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06/20-26/76 Japanese-American Citizens League
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4528594
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06/20-26/76 Japanese-American Citizens League
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This file includes material on Iva Toguri ("Tokyo Rose").
citationUrl
collections
Myron B. Kuropas Files (Ford Administration)
Myron Kuropas' Activities Files
subjects
Concentration camps
World War, 1939-1945
Relocation of Japanese Americans, 1942-1945
Pardon
Japanese Americans
Presidential messages
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4528594
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1976-06-30
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6
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1976
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1975-09-01
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9
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1975
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The original documents are located in Box 7, folder "Japanese American Citizens
League 06/20-26/76" of the Myron B. Kuropas Files at the Gerald R. Ford
Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of
photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford. donated to the
United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives
collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in
the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are
presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject
to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Some items in this folder were not digitized because it contains copyrighted
materials. Please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library for access to
these materials.
GERALD
ovos
Nithi
Entered as Second Class Matter May 23,
JAPANESE AMERICAN DAILY
1946. at the Post Office, San Francisco,
California under act of March 3. 1870.
Number 8852
2211 Bush St., P.O. Box 3098. San Francisco. Calif. 94119
Business: 921-6820, Editorial: 921-6822
Tuesday, February 24, 1976
Thoughts of Nisei as President Ford Rescinds E.O. 9066
WASHINGTON, Feb. 23 -
was a bitter tragedy for Japa-
rights and human liberties to
cans have experienced a
President Gerald Ford, issued
nese Americans, it was also a
occur in this country," Dr.
blatant disregard for our civil
a proclamation officially term-
grievious stain on the fabric
Hayashi concluded.
rights, we have even a greater
inating Executive Order 9066
of our entire national heritage.
Horiuchi, who worked close-
obligation to protect the rights
last Thursday on th 34th anni-
For this reason all Americans,
ly with the White House in
of all persons when they are
versary of its authorization,
regardless of ancestry or
planning Thursday's ceremony,
threatened.
presented it to the JACL, the
ethnic origin, can feel a sense
pointed out that loyal Americans
"Because the scars of these
only national organization re-
of gratitude in the issuance of
endured imprisonment. physical
old
(Continued from page 1)
American history. It was on
that date in 1942, in the
midst of the response to the
hostilities that began on
December 7, 1941, that Execu-
tive Order No. 9066 was
issued, subsequently enforced
by the criminal penalties of
a statute enacted March 21,
1942, resulting in the up-
rooting of loval Americans.
FEBRUARY 22, 1976
The OPINION Section of THE SUNDAY DENVER POST
Editorials 9 Comment
Open Forum
'It Was Long Overdue, Long Overdue'
By BILL HOSOKAWA
WASHINGTON-The United States is a nation
governed by laws. Sometimes the law, as Mr.
"On the battlefield and at home, Japanese
Bumble said in Charles Dickens' Pickwick
Americans-names like Hamada, Mitsumori,
Papers, "is a ass, a idiot."
Marumoto, Noguchi, Yamasaki, Kido, Munemori
The law known as Executive Order 9066 falls in
and Miyamura-have been and continue to be
that category.
written in our history for the sacrifices and the
contributions they have made to the well-being
loyal Americans
SERALD
R
"We now know what we should have known
then-not only was that evacuation wrong, but
FORD
Japanese Americans were and are loyal Ameri-
cans.
Ford Recognizes "American Mistake"
February 19th is the anniversary of a sad day in American
history. It was on that date in 1942, in the midst of the response to
the hostilities that began on December 7, 1941, that Executive
Order No. 9066 was issued, subsequently enforced by the criminal
penalties of a statute enacted March 21, 1942, resulting in the
uprooting of loyal Americans. Over one hundred thousand persons
of Japanese ancestry were removed from their homes, detained in
special camps, and eventually relocated.
The tremendous effort by the War Relocation Authority and
concerned Americans for the welfare of these Japanese-Americans
may add perspective to that story, but it does not erase the
Japanese-American community in Hawaii was spared the
indignities suffered by those on our mainland.
We now known what we should have known then - not only
February 24, 1976
Tuesday
setback to fundamental American principles. Fortunately, the
HOKUBEI MAINICHI
was that evacuation wrong, but Japanese-Americans were and are
loyal Americans. On the battlefield and at home, Japanese-Ameri-
cans - names like Hamada, Mitsumori, Marimoto, Noguchi,
Yamasaki, Kido, Munemori and Miyamura - have been and
continue to be written in our history for the sacrifices and the
contributions they have made to the well-being and security of
this, our common Nation.
A Presidential proclamation was signed Feb. 19 by President
The Executive order that was issued on February 19, 1942,
Gerald R. Ford in the Cabinet Room of the White House to rescind
was for the sole purpose of prosecuting the war with the Axis
the Executive Order 9066 issued by President Franklin Delano
Powers, and ceased to be effective with the end of those
Roosevelt on Feb. 19, 1942. President Ford is shown shaking
hostilities. Because there was no formal statement of its
hands with Senator Daniel Inouye after the signing. In the picture
termination, however, there is concern among many Japanese-
also are Congresswoman Patsy Mink, Congressman Norman
Americans that there may yet be some life in that obsolete
Mineta and Congressman Spark Matsunaga.
document. I think it appropriate, in this our Bicentennial Year, to
remove all doubt on that matter, and to make clear our
commitment in the future.
NOW., THEREFORE, I, GERALD FORD, President of the
United States of Ameica, do hereby proclaim that all the authority
conferred by Executive Order No. 9066 terminated upon the
issuance of Proclamation No. 2714, which formally proclaimed the
cessation of the hostilities of World War II on December 31, 1946.
I call upon the American people to affirm with me this
American Promise - that we have learned from the tragedy of
that long-ago experience forever to treasure liberty and justice for
each individual American, and resolve that this kind of action shall
PROCLAMATION
never again be repeated.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
In this Bicentennial Year, we are commemorating the
nineteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord nineteen
anniversary dates of many of the great events in American
hundred seventy-six, and of the Independence of the United
history. An honest reckoning, however, must include a recognition
States of America the two hundredth.
of our national mistakes as well as our national achievements.
PRESIDENT GERALD R. FORD
Learning from our mistakes is not pleasant, but as a great
philosopher once admonished, we must do, so if we want to avoid
repeating them.
Thurs., Feb. 19, 1976 * S.F.Examiner
Ford erases an old wrong
078839
Ford greets Sen. Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii) before voiding detention camp order
UPI Photo
Examiner News Services
WASHINGTON - President
Ford signed a proclamation today
terminating the executive order
which sent more than 112,000 Japa-
nese-Americans to internment
camps during World War II.
8 San Francisco Chronicle
Fri., Feb. 20, 1976
UPI Telephoto
Applauding as President Ford formally revoked the internment order were Hawaii's Senator Daniel Inouye and Representative Patsy Mink
(to the left) and Senator Hiram Fong (second from right)
Ford Kills Anti-Japanese Order
Washington
Pledging "that this kind of
error shall never be made again,"
President Ford yesterday formally
lifted the World War II order that
sent 112,000 Japanese-Amèricans
into relocation camps.
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS: 22 Peace Plaza. Suite 203 San Francisco, California 94115 (415) 563-3202
REGIONAL OFFICES: Washington, D.C./Chicago/San Francisco/Los Angeles/Portland/Fresno
David E. Ushio, National Executive Director
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
SORDS
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, CONTACT:
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS (415) 563-3202
MAY 7, 1975
SEPARTMENT
The following statement has been issued by David Ushio,
National Executive Director of the Japanese American Citizens League
regarding the Vietnamese refugees.
The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL), a national
human and civil rights organization, urges the American people to
welcome the Vietnamese immigrants to the United States. Further,
JACL urges Americans to extend to these newcomers the same positive
spirit expressed to hundreds of thousands of people from war-torn
countries in Eastern Europe, East Germany, Hungary, and Cuba. These
refugees came to make America their home, and work toward the
principles on which this nation was formed--life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness.
The democratic principles on which our country was formed
are absolute and were not conceived by our forefathers to be
manipulated by certain groups of people, or by shifts in the
political and economic climate of the times. To support the
immigration of the Vietnamese to the U. S. is to support those
freedoms guaranteed to all people who make America their home.
The JACL deplores the racist and inhumane remarks made by
some political figures who are more concerned with pleasing a few
(more)
Better Americans in a Greater America
Vietnamese Refugees
2-2-2-2-2-2
of their constituents, rather than standing for this nation's founding
principles. Some of the slurs used to describe the Vietnamese
refugees resemble the "yellow peril" campaign aimed at Chinese and
Japanese immigrants around the turn of the century, which was used
to deny jobs and civil rights to Asians. So often this nation
justifies racist actions by the state of the economy.
Since its inception over 40 years ago, JACL has opposed such
racist tactics and stereotyped portrayals of Asians as immoral and
ruthless, because they are inaccurate and denegrate Chinese and
Japanese Americans. Likewise, we strongly object to those who
prejudge the Vietnamese immigrants without giving them an opportunity
to demonstrate their talents and make contributions.
JACL especially commends fairminded leaders such as President
Gerald Ford, Governor David Pryor of Arkansas, Governor George
Ariyoshi of Hawaii, Mayor Joseph Alioto of San Francisco, Union
leader George Meany of the AFL-CIO, and the leadership of the
American Jewish Committee. Their statements of reason repudiate
racist remarks. These refugees deserve the same opportunities
afforded other immigrants.
Throughout history, many refugees migrated to the United
States for various reasons: famine, war, religious persecution.
But nearly all have shared one great hope: the hope for personal
freedom.
Much of the responsibility surrounding the displacement of
Vietnamese refugees from their homeland lies with the United States'
involvement in Indo-China. The Vietnamese refugees are a national
concern of utmost urgency, and JACL calls on the U. S. Congress to
appropriate funds for their resettlement.
1234
"30"
Japanese american
JACL
CITIZENS LeaGUE
UNITED
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS: 1765 Sutter Street San Francisco, California 94115 (415) 921-5225
THROUGH
REGIONAL OFFICES: Washington, D.C./Chicago/San Francisco/Los Angeles/Portland/Fresno
David E. Ushio, National Executive Director
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
For Further Information Contact:
Don Hayashi
(415) 921-5225
December 11, 1975
LIBRARY
FORD
USHIO ADDRESSES ROCKEFELLER PANEL
074470
"Eliminating red tape by reducing or consolidating Federal programs
will be of no value to minortiy groups such as Japanese Americans unless
the government first becomes sensitive to the needs of neglected groups,"
stated David E. Ushio, National Executive Director of the National
Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) in testimony to the White House
Domestic Council Public Forum chaired by Vice President Nelson
Rockefeller.
"There is no point in making efficient a system that exludes
minority groups," " said Ushio. "All that will accomplish is to insure that
we are efficiently left out. "
Ushio expanded the concerns of the JACL, the largest national
human rights organization of Japanese Americans, by reviewing a litany
of examples of how government insensitivity and sterotyping has
excluded Japanese Americans and other Asian Americans from developing
the potential within their respective ethnic communities and by
detailing the history of discrimination faced by Asian groups in
America.
"The strength and hope of America is in the concept of pluralism
when each group is recognized for the unique contribution, history,
and culture it brings to America. The Federal system must be flexible
enough to recognize the unique needs of each group," Ushio told the
Better Americans in a Greater America
more-more-more
Ushio Addresses Rockefeller Panel
2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2
Cabinet officers who had gathered in the Los Angeles Convention Center
for the day-long confab December 9, 1975. "Different minorities are
at different stages of development and have unique problems which are
critical to their group's welfare. Asian Americans have been stereotyped
as having no problems when in fact severe problems do exist," said
Ushio.
Japanese American elderly are penalized because Federal aging
programs are based on a white middle-class culture with few, if any,
options or considerations given for the cultural difference that
excludes participation by the Japanese American elderly.
Employment discrimination affects Japanese Americans in the area
of advancement and promotion to decision making positions. Yet
Federal affirmative action programs center on entry level regulations.
"Discrimination is disrimination regardless of what level it may take
place. The civil rights of our people are being violated and the
enforcement agencies aren't interested," said Ushio.
More importantly, the inaction of the Federal government in
dealing with employment discrimination of Japanese Americans has a
spillover effect to the private sector. "Why should private industry
promote qualified Japanese Americans and Asian Americans to policy positions
when the enforcement agencies of the Federal government fail to
recognize the same problems within the government itself?" asked Ushio.
Ushio was among a select group of leaders from state and local
government, civil rights, business, and environmental groups asked by
Vice President Rockefeller to address members of President Ford's
Domestic Council which consists mainly of Cabinet officials. Others
0803
more-more-more
Ushio Addresses Rockefeller Panel
3-3-3-3-3-3-3
invited to testify included Governor George Ariyoshi of Hawaii; Mayor Pete
Wilson of San Diego; Mr. Jack Henning, Executive Secretary/Treasurer,
California Labor Federation, AFL-CIO, San Francisco; Hon. Daniel J. Evans,
Governor, State of Washington; Hon. John Carlson, Mayor, Fairbanks, Alaska;
Ms. Mary Ann Eriksen, Southern California Sierra Club Representative,
Los Angeles; Mr. James Hayes, Member, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
and President, Southern California Association of Governments, Los
Angeles; Mr. John Hay, Executive Vice President, California Chamber of
Commerce, Sacramento; and Ms. Susan Hone, Vice Mayor, Berkeley, California.
Cabinet officials in attendance included Vice President Nelson
A. Rockefeller; Secretary of Interior, Thomas S. Kleppe; Secretary of
Labor, John T. Dunlop; Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Carla
A. Hills; Under Secretary Marjorie Lynch, Department of Health, Education
and Welfare; and Commissioner James B. Cardwell, Social Security
Administration.
While most of the local governmental leaders complained about the
red tape and government regulations, Ushio and other minority group leaders
focused on the insensitivity and exclusionary nature of the Federal
programs.
"Our least fortunate, the poor, are excluded from educational
scholarships, from social and human services, and from welfare
because of the stereotype that Japanese Americans are successful,"
said Ushio. "Among no other group are the needs of the poor not
recognized on an individual basis. Yet, Japanese American poor go
unrecognized and neglected."
Ushio cited President Ford's Blue Ribbon Panel on Vietnamese
Refugees as an example of a pervasive attitude in Washington toward
handling Asian American problems. "Despite the fact that Japanese
more-more-more
Ushio Addresses Rockefeller Panel
4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-
Americans and Asian Americans have been through similar ordeals as the
Vietnamese refugees in our history, and despite the fact that there are
scores of well-qualified Asian Americans who could have ably served on
the committee, no Asian American was named to this Blue Ribbon
Committee. Had a sensitive Asian American been appointed to the
Committee, the refugee program would not be in the mess it is now.
Even when Asian Americans are directly affected, the Federal
government does not include us in decision making."
Ushio concluded by emphasizing that Japanese Americans and
Asian Americans have the capacity to make even greater contributions
toward making America consistent with her ideals. "We call upon the
Federal government to assist by recognizing the unique roles each
group can play in our nation."
The Public Forums are one day hearings chaired by the Vice
President with members of the Domestic Council participating. Six
Forums have been held in cities across the country. Each Forum is
designed to involve the public in the review of domestic policy by
providing an arena for fact-finding, for the exchange of ideas, and
for exploring policy alternatives.
"30"
-
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS: 22 Peace Plaza, Suite 203 San Francisco, California 94115 (415) 563-3202
REGIONAL OFFICES: Washington, D.C./Chicago/San Francisco/Los Angeles/Portland/Fresno
David E. Ushio, National Executive Director
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
For further information, contact:
National Headquarters, (415) 563-3202
May 13, 1975
National leaders who have argued against Vietnamese refugees being admitted
to the United States should reconsider their position as it is being used to justify
anti-Asian racism, according to David Ushio, National Executive Director of the
Japanese American Citizens League, the largest national human rights organization
representing American citizens of Japanese ancestry.
Individuals such as Governor Jerry Brown of California, Reverend Jesse
Jackson and members of the Congressional Black Caucus have cited high unemploy-
ment, the welfare situation, and the state of the American economy as reasons why
Vietnamese should not resettle in the United States.
Speaking at a press conference called in San Francisco by Asian American
community leaders to protest growing anti-Asian sentiment, Ushio said. "As a group,
we have faced economic discrimination. We fully recognize that racial minorities
and recent immigrants are always affected first and with a greater severity in times
of economic stress. But leaders such as Brown, Jackson and Congressional Black
Caucus members must also be aware that their statements are being used to destroy
(more)
Better Americans in a Greater America
Vietnamese Refugees
2-2-2-2-2
those values and goals of racial justice and equality for which we have all worked
together for so many years. Their pronouncements against refugees are being used
to justify racist feelings and actions of Americans who hold anti-Asian prejudices."
"I have been told repeatedly by many groups including the so-called liberals
who in the past have supported civil rights activities that even Jesse Jackson and
the Black Caucus are against the refugees so why should we be for them," stated
Ushio.
The Asian American leaders pointed out the fact that in similar periods of
economic problems, inflation, recession, and high unemployment Americans wel-
comed 600,000 displaced persons from Europe after World War II, 40,000 Hungarians
during the recession in the late 50s, and 675,000 Cubans in the 60s. "Today, the
entry of 115,000 Vietnamese, two-thirds of whom are children, is being protested
by segments of the population who use the economy as a justification. "
The AFL-CIO Executive Council of 33 union leaders has called upon America
to welcome the refugees. "Mr. Meany and the AFL-CIO who is as concerned as
anyone with unemployment also recognize the principles at stake in this issue and
have advocated a humanitarian position in the true spirit of America's heritage,"
said Ushio.
According to Ushio, a basic question ought to be posed to the American people,
54% of whom do not favor sanctuary for the refugees according to a recent Gallup
poll. "Would the same 54% also be against accepting refugees to America if they
were fleeing from a communist takeover in Finland, England, France, Italy, or
Portugal? And what if their names were Werner Von Braun, Henry Kissinger, Leo
FORD
LIBRARY
(more)
Vietnamese Refugees
3-3-3-3-3
McCarthy, Juan Marichal, Alexander Solshinitzen, Seiji Ozawa, all of whom were
not born in America?
"I'm concerned about the racism and insensitivity injected into this issue," II
said Ushio. "Not too many months ago, Americans were appalled to learn of the
atrocities committed at My Lai. We were horrified to hear Lt. Calley and other
officers justify the slaughter of unarmed, innocent women and children by saying,
'Gooks don't value life as Americans do,' or 'Gooks don't care about freedom or
family'.
"The atrocities of My Lai were opposed to the American sense of fair play,
justice, respect and equality shown all people regardless of race, creed or color.
"It is shocking to hear national leaders, who were repulsed by Calley's words,
now saying that we should not admit the Vietnamese refugees or that we should send
them back," said Ushio. "It would be a sad commentary on American principles if
we were now going to resort to a 'My Lai mentality' to judge poor, homeless refugees,
most of whom are children.
"This nation is founded on a basic principle of justice and the strength of
America is in the rich diversity of her people who bring their unique cultures,
heritage, food, history, talents, and hopes to this land. May we continue in this
tradition by welcoming the Vietnamese," concluded Ushio.
-30-
New Address
1765 SUTTER STREET
Japanese american
SAN FRANCISCO, CA. 94115
CITIZENS LeaGUE
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS: 22 Peace Plaza, Suite 203
San Francisco, California 94115
(415) 563-3202
REGIONAL OFFICES: Washington, D.C./Chicago/San Francisco/Los Angeles/Portland/Fresno
David E. Ushio, National Executive Director
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
For further information contact
Donald Hayashi
(415) 921-5225
COUNTY
September 30, 1975
The following statement has been issued by David E. Ushio,
National Executive Director of the Japanese American Citizens League
(JACL) in regards to the visit of the Emperor of Japan to the
United States.
JACL is the largest human rights organization representing
American citizens of Japanese ancestry and comprised of 98 local
chapters nationwide with a membership of 30,000 in 32 states.
The National Japanese American Citizens League joins with
millions of Americans throughout the country in welcoming the
Emperor and Empress of Japan to the United States. American
citizens of Japanese ancestry recognize the historical significance
of this visit and applaud this event as positive evidence of the
mutual desire for continuing friendly relations between the U. S.
and Japan.
Today the economic and political alliance between Japan and
the United States remains strong and healthy and is essential to world
stability and peace. To strengthen this positive alliance requires
a continuing effort and dialogue between the people of Japan and
(more)
Better Americans in a Greater America
Emperor Hirohito
2-2-2-2-2-2-
America to understand each other as fellow human beings and to
appreciate the unique cultures of both nations.
When our American dignitaries visit abroad, we as Americans
expect friendly and cordial receptions by the people around the
world. Now, as the Emperor of Japan visits our country, it is
only appropriate that the American people extend the same courtesy
and respect.
The importance of maintaining harmonious relations between
the U. S. and Japan is of prime concern to the Japanese American
Citizens League. Historically, in times of political and economic
tension between the U. S. and Japan, Japanese Americans have been
the victims in this country of misdirected animosities toward
policies of Japan. The most notable example occurred during World
War II when 110,000 persons of Japanese ancestry were imprisoned
without due process as a consequence of the Pacific war with Japan.
Currently some economic trade and conservation issues involving
Japanese policies are causing similar problems for Japanese Americans.
In recent years, for example, Japanese Americans have become the
innocent targets of certain special interest groups resulting in
protests and confrontations. In many instances these campaigns have
racist overtones which are misdirected toward American citizens who
happen to be of Japanese ancestry. The fate of Japanese Americans
is inextricably tied to the relations between Japan--the country of
their ancestry--and the United States--the country of their citizen-
ship and their home.
GERALD
FORD
(more)
Emperor Hirohito
3-3-3-3-3
JACL regards this long overdue visit of the Emperor to the
U. S. to be living proof of the strong and friendly ties between
the two nations. JACL urges Americans to utilize this opportunity
to learn firsthand about the people of one of America's most important
allies.
JACL extends a warm welcome to Emperor Hirohito on this historic
occasion and calls upon all people both in the United States and
Japan to renew their commitments to build bridges of positive
understanding and goodwill between Japan and the United States.
"30"
GERALD
OHO
LIBRA
BUILDING
DEDICATION
DINNER
JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE
July 20, 1975
Hotel St. Francisco Grand Ballroom
San Francisco, California
A DEDICATION
JACL dedicates this National Headquarters
Building in honor and memory of the
Issei whose courage, foresight and
pioneer spirit gave Japanese Americans the
inspiration and guidance to become
Better Americans in a Greater America.
DINNER PROGRAM
CALL TO ORDER AND
Dr. Terry Hayashi
GREETINGS, STATE OF CALIFORNIA
Hon. Milton Marks
INTRODUCTION OF MASTER OF CEREMONIES
General Co-Chairperson
California State Senator
Dedication Steering Committee
GREETINGS, JAPANESE GOVERNMENT
Hon. Hidenori Sueoka
OPENING REMARKS
Hon. Norman Mineta
Consul General of Japan
U.S. Congressman from California
Master of Ceremonies
HISTORY OF JACL HEADQUARTERS
Steven J. Doi
BUILDING FUND
Co-Chairperson
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
Cherry Tsutsumida
National Headquarters Building
Member, Dedication Steering
Fund Campaign
Committee
SPECIAL PRESENTATION
George J. Inagaki
INVOCATION
Bishop Kenryu T. Tsuji
Past National JACL President
Buddhist Churches of America
TRIBUTE TO THE ISSEI
David E. Ushio
INTRODUCTION OF HEAD TABLE
Master of Ceremonies
JACL National Executive Director
RESPONSE BY ISSEI
Katsuma Mukaeda
DINNER
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
Hon. Spark M. Matsunaga
U.S. Congressman from Hawaii
GREETINGS - NATIONAL JACL
Shigeki J. Sugiyama
National JACL President
CLOSING REMARKS
Master of Ceremonies
GREETINGS, CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO
Hon. Dianne Feinstein
President, San Francisco Board of
BENEDICTION
Rev. David Nakagawa
Supervisors
Christ Presbyterian Church
REFLECTIONS
With the dedication of the new National
When that small handful of Nisei founders
The JACL, however, did not falter in its
There is much more to the history of the
Headquarters of the Japanese American
met in Seattle, Fresno and San Francisco,
purpose. Rather, it matured into a strong,
Japanese American and to the JACL. Each
Citizens League, the JACL marks another
their first order of business was to secure
persuasive organization which launched a
day brings with it new accomplishments, for
milestone in its four and a half decades of
citizenship for entitled individuals of Asian
vigorous program of public education, chal-
the JACL is a thriving, dynamic organization
existence. In doing so, it is fitting to reflect
ancestry. Success marked their efforts and
lenged the Supreme Court on the legality of
with nearly 100 Chapters nationwide and more
back on its dynamic forty-five years of history,
the next ten years were ones of rapid growth
the Evacuation, won against a movement to
than 30,000 members. For these members,
to take measure of where we stand today,
for the JACL. With it came increased respon-
remove the names of Japanese Americans
directly and through its chapters, the JACL
and to focus briefly on our goals for the future.
sibility for meeting the special social and
from the California voter rolls. It also peti-
provides a diverse range of services and
Indeed, "Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow" has
economic problems facing the Nisei. These
tioned the Federal government to reinstate
benefits. It also carries on a vastly expanded
been the central theme of the campaign which
difficulties-already aggravated by conven-
the Selective Service for the Nisei which led
education and public affairs program aimed
made the dream of a JACL National Head-
tional prejudices-were made worse by the de-
to the creation of the famed "Go For Broke"
at the broader community at the local, state
quarters Building a reality.
teriorating relationships between the U.S.
442nd Army Regiment.
and national levels. For today the goal of the
and Japan. With the attack on Pearl Harbor,
JACL is not only the advancement of the well-
Since its inception in 1930, the Japanese
Issei and Nisei alike were as shocked and
In its first post-war national convention, the
being of Japanese Americans, but also the
American Citizens League has served as a
angered as all other Americans, but what
JACL displayed the same vigor and deter-
betterment of all Americans regardless of
forum for expressing and realizing the needs
followed has been described as the "darkest
mination which had characterized its earlier
ancestry. This must remain the guiding prin-
and aspirations of every Japanese American.
chapter" in the history of American democracy.
efforts, and successfully realized its three
ciple if the JACL is to have a significant and
The emphasis has always been on human
Issei, most of whom had lived in America all
major goals of changing Federal laws classi-
positive impact in the area of human and civil
rights and civil liberties, on individual oppor-
of their lives, were suddenly classified as
fying Issei as "ineligible to Citizenship",
rights.
tunity and personal service. Nothing more
enemy aliens. Persons of Japanese ancestry,
securing compensation for property losses
clearly demonstrates this than the JACL's
citizen and alien alike, were removed from
suffered in the evacuation, and obtaining a
The JACL must continue to be a tireless
record of achievement and accomplishment.
their homes to "relocation camps" guarded
stay of deportation for deserving Japanese
pioneer of constitutional guarantees for citi-
by armed troops.
aliens who had lost the right to reside in the
zens of every race, every nationality, every
U.S. as "treaty merchants" on the outbreak
color, every faith. The victories the JACL has
of W.W. II.
achieved over the years helped pave the way
Throughout this grim period, JACL leaders
for the present era of positive social change
worked valiantly for restoration of reason
In addition, the JACL won in its efforts to
we are now witnessing. Yet we know, too, that
despite severe pressures. Once the Evacu-
have the Soldier Brides Bill amended, thus
today we are on the threshold of immense
ation decision had been made on March 2,
permitting Japanese spouses and children
promise-the promise of not only realizing
1942, on the basis of "military necessity,"
to enter the U.S. without regard to the Japa-
the fullness of the JACL motto of becoming
the JACL-having no other alternative-
nese Exclusion Act. Further, the JACL was
"better Americans in a greater America", but
urged cooperation. It is a great tribute to the
successful in restoring tenure to Nisei in the
also of manifesting JACL's enormous poten-
Issei and Nisei that the Evacuation occurred
Federal civil service. Beyond this, the JACL
tial for becoming a preeminent leader in advan-
virtually without incident, particularly when
played a key role in the passage of 200 private
cing the well-being of all peoples across the
it involved the wrongful imprisonment of
bills in the Congress which benefited indivi-
land. This is not merely our goal, it is our
120,000 men, women and children who suf-
dual Issei and Nisei.
future. And the new National JACL Head-
fered material losses exceeding 400 million
quarters Building is a part of the fulfillment
dollars.
of that future.
WHERE THE CREDIT BELONGS
MORE THAN A BUILDING
This is a proud time for the Japanese
were made, articles and editorials appeared in
Glass, steel, concrete, masonry. Attrac-
national human rights organization repre-
American Community as a whole, for the
the PC and other publications, and the mail-
tively blended. Creatively expressed in design,
senting Americans of Japanese ancestry. It
Japanese American Citizens League, and for
ings went out. We would like to say it was
form and function. This is the National JACL
is an instrument for realizing the shared goals
every individual citizen of Japanese heritage.
easy. But we have learned from past experi-
Headquarters Building to the eye of the practi-
of every Japanese American. It is a symbol of
It is a proud time because it is a moment of
ence that nothing worthwhile is easy.
cal observer. But when it is seen through the
our continuing commitment to advancing the
great accomplishment. When the Building
hearts of the Japanese American, we come to
entitlements of citizenship for all Japanese
Fund Campaign was launched almost two years
But it paid off. As a result, more than 5,500
understand that our National Headquarters is
Americans and for all peoples who strive for
ago, there was an enormous feeling of confi-
have contributed nearly $450,000. And still
dence. But, there was also an unmistakable
the gifts come in. And where does the credit
much more than just a handsome building.
the benefits of racial justice and human
sense of the tremendous challenge before us.
belong? To all of us. To the National Officers,
dignity that comes through the fulfillment of
The goal we had set for ourselves could not be
Board and staff, to the District Officers, to the
It is a magnificent tribute to our Japanese
the American dream. More than a building,
achieved without the unselfish commitment
Chapter Presidents and their officers. But
American heritage. A heritage in which we not
the new National Headquarters Building is
of a dedicated membership, without the will-
most of all the credit belongs to the campaign
only take unreserved pride, but also one in
the edifice for a better tomorrow.
ing sacrifice of thousands of individuals, and
volunteers who worked so diligently, and to
which we are humbled by the profound experi-
without the unstinting hard work of hundreds
the JACL members and other friends of the
ence of our tradition. Our National Head-
STEERING COMMITTEE
of volunteers within JACL Chapters across
Japanese American community who gave so
quarters is also an enduring tribute to our
the country and within the national organization.
generously. To them never enough credit can
sacrifice. Sacrifice that began with the first
GENERAL CO-CHAIRPERSONS
be given, adequate gratitude can never be ex-
Issei who immigrated to American shores to
Dr. Terry Hayashi
And it happened. It happened because of
endure long-forgotten privations. Sacrifice
Mr. Jack Kusaba
pressed. Nevertheless, to all who gave so self-
that is retold thousands of times in Reloca-
COMMITTEE MEMBERS
people people who had a long and proud
lessly of their time, of their efforts, of their
Mr. Hats Aizawa
history of being up to any challenge regardless
financial resources, of themselves, we simply
tion Camps. Sacrifice of Nisei lives on far
Mr. Steve Doi
of the sacrifices required of each person.
want to say thanks. Your generosity has been
flung battlefields. Sacrifice in the insidious
Mr. Wes Doi
made manifest and will endure for gener-
forms of racism and discrimination.
And so the work began. A volunteer struc-
ations to come.
Ms. Phyllis Hayashibara
Mrs. Yo Hironaka
ture was established that would surpass any-
Yet our new National Headquarters is still
thing the JACL had known before. At the
Ms. Gerry Inouye
more. More than a practical environment in
Mrs. Bea Kono
national level, scores of prominent JACLers
which to carry out the functional operations
Mr. Jim Murakami
enlisted in the effort. At the district and
of the organization. More than meeting and
chapter levels the membership responded
Mr. Noby Nakamura
conference rooms. More than a visitors'
Mr. Yosh Nakashima
with unstoppable enthusiasm.
center and hospitality house. Even more than
Mr. Ben Takeshita
During the campaign period thousands of
a library, a research institute, and a museum
members were canvassed, countless calls
Mr. Harry Tanabe
of Japanese Americana. It is even more than
were made, meetings were held and speeches
Ms. Cherry Tsutsumida
a permanent home for the oldest and largest
David Ushio
CAMPAIGN COMMITTEES
HONORARY CO-CHAIRMEN
Hiroshi Hershey Miyamura
Otto K. Furuta
The Honorable John F. Aiso
Congressional Medal of
Vice President
Former Justice,
Honor Winner
Tad Hirota
California Court of Appeal
Jun Mori
1000 Club Chairman
The Honorable
Partner: Mori & Katayama,
Raymond S. Uno
Attorneys at Law
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Daniel K. Inouye
Legal Counsel
United States Senator
Masao W. Satow
Harry Honda
Former JACL National
James A. Michener
Editor, Pacific Citizen
Director
Pulitzer Prize Winning Author
David E. Ushio
The Honorable
The Honorable
National Executive Director
Stephen K. Tamura
Edwin O. Reischauer
Associate Justice, California
NATIONAL CAMPAIGN
Noboru Nakamura of Van Bourg,
TERRY T. HAYASHI AND FAMILY,
Former U.S. Ambassador
Court of Appeal
COMMITTEE
to Japan
Nakamura, Katsura, Karney, Inc.
Architect
San Francisco
Bishop Kenryu T. Tsuji
Shigeki J. Sugiyama
Buddhist Churches of
General Chairman
Katsunori Handa of
Library and Resource Center
HONORARY COMMITTEE
America
Steven J. Doi
S. Handa Sons
General Contractor
in memory of Marian Yoshiko Koike Hayashi
George T. Aratani
George Yamaoka
Co-Chairman
President,
JAPANESE COMMUNITY OF DELANO
Senior Partner: Hill, Betts &
American Commercial, Inc.
Tad Hirota
Hatsuro Aizawa of
Nash, Attorneys at Law
Exhibit and Display Area
Co-Chairman
Aizawa Associates
Ruth Asawa
Graphics
Minoru Yamasaki
in honor of the Issei Pioneers of Delano
Award Winning Sculptress
District Coordinators
Architect,
Yamasaki & Associates
Pacific Northwest
William (Mo) Marumoto of
Development
The Honorable Paul T. Bannai
LIVINGSTON-MERCED JACL CHAPTER
James M. Watanabe,
The Interface Group, Ltd.
Consultant
Member of California State
Governor
Office of the Youth Director
Assembly
JACL HONORARY COMMITTEE
S. 1. Hayakawa
Past National Presidents
Takeshi Kubota
in memory of Mamoru Kinoshita, Arnold Ohki, and
Jerry J. Enomoto
Tomio Moriguchi
The JACL National Headquarters Building
Shiroaki Shoji of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team
President Emeritus,
California State University,
Northern California-Western Nevada
Fund Campaign owes its tremendous success
in Italy during the Second World War
Terry T. Hayashi
San Francisco
Harry H. Hatasaka, Governor
George J. Inagaki
to the generous spirit of the League's many
SAN FRANCISCO JACL CHAPTER
William H. Hosokawa
Charles Kubokawa
Saburo Kido
members and friends. From October 1973
Associate Editor,
Central California
Office of the Assistant National Director
The Denver Post
Roy M. Nishikawa
Izumi Taniguchi, Governor
through July 1975 over 5,500 donors have
The Honorable Shiro Kashiwa
Hito Okada
Pacific Southwest
pledged their support to this endeavor. JACL
TSUTOMU TOM AND
Judge, U.S. Court of Claims
K. Patrick Okura
Helen Kawagoe, Governor
is deeply indebted to each of these thousands
MARGARITA R. WAKIMOTO
William H. (Mo) Marumoto
George Y. Takeyama
Roy M. Nishikawa
of contributors, without whose gift this day of
San Jose
Intermountain
Former Special Assistant to
Raymond S. Uno
Dedication could never have been enjoyed.
the President of the
Shigeki Ushio, Governor
Office of Financial Affairs
United States
Shigeo Wakamatsu
Rupert Hachiya
Mike M. Masaoka
Thomas T. Yatabe
In the original planning for this Building Fund
Mountain Plains
EDWARD M. AND GRACE K. YAMAMOTO
Former JACL Washington
Kumeo A. Yoshinari
Takashi Mayeda, Governor
Campaign a special appeal went out to
Moses Lake
Representative
George Y. Inai
individuals and groups announcing that rooms
Second Floor Conference Room
The Honorable
NATIONAL JACL OFFICERS
Tom T. Masamori
within the new Headquarters would be
in memory of Tom Shoji Yamamoto and
Spark M. Matsunaga
Henry T. Tanaka
Marge Taniwaki
dedicated in honor or memory of any person,
Matsu Kimata Yamamoto
Member of U.S. Congress
President
Midwest
if contributions were made sufficient to cover
The Honorable
Shigeki J. Sugiyama
Ross Harano, Governor
the cost of the room. The response to this
Bank of Tokyo of California
Norman Y. Mineta
President Elect
Masaru Yamasaki
Mayor of San Jose, California
Frank A. Iwama
Joe G. Kadowaki
special opportunity has been gratifying.
Mitsubishi Bank of California
The Honorable
Vice President
Plaques of distinction today mark the doors
Sanwa Bank of California
East
Patsy Takemoto Mink
James Murakami
Grayce K. Uyehara, Governor
of the rooms so pledged, in recognition of and
Sumitomo Bank of California
Member of U.S. Congress
Vice President
Kaz Horita
in gratitude for the extraordinary support of
First Floor Meeting and Visitor's Center
the following contributors:
NATIONAL CAMPAIGN
COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Hiro Hishiki
Eddie Moriguchi
JACL wishes to also pay tribute to the follow-
Yas Abiko
George Ige
Katsuma Mukaeda
JACL ANTI-DISCRIMINATION COMMITTEE
ing persons whose gifts to the National Head-
Hats Aizawa
Howard Imazeki
Ken Nakaoka
(1946 1952)
Diane Aramaki
George Izumi
Mike Nishiki
quarters Building have and will continue to
Office of the National Executive Director
George Azumano
Bruce Kaji
Frank Sakamoto
enhance the beauty and function of this
Wes Doi
Tom Kitayama
Yone Satoda
in honor of Mike M. Masaoka,
building:
Soichi Fukui
Akira Komai
Mike Watabe
former JACL Washington Representative
Randy Fukukai
John Koyama
Sak Yamamoto
in honor of Masao W. Satow,
George T. Aratani,
Stereophonic Sound and
Scott Furukawa
Jack Kusaba
Frank Yamasaki
former JACL National Director
Hollywood
Pulbic Address System
Diane Hirasuna
Wesley Minami
George Yamasaki
Yo Hironaka
Scott Miyakawa
Frank Yonemura
EASTERN DISTRICT COUNCIL, JACL
Martha Kaihatsu,
Textile Display
Office of Public Relations
New York
Fund Raising and Public Relations Counsel: William H. (Mo) Marumoto
Design and Graphics: Hats Aizawa
DRAFT: INFORMATION FOR PRESIDENT FORD'S FILMED REMARKS
TO THE JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE
The Japanese American Citizens League, comprised of over 30,000
members in 32 states, attained a milestone membership goal in 1976
by adding its 100th chapter. This followed the establishment of
the organization's first permanent home, a focal point for the
Japanese American community, when the national headquarters in
San Francisco was completed in record time, with the fund-raising
efforts of members and friends from all over the United States.
Holding its 24th Biennial National Convention, the nonprofit
human rights organization will convene from June 20-26, 1976 in
Sacramento, California. The theme of the convention, "A PROUD
LEGACY," is appropriate in that the history of Japanese Americans
is one that portrays America's history, often reflecting
Japan-U.S. relations, with the internment of 110,000 Japanese
(three-fourths of whom were American citizens) during World War II,
LIBRARY GERALD R. FORD
as a prime example.
The Japanese American Citizens League has been very supportive
of President Ford for several of his policies. His rescinding of
Executive Order 9066 was a high achievement in Japanese American
history. And the President's remark, that the retraction was
"long overdue" was felt to be very appropriate.
more-more-more-more-more
DRAFT: JACL FILM
2-2-2-2-2
The organization has also supported President Ford's efforts
to establish positive U.S.-Japan relations, recognizing the
importance of his being the first American president to visit Japan,
as well as the historical significance of the Japanese Emperor's
visit to the United States in 1975. Japanese Americans participated
in the ceremonies in each city that the Emperor visited and in
many cases were involved in the planning and implementation of the
function.
The President's stand on the Vietnamese refugees, when many
wanted to close the door on them, was considered to be very
statesmanlike, and felt by Japanese Americans who well remember
their own heritage, to have been reflective of his true spirit of
Americanism. He has also been admired for returning the country
to an atmosphere of decency and trust in the difficult post-Watergate
period.
The Japanese American Citizens League, recognizes that one of
GERALD
America's greatest strengths lies in the pluralistic nature of
FORD
its people. Japanese Americans have contributed much to this nation
LIBRARY
in all areas. In the recent past, Japanese Americans have emerged
in significant roles as public servants: as mayors, as state legislators,
congressmen, as representatives on boards of education, and other
public offices both elected and appointed, and representing both
major political parties. The JACL, believing that the future holds
more-more-more-more-more
DRAFT: JACL FILM
3-3-3-3-3-3
even more promise and potential, and that our nation needs and
deserves the continuing participation of Americans of Japanese
ancestry, promotes the involvement of young people in public
service careers, by offering study fellowships in Washington, D.C.
to selected students. David Ushio, National Executive Director
of the J.A.C.L. says, "Americans of Japanese ancestry are
increasing in public service careers, but America needs more
leaders who have not only realized the American Dream, but
have suffered persecution, so that sensitive leadership can
emerge. "
The Japanese American Citizens League, actively concerned
in such issues as quality education, housing and civil rights,
is currently involved with the again-famous Iva Toguri or
"Tokyo Rose" case. Japanese Americans are hoping that
President Ford, compassionate in his "amnesty for Vietnam draft
evaders", will be as fair in his pardoning of this woman,
victimized by a spirit of racism prevalent at the time.
**
GERALD
to
FORD
Yesterday
Today
Tomorrow
in 9803 GERALD 17/0803
"Let my troubles and cares be piled
And up-piled some more;
Then I will try and test
What strength I have in store."
Anonymous-Meiji Era
A collective spirit and strong belief in and dedication to the goal
of achieving human rights and equal opportunity for persons of
Japanese ancestry led to the genesis of the guiding principles of
"My footprints on the road
the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) as far back as the
May be effaced or stay;
1920s. The legacy of our past is rooted in our cultural heritage,
Howe'er it may be, I still will go
which can be characterized by courage, endurance, and the will
Most humbly on my chosen way."
Yesterday
to prevail even under adverse circumstances.
JACL was officially organized in 1930 and has grown from a
Nobutsuna
handful of dedicated persons to an organization with a member-
JACL is a cultural, educational, and human rights organization,
ship comprised of 96 chapters with 27,000 members in 32
but more importantly, it is an organization comprised of the most
states. For the past half century, JACL has responded to chal-
impressive resource-human resources. It combines resources
lenges affecting persons of Japanese ancestry. Some of the
of the volunteer membership and staff, constituting our mutual
efforts and accomplishments of JACL include:
strength. Our past experiences will serve to nourish our present
The passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act in 1952
efforts as we work together to develop and initiate new programs
which made provision for the attainment of American citizen-
which will strive to meet the needs and aspirations of Japanese
ship for the immigrant Japanese-the Issei who previously had
Americans.
been denied naturalization rights.
More than a half million persons of Japanese ancestry cur-
The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 which made
rently live in the United States. Now more than ever, it is impera-
provision for the establishment of an immigration quota nul-
tive for JACL to sustain the legacy of its past and continue in its
lifying the 1924 Oriental Exclusion Act and allowed for natural-
endeavor to meet new challenges facing Japanese Americans.
ization examinations to be conducted in the native language of
A myriad number of challenges exist today. The problems
the applicants.
created by social change have a signifiacnt impact on Japanese
The repeal of some 500 Federal and State statutes which dis-
Americans and present a pressing need to respond to the com-
criminated against "aliens ineligible for citizenship" and
plex challenges. JACL attempts to respond to these challenges
affected those of Japanese ancestry.
by participating in the following areas of concern:
As a result of JACL chapter-sponsored naturalization classes
To work cooperatively toward the achievement of equal employ-
for Issei, the Issei became the single largest ethnic group to
ment opportunities for Japanese Americans.
obtain citizenship.
To help build a bridge of understanding regarding the impact
The elimination of the discriminatory "Asia-Pacific Triangle"
of .-Japan relations on Japanese Americans.
and the "National Origins Formula" which had previously
To sustain our deep concern to better the lives of elderly Issei
determined unequal immigration quotas for Asian countries
including the right to obtain social and health benefits and to
with the passage of the Immigration Amendments of 1965.
insure that their remaining years will be spent in dignity and
The recall of the Alien Land Laws which restricted ownership
physical comfort.
of property by Issei "aliens" and often included their children,
To advocate for an increased awareness and greater apprecia-
although citizens of the U.S. by birth.
tion for the contributions of Japanese Americans in the United
The active participation in supporting statehood for Hawaii,
States in an effort to erase discrimination.
where one-third of the population is of Japanese ancestry.
To encourage broader participation in the exercise of leader-
The repeal of Title II of the Internal Security Act which would
ship abilities in various programs within JACL and in relation-
allow for the detention of persons similar to Executive Order
ship with the larger society.
9066, which led to the evacuation and internment of persons
To seek to affirm our identity as Japanese Americans and
of Japanese ancestry during World War II.
thereby enhance the meaning and experience of our cultural
The successful passage of the Evacuation Claims Act which
heritage.
provided for reparations for property and personal loss
To encourage the participation of Sansei and to assist them in
incurred by those individuals interned during World War II.
their development of projects which are vital to them including
The establishment of a National JACL Scholarship Program
workshops on ethnicity, identity and contemporary educational
which has provided increased opportunities for students at
opportunities, planning for discussion groups, conferences,
institutions of higher education.
and social activities.
The establishment of a National Education Committee to insure
To strengthen the bond between generations of Japanese
that there is a recognition and inclusion of our cultural heritage
Americans.
in the instruction of all children.
The preservation of our cultural heritage by sharing this heri-
tage with all groups in order to increase understanding and
communication.
Tomorrow
"E'en up a mountain peak which seems
To reach the skies, we dare to say,
For him whose will is set on climbing it,
There IS a way."
Emperor Meiji
The strength of yesterday determined the path we have chosen
to follow today. Our human experiences, as Japanese Americans,
How to Contribute
have created a filial bond which was and continues to be the bul-
wark of our hope-the hope of improving life for ourselves and
Single gifts. A single lump-sum contribution of cash or
future generations. We have shared joy and sorrow as well as
securities may be made in any amount.
stunning success and disappointing failure. As a consequence,
Gifts by Pledge. If more convenient, pledges may be paid
we have learned and will continue to learn new lessons.
over a period of one to three years as follows:
Our collective experience can be compared to the spontaneous
appearance of a rainbow following a storm. As the storm subsides
Quarterly Installments
Semi-Annual Installments
and the sun unfolds, a rainbow emerges, glistening and awesome.
Like the various patterned hues contained within a rainbow, each
Annual Installments
generation of Japanese Americans represents a set of experi-
All contributions, payable to the JACL National Headquar-
ences that are somewhat unique. Nonetheless, each generation
ters Building Fund, are tax deductible in accordance with
has responded to the challenges of yesterday and today with a
Federal regulations governing donations to nonprofit organ-
sense of enthusiasm, idealism, courage, and stamina in spite of
izations such as JACL. Additional funds received in excess
significant barriers. It should become a hope that harmony and
of our anticipated goal of $250,000 will be used for future
unity will remain the steadfast source of our future strength in
programming needs of JACL membership.
dealing with problems of the future.
We live in a dynamic era-an era that is, at times, overwhelm-
ing; it appears that doubt will prevail in the course of continual
social transition. Moreover, it can be a period when our aspira-
tions and dreams can be further realized. Our destiny and that
of future generations is the primary concern of JACL.
To better enable our organization to realize our goals, we are
undertaking the exciting venture to raise $250,000 to construct
the first JACL National Headquarters Building. We need con-
tinued support from our membership and from others who share
Japanese american citizens LeaGUe
our hope. Our fund raising effort is an exciting endeavor and is
a challenge we face today and will help us build for tomorrow.
22 Peace Plaza, Suite 203 San Francisco, California 94115 (415) 563-3202
Forecast
JACL National Headquarters Building in San Fran-
include a library, conference room, reception and dis-
cisco will be located on Sutter Street between Laguna
play areas, as well as staff member offices. Contribu-
and Buchanan, within the city's Nihonmachi. Though
tions may be designated to a specified part of the
modern in mood, the exterior blends comfortably with
building, where a plaque will be placed and inscribed
its Victorian-style townhouse neighbors. Interior plans
as the donor wishes.
Member-
Chapter
ship
Special
Develop-
Service
Regional
Youth
Legal
Library & Resource Center
Programs
ment
Room
Director
Director
Staff
28 14
11 x 13
11 x 13
11 x 16
11 x 13
11 x 13
11 x 13
sink
Floor plan
up
W
M
up dn
dn
rest
shower
Lobby
Open
Open
Exhibition 18 x 43
Reception
Area
Area
7 x 18
12 x 39
Stor
Pantry
8 x 14
8 x 11
elev.
up dn
up dn
up
elev.
elev.
Executive Reception Area
12 x 39
Foyer
Health
Conference
Financial
Assistant
Board
Executive
Insurance
Room
Affairs
Director
Room
Director
11 x 11
Office
11 x 19
11 x 19
11 x 19
Public Information
11 x 19
11 x 19
22 x 12
1
floor
2
floor
3
floor
Honorary Committees
HONORARY CO-CHAIRMEN
Hiroshi Hershey Miyamura
Otto K. Furuta
The Honorable John F. Aiso
Congressional Medal of
Vice President
Former Justice,
Honor Winner
Tad Hirota
California Court of Appeal
Jun Mori
1000 Club Chairman
The Honorable
Partner: Mori & Katayama,
Raymond S. Uno
Daniel K. Inouye
Attorneys at Law
Legal Counsel
United States Senator
Masao W. Satow
Harry Honda
Former JACL National
James A. Michener
Editor, Pacific Citizen
Director
Pulitzer Prize Winning Author
David E. Ushio
The Honorable
The Honorable
National Executive Director
Stephen K. Tamura
Edwin 0. Reischauer
Associate Justice, California
NATIONAL CAMPAIGN
Former U.S. Ambassador
Court of Appeal
COMMITTEE
to Japan
Bishop Kenryu T. Tsuji
Shigeki J. Sugiyama
Buddhist Churches of
HONORARY COMMITTEE
General Chairman
America
George T. Aratani
Steven J. Doi
George Yamaoka
President,
Co-Chairman
American Commercial, Inc.
Senior Partner: Hill, Betts &
Tad Hirota
Nash, Attorneys at Law
Co-Chairman
Ruth Asawa
Minoru Yamasaki
Award Winning Sculptress
District Coordinators
Architect,
The Honorable Paul T. Bannai
Yamasaki & Associates
Pacific Northwest
Member of California State
James M. Watanabe,
Assembly
JACL HONORARY COMMITTEE
Governor
Past National Presidents
Takeshi Kubota
S. I. Hayakawa
President Emeritus,
Jerry J. Enomoto
Tomio Moriguchi
California State University,
Terry T. Hayashi
Northern California-Western Nevada
San Francisco
Harry H. Hatasaka, Governor
George J. Inagaki
William H. Hosokawa
Charles Kubokawa
Saburo Kido
Associate Editor,
Central California
The Denver Post
Roy M. Nishikawa
Izumi Taniguchi, Governor
The Honorable Shiro Kashiwa
Hito Okada
Pacific Southwest
Judge, U.S. Court of Claims
K. Patrick Okura
Helen Kawagoe, Governor
William H. (Mo) Marumoto
George Y. Takeyama
Roy M. Nishikawa
Former Special Assistant to
Intermountain
Raymond S. Uno
the President of the
Shigeki Ushio, Governor
United States
Shigeo Wakamatsu
Rupert Hachiya
Mike M. Masaoka
Thomas T. Yatabe
Mountain Plains
Former JACL Washington
Kumeo A. Yoshinari
Takashi Mayeda, Governor
Representative
George Y. Inai
The Honorable
NATIONAL JACL OFFICERS
Tom T. Masamori
Spark M. Matsunaga
Henry T. Tanaka
Marge Taniwaki
Member of U.S. Congress
President
Midwest
The Honorable
Shigeki J. Sugiyama
Ross Harano, Governor
Norman Y. Mineta
President Elect
Masaru Yamasaki
Mayor of San Jose, California
Frank A. Iwama
Joe G. Kadowaki
The Honorable
Vice President
East
Patsy Takemoto Mink
James Murakami
Grayce K. Uyehara, Governor
Member of U.S. Congress
Vice President
Kaz Horita
NATIONAL CAMPAIGN
COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Hiro Hishiki
Eddie Moriguchi
Yas Abiko
George Ige
Katsuma Mukaeda
Hats Aizawa
Howard Imazeki
Ken Nakaoka
Diane Aramaki
George Izumi
Mike Nishiki
George Azumano
Bruce Kaji
Frank Sakamoto
Wes Doi
Tom Kitayama
Yone Satoda
Soichi Fukui
Akira Komai
Mike Watabe
Randy Fukukai
John Koyama
Sak Yamamoto
Scott Furukawa
Jack Kusaba
Frank Yamasaki
Diane Hirasuna
Wesley Minami
George Yamasaki
Yo Hironaka
Scott Miyakawa
Frank Yonemura
Fund Raising and Public Relations Counsel: William H. (Mo) Marumoto
GREATMENT ANTONA JACL
THROUGH
"Better Americans in a Greater America"
New Address
1765 SUTTER STREET
SAN FRANCISCO, CA. 94115
PRESIDENTIAL MESSAGES TO THE JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE
"This nation has been built by the labor and dedication of Ameri-
cans whose forebears came from many lands. None have worked
harder, fought more bravely, or contributed finer sons and daugh-
ters to their adopted home than our citizens of Japanese ancestry.
"I am pleased to salute the enduring contributions you have
made to our way of life and happy to commend your efforts to
perpetuate a culture and a heritage which have so enriched our
society."
PRESIDENT LYNDON B. JOHNSON, 1966
"Your organization has earned an enviable reputation for the
high standards of citizenship which you have set for all of your
members. You have contributed generously to your communities
HYMN
and to our national life."
PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY, 1962
Tajiri and music by Marcel J. Tyrrell
"I congratulate the Japanese American Citizens League on its
ream my father dreamed for me,
support of good citizenship, liberty, and patriotism. As you who are
which all men are free;
League members strive to uphold your organization's motto, 'For
Better Americans In A Greater America,' I am confident you will
camps with watch-towers high
continue to bring credit to your organization and benefit to the
United States."
stood still, 'mid sand and brooding sky.
PRESIDENT DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, 1956
in which my brothers died—,
voices with mine cried;
"The significant and effective work of your organization
on be-
that all men shall be free.
half of all persons of Japanese ancestry in the United States and
Hawaii is a tribute to the democracy within whose framework you
creed we'll live in loyalty.
plead your case and achieve your goals.
the land of bigotry
"The members of the Japanese American Citizens League have
proved anew that decency and justice cannot long be frustrated if
walk in peace and dignity.
we stand together to create new and better bonds of understanding
between free citizens in a free nation."
PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN, 1950
"Better Americans in a Greater America"
Through the pages of this booklet, we would like you to
meet the Nisei* (KNEE-SAY)-Americans of Japanese ancestry.
The Nisei are a comparatively new and infinitesimal minority in
American life. On the mainland of the United States there are about
200,000 of them. Despite distinctive features, they are Americans not
only by birth, but by upbringing, education and choice.
Like other Americans, the Nisei come in various sizes, shapes and
vocational callings.
There are Nisei butlers and gardeners. There are also Nisei space
scientists, judges, college professors, engineers, surgeons and editors.
They grow food on farms and flowers in greenhouses. They seek the
solution to the mysteries of cancer and other diseases in medical labora-
tories. Three Nisei represent the State of Hawaii in Congress. There
are Nisei jockeys and ministers of the Gospel, cab drivers and Air Force
pilots, financiers and social workers, house painters and architects.
There are Nisei serving the United States abroad in both the armed and
diplomatic services. There are even a few Nisei-a very few-in jail.
The only thing they have in common, aside from their pride in Ameri-
can citizenship, is their ancestry. Their parents, Issei (meaning "first
generation"), came as immigrants to the United States about the turn
of the century. Just as immigrants from Europe first tended to settle
on the East Coast, these newcomers from Japan remained largely in the
Pacific coastal states.
Today, Nisei live in every one of the 50 states, moving wherever
opportunities beckon them. Perhaps it is only natural that the largest
number on the continental mainland live in the most populous state,
California.
*Nisei is a Japanese word meaning "second generation." It is used to describe Americans of
Japanese ancestry.
The immigrants from Japan came to the United States in search of
freedom and opportunity. Like any immigrant group the Issei faced
many adjustments. Their problems were accentuated by differences in
appearance, customs and language. They found that rather than being
JACL
praised for their industry, they were accused of lowering standards of
SECURITY
NATIONAL
living. Instead of being hailed as pioneers of the still undeveloped West,
UNITY
they were regarded as intruders. Politicians found in them a convenient
THROUGH
scapegoat, harrassing them with cries of the "yellow peril."
TODAY THE JACL IS THE NATIONAL ORGANI-
ZATION REPRESENTING JAPANESE AMERICANS. Its objective
is defined by its slogan: "Better Americans in a greater America." The
story of this organization is an inspiring account of a group of young
Americans treasuring their birthright, defending it, and seeking to be
worthy of it.
Of course all its purposes were not so earnestly serious. The JACL
also had its social and fraternal aims. But in their effort to become
exemplary citizens, the Nisei quickly became aware that in a democracy
laws are the people's safeguard, and good citizens take an interest in
government. It is perhaps significant that delegates to the first JACL
convention took two actions demonstrating the importance they placed
DAN'S
on the privilege of American citizenship. They adopted resolutions call-
ing on Congress to:
Permit Nisei girls who had married alien Japanese to regain their
But these new immigrants persevered. They helped build the rail-
citizenship, through an amendment to the Cable Act.
roads and develop raw land into productive farms. They cleared timber
and mined coal. Their crime rate was low. Hardly any became public
Grant citizenship to Oriental-born men who had served in the
charges. Their children rarely became delinquents. They were peaceful,
United States armed forces in World War I.
hard-working, self-reliant Americans in every way except the most im-
Both measures subsequently were enacted into law.
portant-our laws prohibited them from becoming naturalized citizens
because of their race. And so legally, they remained aliens.
During the 1930's, as more and more Nisei attained their majority
and became aware of civic responsibilities, additional chapters of the
But their children, the Nisei were citizens by birth, and the Issei
JACL came into being. This was a period of growth and development
looked to them to bridge the gap of misunderstanding and prejudice.
for the Nisei who, individually, were largely preoccupied with the prob-
The Nisei, however, soon learned they had inherited the problems as well
lems of economic and social adjustment. These problems, already com-
as the pioneering courage of their parents. Many persons refused to
plicated by the inherited prejudices, were intensified during the closing
look beneath the Oriental features of these young men and women and
years of the decade by a situation over which they had neither control
recognize them as fellow Americans entitled to the privileges and re-
nor connection. Their fellow Americans, outraged by Japan's aggression
sponsibilities of citizenship. The Nisei found doors closed to jobs for
in the Far East, misdirected their wrath against Japanese Americans.
which they were qualified, housing denied them outside the Oriental
ghettoes.
THE JAPANESE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR ON DEC. 7,
1941, shocked and angered the Nisei as it did all Americans. The Issei,
As the older Nisei reached voting age, they realized their struggle for
most of whom had lived virtually all their adult lives in the United
acceptance might be strengthened through unity. A handful of Nisei
States, were stunned. Thousands of Nisei already were in U.S. Army uni-
from California, Oregon and Washington met in Seattle in 1930 and
form. Many others, with the blessing of their parents, rushed to enlist.
formed the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL).
5
But the old prejudices were fanned into hysteria against all Japanese
Americans. The Issei, through no fault of their own, were quickly classi-
fied as enemy aliens. For the Nisei, it was another matter. In historical
perspective, it is possible to document the fact that racism, political
opportunism and economic greed created pressures which fed on fear
and led to what has been described as the "blackest chapter" in the his-
tory of American democracy.
ON MARCH 2, 1942, the United States government ordered all per-
sons of Japanese extraction, citizen and alien alike, removed from the
West Coast solely on the basis of race, and locked in inland relocation
camps.
Thus began the mass Evacuation of 120,000 men, women and chil-
dren, two-thirds of them American citizens, months after danger of
invasion had passed. No charges were filed against them. No hearing
was held as to their loyalty. They were simply ordered out of their
homes and escorted behind barbed wire by armed troops in an action
unprecedented in American history.
DURING THE PERIOD of mounting hysteria that preceded the
Evacuation order, JACL leaders worked valiantly for a restoration of
reason. They tried to calm the fears of Issei and Nisei, cooperated fully
with the authorities, sought to remove possible misunderstanding by the
American public at large regarding the loyalty of Japanese Americans,
protested their case to government policy-makers.
But the pressures were too great. Once the Evacuation decision was
made - and explained by the government on the basis of "military
necessity" - the JACL had no alternative but to urge the Issei and Nisei
to cooperate in the Evacuation as a patriotic contribution to the war
effort.
THERE WERE OTHER CONSIDERATIONS. To resist as a matter
of principle-while a tempting course of action, could well have led to
bloodshed. Cooperation was essential to demonstrate Nisei loyalty to
their country in a time of crisis. Furthermore, the JACL recognized
that while a case might be made for the rights of the American citizen
Nisei, there was no recourse for their now enemy alien Issei parents and
separation of families posed serious complications.
In retrospect, observers have marveled that the Evacuation was
completed almost without incident, for the loss of freedom was a bitter
experience to the Nisei. The cruelest blow was the feeling of being
7
repudiated by their own government, of knowing that a basic American
principle was being violated when they were imprisoned for having the
wrong kind of ancestors. It was a particularly grim time for the Nisei
already in the U.S. Army who saw their families placed in desert camps
ringed by barbed wire and guarded by military police. At the time, the
loss of 400 millions of dollars in assets - businesses closed, farms
abandoned, homes boarded up and furnishings sold for pennies on the
dollar - seemed unimportant in relation to the affront to human values
and democratic ideals.
ALMOST OVERNIGHT in this trying period the JACL became a
mature, fighting organization. With a courage based on faith in Amer-
ica, JACL leaders were making plans for the fight ahead even as the
Evacuation was under way. They launched a vigorous program of public
education, cooperating with civilian government agencies set up be-
latedly to safeguard the welfare of the evacuees, seeking relief through
the courts from organized persecution. A test case challenging the le-
gality of the Evacuation was taken to the United States Supreme Court.
In California, when the Native Sons of the Golden West sought to strike
the names of Nisei evacuees from the rolls of registered voters, the
JACL took successful legal action to block this raid on their birthright.
IN 1942 JACL REPRESENTATIVES petitioned the government to
reinstate Selective Service which had been suspended with the Evacua-
tion for the Nisei. Early in 1943 the War Department decided to create
an Army regiment made up of Nisei volunteers. While the idea of a
segregated unit was repugnant, the Nisei recognized the public relations
value of such an organization, working together, going into action as a
team. Hundreds of volunteers from the relocation centers and from
Hawaii joined Nisei already in service to form the celebrated Japanese
American 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Their motto was "Go For
Broke" - Hawaiian slang for "shoot the works," or "all or nothing."
IN A SERIES OF ACTIONS IN ITALY AND FRANCE, the 442nd
became the most decorated unit of its size and length of service in
American military history. These G.I.'s with Oriental faces fought not
only for the nation, but also for acceptance for themselves and their
families. How valiantly they battled to prove themselves is indicated in
these figures - 18,143 individual decorations, 9,486 (309%) casualties
and seven Presidential Distinguished Unit Citations collected in seven
major campaigns.
8
Nor was the Nisei military record confined to the European theater.
AS RESTRICTIONS AGAINST THE EVACUEES WERE EASED,
Though little publicized because of the nature of their duties, some 10,000
other Nisei as well as Issei left the relocation centers to take part in the
Americans of Japanese ancestry served in military intelligence as the
civilian war effort. They helped harvest food crops and worked in de-
"eyes and ears" of Allied forces in the Pacific. They were with every
fense plants. Issei with specialized skills served with the Office of Stra-
major unit in every Pacific engagement from the Aleutians and Guadal-
tegic Services, taught the Japanese language to Army, Navy and Air
canal to the march into Tokyo and the occupation of Japan. They served
Corps personnel, wrote propaganda leaflets which were rained down on
in the front lines and in headquarters from Pearl Harbor to Burma.
the enemy, monitored enemy broadcasts and played key roles in psycho-
Analyzing intercepted communications, interrogating prisoners, trans-
logical warfare.
lating captured documents, persuading die-hard enemy troops to sur-
The outstanding record of persons of Japanese ancestry during the
render, the Nisei saved thousands of American lives and helped shorten
war bore out the truth of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's statement
the war in the Pacific by many months, according to General MacAr-
that "Americanism is a matter of mind and heart, Americanism is not
thur's Chief of Staff for Military Intelligence. Even the Navy and Ma-
a matter of race or ancestry." Despite widespread rumors - rumors
rines, which refused to induct Nisei, borrowed these language specialists
which are hard to stamp out - the files of every government investiga-
from the Army.
tive and intelligence agency show conclusively that not a single resident
THESE NISEI FACED A DOUBLE DANGER in the Pacific-from
alien Japanese or American of Japanese ancestry committed an act of
the enemy and from fellow G.I.s who might mistake their identity. In
sabotage or espionage for the enemy before, during, or after the attack
tribute to them, Gen. Joseph (Vinegar Joe) Stilwell, commanding gen-
on Pearl Harbor.
eral of U.S. Army forces in Asia, remarked "The Nisei bought an awful
IN 1943 THE GOVERNMENT'S PROGRAM of resettlement got
big hunk of America with their blood."
under way. Although the West Coast was still closed to them, the
evacuees were permitted to leave the relocation centers and move to
communities in the East and Midwest. In cooperation with federal
authorities and national church organizations, the JACL assisted in the
student relocation program whereby Nisei college students were able to
continue their studies in inland schools. Entire families were resettled
in communities throughout the American heartland and were accepted
almost without incident.
This acceptance was due in part to the exemplary conduct of the
evacuees themselves, in part to the good will of Americans who showed
they understood the meaning of democracy. But the largest part of the
credit must go to the dramatic reports from the European front where
Nisei of the 442nd were proving themselves in battle. The Nisei's loyal
response to the War Department's decision to create "a symbol of the
loyalty of Japanese Americans" was paying off.
TAKETA
ON THE HOME FRONT JACL STEPPED UP ITS PROGRAM of
SETSURO
GORO
YAMASHIT
YAMAUR
public education and established regional offices in Denver, Chicago, and
New York to assist in the resettlement program. As Japanese Ameri-
AMERICANISM IS MATTER
OF THE MIND AND HEART
cans sank roots into new communities, it was only natural that JACL
AMERICANISM IS NOT. AND
NEVER WAS. A MATTER OF
chapters should be formed wherever they settled in appreciable numbers.
RACE OR ANCESTRY
FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT
THIS MEMORIAL IS DEDICATED
TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIERS
OF JAPANESE ANCESTRY FROM
SEATTLE AND VICINITY WHO
DIED IN THE SERVICE OF THEIR
COUNTRY IN WORLD WAR
11
At the same time JACL membership, heretofore restricted to Japanese
The reopening of the Pacific Coast clearly revealed the hand of the
Americans, was opened to all citizens who subscribed to its principles
racists. Having lost the fight to exclude Japanese Americans legally,
and many friends of the Nisei joined.
these elements resorted to threats and violence in an effort to discourage
evacuees from returning to homes, farms and businesses. On shameful
Meanwhile, deeply concerned over the precedents set by the Evacua-
record are more than 100 cases of arson, shootings and beatings against
tion, JACL had sought judicial reviews of the constitutionality of all
returning evacuees. By these acts of terrorism, they demonstrated that
aspects of the program. Three landmark suits reached the United States
their cry of "evacuate the Japs as a military necessity" was a sham.
Supreme Court.
Their alleged concern for national security turned out to be a front for
In 1943, in a suit brought by Gordon K. Hirabayashi, the Supreme
blind racial prejudice or desire for personal economic gain.
Court ruled unanimously that the curfew and travel restrictions imposed
BUT THE MAJORITY OF RESIDENTS of the West Coast sub-
on Japanese Americans were a legal application of military authority.
scribed to principles of decency and fair play, and about three-fourths
of the evacuees moved back to their home communities. Again, JACL
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
was in the vanguard, establishing "outposts" in San Francisco and Los
OCTOBER TERM, 1942
Angeles to help in the adjustment of homecoming.
GORDON K. HIRABAYASHI
One by one the barriers fell. Nisei and Issei reestablished homes and
vs.
No. 870.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
businesses, returned to old jobs or found new ones and sought to resume
lives disrupted by the Evacuation. One major acknowledgment of the
MINORU YASUI
loyalty of the Nisei was the Navy's announcement late in 1945 that its
us.
No. 871.
ranks would be open for their enlistment.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
In their first postwar national convention, JACL members assembled
BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE
in Denver in 1946 with the sober realization that the organization must
spearhead a fight to secure, once and for all, the rights for which Nisei
JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE,
G.I.s had gone "for broke." Their wartime experiences had taught them
Amicus Curiae.
the realistic lesson that only in organization is there strength, that or-
SABURO Kino,
A.L. WIRIN,
ganization is essential even in making a minority group's needs known
HUGH E. MACBETH,
CLIFFORD FORSTER,
to its own government. Among their goals were three measures aimed
Counsel.
at rectifying injustices against persons of Japanese ancestry:
In 1944, in the JACL-sponsored Fred Korematsu case, the majority
Legislation to change federal law classifying Issei as "ineligible
of the Supreme Court upheld the legality of the evacuation based solely
to citizenship" even though they had resided in the United States
upon race. Three justices dissented.
a half century or more. This law was the basis for much legalized
discrimination against Issei in many states.
But late in 1944, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in the Mit-
suye Endo case that the government had no right to detain loyal Ameri-
Compensation for property losses suffered in the evacuation.
can citizens in the relocation centers. Within 48 hours the Army revoked
Stay of deportation for deserving alien Japanese who had lost the
its West Coast exclusion orders.
right to reside in the United States as "treaty merchants" on the
ONE LEGAL VICTORY HAD BEEN WON, but it is a disturbing
outbreak of war. Many of these individuals had American-born
fact that the Supreme Court's decision legalizing evacuation on racial
families.
grounds still stands. The JACL agrees with Mr. Justice Jackson's warn-
Such an ambitious program could succeed only through a campaign
ing that the decision is a "loaded weapon" pointed at democratic rights,
of public education beginning with communities which had been recep-
and a reversal of the decision is an important piece of unfinished busi-
tive to Japanese Americans. New JACL chapters were established in
ness in the aftermath of an ugly chapter of American history.
12
13
the East and Midwest where evacuees had settled permanently, and old
chapters were reactivated as the Nisei returned to their West Coast
homes.
TODAY THE JACL MEMBERSHIP ROSTER reflects the extent to
which Japanese Americans have spread out across the United States.
Whereas before the war JACL chapters were found only in a half dozen
states in the Far West, now there are chapters and members in 32 states
and the District of Columbia. Thus, out of the war, JACL emerged a
truly national organization both geographically and in scope of program.
To implement the national program, a JACL Anti-Discrimination
Committee was incorporated and an office opened in Washington, D.C.
JACL had not forgotten that Washington officials in 1941 had been
woefully ignorant about this American minority and had allowed West
Coast pressure groups to dictate national policy regarding them. JACL
leaders realized, too, that there are no spectators in a democracy, and
that good citizenship means active participation in government. And so
the organization has become the collective voice of the Nisei, and the
JACL finds itself being consulted on matters of national policy having
to do with Japanese Americans.
SINCE JACL REPRESENTS a small minority without effective
voting power, its approach to Washington in seeking its objectives was
This Act also allowed for the first time a token immigration quota for
an appeal for simple justice backed by a record of loyalty tested by fire.
Japan, negating the 1924 Oriental Exclusion Act which many historians
By the time of the next JACL convention in 1948 Congress had
say planted the seeds of resentment which resulted ultimately in war.
passed an act to compensate evacuees for their losses, and had consented
JACL's plea that certain prospective citizens be permitted to take their
to place deportation of Japanese treaty merchants on the same basis as
examination in their native language enabled many other long-time resi-
those of other nationalities, thus assuring them of being able to stay with
dent aliens of various nationalities to qualify for American citizenship.
their American-born families.
Elimination of the category, "aliens ineligible for citizenship," had
IN ADDITION, THROUGH JACL REPRESENTATIONS, the Sol-
widespread repercussions. Some 500 federal and state statutes aimed
dier Brides Bill was amended to permit the Japanese spouse and children
against and hindering the progress of such aliens, and in many cases
of American servicemen to enter the United States without regard to
their citizen children, were wiped out.
the Japanese Exclusion Act. This enabled Japanese, for the first time
TO ASSIST ISSEI in qualifying for the citizenship they had desired
since the Exclusion Act of 1924, to enter this country for permanent
for so long, JACL chapters conducted naturalization classes. So great
residence. JACL was also successful in restoring tenure, cancelled as a
was the response that for the first time in history the Immigration and
result of Evacuation, to Nisei in federal civil service. Additionally, Con-
Naturalization Service conducted mass swearing-in ceremonies. Despite
gress passed more than 200 private bills benefiting individual Issei and
the advanced age of most Issei, the record shows that in proportion to
Nisei. Significantly, every bill passed without a dissenting vote.
their number more of them became citizens than in any other nationality
IN 1952, JACL'S MAJOR LEGISLATIVE goal of citizenship privi-
group.
leges for the Issei was realized with passage of the Immigration and
JACI, also interceded successfully for two groups of Issei with special
Nationality Act eliminating race as a qualification for naturalization.
problems. California was persuaded to grant old age assistance to Issei
unable for one reason or another to secure naturalization and who had
14
15
lived in the United States at least 25 years prior to passage of the 1952
Naturalization Act. The naturalization petitions of certain Issei were
challenged on the ground that they had sought exemption from World
War I military duty on the plea that they were aliens. Precedents were
established when courts in San Francisco and Denver accepted JACL's
position that classification as exempt aliens was involuntary and made
automatically by local draft boards.
The President's Immigration Act Amendments of October 1965,
eliminating the discriminatory Asia-Pacific Triangle and the National
Origins formula in determining immigration quotas, marked the achieve-
ment of another major JACL goal. In effect it placed immigration from
all Asian countries, including Japan, on an equal basis with other Old
World countries, including Europe. Significantly, of all organizations
supporting the liberalization of the nation's immigration laws, JACL
was first in urging equal treatment for the peoples of Asia.
JACL CARRIED ON ITS CAMPAIGN FOR EQUAL RIGHTS in
courts and state legislatures as well as Congress. In the Oyama case the
U.S. Supreme Court established the right of a citizen child to receive a gift
of land from his alien parent. This led eventually to the California State
Supreme Court declaring unconstitutional the 40-year-old California
Alien Land Law in the Fujii and Masaoka cases. JACL subsequently
succeeded in removing this law from the state constitution through ref-
erendum. Also as a result of the Oyama case the State of California
discontinued what has been referred to as "legalized blackmail" of Jap-
anese landowners by requiring out-of-court money settlements to the
state to clear land titles. The state was later to return such escheat
monies by action of the legislature.
In the Takahashi case the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated the Cali-
fornia law denying commercial fishing licenses to resident alien Jap-
anese.
THE BATTLE AGAINST DISCRIMINATORY LAWS on the state
level has been particularly effective. JACL participated in drives to
repeal alien land laws in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Washington, and in
eliminating anti-miscegenation laws in Idaho, Nebraska, Utah and Wy-
oming. JACL helped make Idahoans aware of an obscure statute deny-
ing the privilege of voting, serving as jurors and holding office to
"Chinese and others of Mongolian descent" not born in the United
States, even though citizens. The law was wiped off the books by over-
whelming referendum vote.
16
JACL'S CAMPAIGN FOR EQUAL RIGHTS has not been confined
to persons of Japanese ancestry. Realizing that a threat to the rights
DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF
of any minority is a threat to all Americans, JACL actively has sup-
ported the President's Civil Rights program, state and federal Fair
PVT.SADAO MUNEMORI, C.M.H.
Employment and Fair Housing laws, anti-lynch and anti-poll tax bills,
and the end of segregation in the armed forces. JACL has been a char-
442ND INF. REGT.
ter member of the National Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, the
coordinating body for more than 100 national organizations representing
WHO BY HIS HEROIC SACRIFICE ON THE FIELD
church, labor, veterans and ethnic groups.
OF BATTLE, PROVED THAT AMERICANISM IS A
On matters of general concern, but affecting Nisei indirectly, JACL
MATTER OF THE MIND AND THE HEART, AND
has joined with other organizations as "friend of the court" in making
NOT OF RACE OR ANCESTRY.
its views known. JACL played such a role in Brown V. Board of Educa-
tion, the historic school desegregation case, and in the case in which
PRESENTED BY
the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated restrictive covenants.
JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE
JACL participated in the campaign to uphold California's fair hous-
NEW YORK CITY
MARCH16TH, 1948
ing laws, and joined in amicus brief in the State Supreme Court reversal
of the referendum prohibiting the State from providing open housing.
In Loving v. Virginia where the U. S. Supreme Court ruled against
Sponsoring services at Arlington National Cemetery commemorating
anti-miscegenation statutes in the States, JACL filed amicus brief and
the twentieth anniversary of the 442nd, resulting in an unprece-
its National Legal Counsel participated in oral argument.
dented two-hour tribute to Nisei servicemen in the House of Repre-
JACL is proud to have had a part in the campaign for statehood for
sentatives.
Hawaii, advocating the staunch Americanism of its people, one-third of
Cooperation with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in production of the film,
whom are of Japanese ancestry.
"Go for Broke," a tribute to the war record of the 442nd.
JACL HAS FELT IT OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE that all Ameri-
Cooperation with the Columbia Broadcasting System in production
cans be made aware of their fellow citizens of Japanese extraction and
of its TV program, "Nisei-The Pride and the Shame," in the Twen-
their place in the nation. An intensive information and education pro-
tieth Century series.
gram has been carried on. Among the highlights have been:
In addition, the JACL has been the primary source of information
A gala homecoming arranged for veterans of the 442nd on their return
for a host of writers and editors, scholars and students, officials and
from Europe, with President Truman reviewing the unit.
organizations seeking factual information about Japanese Americans.
Reburial ceremonies for Nisei soldiers at Arlington National Ceme-
One of JACL's current functions is as a "watchdog," alert for move-
tery with high government and military leaders in attendance.
ments and proposals both in Congress and state legislatures which might
Naming of a U.S. Army transport in honor of Pvt. Sadao Munemori,
have a possible effect on the welfare of Japanese Americans. In this role
posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor.
it has fought discrimination in cemeteries, protested the production of
"hate" films depicting Japanese Americans in a false light and the
Cooperation with the city of Bruyeres, France, in dedication of a
revival on television of wartime movies that portray the Nisei wrong-
memorial park in honor of the 442nd Combat Team, for the role it
fully. Through JACL's efforts, inaccuracies in textbooks concerning
played in liberating that community.
Japanese Americans have been corrected. JACL has pointed out the
derogatory implications in the word "Jap" with the result that several
standard dictionaries have revised their definition of the term and it
has all but disappeared from newspaper headlines.
18
THERE ARE NOW 88 CHAPTERS with total membership exceeding
IN 1960 JACL LAUNCHED a project of researching and writing
22,000. The organization is supported through dues and contributions.
the history of the Japanese in America and their contributions to this
Associate membership is provided those who reside in areas not served
nation. While designed as a tribute to the Issei, the project was in keep-
by chapters. JACL is incorporated as a non-profit organization under
ing with the JACL's educational program and to highlight the rich cul-
the laws of the state of California and enjoys state and federal tax
tural heritage of Americans of Japanese descent. The University of
exempt status.
California at Los Angeles has accepted co-sponsorship of the history
project and has been designated as a repository for documentary mate-
JACL publishes a weekly news organ, The Pacific Citizen, in Los
rial collected by researchers. Both the Carnegie Corporation and the
Angeles to keep the membership informed and to mirror the aims, activi-
National Institute of Mental Health have made grants to further the
ties and achievements of Japanese Americans. The Pacific Citizen has a
project.
proud record of hard-hitting leadership and reporting in the best Ameri-
can journalistic traditions. JACL also maintains a national credit union
IN RECENT YEARS AN INCREASING NUMBER OF SANSEI-
and offers a health and accident insurance program.
the children of Nisei-have turned to JACL for a better understanding
of their identity and backgrounds and for knowledge about the struggle
AS IN ALL DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS, it is the local JACL
of their parents and grandparents to find acceptance in American life.
chapters which provide grass roots support for the national organiza-
A number of Junior JACL groups have been formed under sponsorship
tion. At the local level they carry on programs of public education,
of JACL chapters as an important part of the JACL program. Unhin-
community welfare and youth development; they sponsor informative
dered by discrimination, these young people already are making signifi-
sessions on local and current issues; organize athletic leagues and social
cant contributions to their communities and in their fields of endeavor.
events; undertake voter registration and get-out-to-vote campaigns. In
JACL has established a national scholarship program as a step toward
short, they serve as channels for the wider participation of Japanese
perpetuating the Nisei heritage of academic achievement.
Americans in the total life of their respective communities.
THE JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE, born of the
needs of a particular ethnic group, is dedicated to hastening the day
when Americans of Japanese ancestry face only those problems which
have no racial implications and are no different from the problems faced
by all Americans. The term "Japanese American" in the organization's
name describes the scope of its operations and activities; it does not
identify the membership for its ranks are open to all Americans who
believe in its purposes and are interested in its activities. Nor is the
term ever hyphenated, for JACL is not a hyphenated organization.
JACL is also aware that the concept of America as a "melting pot" has
been replaced by the concept of an America united in, and enriched by,
the diverse cultural backgrounds of all its people. The Nisei are proud
of their cultural contributions to a greater America.
JACL's governing body is the National Board, members of which are
elected at the biennial national convention held each even-numbered year.
Legislative powers reside in the National Council composed of two rep-
resentatives from each chapter which in turn are grouped geographically
into eight District Councils: Eastern, Midwest, Mountain-Plains, Inter-
mountain, Pacific Northwest, Northern California-Western Nevada, Cen-
tral California and Pacific Southwest.
21
20
The current acceptance of Americans of Japanese ancestry, as con-
trasted with their position in 1941, is both a measure of the effectiveness
of the JACL and a demonstration of the ability of a democracy to redress
wrongs within its framework.
JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE CREED
Congressman Walter H. Judd of Minnesota paid eloquent tribute to
MIKE MASAOKA
the Japanese American Citizens League in a statement, titled "Touch-
stone of Democracy," published in 1955 on the occasion of its 25th anni-
"I am proud that I am an American citizen of Japanese
versary, in the Congressional Record:
ancestry, for my very background makes me appreciate
more fully the wonderful advantages of this nation. I be-
"THE JACL STORY FOR THEIR FIRST 25 YEARS is an inspiring
lieve in her institutions, ideals and traditions; I glory in
document of democracy in action, at the best, an epic which could have
her heritage; I boast of her history; I trust in her future.
been written only in America and which completely refutes the hate and
She has granted me liberties and opportunities such as no
race mongers of only a few years ago who charged that the Japanese,
individual enjoys in this world today. She has given me
by their very character, were unassimilable into the American cultural
an education befitting kings. She has entrusted me with
pattern, which itself as we all know, is made up of the cultures and the
the responsibilities of the franchise. She has permitted
contributions of all the many peoples who have immigrated to these
me to build a home, to earn a livelihood, to worship, think,
shores since time immemorial, as did the ancestors of all of us.
speak and act as I please-as a free man equal to every
"BUT PERHAPS EVEN MORE IMPORTANT in the long pull of
other man.
history is that, what the JACL has accomplished here in the United
"Although some individuals may discriminate against
States is living proof to all the free peoples of the world, and especially
me, I shall never become bitter or lose faith, for I know
to those in the Far East who are so important to us as a nation today,
that such persons are not representative of the majority
that the democratic way is best, for it makes possible the correction of
of the American people. True, I shall do all in my power
abuses and wrongs and the achievement of justice and redress on the
to discourage such practices, but I shall do it in the Ameri-
basis of the complete record and of individual merit, not race, color, creed
can way; above-board, in the open, through courts of law,
or national origin."
by education, by proving myself to be worthy of equal
In its ceaseless struggle for the extension of the rights and privileges
treatment and consideration. I am firm in my belief
of America to every citizen, the JACL has been guided by the spirit of
that American sportsmanship and attitude of fair play
its "Japanese American Creed." It was written by Mike M. Masaoka,
will judge citizenship and patriotism on the basis of
long-time Washington representative of the JACL. It was first read
action and achievement, and not on the basis of physical
before the United States Senate on May 9, 1941, and published in the
characteristics.
Congressional Record:
"Because I believe in America, and I trust she believes
in me, and because I have received innumerable benefits
from her, I pledge myself to do honor to her at all times
WILLIAM K. HOSOKAWA
and in all places; to support her Constitution; to obey her
Associate Editor, The Denver Post
laws; to respect her flag; to defend her against all ene-
mies, foreign or domestic; to actively assume my duties
and obligations as a citizen, cheerfully and without any
reservations whatsoever, in the hope that I may become
a better American in a greater America."
22
23
JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE
National Headquarters:
1634 Post Street,
San Francisco, California 94115
JACL Washington Office:
919-18th Street N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20006
JACL Midwest Office:
21 West Elm Street,
Chicago, Illinois 60610
JACL Southern California Office: 125 Weller Street,
Los Angeles, California 90012
LITHO-ART PRINTERS - SPOKANE, WASH.
24
Myron B. Kuropas
PROPOSED REMARKS FOR FILMED MESSAGE TO JACL CONVENTION
I am delighted to have this opportunity to greet the delegates and guests
of the Japanese American Citizens League 24th Biennial National
Convention in Sacramento, California.
We now mark the beginning of our Third Century as an independent
nation as well as the 200th Anniversary of the American Revolution.
For two centuries our nation has grown, changed and flourished. A
diverse people, drawn from all corners of the world, have joined
together to fulfill the promise of democracy. This nation has been
built by the labor and dedication of Americans whose forebearers came
from many lands. No group has worked with greater devotion and
GERALD
commitment to its adopted homel and than the members of the
=
Japanese American community.
FORD
LIBRARY
Despite the fact that many Japanese Americans were unjustly forced
to spend the war years in internment camps, yours community did not turn
its back on America but volunteered to fight for freedom in Europe, an
effort which led to the formation of the famed 100th Infantry Battalion
and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Together these two distin-
guished fighting units received seven separate Presidential Unit
Citations for outstanding tactical operations while individual members
of these two units were awarded a total of 5, 940 awards and medals
fr om a grateful United States Government. In the words of President
Truman, who reviewed the proud members of the 442nd Regimental
after the war, "you fought not only the enemy, but your fought
prejudice and you have won. 11
Today the Japanese American community can point with pride to
outstanding architects, sculptors, musical conductors, university
professors and, more recently, mayors, state representatives and
members of Congress. "A Proud Legacy, 11 the theme of your JACL
convention is indeed a most appropriate description of your organization
as well as your community.
As I address you this evening, I am reminded of the last time I
met with a number of your leaders. It was on February 19, 1976
on the occasion of my signing a Presidential Proclamation entitled
"An American Promise. 11 The Proclamation declared that in com-
memorating our Bicentennial, "an honest reckoning must include a
recognition of our national mistakes as well as our national achievements. 11
I called on the American people to recognize that the war time
evacuation of loyal American citizens was wrong and to resolve that
this kind of action shall never again be repeated.
Tonight, I reaffirm that promise and pledge to continue the fight against
discrimination and prejudice in America until all Americans, regardless
of race, religion, sex or national origin are treated equally,
GERALD
LIBRARY
equitably and with the respect that is owed all of our citizenry.
Thank you.
GERALDA FORD
MEMORANDUM
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
April 12, 1976
FOR:
Warren Hendriks
FROM:
SUBJECT: Japanese-American Citizens League Convention
The attached invitation to Elliott Richardson from the Japanese
American Citizens League is for your information.
P Myron B. Kuropas Me
As you know, President Ford was able to garner a great deal
of good will among Japanese Americans when he issued his
Proclamation recognizing Executive Order 9066 as null and
void. Mr Richardson's acceptance would reinforce that good
will with an audience that would be very friendly.
Your efforts on behalf of the JACL are appreciated.
Myrox
GERALD LIBRARY FORD
why don't you try this one
Frina Schulhoff again
on personally she injayed talking think
with you &
you would be the successful
since you have hand talking
points well in I.
Myron B. Kuropas
PROPOSED REMARKS FOR FILMED MESSAGE TO JACL CONVENTION
I am delighted to have this opportunity to greet the delegates and guests
of the Japanese American Citizens League 24th Biennial National
Convention in Sacramento, California.
We now mark the beginning of our Third Century as an independent
nation as well as the 200th Anniversary of the American Revolution.
For two centuries our nation has grown, changed and flourished. A
diverse people, drawn from all corners of the world, have joined
together to fulfill the promise of democracy. This nation has been
built by the labor and dedication of Americans whose forebearers came
from many lands. No group has worked with greater devotion and
commitment to its adopted homel and than the members of the
Japanese American community.
Despite the fact that many Japanese Americans were unjustly forced
to spend the war years in internment camps, yours community did not turn
its back on America but volunteered to fight for freedom in Europe, an
effort which led to the formation of the famed 100th Infantry Battalion
and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Together these two distin-
guished fighting units received seven separate Presidential Unit
Citations for outstanding tactical operations while individual members
of these two units were awarded a total of 5, 940 awards and medals
fr om a grateful United States Government. In the words of President
Truman, who reviewed the proud members of the 442nd Regimental
after the war, "you fought not only the enemy, but your fought
prejudice and you have won. 11
Today the Japanese American community can point with pride to
outstanding architects, sculptors, musical conductors, university
professors and, more recently, mayors, state representatives and
members of Congress. "A Proud Legacy, 11 the theme of your JACL
convention is indeed a most appropriate description of your organization
as well as your community.
As I address you this evening, I am reminded of the last time I
met with a number of your leaders. It was on February 19, 1976
on the occasion of my signing a Presidential Proclamation entitled
"An American Promise. 11 The Proclamation declared that in com-
memorating our Bicentennial, "an honest reckoning must include a
recognition of our national mistakes as well as our national achievements. 11
I called on the American people to recognize that the war time
evacuation of loyal American citizens was wrong and to resolve that
this kind of action shall never again be repeated.
Tonight, I reaffirm that promise and pledge to continue the fight against
discrimination and prejudice in America until all Americans, regardless
of race, religion, sex or national origin are treated equally,
SERALD FORD
equitably and with the respect that is owed all of our citizenry.
Thank you.
GERALD
KUROPAS
REMARKS FOR FILMED MESSAGE TO JAPANESE
AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE CONVENTION
JUNE, II, 1976
FORD GERALD
-1-
I AM DELIGHTED TO GREET THE DELEGATES AND GUESTS
OF THE JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE AS YOU MEET FOR YOUR
24th NATIONAL CONVENTION
THIS YEAR WE MARK THE BEGINNING OF OUR THIRD
CENTURY AS AN INDEPENDENT NATION -- AS WELL AS THE 200th
ANNIVERSARY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
FOR TWO
CENTURIES OUR NATION HAS GROWN, CHANGED AND FLOURISHED
A DIVERSE PEOPLE, DRAWN FROM ALL CORNERS OF THE WORLD,
HAVE JOINED TOGETHER TO FULFILL THE PROMISE OF DEMOCRACY.
THIS NATION HAS BEEN BUILT BY THE LABOR AND
DEDICATION OF AMERICANS WHOSE FOREBEARS CAME FROM MANY
LANDS
LIBRARY GERALD R. FORM
-2-
NO GROUP HAS WORKED WITH GREATER DEVOTION AND COMMITMENT
TO ITS ADOPTED HOME THAN THE MEMBERS OF THE JAPANESE
AMERICAN COMMUNITY®
DESPITE THE FACT THAT MANY JAPANESE AMERICANS
WERE UNJUSTLY TREATED DURING THE WAR YEARS, YOUR
COMMUNITY DID NOT TURN ITS BACK ON AMERICA BUT
VOLUNTEERED TO FIGHT FOR FREEDOM IN EUROPE -- AN EFFORT
WHICH LED TO THE FORMATION OF THE FAMED 100th INFANTRY
BATTALION AND THE 442nd REGIMENTAL COMBAT TEAM®
DEPART FORD
LENERAL
-3-
TOGETHER THESE TWO DISTINGUISHED FIGHTING UNITS RECEIVED
SEVEN SEPARATE PRESIDENTIAL UNIT CITATIONS FOR OUTSTANDING
PERFORMANCE/WHILE E/V INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF THESE TWO UNITS
WERE AWARDED A TOTAL OF ALMOST SIX THOUSAND AWARDS AND
MEDALS FROM A GRATEFUL UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
IN THE WORDS OF PRESIDENT TRUMAN, WHO MET
WITH THE PROUD MEMBERS OF THE 442nd REGIMENTAL AFTER THE WAR,
"YOU FOUGHT NOT ONLY THE ENEMY, BUT YOU FOUGHT PREJUDICE --
AND YOU HAVE WON."
-4-
TODAY THE JAPANESE AMERICAN COMMUNITY CAN
POINT WITH PRIDE TO OUTSTANDING ARCHITECTS, SCULPTORS,
MUSICAL CONDUCTORS, UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS AND, MORE
RECENTLY, MAYORS, STATE REPRESENTATIVES AND MEMBERS OF
THE CONGRESS
"A PROUD LEGACY," THE THEME OF YOUR
J-A-C-L CONVENTION IS INDEED A MOST APPROPRIATE DESCRIPTION
OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF YOUR ORGANIZATION AS WELL AS YOUR
COMMUNITY.
FORD is LIBRARY GERALD
AS I SPEAK TO YOU THIS EVENING, I AM REMINDED OF
THE LAST TIME I MET WITH A NUMBER OF YOUR LEADERS
IT WAS ON FEBRUARY 19, 1976 WHEN I SIGNED A PRESIDENTIAL
PROCLAMATION ENTITLED "AN AMERICAN PROMISE"
-5-
THE PROCLAMATION DECLARED THAT IN COMMEMORATING OUR
BICENTENNIAL, "AN HONEST RECKONING MUST INCLUDE A
RECOGNITION OF OUR NATIONAL MISTAKES AS WELL AS OUR
NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS."
TONIGHT, I REAFFIRM MY PLEDGE TO CONTINUE THE
FIGHT AGAINST DISCRIMINATION AND PREJUDICE IN AMERICA UNTIL
ALL AMERICANS, REGARDLESS OF RACE, RELIGION, SEX OR
NATIONAL ORIGIN ARE TREATED EQUALLY, EQUITABLY AND WITH THE
RESPECT THAT IS OWED ALL OF OUR CITIZENS®
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
GERALD
END OF TEXT
FORD LIBRARY
WASHINGTON OFFICE
JACL
JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE
1730 RHODE ISLAND AVENUE N.W.
THROUGH
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20036
(202) 223-1240
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS. JACL
DAVID E. USHIO, NATIONAL DIRECTOR
1765 POST STREET
WAYNE K. HORIUCHI
JUL 8 1976
SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA 94115
WASHINGTON REPRESENTATIVE
(415) 921-5225
July 6, 1976
Dr. Myron Kuropas
Special Assistant to the President
for Ethnic Affairs
Room 190
Old Executive Office Building
Washington, D.C. 20501
Dear Myron,
I just wanted to drop you a note and thank you for arranging
the Ford greetings for our convention.
The response was very good! In fact, the response was
almost one of disbelief.
Let's please keep in touch.
I am,
Washington Representative
WKH/llc
GERALD FORD LIBRARY
FOR BETTER AMERICANS IN A GREATER AMERICA
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
FEBRUARY 19, 1976
Office of the White House Press Secretary
THE WHITE HOUSE
AN AMERICAN PROMISE
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION
In this Bicentennial Year, we are commemorating the
anniversary dates of many of the great events in American
history. An honest reckoning, however, must include a
recognition of our national mistakes;as well as our na-
tional achievements. Learning from our mistakes is
not pleasant, but as a great philosopher once admonished,
we must do so if we want to avoid repeating them.
February 19th is the anniversary of a sad day in
American history. It was on that date in 1942, in the
midst of the response to the hostilities that began on
December 7, 1941, that Executive Order No. 9066 was issued,
subsequently enforced by the criminal penalties of a statute
enacted March 21, 1942, resulting in the uprooting of loyal
Americans. Over one hundred thousand persons of Japanese
ancestry were removed from their homes, detained in
special camps, and eventually relocated.
The tremendous effort by the War Relocation Authority
and concerned Americans for the welfare of these Japanese-
Americans may add perspective to that story, but it does
not erase the setback to fundamental American prin-
ciples. Fortunately, the Japanese-American community in
Hawaii was spared the indignities suffered by those on our
mainland.
We now know what we should have known then -- not only
was that evacuation wrong, but Japanese-Americans were and
are loyal Americans. On the battlefield and at home,
Japanese-Americans -- names like Hamada, Mitsumori, Marimoto,
Noguchi, Yamasaki, Kido, Munemori and Miyamura -- have been
and continue to be written in our history for the sacrifices
and the contributions they have made to the well-being and
security of this, our common Nation.
The Executive order that was issued on February 19,
1942, was for the sole purpose of prosecuting the war
with the Axis Powers, and ceased to be effective with
the end of those hostilities. Because there was no for-
mal statement of its termination, however, there is
concern among many Japanese-Americans that there may
yet be some life in that obsolete document. I think
it appropriate, in this our Bicentennial Year, to remove
all doubt on that matter, and to make clear our commitment
in the future.
more
2
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GERALD R. FORD, President of the
United States of America, do hereby proclaim that all
the authority conferred by Executive Order No. 9066 termi-
nated upon the issuance of Proclamation No. 2714, which
formally proclaimed the cessation of the hostilities of
World War II on December 31, 1946.
I call upon the American people to affirm with me this
American Promise -- that we have learned from the tragedy
of that long-ago experience forever to treasure liberty and
justice for each individual American, and resolve that this
kind of action shall never again be repeated.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
nineteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord
nineteen hundred seventy-six, and of the Independence of
the United States of America the two hundredth.
GERALD R. FORD
#####
EATO FORD
Japanese american
JACL
CITIZENS LeaGUE
UNITY
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS: 1765 Sutter Street San Francisco, California 94115 (415) 921-5225
THROUGH
REGIONAL OFFICES: Washington, D.C./Chicago/San Francisco/Los Angeles/Portland/Fresno
David E. Ushio, National Executive Director
May 18, 1976
Dr. Myron Kuropas
MAY 20 1976
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Myron,
Having just recovered from surgery that has kept me home for
three weeks, I am just now catching up on some very important
matters for the Japanese American Citizens League. Of prime
importance is the final details and planning for our
National Convention to be held in Sacramento, California
June 20-26, 1976.
Drawing from a national membership of 30,000 Japanese Americans,
we are expecting over 2500 delegates and friends to participate
in our events from throughout the United States.
I'm writing to confirm our request to you to have President Ford
prepare a short film for our convention's major banquet. To have
Gerald Ford, the President of the United States, personally
address our dinner through this medium would be a great honor
and one the 2000 people in attendance could long remember.
As you have suggested, I am enclosing materials about the
Japanese American Citizens League, our programs, policies, and
membership, that may be utilized in preparation. I have
attempted to select items of importance to JACL to which the
Ford administration has been especially sensitive and responsive.
Of course the rescinding of Executive Order 9066 tops the list.
You are very familiar with this item since it was only through
your help that it became a reality. Of course, the President's
positive policies toward Japan, his stand on welcoming Vietnamese
refugees, and restoring trust and decency to the nation are issues
that have caused Japanese Americans to be supportive of the President.
Of course, we would like the President to pardon Iva Toguri, which
has been a key project for us of late.
FORD is GERALD LIBRARY
Better Americans in a Greater America
-2-
I am enclosing various materials that will assist you and your
speech writers in the preparation of this message.
I regret that this material has not been provided earlier.
We do need the film by June 15, 1976 and trust that through
your good efforts this may be possible. Please call me
directly if you need further clarification.
With warm personal regards.
Sincerely,
Dave
David E. Ushio
National Executive Director
DEU:mt
encl. :
Biennial review
Iva Toguri-selected articles
Parade Magazine article
Whale Issue news clips
News clips on Vietnamese refugees
Brochure on JACL
Executive Order 9066
Building Dedication materials
FORD & 037470 LIBRARY
The Case of Tokyo Rose'
By EDWIN McDowell
zona (where her mother died soon after-
acts of treason, opened in July 1949. lasted
Twenty years ago last month Iva Toguri
wards).
almost 13 weeks, totalled almost one mil-
D'Aquino was freed from federal prison at-
Trapped in a country whose language
lion words, cost some $750,000 and involved
ter serving more than six years of a 10
she barely understood, she eventually
71 witnesses plus depositions from 19 with
year sentence. Hers was no ordinary
found a job in mid-1942 with Domel news
nesses in Japan. It was the longest treason
crime: She was one of the 24 Americans
agency. In January 1943 she went to work
triai in U.S. history, and it was hardly a
convicted of treason since 1795. And Mrs.
as a clerk-typist for the Danish legation:
proceeding of which the U.S. can be proud.
D'Aquino is anything but an ordinary ex-
seven months later she also took a part.
Government peremptory challenges ex-
She
in
the
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL FRIDAY, FEB. 6, 1976
LIBRARY
IVA TOGURI:
SUMMARY OF A TRAGIC CASE
"The case was a political one. It arose in the immediate
Using the name "Orphan Ann," Iva Toguri was one of
post-war (World War II) period when the public temper
many women announcers used by Japanese-controlled
was still inflamed against Japan and citizens of this country
radio stations scattered in fourteen locations throughout
of Japanese ancestry. It was not merely difficult, but
Asia and the Pacific. But unknown to anyone in Japan at
impossible to obtain justice at the time for an accused
the time, American soldiers coined the name "Tokyo Rose"
person of such ancestry, however innocent. Iva (Toguri)
and applied it to any and all women broadcasters heard
was one of the victims of the war. She became a casualty
on Japanese radio. "Tokyo Rose" was a generic term,
of our judicial system which failed to protect her funda-
created from the loneliness, frustrations, and fantasies of
mental constitutional rights, and failed to accord her even
the American soldiers - and the image was not entirely
the decency of a fair trial
Thus wrote attorney Wayne
unfavorable. American soldiers eagerly tuned in to hear
M. Collins, Sr., in an unsuccessful petition for presidential
their favorite "Tokyo Rose" play the latest American pop
pardon in 1968.
music, read amazingly accurate war news, and dabble
in humor and nostalgia.
The Iva Toguri case is a tragic story of how a young
American woman was trapped in Japan during World War
At the end of the war, American journalist capitalized
II, how she became victimized by a romantic image
on the tremendous curiosity about the identity of the
created by American soldiers, and how she is still affected
legendary "Tokyo Rose." Iva Toguri was one of the many
today, some thirty years later.
women implicated, but she alone became the scapegoat.
The U.S. Occupation Forces imprisoned her in Japan for
more than one year without charges, without legal
Iva Toguri was born in Los Angeles in 1916 and was
counsel, and without trial. After thorough investigations,
raised in Southern California. Shortly after her college
the Department of Justice concluded there was no case
graduation in 1941, she went to Japan to help care for
and ordered her released in 1946. But when she applied
a seriously sick relative. World War II broke out before
to return to the United States in 1947, a fire-storm of
she could return, and she was left stranded in an unfamiliar
protest was ignited by the newspapers and radio, and
country. As an enemy alien in wartime Japan, Iva Toguri
she was arrested again in Japan in 1948. She was ordered
faced severe survival problems: she was denied food
to stand trial for treason in San Francisco - then a strong-
rations, was repudiated by her Japanese relatives, and was
hold of anti-Japanese prejudice.
without money. Japanese authorities constantly harassed
her and demanded that she renounce her American
A Federal Grand Jury refused to indict Iva Toguri unless
citizenship and apply for Japanese citizenship, but she
the American POW who worked with her at Radio Tokyo
repeatedly refused.
was similarly charged with treason. But when prosecutors
promised to charge the former POW before an army
Since she had no skills in the Japanese language, she
court martial, the Grand Jury issued an eight-count indict-
had to seek employment utilizing her English language
ment against her. (The promise was never kept. The man
ablilities. Wherever she worked, she encountered
was promoted to major shortly thereafter.) When the trial
difficulties because of her outspoken pro-American attitude.
started in 1949, prosecutors quickly removed all non-
Eventually, she was hired as a typist in the business office
whites from the jury. Ironically, the prosecution's case
of Radio Tokyo. There she met three male prisoners of
rested largely on the testimony of two "turncoat"
war (POWs) assigned to the "Zero Hour" (English language
American civilian men who worked for Radio Tokyo.
music program) who were covertly burlesquing the intent
Other prosecution witnesses could only recite the legend
of Japanese broadcasts. When Japanese authorities decided
of "Tokyo Rose," and could not identify the person on
to add a female voice to the program, the POWs
trial, The main defense witnesses were the three former
recommended Iva Toguri. Initially she refused, but after
POWs who had originally asked her to broadcast. Iva
she was threatened by Japanese authorities and was
Toguri herself testified she firmly believed she was helping
secretly assured by her POW friends that she could help
the United States.
the American war efforts, she agreed.
After the longest and most expensive trial on record at the
Iva Toguri is now 59 years of age and lives quietly in a
time, spectators and journalists were nearly unanimous in
Midwestern city. She is still classified as a stateless person
predicting complete acquittal or, at worst, a hung jury.
and is denied most civil rights. Iva Toguri firmly proclaims
When the jury reported a deadlock, the judge reminded
her innocence. A renewed effort is underway to redeem
them how expensive the trial had been for the government
her name and restore her American citizenship via a
and appealed to their sense of patriotic duty. Thus
presidential pardon. With the support of the American
admonished, the all-white jury returned a verdict of
people, Iva Toguri may finally be accorded the justice
guilty on one of the eight counts. The judge sentenced
to which she is entitled.
her to ten years imprisonment and a $10,000 fine. Loss
of American citizenship was automatic.
The preceding is just a brief outline of the ordeal and
tragedy of Iva Toguri. For further information and a free
Iva Toguri was released from prison in 1956, with reduced
copy of the booklet, "Iva Toguri (d'Aquino): Victim of a
time for good behavior. But the Immigration and Natural-
Legend," please contact:
ization Service promptly attempted to deport her as an
"undesirable alien." In 1958 the government admitted
there was nowhere they could deport her, and reclassified
her a "stateless person." In 1968 a federal court ordered
the confiscation of her life insurance policies as partial
payment of the fine. In 1971 the Justice Department
summoned her into federal court to demand payment
of the remaining fine. The fine was recently satisfied when
her father died and left a will stipulating that the fine be
paid from his estate. Three appeals for review to the
Supreme Court were denied, and two petitions for pardon
to the President were unanswered.
LIBRARY
FORD
The National Committee for Iva Toguri
Japanese American Citizens League
076330
1765 Sutter Street
San Francisco, California 94115
(415) 921-5225
September 1975.
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Monday, Feb. 23, 1976
Letters to the Editor of the Journal
More on Tokyo Rose
Editor. The Wall Street Journal:
I read with unusual interest Edwin Mc-
Dowell's article "The Case of Tokyo
Rose' " (Feb. 6). To my knowledge this is
the first time that there have been publi-
cized facts-concerning the circumstances
of Iva Toguri D'Aquino.
FORD GRAND LIBRARY
GEORGE S. GUYSI
Oklahoma City, Okla.
24 THE DENVER POST Thurs., Jan. 8, 1976
THE DENVER POST
Clemency Due in 'Tokyo Rose' Case
By ROBERT PATTRIDGE
"And earthly power doth then show likest
guilty on one count. The jury found you guilty of
God's,
This opinion column is by the editorial page
one overt act: "That on a day during October
When mercy seasons justice." -WILLIAM
editor of The Denver Post.
1944, the exact date being to the Grand Jurors
SHAKESPEARE
unknow, defendant in the offices of the Broad-
HOW WOULD YOU like to be haunted by a
curious legend? How would you like to be labeled
the "Tokyo Rose" of World War II?
What if the legend resulted in your conviction
for treason in 1949? After'a 56-day trial that cost
the U.S. government a half-million dollars, you
spent six years and two months in a federal re-
formatory
LIBRA
The Honolulu Advertiser
Established July 2, 1856
THURSTON TWIGG-SMITH President & Publisher
GEORGE CHAPLIN
Editor-in-Chief
BUCK BUCHWACH
Executive Editor
JOHN GRIFFIN
Editorial Page Editor
MIKE MIDDLESWORTH
Managing Editor
GENE HUNTER Associate Editor
LIBRARY
Friday, February 6, 1976
FORD
#
BERRLD
Case of "Tokyo Rose'
in such a camp at Gila River,
More than ten women who spoke
on Japanese radio were known by
the GI-invented name "Tokyo
Arizona.
On July 4, when America cele-
brates its 200th birthday, Iva Ikuko
Toguri d'Aquino will be 60 years old.
She is better known to Americans by
a name she apparently never used,
"Tokvo Rose."
Mon., Feb. 9, 1976
San Trancisco THE VOICE OF THE WEST Chronicle
Founded 1865 by Charles and M. H. de Young
George T. Cameron, Publisher 1925-55
Charles de Young Thieriot
Editor and Publisher
Gordon Pates
Richard Thieriot
Managing Editor
Associate Editor
Templeton Peck
Editorial Page Editor
Editorials
The Afterlight
On Tokyo Rose
THERE IS NOW overwhelming evidence
that the 1949 treason trial of Iva D'Aquino -
the American citizen who had the misfortune
to be labeled Tokyo Rose - was indeed, as her
attorneys have always claimed, "one of the
grossest and most disgraceful miscarriages of
justice in the history of the federal courts."
FFORD
TREATY
San Francisco Chronicle
The Largest Daily Circulation in Northern California
MONDAY, FEB. 16, 1976
777-1111
'Tokyo Rose' Juror
Urges a Pardon
By Jerry Carroll and Keith Power
The foreman of the San Fran-
cisco jury that convicted Iva Toguri
D' Aquino 26 years ago of being the
traitor known-as Tokyo Rose joined
yesterday in the growing demand
that she be given a presidential
pardon.
LISAARY GERVID o 3.
'TOKYO ROSE' JUROR URGES PARDON
From Page 1
The host of a bland chatter-
"The Army forbade any of its
despite the Army findings, and
and-platters program on Radio To-
officers or men to come to the
more guts to stick with his acquittal
brought Iva to trial. It was to be the
kyo that was beamed at American
trial," Mann said. There were sever-
(vote), Mann remarked.
most expensive judicial proceeding
men fighting in the Pacific, Iva
al important generals that we were
un to that time
Page 16
San Francisco Chronicle
Monday, February 16, 1976
LIBRARY
The Washington Star
LIBRARY
FORD
JOEL ALLBRITTON, Publisher
JAMES G. BELLOWS, Editor
SIDNEY EPSTEIN, Managing Editor
EDWIN M. YODER JR., Associate Editor
SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1976
Tokyo Rose,' echo of history
That Tokyo Rose is drawing attention two and
tuguese national in 1945) was released after
a half decades after her conviction for treason
having been imprisoned by the U.S. for more
must seem anachronistic, if not downright
than a year and after the Army and the Justice
mystifying, to that half of today's American
Department initially cleared her. Two years
population that was not alive in 1945.
later, after the government finally had had to
After the war, Iva Toguri (who married a Por-
tions as ipindividuals.
This is material that will be enclosed in a booklet
to be handed out to all delegates are the National Convention.
JACL BIENNIAL REPORT 1974- 1976
INTERNATIONAL ADVOCACY
STATELESS CHILDREN REMEMBERED
Prior to U.S. President Gerald Ford's visit to Japan in
November, 1975, the JACL, in a letter to the President.
explained the organization's position regarding citizenship
rights of children of Japanese mothers and American fathers.
The JACL National Board pointed out the unusual
predicament faced by persons born in Japan immediately
following the American occupation, of Japanese mothers
and American fathers, primarily U.S. servicemen. The
nationality laws of Japan state that the father alone
determines the nationality of the child, thus barring these
children from Japanese citizenship. The laws of the U.S.
provide that, if one parent is American, the child is entitled
to American citizenship, provided residence requirements
are met.
The letter requested assurance that the children of
Japanese women and American servicemen not lose their
soon-to-expire right to become citizens of the U.S. without
their full knowledge and consent.
Because U.S. law requires two consecutive years of
residency in the U.S. between the ages of 14 and 28, and
EMPEROR VISITED U.S.
because their families lack the resources to enable them to
meet the residency requirement, the letter requested the
October 1 to 13, 1975, the National JACL joined millions of
enactment of U.S. legislation to make possible the entry
Americans in welcoming the Emperor and Empress of Japan
into the U.S. of these children, including the provision
to the U.S. American citizens of Japanese ancestry
of transportation. The Board also requested that President
Ford discuss with the Prime Minister the need for the
recognized the historical significance of this visit and
applauded this event as positive evidence of the mutual
Japanese Government to alter its citizenship laws to allow
desire for continuing friendly relations between the U.S.
these individuals to become Japanese citizens if they desire.
and Japan.
Historically, in times of political and economic tension
between the U.S. and Japan, Japanese Americans have been
the victims in this country of misdirected animosities toward
USHIO VISITED JAPAN
policies of Japan, for example, the internment of 110,000
persons of Japanese ancestry without due process as a
JACL National Executive Director, David Ushio, and his
consequence of the Pacific War with Japan.
The West Los Angeles JACL Women's Auxiliary sewed
wife, Judi, made a three-week visit to Japan in November,
tablecloths and napkins for the luncheon hosted by the City
1975. They had an hour-long private meeting with Crown
Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko at their
of Los Angeles for the Emperor and Empress.
In Chicago, the Emperor said, "I pay my tribute in
Imperial residence in Tokyo. They spoke of the importance
particular to the Japanese Americans who have attained their
of harmonious U.S. Japan relations, of the Issei and Nisei
place as good American citizens withstanding many a trial.".
and their contributions to American society, and the
For all, the visit signaled the good feelings in U.S.
emergence of the Sansei in U.S. politics. They presented
Japanese relations at this time.
the Crown Prince and his wife with a copy of William
Hosokawa's book, Nisei.
The Emperor placed a simple wreath of white
chrysanthemums on the Tomb of the Unknown soldier in
Arlington National Cemetery, viewed specimens at Wood
Hole Oceanographic Institute, saw the lets heat the
Patriots 36-7 at a Shea Stadium pro football game, saw
Disneyland, the San Diego Zoo, Japan Town and Golden
Gate Park in San Francisco, rode in a motorcade through
crowds in raining San Francisco, and met with the Japanese
American community, then flew to Honolulu.
FORD SIGNED FRIENDSHIP ACT
President Ford signed the U.S. Japan Friendship Act
October 21, 1975. The legislation will promote scholarly,
cultural, and artistic exchanges between the two nations.
The bill provides for approximately $30 million.
LIBRARY
GREATO
The JACL was commended by the Crown Prince for
Recalling February 19, 1942 was a "sad day in American
encouraging young Japanese Americans to participate in
history", the President added, "We now know what we
active citizenship.
should have known then - not only was that evacuation
Ushio also met with Japan's Foreign Minister Kiichi
wrong, but Japanese Americans were and are loyal
Miyazawa. They discussed, in depth, U.S. Japan relations
Americans."
and their effect on Japanese Americans. They also discussed
In accepting the proclamation on behalf of the 30,000
the positive influence Japanese Americans can have on
JACL members, Sugiyama expressed gratitude to the
friendly relations between these two countries. Miyazawa
President for his understanding of the need to rescind
said it is most important that young Japanese Americans
officially and publicly Executive Order 9066 and for his
become conversant in the intricacies of U.S. - Japan relations.
recognition as the nation's chief executive of the grave and
Ushio said that one of the prime concerns of the JACL
sad mistake which occurred through issuance of the order.
today is the education of the Japanese Americans in the
Attending the signing ceremony were Attorney General
area of international relations.
Edward H. Levi; the Nisei members of Congress, Senator
Ushio also spoke of the issue of corporate and social
Daniel Inouye, Representative Spark Matsunaga,
responsibility on the part of Japanese businesses based in
Representative Patsy Mink, Representative Norman Mineta;
the U.S. He urged them to participate in community affairs,
Senator Hiram Fong, only Chinese American member in
sponsoring creative community programs, establishing
Congress from Hawaii; other Japanese American public
philanthropic foundations.
officials at state and local levels as well as community
The importance of corporate responsibility was reiterated
leaders.
in Ushio's meeting with newly-appointed Japanese
Ambassador to the United States, Fumihiko Togo.
RICE ACT PASSED
While in Tokyo, Ushio appeared on NHK-TV's Morning
Show before an estimated audience of 40 million. Speaking
The culmination of two years of hard work came on
as a Japanese American individual and on behalf of the
February 3, 1976, in the Senate with the passage of HR 8529,
JACL, Ushio shared his views on U.S. Japanese relations,
known as the Rice Act. After an attempt to filibuster the
the Emperor's visit to the U.S. and the emergence of Sansei
bill to death, a vote for cloture was taken and passed and
in America. Ushio was also interviewed by Mainichi and
the vote on the bill was an overwhelming 75 to 13.
Asahi Shimbun.
The U.S. is the largest exporter of rice, but it accounts for
The whole experience was very gratifying to Ushio, who
a mere 1% to 2% of world production. U.S. production
said, "I hope that our story reaches as great a number of
is concentrated in a handful of states: California, Texas,
persons in the U.S. as it seems to have reached in Japan."
Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee.
California, Texas and Louisiana are the traditional rice-
growing states, and, because the growing of rice is under
BABYLIFT CONSIDERED
Federal regulation, these three states hold most of the
acreage allotments. The remaining states which have land
ideally suited for the crop campaigned strongly for the Rice
In keeping with the resolution urging Congress to end U.S.
Act, which would have opened rice production to them
participation in Southeast Asia, the JACL's National Council
and to anyone else interested in growing the grain. The
stated that is considered U.S. participation in Vietnam to be
farmers in the first three states were, of course, bitterly
"morally wrong and racist in nature, to have caused
opposed.
incalculable harm to the civilians and country of Vietnam,
Rice consumers are often poor and minorities (Asian, Black,
to have disrupted and destroyed the lives of combatants
Latin-American). In the large cities, the ghetto areas can be
on all sides
pinpointed by the high consumption of rice (and beans).
Dedicated to the welfare of all persons, regardless of
Such areas were devastated in 1972-73, when the price of
race, color, or creed, the National JACL supported the
rice more than doubled and nearly tripled because of failure
airlift of Vietnamese orphans as a means to preserve
of crops abroad and the restricted production at home.
human lives.
Now, production is not restricted until the Rice Act expires
in two years. If no legislation is enacted at that time,
production again becomes restricted.
HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCACY
ROCKEFELLER TESTIMONY
O. 9066 RESCINDED
JACL National Executive Director, David Ushio testified
December 9, 1975, before the White House Domestic
President Gerald R. Ford formally rescinded Executive
Council Public Forum chaired by Vice President Nelson
Order 9066 of 1942 in a proclamation signed February 19,
Rockefeller.
1976. The termination of the order came on the 34th
While local government leaders focused on red tape and
anniversary to the day when President Franklin D. Roosevelt
government regulations, Ushio and other minority leaders
had issued it. The order uprooted from their West Coast
concentrated on the insensitivity and exclusionary nature
homes and detained without due process more than 110,000
of the Federal programs. He discussed the particular
Japanese American, three-fourths of them native-born
needs of the Japanese American minority that are particular
U.S. citizens.
to that group and different from other minority groups. He
President Ford's proclamation, entitled "An American
pointed out that the Asian Americans are stereotyped as
Promise", was presented to the Japanese American Citizens
being a model minority with no problems which often
League. It was accepted by JACL National President
leads to their being forgotten when it comes to civil
Shigeki 1. Sugiyama, National Executive Director David E.
rights legislation or scholarships for the poor or cultural
Ushio, and Washington Representative Wayne K. Horiuchi.
programs.
LIBRARY
FEDERAL EMPLOYMENT RETIREMENT CREDIT
INTERNMENT REDRESS SOUGHT
Five bills are pending in the U.S. Congress to amend Title
At the 1974 Biennial Convention in Portland, the Planning
5 of the United States Code. The bill will allow credit
Commission report called for a program to conduct a
for civil service retirement purposes for the time spent by
redress campaign for Japanese Americans detained in
Japanese Americans in World War II internment camps.
concentration camps during World War II.
The credit would be equivalent to the time which they
In 1975, the JACL Political Education Committee met in
were detained by the Federal government. The JACL.
April and recommended to the National Board a separate
through the Washingtom office, is working to bring about
legislative arm be established and also supported
passage of the legislation.
legislation which would provide a lump sum amount for
The Committee for Internment Credit (CIC) was formed
reparations to be placed in trust.
in November, 1975, in response to the need for an
Surveys were subsequently conducted by JACL Districts.
organized effort to secure passage of the legislation. Mr.
The Washington Office of JACL has established as a major
William Kyono and Ms. Toshi Yoshida head the CIC
project the goal of seeking the advice and opinion of
Steering Committee.
individuals in Washington who will be involved in redress
In 1973 Congress passed legislation which enabled
legislation. Many Senators and Congressmen have been
persons covered by Social Security to receive social
interviewed.
security (retirement) credits for the time spent in the
concentration camps. Since federal employment does not
qualify for social security credit and instead is covered by
"JAP" LABEL IN COURT
civil service retirement benefits, this legislation will bring
parity to persons who were subjected to mass evacuation
A fashion designer received a patent on a label for clothes
during World War II.
marketed as JAP in this country. JACL is taking legal steps
to prevent distribution of this derogatory trademark and
ultimately to prevent its use in the U.S.
INDOCHINA REFUGEES WELCOMED
The last week of April through the first two weeks of
May, 1975, saw the agonizing end of the Vietnamese
war. Many refugees came into the U.S. JACL urged the
hearty welcoming of refugees from Indochina and protested
against the anti-Asian sentiment that accompanied their
arrival.
A National JACL delegation visited with Vietnamese
refugees at Camp Pendleton May 22, 1975. The delegation
saw first hand the situation and discussed resettlement
plans with the top officials of the program. Aid came from
the individual chapters of JACL as the refugees settled in
their areas.
In a letter to President Ford, National President Shig
Sugiyama commended him for his support of the
resettlement of Vietnamese and Cambodian refugees. He
said that JACL had fought for almost 50 years for the kind
of compassion and concern which President Ford showed
toward the Indochina refugees, remembering the racism
and anti-Nisei incidents that led to the evacuation of 1942.
He concluded, "Because of our tragic experience, we
encourage all Americans to welcome the Vietnamese
refugees with the same kind of compassion President
Ford has shown."
National Executive Director, David Ushio, was interviewed
by the national newspaper and boardcast media urging
support and aid of the refugees and condemning racist
statements by some Americans and government offficals.
He pointed out that economic arguments have historically
been used to justify and cover racist sentiments.
The Chicago Tribune's Far East correspondent, Ronald
WHALING CAMPAIGN CONDEMNED
Yates, reported his interviews with witnesses. Some told
of threats and of being bribed by government officials
The conservation campaign against Japan's whaling
to make harmful testimony against Iva Toguri. One of the
caused consternation for the Japanese American community
witnesses commented that of all the dozen or so Japanese
during the biennium. A number of groups launched a
Americans working for the radio program, only Iva had
campaign to boycott Japanese goods to force Japan to
"guts enough to keep her American citizenshiop after the
honor the ten-year whaling moratorium. This campaign, in
war ended. It was that flair for patriotism that proved her
many instances, resulted in harassment and abuse of
downfall."
Japanese Americans.
The campaign originated by the JACL will culminate in a
JACL met this harassment by urging President Ford, in his
new file for Presidential pardon. A broadbased group of
visit to Japan, to discuss and negotiate with the Prime
public officials including Governor George Ariyoshi, Evelle
Minister to encourage that country to honor the moratorium.
Younger, Rep. Spark Matsunaga have joined JACL in
The National Executive Director also wrote a letter
calling for a pardon. Wayne M. Collins, Jr., who took over
demanding an apology and immediate retraction of
as Iva Toguri's attorney and chief counsel when his father
statements in an advertisement of the Animal Welfare
died, will file so that she might redeem her good name and
Institute. The letter said the JACL condemned "the Animal
regain her precious American citizenship.
Welfare Institute ad because it is blatantly racist, misleading
and perpetrates racist reaction to people of Japanese
heritage." The ad stated, "The Japanese American Citizens
League, representing hundreds of thousands of Americans
TOPAZ-TULE LAKE PROJECTS
of Japanese ancestry, has condemned the notoriety
generated by the Japanese whalers. At the JACL convention
A historical landmark monument at Delta Park in
in July, the League unanimously supported a world-wide
Millard County, Utah, has been put in place, featuring
moratorium on whaling." The ad failed to acknowledge
a map, picture of the wartime Topaz WRA Center and
that JACL did not endorse the boýcott campaign. Executive
text explaining it as one of the ten "concentration" camps
Director Ushio said in his letter, "You fail to state that
in America.
JACL is opposed to a campaign 'which has overtones of
The Tule Lake camp has not had its plaque approved yet.
hysteria, racism, and fear directed at the economic and
The Northern California Western Nevada District Council
political forces in Japan, the Japanese Government, and all
appeared before the Historical Landmark Commission
persons of Japanese ancestry.'
November 6, 1975. There was disagreement as to the
wording of the plaque that is to be placed at the site which
was designated as a historical landmark in May, 1974.
A-BOMB SURVIVORS SUPPORTED
Commission members objected to the use of the word
"concentration" camps on the plaque.
JACL called for support of a bill in Congress to aid
A-Bomb survivors. Nearly 1,000 victims of the bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki are American citizens and live in
PARADE MAGAZINE ARTICLE
the U.S.
"We're Americans, Too" by National Executive Director,
Daivd Ushio, appeared in Parade magazine July 13, 1975.
This Sunday supplement reached nearly 20 million homes
IVA TOGURI
with the story of what it means to be Japanese American.
Ushio explained some of the difficulties faced by Japanese
Early in 1976, key prosecution witnesses admitted they
Americans in a society where they are a small minority.
were forced to tell half-truths and withhold information
He expressed concern for the Vietnamese refugees in
at the 1949 San Francisco trial of Iva Toguri d'Aquino,
terms of our own experiences and hoped that they
known as Tokyo Rose. The plight of Iva Toguri has recently
would be welcomed as new Americans.
been brought to the attention of the public through the
efforts of the National JACL.
A resolution adopted by the National Council at the last
Biennial Convention recognized that Iva Toguri was the
PRESS CONTACT MAINTANED
victim of war-time hysteria and became a scapegoat for
her alleged role as "Tokyo Rose" for those forces which
National JACL kept the news media informed on all
sought to foster vengeance and national retribution. She
important events through regular press releases, interviews
suffered for alleged acts of treason and much of the
and press conferences. The Japanese American community
evidence and conduct of her trial were highly questionable
and society as a whole were made of JACL programs and
and prejudicial. The resolution stated that the verdict is
Japanese American attitudes toward national and inter-
a blot on the integrity of American jurisprudence.
national events that affected them. This resulted in many
A booklet telling Iva Toguri's story was completed and
editorials and articles published in the Japanese community
many of the national newspapers including the Wall Street
newspapers and a number of prestigious national dailies.
Journal, Washington Post, Christian Science Monitor,
National Observer, Denver Post, Honolulu Advertiser, Los
Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle and San Francisco
Examiner ran long articles and editorials in support of
a pardon for her.
FORD
LIBRARY
5
NHK INTERVIEW
PAST CELEBRATED WITH MITHSONIAN
NHK (Nippon Hoso Kyokai Japan Broadcasting Corp.),
The Japanese American Citizens League participated in
on October 2, 1975, presented a 45-minute T.V. program
the Bicentennial Festival of American Folklife, in July 197
originating in Los Angeles. Dr. Hans Baerwald, UCLA
The festival reflected America as a nation of immigrants,
professor and Japan expert, led a panel of Nikkei.
JACL's Eastern District Council, particularly the
Viewers in Japan heard the panelists during the White
Washington D.C. and Seabrook Chapters, joined the
House dinner in honor of the Japanese Emperor.
Smithsonian Institution in planning and implementing a
The panel which included a past National President
presentation on Japanese American tradition.
of JACL, the JACL Executive Director and a staff member
The theme of the festival was "Old Ways in the New
discussed the identity problems affecting Japanese Americans
World" and the music, dance, crafts and customs of ethnic
and their attitudes toward the Emperor. All agreed that the
groups from the United States was brought together with
Emperor's visit was significant historically and would
their old world counterparts in a series of celebrations
promote good will.
presented on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
AMERICAN ISSUES FORUM
AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY BICENTENNIAL
ADMINSTRATION
The JACL was among over twenty community groups
working together with the American Issues Forum (AIF) of
JACL National Executive Director, David Ushio, served as
San Francisco. Made possible by a grant of the National
a member of the American Revolutionary Bicentennial
Endowment for the Humanities, AIF was a national issue-
Administration. In this capacity he participated in meetings
oriented Bicentennial program engaging the American people
throughout the U.S. advocating that racial and ethnic
in a serious and thoughtful examination and discussion of
minority contributions and history be reflected in the
fundamental forces in American society.
Bicentennial observances.
Beginning in September, 1975 and running through May,
1976, AIF sponsored nine monthly issues and thirty-six
weekly subtopics.
In November, 1975, JACL featured Judge Earl Warren, Jr.,
State Director of Corrections Jerry Enomoto and Legal
ORGANIZATIONAL SERVICES
Director of the Northern California American Civil Liberties
Union Mr. Charles Marson as evening forum speakers.
They discussed minority problems of equal access to the
law, affirmative action in employment, fair housing,
MEMBERSHIP INCREASED
repressive laws, and minority rights and safeguards.
Also in November, the JACL and San Francisco Consortium
Six new chapters have been added to the Japanese
for Colleges and Universities brought U.S. Senator Daniel
American Citizens League since the last national convention.
K. Inouye for a public lecture at Lone Mountain College.
For the first time, JACL has over 100 chapters. The
His topic was Certain Inalienable Rights.
Tri-Valley chapter, in the Northern California District, is the
"A Sense of Belonging" was sponsored by JACL May 1, 1976
101st chapter. The Marin County chapter is also new in
featuring Congressman Norman Mineta, YMCA Director
that District. The Pacific Southwest District has two new
Yori Wada, Professor Edison Uno, KABL Radio Reporter
chapters, Pan Asian and Carson. The Houston chapter
Gael Muramoto, Attorney Steven J. Doi, AC Transit Board
joins the Mountain Plains District and the Hoosier chapter
President Kimie Fujii, and California Republican Convention
is the newest member in the Midwest District. At the end
Delegate S. Stephen Nakashima. The discussion centered
of the last biennium we had 96 chapters. One chapter
on what it means to belong to a small and very
went inactive.
visible minority. A booklet was published in conjunction
JACL reached a new membership high at the end of
with the program and featured a number of prominent
1975. There are now 28,948 members. Of these, 26, 197 are
Japanese Americans and their statements about belonging.
Regular members, 2,209 are 1000 Club members, 130 are
50 Club members, 77 are Century Club members, 17
are Corporate members, 195 are Student members, 119
are Life Memorial members, and 4 are other categories. This
NHK GRANT MADE FOR FILM
was a total increase of 135 members over 1974.
Significantly, there were 53 new 1000 Club members, 12
new Corporate members, 66 new Student members and
Hoso-Bunka Foundation, Inc., awarded a $33,333 (10
12 new Life Memorial members. This is the fulfillment of
million yen) grant to the Japanese American Citizens League
the chapters commitment made at the last convention to
in November, 1974, to aid in the production of a film on
raise the total membership, especially in 1000 Club
Japanese Americans.
categories. Chapters now receive a portion of the 1000
This was the first grant ever awarded by the Foundation,
Club dues for local projects and activities on a profit-
which is the newly-formed granting arm of the Nihon Hoso
sharing basis with the national office.
Kyokai. Proceeds from a recent sale of land owned by NHK
In January, 1957, National JACL began a new reporting
were used to establish this foundation.
format for membership from the local chapters. The reports
The amount granted by the foundation makes up only
are now broken down into the number of members in
part of the total sum needed for the project and additional
each membership category. A graph appears regularly
funds are being sought.
in the Pacific Citizen reflecting the progress in membership
6
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS
Japanese Americans from across the nation gathered in
San Francisco for the dedication of the first JACL National
Headquarters building on Sunday, July 20, 1975.
More than three years before, plans were developed to
erect the first National Headquarters building in San Franciso.
The modern, Victorian-style structure was designed by
Bay Area architect Noboru Nakamura to harmonize with
the neighborhood. The building was dedicated to the
contributions of the Issei.
The building fund campaign headed by Steven Doi, Tad
Hirota and the late Masao W. Satow was the largest fund-
raising effort in the organization's 45-year history. As of
mid-April, 1976, a total of 5,662 donors contributed
$447,804.00. Of the 5,662 donors, 5,299, or 18% of the
National JACL membership, have pledged $380,722.00.
The new structure houses a reference library and film
library, making materials available to the local JACL
chapters and to school districts. It also includes the visitor
and meeting center and offices for the travel program,
JACL California Blue Shield, the youth program and
various government and/or foundation funded projects as
well as national staff offices.
The building was dedicated to the Issei. The dedication
dinner featured Congressman Norman Y. Mineta of
California as keynote speaker.
Three new membership brochures have been produced
in the biennium as well as a Membership Campaign
CREDIT UNION GREW
Manual, which details to chapter presidents and
membership chairpersons the procedures of reporting
There was a substantial growth in membership and in
new members, applying for memberships, and gives
share balances in the JACL Credit Union during the biennium.
some guidelines and ideas for new membership campaigns.
In 1975 there were 1926 members, of whom 780 were
borrowers, compared with 1823, of whom 694 were
borrowers in 1974. $1,107,405.10 was loaned in 1974 and
HEALTH INSURANCE BENEFITS ADDED
in 1975 $1,253,389.95 was loaned to members.
The help of the JACL Credit Union with the credit needs
of members has been a force for economic stability
More than 9,000 families participated in group health
among the membership.
insurance plans through the JACL districts. A number of
these plans have increased their coverage during the
last biennium.
TRAVEL
In 1974 the JACL Travel Program began on a national
levei. The travel committee opened up the opportunity
ACCOUNTING SYSTEM UPDATED
to all members to travel to Japan at about half the
excursion round trip rate.
National JACL guidelines have been established to conform
A professional CPA firm has been employed for the first
with all government regulations for the safety and
time to prepare financial statements and audit the JACL.
protection of the member travelers.
In this last biennium, a new and up to date accounting
In 1975, 1,200 JACL members participated in the low-cost
system was implemented. Financial statements are now
flights and this year there are expectations of an even
requested from the many different entities of the JACL
greater number of members visiting the country of their
and this has aided in fulfilling the reporting requirements
ancestry.
of State and Federal tax laws. The new accounting
Travel brochures are available through local chapters
system has instituted controls to void over-expenditure
and districts as well as from the National Japan Travel
of funds.
Bureau.
7
PRESIDENTIAL CLASSROOM FOR YOUNG
PLANNING AND RESEARCH
AMERICANS
The participation that began in 1974 continued and grew
INTERN SPONSORED
in number. Thirty-two Sansei high school students particpated
in the Presidential Classroom for Young Americans in
1975. In 1976, thrity students are participating in the week-
JACL sponsored a student intern in early 1976. A
long seminar with national leaders in Washington, D.C.
communication student was sponsored, at the national
These outstanding young people gain leadership experience
offices, in cooperation with California State College at
and are better prepared to make major contributions to
Chico. This was a beginning step to implement the student
fellow Japanese Americans and the society.
internship proposal adopted at the 1974 convention. The
intern spent the semester of field study assisting on
special projects, writing news releases and working with
graphic layout.
JAL-JACL CULTURAL HERITAGE FELLOWSHIP
After a hiatus of a few years, four outstanding Japanese
MULTI-CULTURAL PLANNING BEGUN
Americans received the Japan Air Lines-Japanese American
Citizens League Cultural Heritage Fellowship in the spring
January 22, 1976, JACL was host to a panel presentation
of 1975 and again in the spring of 1976.
co-sponsored by the American Jewish Committee. Topics
The awards included eight weeks of summer study at
discussed included accusations of dual loyalty and the
Sophia University in Tokyo, round trip air fare, room and
effects of stereotyping in the two groups. It is hoped that
board while in Japan at a university dormitory and
this is the beginning of many such panels with other
educational materials. In addition, Japan Travel Bureau
human rights organizations with similar issues:
sponsored individual two-week itineraries visiting
destinations in Japan selected by each recipient.
The recipients of the fellowship became better acquainted
TEACHER RESOURCE MANUAL
with their ancestral country through their first-hand
experiences.
The Ethnic Heritage Project begun July 1, 1974, with a
$60,000 grant from the U.S. Office of Education, was
completed September 30, 1975. A Teacher Resource
JACI SCHOLARSHIPS INCREASED
Manual, including historical and contemporary experiences,
suggested classroom activities and resource listings, was
Fourteen freshman scholarships and three graduate
completed and is now available to the general public for
scholarships are now offered by the National IACL. Four
a small handling fee.
are new scholarships this last biennium. Members of the
Departments of higher education, Asian American
Japanese American Youth, children of JACL members and
organizations, state boards of education, and other
all persons of Japanese ancestry are eligible. Applicants
educational sources have been notified of the availability
for Freshman Scholarships must be graduating high
of this book. Its use should stimulate greater awareness
school seniors planning to enter a trade school, business
of Japanese Americans and their role in American society.
school, college, university or any other institution of higher
learning in the following semester. Current graduate
CAMPAIGN FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AID
students or those entering an accredited graduate school
are eligible for the Graduate Scholarships.
A grant of $75,000 to the Japanese American Citizens
League was announced November 1, 1975. Underwriter of
STUDENT AID PROGRAM
the grant was the Campaign for Human Development, a
branch of the United States Catholic Conference. The grant
will enable JACL to appeal effectively to national and
JACL's national student aid program is designed
regional foundations and emphasize the need to support
primarily for the needy student. Need, motivation and
the projects of Japanese Americans. JACL will seek grants
potential are the criteria used in making grants. Any student
from these foundations in a variety of areas, including
of Japanese ancestry permanently residing in the U.S., and
leadership development, antidefamation, cultural pluralism,
members and family of JACL, needing financial aid in
education and the elderly.
attending high school, college, university or trade and
technical schools are eligible for the grants known as the
NISEI RETIREMENT PROPOSAL GRANT
Abe Hagiwara Awards. They range from $200 to $500
each.
Names of those obtaining the awards are kept confidential.
A $10,000 grant from the National Institute of Mental
The number of awardees per district is announced through
Health of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare
the Pacific Citizen.
was given to JACL in April 1976. This was in answer to
a proposal, requesting aid in studying the retirement of
Nisei, submitted to the National Institute of Mental Health
in 1975 and again in 1976.
A planning conference with nationwide representation
will be heldin the fall of 1976 in San Francisco. Nisei
retirement problems and their solution will be discussed.
8
MASAO W. SATOW - IN MEMORIAM
Masao W. Satow served the Japanese American
community for forty years. He guided the JACL as National
Director during the 25 years after World War II until his
retirement in 1972. During this period 110,000 of us,
returned to our homes from Relocation Centers, faced the
awesome task of rebuilding our lives. His leadership was
a major factor in our recovery.
Japanese Americans everywhere owe a debt to Mas for
making our opportunities in America real ones. JACL has
lost a family member. The deep sorrow felt in his
LIBRARY
passing is universal.
FORM
9
PARADE MAGAZINE
National Distribution
130 Major Newspapers
30 Million Homes
DATE: July 13, 1975/Sunday
American family: Author David Ushio with wife Judy and daughter Misti. As
head of Japanese American Citizens League, he seeks greater racial harmony.
0803
Jápanese-Americans Say
'We're Americans, Too'
by David Ushio
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.
1940's. The Congressman's final words
have been following with intense
were: "Young man, if you can guar-
interest the news accounts of the
antee to me that your country will not
Vietnamese war refugees who have
bomb Pearl Harbor again, then I'll vote
come to the United States and are
for your bill."
struggling to establish themselves in
John J. Wilson, the Watergate lawyer
American society.
for Robert Haldeman and John Ehrlich-
because
based public televicien
tragedy of the internment camps in the
have methods that will test the loyalty
continued
( . continued)
Although Japanese-Americans were held in internment camps like this during
World War II, no responsible charge of sabotage was ever made against them.
Japanese-Americans and Japan and on
JAPANESE
the other hand they are very proud of
CONTINUED
they often look at a person in a stereo-
often fails to make this distinction.
DATE: July 13, 1975/Sunday
30 Million Homes
130 Major Newspapers
National Distribution
PARADE MAGAZINE
their Japanese cultural heritage. It is
troubling that the public at large too
typic manner.
The Japanese American Citizens
Certain environmental groups are
League seeks to explain and solve these
campaigning to save the whales, a cam-
problems. A grassroots civil rights
paign that Japanese-Americans support.
organization, JACL was organized in
FRED
Angeles Times
LARGEST CIRCULATION IN THE WEST, 1,037,963, DAILY, 1,244,713 SUNDAY
S-PART ONE
72 PAGES
SATURDAY, MORNING AUGUST 2, 1975
CC
BOYCOTT REACTIONS CITED
Whale 'Backlash' Feared
by Japanese-Americans
BY DARYL LEMBKE
Times Staff Writer
SAN FRANCISCO-The focal
even in Tokyo, the institute has
point of an exhibit in the new nation-
urged a boycott against the purchase
al headquarters building of the Japa-
of any Japanese and Russian pro-
nese-American Citizens League here
ducts "until Japan and the Soviet
is a rusting snarl of barbed wire.
Union agree to ston whaling"
Please Turn to Page 16. Col. 1
16 Port Sat., Aug. 2, 1975
Los Angeles Times
WHALE 'BACKLASH' REACTION
Continued from First Page
Spokesmen for other conservation
"people are frightened and looking
"The Animal Welfare Institute
groups participating in the boycott
for someone to blame."
protest bothers me, because it is
conceded that there is some concern
in their circles about hitting the
The International Whaling Com-
based on the philosophy the end jus-
tifies the means. One leader of an en-
wrong target.
mission adopted rules last month
"vironmental group told me to my
Said Paul Swatek, associate conser-
which would supposedly reduce the
face, 'I understand what you are say-
vation director of the 150,000-mem-
quota of whales killed annually, but
ing, but in any noble cause, certain
ber Sierra Club:
Russia and Japan have yet to state