being
Davis said he told the grand jury that
$100 bills and given to a courier.
TG&E construction crews were en-
converted to cash was hand-carried to
A second TG&E check dated Nev. 2,
the executive at Window Rock, Ariz.,
countering "disturbances, threats and
1973, for $3,336, was cashed at a Gal-
the Navajo capital.
opposition" from some Navajos.
lup bank, according to knowledgenble
The checks were paid by Tucson
THE COMPANY asked MacDonald
sources.
Gas & Electric Co. to Atsidi Aviation
to visit the protesters in the 78-mile
Inc. of Gallup.
corridor and explain the utility's posi-
ONE OF the couriers said he ap-
tion.
peared before the grand jury, which
THE RECIPIENT of the money
Davis said MacDonald agreed to
has been delving into alleged financial
hasn't been publicly identified.
make the trips if the company paid for
irregularities on America's largest
them.
Those who participated in the trans-
Indian reservation.
action declined use of their names.
"I don't know to this day if they did
A special Justice Department task
or did not take the trips," Davis said
NAVAJO TRIBAL Chairman Peter
MacDonald today denied any knowl-
force and the Federal Bureau of Inves-
after he appeared before the grand
edge of the alleged transactions.
tigation have been conducting the
jury last month. "But we were able to
probe since last January.
build the line."
MacDonald said in Albuquerque, "I
only know what I read in the papers
The U.S. attorney's office in Tucsen
about the matter. As far as I know, the
declined comment on the check-cash
VIA, IN AN earlier interview, said
transactions.
Moore had told him MacDonald went
whole thing is in the hands of the
to chapter house meetings to explain
grand jury."
He also said he could not identify
FOUR TG&E executives appeared
the project.
the persons allegedly involved in the
before the jury Sept. 23.
Moore, a non-Navajo, at one time
One of them, Board ChairmanJ.
managed a tribally owned motel in
transactions.
Luther Davis, said in recent inter-
Window Rock. He also formerly man-
"I participated in one or possibly
views that he had no knowledgeef
aged a Navajo Arts and Crafts Enter-
two airplane flights sponsored by Tuc-
what happened to the company checks
prise store in Window Rock.
son Gas & Electric," MacDonald said,
"one to Farmington and one, I think, to
after they were mailed to Atsidi.
DAVIS AND VIA said TG&E paid
Davis and TG&E vice president
Atsidi for charter air services on four
Tucson."
Thomas Via Jr. have said the company
other occasions between May 11, 1973,
was billed by Atsidi for 55.5 hours of
and April 1, 1974. They said those
MACDONALD SAID he made the
charter air services at $120 per hour.
payments were "for purposes other
flights to discuss a proposal by the
utility company to build an electric
Via said Bill Moore, at the time an
than MacDonald."
transmission line across Navajo Re-
assistant to MacDonald, asked TG&E
Via said all Atsidi billing statements
to pay the charter plane fares.
"had to be identified for trip purposes
servation lands.
so that we knew they were in conjunc-
He said the company also made
tion with our business and not for
flights onto the reservation to deliver
DAVIS AND VIA have said repeat-
some other business."
Albuquerque Tribune
OCT 2 8 1976
Albuquerque Tribune
OCT 2 8 1976
Indian official
indicted
By HOWARD GRAVES
The alleged payments to Pat Chee
thority money invested with American
AP Staff Writer
Miller, 31, a Navajo, were from Ameri-
Funding.
THE EIGHT-COUNT indictment
Miller, between June 1974 and Janu-
also named A. Gordon Eldred, Ameri-
PHOENIX, Ariz. (AP) - The
Related story on Page A-3
ary 1975, placed nearly $13.3 million
can Funding's senior vice president,
former executive director of
can Funding Corporation of Beverly
Hills. the indictments said.
of Housing and Urban Development
les. and Mervin B. Schaffer of Los Ange-
the Navajo Housing Authority
THE INDICTMENTS said Miller
funds with the firm for investment
was indicted today by a feder-
and three other persons named in the
purposes.
Miller, Eldred and Schaffer were
al grand jury, which charged
report caused investments of Depart-
The housing authority was estab-
charged with conspiracy to defraud
him with receiving $42,000 in
ment of Housing and Urban Develop-
lished in 1963 to utilize Housing and
the federal government. misapplica-
kickbacks from a California
ment money with Ainerican Funding
Urban Development money for con-
tion of funds from an Indian tribal
investment firm.
in return for "kickbacks consisting of
struction of low-rent, low-income
1½ per cent" of the total Housing Au-
housing on the Navajo Reservation.
Continued on Page A-3
Jury indicts Navajo
From Page A-1
organization and interstate transporta-
vajo Housing Authority job he had
on what the indictments termed the
tion of money obtained by fraud.
held for nearly five years. His annual
kickbacks.
Leslie J. Hadden of Gallup was
salary was about $23,000.
He said Hadden first met Eldred
named as an unindicted conspirator,
through Schaffer, vice president of
said Asst. U.S. Atty. Gary Scales.
HADDEN, vice president-secretary
Jusco Construction Co. of Los Angeles.
of Window Rock Constructors Inc.,
He said Hadden had
BENCH WARRANTS were issued
arranged for meetings between Eldred
while trying to arrange
for the arrest of Eldred and Schaffer.
and Miller, Scales said.
for Window Rock Constructors, which
A summons was issued for Miller,
is based in Window Rock, Ari, the
who resigned last April from the Na-
Scales said Hadden paid income tax
Navajo capital.
Indictment accuses 3 of misusing $13
By BRENT WHITING
vice president of American Funding.
The-former executive director of the
and Mervin B. Schaffer, 45. Encino.
money obtained by fraud and conspiracy
Navajo Housing Authority and two
Calif., a former officer of JUSCO Corp.,
to defraud and commit an offense
Cahtornia businessmen were indicted
a California corporation.
against the United States.
Thursday by it federal grand jury in an
Leslic Joe Hadden of Gallup. general
alleged traud involving $13.3 million in
Federal Bureau of Investigation
manager of Window Rock Constructors,
NHA funds.
agents arrested Schaffer Thursday
was named as an unindicted
Pat Chee Miler. 31. of Gallup, N.M.
alternoon at his residence in Encino. He
coconspirator.
the former NHA official, was accused of
appeared before a U.S. Magistrate in
Los Angeles and is being held in lieu of
accepting $12,322 in kickbacks for invest-
$10.000 bond.
ing the $13.3 million with American
Funding Corp. of Beverly Hills, Calif., a
The other two suspects are at large.
detunct investment firm.
The defendants were charged with
Arizona Republic
Also named in the indictment were
A. Gordon Eldred, 58, of Beverly Hills,
eight counts of misapplying Indian tribal
funds, interstate transportation of
OCT 2 9 1976
million in Navajo funds
Miller. when contacted by a reporter,
construction of low-cost housing on the
refused to comment on the indictment.
Navajo Reservation.
Eldred and Schaffer could not be
reached.
The indictment said Miller caused
$13,297.161 in NHA funds to be invested
According to the indictment, the three
with American Funding from June 17,
defendants and Hadden devised a
1974, to Jan. 30, 1975.
scheme in which Miller. Schalfer and
Hadden would share in kickbacks total-
In return. Miller received $42.322 in
kickbacks from Hadden. who was reim-
ing 1.5 per cent of the amount invested
bursed for the payments by American
by NHA with American Funding.
Funding. the indictment said. The
NHA receives its funds from the sale
amount of kickbacks paid to Hadden
of notes guaranteed by the U.S. Depart-
and Schaffer, if any, was not outlined in
ment of Housing and Urban Develop-
the indictment.
ment. The funds are intended for the
Continued on Page A-1
More
about
Navajo fraud charges
Continued from Page A-1
and there is no evidence of criminal
In March this year. American Funding
wrongdoing against them. according to
was placed in receivership by a federal
Scales. The two are Marshal Tome,
judge in Los Angeles after NHA filed
tribal operations director, and Carl To-
suit against the Beverly Hills firm to
dacheene. Navajo Housing Authority
recover $5 million that had been invest-
board chairman.
ed and not repaid.
It has been alleged that Miller and the
American Funding had returned about
others accepted checks totaling $115,000
$8 million to the tribe before the corpo-
from American Funding, reportedly as
ration was placed in receivership. NHA
personal loans for stock investments,
will lose in excess of $4.5 million on the
balance of the $13.3 million due and
but executives of a Farmington, N.M.,
owing, according to Assistant U.S. Attor-
bank said the checks were never
ney Gary Scales.
cashed.
Miller stepped down from his $20.000-
Miller, Eldred and Schaffer, if con-
a-year post April 10 after he and two
victed, face a maximum sentence of five
other Navajo officials were told by Nava-
years in prison and a $10.000 fine on
jo Tribal Chairman Peter MacDonald
each of two conspiracy counts, 10 years
either to explain their dealings with
and $10,000 on each of three interstate
American Funding or resign.
transportation counts and five years and
$5,000 for each of three counts for mis-
The other two officials did not resign
applying tribal funds.
INDIAN NEWS CLIPS
OFFICE OF INFORMATION
202-343-7445
VOL. 6 No. 47
November 20, 1976
THE WASHINGTON POST
Thursday. November 18. 1976
Jack Anderson and Les Whitten
Battle Over Alaskan Wilderness
In the name of civilization, white
The department has been receiving
has become bogged down in litigation.
Americans have pushed the Indians
pressure from the same, selfish white
It's an old, sad story. Time and again,
off their hunting grounds and herded
interests that have succeeded in sub-
the federal government has signed
them onto reservations. The only wild-
verting Indian treaties in the past. The
treaties with the Indians, that guaran-
erness left open to them is Alaska's
big-game hunters and recreational in-
teed millions of acres but delivered
vast, frozen tundra and timberland.
terests fear, not without cause, that
only thousands.
By act of Congress, this last open ter-
the hatives will limit the hunting on
At this moment, protected white in-
ritory was granted to them in 1971.
their land.
terests are illegally draining off the
The Alaskan Indians, Eskimos and
Business and political circles also are
life-giving water of tribes in various
Aleuts were declared the rightful own-
uneasy over the economic power the
parts of the country-under the eyes
ers of Alaska's wilderness.
natives will wield if they finally gain
of a government that systematically
Their ancestors had roamed this
control of their vast acreage. Already,
welshes on its commitments.
harsh country for centuries. The Su-
12 federally funded, native corpora-
preme Court supported their right to
tions have been set up to determine
the region in an 1837 decision. Then in
how best to develop the land
1969, a giant consortium of oil compa-
The Interior Department, therefore,
nies, known as Alyeska, prepared to
has been obstructing the transfer of
FOND
build the Alaska pipeline.
the Alaskan wilderness to its native
The company, in clearing the right
owners. Congress gave Interior the au-
of way for the pipeline, found the au-
thority, for example, to reserve certain
thorities unsure over who owned the
easements. The purpose was to provide.
GENALD
ASTURITY
Alaskan wilderness: The 1971 act was
the general public with rights of way
supposed to have settled the issue.
across native territory.
But the federal bureaucracy, as
The department seized upon this
we've pointed out in the past, doesn't
provision to issue massive, blanket
ho and Shoshone Indians in
always pay attention to the laws that
easements on the entire coastline of
Wyoming.
Congress passes. The Interior Depart-
Alaska and around all inland rivers
Some $50,000 of the money
ment has shown a decided reluctance
and lakes. The dispute over this action
will go to St. Stephens Indian
to implement the act.
School south of Lander; $125,-
000 to the Wind River Indian
Wyoming
Education Association Inc.
DENVER POST
and $42,979 to the Arapaho
DENVER, COLORADO
Indians to get
Education Committee in Fort
Washakie.
Date
11/8
The grants represented only
HEW grants
three of 42 HEW grants total-
ing $4.5 million that went to In-
dians in the six states that
Associated Press
The U.S. Department of
comprise the department's
Health, Education and Welfare
Region VIII - Wyoming,
has earmarked nearly $218,000
Colorado, Montana, Utah and
Dakotas.
in education grants for Arapa-
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR-BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
1951 Constitution Avenue N.W. Washington, D.C. 20245
STAR TRIBUNE
CASPER, WYOMING
Date
11/8
Indian givers
Like old ghosts, the mistakes of
The end result of this massive
Regardless of the outcome of
the past continue to haunt us.
gathering was the fact that the
this particular action, it certainly
An interesting item caught our
government promised to pay the
is representative of the trend to
attention last week about a
total Indian community an an-
come in Indian affairs all because
lawsuit in Maine which has
nuity of $50,000 for fifty years.
of the imperfections of white
significant consequences for the
The prairie was also divided in
man's law.
West.
large segments and allocated to
The federal government in the
Indians may legally own two-
individual tribes.
years ahead is bound to spend
thirds of the State of Maine and
The Cheyenne and Arapaho
thousands in the West alone in
wight now they are doing battle in
tribes ended up with a generous
trying to clear up the mess
court to prove it.
slice of the wind burned pie and
created by the Great White
This possibility, raised in a
the treaty in effect meant for
negotiators of lore.
lawsuit that seemed insignificant,
these two tribes alone that 6400
Here in Wyoming the claims of
even ludicrous, four years ago has
Indians now owned in perpetuity
the Wind River Indian Reser-
suddenly blocked the sale of
some 90 thousand square miles or
vation to all water running into,
millions of dollars of municipal
more than 57 million acres. Thus
out, through, under or over tribal
bonds, cast in doubt the ownership
each Indian received 14 square
lands is bound to be headed for a
of private lands and whole towns,
miles or about 36,000 acres for a
major court battle in the months
and has thrown the state govern-
family of four.
to come.
ment into consternation.
Needless to say such an
This particular dispute could
The suit on behalf of the
agreement didn't last very long.
spell trouble for farmers in
Passamaquoddy and Penobscot
"Why was so much potentially
Fremont County and further
Indian tribes charges that their
valuable land given to the two
downstream in the Big Horn
ancestral forest lands were
tribes in 1851?' Michener asked.
illegally bargained away to the
Basin.
Because, he explains, "whites
local white authorities in violation
Ironically, we're learning in the
believed the plains to be a desert
of the Federal Nonintercourse Act
Bicentennial year just how im-
which could not be farmed. In-
of 1790.
perfect the reservation system
dians were convinced they were
Like all litigation this case is
really has been.
useful only for the buffalo."
bound to drag through the courts
Indian-government relations is
"As always," he points out,
for years but already the Indians
a major theme of James
"when the signifance of the
have won a significant victory
Michener's epic work, Centennial.
natural resource is misun-
with the finding that the ancient
He aptly explains that a major
derstood, any land settlement
downfall of the white man's
Act does indeed apply to the
must end in disaster."
treaties in the 1800's, and it
Maine tribes.
At least in this respect let's hope
Claims in the suit center on
follows, all through the nation's
history doesn't repeat itsen for
more than 12 million acres of
history, is simply that the federal
the sake of all parties concerned.
land, valued at $25 billion. The
government didn't know what
What's really occurring is that
kind of resources it had in its
litigation is one of several suits
the Indians have reversed the role
filed in the nation on behalf of the
midst.
of "Indian giver" to work, at last,
Native American Rights Fund, an
He cites the example of the
for their own interests.
Indian advocacy organization
Treaty of 1851 presented to the
"By no means would we give up
Plains Indian tribes at Fort
based in Colorado.
this land again," remarked one
Laramie.
Indian involved in the Maine
affair. "Actually we didn't make
the law. They made it."
BILLINGS GAZETTE
BILLINGS, MONTANA
Date
11/11
HUD questions
Crow payments
to building firm
By FLYNN J. ELL
Of The Gazette Staff
Fritzler termed the $60,000 error a "kickback" and
blamed the BIA, which he said is charged with oversee-
A $60,000 payment to a construction firm by the
ing the housing authority's business.
Crow Tribal Housing Authority has been questioned by
The housing authority is scheduled to handle $2.5
tribal members and auditors for the Department of
million for building 75 new homes on the reservation in a
Housing and Urban Development.
contract awarded to G & R, LaVerdure said.
Some tribal members say the payment may be only
Friztler said the Crows are the ones being short-
one of a number of questionable expenditures made by
changed by disappearing funds.
the tribal housing group.
The $60,000 in question is only the tip of the iceberg
"This thing is just partly exposed," said tribal dele-
in a game in which the Crows think they are being given
gate Bud Fritzler Wednesday.
the run around, Fritzler said.
"There's a lot more coming - they've even found
Since July, Fritzler has contacted President Ford
people on the payroll who don't exist," Friztler said.
and Senators Mike Mansfield and Lee Metcalf and Sena-
Doyle LaVerdure, head of HUD's Office of Indian
tor-elect John Melcher to seek help in getting all Crow
funds audited.
Programs in Denver, said in Billings Wednesday night
that HUD has just completed the first audit of the hous-
The Crows are asking that
ing authority in seven years, but he characterized the in-
the tribal audit be retroactive to
ter-tribal charges as only "allegations."
1972. The tribe handles some $3
LaVerdure, the son of former Crow Agency Superin-
million annually of combined
tendent George LaVerdure, was in town following a
federal, BIA and Crow monies,
meeting with Crow Chairman Patrick Stands Over Bull
earlier in the day at Helena.
"funds. in addition to housing authority
Besides audit errors, Crows
LaVerdure declined to comment further on the $60,-
The best advice Fritzler re-
claim that homes constructed
000 overpayment reported by his assistant William E.
ceived from elected officials
on the reservation are poor in
was for the tribe to pass a reso-
quality.
Hallett. who made the report in September and sent.
LaVerdure a copy.
lution at a Crow Council meet-
Jerry Manus, Billings HUD
HUD, LaVerdure said, has funded programs in ex-
ing calling for an overall audit.
representative, denied that
cess of $5 million at the Crow Reservation during the
"We have commitments
charge, too, saying most homes
he's inspected meet require-
past seven years.
from Mansfield, Metcalf,
ments tions." with "minor excep-
Tribal members are demanding audits of tribal, fed-
Melcher, the General Account-
eral and Bureau of Indian Affairs funds. Friztler said the
ing Office, and the BIA in
Fritzler said the minutes of
Crows want to know who got the money which came up
Washington to help us in any
the last council meeting had not
as an overpayment to G&R Construction in the audit.
way they could if we got this
been approved by the tribal ad-
G&R Construction. a Lodge Grass-Seattle firm, has han-
done," Fritzler said.
ministration either, nor had a
dled two housing contracts on the reservation, he said.
During a special meeting of
resolution calling for an imme-
LaVerdure. said the audit was conducted because
the tribal council on Oct. 10, the
diate per capita payments to
HUD issued new regulations March 9, taking over that
Crows passed ,by a 289 to 4
tribal members.
the responsiblity from the BIA, which had been in
margin, a resolution to audit
The angry Crows see Stands
charge lished. of audits since the housing authority was estab-
the tribe's finances. But Fritzler
Over Bull's refusal to act on the
said the present tribal admin-
resolutions as an attempt to
stration headed by Stands Over
squeeze them into a re-negotiat-
ed coal deal with Shell Oil Co.
Bull has so far refused to sign
"Then, Shell's cowboys will
the resolution.
come riding out of Young's
LaVerdure said he and
Creek with a per capita for the
Stands Over Bull agreed in Hel-
Crows and Stands Over Bull
ena to discuss the HUD audit
will be yelling,, 'Hi yo, Silver'
problems at a "later date" LaV-
and reaching for his check,"
erdure declined to specify.
Fritzler said.
Stands Over Bull was unavaila-
ble for comment.
The Bostmi Glube
BOSTON, MASS.
Minneamalis Tribune
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.
(SIGNING)
D. 276,671 ON 570,834
D. 223,455 SUN. 604,516
NOV 1 0 1976
OCT 31 1976
Maine Indians told:
Navajo map offered
'Be patient'
A Navajoland, U.S.A.,
published by the Navaio Tribal
I urge the governor of Maine to re-
Council, can be obtained for 50
consider his decision to halt negotia-
cents from the Navajo Tribal Mu-
tions with the Penobscot and Pas-
seum, Window Rock, Ariz. 86515.
samaquoddy Indians.
It is also available at information
but far less detailed maps of the
centers and trading posts. Free,
Their class-action suit alleges that
12 million acres of land were stolen by
region can be obtained from the
the State of Maine. In 1970 a Federal
Gallup-McKinley County Chamber
law was enacted that insists that the
of Commerce, 103 West U.S. 66,
government must approve all treaties
Box 1395, Gallup, N.M. 87301.
involving Indian land. The land-steal-
ing treaties of 1794, 1796, and 1818 were
signed without Federal approval, thus
The Ballan Marning Name
violating Federal law.
DALLAS, TEXAS
For thousands of years the native
D. 259,569 SUN. 314,000
Americans were caretakers of their
Mother Earth, while in only 400 years
we have brought this land to the brink
NOV
2
1976
of disaster with nuclear holocaust,
DDT, animal extinction, radiation and
other maladies stemming from our
Indian officials
general disregard for our environment.
On one hand, we have had for cen-
turies a group of people telling the In-
dians to be patient and to trust the
planning major
white man, act peacefully and through
the courts. On the other hand we have
national meet
a group of native Americans who have
seen their mother beaten for hundreds
Indian officials from across the
of years while struggling to maintain a
Southwest met here Monday to pursue
culture of their own.
recent promises from Dallas Native
The State of Maine is telling the In-
Americans for more political
dians to forget the courts and negotia-
involvement.
tions and is handing them resource-de-
The chiefs and tribal representa-
pleted scraps.
tives met at the American Indian Cen-
ter (AIC) to plan a major national po-
The people of Maine should support
litical convention of the National
the dislocated Passamaquoddys and
Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
Penobscots and educate their misguided
here next year.
governor as to who is the best caretaker
It marked the first time in several
and legitimate owner.
years that representatives from Dallas'
PATRICK J. O'CONNOR
rival Indian communities in East
UMass-Amherst
Dallas and Oak Cliff had joined in a
Amherst
common project, officials said.
Tribal chiefs and Indians in govern-
ment and local agencies discussed
NCAI's political strategy Monday dur-
ing their initial planning meeting for
host arrangements.
The main priority of the 34-year-old
Indian congress is to gain more influ-
ence with the U. S. Congress, said the
NCAI delegation.
Minneauntis Trihnne
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN
D. 223,455 SUN. 604,616
The Julus Trihune
TULSA, OKLA.
NOV
5 1976
D. 79,425
Sioux
NOV
5
1976
to be
honored
today
Participants in a conference on
Indian education will have a cere-
mony in Mankato, Minn., today to
honor 38 Sioux Indians who were
hanged in the aftermath of the
1862 Sioux uprising in Minnesota.
The ceremony will be held on
Main St. near where the gallows
were erected in 1862.
JOHNNY CHUMWALOOKY, LEFT, AND
TOMMY WANEGO
The weeklong conference is being
held in the Twin Cities to discuss
Indians make 'good' welders
alternate schools controlled by In-
dians and to focus attention on
the recent cut in federal funds
used specifically for educating In-
A large group of Indian youths are
firms are providing high pay and other
dian children.
learning the welding trade at a private
incentives to attract welders willing to
Tulsa school and the owner says they
have a "natural" ability to perform the
stay a sufficient amount of time, often
Funds have been cut from $55
million to $40 million. The two
work.
in remote areas, Adams explained.
Indian-run alternate schools in the
Noel Adams, owner of Tulsa Welding
Adams said the demand has caused the
Twin Cities-the Heart of the
School, said he is training 33 of the
school to teach three shifts per day,
Earth Survival School in Minne-
young men, many placed by the Area
five days a week.
apolis land the Red School House
Employment Assistance Office in Mus-
He said 82 per cent of all students
in St. Paul-rely heavily on feder-
kogee.
are graduated from the school course
at funds.
International pipeline construction
which runs from five to 16 weeks.
The Minneapolis school, which
has about 95 students, received
grants this year totaling $240,000.
The St. Paul school, which has
about 100 students, received
$210,000, according to the Depart-
ment of Health, Education and
Welfare.
Other grants in Minnesota went
to the Mille Lacs Reservation at
Onamia ($148,000), the Minnesota
Chippewa Tribe (two grants total-
mg $165,500) and the National
Indian Education Association in
Minneapolis ($133,000).
The conference is scheduled to
end this weekend with pow-
wows Saturday and Sunday and
suppers both nights with tradi-
tional Indian foods. The meal Sat-
urday will be at the Union Gospel
Mission in St. Paul and Sunday at
the Native American Center at 6
p.m.
Rocky Mountain News
DENVER, COLO.
D. 214,490 SUN, 236,903
OCT 23 1976
Ray Tracey: Indian for Indian
PATHANNA
there are some whites who just don't
News Staff
dians, but people are generally good and
WHEN RAYMOND TRACEY was a little boy
care what's in your heart.'
back on the Navajo Indian Reservation in
When he started college, be found militant in-
kids to
northern Arizona, he and the other kids went to
dian friends who wanted to stick with the In-
see western movies like everybody else.
dian ways. 'No Indian is going to forget what
"We'd see those Indians up there on the
has happened in the past. The militants have
screen portraying a massacre, burning homes,
their place. I'm not saying had à fair
shake in the land treatment. But I have learned
cheer
shooting the whites with bows and arrows, and
when the trumpet blew and the U.S. Cavalry
to like the white man's world. What's past is
came galloping to the rescue, we Indian kids
past. My culture is today. If I take the best
cheered for the good guys. The whites.
from Indian tradition and white technology, I
can be my own man and hopefully do anything I
"I was always asking my dad to buy me six-
want."
shooters so I could play cowboys and Indians.
Everybody wanted to be the cowboys, nobody
WHAT HE WANTS IS as much a question to
wanted to be Indians
him as many other young men his age. He had
The handsome young man with the intense
planned to be a civil engineer, following in his
eyes relaxed. Then smiled. "We were seeing
father's footsteps, until a chance meeting led to
ourselves through the eyes of the white man
a screen test and a leading role in "The Great
and we were savages."
American Indian" a couple years ago. "I was
the kid who never watched TV in the evening
Tracey is 23 now with 2½ years of college
and hated having his picture taken and here I
work toward a civil engineering degree and two
films towards a career in the movies behind
am, an actor!"
him. But he still remembers the fear he experi-
Next came the title role in "Joe Panther,"
enced when his parents decided it was time for
premiering in Denver Tuesday
him to leave the reservation and go to the white
m 54 theaters across the state. What had seem-
man's school in Kaysville, Utah, in the Latter-
ed a "kick" has taken on a new importance.
day Saints placement program for youngsters.
"I'm serious about a film career. It's shaky
business but I'm all for new things to see and
"I HAD THE SAME problems any minority
learn and do. I still want to get that engineering
kid has there were SO many of 'them' and
degree but first I want to see what happens
only one of me. I felt I wasn't as good as the
with this. I'm going as far as it takes me."
white kids. My foster family was very good to
me but it was still awfully hard for a young
He hasn't been back to the reservation
Indian to be thrown into a completely different
doesn't plan to go back. "But my dad's proud of
world."
me. My mom
well, she is more education
minded. She keeps asking 'When are you going
In retrospect he realizes "We had it pretty
to get out of the movies and get on with your
good on the Navajo reservations. We had a fan-
education?' My dad's cool. I like my dad."
tastic school system for such a remote area.
You could get a good education if you wanted it,
HE'S ALREADY GOTTEN some hassling
and my parents prodded me to do my best in
from his militant friends
expects more. "I
school. Still the best training and the best
know I'm going to get feedback, but I'll accept
grades in the world don't make you too sure of
it. There are always two sides of an issue. If
yourself in a new environment. It took me a
you live in the past, you'll end in the past. I
long time before I snapped out of it and started
want to live in the future. I want to be a winner.
going after things at school joining clubs and
I don't want to die wishing I could have tried
going out for athletics. I ended up vice presi-
something.
dent of the student body.
"Besides, Ithink these movies might help the
"It took me all that time to realize people are
Indian cause. They show Indians and whites
the same
it's the individual who puts him-
are pretty much the same. A lot of people on
self in a situation. White kids had been trying to
reservations have it rough but what can I do
be friends. I just wouldn't let them because I
about that? This way I can help a few kids. by
felt different. Actually I became popular BE-
showing another Indian is trying to make
CAUSE I was different.
good.' Besides, now Indian kids can cheer for
"Finally I made peace with myself. I realized
an Indian instead of the cavalry.
BIA lob Actions
NOVEMBER 15, 1976
FEDERAL TIMES
In a blistering condemnation of
Bureau of Indian Affairs' handling
of such personnel activities as
merit promotions, recruiting,
equal employment and illegal de-
manpower planning system.
Inept,' Savs CSC
tailing of employees, the Civil
existed 95 vacancies in BIA head-
In conjunction with the budget
Service Commission rapped the
quarters, "an extremely high per-
process, input is obtained from
agency's job personnel services
centage - over 25 percent - of
tribal sources concerning future
unit as "inept, totally ineffective
total positions."
needs of BIA-provided services.
and ruinous for a headquarters
CSC noted, for example, that the
establishment."
This information is used by pro-
position of support services offi-
gram officials to determine the
cer, GS-15, has been vacant since
This is the thrust of a recent
future level of services to be pro-
September 1974, or more than two
CSC evaluation report, which also
vided while taking into account
years.
accused the personnel services
anticipated appropriations.
office of having met with "a com-
Regarding the merit promotion
plete and total breakdown" in its
These data are translated into
program, CSC said that the re-
efforts to fill vacancies in BIA, an
projected manpower needs to en-
sults of questionnaires and inter-
agency of the Interior Depart-
sure that the right numbers of
views with BIA employees indi-
ment.
people with the necessary skills
cate "an extremely low number of
and abilities are available
employees believe that promo-
Deficiencies in BIA's personnel
throughout the organization to
tions are given fairly in BIA."
servicing, as spelled out in the
carry out the BIA mission.
commission's evaluation report,
For instance, only 15 percent of
follow:
CSC noted, however, that "this
employees responding to the com-
information is not transmitted to
mission's questionnaire believed
The placement process is
the personnel management divi-
that promotions are given fairly,
"poor."
sion for dissemination to operat-
compared with a governmentwide
ing personnel offices."
average of 30 percent.
There are long delays in com-
pleting job processing actions.
Consequently, these offices are
Although acknowledging that
unable to respond "in the most
this can be traced in part to the
Qualifications of prospective
effective manner to the needs
effects of Indian preference on
employees are poorly evaluated.
identified.
promotion opportunities, CSC
Merit promotion program
"Thus handicapped, it is not
noted, nevertheless, that "the
operations are fraught with viola-
surprising that recruiting efforts
fairness of promotions ranks low
tions.
have been ineffective and are not
among Indian employees also.
meeting BIA central office
Recruiting is ineffectual, par-
"This is not surprising in view
needs," CSC said.
ticularly with regard to Indians.
of the nature and number of
BIA's recruiting needs are
promotion-related procedural and
The servicing personnel office
somewhat different from those of
regulatory violations found by the
"is inept and almost totally inef-
other federal agencies.
survey team," the commission
fective - ruinous for a
said. "These violations have had a
headquarters establishment."
This is because the legal man-
net effect of reducing opportuni-
date of Indian preference and
ties for employees to compete for
Staffing level and mix of jobs
what CSC described as "the
promotion."
are not related to the work that
uniqueness of the BIA mission"
must be done.
tend to narrow the potential labor
CSC also rapped BIA for im-
The level of expertise is low,
market from which the bureau
proper use of details of employ-
essentially it is a clerical opera-
may draw.
ees.
tion.
CSC was told by numerous BIA
The commission's survey team
Technical guidance is not
officials that "it is extremely dif-
uncovered 22 instances of employ-
available to the job servicing unit
ficult to attract Indian candidates
ces informally assigned to other
from the bureau's personnel man-
to Washington, D.C."
positions for extended periods,
more than 30 days, without appro-
agement division.
CSC contended, however, that
priate documentation.
"these difficulties and constraints
In view of its findings. the com-
only underscore the need for a
Such action, said CSC, was in
mission recommended that the
more active approach to manpow-
violation of the requirements of
servicing personnel office be
er planning and recruiting.
Federal Personnel Manual Chap-
placed under BIA's personnel
ter 300, subchapter 10, which
management division. since man-
"The absence of a unified man-
stipulates that any detail exceed-
agers do not trust the servicing
power planning program and the
ing 30 calendar days must be
personnel office in critical or key
ineffectiveness of recruiting of
documented in the employee's
actions.
forts have resulted in a failure to
official personnel folder.
obtain people with the necessary
Among other weaknesses it
skills and abilities to fill key posi-
Details which extend beyond 120
uncovered, the commission noted
tions in the BIA headquarters
days must be approved in advance
that although BIA has available
office," CSC said.
by CSC. The commission noted
most of the information necessary
that 15 of the 22 detail violations
to project manpower needs, the
As evidence of this failure, CSC
involved situations requiring prior
agency possesses no complete
cited statistics which show that at
approval from CSC.
the time of the evaluation, there
Regarding Indian preference
Also, CSC noted that "there has
and staffing practices, BIA offi-
been no EEO training provided to
cials sought to vilify the Indian
supervisors, managers or employ-
preference practice as being the
ees during the past 12 months."
major deterrent to a merit staff-
Nor has there been any wide
ing program within BIA.
issuance of EEO policy guidance
CSC disagreed.
or dissemination of information,
particularly on Indian preference
"It is not Indian preference per
and its interrelationship with the
se which has caused the prob-
overall EEO program.
lems," said CSC, "but the lack of
- ANDRONICOS.
a comprehensive and definitive
policy on how Indian preference is
to be administered in the context
of merit staffing practices.
"Neither top management nor
personnel has put forth such a
policy," the commission added.
Consequently, interpretations of
how Indian preference applies in
merit staffing actions differ in
various parts of the organization.
For example, some vacancies
have remained open because no
qualified Indians had applied
while other vacancies have been
filled by non-Indians, "with no
apparent attempt to recruit In-
dians," the commission noted.
"This causes a ripple effect on
staffing programs, as evidenced
by high number of vacancies, long
delays in filling positions and
excessive use of details," CSC
said.
The commission also leveled
sharp criticisms of the agency's
equal employment opportunity
program. charging that it "is
characterized by a lack of support
by top management and little ac-
ceptance by supervisors and em-
ployees."
Employees expressed disbelief
to CSC interviewers that there
was even a program in existence
- and the prevailing view at all
levels is that EEO and Indian
preference are incompatible.
"Overall, little attention is
given the program and even less
interest is shown in developing
positive action in response to re-
quirements," the commission
said.
Even though there are 531
minority group employees out of
an agency employment total of
832, CSC contends that BIA efforts
are inadequate in recruiting and
developing Indians, other minor-
ity group members and women.
The commission also found that
there exists no upward mobility
program in the agency, even
though 65 percent of Indian cm.
ployment is concentrated at the
GS-2 through 7 levels.
THE DAILY OKLAHOMAN
their husbands who are
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLA.
employed by the uni-
D
versity.
16' FEDERAL NOVEMBER 22, 1976
Spekesmen for the
OCT
22
group, Sharon Garcia,
1976
said the event will be
geared toward the Indi-
Indian Arts
an woman.
"There will be two
15 Papago
parts to the program.
For Women
Lucillia Wise will gave
a talk on 'Appreciation
Indians Nab
of Indian Creativity'
Are Planned
and students from Con-
Smugglers
cho Indian School will
give readings of their
/ "INDIAN Fine Arts
own poetry," she said.
Five more Papago Indian patrol
- A Female Prospec-
ON DISPLAY will be
officers have been hired by the
tive", jointly sponsored
original paintings by
U.S. Customs Service to help pa-
by the Oklahoma Arts
five female Indian art-
trol the smuggler-ridden 60 miles
and Humanities Coun-
ists, Mary Adair Horse-
of U.S.-Mexican border near Sells,
cil and the National
chief, Sharron Ahtone
Ariz.
Endowment for the
Harjo, Ruth Blalock
The new recruits bring to 15 the
Arts, Washington, D.
Jones, Virginia Stroud,
number Customs has assigned to
C., will be presented at
Carrie Wahnee (who
the area, which lies within the
7 p.m. Oct. 29 in the
paints under the name
Papago Indian Reservation.
University of Oklaho-
"Water Girl"), and
ma Stovall Museum,
Previously, non-Indian Customs
Mary Bresser Young.
135 Asp, Norman.
officers faced difficulty disguising
The paintings will be
their presence, negotiating the
Aiding with the fine
on exhibit on the sec-
desolate terrain and communicat-
arts program is the
ond floor of Stovall and
ing with the Papago tribe mem-
Norman-based "New
the "New Sooners" will
bers who speak an unwritten lan-
Sooners," an organiza-
be available as tour
guage almost impossible for
tion for women and
guides. The artists will
outsiders to learn.
be present to discuss
the paintings.
U.S. Commissioner of Customs
Vernon D. Acree appointed seven
WORLD
members of the Papago tribe as
TULSA, OKLA.
Customs patrol officers in 1974.
Later, their number was increas-
D. 114,22? SUN. 200,191
ed to ten.
Since their appointment, the
NOV
2 1976
Papago Customs patrol officers
have made 63 drug seizures total-
ing 37,256 pounds of marijuana.
l.o, The Poor Indian!
There have been 45 arrests, with
48 vehicles and 16 horses seized.
REMEMBER the crying Indian of
arguing economics. The container
Many of the horses have been put
tv commercials? Well, the warrior
industry contends the ban of non-
to work with the Customs Service
in the Sells area and at Lukeville,
moved to tears over the littering
returnables would cost 82,000 jobs
Ariz.
habits of Americans has done his
and the industry millions in no-
longer needed machinery.
job too well.
But the Environmental Protection
At least that's the opinion of the
Agency said such a ban nationwide
container and packaging industry
on throwaways would save the
which sponsored the Keep America
equivalent of 115,000 barrels of oil
Beautiful campaign, of which the
a day and provide 118,000 jobs for
warrior was a part.
recycling activities.
The Indian and other efforts to
Regardless of the outcome, the
spotlight litter problems prompted
weeping warrior isn't anymore. His
three States to ban non-returnable
industry sponsors want to run a
containers from even being used.
tv commercial of him smiling over
Tuesday, four more States will
the success of cleanup campaigns
vote on measures to halt the use
and coincidentally show there is
of non-returnables. The results of
no need for anti-throwaway laws.
the vote in Colorado, Maine, Mas-
The EPA and the National Wild-
sachusetts and Michigan could well
life Federation dropped out of the
determine the direction of the
anti-litter campaign over this, cal-
"bottle battle" in the U.S.
ling the proposal an industry front.
Both sides have won some skirm-
Lo, the poor Indian! He can't
ishes in the war and basically are
win, even when he does win.
The Salt Make Criturite
SALT LAKE CITY. OTAH
OCT 10 1976
Charlie Knows His Trade
ROOSEVELT NATIONAL
to look at the mountains, not signs.
get away with it. I'm one-quarter
WOREST, Colo. (UPI) - When an
I try to be inconspicuous."
Blackfoot, one-half German and a
elderly woman tourist marched
He sat in the tiny room, a short,
quarter French, but they look at
into his trading post and tried to
hunched-over man with a large
me and say he's just an Indian."
teach him about Indian jewelry,
nose and dark black hair combed
Charlie Eagle Plume threw her out
During the three-month tourist
straight back. He worked on the
season, Charlie operates his trad-
and closed early for the 1976
wig, chain-smoking cigarettes as
ing post with the help of Il
season.
he talked.
part-time workers. He says he has
**I ain't never hit old ladies," he
"Got to clean this here wig up
an estimated $3 million worth of
said. "They fight dirty and I ain't
for my lectures. Got to look neat,
artifacts and jewelry in his shop.
as young as I used to be."
clean and sexy."
Each year in September, he packs
If there is one thing Charlie
it up and ships it to a nearby
knows, it is Indian jewelry. Charlie
The shop is only open from June
storehouse for the winter.
was sitting in the back of his shop,
to September, when Charlie begins
braiding a long Indian-style wig he
traveling throughout the country
Anthropologists at the Universi-
wears while on his winter lecture
lecturing to any group that will pay
ty of Colorado Museum in Boulder
dircuit. At his feet sat a huge black
to hear him.
said Charlie promised to give them
Doberman who watches over his
Recognized Expert
$1 million worth of artifacts upon
master.
Despite his contankerous na-
his death. But the old trader said
ture and tendency to spin tall tales,
he would include a provision in his
Nestled Among Trees
he is a recognized authority on the
will stating if the security at the
The trading post is nestled
artifacts and jewelry of the Nava-
museum doesn't improve in 15
among the Aspen trees on the
jo, Hopi and Pueblo Indian tribes.
years, the collection will be trans-
winding highway between Allens-
ferred to another school of his
park and Estes Park, at the base of
"I'm a damn good talker,"
choice.
14.256-foot Long's Peak. You have
Charlie said. "I say things in my
to look closely though, for Charlie's
lectures that would drive a man
"The other $2 million worth of
place is small and only has one
outta town. They'd drive him out
stuff I'll give to a couple of kids
small sign out front.
on a rail.
who take over my trading post. If
"It's my theory," he said, "if
"But I wear this here wig, see,
they don't want it, I'll just give the
you come up here 1 figure you want
and an Indian costume and I can
whole damn lot to the state."
MILWAUKEE SENTINEL
MILWAUKEE WISC.
D. 167,705
Courte Oreilles band of Chip-
pewa Indians, were set for
OCT 3 0 1976
late November and Decem-
ber.
Fifteen Indians
A motion for change of
venue was submitted for
those requesting jury trials.
Atty. Gene Potack, represent-
Deny Charges
ing the Indians, said that the
Some of the violations oc-
suspects could not receive a
curred more than two years
fair trial in Sawyer County.
ago. The most recent was last
An earlier motion submit-
April.
Over Hunting
ted by the defendants to dis-
Charges include possessing
miss the charges because In-
deer or fish out of season,
dians retained hunting and
Special to The Sentinel
hunting with an artificial
fishing rights on lands ceded
light, possessing a loaded
to the US in various treaties
Hayward, Wis. - Fifteen
firearm and taking fish from
Indians pleaded Innocent in
was dismissed by County
a fish refuge.
Sawyer County Court here
Judge Alvin Kelsey.
Friday to charges involving
"All people off the reserva-
violations of various Wiscon-
tions should be treated equal-
sin hunting, fishing and safe-
ly," Kelsey said. His decision
ty regulations.
earlier cleared the way for
Trial dates for the sus-
the 15 Indians to be tried in
his court.
pects, all members of the Lac
He was informed by Comissioner Robert V.
Smith the city council decides how many mem-
bers sit on the housing commission.
George Ormiston, authority executive director,
endorsed the idea of a special Indian counselor
and recruitment program.
BILLINGS, MONT.
He noted, however, that staff positions and his
GAZETTE
budget are subject to approval of the housing
D. 44,000 SUN. 56,000
commissioners.
In other action at the board meeting, attorney
OCT
3 1976
Dan Fowler said there was no way the authority
could enforce a curfew on tenants of Sooner Ha-
ven and SE 15 and High housing projects.
An Indian view
He said authority security guards do not have
the police power to enforce such a curfew, and
I read the brochure cir,
:-
that such a regulation might constitute illegal
of this great country we call
ed by the Montanans Opposing
selective enforcement of a city ordinance.
America I wonder what hap-
Discrimination (MOD), and I
pened to posterity along the
The projects have been plagued by vandalism
should like to make the follow-
way. The MOD organization ad-
and crime late at night and Ormiston said several
ing comments in regard thereof.
vocates objectives which I feel
tenants had requested such a curfew.
It is apparent that the mem-
are dictatorial. This is suppos-
In other action, Danforth was voted vice chair-
bers of MOD are not wholly
edly a democratic form of gov-
man of the housing authority, filling a vacancy
aware of United State's past
ernment with electoral repre-
history and probably could ca
sentation.
created when former commissioner Lloyd C.
less. Two hundred years ag
American Indians have
Roach was declared ineligible to serve on the
your forefathers had a consci-
fought in many wars for the ide-
board.
ence concerning the ravishing
als of this great country. Many
Under board procedure, Danforth will become
died, large numbers disabled,
board chairman July 1, 1977, when the term of
many highly honored and deco-
current chairman Mrs. W. Rogers Abbott expires.
rated. What greater love hath
man that he lay his life on the
line for his neighbor or friend?
The Miami Terald
Indians owe allegiance to the
MIAMI, FLA.
United States of America, not
D. 384,824 SUN. 486.568
citizen-organized groups who
are concerned with the loss or
gain of self-preservation. I hard-
OCT2 9 1976
ly think Fort Peck reservation
would want jurisdiction over
non-Indians. We couldn't build
Statistics for 1972-74
a jail quite that big.
Contrary to belief, Indians
do pay federal income tax on
Minorities Increase
earned income. Trust income,
no. Businessmen on the reser-
vation have prospered very
well. Also, I haven't seen any
starving farmer-ranchers lately.
In College Classes
MOD speaks of the Home-
stead Act. Non-Indians and
lobbyists were responsible for
making this possible. The
WASHINGTON - (AP) - Mi-
Spanish-surnamed by 105.4 per
American Indian could only
nority enrollment in the nation's
cent, Asian-Americans by 33.7 per
abide and Fort Peck Indian re-
colleges and universities rose 11.7
cent and American Indians by 6.4
servation has been gobbled up
per cent between 1972 and 1974,
per cent, the agency said.
since. Yet we have survived.
with major strides in private col-
Total minority enrollment in
MOD wants supremacy over
leges and universities, the U.S. Of-
1974 was 587,835 in public institu-
Indian treaty laws. Article II,
fice for Civil' Rights announced
tions and 227,301 in private institu-
section 2, part 2 gives Congress
Thursday.
tions.
the power to make treaties, not
The government survey showed
Across the board, American Indi-
only with the Indians, but for-
that, white enrollment in public in-
an enrollments were up 2.3 per
eign powers also. MOD defies
stitutions actually decreased during
cent from 33,919 to 34,692; blacks
this portion of the U.S. Consti-
the two years, from 3,986,450 to
up 19.2 per cent from 489,496 to
tution, reference MOD declara-
3,964,292. White enrollment in pri-
539,500; Asian Americans up 8.7
tion of purpose. Article III, sec-
vate schools rose modestly from 1,-
per cent from 67,662 to 73,527; and
tion 2, gives the judicial branch
405,862 to 1,448,368.
Spanish-surnamed up 20.8 per cent
of government the power to re-
from 138,631 to 167,417.
solve these treaties.
MINORITY STUDENTS repre-
The one exception to the trend
The MOD organization has
sented 11.9 per cent of the total
was in graduate schools, where en-
shed new light on the true feel-
higher education enrollment in
rollments of American Indians and
ings of their group as far Indi-
1972 and 13.1 per cent in 1974.
Asian Americans declined over-all.
ans are concerned. Custer made
During the the two-year period,
his last stand gallantly. MOD
black enrollments in private
IN PRIVATE professional
may very well see the American
schools increased by 27.9 per cent,
schools, American Indian enroll-
Indian make his last stand for
Cont'd
the Indian is a true warrior.
Ray K. Eder
Poplar
The Seattle Daily Times
OKLAHOMA CITY TIMES
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLA.
D. 91,144
OCT 26 1976
Center named after
OCT 20 1976
recovered alcoholic
Racial bias
By MARJORIE JONES
he also became an alcoholic. In the
mid-1960s he hit Skid Road, working
Six years ago an Athabaskan In-
claim made
dian looked through the bars of his
only occasionally when he sobered
up. Finally his health again was af-
padded cell in the city jail, so ill
fected.
that his future was questionable.
In August, 1970, when he was ar-
Yesterday he stood in front of the
rested, a woman physician in the
new Indian residential-treatment
city jail suggested Turner ask the
on housing
center at the Cedar Hills Alcohol-
ism Center in Maple Valley and
judge to sentence him to Cedar
Hills.
heard County Executive John Spell-
By Teresa C. Pitts
"I did and it saved my life," Tur-
man dedicate it in his name.
A public housing commissioner today accused
ner said.
"It's quite a surprise," said Er-
the Oklahoma City Housing Authority of "gross
nest Taylor as Spellman shook his
TURNER, DETERMINED to
discrimination" by not providing homes for more
hand. "I had no idea you were
help other Indians, went to the Uni-
American Indians and Mexican Americans.
going to name it after me."
versity of Utah to take a course de-
Out of 2,300 families living in homes or apart-
The Ernest Taylor Residential
signed to help Indian alcoholics. Re-
ments subsidized by the federal government in
Center will provide intensive care
turning here, he put together an al-
Oklahoma City, more than half are black, and
to Indian alcoholics, long consid-
coholism program through the
only 15 are Indian, commissioner Louis F. Dan-
ered a major need. There are 32
Seattle Indian Health Board.
forth told a board meeting today.
beds for men and 12 for women.
For the past three years he has
been director of the program. He
"According to the 1970 census, the ratio of
"We're not segregating Indians
will supervise activities at the cen-
blacks to Indians (in Oklahoma City) is 4 to 1, yet
as an ethnic group," Taylor said.
ter.
in public housing, blacks occupy 57.1 per cent of
"We're segregating the problem
Turner is chairman of the Nation-
the units, and Indians six-tenths of 1 per cent, and
which we recognize as the No. 1
al Indian Alcoholism Advisory Com-
Chicanos and Orientals three-tenths of a per
problem among American Indians."
mittee. He also coordinates activi-
cent," Danforth said.
ties of the Thunderbird Fellowship
"These figures prove, to me at least, that there
THE $200,000 center for Indians
House, a halfway house for Indian
is gross discrimination in the system and that this
and a new 96-bed long-term facility
alcoholics and an information-and-
to be opened in January were fund-
situation should be remedied immediately."
referral agency on Skid Road.
ed by Referendum 29. The total cost
Danforth proposed that government funds pro-
will be about $1 million, with 25 per
vided under a new rent subsidy program be uti-
cent coming from the county.
lized to increase the number of non-black minori-
"Lack of understanding of Indian
ties in public housing.
ways, cultural heritage and life-
style has hampered treatment,"
The Native American Center in Oklahoma City
Spellman said. "With the opening of
has complained of housing discrimination to the
this facility an important missing
U.S. Office of Housing and Urban Development.
link is added to King County's com-
The complaint has been turned over to the office
prehensive treatment system."
of fair housing and equal opportunity in Dallas.
Spellman cited Turner's leader-
The center has asked HUD to investigate the
ship in getting the center estab-
housing authority's policies for evaluating minori-
lished.
ty applications for housing and to require the au-
Turner, 46, came here in 1950 for
thority to hire a special counselor to work with In-
treatment of tuberculosis. When he
dian applicants.
recovered, he became a barber, but
Bob Gardner, of the Indian Training and Em-
ployment Program, told commissioners today
they also should allow an Indian to sit on the
board.
Cont'd
Waukau Ousts
Green Bay Press-Gazette Wednesday, Nov. 3, 1976
A-9
Menominee Sheriff Fish
KESHENA (PG) - One of
In another race, Marie L.
summer to replace Mary
the more controversial sher-
Frechette, a Democrat, de-
Grignon, who resigned to be
feated independent Mabel E.
tribal courts clerk.
iffs in Wisconsin, Kenneth M.
Fish, has lost in his bid to re-
Brown for the county clerk
Republican Richard Stadel-
main as Menominee County
job. The vote was 563 to 446.
man also was unopposed and
sheriff.
The present clerk, Louis
was re-elected as district at-
He was defeated 599 to 547
Dickie, is retiring.
torney.
by William (Kooch) Waukau
Robert Waukau, a Demo-
Tuesday, according to Men-
crat, is the new coroner. He
ominee County Clerk Louis
defeated Coroner Alfred Corn
Dickle.
Sr. in the Sept. 14 primary,
Fish, a Democrat, was ap-
and was unopposed in the gen-
pointed sheriff by Gov. Pa-
eral election.
trick J. Lucey on April 16,
Also elected without opposi-
1975 and was seeking his first
SHERIFF FISH
tion were Democratic Treas-
two-year term as sheriff of
presently are enjoined from
urer Barbara Frechette, Reg-
Menominee County.
serving because they have fe-
ister of Deeds Jean S. Besaw
Waukau, a Republican,
lony records.
and Clerk of Courts James La
Rock.
La Rock was appointed last
presently is a deputy who
claims that Fish has demoral-
ized the department.
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.
Since being appointed, Fish
MINNESOTA DAILY
has come under criticism for
DAILY 35 000
his actions during a shoot-out
Feb. 3 of last year that result-
ed in the deaths of John Wau-
banascum Jr. and Arlin Pa-
OCT 1 9 1976
manet. A state Justice De-
partment probe cleared Fish
in that matter.
He also was cleared of an
Group asks release of Indian
allegation that he was intoxi-
About 50 members of the Native
cated while breaking up a
explained that two other Native
drinking party in Keshena
American Solidarity Committee
Americans charged in the same case
(NASC) and their supporters márch-
about a year ago.
were acquitted this summer and
Nine of his deputies also
ed to the Canadian Consulate in Min-
charges against a third were dropped.
neapolis Monday to demand the
Bailey assured the demonstrators
release of Native American activist
that their statement would be con-
Leonard Peltier.
sidered when Peltier's appeal comes
Peltier, a Sioux from Grand Forks,
N.D., has been imprisoned in Van-
up later this month and that a copy
would be forwarded to Canadian
couver, B.C., since February. The
Minister of Justice Ronald Basford,
United States has asked for Peltier's
who would make the final decision if
extradition to stand trial for a murder
the matter is not resolved in court.
in a June, 1975, shootout at the Pine
"We'll just have to wait and see
Ridge Reservation in South Dakota in
now," Bailey said.
which two FBI agents and one Native
But according to NASC member
American were killed.
Karen Northcotte, NASC has no in-
tentions of waiting.
Cathy James, a member of NASC's
The organization's 26 chapters will
national coordinating committee,
hold demonstrations in several cities
read a statement asking for Peltier's
and gather petitions and sponsoring
release and political asylum in
speakers. A people's tribunal also is
Canada to Canadian consul John H.
being organized, Northcotte said, "to
Bailey. James said the United States
expose and challenge the role of the
seeks Peltier's extradition as "part of
FBI in oppressing native people.'
a systematic attack on Indian people
At a press conference Friday,
through our country's courts."
James said Peltier's case has received
A District court judge in Van-
a lot of support in Canada. But his
couver ruled in September that suffi-
chances of winning the appeal, she ex-
cient evidence existed for Peltier's ex-
plained, would be helped by similiar
tradition. But David Tilson of NASC
support in the United States.
ment rose the fastest although the
actual numbers of those students
remained small. There were 538
Indian students in private profes-
sional schools in 1974, up 24.2 per_
cent from the 433 in 1972.
The number of blacks in private
professional schools increased 7.5
per cent, from 8,684 to 9,334;
Asian Americans up 4.6 per cent
from 2,457 to 2,569; and Spanish-
surnamed up 13.8 per cent from
2,625 to 2,998.
Total minority enrollment in law
schools rose 111 per cent, to 11,103
in 1974. Total minorities in medical
schools increased 50 per cent, to 6,-
119.
In 1974, there were 3,757,916 fe-
male undergraduates and 4,403,316
male undergraduates. In graduate
schools, there were 469,267 fe-
males and 599,125 males. In profe-
THE DAILY OKLAHOMAN
sional schools, there were 48,480
females and 179,944 males.
OKLAHOMA CITY. OKLA.
D. 169,001 SUM. 282,676
NOV
4
1976
Indian Activist Lashes Out
at Hometown Ponca City Police
PONCA CITY - In
it's time to come
tal, has not given a
his first visit to his na-
home."
statement to police.
tive Ponca City since
Camp was recently
An AIM spokesman
released from a federal
said Calls Him would
being released from
prison after serving 14
contact city officials
prison, Indian activist
months for his partici-
Thursday.
Carter Camp lashed
pation in the Wounded
AIM members, city
out at the local police
Knee seizure and occu-
officials, and the five-
force during a rally
pation in South Dakota.
member city commis-
here Wednesday.
"I'm perfectly willing
sion met here early
The afternoon rally,
to have another Wound-
Wednesday to discuss
which included Camp
ed Knee in Ponca City
how to stop alleged
and other American In-
if that's what it takes
similar incidents from
dian Movement lead-
for justice," Camp
occurring in the future.
ers, was held to protest
said.
Mayor Kenneth
alleged police brutality
City officials have
Holmes said a grievance
in Ponca City.
temporarily suspended
City officials and the
committee or council
the police officer in-
FBI are investigating
that will be ap-
volved in the arrest of
allegations that a 24-
pointed by the Indian
Edward Calls Him,
year-old Indian man
said Marion Van Hue-
was beaten while under
people" will be estab-
sen, assistant police
lished "so we can build
arrest on a public
chief. An internal in-
the bridges and not dig
drunkenness charge.
vestigation by the city
Neither of the investi-
of the Oct. 22 incident
the gullies between our
a healing process that
gations is complete.
is expected to be com-
people."
comes out of t`.is,"
"I knew we had a lot
plete by Monday.
"I think we will have
Holmes
of things wrong here in
Van Huesen said the
Internal investigation is
Ponca City," Camp
being hindered because
said. "But when these
Calls Him, who was re-
police, these pigs, bru-
portedly treated Oct. 23
talize my brothers then
at a Poncal City hospi-
The Restru Glabe
BOSTON MASS
(EVENING)
D. 176,264
Much of the Navajo reser-
The is enough tribal and
vation is desert scrubland.
Federal scholarship money
During the hot summer
NOV
available for every Navajo
3
1976
months, it is rare to find wa-
who wants to go to school to
ter in the streambeds, baked
be able to do so on a full
Still cling to past
and cracked from the blaz-
scholarship, said Thomas
ing sun.
Jackson, president of the
But in the mountainous
College of Ganado, a private
Navajos reject
areas, the pine forests are
junior college on the reser-
cool and green.
vation. But he added that
few do.
The chief form of trans-
portation is the pickup
"If you've been herding
offer to improve
truck, often battered into
sheep all your life, the possi-
premature middle-elass
bility of your dreaming to
America. In fact, tribal lead-
be an airline pilot is very
ers are trying to bring mid-
remote," he said.
By Ann Impse
Susie Black has six chil-
dle-class America to the res-
Virtually every Navajo,
ame
dren to raise in this octago-
ervation with modern hous-
from sheepherder to secre-
nal one-room hogan. A small
MONUMENT VALLEY,
ing, supermarkets and some
tary, still participates in the
barrel converted to a stove
industry. The transition is
ceremonial "sings," part re-
Utah The Navajo reserva-
provides heat. Light streams
difficult.
ligious ceremony, part medi-
tion is a world apart. The
through the smoke hole and
sun's hot glare blazes into
door. There are no windows.
Lack of experience with
cinal and part social.
the deepest recesses of natu-
such modern skills as Busi-
Friday Kinlicheene, 81, is
ral sandstone canyons. Even
The metal beds, over-
ness management has re-
a Navajo medicine man. He
the insects seem to have for-
stuffed armchair, wooden
sulted in Federal old age by
specializes in the Night
saken this desolate land, for
shelves and gas stove look
the rugged roads. Only 4
Way, or Yeibichai Dance, a
the silence can be complete.
out of place on the dirt floor,
percent of the reservation's
ceremony for mental illness.
against walls of skinned
roads are paved, mostly by.
Medicine men specialize in
Occasionally, a small herd
juniper logs. A tiny propane
the Federal government.
only a few of the more than
of sheep tended by a young
tank is stuck into the mud
There is nothing tangible
50 ceremonies, for they are
Navajo or an elderly woman
that covers the outside of
will pass into view, in
to prevent the Navajes from
complicated. In the nine
the högan.
crossing the reservation
days of the Yelbichai Dance,
search of further grazing
Susie Black must travel 30
border to try to make their
Kinlicheene will sing 576
among the scattered tufts of
miles over rutted dirt and
way into investigations of
songs and supervise four
grass and desert bushes.
sand roads for water and
the tribe's finances.
sand paintings and four
Navajoland covers 25,000
supplies.
ceremonial dances.
No one pays property tax-
square miles across Arizona,
New Mexico and Utah.
Change of power
es, for the Navajos do not
own their land. The tribe
But it is more like a poor,
On March 12, 1966, Presi-
does. Only those who live in
underdeveloped country of
dent Sukarno of Indonesia
tribal housing pay rent.
the Third World, struggling
turned over his power to
Characteristics and cus-
with the same problems of
anti-Communist Lt. Gen.
toms instilled by the Navajo
poverty, drought, illiteracy,
Suharto.
culture - alien to the
lack of decent roads. Its lan-
Many houses of Navajo-
rushed and competitive life
guage is obscure, making
land are not much better
of the rest of the United
education difficult. Many of
than Susie Black's hogan.
States - hinder the Nava-
its people trust the old cere-
Only 18 percent are large
jo's way into the white
monies and medicine men
enough for all their inhabit-
man's world.
more than doctors.
ants (usually six or seven),
and have water, electricity
Navajos teach their chil-
Many of the people still
live in mud-and-log huts
and access to a road, accord-
dren deference and coopera-
called hogans. They say
ing to Bureau of Indian Af-
tion. They try to reach their
these are cooler in summer
fairs figures.
decisions by consensus.
and warmer in winter than
Navajos live in this large-
In the white man's world
conventional-style houses.
ly desolate reservation be-
these characteristics come
Susie Black lives in a ho-
cause it is their ancient
across as extreme shynes,
gan in Monument Valley, an
homeland, because they
lack of competition, indeci-
isolated, beautiful area of
were born here, and because
siveness. Non-Indian teach-
sandstone monoliths on the
the government put them
ers find that children will
Arizona-Utah border. The
here.
neither ask questions in
area has often been used as
class nor volunteer answers.
a backdrop for television
commercials and Westerns.
THE ARIZONA REPUBLIC
PHOENIX. ARIZ.
D. 202,242 36N. 301,213
OCT 2 4 1976
Explore
Arizona
How to see Havasupai
6297.F
SUPAI - Havasupai Indian Reservation in.
For the less hardy, Grand Canyon Helicop-
the extreme western end of Grand Canyon
ters, P.O. Box 455, Grand Canyon, Ariz. 86023,
National Park is a remote spot among tower-
provides service into the canyon. Individual
ing red cliffs and waterfalls.
rates are determined by the number of people
Toget there turn north off U.S. 66 six miles
taking the flight. Each aircraft has a seating
capacity of four persons in addition to the
east of Feach Springs and travel north passing
pilot.
through the southeastern section of the Huala-
parvidian Reservation and across the Coconi-
The Havasupai Indians first settled in the
no Plateau. It is a drive of 64 miles to
Grand Canyon around 1200 A.D. They traded
Hualanai Hilltop where you park your car.
with other tribes, such as the Hopi. Father
Francisco Garces, a Spanish priest, found his
Advance reservations are a must. You have
way into Havasu Canyon in 1776. He was
three options as to how you want to make the
probably the first European to make contact
into the Havasupai Canyon. Many
with the Havasupai. Spanish missionary efforts
prefer. to hike down the twisting eight-mile
failed and the Havasupai continued to live
trail.into Supai. All campers are required to
happily - and separate - from the rest of the
call The Campground Reservation Office to
world.
confirm or make reservations before leaving
the rim.
Their sanctuary was finally penetrated in
the second half of the 19th century - by
To make sure you have a place to camp
cattlemen, prospectors and loggers. A small
write Campground Reservations, Supai, Ariz.
reservation was established in 1882 but the
86435. Reservations will be held until 10 a.m.
Havasupai continued their separate existence.
on the day of use, unless confirmed by calling
It is only in recent years that many outsiders
from Hualapai Hilltop. Camping permit tags
have found their way into Havasu Canyon.
are issued on arrival at the tourist office in
Supai. The Tribal Council limits the maximum
For additional information write the Arizo-
number of campers to 135 per day.
na Office of Tourism, 1700 W. Washington
Phoenix, Dept. H, 85007.
For those riding down, reservations for
horses must also be made in advance. Pay-
ment for all services should be made in cash.
Riders need carry only a camera, canteen and
similar items needed for the trail. Transporta-
tion from Hualapai Hilltop to Supai Village by
saddle or pack horse is $25 per animal round-
trip or $20 per animal one way.
limited number of motel-like accommoda-
tions are available. These include beds, linen
and bath. A communal kitchen with dishes,
cooking utensils, gas stove and refrigerator is
located in the building for the use of all guests.
Rates are modest. A tribal store offers staple
groceries, fresh meats, fruits and vegetables at
reasonable prices.
THE ARIZONA REPUBLIC
PHOENIX, ARIZ.
D. 202,242 SUN. 301,213
OCT 24 1976
Black 4297 River region has
It isn't too late for river bass fishing
and the spot-of-the-month definitely is
Black River which divides San Carlos
and Fort Apache Indian reservations.
great fishing
The two most successful Arizona fish
introductions in decades have been
stripers in the Colorado River and
temperatures turn icy and the metabo-
smallmouth bass in Black River. I'll
lism rate of the smallmouths slows
leave it to your own pet fishing fancy
down for winter.
which rates highest.
The last week in October and early
This time of year, thoughts swing to
November are hard to beat in Black
beautiful Black River where foliage has
River. This is especially a good time for
turned to crimson and gold and bronze-
large flyrod streamers and topwater
backs are foraging for food in a crisp
popping bugs. The traditional Calmac
and clear river.
bug remains one of the deadliest for
Black River is strictly a backpack
late-season smallmouth action.
adventure and the toughest routes will
Although Bill Carey and his party
lead you to hottest bass action. You can
scored well on tiny plugs, more fish are
catch small bass until your arm gives
caught on Mepps spinners than any
out using muddler minnows and stream-
other smallmouth enticer. Favorites are
ers on flyrods, or, by casting spinning
evenly divided between those with buck-
lures like the Mepps and Z-Ray.
tails and the standard version with red
Such was the case for Phoenicians Bill
plastic tail.
Black River remains one of the truly
wilderness backpack fishing streams in
the state. Chances are you will see
Bob
black bear, deer, bobcat and perhaps
even a mountain lion on a two-or three-
day hike. You actually are more apt to
Whitaker
see bear tracks than human footprints
along wildest stretches of the stream.
There are several well-defined traffs
leading into good fishing water, but best
and Steve Carey, Chuck Raines, and
results are found where you reach the
Stan Eissinger. On a recent three-day
stream by following game trails. I've
trek into the depths of this unscarred
fished the river five times and always
canyon with towering cliffs rising 600
found poorest fishing around the estab-
feet above the river, they caught and
lished trailheads.
released batches of pound-size bronze-
backs. They went in from the Fort
If all this has whetted your fishing
Apache side, dropping into the canyon
appetite, here are a few tips to remem-
above Bonito Creek. They reported ideal
ber: use lightweight backpack gear and
weather and stream conditions.
keep your load to a minimum; hiking
boots are a must for hiking in and out,
These conditions should hold up well
but canvas shoes are the ticket for
into November. As waters chill, small-
wading once you hit the stream. Stay
mouth action increases until
alert for rattlesnakes-even scorpions-
and carry a first aid kit.
One last suggestion, pick yourself up a
Fort Apache Indian Reservation small
game permit because pine flats flanking
the canyon generally play host to heavy
flights of bandtall pigeons.
Seattle
Hanst-Intelligeurrr
D. 182,557 SUN 245,209
OCT 30 1976
MINORITY VOICES
Fund Cutback Hurts
Local Indian Education
BY TERRY TAFOYA
The cutback in federal funding to
President, Indians into Communications
education in general, continued Patter-
son
" does not relieve us of the
"For the First Americans the past
responsibility of dealing with the imbal-
has often been stained and shameful. In
ances that exist. Native Americans are
the last few years your hard work and
not only a racial entity, they are politi-
the cooperation of our federal govern-
cal entities as well. They have special
ment have been dramatically turning
rights which are based on constitutional
law which guarantees the treaties. One
this tide. Today, the future for Indian
guarantee was education."
children is full of new found freedom,
One of the local programs severely
opportunity and self-fulfillment. I com-
affected by cutbacks in fund is the
mit myself unequivocally to the kind of
Indian Teacher Education Program
coordinated effort that will continue this
(ITEP) at the University of Washington.
trend in the years ahead." The above
Headed by Willard Bill, a Duwamish-
quotation is from President Gerald Ford's
Muckelshoot Indian, ITEP has lot its
recent letter to the National Indian Edu-
federal money. The program provides a
cation Association.
training ground for teachers of Indian
Indians are used to hearing fine
students and a resource center for the
words from high places but we live
Indian community. In the past the pro-
daily with the actions of administration
gram has operated by providing serv-
rather than the words.
ices to paraprofessionals, including
teacher aides going to community col-
The reality is that Native Americans
leges, who could then transfer into the
have accomplished a great deal toward
ITEP undergraduate component at the
improving their educational situation in
UW, and finally enter the ITEP gradu-
spite of the government rather than be-
ate program. Graduate ITEP students
cause of it. For example, in Washington
serve as community resource people and
State for 1975, the ratio of non-Indian
staff for the ITEP center.
teachers to non-Indian students is nearly
23 students to one teacher. "The ratio of
Ford also stated in his letter to
Indian pupils to Indian teachers is 139
NIEA:
to one," according to the last annual
"The progress of the '70s toward es-
report on Indian education, prepared by
tablishing a firm base from which to
the State Superintendent of Public In-
build quality education programs for In-
struction (SPI).
dian children will not go unnoticed. As
educators, parents and laymen actively
Little can change in Indian education
participating in this vital effort you are
if we do not have Indian educators in
to be commended for your energy and
the school system. Unfortunately, the
success in the past few years. My ad-
federal government sees more in num-
ministration is solidly behind your en-
bers than in needs. To the federal eye,
deavors."
there is a teacher surplus. But "
out
of 40,593 (FTE) certified positions in the
ITEP has a proven record of accom-
public schools, 193 are Native Ameri-
plishment and the general support of the
cans," reports Harold Patterson, from
community. ITEP has no more federal
the SPI's office. Patterson (a non-Indi-
funding.
an) supports Native American recruit-
Bill Daisy, a student in ITEP has
ment into education. Indian teachers
said, "they took a few years out of 200
would serve "as role models for Indian
to provide for Indian educators. Now
children and combat alienation," he
they don't see it as a priority any
said.
more."
The Inter Trihune
TULSA, OKLA.
D. 79,425
NOV
1
1976
Indian Opportunity
program director cites gains
By KATHY CALLAHAN
Hayden continues. "That wouldn't be the case if we didn't do
Of The Tribune Tempo Staff
anything; we are viewed as an organization which gets
NORMAN WHEN IOLA HAYDEN INITIATED THE
things done. We might have been feared for a while because
economic development drive for the Oklahomans for Indian
we were an unknown factor. Now what we have done is
Opportunity program, she was told the only way to help the
more evident.
"Some tribes in Oklahoma have felt threatened by this
Indians in eastern Oklahoma was to buy them a bus ticket
program," she adds. "And, the majority of the staff is
out of the region.
female. The tribes really don't have to fear us as much as
She didn't listen to that suggestion.
they used to. The youth programs have been successful;
As director for the OIO, Mrs. Hayden believes the non-
there are people working at our centers who formerly were
profit corporation has made strong economic gains in recent
in the programs."
years. In 1975, the Oklahoma Indian Development Corporation,
The OIO has set up centers. throughout the state Law-
ton, Holdenville, Ponca City, Sallisaw. Weatherford and
a subsidiary of OIO, purchased the Moore Hat Company in
Wright City.
Lawton. "We put together our own resources and purchased
"These centers are 'there for all people," Mrs. Hayden
the company, Mrs. Hayden explains. "If we hadn't, the
says. "In particular, we want to make Indians aware of
company would have left town." It manufactures western
what programs are available to them."
style straw hats.
The second company owned by OIDC is the Red River
A comparison cannot be made between the OIO programs
and those of a similar nature in other states, she contends.
Stitchery in Anadarko, which produces home furnishings. The
"We are further along here in a lot of things. We are mov-
items are sold at such stores as Bloomingdale's and Macy's.
ing toward having more tribally oriented Indians, and this
"We are a statewide self-help organization trying to make
can be beneficial. But, those in the urban areas aren't
things happen," she says.
tribally oriented. When dealing with federal funding, the
urban Indians are pitted against the 'reservation Indians,'
Mrs. Hayden joined the OIO staff in 1965 as the assistant
which divides us even more.
director when the program was organized. "I was told an In-
"Recently, a lot of people have claimed 'Indian' ancestry,
dian woman couldn't be the director, in title, but I. did the
when they have minimal Indian heritage," she continues,
work of the director."
"more S0 on the East coast" than locally. This partly is due
The program was begun with a rather vague idea, Mrs.
to the Indian Finance Act passed in 1974."
Hayden continues. This was during the early years of the
War on Poverty and the focus was on leadership training.
FOR TWO YEARS, Mrs. Hayden directed the Americans
"We could write pages ON the problems we saw. Finding
for Indian Opportunity program in Washington. Later, she
solutions to the problems was what we needed. We initiated
was.with a HEW program for one year, before returning to
training to get Indians involved with the communities in
OIO.
which they live." Indian Centers were organzied- one of
"I am having the opportunity to do the type of work I was
which was in Tulsa with the focus on youth programs. The
wanting to do. As OIO director, she also is the president of
youth programs no longer are funded by the OIO office, but
the companies owned by the OIDC. and, since the office re-
are supported by other organizations.
ceives federal funds, Mrs. Hayden must spend a lot of
time visiting with government agency officials. She de-
THE OIO BEGAN TO concentrate on economic develop-
scribes herself as being a "tough task master.
ment about eight years ago because "Indians are farther
"This work is somewhat unstructured. I have to be able to
behind in economic development than blacks and other
move and dc things on my own." There are about 20 people
minorities.
on the paid staff throughout the state. The local centers have
"We can't push someone to go into business," Mrs. Hay-
volunteers and actively seek more volunteers. The board of
den contends. "We must make sure the feasibility for a par-
directors is composed of 41 Indians and non-Indians, who
ticular business is there and that the Indians can work at
meet feur times a year. Nine members of the board com-
it." OIO is funded by the Office of Native American Pro-
prise the executive committee, which meets once a month.
grams in the Department of Health, Education and Welfare:
The staff is working with the local groups to provide train-
the Office of Minority Business Enterprise in the Depart-
ing and technical assistance for the centers. "We work with
ment of Commerce, and by a grant from the Ford Founda-
the staffs on basic counseling, the use of resources, and how
tion.
to remove the barriers which keep Indians from getting ser-
vices.
Mrs. Hayden, a full-blood Comanche, says as the OIO
"Some feel they have a to identify with an Indian person
becomes better known, the public will feel less threatened by
for that person to like them, by saying 'I am related to an
the office.
Indian princess.' I don't need that. I accept people as they
"There is a positive view by the public toward us," Mrs.
are."
Deseret News
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH
D. 70,990
OCT 23 1976
Next stop, Washington
Indians wind up meet
By Twila Van Leer
ly urged that federal funds be directed to tribes
Deseret News staff writer
without going first through the states in which they
are located.
'Justice through Sovereignty," the theme of the
convention of the National Congress of American
The tribes also will seek legal recourse against
Indians which ended at the Salt Palace Friday, was
infringement on trust rights and responsibilities,
supported by action on a number of resolutions.
either through the Department of Justice, or, in cases
of conflict of interest, through U.S. payment of fees
Delegates from 113 tribes have considered
several areas of government-Indian relations and
for lawyers and other private counsel.
developed resolutions intended to reestablish the
Delegates heard a report Friday from a
tribes as independent entities within the United
committee which has studied the provisions of Title
States
20 welfare benefits. The provisions were unaccept-
able in their present form, a panel told the delegates.
The resolutions will be considered during
deliberations of an Indian Policy Review Commission
Suggestions for refinement to benefit Indians and
in Washington, D.C., which will make recommenda-
recognize the sovereignty of tribes included provid-
tions to Congress on Indian policy.
ing for funding direct to the tribes rather than
through states; basing of grants on need, rather than
It was the consensus of delegates that the Bureau
of Indian Affairs should be abolished and replaced by
on percentage of the population; simplified account-
an agency on which Indians would have more power,
ing procedures.
possibly with cabinet status.
Trust income should be exempted in determining
In a resolution on tribal government, the
eligibility for health and welfare programs, delegates
agreed. A separate social services act to deal with
delegates reaffirmed their contention that the federal
government has no right or authority to limit Indian
specific Indian welfare and social needs will be
tribal organization, and that federal responsibility is
sought.
primarily to protect the rights of Indian tribes to
The delegates also approved an international,
continue to exist as sovereign, self-governing bodies.
intertribal pact to monitor agencies which handle
In the resolution, the Secretary of the Interior
adoptions and to trace children adopted out of the
tribes contrary to tribal policy.
and the BIA are excluded from any authority except
in the exercise of trust responsibilities. Under terms
These children fail to learn their identity as
of the document approved by delegates this week,
American Indians, panelists said, and do not receive
Indians would have sole jurisdiction of all lands and
other benefits they would if not adopted outside the
people within their boundaries, with right to tax,
tribe.
regulate land use and natural resources.
The convention also agreed to persist in obtaining
In meetings regarding jurisdiction, intergovern-
a $450,000 Health, Education and Welfare grant to
mental relations, health and welfare and natural
assess social and welfare needs of Indians. The grant
resources, the NCAI reperesentatives have repeated-
was promised, but has never been forthcoming.
The Julna Crimme
TUI.SA, OKLA.
D. 79,425
NOV
2 1976
Legal warriors
upholding Indian rights
By BILL SAMPSON
many and serious. Problems concerning health, education
Of The Tribune Staff
housing, employment, tribal overhmen and BIA domina
tion were exposed.
A pattern of revived Indian rights is emerging in eastern
Several tribes, notably the Creeks, presented a comprehen-
Oklahoma.
sive recommendation for reform of Indian policy. The com-
It can be seen in several developments during 1976. They
mission is authorized to present such recommendations
include:
Congress for consideration, Many Indians are hopeful more
1. The startling $177 million appraisal of the Arkansas
enlightened Indian law will result, but those experienced
River bed property owned by the Cherokees, Choctaws and
in Indian-government relations are not holding their breath
Chickasaws announced last spring. The amount stunned even
until then.
the lawyers for the tribes who had proven the Indians' fee
5. The recent Cherokee claim that federal revenue derived
title in the U.S. Supreme Court.
from generation of electric power from surplus unappro-
The bulk of it was in powerhead value at the dams on the
priated water by the Southwestern Power Administration in
river generating electrical power. That principle, developed
streams covered by treaties and patents in the old Cherokee
by appraiser W. R. Holway and Associates, opened new avè-
Nation is theirs. This is symptomatic of the Indians' new
nues of thought for the Indians in regard to their water
legal aggressiveness, standing up for their rights which were
rights and revenue from them.
ignored 70 years ago when Oklahoma became a state. They
2. Implementation of a new Cherokee Nation constitution
point out the SPA is as much their trustee as any other part
that authorized a deputy chief and a 15-member elected
of the federal government.
council. This should provide not only a "check and balance"
If there is anything to this claim, it could provide a source
and a minority voice in the tribe's government at Tahle-
of continuing revenue for the Cherokees that might relieve
quah but also a stronger representation of this second larg-
the government of considerable expenditure for Indian af-
est American Indian tribe as an influence in Congress and in
fairs.
eastern Oklahoma politics.
6. Delay of a proposed water sales contract between the
3. The Harjo vs. Kleppe decision in a Creek Indian case
City of Tulsa and Public Service Co. of Oklahoma for Verdi-
which ordered reconstruction of the Creek Nation govern-
ment centered at Okmulgee. The Creeks must include legis-
ris River water stored in Oologah Reservoir and covered by
lative features of their 1867 Constitution in a new constitu-
19th century Cheroit patent and fee title. The issue has at-
tracted the attention of die state attorney general and a new
tion they have planned.
More important than the local political impact on the
BIA Rights Protection Office being established at Muskogee.
Creeks, the court also held that the Bureau of Indian Affairs
The developments cited are new but the principles upon
had overstepped its authority considerably, using bureau-
which they are based are old. They have been ignored for
years and the Indians have until recent times been virtually
powerless to protect themselves even from their own legal
a news
guardian, the United States government, in many instances.
Whatever guilt feelings there may be about Indian treat-
ment among some elements of the American public aside;
analysis
the developments cited here are based on law, not emotion
or sympathy.
The Indian wars are over and the battles on the plains are
cratic policy decisions to impose unwritten law upon the
history, but the historic documents-the solemn treaties, the
Creeks since Oklahoma statehood.
acts of Congress-are alive.
According to the court, the BIA must back up, loosen its
They are inspiring the late 20th century Indian legal war-
hold on the Creeks and let them exercise more freedom in
riors to take their fight for existence into the white man's
deciding their own affairs. This development is not lost on
arenas-the courts, the Congress, the Indian Claims Com-
many other tribes which have meekly followed the BIA dic-
tate for years.
mission. And it is hoped in some quarters that those locations need
4. The American Indian Policy Review Commission hear-
not be used as a last resort. Honorable and responsible men
ings in Oklahoma which provided a platform for airing In-
reviewing established facts and law regarding Indian rights
dian grievances and expressing Indian ideas. They were
should be able to reach reasonable settlements of Indian
issues without always entering litigation.
BILLINGS, MONT.
GAZETTE
D. 44,000 SUN. 56,000
BOSTON MASS.
HER ID AMERICAN
0.20,000
OCT 21 1976
NOV
1
1976
A boy to commend
Indians win state fight
October 9, while in Billings
same
honest
character
that
on an infrequent personal and
David has. The 15 Indian child-
TACOMA, Wash. Puyallup Indians
business shopping trip, I lost a
ren that come daily to the Cen-
who carried out a week-long armed oc-
container holding my personal
ter surely need the food that
cupation of a state juvenile facility have
credit cards and a sum of mon-
the money could have pur-
smoked the peace pipe with the govern-
ey from parent fees from the
chased.
ment and left after getting a promise
Ashland Child Development
The Center is having to oper-
the 33-acre facility would be turned over
to the tribe. Tribal Leader Ramona
Center which I direct on the
ate on a very limited budget
Bennett signed the agreement minutes
Northern Cheyenne Indian Re-
since the project is no longer
before a court-ordered deadline for re-
servation.
funded by the agency that sup-
moval of the Indians. When the settle-
My container was found by
ported it last year. and we are
ment was announced, several Indian
an unknown person, the money
trying to keep the Center open
men circled a large drum set up on the
taken and the holder and the
for the benefit of the children
front porch of the main building, raised
credit cards discarded in the
and their working mothers who
clenched fists to the sky and sang tribal
parking lot of the grocery store
are trying to provide for their
songs.
where lost it.
families.
Young David Carpenter,
Again, I want to commend
2324 Stillwater Avenue, found
David and his family for their
the items, took them to his par-
willingness to assist me. It sure-
ents. and they called me Satur-
ly would be wonderful if the
day night and told me of the
party who first found my mon-
discovery. I want to publicly
ey and cards could reconsider
commend David for his honesty
their action and mail the money
and his parents for their con-
to me. I certainly would love to
The Culsa Trihmur
cern in getting the found items
write a thank you note to that
TULSA, OKLA.
back to me.
person in the name of the child-
It certainly is to be regretted
ren of the Center.
D. 79,425
that the first party that found
Barbara R. Mefford
my holder did not have the
Lame Deer
NOV
4
1976
Cherokee council to meet Dec. 4
getting on with important tribal busi-
dition to telling McSpadden those on his
Tribune State Staff
list were "acceptable."
TAHLEQUAH Cherokee Chief
ness.
Ross Swimmer has announced he plans
The political campaign to elect the
A TULSA CANDIDATE on the
to convene here Dec. 4 the new tribal
deputy and council caught the chief in
McSpadden list, Lowell Townsend, said
council being elected this month.
a bind recently when he approvel an
endorsement of 15 candidates by tribal
he appreciates the McSpadden endorse-
The Cherokees are electing by mail
business manager Vance McSpadden.
ment but emphasized he is an indepen-
ballot 15 council members, and a new
deputy chief authorized by the constitu-
He has opposed slate tactics.
dent candidate and not on any slate.
tion they adopted last summer. The
"The McSpadden endorsement is not
Townsend, who owns a claims busi-
voting deadline is Nov. 12.
a slate, Swimmer said. "Vance
ness, said he is a halfblood Cherokee, a
Swimmer guessed that about 90 to 95
showed the names to me and asked if I
native of Eldon community, and that if
approved of the people he listed and I
elected he would not be subservient to
per cent of the votes that will be cast in
the election have been mailed here now
told him I did, but there are others I
Swimmer but he would work with him
also encouraged to run for the council
for programs he considered best for the
although he said he didn't know how
many of the more than 20,000 ballots
and they would be acceptable to me if
Cherokees.
have been returned.
elected.
A powerful force in the campaign has
"I think most of those who are going
"Some of the people on McSpadden's
been a slate of candidates headed by
to vote have voted by now," he said.
list did not even know he was endorsing
Tulsan James Gordon, seeking the
them, SO they could hardly be consid-
deputy chief post, and supported by a
SWIMMER SAID he envisions the na-
ered a slate," the chief said. "They
new Indian political party, Cherokees
ture of the council as a board of direc-
didn't get together and organize them-
for Responsible Government.
tors or advisory board more than a po-
selves and actively campaign to-
Tulsa County Sheriff Dave Faulkner
litical body. He said he will express
gether."
has been campaigning as an indepen-
that idea to the new council when it
Swimmer named Richard Spohn, Nel-
dent for deputy chief. Swimmer has en-
convenes and emphasize that political
differences should be settled so the
son Smith and Frank Coon as can-
dorsed Sallisaw Mayor Perry Wheeler
council's efforts can be directed toward
didates he had encouraged to run in ad-
for the deputy job.
TNT
11/6/76
norizons
By ROBERT B. MOTTRAM
building, aquaculture" potential of the
TNT Staff Writer
reservation area.
The Puyallup Tribe, as an
The Puyallup Indian Tribe is using
enterprise, already pumps about $1.5
its 2-month-old Indian smokeshop busi-
million a year into the Tacoma-area
ness as a means of raising the capital it
economy, Erlich said, obtaining it from
needs to move into a wide range of new
federal grants and other sources.
economic enterprises, a tribal spokes-
"Our joint objective should be to
man disclosed yesterday.
have the money circulate in this area,"
he said, "whether it be in the native
Richard Erlich, manager of the
community or the non-native commu-
tribe's Community and Economic De-
nity. It's good for the area."
velopment Enterprise, outlined the
plan for the Industrial Committee of
ERLICH SAID that objective is not
the Tacoma Area Chamber of Com-
being met in connection with the
merce.
tribe's cigarette business. It buys its
cigarettes outside the state, he said,
THE PLAN includes possible con-
because it fears local supplies could be
struction of a 125,000 square-foot
too easily cut off by state officials con-
sheet-metal fabricating plant on trust
testing the tribe's right to sell untaxed
land within the Puyallup Reservation;
cigarettes to non-Indians.
negotiations with a non-Indian con-
"But people are going to continue to
struction firm for possible creation of
buy cigarettes," he said, "and we're
a tribally owned. joint-venture con-
going to continue to hassle the state.
struction company; creation of a res-
We're not going to shut down."
taurant-museum on the reservation;
Developments in the tax dispute
construction of a tribal school at what
with the state that would allow the
is now the Cascadia Juvenile Diagnos-
tribe to buy its cigarettes from local
tic Center: and development of plans
wholesalers "would be beneficial to
"to deal with the whole fishing, boat-
this community," he said.
tugs WIII DU equipped
TNT 11/4/70
Indianc
seek
help
in
tagging
samon
The Small Tribes Organization of
tion into Dyes and Sinclair Inlets.
Western Washington has asked sports-
The aim is to tag 100 fish a day, with
men to cooperate in a fish-tagging
an ultimate goal of 5,000 taggings, a
study under way in the Northern Kit-
spokesman said. The purpose is to
sap Peninsula area of Purtet Sound.
determine whether salmon go through
The project is being sponsored joint-
Agate and Rich passes to streams on
ly by the Suquamish Indian Tribe, the
the Kitsap Peninsula, to estimate the
Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Small
rate of migration and to estimate the
Tribes Organization.
density of different stocks on the
The organization says participants
spawning grounds.
in the study include the Suquamish,
The organization has asked sports-
the University of Washington, the
men who catch tagged fish to return
State Fisheries Department and the
each tag to John W. Mitron at the
U.S. Fish and Wildhie Service. It in-
University of Washington, along with
velves the tagging of chura and coho
information on the time and place of
salmon aboard a purse seine vessel
capture, the condition of the fish, its
near the peninsula in order to estimate
sex and its size.
the rates and the paths of their migra-
The project ends Nov. 24.
Vasc-columban
Boldt rule still standing
U.S. District Judge George Boldt's
Sen. Warren Magnuson, D-Wash.,
1974 order granting special fishing
touched on the matter during a visit to
rights to Indians covered by a series of
The Columbian last week. He said that
19th century treaties has survived yet
even if Pacific Northwest congressmen
another legal test.
were to introduce a bill, it would never
On Monday, the U.S. Supreme Court
pass. Furthermore, if any bill modify-
refused to consider a challenge to
ing one treaty were introduced, it
Boldt's order by a Seattle commercial
would immediately become the target
fisherman. So the Boldt decision re-
of hundreds of amendments dealing
mains in effect.
with every Indian treaty the govern-
ment ever signed.
But the latest action - or refusal to
act - by the high court probably won't
About the only hope Magnuson could
put an end to legal and legislative ef-
hold out was that the federal govern-
forts to mitigate the effects of Boldt's
ment would continue to increase the
decision. Other legal challenges are in
amount of money spent on enhancing
process or planned. Legislators
the fish runs so that Indian and non-
promise efforts on the state and
Indian fishermen will have abundant
national levels to do something about
fish to share.
the 1974 ruling. And some fishermen,
That's what it finally comes down to.
notably the gillnetters working Puget
The fisheries have to be improved. And
Sound, continue attempts to change the
state officials and non-Indian
law by demonstration and protest.
fishermen have to recognize that the
It isn't likely the Boldt reading of the
Boldt decision is the law of the land and
old treaties will be changed in court.
must be lived with.
Every time the Supreme Court acts as
Whether Dixy Lee Ray or John
it did Monday, the body of precedent
Spellman is elected governor today,
supporting Boldt grows. Nor are the
fisheries in general and the Boldt deci-
treaties likely to be abrogated by
sion in particular should be given
Congress.
priority attention in the weeks ahead.
Seattle
Post-Intelligencer
D. 182,557 SUN. 245,239
OCT 28 1976
Ramona Bennett-a Cool,
Witty, Charming Leader
By JACK WILKINS
w4297F
P-I Southside Bureau
TACOMA - Ramona Bennett scheduled a
demonstration three years ago at the Cascadia
juvenile detention center - and concerned Taco-
ma police worried that she might be plannning a
takeover then.
Two police intelligence officers went to her
mobile home near the town of Rainier, held
brown-eyed Indian children on their knees and
listened to a lecture on American history.
"She was so charming, we almost forgot what
we went there for," one of the officers recalled.
To ask Bennett, 38-year-old chairwoman of the
Puyallup Tribal Council, the number of demon-
strations, arrests, sit-ins and other confrontations
in which she has played a part is like asking
German Gen. Heinz Guderian how many Russian
tanks he saw in 1944.
At times, her blue eyes have been like ice,
freezing a zealous Game Department officer or
an aggressive newsman in his tracks.
Yet, despite her gutsiness she obviously hates
violence. Recently she referred contemptuously to
some armed Indians as "The Puyallup Tribe's
answer to John Wayne."
Whenever she is around children, Indian or
non-Indian, the eyes dance, and invariably the
children go to her.
Who is this lithe wisp of a woman, whose face
and biting wit could place her in County Court
but whose family tree contains some roots plant-
ed in this continent long before the first cauca-
sians arrived?
There are many Ramona Bennetts, but she
maintains strongly that there is one thing she
definitely isn't.
"The press creates a whole set of so-called
-P-1 Photo by Dave Po
Indian leaders, but there are no Indian leaders
because there are no Indian followers," she said
PUYALLUP TRIBE CHAIRWOMAN RAMONA BEN
yesterday at Cascadia while waiting for a deci-
sion from U.S. District Court Judge Morell Sharp
It's a real honor tabe with the people here"
on whether he would accept jurisdiction in the
state's suit to force the Indians to leave the
through our hearts and thoughts. Sometimes
building.
in this case, we spontaneously come togeth
"If there had been Indian followers, there
she said.
would be no Indians left now. Indians would have
"No, I'm not a leader. It's a real honor t
been wiped out. We are individuals, acting
with the people here. They have a dream
strong community with families growing toget
re-developing our unity and spirit that were
most destroyed by alcohol and drugs and
Con
Los Angeles Times
Wed., Nov. 10, 1976
Postscript:
Catch 22 for Indians: U.S. Gives
Them Land but They Can't Use It
It has been two years since President Ford signed
a bill in which the government tried to make things
up to the tiny Bridgeport Indian colony of Mono
County by handing over 40 acres of federal brush-
land as a new home.
But the Bridgeport colony-fewer than 20 Paiute
families who in 1972 suddenly found themselves
"squatters" on land they thought they owned-
have yet to move from their shacks to proposed
new housing on the adjacent property deeded to
them under the bill by Sen. Alan Cranston (D-Cal-
if.)
It turns out someone found some Indian artifacts
on the colony's newly won property. which means
that under federal law an archeological clearance
must be obtained before federal funds can be grant-
ed to build low-cost housing.
In effect, the Bridgeport Indians face more delay
because some long-dead ancestors were careless
encugh to leave a few tools and rock scratchings
around.
"We've waited and waited and still don't have
anything to show for it," says Henry Glazier, 33. re-
servation project director. "Some of our people
don't think anything will ever happen."
Other than the death of our elders, little has
changed in the shantytown colony in the Sierra
since 1972 when it turned out 03 nership of the land
had slipped from the Indians long before.
They were suddenly told they were to be evicted
for a subdivision. The colony members learned they
lost ownership when the U.S. Senate refused to ra-
tify a treaty way back in 1851.
Times photo by John Malmin
And they found that a succession of new owners
began in 1914 when someone took over the proper-
ty by the simple means of swearing there were no
Indians living on it.
The current owner is not pushing the eviction
and is willing to wait for the latest problem to be
worked out.
The Western Archeological Center in Tucson, an
agency of the National Park Service. is about to
award an archeological environmental study con-
tract, probably to the University of Nevada.
Presuming a significant number of Indian arti-
facts are found on the property, the government
will have to decide how to construct low-cost
homes for the Bridgeport colony without too much
archeological damage.
"We're thinking in terms of having the study
completed by the end of the year," says John B.
Clonts of the center.
But most of the Bridgeport Indians have long
since stopped thinking in terms of time at all.
Jack Jones
Paiute Indian< outside shacks at Bridgeport colony that has been awaiting new housing.
"If the Indians have a legal right in
the matter will be examined by its new
the water I think they should receive a
Rights Protection Office when it is es-
royalty," said Peter King, administra-
tablished.
tor of the SPA.
Pierce is perhaps the foremost au-
He indicated the legal argument is
thority on Indian legal affairs in Okla-
Julan Crimune
a mater for lawyers rather than the
homa. He was instrumental with as-
agency he administers to decide. Pierce
TULSA, OKLA
sociate attorneys in obtaining an $18
contends federal administrators have
million judgment in the tribe's Chero-
D. 79,425
as much trust responsibility for the In-
kee Outlet case finally resolved by the
dians as do lawyers.
Indian Claims Commission in 1972.
At the request of The Tribune, SPA
Pierce, Muskogee attorney Andrew
OCT 29 1976
is compiling a report of how many kilo-
watt hours have been generated by the
Wilcoxen and their associate attorney
dams in question since they were built.
proved Cherokee fee title to the Ar-
Cherokees'
It is predicted by some at SPA that
kansas River bed in eastern Oklahoma
before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1970.
probable "average" price per kilowatt
A subsequent government appraisal set
hour of about 9 mills (almost one cent)
the value of that property at $177 mil-
per hour applied to the total hours ex-
lion, the bulk of it powerhead value of
power sale
pected to be revealed by the requested
Kerr and Webbers Falls Dams on the
report will show Pierce is talking about
river.
many millions of dollars.
PIERCE'S VIEWS of the entire ques-
SPA OFFICIALS said the kilowatt
tion of surplus water rights in eastern
issue aired
hours record can be ascertained but
Oklahoma were sought by The Tribune
as the issue continued to make news -
that it would be impossible to deter-
the Tulsa-Public Service proposal being
mine exactly how much revenue each
one example and the periodic discus-
By BILL SAMPSON
of the dams produced because SPA
sion of transfer of water from humid
The Cherokee Indians have "vested
power is "pooled" in a grid system and
eastern Oklahoma to the more arid
rights" in millions of dollars of federal
western Oklahoma being another.
sold at various rates in different
revenue derived by the Southwest
Pierce said the Cherokee claim to
Power Administration's sale of electric
places.
unappropriated surplus water in the
power, a tribal lawyer claimed today.
The SPA grid covers six states -
streams of the old Cherokee Nation is
The claim was made by attorney
Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Missouri,
mainly based on the same principles
Earl Boyd Pierce of Fort Gibson, who
Arkansas and Louisiana.
proven in the Arkansas River bed case,
has been studying the matter of Chero-
SPA energy sales reached 9.5 billion
the Cherokee Outlet case, and referred
kee water rights for years.
kilowatt hours in fiscal 1975, an in-
to in the 1960 U.S. Supreme Court deci-
He said revenue from electric power
crease of 12 per cent over 1974. SPA
sion in the Grand River Dam Authority
generated at Tenkiller, Fort Gibson,
hydro generation totaled almost 9 bil-
case.
Robert S. Kerr and Webbers Falls
lion kilowatt hours in that period, 10
"The Cherokees stand on their trea-
Dams and sold by the SPA belongs to
per cent higher than fiscal 1974 and 70
ties with the federal government and a
the Cherokees because the dams are on
per cent higher than the average an-
patent in fee simple issued by the gov-
streams in which the tribe has rights to
nual generation estimated by the Corps
ernment to the Cherokees for their land
the surplus unappropriated water used
of Engineers as the system was devel-
in northeast Oklahoma and the Outlet,
to make the power.
oped.
and on the intent and acts of Congress
The attorney said he is confident liti-
There are 24 hydroelectric dams in
regarding the existence of the tribal
gation can be avoided by a review of
the SPA system: eight in Oklahoma,
government and the federal govern-
historical facts and law in the matter
including the four named by Pierce;
ment's trusteeship of residual Cherokee
and through cooperation of government
nine in Arkansas; two in Missouri; two
property," Pierce said.
officials with the Cherokees, and the
in Texas and none in Louisiana. They
"THE TRUSTEE HAS faithfully kept
Choctaws and Chickasaws who have
represent a federal investment of
the books on all revenue derived from
similar rights insofar as the Kerr Dam
$607,846,000 which coupled with an in-
those dams," Pierce said, noting the
is concerned.
vestment of $57,723,000 in transmission
SPA in Tulsa has the records and is a
Pierce said the question of surplus
facilities totals $666,569,000.
branch of the Department of Interior,
unappropriated water rights in streams
Revenue from the SPA provided a
which also oversees Indian affairs.
in the old Cherokee Nation of north-
repayment of the federal investment in
"The control by the office of electric
eastern Oklahoma has been renewed
the system of $20.4 million in fiscal
energy begins at the damsite and al-
because of the immense value placed
1975.
though it is co-mingled with energy
upon it in recent years, partly as a
All the above figures are from SPA's
from other sources in a power grid,
result of claims and court decisions in-
annual report.
that agency can properly identify and
volving the Cherokees.
credit on its books the Cherokee reve-
HE SAID HIS LONG study of Chero-
A CHEROKEE concern expressed
nue," Pierce said.
kee water rights has convinced him the
over the proposed sale of unappro-
"The Cherokee moral and legal right
federal government and its agencies,
priated surplus water in Oologah Res-
to be protected by the trustee in these
as trustee for the Cherokees and their
ervoir by the City of Tulsa to Public
specific vested rights and properties is
property, owe the Indians the revenue
Service Co. of Oklahoma apparently
in no sense a case of over-reaching the
derived from the sale of all power
has stalled signing of that contract.
guardian.
generated at the four dams since they
Tulsa has a contract with the Corps
"The valuable damsites on the Ar-
were built.
of Engineers to store water in Oologah
kansas River below Muskogee owned
Pierce's contention might appear
and an allocation of water from the
by the Cherokees and their sister tribes
laughable except for the sobering fact
state Water Resources Board, but nei-
were chosen by the trustee as the best
he has been laughed at before in simi-
ther the state nor the city has proven
suited to meet its needs for naviga-
lar cases, only to prove Cherokee
title to the unappropriated surplus
tion purposes.
claims in court or before the Indian
water in the Verdigris River claimed
"The trustee's need for additional
Claims Commission, claims which have
by the Cherokees.
reservoir space for flood control - as
resulted in millions of dollars in
The state attorney general's office
well as more navigation - at Tenkiller
awards for the Cherokees.
has begun legal research into that
and Fort Gibson when fairly and justly
question and the Bureau of Indian Af-
considered will more than justify the
fairs area office at Muskogee has said
initial expenditures by Congress for
their construction.
with corporate executives at lun-
leasing a plant could pass on sav-
cheons, and toured the area
ings to the lesee.
chairman and president of Blue
Lockheed Corp. and Northrop
Some Indian groups are will-
Chip Stamps, who discussed
Corp. facilities. A principal speak-
ing to invest and have invested in
bringing minority businesses into
er for the conference was Al
firms to assist them with their op-
Zapanta, assistant Secretary of the
erating capital. Industrial develop-
Interior.
ment foundations also are geared
the mainstream of the American
Similar conferences have been
to help such endeavors.
economy.
held in Chicago and St. Louis.
The Bureau of Indian Affiars'
Roessler, himself an American
on-the-job traning program de-
Indian, said that, while there are
creases starting expenses since it
disadvantages to locating busi-
pays one-half of the beginning
ness on or near reservations -
wages of the Indian employe.
mostly due to the isolation of the
The Bureau can advise busi-
as required by the National Environ-
areas - there are advantages not
nesses because of its position as a
mental Policy Act of 1969, the suit said.
found elscwhere. These include:
.coordinator with state and federal
Indians are not required to pay
agencies.
Kleppe's order provided 938,700 acre-
feet for apportionment to non-Indian
taxes on their land or buildings.
Other speakers at the confer-
users in Maricopa, Pinal and Pima
Thus a tribal group owning and
included Donald A. Kooppel,
counties. An additional 4,300 acre-feet
would be available to the non-Indians if
THE ARIZONA REPUBLIC
Orme Dam, proposed for construction at
PHOENIX, ARIZ.
the confluence of the Salt and Verde
rivers east of Phoenix, is not built.
D
391,213
An acre-foot is 325,000 gallons of water
and covers one acre to a depth of 12
NOV 4 1976
inches.
The other four Indian reservations and
May delay allotments
their. allocations of water are:
-Ak-chin, just souta of Maricopa in
Pinal County, 59,300 acre-feet.
Indians sue to void
Gila River, south of Phoenix in
Marloops and Pinal counties, 176,000
acre-feet.
Papago, south and west of Tucson,
8,200 acre-feet.
CAP's water order
-Ft. McDowell, east and north of the
Salt River Reservation, 4,300 acre-feet.
The Ft. McDowell reservation, home
By BRENT WHITING
of the Mohave-Anache will receive the
The Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian
water if Orme Dam is built because the
Tribe filed suit Wednesday in federal
The order will harm the Salt River
lake created by the dam would flood
court seeking to void an Oct. 12 order
Tribe because the allotment is insuffi-
their agricultural lands watered by the
designating the amount of water the
cient for the Indians to survive as an
Verde River.
tribe will receive from the Central
agricultural community, the suit said.
Arizona Project.
Steiner said last month that the State
The water allocation to the tribe is
Water Department was ready to name
The lawsuit could delay the release by
based upon 4.59 acre-feet per acre per
those recommended to receive CAP
the State Water Department of recom-
year when the reasonable requirement
allotments.
mendations of organizations to receive
for the irrigation of reservation lands is
CAP water allotments according to
6.25 acre-feet per acre per year, the suit
He added, however, that any legal
statements about the threatened suits
said.
challenges to Kleppe's order could
made last month by state Water Engi-
"The allocation substantially favors
delay the release of the
neer Wesley E. Steiner.
non-Indian lands held in private owner-
recommendations.
The suit was filed against Secretary of
ship in excess of 160 acres and not
The State Water Commission will de-
the Interior Thomas Kleppe, who issued
occupied by the owners in continued
cide who gets CAP agriculture and
the order allocating CAP water to five
municipal water allotments. The Central
central Arizona Indian tribes, including
disregard of longstanding congressional
Arizona Water Conservation Board will
the Salt River Tribe, and the Central
directives that federal reclamation
manage the contracts.
Arizona Water Conservation District.
projects not be operated to subsidize
large, commercial farm interests," the
Steiner said that if there were no legal
Kleppe's order provides for 13,300
suit said.
challenges, the allotment list would be
acre-feet per year to the Salt River
released by the State Water Commission
Tribe - out of an Indian allocation of
Kleppe's order is invalid because It
and reveiwed at a public hearing..
257,000 acre-feet from the commence-
constitutes a major federal action sig-
He said the state has received applica-
ment of the CAP in about 1985 to 2005,
nificantly affecting the quality of the
tions for 2.3 million acre-feet of water
the suit said.
human environment without the prepa-
twice the amount that will be available
ration of an environmental-impact study
in the best water years. Much of the
water has been requested by land devel-
opers in Maricopa, Pima and Pinal
counties.
"THE CHEROKEES are of one mind
in their faith that the trustee in the end
The Oregonian
will make matters right for them. They
PORTLAND, OREGON
foresee the next president, whoever he
m a y be, joining hands with the
D. 224,303 SUN 392,715
Congress in urging all responsible agen-
cies of the federal government to work
conscientiously with tribal leaders in a
OCT 28 1976
fair adjustment of the entire matter.'
Pierce said.
"It is a universal principle of law
that the guardian should not profit at
the expense of a ward by use of the
Indian matriarch copes
ward's property and that's exactly
what the government has done," Pierce
said.
He said an act of Congress in 1906,
placed the residual of Cherokee prop-
with impact of modern era
erty after allotment in trust in the
hands of the government.
Noting that the SPA is an agency of
the government, Pierce said "I don't
think the government as trustee can
put on another hat and walk away from
on her quiet village
its responsibility to the tribe in this
matter."
The lawyer said there is no law that
ANCHORAGE, Alask:a
Maggie
rates Indian affairs below regulation of
Johns, 81, is the matriarc'h of Yakutat, a
attends a Protestant church. She
commerce and that both are "co-exten-
woman who has outlived 11 of her 13
learned English reading the scriptures.
sive" within the U.S Constitution.
children and still teaches beadwork to
She has lived in the same village all
the young girls of the village. She has
her life and remembers well three of
successfully weathered the impact of
Alaska's most devastating earthquakes
the modern era on her quiet village.
which occured in 1898 and 1899. But
Yakutat, a town of 475 white and
her most memorable adventure came
native people is now the headquarters
for extensive offshore oil exploration in
when she was 13 years old and accom-
the Gulf of Alaska.
panied her uncle, by canoe, to a gold
Maggie, a Tlingit Indian, grew up
mine, the only woman among 600 men.
there in a community house with 50
In those days Indians would travel
families sharing the labor. Now she sees
as far down the coast as Vancouver by
jet planes land near her home and oil
canoe, a distance of some 1,000 miles,
drilling in the bay that once provided
she said. 'I never got seasick in a
much of the food for the village.
canoe."
"This used to be the richest village
The matriarch was first married at
for food," she said. "We ate halibut,
14 to a Tlingit hunter, who died from
herring, red snapper and hooligan in the
German measles. They had six children.
spring, and salmon in the summer.
Later, seven more children were born
"We put up our winter supplies
of her union with a Mexican miner.
from around our house - blueberries,
Although most of her children have
strawberries and sometimes salmon-
died, 113 grandchildren survive. "I love
berries. It's hard to get the food now."
children and if you do things with love
The Tlingit Indians lived a fairly
you make success," she said.
isolated life during Maggie's childhood
As a village midwife, she delivered
with only an occasional fur trader or
43 children and took care of 63 more
miner coming to town. The Indians
who lost their parents. The natives
lived in split-log houses "planed up into
taught each other love and charity and
planks as shiny as little buttons." To-
trust long before the white man came,
day, Yakutat has modern housing devel-
she said.
opments with modular units built of
Maggie Johns has seen native values
metal siding.
change. "The native kids go to school
Although not bitter about the inevi-
and they forget everything," she said.
tability of progress, Maggie clings to
"It's the school teacher's fault that we
the memory of early native ways.
don't talk Tlinglit. Our kids were for-
"We had a law for everything. We:
bidden to talk Tlingit in school."
knew the Ten Commandments before
When statehood came, Mrs. Johns
the white man came. There was no di-
was asked to sign citizenship papers.
vorce among us. We weren't greedy or
"We were born here and God created
selfish and the native people had mo
this country for us. How could we have
enemies. When we hunted for food we
citizenship papers when it's our own
didn't take more than we could use and
country? Now it's oil. The whole bay is
we all shared. The natives lived like one
nothing but white people drilling."
body."
By continuing her beadwork, she is
Maggie's religious faith is rooted in
holding onto her heritage and trying to
both the older native religion and the
teach it to others. She also makes muk-
beliefs of missionaries and she regularly
luks, parkas and weaves baskets. "I
know how to make everyt hing."
Cont'd
The secret of Maggie's rich and long
life appears to be her faith. "It's be-
see the U.S. Congress settle her people's
Anyone who is at least one-quarter
claim to their land. In 1971, Congress
Alaska Indian, Eskimo or Aleut, and a
cause you're willing to die that you live
long," she said. "If you're scared to die,
passed the Alaska Native Claims Settle-
U.S. citizen who was living on Dec. 18,
ment Act granting Alaska natives 40
1971, - the date the act was signed
you go a long time ago."
Mrs. Johns has lived long enough to
million acres of land and $962.5 million.
into law - is also eligible to share in
Corporations have been formed to
the settlement.
manage the land and Maggie, her chil-
Applications may be obtained from:
dren and her grandchildren are eligible
Pouch 7-1971, Anchorage, Alaska,
stockholders in these corporations no
99510. Applications must be submitted
matter where they live.
by Jan. 2, 1977.
NATIVE - "We were born here, and God created this
years ago, and has lived to see her home become a
country for us," believes Maggie Johns of Yukutat, Alas-
thriving modern community and to see her 113 grand-
ka. Magigie (pictured above working traditional Tlingit
children grow up in a modern world far different from
bead patterns) was born in the remote Indian village 81
her own childhood world.
INDIAN NEWS CLIPS
OFFICE OF INFORMATION
202-343-7445
VOL. 6 No. 48
November 27, 1976
The Stoux City Journal, Tuesday, November 2, 1976
'Blackbird Bend' Trial Opens
FORD
BIA Official Says Tribe GERALD
LIBRA
Paid Landowner $16,000
He said the tribe had access to the
By Cathie Carter
something about the question of ownership
Blackbird Bend area in 1975 and planted a
and occupy Blackbird Bend.
Journal Staff Writer
crop of corn, That access was across a road
That occupation lasted for about 30 days,
The Bureau of Indian Affairs paid $16,000
owned by Sorenson: In the fall, before
Cline said, and ended with his arrest. After
to the Omaha T ibe this year to allow the
harvest, Sorenson closed the road.
that occupation he said he had to appear
tribe to plant and harvest about 3,000 acres,
At that time, Cork said, the tribe paid
before a Monona County grand jury, but the
according to court testimony.
Sorenson $8,000 to open the road, This year,
jury never indicted him.
The money went not for farm equipment
he testified, the tribe paid $16,000 for access
Cork later testified that it was the 1973 oc-
or seed but to an adjacent landowner for the
to the land.
cupation of the land that brought immediate
privilege of access to the land, it was brought
In both instances, Cork said he saw to it
attention to the case. It was then, he said,
out in opening day testimony Monday of an
that the tribe was reimbursed.
that funds became available for technical in-
Indian land dispute trial in U.S. District
Cork's testimony followed that given by
vestigation of the land.
Court here.
Edward Cline, 50, chairman of the Omaha
Cline said the tribe occupied the land a se-
Charles Cork, a Bureau of Indian Affairs
cond time in 1975.
Tribal Council at Macy, Neb. Cline was the
official, said the tribe negotiated with Harold
first witness.
Jack Peters, one of five defense attorneys,
Sorenson to use a road across his property to
asked Cline why he and others decided to oc-
get to the disputed land, called Blackbird
He said he first became aware of the
cupy the land. After asking the question
Bend.
Blackbird Bend situation while working as a
several times, Peters indicated to U.S.
The property is on the east side of the
financial advisor for the tribe in 1962,
District Court Judge Andrew Bogue he was
Missouri River near Onawa, Iowa. Sorenson
At that time, Cline said, he negotiated
not happy with the response.
is one of several defendants being sued by the
leases for the tribe with Indians and non-
Bogue, of Rapid City, S.D., who is trying
tribe and the U.S. government to determine
Indians. In the course of one of those
the case without a jury, said he did not think
ownership of Blackbird Bend.
negotiations, he said, he had access to plat
the question was answered but he also
In all, about 11,000 acres in that area are
thought the question was irrelevant to the
under dispute, but this trial is concerned only
books belonging to the neighboring
case.
with the 3,000. acres in the immediate
Winnebago Tribe.
"This lawsuit has to do with movement of
Cline said it was at that time that he and
Blackbird Bend area.
other members of the tribe decided that land
a river," he said. "Let's go forwards and
The Omaha tribe contends the government
hear about what the river did."
across the Missouri River from the reserva-
deeded the land to Indians under a treaty with
tion was in reservation boundaries.
A couple of different times Bogue stopped
the tribe in 1854. Landowners say they have
Between 1962 and 1966, he said, the tribe
questioning by both the tribe's attorneys and
title to the property.
began communicating with the BIA about
the landowners' attorneys and asked that
Cork said he is a hydrology engineer and
they keep to the relevant matters of the case.
ownership of the land. During that period the
has worked with the Iroquois along the
Tribal counsel is Don O'Brien with
BIA approved funds for the tribe to hire an at-
Colorado River to solve boundary disputes.
William Veeder acting as trial counsel.
torney to have the title researched.
He said he has been studying the Omaha.
James Clear is representing the
It was not until the spring of 1973 that
claim for the past three years.
government's interest in the case.on behalf of
some members of the tribe decided to do
the Omaha Tribe.
covid
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR-BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
1951 Constitution Avenue N.W. Washington, D.C. 20245
Navajo Police Face $3 Million Lawsuit
Fifteen Navajo and two other youths
of DNA and Marcia Wilson of NIYC,
returned later and identified them-
unlawfully making arrests and that
filed a $3 million lawsuit against the
said that on May 20 about 85 youths
selves. The suit alleges the officers
officers tossed tear gas into the resi-
Navajo tribal police department in
held a graduation party at the ranch
drove out again and parked outside the
dence. As the youths came through the
Navajo tribal court Tuesday for al-
home of Jack Jackson east of Navajo,
fence gate, "which caused plaintiffs to
front door, officers clubbed, slugged
leged unlawful arrests during a high
NM.
suspect a threat of some kind of ac-
and grabbed them without provoca-
school graduation party May 20.
tion..."
tion, the suit said. The students were
On behalf of the youths, the lawsuit
The party in a house enclosed by a
The suit said the students began to
also beaten, maced and thrown to the
fence was conducted "in a manner that
was filed by DNA-Peoples Legal
the event did not disturb or disrupt
scramble, ending the graduation party
ground, they allege.
Services of Window Rock, Ariz., and
the National Indian Youth Council of
any of the neighboring residents' right
abruptly. More officers began to ap-
201 Hermosa NE in Albuquequere.
to peace and quiet..."
pear. Officers Bilagody and Cooke
About four hours later, the students
entered the fence area with other offi-
were booked and processed at the
At approximately 1:30 a.m. May 21,
cers without a warrant, the suit said.
Navajo tribal jail but were not allowed
The youths, 15 Navajos and two An-
to contact their parents, the suit said.
glos, allege they were "unlawfully,
Navajo officers Roy Bilagody and
The Navajo officers with their weap-
Later most of the charges were dis-
willfully and maliciously" arrested by
Raymond Cooke, wearing civilian
ons drawn inmediately began arrest-
misssed by a tribal prosecutor.
30 Navajo officers. They are seeking
clothes and arriving in an unmarked
ing the students, the suit alleges. When
$180,000 each for physical and mental
car, entered the ranch home and min-
asked ior a warrant, one officer
One girl was tried in a tribal court
suffering during and after their ar-
gled with the students for several
replied that no warrant was necessary,
but charges against her were dis-
rests.
minutes, the suit alleges.
the suit said.
missed because the prosecution could
not establish she violated any law, the
The suit, filed by Daniel Deschinny
The officers then left the house but
The youths claim that officers were
suit said.
Girl's Slaying
Albuquerque Journal
Brings Count
NOV 4 1976
A Ft. Defiance, Ariz., man has been
charged with second degree murder in
Attorneys for the defense include Edson
the death of a 14-year-old Indian girl.
Smith, representing Roy Tibbals Wilso,
Harold Jackson and Charles Lakin, all lan-
Phillip Belliman is named in a feder-
downers; Jack Peters, representing RGP,
al indictment released in Albuquerque
Inc., an insurance company, and Otis Peter-
charging him with the shoeting death
son, a landowner; Maurice Neiland,
of Brenda Notah, 14, on the Indian
representing Harold, Luea and Darrell Soren-
reservation in Ft. Defiance.
son; Bennet Cullison, an assistant attorney
Miss Notah was shot Oct. 6 and died
general, representing Iowa; and Lowell Kin-
Oct. 8.
dig, representing Travelers Insurance Co.
Attorneys for both sides estimated the
According to an agent's report filed
trial will last anywhere from 10 days to two
with the indictment, witnesses report-
weeks. Testimony begins at 9 a.m. today with
ed Delliman WAS shooting at bottles
Cork on the stand.
and cans Oct. 6when he allegedly
shot?" turn. i and said, "Who wants to get
The report says he then allegedly
shot girl perol blank range.
MINORITIES:
In this series Gallery thus far has explored
Italian, Black, and Jewish Americans.
THE UNEQUAL
Future issues will cover the Hispanic
Americans, the Slavic Americans, the
AMERICANS
Irish Americans, and other major ethnic
groups that have shaped our country.
PART FOUR:
THE
AMERICAN
INDIANS
BY NINE DELORIA JR.
From fishing to mining rights,
territorial title to basic equality,
no other minority group has
been as systematically
despoiled of this land, their
land, as the American
Indian. Hollywood is not the
only American institution
with a penchant for
changing the historical
Indlanscript-Washington
and the U.S. courts are
good at It too. Patience is
a-lime-honored tribal
tradition, but there's a new
feeling deep within Indian
country: they're no longer
willing to pass that peace
pipe and bury that hatchet
when it comes to equal rights.
103
Federal marshals stalked the court-
Sicilians, or some other nationality
now leases Indian mineral rights for
room, hands gripping the air slightly
than Indians."
pennies on the dollar, to the same gov-
above their holsters, ready to draw
Even the judge could not contain
ernment which secretly encourages the
down on anyone who looked suspici-
himself, and in the aisles the Federal
State of Washington to harass the In-
ous. The Indians sat quietly, row upon
marshals, trying desperately to control
dian fishermen while publicly main-
row of stolid faces, eyes fixed intently
their laughter as they patrolled the
taining that it is enforcing their treaty,
on the judge who stared back with un-
courtroom, winked slyly at the Indians.
and to the same government which has
focused vision as he listened to the
Flustered, the Federal prosecutor
conducted systematic exploitation of
prosecutor's argument. The trial cen-
made one last effort at clarifying the
Indian lands and peoples for over a
tered on the two Indian women, Carrie
situation. "Not only that, your honor,"
century.
and Mary Dann, who had deliberately
he gamely continued, "the United
No other minority group in Ameri-
grazed their cattle on lands managed
States Government now formally
can society is treated as unjustly in the
by the Bureau of Land Management.
charges the Western Shoshones with
courts as is the American Indian com-
They wanted charges to be pressed
abandoning their lands. We've looked
munity. Courts assume that because
against them, for only by proving in
all over Nevada and we haven't been
Indians stand in a unique legal position
court that the Western Shoshones
able to find any Indians at all."
to the Federal government as defined
owned the lands which the two women
"Counsel," the judge said wryly, "I
in the nearly/four hundred treaties be-
had used could the title to twenty mil-
think you'd better sit down."
tween the various Indian tribes and the
lion acres be declared the Shoshones'
An unusual case? Not really. The
United States, that the burden of proof
property and not the Government's.
United States Government has never
should always fall on the Indians and
"After all," the Federal prosecutor
given Indians serious consideration in
not on the Government. Morality has
droned, "we have no real evidence that
court whether the case involves land
long since been compromised in the
these women are even Indians."
title, social services, fishing rights, or
doctrine that Congress in its wisdom
The stunned silence of the courtroom
the continuing harassment of the Og-
always acts in the best interests of the
was broken by a wave of laughter
lala Sioux, which began during the oc-
Indians. Thus any inconsistencies
followed by the judge's irritated
cupation of Wounded Knee, South
which might appear in the treatment of
response
Dakota and is being conducted with
Indians must logically be the fault of
"Counsel, do you have any reason to
little fanfare in the Federal courts in
the Indians.
believe these women are not Indians?"
South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota,
But much more is involved in Indian
"Well, your honor, all we have is
and Iowa. The courts, after all, belong
legal problems than simply the good
their affidavit stating that they are tribal
to the same government that signed the
intent of Congress. Quite often, courts
members, but they could be Italians or
treaties, to the same government which
change the historical facts to coincide
with the decisions which they are re-
quired to make. Never does the ques-
A graduate of Colorado College,
tion arise concerning how historical
Delores studied at the Chicago Art
fact can be altered to conform with legal
Institute and Oberlin College, achiev-
decisions which the Government feels
ing proficiency in weaving, sculpture,
are its due. The most blatant example of
painting flat-pattern design, and
this tendency is the current struggle
jewelry making. She follows a highly
over the Black Hills of South Dakota
traditional tendency among Indians:
and Wyoming. In 1875 the United
using arts as an expression of practical
States sent a commission to the Sioux
things and refusing to allow her best
Indians to see if they would sell their
creations to be sold commercially.
sacred Black Hills, which the Govern-
The interest in art led her to organi-
ment knew contained billions of dollars
zational work in a variety of groups.
in gold and other precious minerals.
She became an active member in fund
The Sioux were aware of the value of
raising and exhibits for the Denver
their sacred lands, and Red Cloud, the
Art Museum and for the educational
chief negotiator for the seven bands of
television station KRMA-TV in Den-
the Western Sioux Nation, asked for
ver. Her enthusiasm led to increasing
seventy million dollars to lease the area
responsibilities until she was elected
with the provision that the lands would
president of the National Friends of
be returned to the Sioux if and when
Delores Tidrick
Public Broadcasting in 1975. She is
they had been mined out. The Gov-
currently reorganizing the organiza-
(Pueblo)
ernment felt such a price was too high,
tion, moving it westward where it can
and the Grant administration took
Actress, artist, and now president of
represent a broader constituency of
steps to provoke an Indian war in
the National Friends of Public Broad-
interests, and revamping the fields of
which the Government could take the
casting, Delores Tidrick represents a
interest which the group will pursue
lands instead of paying for them. The
new generation of Indian women
in the future.
following year, 1876, Custer and other
who seek profe ssional competence in
The mother of three children,
generals rode out on the plains eager to
the larger society while maintaining a
Delores is hardly a stay-at-home. For
meet and defeat the Sioux, and in a
strong sense of personal identity with
nearly a decade she has spent the
series of battles lasting most of the
the Indian past. Although a Pueblo
summer climbing mountains, rafting
summer, the U. S. Army was nearly
from New Mexico, Delores played the
western rivers such as the Colorado,
decimated. Custer lost his entire com-
leading role in Unto These Hills. This
the Yampa, and the Green, and in
mand
drama about the Cherokee Removal
1971 she hollered an obscenity across
The lands were taken in 1877
was put on by the Eastern Cherokees
the Grand Canyon which, supersti-
through a combination of trickery and
in North Carolina as part of their
tious friends believe caused a flash
fraud, and in 1920 the Sioux tribes were
suinmer activities and ran for three
flood that washed out Highway 66
allowed, through the provisions of a
years beginning in 1954.
from Peach Springs, Arizona south.
special statute, to sue the United States
for the value of the land Part of the
Chief Sitting Bull
Charles Curtis,
Jim Thorpe,
Richard West,
Johnny Bench
James Welch,
chief of the Sioux
U. S. vice president
football player
sculptor
baseball player
novelist
which is not yet finished some fifty-six
The actual situation should be fairly
ed* States received allowed settlers to
years later, involved a determination
easy to determine, considering how ex-
establish ranches to support mining ac-
by the Indian Claims Commission and
tensively the Custer era has been re-
tivity. Agricultural products and cattle
the Court of Claims of the exact date
searched. But the Government seems
were essential to mining camps.
when the lands were taken away from
to have the power to maintain simul-
The treaty promised that at some fu-
the Sioux. In a decision in 1942, the
taneously that the troops in fact did stay
ture date the United States would es-
Court of Claims maintained that the
in the Black Hills until February 1877 for
tablish a reservation for the Western
Government had faithfully kept the
some purposes, and that the troops
Shoshones. The future date, one might
provisions of the treaty of 1868 regard-
were removed from the Black Hills in
suspect, never arrived. Settlers came
ing the cession of lands by the Sioux,
November 1875 for other purposes. The
and went, and as the mining camps
and the court found that the Govern-
purpose in each instance is that the
dwindled, eastern Nevada fluctuated
ment had maintained an armed force in
Government does not want to pay for
between the unoccupied desert which
the Black Hills until February 28, 1877.
the Black Hills and it does not want the
the Shoshones had once roamed and
This force was supposed to have pre-
Sioux to have their day in court. And the
sporadic waves of settlement as civili-
vented miners and other settlers from
best way to prevent any decision favor-
zation followed the trail of the miner.
entering the Sioux sacred lands until
able to the Sioux from being rendered on
Nearly twenty million acres were not
the cession of those lands was made
the Black Hills case is to simply change
permanently settled by either the min-
official by the Congress.
the historical facts to suit the situation.
ers or their supporting ranchers, and in
When a court makes a finding of
That is how the Federal courts treat In-
the Thirties this land was placed under
"fact," it is supposed to mean that the
dian cases.
the Bureau of Land Management in ac-
fact which is "found" is the true ver-
The Western Shoshone case is
cordance with the Taylor Grazing Act.
sion of the historic events surrounding
another example of frivolous litigation
The Shoshones still considered the
the controversy. So one would sup-
being conducted by the Government.
land theirs because the only rights
pose that the decision of the Court of
In 1863 the United States was engaged
granted to the United States in the trea-
Claims, which described how carefully
in the Civil War, and the nation badly
ty involved mining camps and sup-
the United States worked to keep the
needed the gold and silver produced by
porting ranches, not the cession of all
provisions of the treaty, was an accu-
the Comstock Lode in Nevada. But the
the Shoshone lands. In 1950, as the five-
rate rendering of the events of 1877. But
southern route from Virginia City, the
year period began to expire in which
in 1973, after Wounded Knee had been
"capital" of the lode, to Missouri was
Indians could file claims against the
occupied for nearly a month, the Indian
threatened by the Confederates. A
Government at the Indian Claims
Claims Commission, which now had
northern route was badly needed, so
Commission, a claim for these lands
the Black Hills case, reviewed the facts
the Government called together the
was filed on behalf of the Western
of the case and decided that the Grant
various bands of Shoshones for some
Shoshones. Except that the Western
administration had indeed pulled the
treaty-making. The Western Shosho-
Shoshones were not informed that a
soldiers out of the area in November
nes agreed to allow the passage of mail
claim was filed for them. The case was
1875, thereby provoking the war with
and freight through their land, and in
in court for nearly two decades and
the Sioux in which Custer lost his life.
one of the articles of the treaty they
neither the Government nor the attor-
Now the problem is that either the
allowed the United States to send min-
neys handling the case spent much time
Grant administration did remove the
ers into their country to prospect for
on it. The crucial question, whether the
troops or it didn't remove the troops.
gold. Additional rights which the Unit-
land had in fact ever been legally ceded by
Photo Museum of the American Indian
Geronimo,
Ben Reifel,
Robert Bennett,
Annie D. Wauneka,
Dennis Banks,
Chief Joseph,
leader of Anache
conpressman.
former commissioner
woman of the
leader of Wounded
Nez Perce warrior
the Western Shoshones, was carefully
the Federal government. And com-
were intending to create once their re-
sidestepped and the Government and
pounding the irony is the 'act that
ports were filed.
the attorneys stipulated that at a cer-
while Indians rank the lowest of any
The commission's two major staff
tain date the United States had offi-
minority group in the indices of social
positions, executive director and gen-
cially taken the lands of the Western
welfare, on a per capita basis Indians
eral counsel, were filled by two former
Shoshones. So much for evidence and
are the wealthiest single group in the
Bureau of Indian Affairs employees
adversary proceedings.
nation. Reasonable estimates of Indian
who carefully avoided using the com-
The Indian Claims Commission
wealth-lands, timber, minerals of all
mission's subpoena powers to investi-
awarded some twenty million dollars
kinds including gas, oil, coal, lead,
gate instances of fraud or misrepresen-
to the Western Shoshones, and one
uranium, and gypsum and miscellane-
tation by Federal employees. The goal
day the Bureau of Indian Affairs sent a
ous sources of income-would reach
of the major staff members seemed to
person out to ask them how they
nearly sixty billion dollars. Yet all but a
be the creation of sufficient evidence to
wanted to spend the money. He got a
tiny portion of this immense wealth
justify the creation of a new super
not too pleasant reception, and the
goes to non-Indians who seem to have
agency with a budget double or triple
traditional Shoshones rejected the set-
absolutely incredible luck in securing
the present Federal expenditure allo-
tlement out of hand. In an emotion-
beneficial arrangements from Federal
cated for Indians. Speculation on
laden meeting, the Bureau of Indian
officials charged with finding ways of
who will healt this new agency seems
Affairs official informed the Shoshones
developing Indian resources.
to be concentrating on the staff people,
that the Constitution had a provision
The first inclination of everyone dis-
although others have also been men-
which enabled the United States to take
covering the desperate conditon of In-
tioned in connection with the new
their lands. But when confronted, he
dians is to inquire how such a situation
agency.
refused to point out exactly which arti-
could come into existence. Discovering
The report of the Abourezk Commis-
cle of the Constitution gave the Gov-
the causes of Indian poverty and dis-
sion is not due for another year, but the
ernment this power. The traditionals
content was the specific congressional
task forces have now all returned their
are today fighting the Government and
charge given to the American Indian
reports and the materials strangely
the Shoshones who favor the settle-
Policy Review Commission, estab-
read like the traditional nonsense
ment and are simply trying to get a fair
lished in 1975 to review the conditions
which the Bureau of Indian Affairs has
hearing on the issue of how and when
of Indians in the United States. Headed
spoon-fed Congress for several dec-
their lands were taken. The attorneys,
by Senator James Abourezk of South
ades. In short, the great push for re-
be it noted, receive approximately two
Dakota and co-chairéd by Con-
form which Indians believed to be in
million dollars for their work.
gressman Lloyd Meeds of Washington,
progress with the establishment of this
The land claims are one continuous
the commission was initially viewed by
special commission has proven to be
horror story of fraud, misrepresenta-
most Indians as a welcome relief from
the ultimate cover-up-and it has been
tion, and trickery, and they have been
the continuous efforts of the Bureau of
performed for the most part by Indians
for a century. The only modern twist is
Indian Affairs to cover up its misdeeds.
themselves, particularly by those In-
the long-term lease, which is used in
But the commission has been one of the
dians who were already beholden to
place of the outright land cession. In-
greatest disasters in Indian history.
either the Bureau of Indian Affairs or to
dian lands are subjected today to all
The commission began its life by es-
particular senators and congressmen
kinds of leases under the guise of "de-
tablishing eleven task forces which
with aggressive white constituents.
velopment," but in most cases the de-
were charged with the job of determin-
One would suspect that deep within
velopment creates immense wealth for
ing the problems in such fields as treaty
Indian country a consensus has
the whites and reduces the tribes to
rights, education, health, economic
emerged in the last decade. Indians
poverty status. Because of the increas-
development, alcoholism, tribal gov-
have become more vocal about their
ing pressure to strip-mine the western
ernment and so forth. Appointment to
rights and a consensus does in part
coal fields and because Indian tribes
the task forces became a political grab
exist. The American Indian Movement,
own nearly two-thirds of the soft coal
bag whereby senators, congressmen,
a militant group that occupied
reserves in the western states, it will be
and influential Indian politicians
Wounded Knee in 1973 and in the last
only a matter of time before Indian
handed out positions to fulfill old polit-
half decade provided many minor dis-
reservations and Appalachia are both
ical debts or to create new political obli-
turbances to draw public attention to
desolate areas, stripped of everything
gations. So instead of sending experts
the conditions of Indians, seems to
except the sulphurous residue of
out into the field to survey the condi-
have gathered many traditional people
stripmining.
tions of Indians, some thirty-nine as-
together in a national alliance. A.I.M.'s
The land tragedy stands out clearly
sorted political camp followers
tactics have bordered on violence at
as a condition unique to the Indians
tramped around the nation holding
times, and this tendency has driven
because no other minority group has its
hearings and making vaguely worded
many Indians into the waiting hands of
property systematically despoiled by
promises of the radical changes they
the Bureau of Indian Affairs. But on the
Photo Museum of the American Indian
Crazy Head,
LaDonna Harris,
R. C. Gorman,
Orville Moody,
Louis Bruce,
Fritz Scholder,
Cheyenne Indian
women's right
artist
professional golfer
former commissioner
artist
nis Banks, is presently in California
fighting against extradition to South
fishing rights, Adams was nearly
Dakota. William Janklow, Attorney
killed by unknown assassins in 1971
General of South Dakota, has been
in a dawn attack, and when admitted
pressuring California Governor Jerry
to the hospital, was accused by state
Brown. to surrender Banks to South
police of shooting himself to attract
Dakota officials so that Banks can be
attention. When he demanded an
returned to that state for sentencing in
impartial witness to a lie-detector
a conviction of rioting in Custer, South
test, the police quietly dropped their
Dakota in 1973. All indications seem to
accusations.
be that the move to return Banks to
The leading negotiator during the
South Dakota is merely a ploy to get
occupation of the Bureau of Indian
him back into the hands of state offi-
Affairs in 1972, Adams in his quiet,
cials who intend to dispatch him
soft-spoken, low-profile manner at-
forthwith.
tempted to get the Government rec-
The harassment of traditional In-
ords returned and was arrested,
dians would be greatly reduced if In-
along with Les Whitten, by the F.B.I,
dian political groups such as the Na-
Charges against him for possessing
tional Congress of American Indians
stolen documents were dropped by
and the National Tribal Chairmen's As-
the Government when presented to
sociation would call upon the President
the grand jury, and Adams worked
to cease the harassment of their people.
out a suitable compromise to end the
But these groups are engaged in a game
seventy-one-day protest at Wounded
of their own, competing with each
Knee, narrowly avoiding death sev-
other to determine which group will
eral times, and earning the respect of
make Federal policy governing In-
both sides in the controversy.
dians. Their concern is influence, not
Generally regarded as the "saint"
people. Of the two groups the N.C.A.I.
of Indian country, Adams spends
is the more desperate because it de-
Hank Adams
long hours tracing down treaty
pends almost exclusively on Federal
rights, violations of laws by Federal
funding for its operations, and thus it is
(Assiniboine)
officials, and suggesting reasonable
continually caught between its Indian
The brightest and best of the current
solutions to some of the pressing
constituency and demands placed
crop of Indian activists, Hank has
problems in Indian country. Hank is
upon it by Federal officials to support
"paid his dues" to social reform in a
perhaps the only Indian that has the
Federal policy.
life filled with danger and intrigue.
confidence of every interest group
Unwittingly, the N.C.A.I. began a
The target of vigilantes in the Pacific
that works in the field of Indian Af-
treacherous ploy in 1975 when it pas-
Northwest during the struggle for
fairs.
sed a resolution against the Lumbee
Indians of North Carolina who were
larder of Federal funds the exclusive
dian Controlled School Boards, a Den-
attempting to secure Federal recogni-
property of a few powerful tribes. The
ver-based group which assists local
tion as Indians. Arguing that the Lum-
excuse of the N.C.A.I., that the Indians
school committees in establishing
bees had not preserved their language,
not getting Federal aid have few cul-
Indian-operated schools, has now built
customs, or traditions, that they had no
tural attributes that other Indians have,
up a constituency of some 160 school
treaty, and that they had mixed blood,
is a false claim in that few of the
boards operating at both the primary
the N.C.A.I. opposed legislation which
N.C.A.I.'s officers could qualify as In-
and secondary level. The Coalition now
would have clarified the legal status of
dians under the criteria the organiza-
plans to make Indian control of schools
the Lumbees with respect to Federal
tion has established.
a major budget item which will finally
services. This example did not go un-
Dark as the Indian situation may
free local Indian schools from the heavy
noticed among the tribes, and when
seem, it appears to be better in many
hand of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
the small unrecognized tribes of west-
respects than what has gone before. In
In the ongoing pursuit of justice the
ern Washington attempted to secure
the field of education great progress is
Native American Rights Fund, an or-
the same Federal recognition, the
being made. About five years ago In-
ganization created by the Ford Founda-
Tulalip Tribe of that state began to op-
dians began to demand control of their
tion nearly half a decade ago, has fi-
pose their efforts. Indian country is
own schools, and out of this movement
nally developed into a major influence
thus presented with the spectacle of
came several education organizations
in the field of Indian law. With nearly a
Indians fighting Indians to keep the
of much promise. The Coalition of In-
dozen young Indian attorneys,
Photo Museum of the American Indian
Buffy St. Marie,
Will Rogers, Jr.,
Jamake Highwater,
Russell Means,
Cher,
Sequoya,
actor/nolitician
whole, A.I.M. has made good progress
Federal officials flying helicopters and
all over the nation in bringing Indians
dressed in combat gear. Initial news
to an awareness of their common
reports claimed that the two agents
plight. Traditional people in many
were ambushed from a cleverly dis-
tribes have begun speaking out when
guised Indian fortress in which bun-
they feel that the tribal council or the
kers and trenches figured prominently.
Bureau of Indian Affairs has been
According to the Government, the two
double-dealing them, and at least a
agents were innocently attempting to
part of this resistance is due to the ac-
serve some warrants when they were
tivities of A.I.M.
treacherously assaulted and executed
But A.I.M.'s very ability to draw In-
by a swarm of seventeen armed In-
dians together has made it a target of
dians.
Federal security agencies who have
Closer examination of the situation in-
begun using Indians as pilot projects
dicated that the "bunker" was merely
for training Federal officers to quell
an abandoned root cellar, and that the
domestic disturbances. The Nisqualli
seventeen Indians were composed
Indians of western Washington have
mostly of women and children who
been designated the "enemy" in sum-
were living in a tent camp. But four
mer training of the National Guard by
Indians were indicted for the slayings
that state. And Operation Cablesplicer,
and two, Dino Butler and Robert
a national plan to round up any poten-
Robideau, were tried for the killings in
tial subversive in times of either crisis or
Cedar Rapids, Iowa last summer. The
bureaucratic paranoia, seems to be par-
best evidence the Government could
tially designed to counter Indian resis-
muster from informers was that the In-
N. Scott Momaday
tance to Government policies. But the
dians were all sitting around their
(Kiowa)
worst and most systematic oppression of
campfire cooking lunch when someone
A hypnotic poet, Pulitzer Prize-
Indians by Federal agencies is the con-
started shooting at them, and the In-
winning novelist (House Made of
tinuing harassment of the Oglala Sioux
dians returned the fire, hoping that in
Dawn, 1969), and literature professor
by the F.B.I. on the Pine Ridge Indian
the confusion the women and children
at Stanford University, Momaday is
Reservation in South Dakota.
who were in the camp could reach
transforming traditional oral legends
Since Wounded Knee in 1973, nearly
safety. Butler and Robideau were for-
of Indians into a new format, bringing
a hundred Indians, mostly full-bloods
tunate to have a good defense team
the written word a new sense of
and traditional people, have died of
headed by William Kunstler, and they
beauty and purpose. A member of the
violence on that reservation. Carloads
were found innocent. Two others,
prestigious Black-Legging Society of
of tribal police, aptly labeled the "goon
Jimmy Eagle, a teenager, and Leonard
the Kiowa tribe of Oklahoma, he
squad" by reservation residents, follow
Peltier, now fighting extradition from
yearns for those rare times when he
people suspected of anti-Government
Canada on the same charge, remain to
can dwell in solitary splendor in the
or antitribal council activities, often
be tried for the killings. The evidence
sacred Rainy Mountain, center of the
shooting at their cars and houses with
against them is less convincing than
Kiowa universe.
abandon. F.B.I. agents pursue and
that which was presented in the
As an orator Momaday is spellbind-
harass the reservation residents
Butler-Robideau trial.
ing, a speaker who stands as a historic
whenever they attempt to fight back.
Members of the American Indian
figure in a tribe noted for its pictur-
Reporting acts of violence to the Gov-
Movement remain under continual
esque and incisive language. Al-
ernment, which is supposed to provide
surveillance by the Federal govern-
though he attended Government
law and order on the reservation, has
ment. A.I.M. leader Russell Means has
schools for part of his life, Scott's par-
had few results. F.B.I. officials rou-
already been through seven trials on a
ents being art teachers in the Bureau
tinely report that they are unable to
variety of charges ranging from inciting
of Indian Affairs, Momaday has little
find the culprits whenever a traditonal
a riot to first-degree murder. Means
patience with the lethargy of Gov-
Indian is murdered, although they
has been acquitted in every trial and it
ernment educational programs, and
seem to have amazing luck in finding
is now apparent that the Government
seeks to inspire younger Indians to
suspects whenever a tribal official or
is using spurious charges against
take pen in hand and preserve their
ernment agent is attacked.
Means to keep him in court and away
tribal histories in the language of the
In June 1975, two F.B.I. men were
from his home with the hopes that the
white man. But his major emphasis is
killed at a small reservation settlement.
movement will die without his charis-
transforming the traditional Indian
Almost immediately the reservation
matic leadership. The other leader of
propensity for action into poems and
was covered with some two hundred
the Wounded Knee occupation, Den
novels which energize both reader
and writer and leave a sense of
growth in their wake.
Perhaps the leading American In-
dian writer and poet today, Momaday
is now branching out into television,
Photo Museum of the American Indian
writing scripts, narrating films, and
generating interest in Indians in a
media which has long shunted aside
Indian demands for authenticity. The
image of the Indian will change
beyond recognition when Scott it.
finished with his work and Indians
will be content that he has been a war
rior with words.
Ernest Soybuck,
Roman Gabriel,
Barney Old Coyote,
Billy Mills,
artist
football player
president,
1964 Olympics
N.A.R.F. has started a supporting liti-
series for the NBC affiliate in Los
scientific fish farming at their fresh-
gation program which has enabled
Angeles, the group is planning addi-
water lake, and the Quechan Indians at
many tribes to undertake extensive liti-
tional programs dealing with Indian
Yuma, Arizona along the Colorado
gation at a minimum cost. Because of
life and culture. N.A.M.C. is not
River are now looking into new farm-
funding restrictions, N.A.R.F. cannot
oriented toward urban problems, how-
ing methods which will utilize the
take criminal cases and if it has a
ever. Their policy is to assist reserva-
latest knowledge in hydroponic
shortcoming in its program it is this
tion people who have a story to tell,
techniques. In the eastern states some
area, but breadth of the program in
and one of their first projects is bring-
of the Indian tribes such as the Shin-
the fields of natural resources and tribal
ing the story of the Northern Cheyenne
necocks on Long Island are developing
sovereignty seem to make it effective in
people of Montana to television.
their version of aquaculture, planning
the areas it does cover. Whether it
Indians are also pushing forward in
in the near future to raise lobsters com-
would expand into the criminal law
the field of economic development in
mercially.
field with additional unrestricted fund-
some unique ways. The Lummi Indian
The basic statistics which outline the
ing remains to be seen, but in the pres-
tribe of western Washington works in
poverty conditions of Indians remain
ent crisis in which Indian natural re-
aquaculture., The tribe raises oysters,
much the same, however, in spite of
sources are coming under increasing
salmon, trout, and clams. Originally
the advances in economic development
pressure from developers, expertise in
designated as "hopeless" by the
among the.tribes. Reservations as a
its present areas stands N.A.R.F. in
Bureau of Indian Affairs which wanted
whole have desperate housing needs
good stead in the Indian community.
the Lummis, natural fisherman for
with an estimated 40 percent of the
Perhaps the best progress being
thousands of years, to become weav-
families living in substandard homes.
made by Indians today is in the all-
ers, the tribe went through a period of
Unemployment remains a serious
important field of media and com-
benign neglect during which the
problem for the larger reservations
munications. Will Sampson, who
Bureau refused to even visit them.
with a national figure of some 35 per-
played Chief Bromden in One Flew Over
Being studiously avoided by the
cent unemployed and some reserva-
the Cuckoo's Nest, is presently in great
Bureau of Indian Affairs meant that the
tions, notably the Pine Ridge Reserva-
demand in Hollywood, and his por-
Lummis could put some "Injun-uity"
tion in South Dakota, reaching as high
trayal of an Indian after endless Ital-
to work and they decided that the sci-
as 75 percent. This figure, of course,
ians have graced the screen as Sitting
entific cultivation of seafood suited
describes a condition so severe as to
Bull, Crazy Horse, or other Indians is
their fancy. They initially built a four-
make figures irrelevant.
qualitatively different from what has
acre pond as a test site to see if the
It is difficult to find reliable figures on
gone before. Sampson's success is ex-
program was feasible. It was, and they
the drop-out rate of Indian school chil-
pected to lead a general movement in
became so excited by its prospects that
dren because the families, in order to
movies to secure Indian actors to play
they raised sufficient funds to expand
make a living, travel from place to place
Indians, a self-evident proposition
into an 800-acre pond. They presently
seeking work. Children are often en-
which took nearly seventy years to
raise literally billions of oysters, under-
rolled at several schools in the course of a
bring to fruition.
cutting Japanese producers of oyster-
year on many of the northern reserva-
In television a new group of Indians
seed by half the price.
tions. Indian educators maintain that it is
in Los Angeles, the Native American
The success of the Lummis was so
less a drop-out problem and more of a
Media and Communications organiza-
startling that other tribes began to in-
push-out situation, because Indians are
tion, has been in the forefront of de-
vestigate such innovations as hy-
not made welcome in the schools and
veloping Indian programs. Headed by
droponic farming and freshwater
eventually disappear through benign
Sandra Osawa, a Makah Indian
aquaculture. The Paiute Indians at
neglect. The suicide rate of teenagers
woman who produced a ten-program
Pyramid Lake, Nevada have started
reflects this condition, and Indians have
the highest rate of young suicides in the
Betty Gress
nation. The young people, with no future
in front of them, contemplate another
(Mandan)
lished a Moral Concept Development
world as much as they consider this one.
Growing up on the Fort Berthold Res-
Center, first of its kind on an Indian
The average life expectancy of In-
ervation in North Dakota meant herd-
reservation, to teach traditional In-
dians is about fifty years today, al-
ing cattle, singing in the church choir,
dian values in a contemporary for-
though nearly every Government
learning Indian cooking, attending
mat, enabling Indians to cushion the
agency dealing with Indians creates its
pow-wows, and being fired with a
culture shock of dealing with the
own estimate for this figure, coincid-
desire to bring a better life to Indian
fast-paced world of the white man.
ing, quite often, with the programs and
people through education. Betty's
Married, the mother of a lovely
budget requests of the agency. A major
first job was as girls' guidance coun-
three-year-old daughter, Betty com-
factor in determining this figure is the
selor in a Government school where,
bines a busy and happy life as a
appalling accident rate on the reserva-
seeing daily that other Indians were
homemaker with a rigorous profes-
tions and the many deaths which are
having problems adjusting to the
sional career. She visits 160 local In-
alcohol-related. Indians rank first na-
white man's way, she determined to
dian schools as part of her job as as-
tionally in these statistics. The crime
devote her energies and talents to
sociate director of the Coalition of In-
rate is also high but artificial in the
helping Indians devise their own
dian Controlled School Boards in
sense that Indians have an extremely
educational systems.
Denver. A new generation of Indians
high rate of arrest for drunkenness,
After setting up the Adult Educa-
has taken the reins of leadership in
loitering, and other minor crimes,
tion Program on the Rosebud Sioux
recent years; well-educated, experi-
which indicates a general inability to
Reservation in South Dakota, Betty
enced in the hardship that has be-
behave in non-Indian terms, rather
tagged along as tutor-teacher for the
come the lot of Indians in this century,
than a propensity for hard-core crimi-
delegation of Sioux traveling to
they are determined to reverse the
nal activities such as bank robbery,
Mexico for the filming of A Man Called
trend of decline so evident in Indian
auto theft, drugs, murder, and armed
Horse, educating both Indians and
communities and to understand the
robbery.
whites while on location. Returning
rapid pace of the modern world. Betty
Of the nearly one million Indians to-
to her own reservation, she estab-
Gress is typical of the new breed.
day, nearly 65 percent live in urban
Continued on pare 116)
grams had it not been for the policy pur-
sued during the Nixon-Ford years. The
tendency of the past eight years has been
to throw Federal funds about in-
AMERICAN INDIANS
discriminately in order to keep the In-
dians pacified. Many. people occupying
(continued from page 110)
leadership roles have allowed them-
selves to be led astray by the easy
availability of Federal funding. Once
the political leadership understands
areas and small, nonreservation set-
the price of easy Federal funding, In-
tings. The reservation population is
dians should be able to adjust to their
primarily full-blood and traditional
new opportunites and present a unit-
people who have refused to leave their
ed front.
lands or make accommodations to the
Yet the political leadership is notori-
white society. It is this group, which
ously slow in discerning its errors.
fails to understand how to manipulate
Priorto the Republican National Conven-
the Federal bureaucracy, that provides
tion last summer, President Ford invited
the traumatic statistics, for they are al-
Indians to the White House and asked
ways the last recipients of Government
that they come in costume. Many tribal
largess. The Indians of mixed blood
leaders rose to the bait, paid their own
who know bureaucratic methods long
way to Washington, and docilely listened
before took the major portion of funds
to what the great white father had to say.
available for Indian programs.
The fact that Ford was pursuing stray
Indian country is perhaps more tur-
delegates to support his renomination
bulent today than at any time in North
seemed not to register on the tribal lead-
American history. Today Indians are
ers. After the ceremony and promises by
making amazing strides in many fields.
Ford to be more friendly toward Indians
Since 1960 nearly four hundred Indians
(wonderful!), some tribal officials won-
have become lawyers. Only a thousand
dered aloud if they had been used.
Indians were in some form of higher
Well, chiefs, being outfoxed by Gerry
education in 1960, but now nearly
Ford is not exactly a demonstration of
thirty thousand Indians are pursuing
swiftness, is it?
When we compare Indians with
college degrees, many of them ad-
other minorities in American society,
vanced degrees. The community col-
the real strength of Indian culture be-
lege movement is strong on several res-
gins to assert itself. Indians seem
ervations because Indians want to
somehow to maintain the important
avoid the culture shock of the large
aspects of community life to a much
university and to tailor their higher
better degree than other groups. No
education to fit the needs of the reser-
matter if the oral tradition has now be-
vation community. In the past fifteen
come partly a written tradition, and
years, Indians have accomplished tre-
that students today learn some of their
tribe's customs from books. Or that
mendous gains. Whatever activity a
few Indians were timidly attempting in
cassette tapes are the better means of
1960 is today being aggressively mas-
preserving traditional songs. Scan-
tered by hundreds of Indians working
dinavians don't troop about in Viking
like experts.
costumes, the Anglo-Saxons have shed
It is this great surge of confidence
their armor, and the Italians no longer
and activity that makes the present
go about in togas. So there is no reason
conflicts and confusion in Indian Af-
for Indians to continue to act as if the
fairs tolerable. For one can easily see
twentieth century has not had its effect
that the political leadership in the field
on them. The real issue is always how
of Indian Affairs has not kept abreast of
many people want to help when a crisis
the rank and file of Indian people, and
occurs in a community. In the determi-
nation of the traditional full-blood In-
that the administrative structure of the
Federal government which has always
dian, be he or she Sioux, Iroquois,
hemmed Indians in is about to collapse
Hopi, Lummi, or Cherokee, we see a
from its inability to keep pace with de-
brighter day ahead. After all, part of
velopments. Indians have made a
our problem is that we have not had a
quantum jump of centuries in a mere
very good group of immigrants to edu-
decade and a half and would have de-
cate, and it has taken four centuries to
veloped even more significant pro-
zero in on their shortcomings. But we
have been here for thousands of years,
and until the other groups have had a.
chance to adjust to this land, we can't
expect them to understand law,
economics, religion, art or any of the
things that enables a people to exist in a
civilized manner. So we will be patient.
Tuesday, Nov. 23, 1976
THE WASHINGTON POST
Probe Hits
Sterilization
Of Indians
United Press International
A congressional investigation re-
The Washington Post
vealed yesterday that more than 3,400
American Indians, mostly women,
ELIGION
were sterilized by the government's
Indian Health Service over a three-
FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1976
year period.
The investigation was conducted by
the General Accounting Office at the
request of Sen. James Abourezk (D-
S.D.), who said he had received num-
Council Raises $70,000
erous complains that Indian women
were being sterilized as a birth-control
procedure without their consent or
knowledge.
The GAO report said that 3,001
for Crow Dog's Defense
sterilizations were performed by the
Indian Health Service on women of
child-bearing age between 15 and 44. It
Indian Religious Leader Serving Time After
said that 30 per cent of the steriliza-
tions were done outside IHS facilities
Battle at Wounded Knee in 1973
and were performed by doctors or in
facilities which had contracted with
IHS for payment.
By Janis Johnson
is that Crow Dog's record of criminal
Washington Post Staff Writer
charges, trials and convictions speaks
The report also said that 36 women
under the age of 21 were sterilized
The National Council of Churches
for itself, a department spokesman
during this period despite a court-
has undertaken the cause of Leonard
said.
ordered moritorium on sterilizing per-
Crow Dog, an Indian religious leader
Since the council has attempted to
sons under the age of 21.
serving prison sentences for convic-
reduce what its religious and civil af-
The report indicated that there may
tions arising from the Indian occupa-
not have been informed consent by
fairs director, the Rev. Dean Kelley,
the sterilization patients as required
tion of Wounded Knee, S. D., in 1973.
terms Crow Dog's "excessive" punish-
by law and that the consent forms in
The council's division of church and
ment, several of the Indian leader's
the IHS medical files "were generally
society has raised about $70,000 since
sentences have been reduced.
not in compliance with the Indian
July for Crow Dog's legal defense
Health Service regulations."
The council now is pushing for a pa-
Abourezk said that "given the small
through direct mail appeals that por-
role hearing for Crow Dog in Decem-
American Indian population, the 3,400
tray him as "a victim of outrageous
ber and to have him transferred from
Indian sterilization figure would be
injustice."
maximum security at Terre Haute,
comparable to sterilizing 452,000 non-
Earlier this year, the council's gov-
Ind., to a medium security prison.
Indian women in the U.S."
erning board declared in a resolution
Crow Dog is serving two concurrent
that Crow Dog, 33, a Sioux medicine
man, has been "pursued, prosecuted,
terms, one reduced last month from 8
imprisoned and victimized for what
to 3 years, and the other for 3 years,
were at most minor offensive, suggest-
for "interfering with federal officers"
ing that his real offense has been to
during the 71-day Wounded Knee
lend spiritual force and dignity to the
siege in which two persons died and
struggle for Indian rights."
many others were injured.
The Justice Department's position
The council says Crow Dog was per-
agent'd
GERALD
forming religious and medical serv-
bation for conviction of attaching
ices in the occupied area and had
with a chain saw and a tomahawk a
nothing to do with assaults against
man who had entered his home unin-
postal inspectors and the theft of an
vited and made passes at his wife in
officer's pistol. He was convicted of
January, 1976.
both offenses.
The council, a cooperative agency of
Crow Dog was given two five-year
30 Protestant and Eastern Orthodox
prison sentences for, assault convic-
churches, has committed money to
tions in connection with incidents in
parties in several highly political
September, 1975, when two individu-
cases, such as some Mississippi Free-
als trespassing on his property were
dom Riders in the 1960s and parents
beaten wtih a rifle.
of Kent State victims.
In sentencing him last year, U.S.
District Judge Robert R. Merhige Jr.
of Richmond, said that Crow Dog,
"though himself not. striking a blow,
should have prevented this fight, be-
cause he, a medicine man and leader,
was the responsible person on the
spot."
In September, Judge Merhige com-
muted the sentences to time already
served.
Crow Dog also is on five years pro-
GALLUP INDEPENDENT
NOV
Clinic
Navajo...
(Continued From Page 1)
Okayed
This year's budget. he said, provides
$111.000 for establishing a clinic at
Rough Rock. He said it still may be
awhile before a clinic is established.
since there are more steps the tribe has
By BILL DONOVAN
to take before a contr act between Rough
WINDOW ROCK. Ariz. (Dine Bureau)
Rock and IHS is written. Then the con-
- The Navajo Tribal Council Thursday
tract must go to the House Services Ad-
approved a resolution allowing Rough
ministration. a governmental agency.
Rock Demonstration school to contract
for approval.
operation of a medical clinic from the
On two other items on the agenda. the
community.
The school will contract the clinic. at a
council voted to go into executive ses-
cost of about $111.000 from the Indian
sion, thereby barring non-Navajos and
Health Service. The resolution added a
the press from attending.
stipulation that the contract should be
The first subject to be discussed dur-
given only if it does not cause problems
ing the executive session was a report
with funding other programs within the
from the Navajo Tax Commission on
Chinle area by the IHS.
proposals to establish a tax system on
Residents have been trying to get a
the reservation.
clinic established at Rough Rock for a
The commission was expected to re-
year with little success. Dr. Donald
commend to the council a program by
Gatch has been donating his services to
which large utility and mineral com-
the community for the past year.
panies doing business on the reservation
Previous attempts to get a clinic at
would be taxed.
Rough Rock have been unsuccessful be-
Second in the esecutive session was a
cause no money has been allocated in
report from Manuel Pete, director of the
previous budgets. IHS officials have
Navajo Land Dispute Commission. on
said previusly that to establish a clinic
the status of the stock removal program
at Rough Rock would have resulted in
from the Joint Use Area.
program funds being taken away from
The fall session of the ocuncil weas
other IHS facilities.
expected to adjourn Friday. possibly as
According to Don Meyer, director of
early as noon, according to Navajo tri-
IHS's sanitation program on the Navajo
bal Chairman Peter MacDonald.
Reservation, that no longer is the case.
Most items stil to be disuessed dealt
with amendments to this year's tribal
budget. MacDonald told the council to
carefully consider these requested ap-
propriations. since the tirbe is trying to
work under a balanced budget for the
year.
Charlie John
NOV 1 2 1976
Begins Term
As
Judge
Farmington Daily Times
By SCOTT SANDLIN
Daily Times Staff
SHIPROCK -- "The system
of government on the Navajo
reservation is like a three-
legged stool, with one leg
shorter than the other two,"
says Charlie John. "All
branches need to be strength-
ened."
But John, the first per-
manent, full-time judge in
Shiprock in the more than a
year since Judge Joe Benalley
resigned, focuses his attention
on one branch of Navajo
government: the judicial.
"I've always felt that to
strengthen tribal sovereignty,
it must be done through the
judicial system and civil law,"
he says. One problem John
sees is the limited jurisdiction
on the reservation: tribal
courts have jurisdiction over
misdemeanors committed on
the reservation by Indians, but
are not permitted to try non-
Indians.
He says, however, that a
recent case in a federal circuit
court of appeals decided that
Indians have jurisdiction over
any person committing a mis-
demeanor on an- Indian reser-
Tribal Court Judge Charlie John
(Staff Photo)
vation.
Navajo tribal court judge Charlie John, who
The 12 "major" crimes are
assumed duties Nov. 1, is a former DNA Legal
handled by federal authorities
Services tribal advocate and former associate
such as the Federal Bureau of
Investigation.
director of the National Indian Youth Council.
A ruling, John says, "has to
come from the (Navajo tribal)
Benalley, the late Shiprock
was involved in negotiations on
council permitting us to as-
Councilman Fred Johnson and
behalf of various Indian tribes.
sume jurisdiction over
current DNA advocate Perry
"In Oklahoma, for example,
anglos."
Garnenez.
they were expelling kids from
John also sees a need for
A Central High School drop-
school who braided their hair
amendment of tribal codes.
out who later joined the
in traditional fashion." Other
"With all the complexities
Marines and saw duty in
NIYC work involved dealings
arising from contractual ob-
Cambodia, Thailand and Laos
with U.S. Civil Rights Com-
ligations on the reservation
in the mid-1960s, John attended
mission on employment prob-
between anglos and Navajos,
the summer Indian Lawyer
lems and health care delivery.
there is a need to amend the
Training Program at the Uni-
John lives with his wife,
codes."
versity of New Mexico in 1971
Marian, son Gabriel and
John, who was approved as
and later enrolled at UNM full-
daughter Richanda in judge's
judge by the tribal council at
time. He received his bachelor
quarters in Shiprock.
the end of October and as-
of arts degree last May in
sumed his duties Nov. 1, is no
political science and
newcomer to the tribal court
philosophy.
system.
In 1972, he was associate
He was one of four tribal
director of the National Indian
advocates when DNA Legal
Youth Council. "I wanted
Services in Shiprock first
broader experience on Indian
opened in 1967, working with
problems in the U.S.," he says.
former Shiprock Judge
While at NIYC, he says he
MANDATED BY NEW LAW
NOV
1
1973
Reviewed
Phoenix
Gazette
WASHINGTON (AP) -
THE BUREAU has had
ranged. but they require
the federal wilderness
Under
congressional
to rely on other federal or
review by Congress.
area system.
orders. the Interior De-
local a enforcement
Some two per cent of
Liberalize procedures
officers to protect and pa-
partment is taking a fresh
the nation's beef herd is
for cost-free transfers of
trol its lands. It proved to
look at how the govern-
raised on western range-
public lands to other
be a losing effort: timber
ment administers federal
and Christmas trees were
land under grazing per-
federal agencies a nd
states for recreation.
lands, which make up
being chopped; cactus,
mits issued by the bureau.
one-third of the land in
rare desert flowers, and
Require the Interior
For years ranchers have
this country.
ancient Indian paintings
fought hikes in the graz-
Department to complete a
and carvings were being
ing fees which were being
comprehensive plan for
The study is expected to
carted off for sale in the
have sweeping effects.
pushed in an effort to
use and protection of
cities, and game was be-
bring the fees into line
Southern California desert
The review was ordered
ing poached.
with the costs of grazing
lands - an area equal in
in legislation known as
cattle on private lands.
size to West Virginia -
the Bureau of Land Man-
Under the new law, the
by Sept. 30, 1980.
agement Organic Act,
bureau still may contract
Congress eventually set-
Streamline procedures
passed in the closing days
for law enforcement with
tled on a compromise
for granting rights-of-way
of Congress and recently
local sheriffs, but it may
grazing provision freezing
on federal lands f 0 r
signed by President Ford.
field its own force of
the lee at $1.51 per ani-
everything from transmis-
The legislation removed
mal per month while the
trained and armed agents
sion lines to water flumes.
whole issue is studied for
some 3,000 outmoded laws
The general aim is to re-
who will have full powers
from the statute books.
a year. Also, Congress de-
of arrest, search and
strict future rights-of-way
cided to extend the
The aim was to update
to specific corridors to
seizure.
and streamline adminis-
rancher-dominated graz-
minimize environmental
trative policies.
The Interior Depart-
ing advisory boards for 10
damage.
ment did not seek this
more years and to ear-
THE LAW directs the in-
mark half the annual fee
Review all the land
terior secretary and the
power. and sources there
bureau to examine and re-
talk in terms of only a
revenue of $25 million for
that has been put off
small force of agents to
range improvements.
limits to mining and to
view all the possible uses
require that any future
of public lands and deter-
begin with.
RANCHERS also have
mining bans on tracts in
mine whether a section
In Western states. up to
fought stepped-up
excess of 5,000 acres be
is to be set aside for graz-
80 per cent of the land
roundups of wild horses,
approved by Congress.
ing, mining. timber, recre-
may be federally owned.
which came under ex-
tion or wilderness.
This creates problems for
panded federal protection
The Homestead Act was
towns that want to ex-
in 1971. The protection
symbolic of the outmoded
pand. This situation is
law banned all mechani-
especially urgent in the
cal vehicles in roundups.
laws removed from the
books by the new law.
coal and oil shale towns
But the bureau said the
Homesteading had served
of Montana, Utah, Colora-
roundups were proving to
to populate the West. but
do and Wyoming.
be too lengthy, costly and
it had virtually ceased for
AS IT WAS, federal
dangerous by horseback
lack of suitable farmland.
land could be transferred
and so, over the protests
However, Congress did
only in token amounts or
of humane groups, Con-
leave the interior secre-
in larger blocks only for
gress decided to allow
recreation purposes.
everything from four-
tary the discretion to
wheel-drive motor vehi-
allow homesteading in
Under the new law, the
cles to helicopters
Alaska for 10 more years.
secretary can sell up to
And, it allowed a similar
2,500 acres to a town, at
Some other provisions
approach for developing
the going market price, if
in the law would:
premising desert lands,
he thinks the sale is for
For the first time
notably the Sand Hill re-
the general public good
allow portions of the pub-
gion of Idaho.
Larger sales can be ar-
lic lands to be set aside in
NOV
5
1976
Albuquerque
1976
Tribune
Taes
Pueblo
EDITOR'S NOTE: Pete Lee, editor of the FI Paso Herald-
ing the ruins of Mesa Verde and swinging north through
Post, Sevings-Howard Newspaper, recently visited the
the San Juan Mountains and the Black Canyon of the
Mesa Ver cliff dwellings in southwest Colorado and the
Gunnison and then south again to cross the Gorge of the
New Mexico exeblos country. This is a column he wrote
Rio Grande to Taos Pueblo.
on his impressions.
The pueblo seemed unchanged since the last time my
By PETE LEE
bride and I saw it some eight years ago. The big plaza
Editor, EI Paso Herald-Post
between the north and south structures was vacant save
for a few picture-taking tourists like ourselves, and some
According to Hopi legend, Tawa the Creator made the
Indian youngsters - all in modern dress - playing along
planets long ago, and deep in the Earth he placed life in
the banks of the stream that bisects the plaza.
the form of insects, expecting them to live
Take away those visitors and the modern garb of the
peacefully together.
kids, and the pueblo looked much as it must have looked
But the insects fought, and Tawa sent
when Spanish explorers first came across it - and possi-
Spider Grandmother down to lead them up
bly, if it existed then, when remants of the Anosazi,
to a new level within the planet, and to a
fleeing their cliff dwellings to the west, made their way to
different life.
the Rio Grande and merged with the tribes living there.
When they emerged into this second
world they found themselves changed into
BUT IF THE pueblo has changed very little the same
fur-bearing animals - the rabbit, wolf and
cannot be said for the city of Taos, just below it. When
bear. Even in that form, however, they
last we were there it was a small and quiet village, with
fought amongst themselves, SO Spider
the greatest stir of activity - and not very much activity
Grandmother came again to lead them up
at that - centering in the town plaza.
Lee
to a third level of existence, just below the
We found the town mightily expanded - motels blos-
surface of the Earth.
soming where once had been empty ground, art galleries
In this new level, the creatures found themselves in
and souvenir stores everywhere. And people. Taos was
the form of men. And still some of them fought, stole and
jumping in the throes of one of its frequent arts and
gambled.
crafts fairs. The narrow streets were clogged with cars,
and a parking space was scarcely to be found.
so SPIDER Grandmother came for the last time, to
lead the good people up to the surface of the Earth, send-
I guess I should not object to the march of progress,
ing them across the land in the form of different tribes.
but somehow I resented this population explosion and all
And the whole through which they emerged to the
the new stores, even as I enjoyed greatly poking my nose
open air was called "sipapu."
into the galleries and viewing some truly beautiful art
In each of the circular kivas of the cliff dwellings of
work.
Mesa Verde you will find a sipapu - a small hole dug in
the ground to commemorate that long-ago emergence of
WE PULLED OUT of Taos after a few hours' visit,
man on Earth.
spent the night in Old Santa Fe, drove down next morning
The legend of sipapu was not confined to the Anasazi
to poke through the stores of Old Town in Albuquerque,
people who built the cliff dwellings, for you will find simi-
and then headed down the long road home to El Paso.
lar holes in the kivas of pueblos built along the Rio
I won't say I'm glad to be home. It would have been
Grande. It seems a common thread which binds together
nice just to have spent a few nights sitting all alone in one
the many tribes of ancient days.
of the kivas of an abandoned cliff dwelling in Mesa
Verde, looking at the sipapu and listening to the ghosts of
AMONG THE pueblos of the Rio Grande, one of the
the Anasazi tell tales of Tawa and Spider Grandmother
greatest is that at Taos, whose terraced apartments,
and how it was long ago when man first emerged from the
linked by ladders, have been inhabited for hundreds of
Earth into a quiet and peaceful world.
years.
But then it's likely that those ghosts wouldn't talk to a
It was to Taos our vacationing party went after leav-
white man.
NOV 4 1976
QUA'TOQTI
JUA relocatees
more about
to be provided
JUA relocatees
with facilities
The Hopi Tribe has been reluctant to approve any
development that might encourage continued Navajo presence
in the area.
WINDOW ROCK The Office of En-
The freeze on public works has been one of the most
vironmental Health and Engineering of
emotional issues in the Navajo-Hopi land dispute.
the Navajo Area Indian Health Service
Navajo residents of the Joint-use Area have complained
(IHS) is developing plans to provide
bitterly that they are being denied programs which are being
water and sanitation facilities for homes
lands. developed in parts of the reservation away from the disputed
into which Navajo residents of the
Joint-use Area will be relocated in
The requirement for "safe and sanitary housing" for all
settlement of the Navajo-Hopi land dis-
relocatees will pose several practical difficulties in some cases,
Myer said.
pute.
Office Director Don Myer said the ser-
He said that if a family chose to relocate in an area remote
vices will be provided in accordance with
from exiting or planned public works projects, they will
legislation passed in 1974 establishing
probably have to be served through cisterns, septic tanks and
generators.
guidelines for relocation and requiring
that all relocatees be provided housing
Myer said his office has not been contacted by the
that is "safe and sanitary." He said this
Navajo-Hopi Relocation Commission to coordinate plans for
provision required hot and cold running
providing services for relocatees.
water, flush toilets and electricity.
Myer estimated that the 3,500 persons
who would be relocated under terms of
a plan currently being considered by the
Tucson Federal District Court represent
about 673 families. To provide water and
sanitation facilities for 673 units would
cost about 5 million dollars, he said.
Myer noted that the IHS would not be
involved in providing services to persons
Housing Authority.
money
who relocate off the Navajo reservation.
Navajo Utility Authority (NTUA).
alleged misuse of tribal funds, Authority placed Funding.
grand jury last week for
men indicted by a federal
Miller, 31, was one of three
lions of dollars in federal
alleged fraudulent use of mil-
trial Jan. 18 on charges of
PHOENIX (AP) Pat Chee
NOV 4 1976
He further noted that development of
electrical facilities would be done by the
Miller of Gallup, N.M., faces
The IHS will also undertake a massive
program to provide water and sanita-
tion facilities to the half of the Joint-use
Area which will be turned over to the
Navajo tribe in partition.
He said about $8.5 million would be
needed to provide water and sanitation
facilities to persons in this area, where
public works have been virtually frozen
since 1966.
when he
About 8,000 persons now live in the
half of the Joint-use Area that would
tor of the Navajo Housing
Miller was executive direc-
trict Court Judge Carl Muecke.
own recognizance by U.S. Dis-
allocated to the Navajo .day pany.
and was released on his
He pleaded innocent Wednes-
eral government.
conspiracy to defraud the fed-
money obtained by fraud, and
interstate transportation of
Farmington Daily Times
become exclusively Navajo under the
plan now before the district court.
The secretary of the interior ruled
that public works projects to benefit
Navajos in the Joint-use Area could pro-
ceed only with Hopi approval.
continued on page 6
thority money to American
loaning Navajo Au-
ing $42,000 in kickbacks for
Miller was
QUA'TOQTI
NOV 1 1976
Hills, Calif.. investment com-
Funding Corp., 3 Beverly
ment funds American
Housing and Urban Develop-
nearly $13.3 in U.S.
GALLUP INDEPENDENT
NOV 15 1976
Tribe, Not State, Has Right
to Energy Revenue: MacDonald
WINDOW ROCK. Ariz. (AP) - The
panies don't mind paying taxes to the
vice Co., the proposed WESCO coal
Navajo tribal chairman says the tribe
tribe (if) they don't have to pay taxes to
gasification plants. and Peabody Coal,
has the right to tax energy-producing
the state.
all of which have operations on the
companies operating on the reserva-
"Of course." he continued. "the
Navajo reservation.
tion, not the state of New Mexico.
state's position is that it does not want to
Peter MacDonald said the tribe
relinquish it: right to tax. Our position is
Waldo Antone of the state Legisla-
that the states have no right to tax ac-
tive Finance Committee said the
will challenge in court the New Mexico
tivities on the reservation
Navajo, Mescalero and several pueblo
law which allows the state to tax com-
The state law. passed last spring.
tribes have filed suits challenging the
panies doing business on the reserva-
would take leasehold interest taxes
state law. He said the suits are being
tion, such as the Four Corners power-
producing companies.
from non-Indian companies leasing land
handled as one case and will probably
and operating facilities on the reserva-
end up in the state Supreme Court.
"The big problem here is that the
tions.
Antone said no taxes are being
companies do not want to be double
It would affect El Paso Natural Gas,
collected from the companies pending
taxed." MacDonald said. "The com-
Utah International. Arizona Public Ser-
the outcome of the court action.
Albuquerque Journal
NOV
14
1978
Navajos Oppose Tax Plan
Navajo, Mescalero, and several pueblo
By JIM LARGO
tribes have filed suits challenging the
Of the Journal Staff
state law. The suits, all being treated
WINDOW ROCK, Ariz. - The Nava-
as one, are expected to end up in the
jo Tribe will fight New Mexico in
State Supreme Court, he said.
court over the right to tax energy pro-
ducing companies on the reservation,
Currently no taxes are being taken
including the Four Corners area, the
from the companies pending the out-
Navajo leader declared in an exclusive
come of court action, he said. The
interview with the Journal.
Navajo suit involves the Four xorners
energy producing companies, he said.
Tribal Chairman Peter MacDonald
said the tribe has a right to tax the
"The Navajo Lribe has a tax com-
companies and will challenge New
mission which has been charged with
Mexico's law which says the state can
the responsiblility of researching and
tax companies doing business on the
investigating types of taxes and at
reservation.
what level we can levy on these com-
panies," said MacDonald.
The taxation would affect El Paso
Natural Gas, Utah International, Ari-
"We are expecting the commission
zona Public Service Co., the proposed
to report to the council on their find-
WESCO coal gasification plants, and
ings and their recommendations. The
Peabody Coal, all on the Navajo reser-
tribe has a right to tax as a govern-
vation.
ment unit.
A state law would take "leasehold
"The big problem here is that the
interest" taxes from the companies
companies do not want to be double
and other outside non-Indian compa-
taxed. The companies do: t mind pay-
nies feasing land and operating facili-
ing taxes to the tribe(if) they don't
ties on Indian reservations. The law
have to pay taxes to the state.
was passed last spring.
Peter MacDonald
"Of course the state's position is that
Waldo Antone of the Legislative Fi-
"Who Will Foot Bill?"
Continued on A-2
nance Committee in Santa Fe said the
Navajos and Hopis Still Differ over
Pasture Canyon Despite Order
By L. Joy Bossert
decision to grant the permane-
ordered that no action be taken
nt injunction, said that based on
to remove or do damage to the
WINDOW ROCK-Although a
the testimony given by Samuel
fence around Pasture Canyon.
permanent injunction barring
Perte, former director of the
He testified that his first
the Hopi Tribe from further
Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute
order was sent to the Justice
construction in the Pasture
Commission, Pasture Canyon
Department in Phoenix but he
Canyon area near Tuba City
is within the exterior boun-
has received no results.
was issued by Navajo Tribal
daries of the Navajo reserva-
Court Judge Merwyn Lynch
tion and therefore within
Dwight Marable, area spe-
October 22, the Hopis still
territorial jurisdiction of the
cial officer for the BLA testified
maintain, as they have all
court.
that he served Hopi officials
along, that the "Navajo Tribe
In his ruling, Lynch said
with McBroom's first order and
has absolutely no jurisdiction in
further, that based on the testi-
was informed that the Hopi
the area."
mony of BIA officials Val
Tribe ceased construction for
These were the words of John
McBroom and Dwight Marable
two days, then resumed.
Boyden, Sr., general counsel
be would grant the injunction
testified that following the
for the Hopi Tribe, in an inter-
because of BIA and Justice
July 28 order he was informed
view Monday. He added fur-
Department inaction in the
that Hopis had completed the
ther, "We have a right to be
matter and the Hopis failure to
fencing (later removed by
there and have always been
comply with orders issued by
Navajo police).
there." He said that he has no
BIA officials ordering then to
idea if the tribe plans to comply
stop fencing to the area.
In other testimony, Frankie
with the Navajo court order.
Lynch had earlier granted a
Paul, Tuba City Agency superi-
Contary to Hopi opinion,
preliminary injunction authori-
ntendent for the BIA testified
Judge Lynch in announcing his
zing removal of a fence built
that since removal of the fence
by the Hopis in Pasture Canyo-
July 28 he was not aware of any
n. It was also at that earlier
reconstruction of it around
hearing held August 24, that
Pasture Canyon.
three BIA officials refused to
NOV
4 1976
testify because of "orders from
Navajo recuting Attor-
the U.S. Attorney's Office of
ney, Raymond Tso, in his sum-
Navajo Times
the Department of Justice.
mation asked that based upon
In a hearing held late last
previous and current tastimo-
month assistant U.S. attorney
ny, the preliminary injunction
for the Department of Justice
be made permanent.
said that the Secretary of In-
"Testimony by Val McBroom
terior had granted the three
and Dwight Marable of the BIA
permission to testify in the
indicated that the BIA did
future.
nothing and has no plans to do
At the October 22 hearing
anything. The only way we can
former acting area director for
protect peace is with the
the Navajo BIA Office, Val
granting of a permanent injun-
McBroom, testified that when
ction.
the Hopis constructed a fence in
This will allow the Navajo
July in the area, he ordered
Tribe its prayer in this cause of
them to immediately cease
action," he concluded.
from any further fencing acti-
After granting the injunction,
vity.
Judge Lynch asked Tso to
Several days later on July 28,
prepare the order.
understanding that fencing had
No Hopi representatives
started again and that agroupof
appeared at the hearing becau-
people there had begun to re-
se of their contention that the
move it, testified McBroom, he
Navajos lack jurisdiction in the
matter. The tribe maintains
that since passage of the Nava-
jo-Hopi Settlement Act jurisdi-
ction in the matter belongs to
federal court.
GERALD'S
The land in the Pasture ca-
nyon area is administered by
the Navajo Agency of the
Bureau of Indian Affairs but
any construction activity
requires approval of both the
Navajo and Hopi tribes.
A-2 ALBUQUERQUE JOURNAL Sunday, November 14, 1976
Court to Get Navajo Tax Plan
Continued from A-1
the Four Corners Power Plant with
lease will be renegotiated, so we can
it does not want to relinquish its right
purchased coal from other companies.
have a higher royalty structure.
to tax. Our position is that the states
McKinley Mines is mining coal partly
have no right to tax activities on the
on the reservation east of Window
"We are shooting for the same type
Rock.
reservation.
of arrangement we have with El Paso,
if not better."
"Very shortly we will be in court
MacDonald said the energy industry
with the state over this," said Mac-
provides 70 per cent of the tribal gov-
MacDonald said Peabody Coal will
Donald in an interview in his office.
ernment income. All of the money
come last in the renegotiations. Pea-
comes from royalty payments through
body pays 25 cents ton in royalties
He was explaining the tribe's plans
lease agreements. The tribe does not
which is divided equally between the
to produce the nation's much needed
tax the companies now.
Hopi and Navajo tribes.
energy. The reservation, spreadingov-
er parts of three states, contains bil-
When tax levies are begun, he said,
tribal income should double. In addi-
lions of dollars worth of coal, uranium,
There is some concern about the raw
oil, and gas, he said.
tion to the taxation, the tribe will in-
materials being depleted within 30 to
crease its royalty payments from the
35 years, he said. However, the tribe
During 1975, companies exported
companies, said MacDonald.
believes it has enough raw materials
from the reservation 10.3 million
for the next 100 to 150 years, he said.
barrels of crude oil, 5.5 billion cubic
The tribe has reopened lease nego-
feet of natural gas, and more than 13
tiations with Utah International which
million tons of coal. Uranium produc-
pays the tribe 20 cents a ton in royal-
He said the 10 per cent now being
ties. It is the second coal mining cont-
dug up will be gone in 35 years, but the
tion is just beginning.
pany to be asked for the higher rate of
remaining 80 to 90 per cent of the de-
royalties.
posits will be leased out proportionate-
Most of the raw materials were
ly during the next century.
shipped out, and some of the coal was
converted to electrical power relayed
Tribal officials recently completed
to Los Angeles, Phoenix, Albuquerque
negotiations with El Paso Natural Gas.
MacDonald explained that energy
The tribe was receiving 15 cents per
extraction will be done only with cau-
and places in Texas.
ton for coal from the company. An
tion and in a way to bring the highest
MacDonald explained that the cur-
agreement reached will mean that El
benefit to the tribe. Such steps are
rent energy production, industry has
Paso will now pay 55 cents per ton or
being taken in the plans for WESCO
tapped only 10 per cent of what is be-
eight per cent of the selling price,
coal gasification plants, he said.
lieved to lie under the reservation.
whichever is more'
"We have taken into consi deration
Coal and uranium are believed to be
"We have now established a mini-
the environment, and the kind of de-
more abundant than gas and oil, he
said.
mum-55 cents per ton is the lowest
velopment where we have outsideW
they could pay us. If the coal is worth
people coming in, overtaking the re-
The 46-year-old Navajo leader said
$8 per ton, we will take eight per cent,
servation by setting up construction
the known raw materials are in the
which is 64 cents per ton. If the price
camps and boom towns."
middle and eastern side of the reser
goes up to $10 per ton, we will take 80
cents, instead of 55 cents.
He said tribal officials are continu-
vation and the western side is yet to be
ing talks with WESCO and El Paso
explored.
Natural Gas for plant its leases. The
"Now we are moving to Utah In ter-
MacDonald said the tribe has leases
companies would buy coal from other
national. They are: still paying us 20
companies and convert the coal into
with three major companies. They are
cents per ton. The way the present
El Paso Natural Gas, Utah Internation-
natural gas.
lease is they will pay us 20 cents until
al, and Peabody Coal. El Paso and Utah
they mine all the coal in the lease.
International are in the Four Corners
Undoubtedly there will be "social
area and Peabodyison Black Mesa
"With the latest initiative on our
south of Kayenta.
and environmental impacts," he ex-
part, we have been able to get them to
plained. These must be researched and
agree to sit down and renegotiate the
Arizona Public Service Co. operates
brought out before development, he
lease. I am very optimistic that the
said.
QUA'TOQTI
Traditionalists meet with Chairman;
NOV 1 1 1978
proposed land settlement discussed
KYAKOTSMOVI Fourteen mis-
Vice Chairman explaning the Tribal
mated in accordance with law.
informed Hopi "traditionalists" gathered
position. They explained that the Hopi
If the Indian Claims Commission ap-
at the Hopi Tribal headquarters Tues-
Tribe was in a better position to acquire
proves the out of court settlement offer
day afternoon (Nov. 9) and demanded to
land than any other U.S. tribes,
and all the approval precedures are
meet with Hopi Tribal Chairman Abbott
explaining two other laws under which
completed, it goes to Congress who will
Sekaquaptewa to hear him explain what
the Tribe is working to get the land
include the payment in an appropriations
the proposed $5 million settlement
back.
bill.
agreement with the federal government
The meeting ended with an agree-
How the settlement money is to be
was all about and what it meant.
ment that the traditionalists would bring
utilized by the Tribe, if it is approved. is
The three-hour meeting took place in
their own attorney to look into the
the Tribal Council chambers with Tribal
a matter that has to be settled by the
settlement agreement and interpret it
Tribe in the future.
Chairman Sekaquaptewa and Vice
for them. They feel a meeting with both
Chairman Alvin Dashee representing
attorneys would satisfy their doubts of
the Tribal Council. Sam Shing, inter-
the explanation given by the Tribal of-
preter and sgt. of arms for the Council,
ficials. The meeting date was not set.
also sat in on the meeting.
Meanwhile, Tribal delegates are in
Mrs. Mina Lansa, self-proclaimed
Washington, D.C. this week to testify
chieftain of Old Oraibi, and Thomas
before the Indian Claims Commission
Banyacya, a spokesman for the tradi-
that the settlement offer was explained
tionalist group, both led the group.
and discussed by the Tribe on Oct. 30 in
The meeting began with tradition-
a general meeting, which was consu-
alists charging that the Tribal Council
was selling Hopi land for money when
they never authorized the Council or the
Tribal attorney, John S. Boyden, to
enter into any land settlement.
Publicity regarding the proposed set-
tlement was inadequate, they said, and
if the settlement was approved, it would
NOV
end the Hopi way of life.
1976
After various charges against the
Council and Chairman Sekaquaptewa
Albuquerque Journal
were expressed by several tradition-
alists, Sekaquaptewa told the group
there was not much point in explaining
Mechem Drops
to them the proposed settlement and
what it means, because they had already
Navajo Lawsuit
made up their minds that they would not
A $6 million breach of con-
believe any explanation by him or the
Council.
tract suit against the Navajo
Housing Authority has been
Other questions raised in an orderly
dismissed by U.S. Dist.
manner later turned the topic back to
Judge Edwin Mechem.
the settlement offer.
Mechem said he did not have
At one point during the discussion
jurisdiction over the case.
David Monongye of Hotevilla said
Window Rock Construc-
Qua'toqti was merely a "funny paper."
tors Inc. filed the suit Sept.
Chairman Sekaquaptewa later ex-
30 claiming the housing au-
plained to the group the history behind
thority failed to honor por-
the Indian Claims case. He said the pro-
tions of contracts for con-
posed settlement with the government
struction and improvements
was the result of Tribal Council efforts
on 310 low-income home
trying to protect Hopi cases in court
sites on the Navajo Reserva-
designed to gain land. not to sell it.
tion in New Mexico and Ari-
He said the Hopi Tribe will be getting
zona.
almost 1 million acres of land in the near
The Window Rock, Ariz.,
future that is now in the hands of the
firm had asked a jury trial
Navajo tribe.
and $6,644,376 in damages.
"This is some of the same land that we
have supposedly just sold," he said.
A map was posted to help explain the
land cases, with both the Chairman and
A=6
The Albuquerque Tribune, Monday, November 15, 1976
Reliable telephones for Navajos
The first regular tele-
on Hunts Mesa, Arizona, to
The tiny village, 35 miles
runs the repeater, explained
Nor does it need air-con-
phone service for the tiny
serve Halchita (also known
north of Kayenta, Ariz., has
Bill Buckley, GTE Lenkurt's
Navajo community of Hal-
ditioned buildings, power
as Mexican Hat) marks the
had for a year or two, mobile
supervising staff engineer in
chita, Utah, will begin in
first commercial use of the
lines or generators normally
unit telephone service which
Albuquerque.
December via a unique
found at conventional repea-
solar repeater.
is party line "and not too re-
Developers estimate the
solar-powered microwave
ters. Instead of blazing
PROBABLY no more than
liable," Robinson said.
repeater will work about
roads to the mesa, installers
repeater.
50 of the estimated 100 resi-
The Hunts Mesa repeater
seven days without sun-
The repeater system, de-
flew in the repeater by heli-
dents of Halchita will take
will connect a microwave
shine.
signed by GTE Lenkurt, a
copter, Buckley said.
advantage of the new phone
terminal at Halchita with the
The system, tested for two
This is Lenkurt's first
subsidiary of General Tele-
service, said Jess Robinson,
national telephone network
years prior to installation on
phone and Electronics Corp.,
solar-powered project,
toll radio and equipment
through a microwave link to
Hunts Mesa, will operate in
can be installed for about
Buckley said.
supervisor of Navajo Com-
Kayenta.
140-degree heat and re-
John Oades, a GTE Lenk-
one-fourth the cost of exist-
munications Co., which pur-
quires only four watts of
urt staff engineer, devel-
ing repeater systems.
chased the Lenkurt solar
THE TWO solar panels
power - about that of a
Installation of the system
oped the system and per-
repeater.
charge the battery which
household nightlight.
formed the field tests.
ANCIENT SKILLS, MODERN TECHNIQUES
NOV
9
1976
Growing Use Of Indians
PhoENix
Gazette
In Drug Patrol Pays Off
Last year alone, the Papagos seized
A growing problem of illegal drug
"The Papage speak an unwritten lan-
more than eight tons of smuggled mari-
smugglers along the U.S.-Mexican bor-
guage almost impossible for outsiders to
juana - almost 20 per cent of the
der near Sells will be met with the
learn," Acree said.
amount seized in the entire Nogales,
addition of five Papago Indian patrol
The first seven members of the Papa-
Ariz., district.
officers, the U.S. Customs Service said.
go Tribe were appointed as Customs
Most of the Indian officers have had
The recruits bring to 15 the number of
patrol officers in 1975. Later the number
experience in law enforcement and are
American Indians assigned by Customs
was increased to 10.
well matched to their jobs, said Acree.
to the smuggler-ridden 60 miles of
Since their appointment, the Papagos
"They are excellent horsemen famil-
border.
have made 63 drug busts involving
iar with every inch of this area, he
U.S. COMMISSIONER of Customs
37,256 pounds of marijuana. Forty-five
said. "They are able to combine ancient
arrests have been made and 18 vehicles
Indian skills with the most modern law
Vernon D. Acree noted that in the past
and 16 horses have been seized.
enforcement techniques and equipment
non-Indinn Customs officers had a prob-
"WE PUT MANY of the horses 10 work
available."
lem concealing their presence and ne-
with the Customs Service in the Sells
THE INDIAN officers speak English
gotiating the rough terrain, along with
area and around Lukeville," an officer
and Spanish as well as Papago. On
communicating with the Papages.
declared.
several occasions they've outsmarted
radio eavesdroppers by conversing in
their native tongue.
By SCOTT SANDLIN
Daily Times Staff
Relating to the Democratic sweep on the reservation
Navajo Tribal Chairman Peter MacDonald had one way
that influenced the county vote, Arthur said, "We have a
of putting it: "In 1974, after our first registration and
grassroots organization. We're organized and the
voting drive, the headlines read, "The Navajo sleeping
Republicans weren't. Navajo) people are beginning to
differentiate between the two parties - they see the
giant is awakening.' In 1976 they should read, The Navajo
Republicans as representing special interests."
sleeping giant is awake and active.'
Simply stated, the Navajos have become a political
force to be reckoned with as demonstrated in most of the
recent county races in which they were the deciding
GOP county chailman Ronn Jones disagrees. He said
factor.
Republican candidates attended several chapter meetings
Overall participation in the recent election was 79.83 per
where candidates were invited to speak, and several,
cent in 10 predominantly Navajo precincts (three in
notably State Corporation Commission candidate Jimmie
Shiprock, Naschitti, Sanostee, Two Grey Hills, Crystal,
Glenn, stumped extensively on the reservation.
Chaco, Kirtland-Pruitland and Bisti-Burnham).
"Harrison (Schmett who defeated Montoya for the U.S.
And, as is now known, most voted a straight
senate seat) made a complete tour of the reservation,"
Democratic ticket-much to the chagrin of county
Jones said, near primary time, speaking at schools.
Republican candidates, who were hardest hit by the vote.
Influencing the reservation vote was a statewide GOP
Get Out the Vote
concern, he said. The state organization considered and
The major thrust of pre-election publicity on the
worked on the matter for six months before the election.
reservation-at chapter meetings, in posters, on the radio
"Really," Jones smid, "we were defeated from the very
and in the newspapers-was to get out the vote.
start. It was pretty obvious where the (Navajo)
MacDonald and other well-known Navajo personalities
sentiments were. First the tribe announces $25,000 for
taped Navajo language radio spots pushing the get-out-
getting out the vote, and a week later comes out with an
the-vote campaign, and the tribe offered free meals at
endorsement for time Democrats." (The endorsements,
chapter houses (not polling places) and rides to polls.
which were not exclusively for Democrats, were made
Public access programs on radio stations featuring
about a week prior tin the election.)
Navajo news presented chapter presidents and other
GOP county commission candidates, according to
Indian officials urging individuals to register, and, later,
Jones, had worked. extensively with the Navajos. He
to vote.
points to candidates like Hank Pohlmann, who worked for
Jim Gober, owner-manager of Radio Station KWYK,
the tribe for several years. Pohlmann lost.
said the Navajo voter registration drive launched this
Grassmoots Organization
year "was the first time a major effort has been made-
While Jones may disagree on the degree of organization
at least, in relation to this station."
and campaigning on behalf of the GOP on the reservation,
Political Advertising
he said the "big prush" for registration came from the
Political advertising revenue for the station in the two
Democrats. "There was quite a drive," he said, "from
weeks before the election was 53.9 per cent Republican,
Montoya's group and from the labor unions."
primarily by candidates such as Marion Farnsworth of
Jones cited problems of getting election officials from
Kirtland, unsuccessful GOP state senate hopeful and Tom
party ranks to work at polls. "We lost some election
Taylor, whose father, Merrill Taylor, is a former state
officials from 1974," Jones said. "They said they were
representative and former reservation trader who speaks
harassed at the polls, and wouldn't work again."
Navajo. Young Taylor lost a GOP bid for county
Commenting on the overall Republican effort, Jones
commission. But by then, Gober said, "The horse was out
said, "Under the circumstances, I think we did the best
of the barn."
we could."
Shiprock Democratic Ward Chairman Harris Arthur
Campaign posters radio and television announcements,
says his group worked through the San Juan Democratic
newspaper articles and ads aside, Arthur notes that word
Committee, purchasing radio spots aimed primarily at
of mouth has a lot DD do with elections on the reservation.
advising Navajo citizens of their rights. Statements, for
"People look to community leaders- who's pushing so-
example, were made that persons who do not speak
and-so-at chapter meetings and elsewhere," he said.
English may have one person from each party assist them
"It's not a visible kind of thing."
in the booth and that persons must be allowed time off
from work to vote.
What the figuress, statements of mutual distrust and
"Democrats aimed at getting out the vote,", Arthur
hard campaigning mean is another story.
said, "more than pushing specific candidates. Several
Democratic Drive
candidates bought their own time Paul Onuska, Sen.
The northeasterm part of the reservation (San Juan
Joseph M. Montoya, (Junmy) Carter." Some individuals,
County) historically has been more independent and more
including Tribal Councilman Jonas Mustache, paid for
their own advertising on behalf of Carter and other
candidates.
Farmington Daily Times NOV 1 1 1976
NOV 1 4 1976
Farmington Daily Times
vocal in its opposition to Window Rock than any other
average $800-a-year income, stand to benefit from those
area of the Navajo Nation. There was opposition from this
programs.
corner to tribal leaders since the Navajo Tribal Council's
Amendment Five
inception in the 1920s.
One item that received little attention from any quarter
The present administration, despite its endorsement of
of the county was Amendment Five, which would have
primarily Democratic legislative and presidential can-
benefited not only Navajo voters, but also citizens in
didates, is Republican. Tribal Chairman MacDonald was
Blanco, Eloomfield, Aztec and other outlying parts of the
close to the Nixon White House.
county. Providing for a five-member county commission
elected by district, the two additional commissioners
With all not well in Window Rock, judging from recent
would have represented the eastern and western reaches
news stories, it is not too far-fetched to think that that
of the county.
may have had a bearing on the election.
Trust Relationship
The Navajo straight ticket vote is perhaps reflective of
Also worthy of consideration, particularly with the
an unsophisticated citizenry. Like newly-enfranchised
presidential race, is the special trust relationship that
voters from other ethnic groups, many Navajos are
exists between Indian tribes and the federal government.
unable to read and write.
Technically considered wards of the U.S. government,
With the right to vote comes the responsibility of
Navajos and other Indians are more directly affected by
knowing who and what you're voting for. And there are
the Washington powers-that-be than most angles. The
plenty of educated voters, we'll wager, who voted a
commissioner of Indian Affairs, setting policy for tribes
straight ticket or close to it.
throughout the U.S., is a case in point: it is an appointive
post.
With an uneducated citizenry, there is ample space for
political chicanery, and there are rumblings from
Then, too, Democrats have traditionally supported
members of both parties of unethical doings in the recent
social welfare programs which Republicans, and
election.
traditionally conservative San Juan County, have
opposed. The programs, of course, include such
But the Navajo turnout in sheer numbers indicates an
controversial measures as food stamps, but also include
eagerness to become part of the electoral process, and
work training programs through the U.S. Labor Dept.,
that is not a bad starting place.
geared toward generating employment. Navajos, with an
The Sloux City Journal, Wednesday, November 3 1976-
Veteran Land
Surveyor
at Trial Here
The trial of an ownership dispute over
Monona County land continued Tuesday in
U.S. District Court in Sioux City with
testimony of a veteran land surveyor.
Elmer M. Clark of Denver spent most of
the day testifying about various maps and
surveys of the Blackbird Bend area, claimed
by both the Omaha Indian Tribe of Nebraska
and several Monona County farmers.
In dispute in the trial is about 3,000 acres
of the Blackbird Bend area which more than
100 years ago was on the Nebraska side of the
Missouri River and part of the Omaha Reser-
vation. The river changed course in the early
part of the century. leaving Blackbird Bend
on the Iowa side of the river.
Clark discussed features' of the various
surveys and maps made of the area in the
1850s and 1860s, at about the time the Omaha
Tribe claims the land was deeded to them.
Also testifying Tuesday was Charles Cork
of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in
Washington. He concluded testimony begun
during the trial's first day Monday
NOV
1
Albuquerque Journal
7
1078
charter services by tribal executives,
including MacDonald.
Chairman
carried to the executive at Window
Rock, according to 190 persons famil-
TG&E Vice President Thomas Via
iar with the transactions.
Jr. said the flights were made to help
overcome opposition by Navajos to a
The checks were naid by Tucson
345,000 volt transmission line across
Of Navajos
Gas & Electric Co. to Atsidi Avaiation,
Navajo lands in northwest New Mexi-
Inc., the sources said.
CO.
The two checks, written in August
Via said MacDonald agreed to make
and November 1973, were for special
the trips if the company paid for them.
Subpenaed
By HOWARD GRAVES
Associated Press Writer
Navajo Tribal Chairman Peter
MacDenald has been subpsened to
appear before a federal grand jury in
Phoenix, it was learned Tuesday.
The grand jury for the past several
months has been investigating alleged
financial irregularities on the scrawl-
ing Navajo reservtion, America's larg-
est.
MILWAUKEE JOURNAL
MILWAUKEE WISC.
The U.S. attorney's office in Phoenix
D.
declined comment on the subpoena.
Reservation sources close to the
NOV 5
1976
investigation said the subpoena was
served last week on MacDonald by
federal investigators.
Judge Bars Condemnation
In Window Rock, Ariz., the Navajo
capital, a secretary in MacDonald's
office said he was enroute home from
of Indian Land for Airport
Washington, D.C.
A Special Justice Dept. task force
Federal Judge Robert War-
sion of Aeronautics began
In March of 1975, the state
was assigned to the U.S. attorney's off-
ren has ruled that Brown
negotiating with the heirs to
decided that the offer should
ice last January to delve into alleged
County and the State Depart-
buy the land. At about the
have been made to the BIA,,
mishandling of federal funds on the
ment of Transportation can-
same time, the Oneida tribe
the US attorney, the US De-
reservation, which extends into por-
not condemn 30 acres of Indi-
began working on a plan to
partment of the Interior and
tions of Airzona, New Mexico and
an land next to Austin Strau-
buy the land to reincorporate
other federal officials. In an
Utah.
bei Airport in Green Bay. The
it into the reservation.
effort to get the condemna-
land had been sought for air-
The BIA cooperated with
tion procedure underway, the
The Associated Press learned in late
port expansion.
the tribe's plan, and between
legal papers making the juris-
The State Division of Aero-
1973 and 1975, the heirs
dictional offer were sent to
October that a top Navajo tribal offi-
cial had received an estimated $6,600
nautics had tried to take over
turned their property over to
these officials.
the land, which is held in
in cash through a Gallup charter air
the federal government to
hold in trust for the tribe.
On April 18, 1975, the state
service.
trust by the federal govern-
ment for the heirs of an Onei-
took the next step and told
The state was unaware
da Indian, but Warren ruled
that most of this was happen-
each of these federal agencies
The money, after being converted
that the condemnation pro-
ing and decided to obtain the
how much it was prepared to
from bank checks to cash, was hand
ceedings were illegal.
land by condemnation. Under
pay to condemn the land.
According to documents in
state law, there are two steps
When the federal govern-
federal court, the land was
required to condemn land.
ment received this notifica-
included when the Oneida
The first is to make legal
tion, it filed a federal lawsuit
Indian Reservation was
jurisdictional offer to buy the
challenging the right of the
formed in 1838.
property. The second is to tell
state to take over the proper-
In 1887, it was allocated to
the owners how much the
ty.
an Indian named Levi Doxta-
state will pay. The owners
tor. The title was held in
can go to court to seek a
Warren's ruling agreed
trust for Doxtator by the
higher amount if they think
with the Tederal government
Bureau of Indian Affairs
the state's figure is too low.
that state agencies have no
(BIA) and has remained in
The state sent its first ju-
power to condemn Indian
trust for his 48 heirs.
risdictional offer to the BIA
lands held in trust by the
In May of 1973, the Divi-
and to each heir in 1973.
BIA.
OKLAHOMA CITY TIMES
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLA
NOV 9 1976
Indians accuse city
of discrimination
Oklahoma City officials today
called for the group to provide lists
were accused of discrimination
of names for appointment to city
against American Indians in hiring
boards and commissions.
practices and appointments to citi-
Gardiner responded angrily:
zen boards and commissions.
"You get your own list. You do
The charges came from four Indi-
your own aggressive recruitment
an representatives who appeared be-
do your own initiating of an af-
fore the city council and pleaded for
firmative action program for Indian
more Indian employment and health
people. It's your fault, not ours."
and welfare services for urban Indi-
Gardiner referred to the existing
ans.
situation for urban residents as
Mrs. Robert Giago, whose husband
"genocide economical stranglehold."
directs an Indian training and em-
He said Indians will not partici-
ployment program, said urban Indi-
pate in any social program unless
ans are denied any assistance from
there are identifiable Indians in-
the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs.
volved.
"I'm not talking about blue-eyed
She said 90 per cent of the pre-
blonds," he declared.
school children of urban Indians are
Mayor Latting and several council
anemic and Indians are denied med-
members indicated they are inter-
ical services from the Oklahoma
ested in working to improve the lot
Health Sciences Center.
of Indians, and asked for copies of a
"We have such cases as a man
"blue book study" which was com-
MILWAUKEE SENTINEL
who hitchhiked to Lawton with a
piled earlier this year to depict the
MILWAUKEE, WISC.
broken arm and of Indian women
situation of city-dwelling Indians.
who have babies in their apartments
D. 157,705
without help," Mrs. Giago told the
council.
City Manager Jim Cook specifical-
NOV
8 1976
ly denied, point by point, some
charges leveled by Robert Gardiner,
Grant to Improve
who directs an Indian employment
program. Gardiner had charged that
nothing came of his complaints to
School for Tribe
Cook and Mayor Patience Latting
several months ago.
Special to The Sentinel
Indian Community School,
Cook said he resented the allega-
Stone Lake, Wis. - The
Milwaukee, Educational
tions very deeply, and pointed out as
Lac Court Oreilles band of
Model, $150,000; 'Oneida
a result of meetings with Gardiner
Chippewas here will receive
Tribe of Wisconsin, Oneida,
two Indians had been employed in
a $475,000 federal, grant to
Oneida Bilingual Program,
the human resources department at
enable the Indian school to
$128,000; Oneida Tribe of
the same time 20 other staff mem-
offer native language, crafts
Wisconsin, Oneida, Early
bers were laid off.
and folklore courses, along
Childhood Program, $57,490;
Cook said more than 400 Oklahoma
with a more standard school
Red Cliff Tribal Council, Bay-
City Indians have been "cycled
curriculum, officials said
field, Tutoring Program,
through" the human resources train-
Sunday.
$65,870;
ing and employment programs.
That is the largest of eight
Goree James, Ward 7 councilman,
federal grants totaling $1.1
Superior Indian Organiza-
said Indians living in Oklahoma City
million to Indian schools,
tion, Superior, Early Child-
must do some things to help them-
tribes and organizations in
hood Program, $83,265; Wis-
selves. He invited participation in a
Wisconsin for special educa-
consin Tribal Women, Inc.,
meeting Wednesday with representa-
tional projects and programs,
Wabeno, Career Develop-
officials said.
ment for Tribal Girls,
tives of the Health Center, and
$90,000; University of Wis-
Other grant recipients and
consin - Stout, Menomonie,
the amounts are:
Teacher Training, $125,000.
MILWAUKEE JOURNAL
MILWAUKEE WISC.
D.
MILWAUKEE JOURNAL
MILWAUKEE, WISC.
NOV
9
1976
D. 338,103 SUN. $24,947
Indians to Control
NOV 9
1976
Head Start School
Ex-Oneida-Chief,
Special to The Journal
said local Indian children
Mole Lake, Wis. - The
were excluded even though
Head Start School here was
the school is on Mole Lake
Wheelock, Dies
reopened Tuesday morning,
Reservation land.
and Indian parents who
"Indians want self-deter-
Services for Morris Whee-
Wheelock was a native of
closed down the school last
mination and that means
lock, 76, a former chief of the
Morris, Minn., and attended
week will take control of the
administering our own pro-
Oneida Tribe of American
Indian schools at Carlisle, Pa.,
program in January.
grams and educating our own
Indians and a lialson officer
Wahpeton, N.D., and Tomah.
That was the agreement
children," said Albert Mc-
for the Disabled American
He served with the US
reached here Monday night
Geshick, a spokesman for the
Veterans (DAV) at the Veter-
Army 5th Division in World
between the Sokaogon Chip-
parents.
ans Administration Center
The Indian parents will
War I and was wounded be-
pewa Tribal Council, parents,
here will be held at 10 a.m.
and officials of the Communi-
form a subcommittee of the
hind the German lines at
ty Action Program in Oconto
tribal council and apply to
Thursday at the United Meth-
Verdun, France.
odist Church in Oneida.
At the end of the war he
who now administer the pro-
the federal government for
Wheelock died of conges-
attended the Conservatory
gram. The Indian parents
funds to run the school. The
tive heart failure Saturday at
School of Music in Green Bay
blocked access to the school
current Head Start program
and played clarinet with the
last Wednesday because they
will continue to be adminis-
Green Bay City Band from
tered by CAP in Oconto until
its funds expire Dec. 20. It
1920 to 1924.
will then be moved to anoth-
Letters From Adenauer
er location in the area, CAP
Wheelock later played
officials said. "We prefer to
with the Green Bay Sympho-
have you people control the
'ny Band and Uncle Louie's
school. That's the only way
Band, which broadcast daily
you'll have an Indian Head
over WTAG radio station in
Start program," said LeMoine
Green Bay. In 1956 when
MacLaughlin, executive di-
Konrad Adenauer, then chan-
rector of CAP.
cellor of West Germany,
MacLaughlin pointed out
came to Marquette Universi-
that more children in the area
ty to receive an honorary
would be served by the Head
Morris Wheelock
degree, Wheelock greeted the
Start program with the addi-
chancellor and conferred on
tional school.
Mount Sinal Medical Center.
him the title of "Wise Leader
He lived at 1831 N. Cam-
of Many" on behalf of the
Criticism Planned
bridge Ave.
Consolidated Tribes of Amer-
The 10 chairmen of the
He was chief of the Onelda
ican Indians.
Great Lakes Intertribal Con-
Tribe when the tribe was
They corresponded for
ference have scheduled a
reorganized under the Wheel-
many years before Aden-
news conference for 11 a.m.
er-Howard Act in the mid-
auer's death.
Thursday at the Mole Lake
1930s. A federal charter was
His wife, Eleanor, died in
Community Building to criti-
granted to the tribe. He
1971, six months before their
cize federal policies toward
served as president for seven
golden anniversary.
Indians.
years.
He is survived by a son,
Charles McGeshick, presi-
He later served on the na-
William, and a daughter, Mrs.
dent of the council and tribal
tional council of the Consoli-
Ray (Colleen) Flynn, both of
chairman at Mole Lake, said
dated Tribes of the American
Milwaukee.
the Indians would complain
Indians and as president for
The body is at the Schmidt
most about the Bureau of In-
Its Midwest region.
& Bartelt Funeral Home, 5050
dian Affairs.
In 1958 the Wisconsin
W. Vliet St., and will be at
The tribal chiefs are un-
DAV appointed Wheelock as
the Ryan Funeral Home in De
happy that the new area su-
a liaison officer. He served 18
Pere after 4 p.m. Wednesday,
perintendent selected for the
years with the department's
Burial will be in Onelda
Great Lakes area was not
Rehabilitation and Hospital
Methodist Cemetery, Onelda.
approved by them.
Committee here.
The Julva Tribure
TULSA. OKLA.
Dallas Times Herald
D. 79,425
U. 221,745 SUN. 303,833
NOV 10 1976
NOV 1 0 1976
Settlement argued
Tribal center
gets $28,000
Delaware Indians' dispute
as health aid
heard by Supreme Court
The Dallas Inter-Tribal Center
Tribune Washington Bureau
homa agreed with the Kansas-Dela-
has received a $28,000 grant from
WASHINGTON - Arguments in a
wares, and the case was appealed to
the Texas Department of Commu-
dispute over the distribution of a $13
the U.S. Supreme Court.
nity Affairs for a new project
million settlement to the Delaware In-
The Cherokee-Delawares were repre-
called Parents for Healthy Chil-
dians were heard by the U.S. Supreme
sented by attorneys Raymond Ran-
dren.
Court today.
dolph of the U.S. Justice Department,
The grant, according to assistant
The dispute involves money awarded
which is party to the suit, and George
administrator Flo Kellett, will in-
to the Delawares for land acquired by
Christensen. The Kansas-Delawares
crease the size of the center's
treaty from the tribe in the 1800s and
were represented by Delmer Stagner.
centers around whether those Dela-
It is not known when the court will
health staff by three, including a
wares known as the Kansas-Delawares
issue a decision.
registered nurse.
should share in the settlement.
Parents for Healthy Children,
The main body of the Delawares,
aimed at parents of children up to
known as the Cherokee-Delawares, lo-
three years old, is "designed for
cated mostly in Oklahoma, claims the
the urban Indian population of
Kansas-Delawares renounced their
the Dallas-Fort Worth area to ex-
membership in the tribe in 1866 and
plore how parents of children can
therefore should not receive what has
better acquire attitudes, knowl-
been estimated at about 5 per cent of
edge and skills to promote health
the settlement.
and prevent injury and illness
The Kansas-Delawares, on the other
among young children," Mrs. Kel-
hand, contend that at the time of the
lett said.
settlement there was no such thing as
Oregon
(6)
Journal
an official Delaware tribe and that de-
The funds also will allow the
scendants of all those who were
PORTI ORE.
addition of two outreach workers
members of the tribe at the time the
D.
106.00
98,972
to work with the estimated 20,000
land was ceded to the United States
American indians in the Metro-
should share in the settlement.
plex area, she said.
The Western District Court of Okla-
NOV 5
The Dallas Inter-Tribal Center,
1976
located at 336 1/2 W. Jefferson,
was established five years ago and
includes manpower, alcoholism,
Indian Portlander
arts and crafts and health pro-
grams.
Wins Lenin Prize
W6297F
Dr. Herbert B. Fowler,
According to the Sovi-
Fowler will make a
grandson of America's
et government announce-
second Indian physician
ment, Fowler is being re-
speaking tour of scientif-
ic societies in Russia in
and director of the
cognized for his accom-
plishments in Michigan
May and will be present-
Whitecloud Center at the
University of Oregon
with unique and effective
ed May 15 to the Su-
Health Sciences Center,
methods of administering
has won the Lenin Prize
a large state hospital; for
preme Soviet Presidium
laureate in science.
his extensive work in
in Moscow, where he
Fowler is first Ameri-
genetic psychiatry; defin-
will be awarded the
can Indian to receive the
itive writings about psy-
prize, which consists of
prize. The last American
chotherapy in the
an engraved breast shield
to receive a Lenin Prize
U.S.S.R. and current
and money. The sum var-
was Dr. Linus Pauling,
work at the Whitecloud
ies, but It usually is
who received an award
Center.
$50,000.
for peace in 1971.
One-quarter Sioux,
Fowler is one of only
eight native American
CONT'd
psychiatrists.
He was reared in South
Dakota's Pine Ridge area
and has been a psychiat-
ric consultant to the Utah
and Wyoming State Hos-
pitals, the Peace Corps
and several Veterans' Ad-
ministration hospitals. He
was director of mental
health education for the
$1.8 million
University of Utah's Col-
lege of Medicine from
for Indian
1962 to 1970 with re-
sponsibilities for pro-
Ilje Julus Trimme
education, set
grams in six Western
TULSA, OKLA.
states.
D. 79,425
The state of Oklahoma has received
In Portland, Fowler
23 grants totaling $1.8 million from the
heads the only center for
federal government for Indian Educa-
American Indian and
tion programs, it was announced today.
Alaskan native mental
NOV 1 1 1976
The grants, which provide funds to
HERBERT FOWLER
health research and pro-
Indian tribes, institutions and organiza-
wins prize
tions, are among 219 which were
gram development in the
awarded by the Department of Health,
United States. It is fund-
Education and Welfare under the In-
ed by the National Tribal
dian Education Act of 1972.
Chairmen's Association
Another 1,000 grants totaling $31.8
with money from the Na-
million were given to public elementa-
tional Institute of Mental
ry and secondary schools earlier this
Health.
year.
Among the awards granted in Okla-
homa, was one for $72,957 for the Tulsa
Urban Indian Center, one for $51,636
for the Tulsa Indian Youth Center, Inc.,
and a $319,000 grant to the Tulsa Indian
The Culsa Tribure
Youth Council, Inc. for a drop-out pre-
vention and tutoring center.
TULSA, OKLA.
D. 79,425
NOV 8
1976
Happy hunting ground
Because Cheyenne-Arapaho chiefs
more unhappiness among bird hunt-
keeping the deer from eating the
who signed an 1889 treaty with the
ers.
crops.
U.S. government allegedly didn't
What would be needed, of course,
know what they were doing a
Naturally, in the good old days
is a definition of the beneficiaries.
lawyer-member of something called
Would only Cheyenne-Arapahos
those plains Indian men who weren't
the Native American Rights Fund
have hunting rights, or all Indians
making war found hunting a full-
is suing in federal court in Okla-
even Iroquois and Hopis?
time occupation and it is only just
homa City to kick white and black
Secondly, would a one-thirty-sec-
that these jobs be restored. Since,
hunters and fishermen out of nine
ond Indian have the same angling
under present federal guidelines, all
western Oklahoma counties.
and hunting privileges as a full-
old-time hunter-Indians were below
The attorney, Yvonne Knight of
blood? This might require grad-
the poverty level some federal sub-
Denver, claims that the signers, who
uated bag limits-100 doves a day
sidy, in addition to exclusive hunt-
unfortunately can't testify, thought
for a full-blood but only one dove
ing and fishing rights, would have
87 years ago that somehow they
a week for the guy whose great-
to be established to insure that
were retaining full hunting and
aunt Minnie thought that somehow
current gains are not lost.
fishing rights in what are new the
the family was related to Posahen-
There remains the problem of the
counties of Canadian, Kingfisher,
tas.
fences. When the treaty was mis-
Garfield, Blaine, Dewey, Custer,
If it is decided that no white or
takenly signed there weren't any
Roger Mills, Washita and Caddo.
black man may discharge hunting
fences in the nine counties, but now
If the court upholds the claim
guns in this large area the over-
the free movement of large animals
this would cause much unrest among
population of animals might become
is impeded everywhere and a man
white and black fishermen since the
a serious problem unless a number
with a spear on an Indian pony can
area includes nice lakes like the
of qualified Indians quit their jobs
hardly get up to speed anywhere.
Fort Cobb and Foss Reservoirs and
and contributed to the public weal
How about a government issue of
Canton Lake. It would cause even
by shooting coyotes and wolves and
wire-cutters?
MILWAUKEE JOURNAL
Tribes Not Satisfied
11-17-76
With US Allocation
Special to The Journal
budget. The Minneapolis of-
here last week to explain the
Mole Lake, Wis. - Wis-
fice deals with Wisconsin,
1977 allocations. Arbuckle
consin Indians face double
Michigan, Iowa and Minneso-
told the Indians that their
jeopardy with regard to
ta tribes.
funding was on a par with
funds from the Bureau of In-
The allocation for the Wis-
other Indian populations in
dian Affairs.
consin tribes for the 1977 fis-
the country.
That's the opinion of repre-
cal year is $1.9 million. The
Council representatives
sentatives of the Great Lakes
allocation for this fiscal year
pointed out that six Chippe-
Intertribal Council who were
was $2.7 million, but that
wa tribes in Minnesota re-
notified last week of their
amount covered Wisconsin's
ceived almost $1 million
1977 BIA allocations. The
Menominee tribe and Michi-
more in BIA funds per year
council is composed of 10
gan Indians, who are not in-
than 10 Wisconsin tribes.
Wisconsin tribal chairmen
cluded in the 1977 allocation.
They said the population of
and serves as an advocate for
The funds cover education,
the two groups was the same.
the Wisconsin Indian popula-
social services, road mainte-
"BIA funding forces Indi-
tion.
nance, housing, law enforce-
ans to fight one another
Wisconsin tribes depend on
when we want to concen-
ment, forestry and other pro-
the 'BIA's area office in Min-
trate on working together
grams.
neapolis for funds. Council
toward self-determination,"
representatives said the area
Allocations Explained
said Pete Christensen, council
Indians
office was underfinanced and
Jerome Arbuckle, program
director.
that Wisconsin Indians re-
officer at the BIA's Great
Charles McGeshick of Mole
From Page I
ceived less than their fair
Lakes Agency in Ashland,
Lake, chairman of the tribal
share of this inadequate
met with the tribal chairmen
council, said that BIA alloca-
268 Indians living on his Mole
tions were based on the num-
Lake reservation but that the
ber of Indians living on the
band received BIA funds
reservation while programs
based on 155 persons.
were expected to serve Indi-
"We've been bumping our
ans who lived far from tribal
heads against this stone wall
lands.
for years," Christensen said.
Figures Questioned
Representatives agreed
Council representatives
that more authority was
questioned the accuracy of
needed on the local and state
the population figures upon
levels, and some suggested
which their funds were allo-
that the area office in Minne-
cated. They said that 1970
apolis be abolished. They
census figures were used
stressed that their criticisms
while many Indians had
were aimed at the area office
moved back to the reserva-
and not at the Great Lakes
tions from cities since then.
Agency in Ashland.
McGeshick said there were
The Intertribal Council last
Turn to Indians, page 4, col. 2
week blocked the BIA's ap-
pointment of Raymond May-
otte as superintendent of the
Great Lakes Agency. Its rep-
resentatives will meet with
BIA representatives Thurs-
day at the Red Cliff reserva-
tion regarding the selection
of a new superintendent.
Indians Vote to Close School
an agreement cannot be
worked out with educators,
the Indians will open their
MILWAUKEE SENTINEL
Special to The Sentinel
If the program directors
the entrance to the school
own Head Start school. He
MILWAUKEE, WISC.
Mole Lake, Wis. - Chip-
refuse these conditions, the
and began demonstrating.
said a member of the tribe is
D. 137,765
ewa Indians have decided to
Chippewas will seek federal
getting her degree in educa-
close the Head Start school
grants to operate their own
The demonstrations led to
tion and has offered to be-
on their reservation until
school, Charles P. Mc-
the meeting, at which the
come the school's teacher in
NOV 5
1976
more Indian children are
acid Geshick, tribal chairman,
Tribal Council supported the
January.
admitted.
The school is administered
mothers.
McGeshick said it was
Meeting late Wednesday
by the Northeast Community
Administrators of the
brought out at the meeting
after Indian mothers had bar-
Action office in Oconto, but it
that the teacher, teacher's
ricaded the school, the Tribal
is located on the small Mole
school from Oconto were at
aide, cook, and bus driver for
Council agreed that at least
Lake Reservation.
the meeting, but McGeshick
the school are all white.
half the school's enrollment
said their offer to resolve the
The school was closed at
should be Indians.
dispute was unacceptable and
Of the school's 15 children,
predawn Wednesday when a
rejected by the tribe.
he said, only six are Indian.
The council also voted to
group of Chippewa women
ask administrators of the
who have been unable to
According to McGeshick, if
Only three of the Indian pu-
pils are Mole Lake Chippe-
school to hire Indians for its
enroll their children blocked
was. The other three are
staff.
Stone Lake Potawatomi.
McGeshick said another
meeting will be held here at 7
p.m. Monday in a continued
effort to resolve the dispute.
Due process was ignored
ment in the 1940s with the un-
derstanding that a new hospital
would be built primarily for the
care of Western Washington
and Alaskan Indians afflicted
with tuberculosis.
A hospital complex was built,
but had outlived its usefulness
- as the government saw it -
by 1959, thanks to the decline of
TB and the development of oth-
er medical facilities in Alaska.
The legal questions surround
the validity of the federal action
in 1961 deeding the property to
the state for use as a juvenile
center. Indian contentions that
the transfer violated an earlier
covenant now may be argued
further in court.
And a promise by state and
federal officials to work more
diligently toward a long-term
goal of returning the property
to the tribe was one of the con-
ditions that ended the hospital
occupation during the past
Plainly, the Indians should
But due process is a two-way
weekend.
not have taken matters into
their own hands, even though
they have fashioned a "victory"
street, in which responsible
government officials have a
duty to help resolve grievances
promptly. The lapse in that
duty in this instance led to a de-
plorable situation in which the
final result might have been
violence and serious property
of sorts.
damage.
M
The Seattle Daily Times
1976
P UYALLUP Indians and
tribal supporters who seized
2
a state-operated juvenile center
in Tacoma at gunpoint deserved
the tongue-lashing they got
from a federal judge during the
eight-day occupation.
There was, said District
Judge Morell Sharp, "no ex-
cuse" for an action that posed
a potential for violence and for
harm to 140 children at the Cas-
cadia Reception and Diagnostic
Center, many of whom are emo-
tionally disturbed.
"You don't take your neigh-
bor's house (at gunpoint) and
then tell him to sue you for
damages," Judge Sharp said in
issuing a court order against
the occupation.
But if the Indians involved in
the episode merited a scolding,
there was little to commend in
the dilatory posture of federal
and state officials, which had
contributed to the trouble in the
first place.
Indian representatives said
they had lost patience after five
years of trying to get "their"
property back through legisla-
tive and administrative chan-
Indeed, said Judge Sharp,
there may well be serious ques-
tions about the succession of
deals through which the Puyal-
lups lost the property, at one
time known as the Cushman In-
NOV
nels.
dian Hospital.
The tribe had deeded the
property to the federal govern-
THE NEW YORK TIMES, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1976
Huge Zinc Find Troubles Crandon, Wis.
By PAUL DELANEY
Ignorant of Company's Plans
Denver," commented Rolland W.
Special to The New York Times
The townspeople are concerned
Yocum, a real estate man.
CRANDON, Wis.-The approach of
they lo not know the extent of Exxon's
There is also a feeling of pessimism
winter in this section of clean water
plans, such as how much mineral 4a
among the locals.
and clear air has brought a dull, mo-
in the land, whether there will be open-
Mr. Staska said: "Exxon will get what
notonous grayness to the countryside,
pit mining as well as deep shaft and
it wants. Who are we to fight such
save for the green of the spruce, fir,
whether smelter will be built. Compa-
a big company? We only hope we can
red pine and aspen nestled among the
ny officials, at meetings with state and
get help from the state and Federal
tall, leafless birch trees,
local authorities and in public meetings
governments to make certain Exxon
The
Talk
whose white bark form a
with citizens, say they do not know
doesn't rape the land, destroy our way
background for the ever-
now how big the find is and what their
of life and leave."
of
greens. The scene is com-
plans are.
In essence, Crandon does not want
Crandon, Wis, plimented by an overcast
The impact in these last few months
to become a company town, a mining
sky as the north woods
has startled the residents. Besides ar-
town. Residents point to other mining
area awaits the icy blasts from Capada
guing among themselves, they are
towns and former mining towns in
that will soon paint the landscape a
worried that the changes will mean
northern Wisconsin and Minnesota as
snowy white.
higher taxes to pay for services the
examples of what could happen. One
But there is something more in the
"outsiders" attracted here by the work
noted that Hibbing, Minn., was the
air this year than the perennial change
might need, such as schooling, fire and
scene of a big taconite operation that
of season. A huge mineral find, perhaps
police protection and social services.
left a huge open scar in the earth after
the largest deposit of zinc on the North
A state official sad the company would
the town was relocated a short dis-
American continent, has invaded the
need about 1,600 workers for the min=
tance from atop a deposit. Now the
peace and quiet the 1,582 residents of
ing process, which would generate
company is gone.
Crandon value as a way of life. It has
another 6,000 jobs in allied industries
with a potential population of up to
Explain Company's Position
left them confused and divided over
what the ultimate impact of the poten-
30,000.
Exxon officials have attempted to as-
tial $6 billion-plus discovery means to
"People are already drifting into
sure citizens that this will not happen
a small, relatively unsophisticated com-
town looking for work, a lot of lower
here. John L. Loftus Jr., a senior vice
munity.
class people. And there's no work yet,"
president, and Richard Rohn, an explo-
"The attitude is one of cautious op-
ration manager based in Denver, have
timism," Scott Hendrickson, the Forest
said D. McMillion, who owns the Cran-
been to meetings to explain the compa-
County extension agent said.
don Hotel on North Lake Avenue, the
ny's position. Mr. Rohn is the official
Wondering What to Expect
town's main business street.
spokesman for Exxon. He attended
Moreover, there is a suspicion of
The town, which does not have a
meetings here last Wednesday and in
traffic light or crime problems, is torn
Exxon by many residents. Some believe
Milwaukee the next day.
over what to expect from the find by
the company is withholding informa-
The controversy has led to the for-
tion because of fear of competitors. In
the Exxon Company USA, the invest-
mation of new organizations. including
the minds of some people Exxon offi-
the Little Sand Lake Association and
ment arm of one of the nation's major
oil corporations.
cials are city slickers trying to take
the Upper Wolf River Water Shed
"We haven't had to many changes
advantage of country folk.
Group.
Further, some people feel over-
here in the past 40 years, and now
"We are not against the mining
we don't know what to expect from
whelmed by the prospect of a mul-
operation, but we don't want to see
tinational corporation determining their
the next five years," remarked Jane
10,000 people on welfare and high
future.
Staska, who with her husband, Leon-
unemployment when the mine closes,"
"All of a sudden, everything we do
ard, runs the Glen Park Motel, a group
commented Mr. Yocum, a former
is shaped by outside forces. Our future
of vacation cottages on Lake Metonga.
schoolteacher. "We want to see this
Mr. Hendrickson said:
is now in the hands of somebody in
thing done right. We want to see it
"The people here are a proud, inde-
regulated. It could be so good if done
right or so rotten if not."
pendent and self-reliant sort of breed.
They are farmers, loggers and laborers.
Mr. Yocum said the small cottages
They work long days and their money
MICHIGAN
on the many lakes in the area are
comes hard.
owned by small-town shopkeepers as
"They could go downstate and have
well. as blue-collar workers from Mil-
it easier and make more money. But
Crandon
waukee and middle-class suburbanites
from Chicago.
they like it here. They have strong
family ties and enjoy the outdoors and
WISCONSIN
Zinc on Lumber Company Land
the woods. They like the idea of more
money coming in because this is a poor
Green Bay
Much of the zinc find was on land
area, but they ask at what price."
owned by the Conners Lumber Compa-
Exxon, which announced the discov-
ny. Exxon had little trouble obtaining
ery last May, has quietly accumulated
MINN.
leases from Conners and from residents
much of the land it believes contains
in the area. However. the corporation
not only the deposits of zinc but also
Madison
hit a snag in negotiations with the
copper, lead and some silver and gold,
Sokaogon Chippewa Indian Tribe in the
Milwaukee
Mole Lake area.
about 5,000 acres so far, and is still
negotiating. The company has begun
"They offered us $20,000 for leasing
IOWA
and exploration of our land," said
exploration drilling and has a round-
the-clock operation six miles south of
ILLINOIS
Charles P. McGeshick, the 30-year-old
Crandon, just beyond Lake Metonga.
0 Miles 100
CONT'd
The Last Americans
headquarters into consulting also an-
By Tom Wicker
other Navajo leader, Peter McDonald.
The two are tribal rivals, Mr. Arthur
heading a public action group against
Legend has it that on the first
strip-mining, Mr. McDonald having
Thanksgiving, when the Pilgrims cele-
once favored an El Paso Natural Gas
brated the good harvest of 1621, their
Company proposal to strip-mine Nav-
neighborhood Indians witnessed the
ajo coal lands.
proceedings and even shared the vic-
tuals. If they didn't, they should have,
Many younger Indian leaders, those
since they had taught the settlers how
associated with the American Indian
to plant corn. Thanksgiving Day,
Movement in particular, fear they may
1976, therefore is a reasonable occa-
be regarded as "too militant" by the
sion for reminding the well-fed
incoming Administration. In the past,
majority that the first Americans
these leaders believe, they have been
have become the last Americans.
targets of harassment by the F.B.I.,
state agencies and U.S. Army Intel-
A 1973 report of the Bureau of the
ligence.
Census showed that the Indian popu-
lation of about 800,000 formed the
That might make it harder for Mr.
poorest of all American minority
Carter to consult them now on his
groups. About 40 percent of the In-
Indian policy, but if he does seek out
dians were then below the poverty
such men as Dennis Banks, Vern Bela-
level compared to an overall propor-
court and Hank Armstrong, all associ-
tion of 13.7 percent of Americans in
ated with A.I.M., he will find them
poverty; and times having got worse
ready. Among their proposals:
since 1973, no doubt the number of
9Abolish the Bureau of Indian Af-
Indians in poverty has too.
fairs, now in the Interior Department,
Indians, therefore, offer a good
and replace it with an independent
starting point for the activist Admin-
Indian agency-as Indian leaders hope,
istration President-elect Jimmy Carter
has seemed to be promising, and even
IN THE NATION
militant Indian leaders, long wary of
white man's government, seem opti-
mistic. about the new Administration.
at the Cabinet level. They see the
Mr. Carter, for example, is not only
B.I.A. as corrupt, out of Indian con-
promising to reduce unemployment,
trol, knotted in conflicts of interest,
which has hit Indians hard, but is
and less concerned for Indians than
talking of "targeting" his programs
for the corporate giants that want to
where they're most needed. The reser-
exploit Indian lands and resources.
vation is one such place.
qWhatever the form of the new
He has promised Government re-
agency, A.I.M. leaders say it should
organization, and militant Indians
consolidate budget and policy func-
THE NEW YORK TIMES, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1976
would be happy to see him reorganize
tions now scattered through the In-
the Bureau of Indian Affairs right out
terfor, Labor, Commerce and H.E.W.
of, existence. He also pledges zero-
Departments, causing inefficency, du-
based budgeting, as a means of annual
plication, lack of responsibility and
program re-evaluation, and some In-
dispersal of available funds.
dian leaders believe that would dis-
qZero-based budgeting, as well as
close outrageous administrative
retroactive audits of Indian funds for
"costs" in Indian programs. Finally,
the last five years, should be under-
Vice President-elect Walter Mondale
taken to eliminate swollen administre-
is favorably regarded among Indians
tive costs and inequitable programs.
for his previous support of some of
their causes.
JOne of Mr. Carter's promised un-
employment programs should be
On the other hand, the Carter new-
"targeted" on jobless Indians. Their
comers to Washington might all too
unemployment rate ranges from 20 to
easily be captured by the established
75 percent on the various reservations,
Indian affairs bureaucracy, and by an
according to Hank Adams; for urban
older Indian leadership that has-in
Indians the figure is above 40 percent.
the words of Susanne Harjo of the
Sixty percent of Navajos, for one grim
National Congress of American In-
example, are said to be unemployed-
dians-"stifled Indian progress for the
while the U. S. Civil Rights Commis-
last decade."
sion reports that only 20 percent of
Just last week, for example, Joseph
those working on the development of
Browder, a conservationist quit the
Navajo mineral resources are Navajos.
Carter transition team, charging politi-
Indian leaders have numerous other
cal interference with his efforts. For
ideas, ranging from the control and
one thing, Mr. Browder said that when
development of Indian resources to
he put forward Harris Arthur, a young
the honoring of 371 treaties now in
Navajo, as an "objective" Indian
existence. But their first problem is
spokesman, "lobbyists" talked Carter
the Indians' oldest-to be heard.
chairman of the tribal council. "We
told them we wanted $20,000 the first
year, $30,000 the second, $4 million
advance royalties in the third year and
$2 million a year after that."
The Deover Post
"They want to lease our entire land,
DENVER, COLO.
including our burial ground that dates
back to the early 1600's. We told them
D. 241,803 SUN. 325,24!
they could, but 12 feet below the sur-
face. We've sat down with them three
times and I've talked to them on the
NOV
7
1976
telephone several times, but we're no-
where near an agreement."
Mr. McGeshick said he was concerned
about what would happen to the clean
Havasupais' Hideaway Loses
waters of Rice Lake and other streams
of pure, clear drinkable water that is
important in the production of the
By NEIL MORGAN
tribe's major crop, rice.
Remoteness
Copley News Service
Mr. Yocum said the townspeople had
already been besieged by speculators,
remote southwest corner of
and he expected things would get
Grand Canyon National Park.
worse. He said that as a real estate
Down through the deep
agent he could make a lot of money
brown-red walls flows an as-
from quick deals, but he refuses to do
1 SUPAI, Ariz.-The Havasu-
tonishing stream, Havasu
so.
Besides men coming in looking for
pai Indians, who have lived in
Creek, which is the heart of
jobs, some people are concerned about
sylvan isolation deep in the
the existence of the tribe.
another class that often shows up in
Grand Canyon for at least
boom towns.
1,000 years, have been discov-
IT FLOWS above ground
"You might not believe this, but I
ered and they're not sure
only about 10 miles on its
swear I saw a madam and two prosti-
they like it.
tutes looking the town over the other
way to the river, where its
day." one resident said.
Helicopters swoop down
blue-green waters, heavy with
with visitors and a few Colo-
carbonates, are lost in the
rado River runners slosh 13
muddy brown of the Colorado.
miles up Havasu Creek Can-
But those 10 miles are stud-
yon, one of the most pictur-
ded with beautiful falls-
esque walks in the world, to
Navajo, Havasu and Moon-
reach the Indian village of
ey-and with natural traver-
tine dams and bathing pools
Supai, where fewer than 200
which offer miniature slides
now live.
and Jacuzzis in endless vari-
The Havasupais contend
ety and in a stunning setting.
with this traffic by levying a
Each of the three waterfalls
$5 visitor's fee for those who
is more than 75 feet high; the
wish to walk across their
lesser rapids and falls of the
land. It is not all that dif-
creek are the ones that at-
ferent from the big cities'
tract swimmers and divers.
room tax.
Until recently the U.S. mail
THE FIRST white man
arrived at Supai twice a
known to visit Supai was The
week, by pack train. The tele-
Rev. Francisco Garces, a
phone line runs 14 miles to
Spanish missionary, in 1776. A
Topocoba Hilltop and then
small reservations for the In-
another 35 miles to Grand
dians was established in 1880;
a strip of canyon bottom land
Canyon Villege, where it
of only 519 acres in size.
hooks into the international
For many years the Hava-
supais have grown corn,
Bell System.
beans, squash and fruit. They
have small herds of cattle to
IF YOU WANT to visit here
supply their meat.
SERVID
in the most conventional way,
They long have been 30
and the cheapest, you leave
devoted as farmers that they
Route 66 near Peach Springs
left steady employment of-
and travel 63 miles northeast
fered at Grand Canyon when
over a dirt road, then follow
spring planting time comes
a rugged trail eight miles
around.
down to Supai, where the In-
dians have chosen to remain
That has changed some-
what as welfare benefits have
for generations.
Their main livelihood
begun to reach into Havasu-
comes now from tourist par-
pai country. Their gardens
ties which the Indians lead on
are no longer SO extensive.
pack trains down the steep
canyon trail to their home-
land.
Havasu Canyon, which
Cont'd
leads from Supai down to the
Colorado River, is in the
THE SMALL buildings
which dot the village are of
stone and frame, some with
corrugated tin roofs. like the
Quonset-hut chapel. The fields
MINITAPOLIS,
are tree-lined, and the mood
MINN.
of pastoral isolation bears out
the feel of a land and people
set apart from the rest of the
world by time and tradition.
To some, an era ended in
NOV
41976
1963 when four military heli-
copters dropped a dismantled
bulldozer into Supai for use in
controlling the channel of
Indian studies department called
Havasu Creek.
Now tourists arrive that
way.
By DAVE GEISLER
overburdened, underbudgeted
The University has one of the few
to the high dropout rate, poor
'Ugh' means or if I rode a horse to
American Indian studies (AIS)
recruiting and a lack of qualified
get to the school," Goodsky said.
departments in the country, but ac-
faculty and source materials and has
"A lot of them think that Indians
cording to director Russell Thorton,
fostered the decline.
get checks from the federal govern-
it is overburdened and under-
The University has a part-time
ment just for being Indians. They're
budgetd.
Native American recruiter, but the
just small questions, but they rip me
"San Diego State is the only other
position remained vacant most of
up inside."
university I know of that has a com-
last year. "I guess the University
Goodsky has worked in the
plete Indian studies department,"
didn't think we were important
enough to fill the position faster
Native American community for
Thorton said. "Because we have a
department here, University of-
than it did," Thorton said. He add-
many years and claims that he, not
ficials expect it to meet all of the
ed the University has also failed to
Dennis Banks or Clyde Bellecourt,
recruit Native American students to
founded the American Indian
University's obligations to Indian
students."
enter other fields of study.
Movement (AIM). "I was working
Even when students enter AIS,
to develop the concept of AIM
Consequently, AIS also must pro-
their needs are not always met.
when Clyde was working in a boiler
vide recruiting and counseling of
"When we teach a course, we usual-
room and Dennis was pumping
Native American students even
ly have to develop the texts
gas."
though most of its $150,000 budget
ourselves," Thorton said. "It's
is channeled toward instruction.
often hard to find faculty who can
He drifted away from AIM
AIS was started in 1969 as a reac-
do this because of the lack of Indian
because he said it "oversensa-
tion to protests that alleged the
studies programs."
tionalized" issues, although he feels
University was neglecting the needs
Despite the problems AIS has fac-
it has served as an important voice
of minority students, particularly
ed, Thorton is encouraged by its
Native Americans.
progress and has plans to expand in-
for Native Americans.
The department's goal is to pro-
to graduate programs and research.
vide a place where Native American
"We have been able to teach the
Goodsky eventually wants to
become a Native American recruiter
students can feel comfortable in the
students about their cultural
for the University. "I want to show
unfamiliar environment of the
heritage and the problems they
people that Indians are interested in
University and to help them gain an
face," he said.
getting an education and have a lot
awareness of their cultural heritage.
Another successful facet of AIS is
of offer."
"We try to help the students adjust
its community resource program,
to the University atmosphere while
which uses Native American
helping them retain their 'Indian-
University students to teach
ness," Thorton said. "For many
students in elementary and secon-
students it's like having a foot in
dary schools learn about their
two different cultures."
cultures.
Many students find themselves
"A lot of people think that all In-
unable to cope with the conflict as
dians are the same," Goodsky said.
the 60 percent dropout rate in-
"They don't realize there are over
dicates. "It's scary as hell," said
300 different tribes with just as
Harold Goodsky, a student
many different languages and
employed by AIS as a community
cultures." Goodsky, a Chippewa, is
resurce worker. "We have to play
active in the program (which
roles, and if we go back to the reser-
operates primarily in the Min-
vation we're perceived as totally dif-
neapolis Public Schools) along with
ferent persons by our own people."
Sioux and Winnebago co-workers.
There were 400 Native American
Goodsky says he has to correct
students at the University last year.
many misconceptions about Native
Now there are only 238. In addition
Americans as they are portrayed by
television and movies. "Students
will often ask me what the word
The Seattle Daily Times
D. 218,845 SUN. 300,628
NOV 3 1976
Times readers have their say:
The fishing dispute-the
Boldt decision and beyond
Instead of seeking advice from
Editor, The Times: Wayn
treaty in question, "the Indians
EGARDING Judge Boldt's in-
shall have all fishing rights that all
fishermen and utilizing some of
R
the citizens have, and no Indian or
their practical experience, the Fish-
terpretation of the 1855 Point
non-Indian shall have any superior
eries Department has ignored them.
Elliott Indian treaty:
Instead of trying to solicit cooper-
The gillnetter has been discour-
right."
The intention of the treaties was
ation and understanding from the
aged, frustrated and ignored, and
"that Indians were not to be barred
fishermen, the department has ma-
now some of these frustrations have
nipulated and controlled them.
come to the fore in their recent con-
There is no empathy, no "gut
frontations with fisheries-patrol of-
from an opportunity to fish any
feeling" for the needs of the fisher-
ficers.
more than the settlers were denied
men, no attempt to work together.
Although we do not, personally,
the right to do so."
The fishermen no longer trust the
agree with using violence or mob
Indians and non-Indians were to
Department of Fisheries, because
methods in this or any other disa-
share, in common, fishing rights
all too often the director has prom-
greement, we can, at the same time,
and privileges. Nothing was said
about giving any percentage or por-
ised them one thing and then turned
understand why some of the fisher-
tion of the fish runs to either Indi-
around and done just the opposite.
men have gone to such lengths.
ans or non-Indians.
A real credibility gap exists
The governor, making his first di-
It seems that the governor and
certainly not fertile ground for
rect response to the fishermen since
the State Department of Fisheries
cooperation.
the Boldt decision, publicly repri-
MRS. and MRS.
have segregated out the gillnet fleet
manded them, calling their actions
to take the brunt of Boldt's deci-
CARL TORMALA,
criminal.
sion. Nearly all regulations result-
Sequim.
Yet the truth is that for more
than two years now, the governor
ing from it have been directed to
the gillnetter
I am writing in response to Oscar
and his director of fisheries have
Hearde's letter (Times readers
used unjust and illegal means to im-
Gillnet fishermen who have
plement a ruling which is in itself
worked hard over the years learn-
have their say, October 18). He said
that the Indian treaties were never
discriminatory and, therefore, most
ing how to fish given areas, keeping
likely unconstitutional.
records of fish runs and environ-
to be changed, modified, repealed
By bestowing special fishing priv-
mental factors, have been forced
or forgotten. Yet, in effect, Judge
Boldt has rewritten the treaty.
ileges and rights on a racial minori-
out of these same areas and permit-
ty, Judge Boldt is denying the very
ted to fish only in what are called
There is no way that we can ac-
essence of the Constitution that he
"terminal" and "subterminal"
cept the Boldt decision giving three-
areas where they are not familiar,
fourths of 1 per cent of the popula-
swore to uphold.
where the quality of fish IS greatly
tion more than 50 per cent of the
Thousands of citizens of Washing-
depreciated, where so many boats
salmon. To give some Americans a
ton State are being denied their
right to make a living because of
are crowded into such small areas
special status because of their an-
the ideological dream of one man,
that it is impossible to fish effec-
cestry is repudiating the concept of
equal rights and opportunities for
who seems to be answerable to no
tively
all Americans.
one and who holds a position that
The gillnetters' incentive, motiva-
It is to our shame that some did
seems to be out of the reach of
tion and freedom have been so sev-
not have equal rights, and we had
nearly everyone.
erely trampled on that there is little
to have the Civil Rights Act to es-
A ray of hope is that the judicial
wonder tempers have flared.
tablish equal rights to all. We have
community of Washington State
Men are in jeopardy of losing
come a long way toward equal
does not agree with Judge Boldt. In
their businesses and the only means
April of this year, State Supreme
of making a living that many of
rights for all.
Boldt has taken from one citizen
Court Justice Hugh Rosellini went
them have ever known. It is not fair
to give special rights to another
into detail explaining that accord-
to ask one small group of citizens to
citizen, because that citizen hap-
ing to Indian treaties, including the
pay a debt of guilt for the whole na-
pened to be born with the right
tion
ancestry
- DON SJOGREN, Mount Vernon
Cont'd
I am a gillnetter and have fished
Puget Sound and Southeast Alaska
for the past 19 years and would like
to comment on the present fisheries
anarchy.
Three years ago, Judge Boldt
ruled that the Indians are entitled
to one half the fall salmon catch,
but nobody but the Indians took his
decision seriously. Judge Boldt cer-
tainly didn't, because he assumed
control of this fishery and the first
fall he went to Africa on a safari.
The state didn't take this serious-
ly because, in my opinion, it as-
sumed that this decision would be
overturned on a s-rights argu-
ment and proceeded to issue regula-
I question the statement of your
dams, stream pollution, clear-cut
tions and fishing periods that were
editorial (The Times, October 17)
logging, and poor fish management,
capricious and unenforceable
which gives Judge Boldt's decision
it's a terrible blow to see all Use
The fishermen didn't take it seri-
the official stamp of being a
good work wiped out by one judge.
ously either and were relying on
"morally correct decision."
While it's certainly true that the
public opinion and the courts to re-
I suspect this conclusion is based
Indians need help, this help should
verse this decision, and entered into
on an ever-present guilt complex
come from all segments of society
protest fishing. The state had no en-
carried by our society toward the
and not by the rape of a fragile fish-
forcement and no laws to imple-
victims. of our continental expan-
ery.
ment its regulations and were pow-
sion.
The creation of a new brand of
erless to stop this activity.
This is not to say such guilt is
robber baron helps no one. Once the
As in any segment of society,
unfounded.
salmon, steelhead and trout are
there are a certain amount of
greedy, avaricious and just plain
However, neither is it "morally
gone, everyone will be the poorer
outlaws in the gillnet fleet. These
correct" to purge a society's con-
for it.
people quickly moved into this pow-
science by attempting to right past
- THOMAS NELSON,
er yaccum and have been fishing il-
wrongs through legal decisions in-
8228 S. 123rd St.
legally for three years (seasons)
fluenced more by prevailing social
with great success
doctrine than legal fact
The following is a quote taken
As for a solution, I have none, but
Is it "morally correct" to read
from the speech given to Congress
there are several points I would like
into a 100-year-old treaty something
in 1879 by Chief Joseph of the Nez
to make.
that isn't there so that our society
Perce Indian Tribe:
Judge Boldt should disassociate
can be delivered from guilt generat-
"Treat all men alike. Give them
himself from the day-to-day rulings
ed by past inequity endured by the
all the same law. Give them all an
on this question.
Indian people?
even chance to live and grow
The state should make no regula-
Is it "morally correct" that one
you might as well expect the rivers
tions that it is not prepared to en-
segment of our society (the fishing
to run backward as that any man
force vigorously. I can't see why
industry) should bear the burden of
who has been born free should be
net fishermen were required to suf-
restitution which should be shared
denied liberty."
fer through a near-total closure for
equally by all Americans?
We, as citizens of this state, can-
three years when the commercial
I think not, and therefore cannot
not go back. 100 years and make it
trollers' and sportsmen's catch has
agree that the Boldt decision is a
"right" with the Indians. Nor now,
not been curtailed at all.
morally correct decision.
can we make it "right" for the Indi-
- R.C., Seattle
- ERICK HAAKENSON,
ans by doing wrong to the non-Indi-
Edmonds
an fishermen by denying them the
Oscar Hearde is advocating back-
right to their livelihood.
ward methods when he praises the
Many of the letters on Indian fish-
The answer to this continuing
Boldt decision. Two wrongs in our
ing confuse minority rights and the
fishing dispute lies in a reorganiza-
history don't make one right.
ill treatment of Indians with the
tion of our State Department of
Heretofore, the ethnic whites got
Boldt judgment. There is little
Fisheries, so that the main empha-
three fourths of the economic pie.
doubt that the Indians have been ill-
sis is on enhancement and protec-
Now it's the Indians who get to hog
treated. The Medicine Creek Treaty
tion of the "swimmer."
down the big piece.
was fraudulent to begin with, as
For the salmon is one of this
Yet the spirit of Uncle Sam is to
were most treaties forced upon the
state's most valued natural re-
reward individual effort and merit
Indians.
sources, and he will survive only if
regardless of origin. The Indians
But opposition to the Boldt judg-
we the citizens, non-Indian fisher-
should be paid for their treaty
ment has nothing to do with civil
men and treaty fishermen, unite,
rights and then all of us should
rights or just retribution for Indi-
stand on our own two feet as indi-
cooperate and work together.
ans, but the saving of an already
vidual Americans.
endangered natural resource.
- HEIDI GOODRICH,
- G.L.H., Seattle
After sportsmen have fought
Port Townsend
The Miccosukees'
Troubled Promise
Miami Herold 11/14/76
By ROBERT LISS
Herald Staff Writer
half the total - joined the tribe. The rest re-
mained unorganized until 1961, when Tiger or-
It is through a legend not through legali-
ganized the group living along the Tamiami
ties - that Florida's Miccosukee Indians under-
Trail. Others then left the Seminole organization
stand a legal assault by the state on land rights
to join Tiger's band.
granted the tribe in 1960.
The Creek-dominated Seminole tribe, far
"In the beginning God gave us a book." Chief
more assimilated than the Miccosukees, never at-
Buffalo Tiger told an interviewer during a recent
tempted to exploit the Miccosukee tract, even
hearing on the issue. But we didn't do so well
though the state, in its usual style, lumped to-
with the book. So he gave us a bow and arrow
gether both groups when granting the 1960 li-
and buckskin and told us to go out and live in
cense. The Seminoles, then at least, knew the
nature.
distinction.
"Then he gave you the book. Because you
The Miccosukees have generally received far
have the book you can make guns and bombs
less in the way of federal assistance than the
and you can dominate, and you think Indians are
Seminoles and have sought economic indepen-
stu bid because we can't read or write."
dence. They have been innovative educationally,
If the usually polite chief sounded bitter, he
taking over their elementary school from the BIA
had reason. In 1960, the state had given the Mic-
in 1971. and developing a written Miccosukee
cosakees and Seminoles a license to hunt. fish,
language.
hold religious ceremonies and operate commer-
cial enterprises without competition on a
AND WHEN the Seminoles voted to accept
a
143.000-acre Everglades tract bordering the Ta-
$.6 milion federal tlement for the Indians
miami Trail. When the Miccosukees organized in
loss of most of Florida. Tiger said this:
1961. they began making commercial use of that
"We Miccosukees will never accept a cash
tract. where they have taken advantage of the
settlement in exchange for land. The white man
state license ever since.
does not understand the Indian feeling about
land. The land was not to be bought or sold for
IN 1975 the state suddenly turned around and
money. The land does not belong to men,"
declared that the license was based on "uncertain
The 143.000 acres on which the Miccosukees
legal foundations," bringing the tribe back to the
dwell border and stretch north of the Tamiami
hargaining table as supplicants. In the complex
Trail. starting about 12 miles west of Route 27.
and lengthy baragining that followed, and still
Along the trail itself. the Miccosukees, sometimes
continues, new conditions have arisen at several
called the "Trail Indians," have their recreational
turns - conditions that threaten the tribe's deli-
enterprises - craft shops, alligator shows, Indi-
cate economy.
an villages and so on The northward portion is
Buffalo Tiger, a slim man who appears at
and always has been Miccosukee land used for
such hearings wearing a cream-colored, buckskin
hunting. frogging. fishing and holding secret reli-
jacket and a string tie, conveys an air of dignity
gipus ceremonies, such as the Green Corn Dance.
surviving attack. He and his 450-member tribe
are proud of their philosophy - far more separa-
THE TRIBE also has a state reservation
tist than the Seminoles from white culture -
76,000 acres straddling Alligator Alley, but it is
and their ties to the land they inhabit.
essentially worthless for commercial purposes.
Miccosukee-speaking Indians and Creek-
Those who live on that remote tract drained by
speaking Indians have long been lumped together
Flood Control District canals are mostly mem-
by whites under the heading Seminoles. But
bers of the Seminole tribe, and they are the least
though the state and federal governments have
successful. economically and educationally. of all
long encouraged the two groups toward unity,
Florida Indians. So the 143,000 acres is all the
and frequently dealt with them together, they
useful land the Miccosukees have. It is their
are quite different and often must communicate
country. and for them. the renegotiations have
through a translator.
been tense and pressured.
The origins of the negotiations are complex
BOTH GROUPS have been allies in Florida
and obscure. More clear is the probable, unfortu-
since pre-colonial times. The Creeks held the
nate outcome of the bargaining. in which the
north and central parts of the state, having come
state has held all the cards during one and a half
down from other parts of the South, while the
years of dealings.
Miccosukees, of unknown origin, inhabited the
With the bickering among the various inter-
south of Florida, including the 143,000-acre tract
ests in the dispute the Game and Fresh Water
now under dispute.
Fish Commission, the Miccosukees, the Semi-
When the Seminole tribe incorporated in
1957, the northernmost Miccosukees - about
Cont'd
noles. the Central and South-
WHEN HE heard of the ERPB
UNDER AN informal arrange-
ern Florida Flood Control District
plan, Tiger protested to the gover-
ment, the Seminoles had always re-
and white hunters' groups - near-
nor. Gov. Reuben Askew subse-
frained from setting up any activi-
quently requested an opinion from
ty that would compete with the
ing a close. it appears that the Mic-
the attorney general as to the
Miccousukees on their land, even
cosukees will have. for the first
time. outside competition from the
meaning of the 1960 Miccosukee li-
though, under the 1960 license, the
Seminoles had the right to do so.
Seminoles against their Trail enter-
cense.
In March 1975, a cautiously-
The Seminoles have three federal
prises, and that the tribe will lose
worded, 21-page reply came to the
reservations, and commercial craft
the exclusivity of hunting and fish-
ing rights on their state reservation
governor from Robert Shevin's of-
outlets both on Route 441 in Holly-
to the north of the Trail.
fice. Shevin said that in 1960 "it is
wood and at the Miami Interna-
abundantly apparent that the Gov-
tional Airport, so they left the Trail
land to the Miccosukees.
ernor and the Cabinet
believed
IN EXCHANGE for these losses,
they had taken a final action to
But the reopening of the license
the tribe is receiving what is billed
commit certain lands for the use of
issue disturbed that informal bal-
as definite assurance that this
ance.
the Indians." He also noted that
agreement will be much more legal
"there is more evidence that a li-
State officials declared that the
than the 1960 license. In addition,
cense was created than evidence
agreement would have to be signed
the "rights" will be extended to in-
that no license was created," and
by both the Miccosukee and Semi-
clude a large. adjacent tract 111 the
that "although the legal obligation
nole tribes, even though the Semi-
muddle of the swamp, where Indi-
is indistinct, the moral promise is
noles have had nothing to do with
ans have anyway been busily hunt-
clear."
the land through the history of the
ing, fishing and frogging for sever-
two tribes.
al hundred years.
But in order to protect the 1960
The present leaders of the Semi-
agreement from further attack,
nole tribe are very different from
The agreement provides that:
Shevin recommended that it be re-
those of 1960 and earlier. They are
The Indians will have rights
opened and better legalized, incor-
younger, considerably more mater-
to hunt, fish. frog and close off
porating the same terms as before.
ialistic, and less apt to give up any
certain areas for religious ceremo-
The new negotiations have not
economic benefits that can be gath-
nies, with no license or fees re-
been controlled by that "moral
ered from the situation. Seminole
quired.
promise.'
Chief Howard Tommie let the ne-
The first unpleasant surprise for
gotiations run for some time, and
The Indians. but not the Mic-
the tribe was the entrance of the
then decided that his tribe had
cosukees exclusively. will have ex-
white hunters. The Game and
much to gain by becoming in-
clusive rights to run tourist enter-
Fresh Water Fish Commission, hav-
volved.
prises and charge fees, and the
ing long worked with the hunters,
state will not erect any revenue
wanted to do well by them. In the
AT A February 1975 hearing,
producing facility within or adja-
words of Gene Wallace, the com-
after saying nothing for nearly a
cent to the area without Indian ap-
mission's deputy director, "the
year, Tommie surprised all parties
proval.
public had to be satisfied too."
by announcing that he would not
sign.
The public will have the
right of access to the area for hunt-
THE HUNTERS had a legitimate
"This is not good enough for the
interest. The 1960 agreement had
Seminole Tribe
ing, fishing or frogging.
there is going
not excluded them from the
to be revenue from that land, from
The commission will be the
143,000-acre, Tamiami Trail land,
recreational things, and we feel the
enforcing agent regarding fees, li-
and they wanted to be sure the
Seminoles should get some of it,"
censes and other game and fish
new agreement would be the same.
said Tommie.
laws and regulations.
They went beyond that, however,
In March the Seminoles proposed
when they pushed for hunting
a geographic division of the area
"We don't understand all this.
rights on the state reservation -
- one which would allow them to
We thought we already had these
the unrelated, 76,000-acre tract in
open activities several miles closer
rights," commented Buffalo Tiger.
the north. Nevertheless, the hunt-
to Miami than the Miccosukee op-
"The state cabinet gave us these
ers got the right under the new
erations. Tribal officials confirmed
rights, and now another body says
agreement to enter that reserva-
that plans are being made for a Ta-
they didn't have the authority to do
tion, despite there being no logical
miami Trail crafts shop.
that. We want to be sure that after
reason why that land should have
we negotiate this there won't be
even been considered in the negoti-
Such a move would deeply hurt
another body saying this body
ations.
the Miccosukee economy. Seminole
didn't have the authority."
"We didn't want to take any-
resources are far greater, their lo-
thing away from the Indians," said
cation would be better, and tourists
State officials queried said they
Gil Cowherd, president of a coali-
would most likely choose the more
didn't recall the reason for the
tion of seven sporting groups.
famous Seminole name when stop-
present negotiations. One said he
"They don't use that reservation
ping to buy,
thought the Indians initiated the
land for much anyway, and we
"THOSE THINGS (the recre-
matter. But records show the tur-
would pay them a penny an acre
ational enterprises) are the only
moil began in 1973-74 when the
for hunting there."
source of revenue we have out
Everglades Recreational Planning
The penny an acre would pro-
there," said Tiger. "Any competi-
Board a temporary body under
vide about $1.70 for each Micco-
tion from the Seminoles would
the Game and Fresh Water Fish
sukee to enjoy every year. But res-
hurt
the
tribe
I hope they don't
Commission - included three,
ervation land is supposed to be sac-
want to step on our toes."
large-scale recreational facilities in
rosanct. Forcing the tribe to give
Negotiations over the land are at
a five-year plan for the Miccosukee
up exclusivity under the pressure
basically the same stage they have
tract. The facilities appeared to be
of difficult negotiations was an af-
been stuck in for months with the
in violation of the 1960 license,
front to their dignity and rights.
Seminoles and Miccosukees still
which forbad non-Indian commer-
Far worse than the intrusion of
unable to iron out their differences
cial facilities.
the white hunters however, was
and the state refusing to sign any
the later entry of the Seminole
agreement that does not meet the
tribe
approval of both tribes.
CONT'd
And in recent weeks, the FCD
has attempted to insert a provision
into the agreement requiring the
Seminoles and Miccosukees to
waive all claims for damages that
might have been inflicted by FCD
easements over Indian property.
If included the provision is likely
to further stall or completely de-
stroy the negotiations to date, ac-
cording to Bobo Dean, the Micco-
sukee attorney in Washington. The
eration they would give to treaties with foreign
Seminoles have long eyed the pos-
sibility of sueing the state for what
nations. And Indians are also claiming vast acre-
they consider extensive damages-
ages of land and waters in many states where
due them over the easements. Dean
treaties never existed, or where reservations or
said he is now reviewing all FCD
treaties have been terminated. Indian lawsuits in
easements to see what such a pro-
Maine claim ownership of $25 billion in proper-
vision would cost the Miccosukees.
ty. Two tribes assert ownership of two-thirds of
The whole episode rankles. At
the state. Cities, school districts and other gov-
one of the public hearings several
ernments have been stopped from issuing bonds,
groups of young Floridians spoke
pending resolution of lawsuits.
III behalf of the Miccosukees, de-
Two resolutions introduced late in the last
many mg that they be protected.
session of Congress recognize the problem with-
One young housewife, baby in her
out dealing with it.
arms, took the Hoor to say:
Rep. Lloyd Meeds of Washington introduced
"WHEN I teach Florida history
House Joint Resolution 1109. It would establish a
to my children, I'm ashamed of the
commission to study off-reservation rights of
part that deals with the Indians."
Indians. A resolution with more teeth, H. J. Res.
It appears she will soon have
1116, by Rep. John Dingell of Michigan, would
something new about which to be
provide:
ashamed.
"That in accordance with and in furtherance
of the purposes of any treaty with American
Indians that secures to them a right to hunt and
fish at off-reservation locations, in common with
other citizens, any state may enact and enforce
Indian rights mess
laws of a purely regulatory nature concerning
the time and manner of hunting and fishing
outside an Indian reservation that are for the
Refusal of the U.S. Supreme Court to consid-
purpose of conservation, and that are equally
er the case of a Seattle commercial fisherman
applicable to Indians and all other citizens with-
who charges discrimination because of fishing
out distinction. Any state legislation enacted
rights awarded Indians by federal District Judge
pursuant to this joint resolution is hereby de-
George Boldt points again to the need for Con-
clared to be in furtherance of and not in deroga-
gress to act in a broad way on Indian rights in
tion of the treaties involved."
general.
The Dingell resolution is a starting point for
Judge Boldt's landmark decision denied the
the next Congress. But, obviously, it does not
authority of the State of Washington to regulate
cover the broad claims being made by and for
and manage salmon and steelhead runs, except
Indians not of treaty or reservation status. The
to prevent their extinction, on which treaty Indi-
subject is much broader than fish and game,
ans in Western Washington were given (by
although these resources are of primary impor-
Judge Boldt) the right to catch 50 per cent of the
fish destined to pass "usual and accustomed"
tance and must be conserved. The 95th Congress
(historic) Indian fishing places and stations. U.S.
has a job to do. It is the voice of final authority in
the amendment of treaties and preservation of
District Judge Robert Belioni, Portland, has ap-
the nation's resources.
plied approximately the same ruling on Colum-
bia River salmon and steeihead runs.
Washington and Oregon state fish and game
agencies have been required by these decisions,
which have been upheld by the Ninth Circuit
Court of Appeals, to drastically curtail non-Indi-
an fishing to make sure the courts' allocation of
50 per cent of the runs, including hatchery fish,
The Oregonian, One. Portland
are available for the Indian commercial, subsist-
ence and ceremonial fisheries.
Among the results have been illegal fishing,
ramming of boats. gunfire in Puget Sound, with
one non-Indian fisherman shot in the head. and a
Nov. 7, 1976
general tension which portends more violence.
The inability of the states to manage the fishery
has caused a wastage in the resource and a
threat to perpetuation of the runs.
The courts are interpreting 19th Century
treaties with Indian tribes with the same consid-
MILWAUKEE JOURNAL
MILWAUKEE. WISC
D. 338 103 SHM
The Denver Post
DENVER. COLO.
NOV 5
1976
D. 80' SUN. 76,
Warrior
NOV 1 3 1976
Indicted by
Denver AIM Chapter
MILWAUKEE JOURNAL
Elects New Officers
Grand Jury
MILWAUKEE, WISC.
D. 338,103 SUN. 524,947
The Denver chapter of the American
Neil Hawpetoss, 30, a
Indian Movement (AIM) elected new
spokesman for the Menomi-
officers Thursday night at a reorganiza-
nee Warrior Society, was in-
dicted by a federal grand jury
NOV 12 1976
tion meeting.
Richard Peters retained chairmanship
in Milwaukee Thursday on
of the local AIM group, Frank Black Elk
two counts of harboring and
was named director of information and
concealing a fugitive.
communications, Vera Mitchell and
Hawpetoss, of Keshena
Rhoda King were chosen cosecretaries,
Falls on the Menominee Res-
Grace Black Elk became treasurer, and
ervation, is accused of fleeing
from Menominee County
Theda Pokrywka was designated state
authorities Aug. 18 in a car
coordinator.
with Daniel A. Webster, who
The next AIM meeting will be 6:30
was sought for allegedly des-
p.m. Thursday at the Denver Indian
erting from the military.
Center, E. 16th Ave. and Gaylord Sts. A
He also is accused of deny-
potluck dinner also will be held that
ing to a Bureau of Indian Af-
evening.
fairs agent Oct. 15 that a man
traveling with him was El-
mer Kakwitch, 21, Neopit,
Chevalier home in Neopit.
weapons during a raid on the
16 rifles, shotguns and other
The agents had carried M-
the FBI agents.
that they forcibly assaulted
25, all innocent of charges
Donald, 21, and John Coon,
Chevalier, 27, his brother
Milwaukee found Melvin
A Federal Court jury in
Reservation.
this year on the Menominee
that raided their home earlier
special weapons assault team
armed members of an FBI
cent of charges of assaulting
Thursday, were found inno-
Three Menominee Indians
of The Journal Staff
Sim Martino
who was being sought by the
FBI for allegedly helping a
prisoner escape from the
Menominee County Jail in
Keshena Sept. 22.
Kakwitch subsequently
was arrested and charged in
the jail escape.
Hawpetoss, a spokesman
over of the Alexian Brothers
charges related to
trial in Dodge County on
had failed to appear for his
Chevalier, 25, who earlier
the home April 5 to serve an
was a fugitive.
last year for the Menominee
Warrior Society during its 34
day takeover of the Alexian
Brothers novitlate near Gres-
way into her home looking
been charged with assaulting
Melvin and Donald Chevalier.
week's acquittal of Jeanette
defendants followed last
The Indians were unarmed.
FBI into their home
had wanted to see a search
Chevalier home.
arrest warrant on Robert. scuffling in front of the
The agents converged on
for another of her sons who
when the agents forced their
an FBI agent with a shotgun
Mrs. Chevalier also had
Chevalier, the mother of
ham, was released after ques-
The acquittal of the three
tioning by the FBI Sept. 24
when a Bowler man was
found dead of bullet wounds
in Hawpetoss' Keshena Falls
home. The dead man was
CHICAGO, ILL.
Lyle Welch, 24. No arrests
BOOSTER
have been made in the slay-
MAIL EDITION
ing.
the take- warrant before allowing the impact part
The Menominees said they
which involved pushing and
mony about the incident,
agents gave conflicting testi-
this week, Hogan and other
During the five day trial
FBI in Wisconsin.
WEEKLY
OCT 27 1976
Gerard Hogan, head of the
eral FBI agents, including J.
with the performance of sev-
timidating and interfering
and Coon with impeding, in-
ment charged the Chevaliers
The State Justice Depart-
Reservation in 1975.
novitiate near the Menominee
Barney Dixon of Loeber Motors on North Clark
street has to be a shoo-in for his firm's sales award of
the year. He sold a $90,000 Camarague last week. The
buyer would rather not be identified.
The first American Indian advertising agency,
Black Elk Inc., has just opened for business. The agen-
cy will help promote next month's Indian Pow Wow at
agent's M-16 rifle:
mouth.
Menominees Acquitted in Assault Case
the Chicago avenue armory.
Bennet Wintraub of Variety Auto Supply recently
became a grandfather for the second time. His first
grandchild was a girl, Shana. This time it's a boy,
to break of the
other agent with enough
accused of bumping into an-
His brother, Donald, was
striking an FBI agent in the
ciéty, had been accused of
the Menominee Warriors So:
takeover of the novitiate by
the leaders of the 34 day
Melvin Chevalier, one of
twere at his side.
hand on Coon. Coon's hands
reaching out and placing a
the scene showed the agent
tigues. A photegraph taken at
dressed in Army combat ta-
gan and another agent
Coon denied pushing Ho-
Noah.
LA
INDIAN NEWS CLIPS
OFFICE OF INFORMATION
202-343-7445
VOL. 6 No. 49
December 4, 1976
NOV 2 0 1976
Phoenix Gazette
Lad Saves 20 On Bus
PARKER (AP) - Twenty youngsters
were saved from possible injury or death
when Galen Howard, a quick-witted 6-
year-old Mohave Indian boy, took com-
mand of a driverless school bus, offi-
cials said.
Jack Bathe, 51, was driving the sw-
dents 10 their homes on the Colorado
River Reservation on the heavily
traveled road late Wednesday.
BATHE SLOWED to turn on a side
road about six miles south of here, but
did not shift down or make the turn.
Officials said he apparently suffered a
seizure of still undetermined origin and
slumped in the seat with his foot off the
accelerator.
The bus continued about a half-mile
down the road and headed for the
shoulder, which is bordered by a
concrete-lined irrigation ditch.
While others screamed, Galen jumped
into Bathe's lap, grabbed the wheel and
turned the bus back across the road into
GALEN HOWARD
a flooded lettuce field. The bus was
stopped by the mud.
Without the power steering on the bus,
There were no injuries.
Galen would not have been able to guide
ANTHONY Querice of the Colorado
the 79-passenger-capacity bus. officials
FORD i LIBRARY GERMAD
Indian tribal police said he was driving
said.
behind the bus and went to the aid of
Hospital officials said yesterday Bathe
the children.
was listed in fair and stable condition.
Galen said he was not scared "until
They declined to specify for what he
the bus stopped."
was being treated.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT DE THE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
1551 Constitution Avidue N.W. Winhington. D.C. 20245
GALLUP INDEPENDENT
NOV
Law Requires Custody;
1
1976
Gallup Needs Treatment Center
Fourth of Fear Parts
New Mexico's 1973 Detoxification Act
To get that money the state would
made. New Mexico would receive an
By PATRICE LOCKE
defines an intoxicated person as anyone
have to be in compliance with the Fed-
additional $1,260,000 from the federal
GALLUP - In 1973 the state legisla-
who is "apparently so intoxicated in a
eral Uniform Alcholism Rehabilitation
government over the next six years.
ture decriminalized drunkenness. and
public place that he has become disor-
Act and New Mexico laws are lacking
$2 Million More
27 of the state's 32 counties report that
derly or has become unable to care for
three things for that compliance. said G.
At least two other bills relating to the
this helped to reduce their alcoholism
his own safety."
P. Reyes. director of the Alcoholism Di-
state's role in detoxification are ex-
problems. But for Gallup the new law
Anyone that the police deem "intoxi-
vision of the State Department of Hospi-
pected to be introduced in the next ses-
seems to have set spinning the revolving
cated" by that definition may be taken
tals and Institutions. "The changes we'd
sion of the legislature.
door between the city jail and local bars.
home. to a treatment facility or to jail
need are strictly in the language." he
Those bills would provide for medical
As one city official put it: Downtown
for 12 hours. but the person isn't charged
said.
services and halfway houses. Each
Gallup looks like Custer's last stand
with a crime or listed as arrested.
NIAAA standards require a policy
would draw $1 million from the state in
every morning
The person can be held responsible for
statement about the state's position on
But detoxification laws are popular in
the costs of transporting him or caring
alcoholism. Under the Detoxification
(Turn to Page 8 Alcohol)
states all over the country. Twenty-five
for him during his 12 hours in protective
Act. an intoxicated person cannot be ar-
states have enacted orms of the Fed-
custody. but Gallup doesn't collect any
rested for being drunk. but the law
eral uniform Alcoholism Rehabilitiaion
money from the 25,000 persons the city
doesn't specifically state how an intoxi-
Act and 11 have enacted some kind of
transports to the city jail each year.
cated person will be treated.
treatment legislation. Twelve have
since a majority of the people who end
New Mexico's statutes for civil com-
legislation pending and only five have
up in protective custody don't have
mitments would also have to be
never considered decriminalizing drun-
money with them.
changed. Reyes said. In New Mexico a
kenness
So the city foots a $10.75 charge for
person can be committed to an institu-
each pick-up and will continue to pay
tion without a hearing. The Uniform
unless Gallup finds some way to de-
Code specifies that a hearing must be
crease the number of persons who get
held and that the person must have been
drunk here or develops a method for
examined by a physician.
treating alcoholics for their illness, in-
The other revision necessary for the
stead of punishing them for their over-
state to meet NIAAA andards would be
indulgence.
a specific statement about treatment.
The Detoxification Act is a progres-
The Detoxification Act allows at person
sive piece of legislation, City Atty.
to be taken to is treatment facility, but
James Parmelee said. "The philosophy
doesn't list specific treatment policies.
of it is good. but in practice it doesn't
These changes will probably be consi-
work without a health care facility."
dered in the next session of the legisla-
State Falls Short
ture. Reyes said. And if the revisions are
Thestate's progressive law falls short
of national standards. though. and den-
rives New Mexico of $250,000 a year
from the National Institute of AI-
coholism
NOV 1 8 1976
Kindergarten Building
Albuquerque Journal
Destroyed at Naschitti
By HELEN SHARER
Haynei said that by the time the Val
Jour Correspondant
ley Volunteers arrived at the scene
more than an hour later, actions were
NASCHITTI, N.M. - An early morn-
limited to securing the utilities and
ing fire Wednesday destroyed a porta-
keeping the blaze from spreading to
ble metal building housing kindergar-
nearby propane tanks. Efforts were.
ten facilities at Naschitti Elementery
hampered by a water shortage in the
School located about 50 miles south of
area, Haynei added.
Shiprock.
A spokesman for the Central Consol-
idated School District which operates
Keiller Haynei, fire chief of the Val-
the Naschitti School said school offi-
ley Volunteer Fire Dept. at Kirtland
cials are in the process of estimating
said his group responded to the alarm
the loss, adding that early estimates.
about 6 a.m. after the Tohatchi Fire
indicate it will amount to more than
Dept. refused to respond to the call.
$40,000.
Medicine Men Banding
NOV 1 8 1976
Albuquerque Journal
To Thwart 'Oppression'
By JIM LARGO
In a recent organizational meeting in
Lukachuka, Ariz., Morris Chee of
Navajo medicine men are forming
Greasewood explained that the burn-
an organization to thwart what they
ing by a revivalist group was damag-
call "Anglo relig us oppression" and
ing to Navajo people and the cause of
to attempt to bring back "the corn pol-
much concern among religious lead-
len road" as it was in the old days.
ers.
The group, the Navajo Medicine
"In a sense. our religion and our entire
Men Assn., will not only be a strong
tribe was burned," said Chee.
advocate for ancient religous beliefs
but will attempt to make those beliefs
He said the religious group last March
a prime practice among modern Nava-
gathered a truckload of medicine men
jos, according to its organizers.
tools, piled them up on a hill, poured
gasoline on the collection and set it
Among its goals, said Eugene D.
afire.
Anderson of Ford Defiance, Ariz.,
chairman of the association, is to help
Realizing what was happening, some
Navajo alcoholics by performing reli-
men ran to the fire and put it out by
gious ceremonies for them.
throwing dirt on it, said Chee. Among
items burned were arrowheads, sym-
The group is also exploring the pos-
bol of Navajo strength, he said.
sibilities of federal funding.
Another goal is to set straight
Chee said the burned tools were
the damage done to Navajo religious
impounded by Navajo police for evid-
beliefs by an Angio sect near Grease-
ence in an anticipated court action.
wood, Ariz., that burned medicine man
Anderson said concern over the burn-
tools and paraphernalia.
Continued on A-2
"The Navajo tribe is like an ostrich
Alcohol...
toward the problem." Larry Dickerson.
"More education is the answer." City
chairman of the GIACC board of direc-
Mgr. Paul McCollum says. "The tribe
needs to take a more active role and
tors said
timately the city needs a rehabilitati
(Continued From Page 1)
Alcoholism hasn't been a tribal prior-
center to take alcoholies through the
cure."
ity because the tribe is SO wrapped up in
general appropriations and the state's
the Navajo-Hopi land dispute now.
Alcoholism Division would distribute
David Damon, executive director of the
Options for the city in dealing with al-
the money.
GIACC Central Administration. said.
coholism are much more numerous than
Presently, the state appropriates
those available to the individual al-
$769,517 to the Alcoholism Division, but
"They are beginning to become more
coholic. "There are only three things
none of that money gets to Gallup, since
aware of the problem, though." he said.
that can happen to an alcoholic." Frank
NIAAA makes a direct grant to the Gal-
"When they started their programs,
Chavez of the Turquoise Club says. "He
lup Inter-Agency Alcoholism Coordina-
they should have started with education,
can either get sober. go insane, or die."
tion Committee (GIACC) and GIACC
instead of with treating the chronics."
gets more money from the federal gov-
he said. "But they are getting more into
alcohol education now."
ernment than the state Alcoholism Divi-
The Indian Health Service is also ac-
sion gets. The state gets $300,000 in for-
mal grant monies from NIAAA and
cepting more responsibility. he said.
GIACC's new budget will draw about
The Public Health Service Hospital in
$541,000 a year from NIAAA.
Gallup doesn't handle detoxification
now, and Dr. Joe Maruka said that tak-
The city might be coming one step
ing on that job would be impossible
closer to treating alcoholics, though. if
without increasing the staff and the hos-
the state plan for regional treatment
pital budget.
centers becomes a reality.
"The attitude of PHS is efficient right
The Alcoholism Division is making
now," he said. "Otherwise we would be
plans now to serve the state with four
chasing hallucinating patients around
regional treatment centers, but under
all night and it would be a tremendous
the original plan Gallup's situation
drain on manpower."
wouldn't change much. McKinley
County would be a part of the zone
"We couldn't ease into it. or do it on a
served by a new 40 bed facility in Albu-
trial basis." he said. "We would have to
querque. Gallup is already using the
start day one with the capacity of a cer-
Turquoise Lodge in Albuquerque and
tain number of beds and enough money
though the success rate there is high. the
to run the program. "m
services are 140 miles away.
He estimates that the program would
State Helps Gallup
require at least 40 aides, four doctors
But the state hasn't forgotten Gallup
and a couple of registered nurses and
and is considering the use of McKinley
paramedics.
Hospital as a fifth state treatment
Solutions Are Varied
center because the need here is so great,
Reyes said.
Various solutions have been offered
"We have not in the past dealt specifi-
for the alcoholism problem in Gallup,
cally with the Gallup area." Reyes said,
and though repeal of the Detoxificaton
"But we are aware of the tremendous
Act is a popular preference here. that
problem there."
isn't likely to happen, State Rep, Steve
Local residents are also aware of the
Kennedy says, though he would favor it.
problem and city officials recently went
An increase in the protective custody
to Santa Fe to discuss Gallup's situation
time limit from 12 to 48 hours is very
with the Criminal Justice Study Com-
possible. he said.
mittee and drunkenness on the streets
topped complaints aired by downtown
"We need to get the people who are
merchants when they organized several
drunk and stranded here home." Mayor
months ago.
Ed Junker said.
Not Indian Problem
FORD
The alcoholism problem here is defi-
"Our most basic need is housing."
nitely not confined to Native Americans.
Friendship House Counselor Roger
and local counselors agree that there
Pablo said of the lack of half-way hous-
are a lot of drunks living "on the hill."
ing and shortage of live-in rehabilitaiton
but the visible alcoholics are mostly In-
facilities in Gallup. "A lot of these peo-
GERALD
dians who get stranded in town drinking
ple have no place to go and and up back
because they can't drink at home.
on the streets." he said.
And because SO many of the visible
alcoholies are Indians. the roles of the
"We need to take a stronger stand on
Navajo Tribe and the Indian Health
public drinking and crack down on the
Service in dealing with alcoholism are
few bars that are a nuisance." Larry
often questioned.
Dickerson says.
A-2 ALBUQUERQUE JOURNAL Thursday, November 18, 1976
Medicine Men Forming Group
Continued from A-1
and medicine men, that the Navajo
That was done long ago, he said.
ing is a main reason for the association
people should cleanse themselves with
organization.
corn pollen and return to Navajo reli-
gion and way of life.
Anderson took as an example the
swine flu shots being administered.on
Based on Navajo religion, said Chee,
Now, with the Anglo world being
the reservation. He said Navajos have
the burning means some misfortune
dominant on the reservation, the
their own medicine to combat the dis-
will fall on the Navajo nation. He
Navajo medicine men are brushed
case. "I have my own herbs to drink;
urged, with the backing of several
aside, said Anderson. One medicine
that's why I will not take a swine flu
Navajo speakers at the meeting, that a
man said he does not receive the re-
shot," he said.
ceremonial blessing be done to erase
spect he once commanded. "Once I
the expected bad times.
asked (Navajo) police to help me but
Chee blamed the Anglo culture for
they just laughed at me and would not
bringing alcoholism to Navajo people.
help," he complained.
But the problem now is to find a
"They brought with them guns, cards
medicine man who knows the ceremo-
and a bottle of wine," he said. "They
Anderson said the Navajo medicine
have swallowed up our way and now
ny, he said. Anderson explained the
men should be recognized as being
they run our lives."
Navajo people have gone too much the
equal to Anglo doctors. He said one
Anglo way, and finding such a medi-
thing the association would do is give
Carl Gorman, a member of the or-
cine man will be difficult.
licenses or certificates to practicing
ganization, said he grew up among
medicine men.
white people. They asked him about
Anderson told of historical events.
Navajo culture but he could not ex-
Long ago "people who drag their
With that authority, Navajo medi-
plain, so he had to return to the reser-
clothes" (Catholic missionaries) came,
cine men could gain back respect, he
vation and learn, he said.
he said, bringing with them schools
said. When the recognition is received,
and a religion from across "the great
the medicine men can begin teaching
Elizabeth Edison of Steamboat,
water." They were not against Navajo
the younger generation, he said. "We
religion, he said.
Ariz., said it took her 15 years to learn
want our leaders to return to leading
to be a medicine woman. She com-
us through Navajo religion."
plained that medicine men are becom-
After the Navajos were taken into
ing fewer with each generation and
captivity at Fort Sumner, missionaries
Anderson did not advocate a com-
said she believes the association would
from other denominations came and
plete turn away from the Anglo reli-
began "confusing (the people about)
make youth aware of Navajo religion
gion and life, but expressed a desire
Anglo religion as well as the Navajo
for medicine men to be better recog-
The association would have five
way," he said. "Our way became con-
nized in their communities.
board members from across the reser-
fused and lost."
vation. The group would be consulted
"Let the doctors do their thing and
on nearly every aspect of Navajo life
"Today, the Navajo people are going
the medicine men do theirs. Let us not
and become the authority on Navajo
crazy with the white man's education,"
argue. All we want is to put into the
religion.
he said. "Our ancestors predicted that
system our way of life and religion."
when we all began speaking one lan-
The group is now conducting public
guage, that will be the end of the Na-
He said the Navajo people must re-
hearin at different communities. The
vajo people."
turn to the corn pollen, which he said
leaders received a favorable response
is a a basic blessing agent in Nava
from Lukachuka community Sunday.
Anderson admonished his listeners,
religion, and use it with prayers "to
The next meeting may be held in
most of them older generation Navajos
have happiness rain on the people."
Crownpoint or Tuba City, Ariz.
Farmington Daily Times
NOV
1
6
1976
City
Police
Win
Lawsuil
ALBUQUERQUE (AP) - A
her son, Kenneth Begay Davis,
Drake and Erick Johnson.
from alcohol intake, and that
tion would have he'ned."
U.S. District Court jury re-
died because police failed to
He allowed the jury to
his life could not have been
Farmington police officers
turned a verdict in favor of six
provide him with proper medi-
consider the plaintiff's claims
saved by medical attention.
had told the jury that as a
Farmington city police officers
cal attention after his arrest
against Police Chief Robert
Espousing the opposite view
matter of practice they didn't
in a $2.5 million lawsuit filed
last July for drunken driving,
Schmerheim, Capt. Donald
was Dr. Robert Henry of
seek medical attention for
against them by the mother of
assault and battery.
William Rodgers, Sgt. Michael
Presbyterian Hospital in Albu-
persons whom they thought
a man who died in the city jail.
U.S. District Court Judge
Davis Smith, Sgt. Calvin
querque. who said Davis died
were suffering from DTs.
The five-man, one-woman
Howard Bratton earlier Thurs-
Shields, and officers Timothy
of delerium tremens (DTs) -
"If we took every body to the
jury found for the defendants
day dismissed from the case
Williams and J.R. Brown.
a reaction caused by
hospital who had the shalles,
late Thursday after just two
Farmington Mayor Marlo
Schmerheim said today that
withdrawal from alcohol. He
then 99 and two-thirds of the
hours of deliberation.
Webb, City Atty. Dwight
the jury verdict "certainly
testified that Davis might have
drunks we picked up on a
Grace J. Begay of Kirtland,
Arthur, and city council mem-
reaffirms my faith in the
been saved had jail employes
Saturday end up in
N.M., alleged in the suit that
bers Robert Culpepper, J.A.
system." He added, "I think
been properly instructed that
the
hospital,
testi-
the verdict is indicative of the
DTs is a threat to life, and
fied.
fact that are doing our job and
found help for the victim.
Mrs. Begay also took the
do have concern and com-
Dr. James Weston, state
stand Thursday.
passion for all people without
medical examiner, said he
She testified that her son
regard of race, color or
hesitated to say what caused
called her from joil the day
creed."
the death.
before he died CO: plaining of
Doctors testifying in the case
But he said people with liver
problems with his
presented conflicting testi-
conditions similar to Davis
Mrs. Bega: alleged that her
mony.
"die unexpectedly and sudden-
son, the father of seven chil-
Dr. Stewart Loeb of Farm-
ly and sometimes there isn't
dren, was denied medical
ington, who performed the
anything indicating they need
treatment because he was an
autopsy on Davis, testified
medical attention."
Indian.
Thursday that the victim's
Weston said it was difficult
Davis was arrested last July
liver was in poor condition
to say whether "medical atten-
4 and died five days later.
Doctors in Trial Argue
Albuquerque Journal
NOV 1 8 1976
Jailed Man's Chances
By DENISE TESSIER
called "fatty change," caused by a
The state's chief medical examiner
large intake of alcohol.
said Wednesday it is difficult to say
whether the life of Kenneth Begay
Witnesses Tuesday testified Davis
Davis, who died last year in the Far-
was suffering delirium tremens (DTs)
before he was found dead in his cell
mington city jail, could have been
saved had he received medical treat-
July 8, 1975.
ment.
Davis' mother, Grace J. Begay of
Another doctor testified Wednesday
Kirtland, N.M., testified Davis was
that he feels medical treatment would
arrested and jailed on a charge of
have saved the man's life.
driving while intoxicated.
The testimony was heard in Albu-
Weston was asked by one of Mrs.
querque federal court before U.S.
Begay's attorney's, Charlotte Tou-
Dist. Judge Howard Bratton in a $2.5
louse, if Davis' death was associated
million suit filed by Davis' mother,
with the "fatty change" in the liver.
who claims her son died because he
was denied medical treatment in jail.
"Tiat's the way I prefer to put it,"
Tie suit was filed against the City of
Weston replied, explaining that it is
Farmington and individual city offi-
difficult to determine a cause and ef-
cials.
fect relationship in cases such as Dav-
is'.
State Medical Examiner Dr. James
T. Weston, who examined slides of
"I find it difficult to say that (Davis'
R.FORD,
body tissue from Davis, said liver tis-
death was directly caused by fatty
sue contained a great deal of what he
0
Continued on A-2
GERALD
MDs Disagree in Negligence Trial
Continued from A-1
attention would have helped."
He said had jail employes been told
DTs is a life-threatening situation, it
change)," Weston said, "but some oth-
Dr. Robert Henry, head of the emer-
"would have helped save this man's
ers do say that."
gency room at Presbyterian Hospital
life."
in Albuquerque, testified he would at-
Weston also said he could not rule
tribute Davis' death to DTs.
Tuesday Farmington Police Capt.
out the possibility Davis died from the
Donald Rogers testified police are not
DTs.
He said a person experiencing DTs
told in training that persons suffering
He read from Davis' death certifi-
can have lucid intervals that can last
from DTs need medical attention.
cate that the cause of deati as
longer than 12 hours. Witnesses have
previously testified Davis was coher-
Late Wednesday San Juan County
determined by his office was "severe
ent after his DTs and appeared to be
Magistrate Roy Markham of Farming-
fatty infiltration of the liver."
recovering from them. He was last
ton said he had "no idea someone
When asked if medical attention
seen about 10 minutes before he was
could die" from DTs. He has previous-
would have prevented Davis' death,
found dead and was coherent at that
ly worked as a patrolman, deputy sher-
Weston said, "I can't say. People like
time as well, witnesses said.
iff and sheriff and has worked with
this die unexpectedly and suddenly
jails.
and sometimes there isn't anything
Henry said Davis should have re-
ceived medical attention despite the
Testimony will continue in the trial
indicating they need medical attention.
It is difficult to say whether medical
apparent recovery after the DTs.
today.
Albuquerque Tribune
NOV 1 9 1976
Farmington police innocent in death
A U.S. District Court jury
Bratton earlier Thursday
victim's life could not have
DeLayo made an appeal on
Those facts, said Mc-
returned a verdict in favor
dismissed from the case
been saved by medical atten-
behalf of Davis' family, say-
Corkle, didn't amount to the
of six Parmington city po-
Farmington Mayor Marlo
tion because his liver was in
ing the policemen should've
cruel and unusual punish-
licemen in a $2.25-million
Webb, City Atty. Dwight
such poor condition.
helped the man.
ment that was charged.
lawsuit Reductinst them by
Arthur, and City Councilmen
But Dr. Robert Henry of
"I question the type of
"His liver just quit." said
the mother of a man who
Robert Culpepper, J.A.
Presbyterian Hospital in
people we have in this coun-
McCorkle. "Medical atten-
died in the city jail.
Drake and Erick Johnson.
Albuquerque said Davis died
try who can let a man suffer
tion would not have saved
The five-man, one-woman
He allowed the jury to
of delerium tremens and his
for 52 hours in a jail."
his life."
jury ruled in favor of the
consider the claims against
life might have been saved
defender late Thursday
Police Chief Robert Schmer-
by proper treatment.
DEFENSE attorney Robert
MCCORKLE said, "These
after two hours of delibera-
heim, Capt. Donald W. Rog-
IN HIS closing argument,
McCorkle told the jury, "I
officers have seen people in
tion.
ers, Sgt. Michael D. Smith,
Leonard DeLayo, Mrs. Be-
have sympathy for the
worse condition.
Grace J. Begay of Kirtland
Sgt. Calvin Shields and Po-
gay's attorney. said the case
deceased and his family.
"These men were his
alleged in the suit that her
licemen Timothy Williams
concerned, "The conduct of
"It's unfortunate, tragic,
friends. Would they have
son, Kenneth Begay Davis,
and J.R. Brown.
human beings toward other
when human life is de-
subjected him to cruel pun-
died because police failed to
human beings."
stroyed by alcohol. But we
ishment?"
provide him with proper
DOCTORS testifying in
DeLayo said, "That's what
must put sympathy behind
medical attention after his
the case presented conflict-
this case is about. This case
us."
DeLayo said, "He (Davis)
arrest last July for drunken
ing testimony.
speaks to the attitude of one
McCorkle said that since
was going through obvious
driving, assault and battery.
Dr. Stewart Loeb of Far-
group of people toward an-
money was involved, the
agony. Police officers didn't
mington, who performed the
other in a certain physical
case had to be looked at for
consider him sick or injured.
U.S. DIST. Judge Howard
eutopsy on Davis. said the
condition'
its facts.
Is that reasonable?"
Lawyers
Bring
Varied
Backgroundst
By SCOTT SANDLIN
trust status "should be part
Daily Times Staff
Oakland followed that. Cases
Though not attracted to the
your Russian."
and parcel of economic de-
there involved Indians living in
type of work, Ms. Flynn-
Currently the only attorneys
SHIPROCK - The most
velopment."
rancherias, land established by
While Flynn-O'Brien's ex-
O'Brien says she is not op-
at Shiprock DNA, they have
unusual thing about Tim and
the federal government in the
perience has been involved
posed to large corporations per
been interviewing candidates
Judy Flynn-O'Brien is proba-
1800s as a sort of mini-
se. "They're misused, both
for another attorney opening.
bly not their last name, but it
almost exclusively with legal
inside and out."
reservation.
In the meantime, they are
seems to confuse people as
aid-human rights organiza-
Many of the rancherias, says
tions, Ms. Flynn-O'Brien's ex-
While Ms. Flynn-O'Brien
struggling to explain legal
much as the legal terminology
Flynn-O'Brien, were termi-
perience has taken her from
braved Wall Street, her hus-
conundrums to the lay person
they deal in daily.
nated, or cut off from their
Russia to Wall Street.
band worked for the Interna-
who, in many cases, cannot
It's not too complicated,
trust status, thereby losing
In 1972, after completing
tional Indian Treaty Organiza-
read or speak English.
services have been on the
increase, in addition to the
caselaod from the Navajo res-
although it has prempted a
many benefits and protection
undergraduate studies at the
tion, attached to the U.N.,
ervation.
number of explanations. She
afforded under treaty.
University of California at
which handled legal and hu-
was Judy Flynn, he was Tim
A significant part of the
man rights problems of Indi-
They are stuggling
Santa Cruz, she took a job as a
O'Brien. Married, they
work, he says, dealt with
nanny for a U.S. embassy
ans throughout the world.
to explain legal
changed their names to
a
jurisdiction: what laws would
family in Moscow.
Then, they say, "we talked
conundrums to the
hyphenated combination of the
apply to those Indians and
"I'd had this weird idea,"
about where we wanted to be."
two.
their lands, particularly re-
she says, "of combining Rus-
For Ms. Flynn-O'Brien, in-
lay person who, in
Farmington Daily Tim
But explaining and dealing
in legalities is their stock-in-
garding county zoning require-
sian studies (in which she tock
ternational business lacked
ments.
her degree) and law. I, had
contact with people.
many cases, cannot
trade. The Flynn-O'Briens are
planned to go to Columbia
"One friend," she says,
read or speak Eng-
NOV 1 6 1976
the new attorneys in residence,
"In one case," Flynn-
(University in New York)."
"works for a big firm dealing
lish.
and in charge, of Shiprock
O'Brien says, "the Indian
Plans changed, but her five-
with labor. I don't see any real
DNA People's Legal Services.
Health Service put in health
month tenure with state de-
purpose in that -I need more
Both in their mid-twenties
systems-septic tanks and
partment families in Moscow
of a social purpose. More
and both graduates of the
hockups-and the county
convinced her that that the
contact with clients, more
Flynn-O'Brien says "It's 2
University of California at
state department was not her
variety of experience. I nev-
temptation to explain in legal
Berkeley Law School, they
Tim's legal back-
cup of tea.
er liked dealing with money."
terms," when the lay explana-
come to DNA 11, varied
Other possibilities for her
Interviewing for posts both
tion may take much longer.
background. After interview-
ground
centers
combina-
here and in the Northwest,
But, he says, "I think we have
ing for various positions, they
Indian law; Judy
tion of studies were the United
they found the people in the
an obligation to explain as
joined the staff in
worked in Russia as
Nations or international busi-
Southwest, as well as the
much as possible-explaining
Tim, director of Shiprock
ness. The U.N., she says, was
climate, to their liking.
the process for them to learn
about it."
DNA, is experienced in ques-
a nanny and on
"too amorphous."
Not unversed in legal aid
tions of Indian law, working
Wall Street for an
So she tried international
work, Ms. Flynn-O'Brien
Both attorneys think that
with both Seattle, Wash., and
business, working during the
worked for the San Francisco
once clients understand the
California legal aid services.
International firm.
summer of 1975 as an intern in
Neighborhood Legal Services
process, there will be less of a
the prestigious Wall Street
as an intern.
reliance on lawyers. If a client
After his first year of law
wouldn't approve them. We
firm White and Case.
Noting that legal aid jobs are
purchasing an item learns not
school, he worked on cases
won the case contending that
difficult to get without direct
to rely on verbal promises. for
involving Imon rights
"I decided I absolutely hated
the county had no jursidic-
experience in the field, she
example, the dose of preven-
on ceremonial lands of Wash-
business-type work. It was
tion."
says her husband's clinical
tative counsel will have been
ington Indians for the Indian
Problems in the California
boring, mostly. You're dealing
experience with Indian law
well worth the try.
Law Unit of Seattle Legal
with multi-million dollar loans
rancherias, he says, centered
netted them the posts in Ship-
on a largely uncumeated people
from company to company,
rock.
For the interim. the Flynn-
reading of pages of
O'Briens need not worry about
losing their traditional
That helped," Flynn-
Two
a lack of clients. Referral
of
with
on
area
O'Brien says drily. "That and
an
base The end result, says.
policy,"
cases from Farmington legal
at
Indian Legal in
Ms.
Jury
NOV 17 1976
Farmington Daily Times
By HOWARD GRAVES
Investigators are probing al-
TG&E Vice President
Leslie J. Hadden, also of
PHOENIX, Ariz. (AP) -
leged mishandling of
Thomas Via Jr. said the flights
thousands of dollars of federal
Gallup, was named as an
Navajo Tribal Chairman Peter
were made to help overcome
MacDonald, leader of Ameri-
funds, said the U.S. Attorney's
unindicted co-conspirator, said
opposition by Navajos to a
office. However, the U.S. A'
Asst. U.S. Atty. Gary Scales.
ca's lar gest Indian group,
345,000 volt transmission line
torney declined to elaborate
across Navajo lands in
Miller pleaded innocent to
spent about 20 minutes today
before a federal grand jury.
MacDonald's appearance.
the charges Nov. 3 in U.S.
northwest New Mexico.
Nixon, while president
District Court in Phoenix.
MacDonald, who appeared
Via said MacDorald agreed
with an attorney, seemed in
awarded MacDonald a pr
to make the trips if the
A Jra 18 trial date Was set
dential commendation for his
good spirits as he left the
pany paid for them.
for Miller by U.S. District
federal courthouse. He said he
work with the poor.
eDonald said in late Octo-
Court Judge Carl Muecke.
MacDonald is in his six:
would return to the Navajo
"The information I have
Miller was released on his own
capital of Window Rock, Ariz.
year as elected tribal chail
nese flights were made
recognizance.
MacDonald would not com-
man of the estimated 150,0
the contract with TG&E
Scales said Eldred agreed to
ment to a reporter on his
Navajos living on reservation
signed. I think I made a
waive removal proceedings
appearance before a regular
lands in portions of Arizona
to Farmington and
and is to appear in Phoenix
New Mexico and Utah. The
e one to Tucson, where
Wednesday for arraignment on
session of the grand jury or on
the subpoena that brought him
reservation covers about 25,000
office is located." He
the charges.
to Phoenix.
square miles.
ma e-the statement in re-
Scales said Eldred, 58, and
The attorney refused to iden-
He was first elected in 1970
sponse to a reporter's question.
Schaffer, 45, also are sched-
tify himself, saying, "I think
and won a second, four-year
On Oct. 23, the grand jury
uled for trial on the indictment
these matters are of a secret
term in 1974.
indicted the former executive
charges Jan. 18 in Phoenix
The Associated Press
nature. I have no comment."
director of the Navajo Housing
federal court.
The tribal chairman, asked
learned last month that a top
Authority, Pat Chee Miller, 31,
Miller was accused of receiv-
Peter MacDonald
to identify the lawyer, just
Navajo tribal official had re-
a Navajo living in Gallup.
ing the kickbacks for loaning
comment
ceived an estimated $5,600 in
The eight-count indictment
an estimated $13.3 million in
cash through a Gallup air
The 48-year-old MacDonald,
charged Miller with receiving
housing authority money to
charter service.
$42,000 in kickbacks from
American Funding. All but $4.5
who once received a commen-
The money, after being con-
American Funding Corp. of
million has been recovered.
dation from former President
verted from bank checks to
Beverley Hills, Calif.
The authority was formed in
Nixon, was called in connec-
cash, was hand carried to the
1963 to allocate U.S. Housing
tion with a federal investiga-
executive at Window Rock,
Also indicted were A. Gordon
and Urban Development funds
tion of alleged financial ir-
Ariz., according to two persons
Eldred, the mortgage invest-
for housing projects on the
regularities on the vast reser-
familiar with the transactions.
ment firm's senior vice presi-
The checks were paid by
dent, and Marvin B. Schaffer
Navajo Reservation.
vation.
MacDonald was subpoenaed
Tucson Gas & Electric Co. to
of Encino, Calif., an Eldred
late last week by federal
Atsidi Aviation Inc., the
business associate.
investigators.
sources said
The three were charged with
The grand jury, assisted by
The checks written in
conspiracy to defraud the fed-
a special Justice Departs ent
August and November 1973,
eral government, misapplica-
task force and the FBI, has
were for special charter ser-
tion of an Indian tribal or-
been delving into the alleged
vices by tribal xecutives,
ganization's funds and in-
corruption sir.ce last spring.
including MacDonald.
terstate transportation of mon-
e:
Mained by fraud.
Albuquerque Tribune
NOV 1 7 1976
Tiny Indian tribe wins
right to own reservation
(C) NY Times News Service
er, a Golden Hill who is also
Late last month Piper and
TRUMBULL, Conn. --- The
known as Chief Big Eagle.
a band of other Indians from
"Nobody can come along
across the country moved
nation's smallest Indian re-
servation won the first
with a piece of paper and
into a tepee on the reserva-
round here last week in a
say that it isn't so."
tion - rather than let the
fight for its survival when
Piper took over the leader-
land lie contested and
ship of the 78-member Gold-
unoccupied - and began a
state officials decided that a
en Hill tribe in 1974 and
series of spiritual ceremo-
one-quarter-acre suburban
began efforts to regain 19%
nies, dancing and praying
plot did indeed belong to the
acres of reservation land
for the safety and preserva-
Golden Hill Tribe.
tion of the reservation.
The state's ruling, which
that had been sold off a cen-
rejected a competing claim
tury ago and 80 acres in
"Now that the state agrees
what is now the heart of
with us that this is our land,
by a neighboring landowner
and reaffirmed an Indian
downtown Bridgeport, which
we can go ahead and make
had been taken by force in
this a gathering place for all
claim to the land that dates
to 1659, was greeted by the
the 17th Century.
Indians," Piper said after
Indians with a nightlong
even the remaining
the decision became known.
revel of singing, drumming
quarter-acre was threatened
"My uncle never wanted this
in July when a Waterbury
place known as an Indian
and dancing around a tepee.
attorney who owns a build-
reservation and just wanted
When the dancing ended at
dawn and this quiet residen-
ing next to the reservation
to live and die in peace, and
tial community on the
filed claim to land and then
we respect our elders. But
offered to sell it to the state.
now times have changed and
fringes of Bridgeport re-
the national mood of Indians
turned to its customary
THE CLAIM by the attor-
has changed."
calm, work resumed on a log
ney, John Carl Kucej, came
cabin that reservation lead-
days after the only house on
KUCEZ, WHO could not be:
ers plan to make into a re-
the reservation had been
reached for comment, is
gional center of Indian cul-
torn down to make way for
expected to pursue his claim
ture and activism.
the new cultural center, and
in the courts in what could
"WE HAVE always main-
resulted in halting construc-
be a long battle retracing the
tained that this was
tion while the state conduct-
tribe's history and its some-
reservation land and that we
ed a title search on the prop-
times stormy relationships
owned it," said Aurelius Pip-
erty.
with the carly settlers.
Albuquerque Journal
NOV 17 1976
Interior Dept., Indians
Agree on Water Rights
From the Journal's
"pending a determination of the feasi-
Washington Bureau
bility of that use."
WASHINGTON - The Dept. of Inte-
The determination will be made
rior has announced it has reached an
through a study to be conducted by the
agreement with the Jicarilla-Apache
Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Bu-
Tribe on water rights that frees 13,300
reau of Reclamation.
acre feet of San Juan-Chama water
As part of the agreement, the tribe
from municipal and industrial use by
withdrew its opposition to the use of
five New Mexico communities.
the remaining 13,300 acre feet availa-
The agreement was reached during
ble for municipal and industrial use.
the late summer.
The 39,300 acre fect involved be-
As part of the agreement, the Interi-
came available when communities
or Dept. agreed to reserve 29,000 acre
opted not to carry out programs for
feet of water from San Juan-Chama
which the water was originally allocat-
for permanent use by the Jicarillas
ed.
Naschitti Class Buildine
Farmington Daily Times
NOV
17
1976
Destroyed in Morning
Fire
By SCOTT SANDLIN
hoses to keep four butane
gasoline tank near the
Daly Times Staff
tanks located about 15 feet
was also kept watered
NASCHITTI - A portable
from the building from blowing
prevent it from igniting.
metal building that housed the
up.
The Valley Fire Dept.
kindergart at Naschitti
The school, part of the
rived about 7:15 a.m., she
School burned to the ground in
Central Consolidated School
Dr. Warner said persons
a fire that started at about 5
system, is located 55 miles
living in the school complex
a.m. today after the school
south of Shiprock on the Nava-
were alerted immediate.
principal's unsuccessful at-
jo reservation.
the danger and moved
tempts to reach fire units in
The fire was extinguished at
the area. She also notified the
Tohatchi, Shiprock and Win-
about 8:15 a.m., after a fire
persons in the neighboring
dow Rock, Ariz.
truck from the Valley Volun-
community.
The official said further dis-
teer Fire Dept. responded to a
The principal estimated
call. By then, said Dr. Pearl
of school equipment in the
aster was prevented by four
teachers who manned water
Warner, school principal, the
kindergarten building 2:
building was gone.
$75,000.
No one was injured in the
Dr. Warner said she called
blaze, but Dr. Warner is
representative of the U.S.
angry. "I'm mad," she said.
Dept. of Housing and Urban
"None of the fire departments
Development about four cays
would come. If we'd had fire
ago about fire protect
protection, three quarters of
"They said the (Navajo)
Coal Tax Plan
the building could have been
would have to look into it,
saved."
said. "I think we'd better
Dr. Warner said she was
something about it."
The fire is the second
"Uneconomical"
awakened by a call from a
teacher and looked out the
three years at the school
window of her home to see
Warner said. About two years
flames shooting up from the
ago, the arts and crafts
ALBUQUERQUE (AP) - Firms developing New Mexico
building in the corner where
ing burned. She said
coal would have a tough time competing in most markets
the heater was located. The
thought today's fire
if the state imposes a tax rate of 26 per cent, an industry
lights were out, she said, and
started by a faulty heater.
spokesman said.
she could not see to dial
Arrangements were being
John J. Schmidt, executive vice president of Santa Fe
numbers. An operator made
made this morning for return-
Industries Inc., said the proposed tax hike would make "our
the calls to the fire units and
ing utility service,
coal uneconomical and noncompetitive with most other
the district superintendent.
nected when the fue broke
markets."
She said the Tohatchi Fire
but Dr. Warner said she
He said Santa Fe is negotiating with a handful of
Dept., located about 10 miles
unsure of whether school
companies to sell its vast coal reserves in the San Juan
away, apparently declined to
would be in session.
Basin. The firm is asking for $1.5 billion.
respond to the call because it
Although she confessed
"I don't think the message has gotten through to the
is McKinley County and the
being shaken by the EX-
people of New Mexico that the proposed taxes would mean it
school is in San Juan County.
perience, she said she joked
would cost three times as much to mine coal here as in
Concern about the possibility
a school supply officer that
Wyoming or Montana," he said. "It's just going to make a
of fire, Dr. Warner said,
wanted to requisition a nex
tough job tougher."
prompted her to buy water
building.
Economists, state energy officials and Gov. Jerry Apodaca
hoses about a month ago.
"I never counted on being à
all are backing hefty tax increases on coal and uranium
"They're the only reason those
firefighter when I took
mined in New Mexico.
tanks didn't blow," she said. A
job," she said.
Ambuquerque Journal
NOV 1 8 1976
Paul R.
Wieck
Indian Policy Vague
WASHINGTON - President-elect
Carter opened his statement by say-
Jimmy Carter's only official statement
ing he believes programs for Indians
on Indian policy, a 32 line policy pap-
should be "designed, implemented and
er, deals largely in generalities and
managed by Indian tribes" to the
does not get into the sticky questions
greatest extent possible.
raised in the Indian community in re-
cent years.
"Indian people should be able to
make their own decisions regarding
budget priorities, the operation of
Carter appears to support the idea of
their schools, the best use of their
"self-determination without termina-
land, water and mineral resources, and
non."
the direction of their economic devel-
opment," his statement continues.
He also promises a complete review
of all federal programs for Indians
He decries the "duplication of ef-
conducted "with the full participation
fort, waste and neglect" he says pre-
of Indian leaders from tribal, urban
vails in the programs and suggests a
and national organizations."
large percentage of the federal funds
for Indians is lost as a result.
His statement does not deal with
He also promises a review of federal
such touchy issues as the Indian pref-
laws relating to Indians and a long
erence program for hiring by the Bu-
look at the BIA.
reau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the
"beneficial use" position of the BIA on
Indian water rights or the longstand-
Paul R. Wieck is chief of the Albu-
ing request of tribal leaders for a spe-
querque Journal's news bureau in
cial Indian legal counsel.
Washington, D.C.
Farmington Daily Times
NOV 16 1976
Companies which lease land
from the tribe would be EX-
Tribal Taxation Proposed
pected to protest the double
taxation in the courts.
Commissioners have said
WINDOW ROCK, Ariz. (AP)
ficials said could produce as
imum, the commission said
they would not recommend
-The Navajo Tax Commission
much as $36 million next year.
that the major tax should te
taxing Indians' income or
Monday proposed setting up a
While suggesting that the
placed on companies leasing
property at the present time
tribal tax structure that of- tribal tax be kept at a min-
land from the tribe that pay
becase Navajos' income levels
low rental or royalty
were too low. The current
payments.
capita income of the 100.00
The three-man commission
member tribe is about $600 per
said that any tax system would
year and the unemployn
probably produce extensive E:-
rate is about 60 per cent.
igation between the Navajos
and Arizona and New Mexico
over the rights of the states to
tax interests on Indian reser-
vations.
New Mexico and Arizona
currently assess a tax on the
removal of mineral resources
from the Navajo Reservation.
which amounts to millions of
dollars each year.
Navajo Crafts Enterprise Looks
By LAURIE BURNETT
A jewelry buyer for several Gallup
nated by the Navajo Tribal Council in
Under the former management NACE
WINDOW ROCK. Ariz. (Dine Bureau)
stores before managing the guild. Et-
November 1975.
agreed to supply various large national
Officials of the financially-troubled
Would Improve Image
department stores. including Sears
sitty was appointed Monday by the
Navajo Arts and Crafts Enterprise
committee set up by the tribal council to
"We are trying to clean up the inferior
Roebuck. with Navajo jewelry. but was
(NACE) announced Wednesday the ap-
oversee NACE operations.
merchandise purchased by that man-
unable to fill the orders. he said.
pointment of a new manager in their at-
agement." Davis said. "People have
"Navajo craftsmen were told they
Roger Davis. committee chairman,
tempts to get the enterprise back into
been reluctant to buy from us because of
produced too slowly. and NACE began
would not predict when NACE would re-
cover from its present deficit operation.
publicity about the low quality mer-
purchasing from various non-Navajo
healthy operating order.
Meanwhile. NACE officials are un-
saying. "It takes a long time to rebuild
chandise we have acquired."
wholesalers in Gallup." he said. "Much
daunted by severe declines in the Indian
an enterprise once its name has been
NACE was set up by the Navajo Tribal
of that merchandise was of inferior qual-
jewelry market. maintaining that qual-
destroyed, but we are pulling out of the
Council, according to Davis. to provide
ity. and was mass-produced with low
ity Indian jewelry will remain a good
red gradually."
an outlet for Navajos silversmiths and
grade turquoise."
investment for years to come.
NACE's financial problems stem
efattsmen.
You can't buy from wholesalers and
The new NACE manager, Funnie Et.
from mismanagement. according to
"But with the disbanding of the guild
other outlets and still expect 10 is com-
sitty. was manager of the Navajo Arts
Davis. The former manager. Ernest
and the formation of the enterprise. the
petitive," he added.
Apodaca. a non-Navajo. assumed the
attitude changed to one of profit mak-
'Everyone Got into Act'
and Crafts Guild for four years before it
was converted into the tribal enterprise
top position in the enterprise upon its
ing." he said, and that is when the prob-
The recent boom of Indian jewelry led
in 1972.
formation. He was subsequently termi-
lems started.
to a glutting of the market with inferior
toward Better Times
GALLUP INDEPENDENT
NOV 18 1976
goods. resulting in public loss of confi-
50-60 per cent nationwide since the
dence in the merchandise and eventu-
enough to ablish names. will continue
ally in the severe declines the market is
boom. and are still dropping. as evi-
producing quality goods.
now suffering.
denced by the continual closings of the
jewelry stores in Gallup. which became
Four branch stores of NACE. which
"The height of the boom was in 1972
abumdant during the boom.
closed earlier this year. are scheduled to
when Wall Street listed it as second to
Still Can't Beat Quality
open in the spring when it is expected
land in its list of good inv estments." said
However, Davis maintains that qual-
that the central store in Window Rock
Davis. "Then everyone got into the act
ity jewelry is still a good investment.
will have acquired enough quality mer-
Anglos, Mexicans. amateurs and hip-
and will remain SO.
chandise to stock them again, said
pies."
"A person who knows Indian jewelry
Davis. The four stores are in Kayenta.
"Il sold like crazy for a while. and then
can spot quality." he said. "There will
Chinle. Cameron. and Allentown.
all of a sudden people realized that the
turquoise or workmanship of the
always be quality goods produced. and
their value will remain high."
A new accounting system recently
jewelry was not always quality," he
He predicts that young Navajos who
implemented at NACE has finally
said. "Wall Street then. took it off its
entered the business during the boom
cleared up the formerly chaotic finan-
boards and the value dropped consider-
ably."
will drop out. but those craftspersons
cial records. and "this should help up in
Indian jewelry sales have declined
who already have established names,
our present attempts to secure an
and those who "have their heart in it"
operating added. loan for the enterprise," he
GALLUP INDEPENDENT
NOV 1 8 1976
Shakeup
An Exclusive Report
The tribe has already begun its own
The question that some department
By BILL DONOVAN
reorganization separate from the one
heads raised. then, is whether the coun-
WINDOW ROCK. Ariz. (Dine Bureau)
being proposed under the Little study.
cil would approve changes that take
Navajo Tribal Chairman Peter Mac-
This reorganization is being conducted
power away from its various commit-
Donald is considering calling the
by Perry Allen, who is MacDonald's
tees and turn it over to the chairman's
Navajo Tribal Council into special ses-
administrative assistant.
office. Most tribal officials think this is
sion in early December to consider re-
Already Correcting Problems
unlikely.
commendations made by an outside
Several division heads questioned
The only section of the study which
firm on ways to improve the running of
has a good chance of being approved by
whether there was even a need for such
the council, according to one tribaloffi-
the tribal government.
The recommentations are part of a
a study in the first place. since they felt
cial. is the salary revision schedule.
management review study conducted
that the tribal reorganization was be-
This part of the study was undertaken to
over the past four and a half months by
ginning to correct many of the problems
determine of some tribal employes were
the Arthur Little Co. of Los Angeles.
within the tribal government.
being paid enough in relation to their
The Little study, although it has not
The main criticism made by division
duties and responsibilities.
been released to the press and probably
heads before allen took the job with the
chairman's office five months ago was
won't until it comes before the council.
that there was no direction from the
has already caused waves within the
chairman's office and that 11:11 made it
tribal government and has been the sub-
difficult. if not impossible. to make any
ject of several staff meetings.
changes in policy or programs.
Almost no department head has come
out in support of the conclusions made
This situation has changed over the
by the study. and most would just as
past few months and division heads said
soon see the tribal council diseard the
that at least now with the weekly staff
findings and forget about the thousands
of dollars the tribe spont to get it made.
meetings Monday morning departmen-
Suggests Consolidation
tal problems can be brought up and
According to interviews with various
some type of solution decided upon.
tribal officials, the Little study stresses
May Depend on Politics
throughout its recommendations the
The question then is whether the
consolidation of various tribal depart-
council will go with the recommenda-
tions made in the study and. according
ments to eliminate duplication of ser-
to some tribal officials, this may depend
vices and better use of tribal funds.
и great deal on tribal politics.
If the council goes ahead and ap-
If the study is approved. one result
proves the recommendations made by
will be strengthening of the chairman's
the study, almost no division within the
office. since the recommendations in the
tribal government will be unaffected.
report would give the chairman's office
Most division heads feel that the
more say in daily operation of various
changes would hurt their departments
departments.
without saving that much money.
4A-Sunday, Nov. 21, 1976 Formington (N.M.) Daily Times
Editorial Page
A Newsman's Faith
Howard Graves of Albuquerque,
who heads the Associated Press'
economic, political and social life of
operations in New Mexico, almost
the entire Four Corners region.
single-handedly has been uncover-
Because of the Intricate-if not
ing one of the most significant
unique-manner in which tribal
stories in the Four Corners region.
business involves the federal gov-
Primarily through his efforts, a
ernment, reporters through the
federal grand jury has been in.
years frequently have been stymied
vestigating alleged wrongdoings
in their attempts to accurately
within the Navajo Tribal government
report news about the Navajo
Nation.
operations.
People in high places, and millions
Graves, nonetheless, has been
of dollars in federal, tribal and
successful. We believe that his
corporate funds have been Involved.
success can be attributed mostly to
A number of indictments already
his penchant for the truth and the
have been returned by the grand
objective manner in which he has
jury.
been reporting the facts. He has no
Graves has been working on the
axe to grind, no cause to champion,
self-imposed assignment for the past
no scores to even.
several years. During that time he
Howard Graves has on unwaver-
has filed numerous stories-none
ing belief that the truth is a
based on sensationalism; all based
journalist's only real stock in trade
on the facts as he has been able to
and that he can best serve his fellow
put them tagether, after hours, days,
human beings by exercising that
and months of interviewing people
belief.
and studying documents.
The Navajo Nation, encompassing
We would not be a bit surprised to
about 25,000 square miles in
see Graves nominated for some sort
Arizona, Utah and New Mexico,
of award within the journalism
plays an important role in the
profession. To US, he exemplifies the
finest in newspapering.
Program Seeks Applicants
WINDOW ROCK, Ariz. - A
learning problems. The pro-
work as teacher aides in their
Selected students also attend
special training program de-
graminvolves four semesters of
veloped by the Navajo Nation
communities while completing
the National Council of Excep-
junior and senior level courses
and the University of Arizona
coursework. Students also re-
tional Children convention in
offered at the College of
ceive benefits of a full-time
Atlanta, Ga.
to train 20 teachers a year in
Ganado campus, with two full
special education is now re-
university program and obtain
To qualify, interested per-
summers of instruction on
cruiting students for a pro-
campus at the University of
on-campus credit for student
sons must have completed 56
teaching on the reservation.
or more hours of college
gram starting in January
Arizona in Tucson.
The program is designed to
credits transferable to the
1977.
The reservation-based train-
The Navajo Nation con-
avoid cultural and linguistic
University of Arizona. College
ing model allows students to
and high school transcripts
tracted with the university for
and economic problems en-
the program, funded by a
countered by some Indian stu-
should be forwarded, along
dents.
with the tribe's application and
grant from the Bureau of
Education for the Handi-
Instruction is provided by
university admission form. to
university personnel who fly in
Charlene Tapahe, coordinator.
capped. to fill vacancies for
qualified Navaje teacher per-
to campus for all-day sessions
Navajo Special Education
sonnel to work with handi-
Friday and half-day Saturday.
Teacher Development Pro-
The summer session includes
gram, The Navajo Tribe, P.O.
capped Navajo children.
field trips to observe programs
Box 308, Window Rock, Ariz.
The two-year program,
serving handicapped students.
86515.
which fulfills Arizona's
certification requirements,
focuses on preparation of
teachers in mental retardation,
behavioral disorders and
8A-Sunday, Nov. 21, 1976 Farmington (N.M.) Daily Times
Experimental Dorm
SHIPROCK--People may
have squinted hard or stared
Seems Natural
in disbelief when the idea was
first proposed, but Dorm Seven
of the Shiprock Bureau of
living situation is alcohol. If a though a segregated one.
Williams says.
Indian Affairs boarding school
student is found drunk on
"Next year," he says, "will
Next year's experiment may
is no joke now. What is now an
campus, he is expelled im-
really be more experimental
or may not have the same
honor dorm started off a year
mediately from the dorm.
than this year."
results as Dorm Seven. But
ago as the "experimental"
So far, he says, there has
"We're trying anything that
Williams, and the members of
dorm for eighth and ninth
been only one expulsion.
will improve on what I think is
the staff are willing to give it
graders. Among its features
The situation, he says, just
the old BIA situation,"
a try.
are co-ed living, once a week
"seems more natural." In-
family-style cooking among
stead of boys and girls seeing
students and student planning
each other only at a dance,
for activities.
they are accustomed to work-
The main problem now, in
ing together.
fact, is that "Kids from other
Williams, who has worked
with Anglos and other ethnic
dorms are jealous," says stu-
groups in his work as a parole
dent activities director Manuel
officer, says "Navajo kids are
Montoya.
more responsive. I really don't
The honor dorm was the
why-it must be cultural."
Personnel were also careful-
brainchild of Charles Williams,
dormitories supervisor for the
ly selected, Williams says, and
past year. A former state
he is now considering a plan to
policeman in Nevada and
have dorm aides move along
former youth parole officer.
with students as they progress
Williams says the program's
from grade to grade.
working S0 well they hope to
Montoya, who has worked
institute a similar plan with
for the BIA the past 16 years,
seventh-graders next year.
says he has heard longtime
bureau employes say working
A careful screening process,
in the honor dorm "is the first
including recommendations
time they've enjoyed their
from adults and students' list-
jobs. It's a whole new out-
ing their reasons for wanting
look."
to live in the experimental
Among the new program's
benefits are a reduction in
situation, determined the stu-
dents selected initially. Now
absenteeism and a greater
students may apply to live in
stimulus for study, Williams
Dorm Seven. If a student is
says. Some students have vol-
unteered to work as aides in
rejected, he's told why, and
the nearby dorm housing the
may re-apply after 30 days.
trainable mentally handi-
"It gets away from regimen-
capped program.
tation," Williams says. "It's a
Students are divide in
more homelike
wings according to sex, and
atmosphere. People at first
there is 24-hour supervision at
just really didn't believe it, but
the dorm, but the key word
we've received nothing but
seems to be responsibility.
good reports."
Williams says students include
The only restriction Williams
both good students and slow
makes in an otherwise loose
students, but notes that three
of the four members of the
student council live in the
honor dorm.
Next year, he says, all
seventh grade students will be
in an honor dorm situation,
GALLUP INDEPENDENT
NOV 2 2 1976
Gasification
Date
By BILL DONOVAN
than the company can afford. A loan
WINDOW ROCK, Ariz. (Dine bureau)
guarantee would allow the company to
- A high ranking official for a company
borrow the funds needed to build the
proposing to build two coal gasification
plants at the lowest possible interest.
plants on the Navajo Reservation says
his company probably will drop the
A similar bill failed in the past session
plans if it does not receive tribal ap-
of Congress by one vote, and Rudzick
said company officials re-evaluated the
proval in January.
Robert Rudzick, general manager of
proposal and decided that "we want to
try one more time."
the Western Gasification Co. (WESCO)
said Friday any further delays in the
"It's absolutely essential that if the
project would make the plants too ex-
Navajos want the project, they must
pensive to build.
back us when we go back to Washing-
"In 1972 when we first approached the
ton," be said.
tribe. we estimated that the cost to build
the plants would be about $500 million,"
WESCO has spent about $20 million in
he said. "The current cost estimate is
getting the proposal this far, be said, but
more than billion dollars."
WESCO needs a decision by the council
He told members of the Navajo Tribal
as soon as possible about whether it
Council's Resources Commitee that in-
wants the plants. "If they decide theydo
flation was adding about $2.25 million a
not, we might as well pack up and go
day to the cost to build the plant.
home," Rudzick said.
"If it does not get out of the tribal
council during its January session, it
will probably be dead." Rudzick said.
He indicated the company will not be
able to allow the council to discuss the
proposal and then establish a committee
to negotiate with WESCO officials. This
has been the procedure in several in-
stances when a major agreement came
up before the council for approval.
WESCO still has to go to Congress for a
federal loan guarantee, he said. because
the cost to build the two plants is more
GALLUP INDEPENDENT
NOW 2 2 1976
Company Offer Totals
$5-7 Million a Year
WINDOW ROCK, Ariz. (Dine Bureau)
Tribal officials have complained re-
not be able to pass on a tribal tax to its
- The Navajo Tribe will receive about
cently that the 18 cents a ton average
customers.
$5 million in 1980 if it approves construc-
that the tribe gets as royalty from Utah
Larry Ruzow, a member of the tribe's
tion of two coal gasificati plants on the
is not enough.
general counsel firm. told WESCO offi-
Navajo Reservation. a high ranking of-
Tribal representatives are currently
clals that the tribe is upset that everyone
ficial for WESCO said Friday.
attempting to get the coal company to
will make more money from this project
In 1983, the tribe's revenue from the
renegotiate its contract to provide the
than the tribe will. Utah International
plants will be about $7 million, accord-
tribe at least 55 cents a ton royalty,
will get $90 million annually or $9 a ton
,
ing to Robert Rudzick, general manager
which is what the tribe will get when the
for coal and the state of New Mexico will
of the Western Gasification Co.
renegotiated El Paso contract is ap-
get $10 million annually while the tribe
(WESCO).
proved by the Secretary of the Interior.
will get between $5 million and $7 mill-
The WESCO proposal, which has gen-
WESCO, in the meanwhile. has agreed
ion,
erated a great deal of controversy on the
to make up the difference to the tribe in
Would Move Site
reservation, is scheduled to come before
the amount Utah International is paying
Ruzow proposed that the company
the Navajo tribal Council for considera-
as royalties and what the tribe thinks it
move its proposed plant site a couple of
tion during its winter session in
should get.
miles which would make it easier for the
January.
Rudzick said that If the tribe in its
tribe to impose its own tax.
Rudzick said the tribe will receive a
negotiations with Utah International,
He explained that there are two types
one time payment of $1.7 million for var-
gets the coal company to raise its roy-
of land involved 8 treaty reservation and
lous rights-of-way. It will then receive
alty rates, the amount of money that
executive order reservation.
$200,000 annually for lease of the 4,000
WESCO pays the tribe will be likewise
Federal regulations allow st ates to tax
acres WESCO officials need for the
reduced.
various industries in executive order
plants and the small community which
Tax Leality Is Question
land, he said, but has more restrictions
will be established to house workers at
As for whether the company will allow
on what states can tax on treaty reserva-
the plants.
itself to be taxed by the tribe, Rudzick
tion lands.
The tribe will also receive one half of
said that WESCO "will pay all legal
The proposed site for the plant is on
one per cent of WESCO's gross receipts,
taxes." The question then is whether a
executive order land, he said, but by
which company officials expect will
tax imposed by the tribe on companies
moving the site only a couple of miles it
bring the tribe about $1.2 million annu-
such as WESCO during business on the
would be on treaty reservation land.
ally from each plant.
reservation would be legal and this
Rudzick replied that WESCO could
The company has also agreed to what
question would have to go to the courts
not, at this time, agree to any change in
company officials call a resource utili-
for an answer.
plant location.
sation fee. Under this proposal. WESCO
Rudzick explained that WESCO is an
"To more the site would be too expen-
has agreed to pay the tribe 37 cents a ton
utility company and therefore is strictly
sive to us." he said. "A change in our
for every ton of coal it uses at the plants
regulated by the federal company as to
proposal such as that would delay the
from Utah International.
how much profit it can make and what
project another two years. We must
Claim Coal Price too Low
kind of expenses it can pass onto its cus-
stick with our proposed location."
tomers.
He added that a change in the site
Utah International operates a coal
field near the proposed plant site and
He indicated that the company may
would require the company to prepare
another environmental impact state-
has a contract with WESCO to furnish
ment and require all kinds of paperwork
the 10 million tons of coal that will be
dealing with right-of-ways and custom-
needed annually to fuel the plant.
ary grazing areas.
Page 2-The Gollup NM Independent--Friday, November 19, 1976
every other way." said an experienced
Gallup pilot. A former Gallup FAA emp-
Gallup-Go-Round
loye characterized Vaughn the same
way. adding that Vaughn. more fre-
quently than most, reported weather
conditions en route to the FAA for the
Whole Crash
benefit of other pilots and assisted
whenever another flyer needed help.
A local twin-engine-rated pilot says
Story Untold
"the only explanation" for full right rud-
der trim is to maintain directional control
with the right engine inoperative. He was
at a loss to explain the full nose-up con-
By DON GREEN, Managing Editor
-Extent ui crash damage made the
trol, "unless he was trying to slow the
following information unavailable: en-
plane down. was in a descent maybe
The National Transportation Safety
toward Grants." When the plane hit a
gine control settings, flight control set-
Board report from Washington listed as
vertical ciff in near-level flight position, it
tings, and positions of light switches.
"probable causes" of the crash which
-Both the plane's powerplants were
was headed in the general direction of
killed four persons as "continued VFR
Grants.
"high time" engines. One had run 1,679
Standard time between overhauls for
flight into adverse weather conditions"
hours since its last major overhaul and
and "improper in-flight decisions or
the other had run 1,912 hours.
the type of engine on the Aztec is 2,000
planning" by the pilot. Freinds of the
"The normal operation of the left
hours, but engines often need overhaul-
pilot, Jimmie D. Vaughn, 55, of Window
magneto (in the right engine) could be
ing before that time. With the aged right
Rock, didnt' believe those conclusions
debated That is, one engine could
engine stopped and a left engine having
when they were announced recently.
have been operating on half of its normal
half dead ignition system. a descent
and the almost-complete NTSB report
ignition system.
might have become mandatory regard-
gives the conclusions only weak support
-The pilot reported to Albuquerque
less of the weather. NTSB, faced with
at best.
Federal Aviation Administration control-
contradictory evidence in the wreckage,
The crash of the twin-engine Pipe
lers 36 minutes before the estimated
chose to believe the tachometer reading
Aztec plane occurred last Jan. 6, seven
time of the crash that he was level at
rather than the rudder trim setting.
miles southeast of Grants on a flight
8,500 feet (2,000 feet above the surface)
With normal power available, an in-
from Albuquerque to Gallup. Vaughn
and mentioned no change nor problems
strument rating and extensive night fly-
and his passengers, Clare Thompson, a
as late as 25 minutes before the crash.
ing experience, it stands to reason that
Bureau of Indian Affairs employe from
-The pilot was rated for instrument
Vaughn would have turned away when
Window Rock; Fred Johnson, Navajo
he encountered the snow. He would
("blind") flying, had flown more than
tribal councilman from Shiprock; and
10,000 hours in his career. and had
normally seek to gain more altitude for
Donald Noble, tribal councilman from
flown 2,500 hours in the type aircraft in
safety and go around the weather. Lack
Steamboat Canyon, were killed.
which he crashed. Two thousand of his
of power would be the overpowering
The Independent's Dine Bureau in
total flying hours had been at night.
reason for his being close to the ground,
Window Rock received a copy of the
unless there were some kind of cockpit
The report makes a great deal of
body of the report this week from
emergency net discernable now.
weather conditions that night, in fact as-
There was no alcohol in Vaughn's
Washington. Although parts of the report
signing as a probably cause the pilot's
are missing. it indicates to local obser-
blood nor any other pertinent evidence
misjudgment of it. Vaughn was briefed
vers that NTSB's conclusion in
found in an autopsy. The report does not
by on the weather an FAA employe by
Washington should have been "We
mentain any post mortem examination
telephone, and the weather forecast
don't really know what caused this acci-
of the passengers.
was substantially correct. Yet, the
dent." Instead, the powers in Washing-
He have no conclusion to draw from
briefer's statement, which the report
ton attributed the Vaughn crash to the
the report other than to differ with any-
says is "attached to this report," was not
one who reaches a definite conclusion
probably cause that is easiest to assume
attached to the Independent's copy.
when they don't really know - pilot
from the information available. The re-
Local pilots recall that there were fast-
error.
port shows that the "probable cause"
moving scattered snow showers or
listed in the official summary of a plane
The report shows several things
squalls which an experienced night pilot
crash doesn't tell the whole story, is a
which would fit scenarios other than
could fly around.
conclusiong reached from evidence that
In the absence of the briefer's state-
simply flying into a snowstorm and being
can be conflicting and sketchy, and is
put down by it. For instance:
ment, it might be assumed the forecast
debatable at best.
called for scattered snow showers, nor-
-The left engine tachometer needle
The prevalent suspicion that the
was missing. while the right tachometer
mally not in themselves sufficient for a
NTSB statistic-makersican be too quick
read 2,500 revolutions per minute after
"no-go" decision by a pilot of Vaughn's
to assign crash causes to their favorites,
the crash.
qualifications. It is doubtful specific loca-
pilot error and continued flight into bad
-The aircraft's trim tabs were set in
tions of the showers 60 miles away could
weather. seems to be borne out here.
the full nose up andnose right positions:
be provided at Albuquerque.
Further. Vaughn was known in this
And local people who knew Vaughn be-
lieve that the abilities and character of
area as an extremely safety-minded
pilot. "He was one of the most profes-
the pilot were given particularly slight
consideration in this case.
sional and conscientious pilots. from the
The Dallas Morning News
DALLAS. TEXAS
D. 254.96 SUN. 314,000
NOV 11 1976
Many at hearing ask HEW for child care policy
By KATHY HAST
voiced by social workers, educators,
Other speakers expressed a need for
the Chickasaw Nation said. They
A sobbing mother calls a local child
and social service organizations at a
specific criteria other than "in the best
don't realize that if things don't
welfare office saying she has just se-
Department of Health, Education and
interest of the child" for removing a
change, the child will be taken away,
verely injured her child and she wants
Welfare public hearing Wednesday at
child.
she said, adding that Indian families
help.
the Dallas Convention Center.
also often lack legal counsel in family
A: caseworker meets the mother at
About 125 representatives from
Many comments concerning the
matters.
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
qualification of caseworkers drew ap-
the county hospital emergency room
and the two discuss what will happen
Oklahoma and Texas presented local
plause from the group.
Other Indian speakers stressed that
and regional problems and solutions in
Indian children should be placed in In-
to the mother, to the child and what
"A person is not qualified just be-
the areas of foster and adoptive homes
dian foster and adoptive homes
kind of help is available to the family.
cause he has a lot of degrees hanging
for children.
on the wall," said the director of a pri-
"A child should be adopted by an In-
Will the child be removed perma-
Many asked HEW to instigate a na-
vate social service agency. "We need to
dian family or records of his heritage
nently from the home? Will the mother
tional child care policy and try to set
look at competence instead of
should be kept so be is able to partici-
receive counseling? What kind? Will a
up some basic standards for removing
professionalism."
pate in his tribe," concluded a young
qualified person make the decisions
a child from a home.
woman from a central Oklahoma
that will affect the family's future?
"A national policy for the support of
Representatives from Indian agen-
group.
What criteria will be used.
the family needs to be developed along
(des in Oklahoma noted several addi-
Most of the speakers agreed more of
And will the agency seek a solution
with increased funding for preventa-
tional problems special to Indian
fort should be directed at preventing
to fit the family's problems, or try to
tive services," one participant said.
homes.
problems and keeping children in
force the family to fit formula
"It's not our responsibility to play God
their homes instead of immediately
solutions?
and remove a child capriciously from
Indian parents are not always told
removing them the first time a prob
These were some major concerns
their home."
what is happening, a representative of
lem erupts.
At the moment, the Wam-
that state they claim as
The Boston Globe
panoags are not federally
their ancestral land. The
recognized, because they are
Native American Rights
BOSTON, MASS.
not formally land-based.
Fund is a national organiza-
(MORNING)
The common town land
tion based in Boulder, Colo.,
D. 276,621 SUN. 570,834
would afford them that sta-
which is funded by a num-
tus, and, as close to half of
ber of private organizations.
NOV 1 4 1976
the people in Gay Head are
Indians, they would benefit
Tureen and Douglas Ran-
indirectly from Federal
dall, the special counsel re-
Gay Head voters
grants. Particularly during
tained for this suit by the
the winter, when jobs are
town, met for three hours
scaree on Martha's Vine-
Wednesday in Boston to dis-
yard, Federal recognition
cuss the possibility of a set-
will decide on
could make a big difference
tlement. According to
for a lot of people.
Tureen, the major problem
"We're quite evenly divid-
area involves the question
ed," Winona Silva conceded.
of future suits by the Wam-
Indian land claim
"The Indian population in
panoags for more land in
total here has never been
Gay Head. It is conceivable
told the truth about what
that they could sue for other
went on. They were
land in town in the same
By Samuel Allis
schooled in white schools
way that the Wampanoags
The Wampanoags main-
Special to the Globe
tain that the land had been
with textbooks written by
in Mashpee have done At
white men."
sue in the Mashpee situat: in
GAY HEAD has beon
theirs long before white
is 16,000 acres, which in-
almost two years since the
men settled on Martha's
The cost of the legal battle
cludes virtually all of the
Wampanoag Indians in this
Vineyard and that the Non-
which the Gay Head resi-
town and parts of neighbor-
tiny town at the tip of
Intercourse Act was violat-
dents must shoulder also
ing Sandwich.
Martha's Vineyard filed suit
ed when the town was in-
has grown to be a factor
to recover more than 250
corporated in 1870. At that
leading to the inclusion of
time, much of the land
the article on the warrant.
The article was put on the
acres of common land they
warrant by the Wampanoag
say belongs to them
which had belonged to the
"The mood has changed
Tribal Council after a
The suit against the town
Wampanoags was included
here," Town Treasurer Har-
motion was passed at a reg-
had all the earmarks, of a
as town property.
old Montamat said. "Many
ular town meeting in May to
long, drawn-out legal battle.
The odds are-good that the
people recognized the hope-
put the question before the
Until the warrant for the
town may drop its defense.
lessness of the situation.
voters. If it passes, it could
Nov. 23 special town meet-
For one thing, the balance
Tom Tureen (Wampanoag
end a great deal of the divi-
ing was drawn up last
among the Wampamoags,
attorney) can go on forever;
siveness which has ripped
month, it was expected that
who make up almost half of
he has limitless funds, but
the town apart since the suit
the suit would consume a
the 300-odd year-around res-
was filed in November of
good deal more time in Fed-
idents, appears to be shift-
1974.
eral district court.
ing in favor of the claim.
The Indian
"There has been an ele-
But now, the 180 regis-
While one might expect
ment of tragedy through
tered voters in Gay
that the Wampanoags would
population in total
this whole thing," Harold
will be able to decide If they
be united behind the suit,
here has never been
Montamat said. "Both sides
want to keep on fighting the
that simply hasn't been the
made mistakes. The tribal
Wampanoag claims
case.
told the truth about
council entered the picture
cle would instruct the
"I was opposed to it in the
what went on. They
with a lawsuit instead of
selectmen to take the neces-
beginning, and I still am,"
trying an open, friendly
sary steps to convey the
Selectman Luther Madison,
were schooled in
approach, and it ended up
common land back to the
a Wampanoag and brother
white schools with
hardening the position of
Indians.
the other side."
of the current tribal council
T he land in question in-
leader, Winona Silva, said.
textbooks written by
cluc is parts of the famous
"If this suit isn't continued,
white men.'
Gay Tead cliffs overlooking
it will still be up in the air
Buzzurd's Bay, the Herring
how far this thing can go.
WINONA SILVA,
Creek and a number of
It's possible that after these
Tribal council leader
cranberry bogs.
demands are met they will
The Wampanośga are bas-
be out for even more land."
ing their suit against the,
Selectman Helen Mann-
this.town has a total budget
town on grounds similar to
Ing, also a Wempanoss, said
of about $190,000.It's a mat-
those of their brothers in
"Luther is the most non-In-
ter of practical necessity.
Mashpee and in two Maine
dian Indian in Gay Head. I
We-may bow to the inevita-
tribes - violations of the
don't understand why any-
ble."
Indian Non-Interodurse Act
one in Gay Head wouldn't
of 1790, which mandated
want the common lands giv-
Tureen is a lawyer with
that any land taken from In-
en back to the Wampanoags.
the Native American Rights
dians be approved by Con-
It will make us eligible for a
Fund who is also spearhead-
gress. In all three disputes,
number of Faderal
ing the suit by the Passema-
the Indians allege that land
quoddy and Penobscot
benefits."
tribes against the state of
was taken without congres-
Maine for 12 million acres in
sional approval.
Menominee Vote
MILWAUKEE JOURNAL
PAGE ONE
MILWAUKEE. WISC.
D. 103 SUN. 524,947
Might Be Rerun
Special to The Journal
who won the election, for
bets of the Menominee War-
NOV 11 1976
Keshena, Wis. - Charges
what he called personal rea-
sons, and he asked that Wau-
riors Society. The investiga-
by.Menominee County Sher-
iff Kenneth Fish that there
kau's name be removed from
tion uncovered no wrongdo-
was illegal voting in the sher-
the payroll.
ing by Fish.
Waukau was one of four
Waukau surfaced as a can-
Iff's election he lost last week
full time deputies overseeing
didate after calling for an
may force a new election,
the activities of up to 70 part
investigation of misconduct
county authorities said here
Thursday.
time employes of the sheriff's
by public officials on the res-
Meanwhile Fish has fired
department.
ervation.
William Waukau, the deputy
Louis Dickie, Menominee
County clerk, said Thursday
that numerous votes appar-
ently were cast by persons
who were under age or non-
residents of Menominee
County.
The area, although now
called the Menominee Reser-
vation, still operates under
state and county election
laws.
Fish lost the sheriff's elec-
tion by a margin of 52 vetes.
A recount completed Tuesday
gave each candidate one more
The Scattle Daily Times
vote, thus retaining the 52
vote margin. Fish said he
D. 218,845 SUN. 300,628
would appeal the election to
the Circuit Court.
Fish has been a controver-
NOV
1
1
1976
sial sheriff and earlier this
year was under investigation
Cigaret tax
by the state after a shooting
in which he killed two mem-
may bring
boycott, say
THE PROPOSED tax violates In-
Indians
dian-treaty rights, said Mel Tonas-
"We must warn the state
ket, vice chairman of the Colville
that the consequences of attempting
By DEBBY W6297F LOWMAN
tribes, at a press conference.
to impose (the tax) will be disas-
"Indians have been trying to
trous. The tribes will go out of the
build our own economic stability,"
state to make their purchases.
Representatives of 20 Indian
said Joe De LaCruz, chairman of
"Businesses within the state will
the Quinault Tribe. "We believe the
be the ultimate losers."
tribes yesterday threatened to call
an "economic boycott" and prom-
state should be helping us rather
than hindering us and nickel-and-
DE LaCRUZ said, "We know If
ised a lawsuit if the state tries to
impose a tax on Indian cigaret
diming Indians to death."
we don't stop It here with the sales
tax they will begin taxing us in all
sales.
De LaCruz estimated that Indian
The State Revenue Department
enterprises contribute more than $1
other ways."
will consider adopting rules requir-
billion to the state economy through
Treaties give Indians the right to
ing sales tax to be paid on cigarets
such things as timber sales and the
set up their own tax systems on res-
fishing industry.
ervation lands, De LaCruz said.
sold to non-Indians on Indian land
at a 9:30 a.m. meeting in Olympia
"Just as federal military reserva-
Most of the tribes have set up, or
tomorrow. The department esti-
tions generate the circulation of
are in the process of setting up, tax
mates that the state loses about $8
money into a state's economy, so do
systems, he said.
the transfer of federal funds and in-
"We will not agree to any form
million a year through tax-free In-
come generated from sales by non-
of state taxation within Indian coun-
dian cigaret sales.
Indians to Indians," Tonasket said.
try," Tonasket said.
The Julsa Trimme
TULSA, OKLA.
D. 79,425
NOV 17 1976
Suit hits
bilingual
vote law
unwritten or not commonly used in a
written form
The city of Tulsa and two school sys-
tems have filed suit in federal court
"THERE IS NO Indian language in
seeking to overturn a federal regulation
either Rogers or Osage County, which
that election ballots be printed in En-
is commonly used in a written form or
glish and Cherokee in two adjoining
which is a historically written lan-
counties.
guage
the suit alleges.
The suit, brought by the city, In-
The suit claims that neither Osage
dependent School Dist. No. 1 and the
tribal members or other tribes in that
Tulsa County Area Vocational-Tech-
county have generally used a written
nical School, alleges there is "no lan-
language and that the Osage language
guage other than English used by na-
has been almost completely replaced
tive American Indian population in
by English.
Osage and Rogers County."
Approximately 50 per cent of the In-
dian population of Rogers County is
The suit also alleges that English is
c 0 m prised of Cherokees and that
the only historic written language in
while a written form of that tribe's
tion of a separate Wisconsin agency.
BIA red tape, and some chairmen said they favor forma-
Wisconsin and Minnesota Indians. They also criticized
cized alleged inequities in fund allocations between
chairmen of the Great Lakes Intertribal Council criti-
here Thursday against the Bureau or Indian Affairs as
Mole Lake, Wis. - Wisconsin, Indians declared war
Indians Pledge to Battle With BIA
NOV 12 1976
157,765 D.
MILWAUKEE, WISC.
MILWAUKEE SENTINEL
those counties.
language does exist, it is not commonly
In 1975, Congress amended the Voting
used there, the suit claims.
Rights Act of 1965 to enable members
"There are now Cherokees in Osage
of language minority groups to partici-
County who are known to be able to
pate more effectively in the electoral
read the Cherokee language
only a
process.
very small number of Cherokees in
Attorneys for the plaintiffs contend
Rogers County can read Cherokee.
no recent voters have cast ballots in
Cherokee in the two countles.
"THERE ARE NO traditional Chero-
kee-speaking communities in either
NAMED AS DEFENDANTS in the
county: there are no members of the
suit, for which no hearing date has
Cherokee tribe in either county who are
been set, are the Tulsa County Election
literate in Cherokee who are not also
Board and U.S. Atty. Gen. Edward
literate in English," the suit continues.
Levi.
The schools and city contend the vast
The amendment allows the use of a
majority of Cherokees in both counties
minority language if the U.S. Census
who speak only Cherokee can read nei-
Bureau determines that, more than 5
ther that language nor English.
per cent of the voting citizens of a po-
The suit asks that any requirement to
litical subdivision are members of a
provide election material be printed in
language minority and the liliteracy
Cherokee be voided, that the Cherokee
rate of such persons as a group is
lanauage be declared a historically un-
higher than the national Illiteracy rate.
written language and that the plaintiffs
Plaintiffs' attorneys said, however.
only be required to furnish oral instruc-
that according to the amendment only
tions in aid of registration or voting.
oral instructions are required if the
minority language is either historically
MILWAUKEE SENTINEL
MILWAUKEE, WISC.
D. 167,765
NOV 11 1976
1 Housing Shortage
Splits Fire Victims
BILLINGS GAZETTE
Special to The Sentinel
BILLINGS, MONTANA
Meanwhile, her eight chil-
Lac du Flambeau, Wis. -
dren ages 12 to 24 who were
Date
A severe housing shortage on
still living at home have been
the reservation of the Lac du
housed by friends and rela-
tives, she said.
Flambeau Band of Lake Supe-,
rior Chippewa Indians here
"I'd like to be back (in her
has kept a mother separated
home) in 10 days, but I think
Crows claim
from her 8 of her 10 children
It would be impossible.
since the family's home was
There's still a lot of work to
gutted in & fire Oct. 14.
be done," Mrs. Wolfe added.
But efforts to renovate
giant cave
Yvonne Wolfe's four room
bungalow are nearing com-
pletion and the family should
WORLAND. Wyo. (AP) The Crow Indian tribe claimed
be able to move back into its
jurisdiction over a 20-mile-long cave on the Wyoming-Montana
repaired home in about 10
border that currently is jointly administered by the National
days, according to William
Park Service and the Crows.
Wildoat Sr., Lac du Flambeau
Roger Stops of the Crow Agency in Montana made the
Tribal Council president.
claim Thursday at a meeting of a Bureau of Land Management
The renovation is being
(BLM) citizens advisory board here.
paid for by the council, Wild-
Horse Thief Cave begins in northern Wyoming, but crosses
cat said.
the Montana state line and ties in with Montana's Big Horn
While Ellsworth Gaulkey
Cave.
director of the Lac du Flam-
beau Housing Authority, res
The citizens advisory board also heard Stops say the tribe
fused to comment on why the
wants persons entering the cave first to obtain permission from
the Crow tribe.
family was not able to find
temporary housing together
Representatives of a firm called Virginia Nuclear told the
Wildcat noted that the entire
advisory group the firm has drawn up plans to mine uranium
reservation faces a housing
near the cave on lands to which the firm holds mining rights.
shortage
A spokesman asserted the firm's right to mine uranium in
"We atill have people Hv-
the area.
ing in tents and sleeping in
cars in this weather," he said.
Several spelunkers also testified at the hearing, calling for
Wildcat said the council is
the expansion from 700 acres to 4,000 acres of protected lands
near the cave.
working "as best as we can"
to alleviate the problem.
Mrs. Wolfe has charged
that the housing authority
has ignored her numerous
pleas to place her temporarily
in either a four or five Ded-,
room apartment. Mrs. Wolfe,
who works at a private elec-
tric company here, claims
both apartments have been
vacant since she lost her
home.
The Datlas Morning Nrma
DALLAS, TEXAS
DENVER POST
D 311,000
DENVER, COLORADO
Date
NOV 13 1976
Indians Assigned
Tolbert's Texas
Education Funds
By Associated Press
Don't call the Kiowas'
The U.S. Department of Health. Educa-
tion and Welfare (HEW) ha earmarked
nearly $218.000 in education grants for
Arapahoe and Shoshone Indians in Wyo-
Mrs. Longhorn a 'squaw'
ming.
About $50.000 will got to St. Stephens
By FRANK X. TOLBERT
MRS. LONGHORN was at the annual
Indian School south of Lander. $125.000
SARAH LONGHORN, known as "Aunt
to the Wind River Indian Education As-
Sarah" to her fond kinfolks, lives in
Chillicothe chili cookoff the other day,
sociation, Inc., and $42,979 to the Arapa-
the Hog Creek community near Ana-
this event held in an almost-ghost
town, Medicine Mound, near Chilli-
hoe Education in Fort Washakie.
darko, Okla., and she is the best cook in
the Kiowa Indian nation.
cothe. Sarah Longhorn wasn't cooking
The grants represent only three of 42
chill. She was frying Indian bread and
HEW grants totaling $4.5 million to In-
Mrs. Longhorn's 76 years of age and
selling it to the palefaces.
dians in the SIX states that comprise the
she is a grand daughter of one of the
department's Region 8: Wyoming. Col-
greatest of Kiowa leaders, Set-tainte or
AUNT SARAH doesn't like one desig-
orado. Montana, Utah and the Dakotas.
White Bear, known in the history
books as Satanta. (White Bear lived
Sea captain, left, and fr: of
nation for her fried delicacy "squaw
bread."
"Squaw means nothing n the Kiowa
language," she said. "And 1 don't think
white people are being respectful
when they call an Indian woman a
squaw."
Mrs. Longhorn has a mind of her
own.
Even in the old days Kiowa men
Aunt Sarah cooking fry bread.
were somewhat liberated. }
from circa 1805 to 1878 and for the
they could get a divorce by go ag
story of this magnificent warrior and
a war party and returning to aL the
orator see my paperback book, The
tribal village.
Staked Plain.)
"I can cook good chili con carne,
she told me. "But my specialty is blue
corn stew."
The Kiowas raise blue corn now. In
the days when they were free-rang.ng
horse Indians they bartered for blue
The Jules Trilmne
TULSA. OKLA.
D. 79,4.5
NOV 17 1976
Creek suit ruling challenges
BIA authority in Oklahoma
By BILL SAMPSON
THE COURT HAS ordered the
happy with the decision, which he and
Innovate Editor
Creeks to vote on three issues before
KMULGEE-The most serious chal-
the constitution proposed by Chief
his co-defendants, Secretary of Interior
O
lenge to Bureau of Indian Affairs
Claude Cox and his appointed council
Thomas J. Kleppe and subordinate em-
can be voted upon. They are:
ployes of the federal government de-
authority in Oklahoma since statehood
1. Whether the tribal legislature will
cided not to appeal.
has been posed by a Creek Indian law-
be bicameral or unicameral.
suit judgment.
"If these things aren't worked out.
2. Whether there will be a deputy
work here will come to a halt in 1978,"
The case known as Harjo vs. Kleppe
chief.
Cox said of the tribal functions cen-
was decided last September by U.S.
Dist. Judge William B. Bryant, Wash-
3. Whether representation in the leg-
tered at Okmulgee.
ington, D.C., and has thrown the Creek
islature will be based on modern geo-
They may come to a halt sooner than
Nation government here and its pro-
graphic districts (such as Oklahoma
that if the plaintiffs who won the case
posed new constitution into turmoil.
counties now located within the old
have their way. They are Allen Harjo,
Creek Nation boundaries) or on tradi-
a Tulsa oil company accountant, and
The judge ruled that the Creeks must
tional tribal town organizations.
his supporters who brought the suit
restructure their government by insti-
Many tribal towns became inactive
because of concern over the Cox ad-
tuting an elected legislature authorized
after statehood but some have re-
ministration's expenditure of tribal
by the 1867 Creek constitution.
mained functional and meetings have
trust and judgment funds.
The BIA's position that the old consti-
begun to reactivate others since the
These are funds the tribe has won in
tution became invalid with Oklahoma
court's ruling.
claims against the government for
statehood was reversed by the judge.
After these decisions are made, they
lands taken in the 19th century, or trust
The BIA's policy of dictating to the
must be written into the draft of the
funds held by the government for the
Creeks what it has considered to be the
constitution which then must be ratified
tribe, such as those derived from tribal
law was called "bureaucratic imperial-
by yet another tribal election.
land sales or leases.
ism" by the judge.
THE COURT has said all this must
"THE CHIEF PLEDGED some of
The court made it clear that federal
done by Sept. 1, 1978, or it will
these funds to build the new Creek Na-
agencies must respect the soverelgnty
enjoin any further expenditure of tribal
tion complex at Okmulgee and used
and power of tribal government and
them to pay for it," Harjo said. "That
abide by tribal law in their dealings
judgment and trust funds.
with the tribes.
was a major consideration in the deci-
Creek Chief Claude Cox is none too
sion to file the suit."
Harjo ran against Cox for the chief's
job in the 1975 tribal election but was
defeated. The funds expenditure for the
complex was an issue in that election.
Harjo contended then the chief and the
federal government had no authority to
spend the money.
Hargo's lawyers have drafted a mo-
tion they believe could speed things un
by a year. It asks the court to allow
four court-recognized tribal towns to
determine which of the original 44 tra-
ditional towns are still in existence,
grant each one a certificate of exis-
tence. then give them until Sept. 15.
1977 to meet and choose their repre-
sentatives to the bicameral legislature
authorized by the 1867 Creek constitu-
tion.
Cont'd.
corn with the sedentery Pueblo In-
The sea captain sometimes com-
dians of New Mexico, but they have
mutes in his airplane to where the Jo-
never learned to like blue corn tortil-
seph Lykes happen to tie up at the end
las favored by the Pueblos.
of a voyage.
John Potts is pictured in the attach-
BLUE CORN stew was made original-
ed photograph in Medicine Mound
ly with buffalo meat. Now it's pork or
with Jerry Reid of the Kiowas.
beef with the Indian corn of sky colora-
/
tions and spices.
The blue corn stew would be too
esoteric for most. However, Mrs. Long-
horn's fried bread recipe is rather sim-
ple. although it can be easily botched.
BILLINGS GAZETTE
The ingredients are one tablespoon
of shortening. three heaping table-
BILLINGS, MONTANA
spoons of baking powder. one pint of
sour milk, one teaspoon of soda, one
Date 11/13
teaspoon of salt, and enough white
flour to handle easily.
Knead all this together smoothly.
Indians join
Roll out to about one-half inch deep
dough and cut into round cakes about
three inches in diameter. Cut two slits
in each cake, not quite all the way
advisory panel
through. and then fry in deep shorten-
ing. same as doughnuts.
CODY, Wyo. - Joe Medicine Crow of Crow Agency,
AUNT SARAH and her nephew, Jerry
Mont.. and John Woodenlegs of Billings have accepted ap-
Reid, were the leaders of a delegation
pointments to an Indian advisory committee for the Buffalo
of 12 of White Bear's descendants who
Bill Historical Center in Cody. and will work on plans for
came to cook Indian style food, dance
the Plains Indian Museum, one of four major museums at
the Center.
and beat the drums at the cookoff in
Medicine Mound.
Medicine Crow is an anthropologist and director of the
John Reid, another of Aunt Sarah's
Crow Central Education Commission. Woodenlegs is a mem-
nephews, who drums and sings for the
ber of the Northern Cheyenne Tribal Council.
dancers, said that among Mrs. Long-
Other members of the committee are John Warren of
horn's most delicious specialties are
Arapahoe, an Arapahoe language and culture instructor;
bread and cakes made from mesquite
George Horse Capture of Great Falls, Mont., an instructor
bean meal. The cakes are flavored with
and Indian curriculum researcher at the College of Great
wild plums.
Falls: Marie Varilek of Fort Washakie, counselor for Indian
Medicine Mound village derives its
college students: Lloyd New of Santa Fe, N. M., and Pete
name from four mesas just to the west
Red Horn II of Browning. Mont.
And the crests of these mounds were
Also on the committee are Dr. DeWitt Dominick, vice
scenes for religious and healing cere-
chairman of the Center's board of trustees: Mrs. Henry H.
monies by the Kiowas and their allies,
the Comanches. in the old days. (There
K. Loe. board chairman, and Peter H. Hassrick, director of
will be more on Medicine Mound in
the Center.
Sunday's column.)
The organizational meeting of the committee on Nov. 3
also included a discussion of plans for a new Plains Indian
MEDICINE MOUND'S neighbor there
Museum building and means of providing Indian input on is-
in Hardeman County, Chillicothe (pop.
sues related to the display and disposition of Indian materi-
1,200) gets its municipal label from a
als.
phrase in the agglutinative Shawnee
The new building will be designed specifically to house
Indian dialect. Chillicothe translates as
the Plains Indian collection A drive is under way to raise
"the-big-village-in-which-welive."
more than $3 million to erect the new building.
Chillicothe is at least 400 miles from
Among topics discussed was the controversial nature of
the nearest seaport. So it is a surprise
displays which utilize burial materials or religious items, but
to some that John Potts. captain of the
no specific recommendations were made. The consensus
23,000-ton brake bulk freighter, Joseph
seemed to be that skeletons or mummies should be restrict-
Lykes, chooses to make his home on a
ed from public display. Gene Ball. education and informa-
family wheat and cattle ranch near
tion officer for the Center, said.
Members of the advisory committee will serve two-year
Chillicothe.
The way it works out, though, Cap-
and three-year overlapping terms. Their next meeting will
be early next year.
tain Potts only roams the world as mas-
ter of the freighter for about two and
one-half months and then a relief cap-
tain takes over for a cruise of similiar
duration. And Captain Potts goes home
to Hardeman County for 10 weeks or so
on the ranch.
Tribal towns are traditional Creek
"We have shown that the BIA and
body known as the Creek National
political entities that since the Creek
the Interior Department have created
Council.
removal from Alabama to Indian Terri-
an entire body of mythological law in
(Tulsa's incorporation as a munici-
tory in the 1830s have virtually lost any
order to manipulate and in many cases
geographic identity. Creek Indians rc-
destroy tribal governments and we
pality in 1898 was authorized by this
late individually to their tribal town
hope that this decision will end the de-
act).
heritage because of family ties to the
structive practice the court called 'bu-
2. The Act of March 1, 1901. known
towns.
reaucratic imperialism' SO per-
the Creek Agreement. The Creek
vasively practiced on Indian tribes by
tion. acting under pressure of the
One of the towns, for example,
those agencies during the last cen-
Curtis Act, agreed to terminate certain
was located in Tulsa and held its
tury," Luebben said.
tribal functions, schools, administra-
meetings at the historic Council
"The fraudulent body of BIA 'law' will
tive offices and other activities but the
Oak near 17th Street and Cheyenne
not withstand the scrutiny of the
constitution, chief and legislature were
Ave. It no longer is active but many
courts." he said. "The court found that
Creeks still consider themselves
to be continued "until dissolved." pre-
the federal government's argument has
sumably after settlement of all triba
members of it.
'withstood neigher the logical. histori-
claims. (Some are still outstanding).
The motion also asks that Chief Con
cal nor legal analysis' and that 'the
3. The Act of April 26, 1906 known as
be ordered to convene the new legisla-
tribe has a right to determine its own
the Five Civilized Tribes Act. This pro-
ture on Sept. 17, 1977 and that no trust
destiny.'
vided for termination of the tribal go
or judgment funds be expended until
ernments of the Cherokees. Choctaws.
that legislature approves. The re-
Chickasaws, Creeks and Seminoles but
quested order would exempt federal
two sections were added that saved
them from extinction.
HARJO AND ADVISERS-Tulsan Allen Harjo (second
attorney: Gerald Wilkinson, executive director of NIYC
from left) confers with officials of the National Indian Youth
and Steve Nickeson, NIYC director of research. (Tribune
Council who financed the case resulting in the Harjo vs.
photo)
Kleppe decision. They are (from left) Marcia Wilson, staff
One placed all residual tribal prop-
grants received by the tribes for exist-
erty after allotment in the federal gov-
The court cited four vital acts of
ernment's hands to be held in trust for
ing programs being conducted by the
Congress the BIA apparently had mis-
the tribes. The other continued the
Creek Nation.
interpreted in regard to Creek govern-
tribal governments SO they could settle
ment. They are:
their claims. The tribal governments
1 HE CASE IS A revolutionary one in
Indian affairs, according to officials
1. The Act of June 28, 1898. known as
generally were reduced to a chief to
the Curtis Act. It authorized allotment
sign documents but they were not dis-
of the National Indian Youth Council at
of Creek land. establishment of town
solved and the Creek constitution of
Albuquerque. N.M., which financed it
sites within the Creek Nation, abolished
1867 was not terminated.
for Harjo and his adherents.
tribal courts and established federal
This is one of the least-kn
The Harjo attorneys are Tom Lueb-
courts. It did not abolish the Creek con-
and least-understood inderal
ben and Marcia Wilson, both of the
stitution of 1867 or the Creek legislative
pertaining to castern Oklaho
the Indian tribes. It is the be
NIYC staff.
many modern claims the tribes nc
against the government.
Many Oklahomans, encouraged by
BIA interpretions. believe the Five
Civilized Tribes exist only as some sort
of honorary recognition of their past.
Due to the trust and continuance sec-
tions. the tribes are still "nations" in
the eyes and language of the courts.
4. The Act of Oct. 22, 1970, which
provided popular selection of the chiefs
of the Five Civilized Tribes by tribal
members instead of selection by presi-
dential appointment. This had no effect
on the legislative branch of the Creek
Nation government, the court said.
THE COURT concluded after review-
ing these laws that the "federal defend-
ants, through their policies and prac-
tices. have acted illegally in recogniz-
ing the Principal Chief as the sole em-
bodiment of the government in the
Creek Nation, and that according to ex-
isting federal and Creek law tribal
funds may not be disbursed by the fed-
eral defendants for general tribal pur-
pose without the approval of the Creek
national legislature.'
The court said the Creek government
has been "solemnly guaranteed by
treaty after treaty."
It said the federal government ille-
gally invested tribal chiefs with the
sole authority to determine tribal ex-
CONTROVERSIAL CREEK COMPLEX-This is the Creek Nation head-
penditures and the BIA had used "its
quarters at Okmulgee, financed by tribal judgement and trust funds. Con-
raw power over the tribe to bring about
troversy over its financing was a factor behind filing of the Harjo vs. Kleppe
that result."
lawsuit. The complex contains Creek Nation administrative offices, the
The court said the "current situa-
council meeting room, the tribal housing authority office, a dental clinic and
tion" of the chief's arbitrary power
offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Okmulgee agency. Construction at
over tribal funds was brought about by
the rear of the building is an expansion of administrative office space. (Tribune
"illegal policies of the Department of
airphoto by Royce Craig)
Interior.'
THE has STRONG language of the court
not been lost on other tribes
which have followed the dictates of
their chiefs and the BIA without ques-
tion
but not always without dissent.
For example. Chief Ross Swimmer of
the Cherokees - the nation's second
largest tribe -- has asked tribal coun-
sel to brief the Harjo VS. Kleppe deci-
sion to be sure his administration is not
The Creeks have attained a strong
in conflict with the court ruling.
level of government funding through
grants for day-to-day tribal operations
and their new complex at Okmulgee has
been under expansion to accommodate
this Increased activity.
But Kleppe VS. Harjo is putting a
stop to further expenditure of judgment
and trust funds until a new legislature
in accord with the 1867 tribal constitu-
tion is organized and passes upon such
spending.
130 Pueblo asks halt
SANTA FE
NEW MEXICAN
to
- mining In response. Apodaca formed the
project
NEWSPAPER
task force of live state agencies,
The law says that requirement
which he ordered to week answers
takes effect when an application IS for
By Poter Katel
from on effects of the project
use of three acre feel of water a year
The Nate - Staff
The group met for the first time in
or less **III prospecting. mining. or
The Santo Domingo Pueblo tribal
August at the Capitol in a session
construction of public works. high
council asked Gov. Jerry Apedaca
centered on questioning of a large
was , and roads. or dri "ling operations
Thursday to try to delay the proposed
delegation of Oxymin officials.
Occidental Minerals Corp. mining
It was agreed then that questions
designed to discover or develop the
project near Cerrillos
would be submitted to Oxymin in
natural mineral resources of the
"In other words, we want it stop-
writing
state."
ped," pueble executive director
Henkel said the Environmental
Oxymin has leased water from the
Ernest Lovato told a meeting st the
Improvement Agency. Energy
pueblo of the council. state officials
Resources Board and Frederick App,
Middle Rio Grande Conservancy
and Cerrillos residents, until the
a Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
District to make up for depletion of
company provides "clear-cut an-
seismologist vhc's a volunteer con-
the Rio Grande which will be caused
swers."
sultant to the task force, submitted
by the proposed wells.
Lovato declined after the meeting to
questions in late August and early
directly answer a question on hether
September.
the pueblo claims as its own the site of
Grove Burnett. attorney for Con-
the proposed project.
cerned Citizens. said the task force
During the meeting Levato said
can't do its job "unless Oxymin
"that whole area" has a "certain
cooperates.'
significant importance to Indian
Information "tas just not been
people." He added, "I will not NO into
furthcoming from Oxymin." Burnett
detail on that."
said.
Director Fabian Chavez of the state
He said the absence of Oxymin from
Department of Development (DOD)
the meeting was a "wevere discour-
told the meeting he'd relay the
tesy" to the pueblo and the task force.
equncil's request to Apodaca today.
Chavez said later in response to that
Chavez added the warning that
comment that Oxymin had been in-
Apodaca can't order a delay in the
formed of the meeting but had not
project, and that Oxymin is under no
been consulted on the setting of the
obligation to comply with a request.
date and 166024 oi the session Chavez
Oxymin has leased the mining site
added that he sometimes misses
of approximately 220 acres from a
meetings.
rivate land-owner, David Henkel of
Burnett pressed Chavez hard to
the DOD told the meeting
officially request. as chairman of the
Chavez. the chairman of a state
task force. that Oxymin caasa the
task force charged with studying the
project until questions; have been
project, also said he has to tread
answered
FORD
carefully to avoid being sued for
"I have to consult with the gover-
j
obstructing private enterprise.
nor." Chavez replied. "We have to be
There were no Oxymin represen-
cautious that what are doing cannot
latives at the meeting Robert Akright
be interpreted down the road as ob-
of Oxymin, the Cerrillos project
struction
manager, couldn't reached later
He added that the state Supreme
for comment
Couli has eliminated hulli investity
Apodaca said put in June that
for government officials found to be
he would try to stop project until
"arbitrary and abusive" in doing
Ogymin "satisfacione" answered
their jobs.
questions on the safety and en-
Burnett indicated that the clearest
vironmental effects of the project.
legal "handle" on Oxymin is the
Henkel told the meeting that
company's obligation to seek a well
Oxymin has yet to answer three sets
drilling permit from the State
of questions on the project
Engineer's office.
and Heaket sand Oxymin has in-
Burnett said, We have every in-
Revened
$
10-ptons
off
a
test
tention of filing a protest of that ap.
emplosive blast Dec 1
plication and fighting it
The mining method Oxymin plans
Jim Williams of the State
to use near Cerrilles involves
Engineer's office and Oxymin hasn't
blasting. and "leaching" copper to the
applied for the permit ,VCI
ground surface with sulphuric acid.
He added that the company is ap.
CorriMos residents fearful of the
parently in a position to apply under a
attects of the project. particularly on
state law which requires that permits
their water supply, formed an
be granted If the State Engineer
410m-Concerned Citizens of
"tinds that the proposed use will not
Cerrillos- which petitioned Apodaca
permanently impair any existing
for help in June.
(water, rights of others"
For
The Seminoles
And Thanksgiving:
Store-Bought Bird
By GEORGE De VAULT
Staff Writer
Back in the early winter of 1621. the aughty
Wampanoag: hieftam Massasoit got a dinner Invita-
tion from his new neighbors.
The surviving Plymouth colonist wanted men
Indian benefactor to help celebrate their tirst harvest
- the result of his bnsic-agriculture course with a
teast of vild turkey, geese. duck, wood pigeons,
partridge. hoc cakes and Indian pudding
The chief said he'd be glad to attend, but apparent-
ly neglected to mention that 90 of his braves also
relished a free feed.
The unexpected hungry horde soon depleted the
Pilgrim's food stores, but the Wampanongs weren't
done with dinner.
They disappeared into the neare woods. 50 the
regend goes, and returned before long with five deer
and many bushels of oysters - enough chow to keep
the party going for three days.
Massasoit and friends apparently had the right
idea, because their feast is still going on 355 vears
later.
The present day Thanksgiving turkeys, however,
are a far cry from those of 1621. which some his-
torians argue never graced the trestle tar at
Plymouth because the Pilgrims we such lousy shots
they couldn't even hit the broad side of the Mayflower
let alone a wily gobbler
Turkeys, for the most pa.:. JW come prucked.
dreased and neatly packaged complete with their
own carrying handles - from the frozen foods section
of the supermarket.
Althou à the Seminole Indians of South Florida bily
cir ancestors know Massasoit or the Wame
panaag,
the
Thanks
rubbed
off
on
them.
Years the Seminoles used 10 have the Green
'orn Feast, tour days of alternate teasting and fasting
and all mght dancing in July, but nearly all have
bandoned it.
Now. says Dan Osceola, great-great grandson of
the famous Seminole chief, "it's just the regular
(turkey and cranberries).
Staff Paoto by Heary Fictuner
On Thanksgiving. Seminole randles are no dif-
For Anni- Jimm.-, The
insgiv
will be frozen turkey,
ferent than other folk-
cranberries, egg not a mincement pie.
Cont'd
ting down 10 Fnank giving Jinner
tomorrow in small private roups,
many emmoles will turing
"Families just K"I together says
the
11
110
first
Osceola That's whill We only
do
Indian
Bapth
Stirling
Thanksgiving fare the for
Road.
Senanole matron Annie Junen who
Each year. apod. Indians
seldon: breaks from her native
some with then own enison of fresh
tongue, will be 1 trozen turkey with
shot turkey show 114) the annual
dressing and cranberry share "R
assemblage as Il cotates between
nog and mincement ple
Hollywood, Brighton and BIR Cypress
A few other Semmoles, however
reservations savs the Rev Genus
WIT be dining on fresh venison from
Crenshaw
the Everylades reservations and pos
Besides the traditional turkey and
sibty some wild turkey. although they
trimnangs, Crenshaw says there's is
any the birds are becoming increas
always some fried chicken available,
ingly scarce
"because some of them don't care for
But while most people will be sit-
turkey.
6A.
Minneapolis Tribune
Fri., Nov. 19, 1976
Study: Minorities jailed
more often
By Doug Stone
Staff Writer
findings in a study earlier this
year of municipal court.
opposed to a modified sentence,
which may include a short-term
American Indians and blacks are
twice as likely as whites to be
The first part of the study ana-
incarceration combined with a pe-
lyzes 3,390 convicted felons sen-
riod of probation or residential
sentenced to jail for felony con-
tenced between 1973 and 1975, or
treatment).
victions in Hennepin County Dis-
trict Court, according to a com-
more than 90 percent of the total
prehensive study released Thurs-
convicted during that period.
The study made no charges of
racial discrimination against the
day.
Twenty-five percent of the con-
judicial system, nor did it offer
victed Indians received straight
explanations for the disparity in
The study also found that, unex-
plainably, minorities represented
jail sentences, compared with 20.7
sentencing, saying, "The actual
percent of the convicted blacks
cause of the difference is open to
by the Hennepin County public
and 10.8 percent of the convicted
conjecture."
defender's office are more than
four times as likely to receive
whites. There were 2,601 whites,
But. Grams and Ms. Rohde noted
610 blacks and 179 Indians in the
that "the substantially greater
straight jail sentences than are
study.
likelihood that American Indians
whites represented by the office.
and blacks receive straight jall
In addition, minorities represented
The second part of the study fo-
septences than whites for the
by the office are more than three
cused on 482 convicted felons in
same crime seems inconsistent
times as likely as minority-group
1975 in an effort to analyze the
with the constitutional require-
members who have private attor-
effect on sentencing of such fac-
ments of equal treatment under
neys to receive jail sentences, ac-
cording to the study.
tors as the type of crime, criminal
the law."
record, marital status, occupation
and educational level. Taking all
The study of the 3,390 felons
The two-part study was prepared
those factors into account, the
found that, taking into account of
by Augsburg College sociologist
Robert Grams and a researcher,
study found, minority members
the person's race, crime and pre-
are still twice as likely as whites
vious convictions, "neither marital
Rachel Rohde, in conjunction
to receive a straight jail sentence.
status, occupational prestige nor
with the 19 district judges and the
years of formal education are sig-
department of court services. The
(A straight jail sentence means a
nificantly related to serving a
two researchers made similar
definite period of incarceration, as
straight jail sentence."
Jontd
The second study of a smaller
thoroughly as they should," the
group of felons last year con-
study said.
firmed those findings and elabo-
rated on them.
The study also suggested that per-
haps "the unintentional racial bi-
It found that minorities are more
ases of people involved in the
likely than whites to receive jail
decision-making process are opera-
sentences even when the sentence
tive or reinforced in those cases
recommended by the probation
where the offender does not hire
officer in a presentence report or
a private attorney."
by the prosecutor and defense
attorney as part of a plea negotia-
The combination of the defend-
tion. Judges often follow those
ant's race, his illegal behavior and
recommendations. The vast ma-
his "inability or unwillingness to
jority of defendants plead guilty
obtain private counsel, encourages
to crimes rather than stand trial.
decision-makers to see rehabilita-
tion programs involving proba-
Racial disparities in sentencing
tion, residential care or a modified
are not present, the study said,
jail sentence as inappropriate,"
when private attorneys handle
the study said.
cases. But the study of the 1975
felons found that 34.5 percent of
If either explanation is correct,
the 139 blacks or Indians repre-
sented by the public defender's
the authors said, the relationship
office received jail sentences. That
between race and sentencing is
because of "unintentional blases"
compares with 7.9 percent of the
of the court's decision-makers.
whites represented by the office.
In contrast, only 10.3 percent of
William Kennedy, chief Hennepin
the 58 minority-group members in
County public defender, was not
the study who were represented
available for comment yesterday.
by private attorneys received jail
sentences.
Thomas Lavelle, assistant director
of court services, who worked
When other factors such as crimi-
with Grams on the study, said
nal records and type of offense
yesterday, "I keep looking for
are considered, minority-group
some clear explanation (for the
clients of the public defender's
results). I'm frustrated. We don't
office are three times as likely as
have data that show differences
their white counterparts to re-
in a defendant's motives or atti-
ceive a staight jail sentence, ac-
tudes or on what resources are
cording to the study.
available in the community (as
opposed to jail)."
The differences are not explained
in the study. There is no accusa-
He said it may be impossible to
tion that some public defenders
determine the factors that account
mishandle cases or that judges
for the differences in sentencing
look less favorably on clients rep-
among racial groups. Lavelle said
resented by public defenders.
that his department will study the
report and that as a result proba-
The authors suggest that consid-
tion officers will give careful con-
eration be given to the possibility
sideration to their sentencing rec
that some public defenders may
ommendations.
treat cases involving blacks and
Indians differently from whites.
District Judge Allen Oleisky, who
"For example, they might not
headed the judges' committee re-
pursue their role as advocate as
sponsible for the report, said the
district judges will examine the
study "to see if we are doing
anything wrong. There are intan-
gible factors in sentencing that
we didn't hit, such as a defend-
ant's contacts in the community."
He predicted that judges would be
sensitive to the study's findings
and would examine their sentenc-
ing procedures.
Chief District Judge Donald Bar-
beau reserved comment on the
report until he has studied it.
Indian
Record
October-November 1976
Interior Committee Being
tee members include: Lee Metcalf-Mont., Gaylord
Nelson-Wisc., Lloyd Bentsen-Tex., Lawton Chiles-Fla.,
Studied by Senate
Frank Moss-Ut., Clifford Hansen-Wyo., Barry Gold-
water-Ariz., Bob Packwood-Ore., Pete Domenici-N.M.,
The Senate Committee presiding over the interests
and Jesse Helms-N.C.
of the Department of Interior may receive a redefinition
NATIVE AMERICAN AWARENESS WEEK, 1976
of duties and jurisdiction.
By the President of the United States of America
The Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, now
chaired by Sen. Henry Jackson, D-Washington, is being
A PROCLAMATION
studied to see if revision would make it more effective.
It is especially appropriate during our Bicentennial
The analysis is being undertaken by a special com-
Year to recall the impressive role played in our society
mittee put together earlier this year by the Senate itself.
by American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts. Native
Descriptively entitled, "The Select Committee to Study
Americans have made notable contributions in educa-
the Committee System," the committee was organized as
tion, law, medicine, sports, art, the military, science and
a short term study group to examine the structure, juris-
literature.
diction, number and optimum size of all the Committees
The culture and heritage of our native Americans
and subcommittees within the Senate.
are unique. In renewing the spirit and determined dedica-
The ultimate goal is to make better use of Senators'
tion of the past 200 years we should also join with our
time and effectiveness.
native Americans in rebuilding an awareness, under-
The review committee, after six months of study,
standing and appreciation for their historical role and
has said it will recommend a substantial number of
future participation in our diverse American society. We
changes for the Senate's 23 Committees and nearly 150
subcommittees.
Some committees might be combined in order to al-
leviate overlapping jurisdictions. Senators will be asked
to sit on fewer committees so they might specialize and
devote more time to their chosen interests.
The Senate will be asked to create two new entities,
The Human Resources Committee and a Committee for
Energy and Natural Resources. These committees would
absorb the jurisdiction of the Interior and Insular Affairs
Committee.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs would then be
divided between the two committees with most of the
BIA programs falling within the perimeter of the Hu-
man Resources Committee. All trust obligations would
naturally remain within the Energy and Natural Re-
sources Committee.
A third component of the proposal is to place all In-
dian Claims matters within the jurisdiction of the Senate
Judiciary Committee.
The Review Committee says it will offer details in
a November report to the Senate.
Chairing the review committee is Sen. Adlai Steven-
President Ford greets Indian leaders in Lawton, Okla., after
signing proclamation designating Native American Awareness
son, D-III. Co-Chairman is Bill Brock, R-Tenn. Commit-
Week.
should do so with the same spirit and dedication which,
I am today designating Bradley H. Patterson, Jr.,
Dr. Demmert was one of several speakers at the
Demmert conceded that his advocacy of allowing
fostered with reliance on Divine Providence and with
of the White House Office to assist me in the area of
eighth annual conference sponsored by National Indian
local tribal officials to run the schools is surely a threat
firm belief in individual liberty, kindled and made a real-
American Indian affairs. It will be Mr. Patterson's spe-
Education Assn. of Minneapolis, Minn. The conference
to BIA officials who now run the schools. However, the
ity of the hopes for a new life for all who inhabited this
cific responsibility to work with each of you to improve
is being held at Albuquerque Convention Center through
officials should look toward changing their roles from
land.
the coordination among the Federal agencies with pro-
Thursday.
directors to assisting local officials, said Demmert.
In recognition of the importance of the contribu-
grams that serve the Indian people.
About 4,000 to 5,000 conferees are expected at the
"It means a major change in our role as bureau-
tions made to our many-cultured society by native Amer-
It is important that you insure
conference. Approximately 2,000 were at the opening
crats. It means the monitoring, technical assistance,
icans, the Senate (September 30, 1976) and the House of
the effective delivery and efficient
session Monday morning. Afternoon workshops used
evaluating, coordinating role, because if Indian educa-
Representatives (October 1, 1976) have requested that
operation of Federal Indian pro-
every available room at the convention center.
tion is to succeed and even survive, the Indian commu-
the President proclaim the week of October 10, 1976, as
grams and services. I request that
Sen. Joseph M. Montoya, D-NM, Albuquerque
nity must accept no less."
Native American Awareness Week (S.J. Res. 209).
priority attention be given to coor-
Mayor Harry Kinney, and Delfin Lovato, chairman of
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GERALD R. FORD,
dination of these efforts among
He explained that the process he advocates has al-
President of the United States of America, do hereby
the Departments and Agencies and
the All-Indian Pueblo Council, were among the morning
ready begun. Plans are, he said, to have Haskell Indian
within the Executive Office of the
speakers. Kinney and Lovato gave welcoming remarks.
Junior College (Haskell, Kans.), Southwest Indian Poly-
designate the week beginning October 10, 1976, and end-
President.
Montoya gave the opening address.
technical Institute, and Institute of American Indian
ing October 16, 1976, as Native American Awareness
Dr. Demmert, who took office as director of Indian
In addition, I request you con-
Arts be made independent and run by regents.
Week.
tinue to insure that when Federal
education last March, said changing to locally-controlled
I call upon all the people of the United States to
actions are planned which affect
Indian education would require active participation of
join in observing this week with appropriate ceremonies
Brad Patterson
teachers, students and members of Indian communities.
Indians Charge Tribal Rule
and activities.
Indian communities, the respon-
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my
sible Indian leaders are consulted in the planning process.
Undermining
hand this eighth day of October, in the year of our Lord
By Jim Largo, Albuquerque Journal, Sept. 29, 1976
nineteen hundred seventy-six, and of the Independence
of the United States of America the two hundred and
Community-controlled Indian schools that are
first.
funded directly by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and
THE WHITE HOUSE
Shifts Urged in Education for
other federal agencies are "undermining" tribal sover-
eignty as recognized through long federal-Indian rela-
Washington
Indians
tionships, said a tribal group and a BIA official Tuesday.
August 26, 1976
"The BIA and other federal agencies must not cir-
By Jim Largo, Albuquerque Journal, Sept. 28, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Secretary of the Treasury
cumvent the tribal councils of federally-recognized
The Secretary of Defense
tribes when granting monies or contracts for all services,
The director of Indian education programs for Bu-
The Attorney General
including educational programs to Indian people," said
reau of Indian Affairs said Monday authority and re-
Larry Snake, a member of the education committee un-
The Secretary of the Interior
sponsibility for educating Indian children should be given
der the National Tribal Chairman's Assn.
The Secretary of Agriculture
to local community leaders.
"To do otherwise undermines and erodes the sover-
The Secretary of Commerce
Dr. William Demmert said the Bureau of Indian Af-
eign status of the federally recognized tribes," said
The Secretary of Labor
fairs should get away from running schools for Indian
The Secretary of Health,
Snake. His comments were heard in a workshop panel
people and let local Indian officials control their chil-
discussion at the National Indian Education Assn. con-
Education, and Welfare
dren's education.
vention in the Albuquerque Convention Center.
The Secretary of Housing and
Demmert said, "Our best information tells us that
Lafollette Butler, assistant area director in the
Urban Development
one way to improve education programs serving Indian
Phoenix Area Office, said some BIA officials, out of con-
The Secretary of
communities is to give program authority and respon-
fusion over federal "war on poverty programs," allowed
Transportation
sibility to school superintendents and principals.
The Director, Office of
Indian groups below tribal leadership to deal directly for
"That would ensure community direction through
funds with federal agencies.
Management and Budget
authority over policies concerning budget and program
The Chairman, Civil Service
"The bureau, I think it is fair to say, particularly
direction from representatives of tribes whose children
Bill Demmert and Sen. Joseph Montoya share a relaxed
Commission
on education, created entities below tribal government
are being served."
moment before assuming the podium at the National Indian
He explained that "meaningful interaction" between
Education conference in Albuquerque.
and dealt with those entities in the name of 'self-deter-
The Administrator, Small
mination' and 'community control' and bypassed the
Business Administration
school and community officials would make better local
legitimate tribal governments," he said.
The Administrator of
school systems than the ones now being run by govern-
"It is this practice of bypassing tribal governments
Veterans Affairs
ment officials under the direction of Washington bureau-
"It is a process that allows a cooperative working
that weaken their ability to govern," said Butler, who
The Director, Community
crats.
relationship between parents, teachers, and students
is a member of the Cherokee tribe. He spoke at a work-
Services Administration
"Once that becomes a reality, the most critical fac-
through the experience of education. This process must
shop session.
The Administrator,
tor of program quality and success becomes teacher con-
allow for training teachers to act as a conduit for pulling
In discussing the same topic, some members of the
Environmental
fidence and commitment. This means training and
together classroom activities that are important to the
education committee under NTCA, including Snake, de-
Protection Agency
inservice programs to ensure not only dedicated but
community."
manded that the BIA deal with tribal governments in
The Acting Chairman, Equal
highly skilled educators where needed.
During school year 1975-76, the BIA directly sup-
granting funds to local Indian school boards and other
Employment
"Where we have teachers with appropriate skills, it
ported 193 schools. About 46,880 Indian students at-
local Indian organizations.
Opportunity Commission
means success is dependent on their using those skills to
tended the schools; the largest number came from the
"We insist that BIA education comply with the In-
The Governor, Farm Credit
pull programs together that meet the objectives jointly
Navajo reservation. BIA had 77 boarding schools and
dian Self-Determination and Education Act (PL 93-638)
Administration
set by professionals, parents, tribes and students."
116 day schools.
by awarding direct monies to 'Indian organizations' only
with expressed consent and approval of the tribes," said
tween the federal government and individual Indians,
civil service retirement system. I believe that this approach
Joe Abeyta (Santa Clara Pueblo), Superintendent
Snake, reading from a position paper.
except through tribal governments."
will result in inequities and added costs that far exceed
of Albuquerque Indian School; Linda Belarde (Tlingit),
Orick Baker, chairman of Lac Que Oreille tribe in
But BIA officials in 1969 and 1970 "did not under-
the problem it is attempting to solve-a problem which
teacher at Zuni Alternative School, New Mexico; Wes-
Wisconsin, said, "You people should consider what might
stand the unique relationship" and began to apply poli-
is already being addressed through administrative actions
ley Bonito (Apache), Tribal Director of Education; Cal-
happen when we have community-controlled schools un-
cies for federal assistance programs for the poor to the
by the agencies involved.
vin Isaac (Mississippi Choctaw), Tribal Administrator;
dermining the sovereignty of the tribes.
BIA's relationship with Indian tribes, said Butler.
H.R. 5465 would provide windfall retirement benefits
Earl Oxendine (Lumbee), Principal of Upchurch Jr.
"We have advocates within our various groups say-
"Some administrators of BIA education programs
to a relatively small number of the non-Indian employees
High School, Raeford, N.C.; Paul Platero (Navajo),
ing we should have independent school boards. Yet tribal
began applying in regard to bureau programs the concept
of these agencies. The Indian employees and other non-
Associate Director of the Native American Materials
members come to me and say if we want these educa-
of 'self-determination' and 'community control' to en-
Indian employees in these same agencies would not re-
Development Center in Albuquerque; Donna Rhodes
tors to run this reservation, we ought to elect them.
tities below tribal government level," he said.
ceive these benefits. The eligible employees are not in dan-
(Creek), President of Indian Women Consultants, Inc.,
"They say, we elected you, and you ought to make
He explained that antipoverty programs, such as the
ger of losing their jobs. Because they may face a limited
Tulsa, Okla.; James Sappier (Penobscot from Maine),
the policies for this tribe," he said.
Office of Economic Opportunity, were conceived for the
outlook for promotion, the bill would pay these employees
Development Coordinator of the Passamaquoddy Tribe;
Butler explained that direct BIA and other govern-
poor people who were being overlooked by school pro-
costly annuities even though they had completed sub-
Thomas Thompson (Blackfeet), Teacher Corps., Eastern
mental funding to community-controlled schools resulted
grams. "School systems and school curriculums were
stantially less than a full career. Payments could be made
Montana College; Minerva White (Mohawk), Director
from confusion over the philosophy of antipoverty pro-
designed for middle and upper class students," he said.
at age 50 after only 20 years of Federal service, of which
of Native American Special Services, Canton, N.Y.
grams designed for non-Indian minorities.
"The social engineers who structured the education
as little as 11 years need be Indian-agency service. Their
Reappointed to the 15 member Board were: Patricia
He pointed out that Public Law 93-638 in several
portions of antipoverty programs started with the prem-
annuities would be equivalent to the benefits it would take
McGee, David Risling, Ted George, Ellen Allen and
paragraphs specifically recognized tribal governments as
ise that public schools were insensitive to the needs of
the average Federal employee until age 60 and 27 years of
Will Antell.
being the official head for individual Indians on reserva-
children of poverty," he said.
service to earn.
tions. Butler is recognized to be in contention for the
Passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education
This would seriously distort and misuse the retirement
next Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
Act was meant for poverty stricken children, and it
system to solve a problem of personnel management for
Agreement With Alaska
dealt with people "below legal governmental entities,"
which there are far more appropriate administrative solu-
Arctic Slope Regional
such as school districts.
tions. The Departments of the Interior and Health, Edu-
"Communities then, that is, entities below the level
cation, and Welfare have established special placement
Corporation
of governmental entities that had been established, were
programs to help non-Indian employees who desire other
given an opportunity for 'self-determination,'' he said.
jobs. I am asking the Chairman of the Civil Service Com-
It was a happy day for one Alaska delegation when
mission to make certain that those placement efforts are
Interior Secretary Thomas Kleppe began the movement
Veto of Bill Concerning Certain
rigorously pursued with all agencies of the Federal
toward transferring land back to their regional corpora-
Government.
tion this August. Alaska's 12 native corporations are
Employees of the Bureau of
Further, these Departments assure me that many non-
entitled to about one-eighth of the state under the
Indian employees continue to have ample opportunity for
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971.
Indian Affairs and the Indian
full careers with Indian agencies if they so desire. Accord-
Kleppe put his signature on an agreement that will
Health Service
ingly, H.R. 5465 represents an excessive, although well-
make it easier to weave through the complicated paper-
motivated, reaction to the situation. Indian preference
work involved in the massive land transfer.
does pose a problem in these agencies, but it can and
The Alaska Arctic Slope Regional Corporation was
The President's Message to the House of Representatives
should be redressed without resort to costly retirement
the first of the native organizations to work out an ad-
Returning H.R. 5465 Without His Approval.
benefits.
ministrative approach with the Department of Interior.
September 24, 1976
Kleppe commented, "This agreement will remove legal
I am not prepared, therefore, to accept the discrimina-
obstacles to conveyance of about four million acres of
To the House of Representatives:
tory and costly approach of H.R. 5465.
land, about 10 per cent of the 40 million acres due to
I am returning, without my approval, H.R. 5465, a
GERALD R. FORD
bill which would provide special retirement benefits to
The White House,
certain non-Indian employees of the Bureau of Indian
September 24, 1976.
Lafollette Butler, Assist. Area Dir., BIA, Phoenix.
Affairs (BIA) and the Indian Health Service (IHS) who
are adversely affected by Indian preference requirements.
I strongly support the objective of having Indians ad-
As the ruling body, said Butler, the tribal govern-
minister the Federal programs directly affecting them. I
White House Appoints New
ments should receive the federal money, and through
am familiar with and understand the concern of non-
Board Members to the
"prioritization" disburse the money to tribal organiza-
Indian employees of these agencies about their long-term
tions, including the contract schools.
career prospects because of Indian preference. But H.R.
National Advisory Council on
"This tribal prioritization is far from perfect, but
5465 is the wrong way to deal with this problem.
it constitutes an effort to place control in the hands of
This bill is designed to increase employment opportuni-
Indian Education
tribal government in ordering of program priorities," he
ties for Indians by providing special compensation to
said.
non-Indian employees in BIA and IHS who retire early.
New Board members to the National Advisory
Historically, Butler said, Indian tribes have been
It seeks to accomplish this purpose by authorizing pay-
Council on Indian Education (NACIE) were announced
recognized as individual governments with sovereign
ment of extraordinary retirement benefits under certain
at the NIEA conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico
powers whch are limited only by some acts of Congress.
conditions to non-Indian employees of these agencies who
before it convened October 1.
Signing of agreement. Front row, 1. to r.: Cong. Don Young
"The federal Indian relationship is a government-to-
retire before 1986-benefits more liberal than those avail-
New members appointed by the White House in-
(Als.), Comm. Morris Thompson, Joseph Upicksoun, Ron Cole-
man, Secy. Thomas Kleppe & Jake Adams. Back row: Oliver
government relationship. There is not a relationship be-
able to any other group of Federal employees under the
clude:
Leavitt, Larry Dinneen & Curt Burklund.
the Alaska Natives under the Act," Secretary Kleppe
Historically, boxing had taken a nosedive in the Bu-
said. "We expect when the actual conveyance is made,
reau following a period when young athletes were per-
Chick and Smokey-
They were born Lorraine and Yvonne Augare.
Sisters. But the world knows them as "Chicken" and
hopefully within a few months, it will constitute the
mitted to fight out of their weight bracket or experience
Girl Truckers
"Smokey." Is anyone ever called by their right name in
first major conveyance of land to an Alaskan Native
class. Beginners were allowed to square off against ex-
Indian Country? Matter of fact, the nickname for Chick-
Corporation under the historic legislation which was
perienced fighters and the results were not conducive to
The harsh job of repairing roads in the stubborn
en's nickname is "Chick."
signed into law in December 197."
good boxing. The sport was abolished from Bureau
Montana terrain lasts only as long as the summer sun.
Chick and Smokey walked into the agency one day
Kleppe said he also had his people working out a
schools.
Then winter smashes hard on the land, heavy equipment
and signed up for construction work. While some of the
method that will allow the Department to transfer lands
But five years ago, the Phoenix Area received per-
is hibernated and the road crews gather in a dusty bar
sisters were worrying about breaking a nail or how short
to the other Alaska Native Corporations in spite of cer-
mission to conduct a well-supervised program based on
somewhere to talk about winter employment.
to cut their hair or how to organize the womens' move-
tain pending litigation.
stringent guidelines concerning the health and well-being
It's almost that time again. Pretty soon, Chick will
ment
Chick and Smokey were out there building
The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act provided
of the student fighters and the Stewart Camp literally
be making her last run in her ten-ton, twenty yard truck.
roads. Driving truck. Making union scale.
for a cash settlement totaling $962.5 million, to be paid
took off.
Smokey is already gone.
They do all right.
over a period of years, plus selection by the Natives of
"It's unbelievable," says Rolly Swartz, manager of
They come out of Blackfeet country. Hell bent for
about 40 million acres of Federally owned lands in
the U.S. Olympic team, "these kids have very little ex-
driving cattle and hauling hay. Their mother has a ranch
Alaska.
perience or history in the sport and they come in here
there and from the time they could stand up to a grass-
and win on sheet heart."
hopper's leg, they were doing outside work right along
Dennis and Turner have been winning pretty steady
Loretta Helle, Only Eskimo
with their brothers. They've worked farm equipment all
They're Knockin' 'Em Dead!
since those words were spoken
and
racking
up
some
their young lives. (They're both under thirty and that's
Physician
high class experience.
all you'll get from here.)
During the last school year, when Turner was a
Admidst screaming cheers and wildly applauding
The tiny student body in Nome, Alaska could barely
senior and Dennis a junior, they tore up the ropes and
fans, two young Indian athletes at the Stewart Indian
muster 35 kids. The graduating class consisted of nine
canvas around the country. They racked up wins and
School in Stewart, Nevada have skyrocketed student-
which certainly shortened the commencement exer-
credibility at the Pacific AAU Championships, the West-
body morale, surprised officials in the Amateur Athletic
cises. It doesn't take too long to hand out nine dip-
ern Regional Golden Gloves, the National Indian Boxing
lomas.
Union, thrilled sports fans in the western states and
Tournament, the National AAU Tourney and the West-
inspired a boxing revolution in Indian country.
In that small cluster of students waving high school
ern Regional Olympic Trials.
The flashing gloves of Adrian Dennis and Billy
degrees were the clenched hands of a young girl deter-
Both fighters made it to the Olympic finals in Cin-
Turner have turned the Stewart School into the foremost
mined to become what very few of her background had
cinnati, Ohio where Adrian Dennis had the fans in
ever achieved
in the white world.
boxing camp in the Bureau School system and almost
pandemonium when he narrowly lost a decision to Louis
gave the United States Olympic Boxing team its first
Today, Loretta Helle is the only Eskimo physician
Curtis of Washington, D.C. He would have been the
Indian contestants.
in the country
says the Alaska Federation of Natives.
first American Indian to represent the United States in
It all began several years ago when Ray Sorenson,
At least as far as they have been able to determine.
the Olympic ring. Turner had been knocked out of an
Assistant Director for Education in Phoenix and his staff
There were sacrifices. When one knows one has got
earlier Olympic bid by New Yorker, Howard Davis who
assistant, Farrel Whitey sat down and put their heads
to be a doctor and there are no courses even remotely
went on to win a Gold Medal in Montreal.
geared to that dream
there is that realization that
together. (Whitey has since become Principal at the
Turner, a 19-year old Paiute from Bishop, Califor-
Gilla Crossing Day School.) William Whipple, Program
you're going to have to study harder, desire more in-
nia, has since turned pro with six professional bouts
Administrator at Stewart formed the third member of a
tensely, and give up more of everything in pursuit of
under his belt this summer. He's won five out of the six.
three-man team which tried to rebuild a foundation that
that goal than others who may have easier access to
He also entered the University of Nevada this fall major-
would support good boxing safety and sportsmanship for
chemistry, mathematics and laboratories.
ing in Physical Education.
young Indian pugilists. They wrote up guidelines and reg-
Max Bieberman knew about the intense goal of
Dennis is back at Stewart for his final year and is
ulations for boxing in the Phoenix Area.
Loretta Helle. And as the math teacher at Nome High
still inciting crowds to riot. He'll garner some interna-
Lorraine "Chicken" Augare in her ten-ton truck.
School, he stayed after class with her and offered extra
tional experience this fall when he travels to Poland as
math courses for her and another student. He encour-
part of a United States boxing team. The Americans will
aged that dream.
see action in three major cities.
Still deficient in so much, Loretta Helle had to pull
It's not unlikely, however, for the 17-year old Hopi
together every ounce of self-discipline, organization and
from Flagstaff, Arizona, to have the fans on their feet
study time she could find to overcome what was called,
shouting his name
it's just part of his style.
"a poor academic background." She allowed herself one
night occasionally for relaxation. "I would go out and
howl," she says.
Because she knew she had to hurdle such severe
obstacles, she reached out. "I was never bashful to admit
I was dumb and needed help. If you let them know that
you need help, they're willing to bend over backwards
to help you."
Still, medical school is heartbreakingly hard to get
into. She was advised at Washington State University to
prepare for another profession to fall back on. She stud-
ied for an extra summer and picked up a degree in bac-
teriology and public health as well as one in the basic
sciences. And with that added touch, she landed a job
as a lab technician in a Seattle hospital. While working
nights and weekends
she did get into medical school
Billy Turner
Adrian Dennis
Yvonne "Smokey" Augare with her paver.
and put herself through.
Nine years of rigid discipline and numbing sacrifice
of Al Trimble who retired from the Bureau of Indian
achieved what she had always wanted to do. "There's
Affairs to become Chairman of the Oglala Sioux Tribe.
something really satisfying about having somebody come
She is also sister to Shirley Trimble Plume who heads
in to you with an injury or health problem of some kind,
the BIA Standing Rock Agency at Ft. Yates, North Da-
and you sitting down and diagnosing it
and treating
kota. And of course, she is sister to Charles (Chuck)
it
and watching the patient respond. You really feel
Trimble who is Executive Director of the National Con-
like maybe you've accomplished something."
gress of American Indians.
After five years in private practice as a General
And at least one of the Zephiers is related to Sid
Practitioner, Dr. Helle went back to school again. This
Mills, Executive Assistant to the Commissioner of In-
time for a law degree from the University of California
dian Affairs, somehow.
at San Diego. Today, she does counseling and practices
This story however is about none of the above. It
industrial medicine.
is about Sherwin Zephier who is the son of well-known
Her advice to students?
"Ask
questions
and
artist, Adlebert Zephier. (And Adelbert is first cousin
never be afraid to ask for help," she says. "Don't stand
to Antoine and Alvin R. Zephier. Antoine is the father
1
back. Just don't stand back."
of Harley, Andy and Richard G. Remember them? And
Alvin R. is responsible for little Richard L. Not to be
)
confused with Richard G. Right?)
Now
back to the story: Sherwin is an aspiring
young artist who just won a nationwide poster contest
sponsored by Brigham Young University. The Zephier
poster, which supports an anti-alcoholism drive, will be
reproduced and distributed to Indian Centers, half-way
houses, high schools and reservations
courtesy
of
the
Lockheed Missile and Space Company.
Nineteen-year-old Sherwin, who was honored in
special ceremonies at BYU, is in his last year as a mid-
dle-college student at the BIA's Institute of American
Indian Arts in Santa Fe. He will receive an Associate
Gladys and Charlie
of Fine Arts Degree next year and has indicated he
Where the Swallow's come home to roost
would like to go on to become a physical education
There's Lots of Action.
teacher. He was a Golden Gloves boxer in high school.
There is a little more to this story as related by the
active typewriters in the BYU Communication Depart-
Gladys Swallow Leaves the
Tribal Chairmens Association where she has accepted a
ment
Second place winner in the poster contest was
Wilbert Talashoma of Tuba City. John Womer of
position.
Bureau
The other half of her team, Charles, is the new
Nespelem took Third
which just might relate the rest
of the BIA to the world of art.
bank president at the American Indian Bank which has
Loretta Helle, Eskimo physician.
The soft spoken voice at the end of number 202-
its office of sleek carpets and hushed voices a few blocks
343-5116 is gone. Gladys Swallow, who used to say,
down the street from the BIA. Charlie, as he's called,
Sherwin Zephier Wins
"Good Morning, Commissioner's Office," is no longer
also worked for the Bureau (didn't everybody?) before
your public servant. (She also used to say, "oh, god"
defecting to the world of high finance.
Poster Contest
a
lot too under her breath.)
Gladys Swallow was the Commissioner's secretary
If the Yankton Sioux Zephiers ever incorporated,
and it was her specific duty to remain calm while the
they could probably keep the Bureau of Indian Affairs
rest of the world was going to glory in a handbasket.
in-house as sort of a family run enterprise.
Gladys retired. And now the rest of the world
There is Harley Zephier, a low-keyed reserved figure
1
has gone to glory
etc.,
etc.
who holds the post of Area Director in Aberdeen. His
She was quiet, serenely beautiful and had the best
brother, Richard Gene, holds down the Tribal Opera-
laugh in the world, Boy, could she ever make you feel
tions office in the same Area and another brother, Andy
good when you told a joke. Even a dumb joke.
is the Athletic Director at the Flandreau Indian School
She could have been the most outstanding circus
in South Dakota.
performer the world has ever seen. Her art was juggling.
Keep that straight because there's more. They're
She juggled appointments, switched meetings and vol-
INDIAN RECORD is published bimonthly by the
all first cousins to another "Bureau Brat", Richard Lynn
leyed appointments
with the grace and ease of some-
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian
Affairs, Morris Thompson, Commissioner, 1951
Zephier, who is an Enrollment Specialist in Washington,
one who had a secret knowledge that somehow
Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.
D.C. Do not confuse Richard L. with Richard G.
Washington was not going to sink into the Potomac if
Now
the lovely lady who became the mother of
things kind of just fell apart at the last minute.
20245. Use of funds for printing this publication
approved by the Director of the Office of Manage-
Richard L. is none other than Gertrude Trimble Zephier
Gladys doesn't actually intend to retire to the world
ment and Budget through September 30, 1979.
who related the whole Zephier clan to the Trimble bunch
of housekeeping and afternoon teas. She is taking her
when she married Alvin R. Zephier. Gertrude is a sister
Sherwin Zephier, poster winner.
special brand of serenity to the offices of the National
Harley Frankel Leaves B.I.A.
His wife and two children, Alex Jr. and Nell,
wanted all that time to account for something so they
I
donated their private collection of "The Story of Civil-
Native Americans
The Deputy Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Harley
ization" to the high school as a living memorial to the
Frankel left the Bureau of Indian Affairs in September
husband and father of the Caldwell clan.
to join the Virginia presidential campaign. At 33,
The ten volume set, written by Will and Ariel Du-
Frankel was the youngest Deputy
rant, is now part of Sequoyah High Library.
I
Commissioner to be appointed when
he assumed office in February of
1975.
He holds a Bachelor of Arts
degree in Social Sciences, Bachelor
of Science degree in Operations Re-
search and a Masters Degree in Bus-
iness Administration from Harvard.
Theodore (Ted) Krenzky, Di-
Harley Frankel
rector of Indian Services for the
Bureau of Indian Affairs, has been acting as Deputy
Commissioner in the interim period.
Martin Seneca Accepts New
Position With FEA
Martin Seneca, Director of Trust Responsibilities
for the Bureau of Indian Affairs has taken a position
Dancers, drummers and singers from Alaska were the last
native group to perform in the Native American arena at the
with the Federal Energy Administration. He is the new
National Folk Life Festival in Washington, D.C. this summer.
Deputy Assistant Administrator
The summer long festival saw tribal cultural groups from every
area of the country.
for Energy Conservation and En-
vironment. In this capacity, he
supervises over 200 technicians
and is involved in planning and
Indian Lass Named to
policy making decisions.
Mrs. A. B. Caldwell presents the "Civilization" books to Edwin
In his stead, Ralph Keene is
S. Moore, Asst. Area Dir. for Educ. (left) and Amon Baker,
Air Force Academy
the Acting Director of Trust Re-
Supt., Sequoyah High School (right).
sponsibilities for the Bureau. Keene
In 1980, a certain young officer will begin five years
is an attorney from Tahlaqua,
Martin Seneca
of service in the regular Air Force.
Oklahoma who specialized in pro-
Hardly anything to throw confetti or blow horns
perty law before moving to the BIA in Washington.
about!
Keene narrowly lost a bid for the Republican seat
Except this particular 'second Louie', in the lineup
in Congress last year. He ran against Ted Risenhoover
of several hundred commissioned officers on that fine
to represent the Second District.
spring commencement day four years hence, will be
shorter, darker and of the opposite sex.
And the Air Force Academy of the United States
will have graduated its first Indian woman.
Sequoyah High Receives
She comes tearing out of Oklahoma, bearing the
Chronicle
name Mary Sue Hatton, to take her place among the
first group of women ever appointed to the "wild blue
yonder" halls of the nation's great Air Academy.
In the library of Sequoyah High School in Tahle-
That's worth, at least, a small hurrah!
quah, Oklahoma is a fantastic chronicle of man's grope
Waving their hands in the background are Sam and
through time. It is a gift to be studied by the youth of
Edna Hatton, who watched their Oklahoma born daugh-
today
bequeathed by the family of a man who gave
ter raise a cloud of dust through Buffalo Valley High
nearly all his yesterdays to the education of Indian stud-
School in Talihina before taking on the long blue line.
ents.
Come 1980, they'll be there at Colorado Springs
Dr. A. B. Caldwell put in seventeen years as As-
watching Ms. Hatton add a little sparkle of history to
sistant Area Director for Education in Muskegee, before
the world of air defense. (That's Second Lieutenant
his death last year.
Hatton to you!)
Mary Sue Hatton, appointed to Air Force Academy.
B.I.A. RAINFEST
170 of Today's Drugs Were
Grants to Native Americans
bean
buffalo
boys
And
The Great Potomac BIA Picnic and RAINFEST
First Used by Indian
(1975-1976)
was a smashing success. Especially for those who were
Medicine Men
smashed.
Information about private funding to Native Amer-
Two years in the making (they just couldn't get it
ican projects and programs, until recently, has been dif-
Indian medicine men were not the feathered quacks
together last year, something about finding the right
ficult to obtain. In 1973, however, the Foundation
Hollywood made them out to be, decked out in bells
place to cook the buffalo or maybe it was finding the
Center, an organization with public reference files in
and beads and frenetically rattling their bones. In many
right buffalo ) Anyway, after two years of planning,
New York and Washington, D.C. center offices, which
ways they were years ahead of early American doctors.
scurrying around hallways to confer with fellow commit-
gathers various kinds of data on foundations and their
Early settlers looked down their noses at Indian
tee members, mucho dinero telephone calls, selling
activities, began categorizing information on grants to
cures because of ignorance and "racial arrogance," says
tickets, counting noses and drafting volunteers-IT
Native Americans.
Dr. Virgil J. Vogel, associate professor of history at
FINALLY HAPPENED!
The Center issues a bimonthly Foundation Grants
Mayfair College in Chicago.
The First Annual (?) BIA Employees Picnic. JUNE
Index which is a record of currently reported foundation
"Whites thought Indians were savages," he said.
19, 1976!!
grants of $5,000 or more. Grants of more than a year
"But American Indians were mixing a lot of potent,
It rained.
old are generally not included in the Index. While the
valuable drugs with their rituals, and producing success-
Center also gathers data on grants of less than $5,000,
ful cures, treatments and medications."
their greater number does not make it feasible to pub-
two
Among the sophisticated medicinal compounds they
lish that information.
concocted from bark, seeds, plants or other natural in-
For the information of Native Americans, the fol-
up
gredients were fever reducers, oral contraceptives, as-
lowing data on foundation grants to Indian programs
tringents and drugs remarkably similar to antibiotics.
gathered by Sibohan Oppenheimer-Nicolau of the Ford
Roughly 170 drugs that have been listed in the of-
Foundation in January 1976, covers the period from
ficial Pharmacopeia of the United States-a listing of
right!
The
name
January 1975 to January 1976 and does include grants
spelled
M-O-R-R-I-E
and
I'd
"Gee,
it
like
nice
to
of
doctor-approved drugs-were first used by North Amer-
welcome
you
to
our
Vine
Deloria
of less than $5,000 for that period. All of the grants in
BIA
to
pienic.
BIA?.
stop
ican Indians, Dr. Vogel revealed. About 50 more were
Bureau
of
Indian
Affairs.
this report are in the Foundation Center's bimonthly
used by Indians from Latin America and the Carib-
Index entered in a computerized file.
bean, he said.
The foundations are listed alphabetically with a re-
Here are some examples of "primitive" Indian med-
cord of their grants to Native Americans arranged by
icines and drugs that later proved valuable to the white
amount, name of recipient, location and grant descrip-
man:
tion.
Oral contraceptives. "Various Indian drugs that
Information about grants in 1973 and 1974 is avail-
were used to suppress ovulation and control the men-
able upon request from the Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1832
strual cycle started researchers on the road that led to
Corcoran Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
(Junked
"The Pill," Dr. Vogel said. "Among them was stoneseed,
Abelard Foundation, NY
which was tested on laboratory rats and found to be an
effective contraceptive."
$10,000 to American Indian Lawyer Training Program,
Childbirth medicines. "Indians used numerous med-
Oakland, CA. For general program support.
$5,000 to Youth Project, Inc., Navajo Coal Develop-
icines to ease and hasten delivery in childbirth," Dr.
Vogel said. "Two of them, corn smut and cotton root
ment Impact Study, D.C. For research and informa-
bark, were later adopted by physicians for the same pur-
tion office, Shiprock, NM, re coal gasification plants,
pose."
Navajo reservation.
Antibiotics. "It's possible that some Indians may
Akbar Fund, II
have stumbled onto the working principle of antibiotics,
$10,000 to American Indian Treaty Council Information
although they were unaware of how and why the desired
Council, NYC, NY. For research on Sioux and Iro-
results were obtained," Dr. Vogel said.
quois treaties.
Among the antibiotic-type drugs used by Indians
$5,000 to Coalition of Indian Controlled School Boards,
were rotted corn, for treatment of leg ulsers; a slimy
Denver, CO. To cover costs of annual membership
ground fungus, for boils, and heated dirt from the top
meeting.
of a grave, for treatment of body sores.
$20,000 to Dineh Cooperatives, Chinle, AZ. For re-
Astringents. Indians used various leaves, flowers,
volving loan fund for Navajo Nation community co-
roots, fruits and seeds to make astringents to treat sore
operatives. Continuing support.
mouth, bleeding and diarrhea.
$10,000 to Northern Cheyenne Landowners Association,
Fever reducers. "The greatest of all botanical fever
Lame Deer, MT. For operating support.
drugs, the conchona bark, from which quinine is ex-
$30,000 to Northern Cheyenne Tribal Council, Lame
tracted, was a discovery of South American Indians,"
Deer, MT. For legal expenses related to protection
Dr. Vogel said. "And North American Indians used
of natural resources. Continuing support.
numerous drugs to reduce fever, including dogwood bark,
$30,000 to Quinault Tribal Council. Law Program, Ta-
herb of boneset and bark of yellow poplar-all of which
hola, WA. To meet costs of on-reservation legal
later became official drugs."
counsel to tribe. Continuing support.
$5,950 to Su-Worhorm Ishi Pishi, Inc., Hoopa, CA. For
$60,000 to Crow Tribe, Central Education Committee,
increase their access to funds for community devel-
program in Southwest Indian religious studies. Three
operating support.
Crow Agency, MT. To establish a Crow educational
opment programs. Supplemental grant.
years.
$10,000 to Western Shoshone Legal Defense and Edu-
research and development office.
$125,000 to American Indian Historical Society, San
$225,000 to California Indian Legal Services, Oakland,
cation Association, Battle Mountain, NV. For com-
$67,750 to Hawaiian Coalition of Native Claims Cor-
Francisco, CA. For development of accredited jour-
CA. To support Indian education law project. Two
munity organizing related to Shoshone land claim.
poration, Honolulu, HI. To assist corporation in
nalism internship program for American Indians in
years.
Continuing support.
establishing organizational base and to enable it to
cooperation with Stanford University and University
$190,000 to Coalition of Indian Controlled School
$3,170.16 to Menominee County Education Committee,
render legal protection with aid of Native American
of Oklahoma. Supplemental Grant.
Boards, Denver, CO. For training of lay advocates.
Keshena, WI. For debt retirement.
Rights Fund, to land base of Native Hawaiians.
$50,000 to Arizona Job Colleges, Casa Grande, AZ. To
Two years.
Bush Foundation, MN
$97,000 to Navajo Tribe, Window Rock, AZ. To help
match federal grants for comprehensive family re-
$25,000 to Defiance College, Defiance, OH. To study
$17,000 to College of Saint Scholastica, Duluth, MN.
establish tribal budget and management offices.
habilitation center serving primarily Chicano, Indian
feasibility of merger with Northwest Technical Col-
For American Indian circuit-riding professor pro-
$95,000 to Oklahoma City Indian Health Council, Okla-
and Black displaced farmworkers. Supplemental
lege.
gram, Northern Minnesota and Wisconsin reserva-
homa City, OK. To enable clinic to employ a full-
grant.
$160,000 to Haskell Indian Junior College, Lawrence,
tions. Terminal grant.
time physician and to provide supplies to make
$150,000 to Navajo Community College, Chinle, AZ.
KS. For planning and development of early child-
$70,000 to Minneapolis Public Schools, MN. For devel-
health delivery services more accessible to Indian
For demonstration programs to improve range and
hood education program. Two years.
opment of new elementary school program to help
community. Two years.
livestock management and community farming.
$25,00 to National Indian Education Association, Min-
decrease Indian student dropout rate. Two years.
$112,830 to University of New Mexico School of Law,
Two years.
neapolis, MN. For program to address higher edu-
$30,000 to Sicangu Wolakota Oti (Rosebud House of
American Indian Law Center, Albuquerque, NM.
$7,500 to Oglala Sioux Community College, Pine Ridge,
cation needs of the Hispano American and the
Friendship), St. Francis, SD. To remodel kitchen
To establish National Institute of Tribal Govern-
SD. For conference and report on American Indian
American Indian.
facilities and expand living area of home for Indian
ment to assist Indian tribes with legal and adminis-
Higher Education co-sponsored by American Indian
McKnight Foundation, MN
children.
trative problems and for research to assist American
Higher Education Consortium and Phelps-Stokes
$30,000 to Saint Mary's Mission School, Red Lake, MN.
Carnegie Corporation of New York, NY
Indian Policy Review Commission in its comprehen-
Fund.
For teacher aides, books, science and physical edu-
$35,000 to American Indian Lawyer Training Projects,
sive review of Indian affairs. Two years.
$15,000 to Columbia University Graduate School of
cation equipment, for Benedictine school for Red
DC. For support of "Indian Law Reporter", Re-
Educational Foundation of America, CT
Journalism, NYC, NY. For scholarships for Black,
Lake reservation Indian children.
newal grant.
$12,000 to Northfield Mount Hermon School, East
Mexican American, Puerto Rico, American Indian
$10,000 to University of Minnesota Center for Urban
$235,530 to Native American Rights Fund, Boulder, CO.
Northfield, MA. For financial aid for Native Amer-
and Asian American students.
and Regional Affairs, Minneapolis, MN. For edu-
ican students.
For internship program for recent law graduates.
$3,417,110 to Educational Testing Service, Princeton,
cational program for American Indian inmates at
Edward Elliott Foundation, NY
Three years.
NJ. For fellowships for Mexican Americans, Amer-
Sandstone, St. Cloud and Stillwater and to coordin-
$14,828 to Western Interstate Commission for Higher
$2,500 to Native American Educational Services, Inc.,
ican Indians, and Puerto Ricans. Supplemental
ate all cultural and educational programs at these
Education, Planning Resources in Minority Educa-
Chicago, IL. For development of higher education
grant.
institutions.
tion program, Boulder, CO. For general support.
program known as Reservation-Urban Learning Ex-
$15,000 to Northwestern University School of Journal-
New York Community Trust, NY
Renewal grant.
change (RULE).
ism, Evanston, IL. For scholarships for Black,
$1,500 to Fort Hall/Shoshone-Bannock School Board,
$25,000 to American Indian Development Assoc.,
Mexican American, Puerto Rican, American Indian,
Clark Foundation, NY
Ft. Hall, ID. For planning tribal school system on
Seattle, WA. For technical assistance in developing
and Asian American students.
$5,000 to Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. For
the Ft. Hall Reservation.
a tribal agriculture program for Seneca Nation,
$15,000 to Stanford University Graduate School of Jour-
additional graduate scholarships for American In-
western New York State.
$500 to Ramah Navajo School Board, Ramah, NM. For
nalism, Stanford, CA. For scholarships for Black,
dian students.
the summer training of a staff member.
Mexican American, Puerto Rican, American Indian
Noble (Edward John) Foundation, NY
Donner (William H.) Foundation, NY
Field Foundation, NY
and Asian American students.
$16,500 to Indian River Central School, Philadelphia,
$98,540 to Alaska Legal Services Corporation, Anchor-
$5,000 to Alaska Legal Services Corporation, Anchorage.
NY. For artist-in-residence in the school and com-
$14,500 to University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. For
age, AK. To enable recruitment, instruction and
AK. Toward litigation costs of suit to enforce equal
legal review of statutes, court decisions, and agency
munity.
engagement of ten Native Alaskan paralegal
educational opportunities for Eskimo and Indian
regulations governing Alaskan Native education.
Public Welfare Foundation, DC
trainees for lay advocate and legal technician serv-
children.
$15,000 to University of Missouri, School of Journalism,
$10,000 to Sage Memorial Hospital, Ganado, AZ. For
ices in Alaska's rural villages. Two years.
$40,000 to National Indian Youth Council, Albuquer-
Columbia, MO. For scholarships for Black, Mexican
general support of hospital serving Navajo Indians.
$16,250 to American Indian Law Students Association,
que, NM. For general support during 1975. Con-
American, Puerto Rican, American Indian and
Rockefeller Brothers Fund, NY
Albuquerque, NM. To develop a stronger organiza-
tinuing support.
Asian American students.
$25,000 to Museum of New Mexico Foundation, Santa
tional base. Three years.
$16,700 to Native American Rights Fund, Southwest
Kresge Foundation, MI
Fe, NM. For feasibility study to evaluate use of
$30,950 to Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, Phila-
Indian Environmental Project, Boulder, CO. For
$88,000 to Northern Cheyenne Native American Pro-
federal post office building, Santa Fe, for a museum
delphia, MS. To enable Choctaw Board of Educa-
general support during 1975.
grams, Lame Deer, MT. For construction of mod-
of the Southwest American Indian.
tion to make major effort to engage Choctaw
Fleischmann (Max L.) Foundation, NV
ular units for use as reading learning laboratories
$300,000 to American Association of Community and
community in their educational process.
$70,000 to Navajo National Health Foundation, Sage
for Northern Cheyenne school age program.
Junior Colleges, DC. For internship program to
$60,580 to National Indian Health Board, Denver, CO.
Memorial Hospital, Ganado, AZ. To operate only
$10,000 to Shepaug Valley Archaeological Society,
train American Indians to become community col-
To enable planning of a national institute to train
Indian-owned and operated hospital until October
Washington, CT. Toward expansion of American
lege administrators
Indian Health Board personnel for work on and
1975 when majority of patients will qualify for
Indian Institute.
$10,000 to American Music Center, NYC, NY. For con-
off reservations.
medicaid coverage and hospital will be on self-sus-
Kress (Samuel H.) Foundation, NY
sultation expenses for American Music Recording
$72,000 to Coalition of Eastern Native Americans, DC.
taining basis.
$25,000 to British-American Associates, NYC, NY. For
project.
For research and legal assistance to eastern Indian
$115,000 to National Medical Fellowships, NYC, NY.
exhibition. Two Thousand Years of North American
$100,000 to Educational Broadcasting Corporation NYC,
tribes with community development-related prob-
To aid first and second-year Mexican American and
Indian Art, jointly sponsored by Arts Council of
NY. For international program series on global in-
lems, in particular non-federally recognized tribes
American Indian medical students.
Great Britain and Nelson Gallery at Kansas City,
terdependence.
wishing to form nonprofit charitable corporations
Ford Foundation, NY
MO.
Rockefeller Foundation, NY
for purpose of applying for federal funds and serv-
$75,000 to American Indian Development Assoc., Bell-
Lilly Endowment, IN
$33,800 to American Indian Development Assoc., Bell-
ices.
ingham, WA. For technical aid to help Indian tribes
$135,790 to Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. For
ingham, WA. For aid to Indian tribes in develop-
ment of food production programs (jointly with
educational program concerning tribal jurisdiction.
Equal Opportunity Program).
$3,000 to Native American Committee, Inc., Chicago,
San Francisco Foundation, CA
IL. For development of higher education program,
$17,000 to Humboldt County Schools, Northern Indian
Reservation-Urban Learning Exchange (RULE).
California Education Project, Eureka, CA. For In-
Weiboldt Foundation, IL
dian Education Coordinators working toward im-
$7,000 to Central YMCA Community College, Seven
provement of school materials for Indian students.
Nations Project, Chicago, IL. For Seven Nations
Continuing support.
Talent Search program.
Seattle Foundation, WA
Woods Charitable Fund, IL
$5,000 to Seattle Indian Health Board, Seattle, WA. To-
$5,000 to American Indian Center, Chicago, IL. To sup-
ward purchase of medical equipment for examin-
port budget of Center for American Indians in
ing rooms.
metropolitan Chicago. Renewal grant.
Ann Maytag Shaker Foundation, NY
$3,500 to Nevada Indian Legal Services, Reno, NV. For
GPO 910-883
UNITED STATES
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BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
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