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Eight Annual Report to Congress - United States-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program
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Eight Annual Report to Congress - United States-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program
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Digitized from Box 13 of the White House Press Releases at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library [7-8-75]
EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS
(In accordance with Sec. 5 (h) of Public Law 86-610, the International
Health Research Act of 1960)
United States-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program
History of the Program
In January 1965, the President of the United States and the Prime Minister
of Japan met in Washington, D.C., to discuss many matters concerning the two
nations. It was during this meeting that the two heads of state agreed to
undertake a greatly expanded, joint cooperative research effort in biomedical
sciences, concentrating on health problems of recognized importance in Asia.
The new bilateral program was named the United States-Japan Cooperative
Medical Science Program (U.S.-Japan CMSP). To implement this agreement,
they convened a conference of prominent medical scientists from the United
States and Japan to plan and define program objectives and goals. Thus,
the two groups of delegates, the United States Delegation and the Japanese
Delegation, formed the nucleus of what ultimately became the U.S.-Japan
CMSP Joint Committee. This Committee has met annually since 1965 to review
jointly the Program's objectives, operations and research accomplishments, and
to recommend policy procedures for continued Program growth and development.
The last annual meeting was held in Tokyo, Japan on 8-9 August 1974. The
next meeting will be held at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda,
Maryland, 2-3 October 1975.
The Scope of the U.S. Japan CMSP
The Program is concerned with the diseases of substantial health importance
in Asian countries. The diseases or categories of diseases are: 1. cholera,
2. leprosy, 3. malnutrition, 4. parasitic diseases (schistosomiasis and
filariasis), 5. tuberculosis, 6. viral diseases (rabies, dengue-hemorrhagic
fever and other selected arboviral diseases), 7. selected health effects of
environmental pollutants.
The U.S. -Japan CMSP operates within a bilateral government framework.
Nevertheless, it may involve scientists and facilities in third countries,
and/or collaboration with international or other organizations. Joint
third country activities are approved in advance by the U.S. and Japanese
Delegations.
The relevant regions in Asia, although not specifically defined, are generally
understood to include the Republic of Korea on the north, India and Pakistan
to the west, and other adjacent nations in the broad Pacific basin.
Organization
The United States and Japanese governments have appointed biomedical
scientists to constitute a U.S.-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program
Committee. The United States Delegation to this Committee is appointed by
the Secretary of State. This Delegation, in addition to representing the
United States at meetings of the Joint Committee, advises the Secretary
of State on the scope, direction and other broad aspects of the Program,
and develops review procedures to assure fulfillment of the purposes for
which the Program was established. Jointly the United States and Japanese
Delegations have designated the seven areas of research which fall within
the scope of the overall Program, and they have established separate Panels
for each disease category to guide the relevant scientific activities.
In the United States the operational aspects of the Program have been
delegated to the National Institutes of Health, Department of Health,
Education and Welfare. In Japan the Program activities, are the responsibility
of the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of Education. The
United States and Japan maintain separate secretariats.
For each of the disease categories selected for study, ten-member joint
Panels, consisting of five scientists from each nation, were established
to outline more specifically areas for mutual cooperation and to carry on
Program activities. Briefly summarized, these activities may be grouped
into the following three categories: support of research, joint scientific
conferences, and exchange of persons. In addition, each Panel prepares an
annual report of progress for review by their respective Delegation and
for the joint Committee. The meetings of the Joint Panels and the Joint Committee
alternate annually between locations in the United States and Japan.
Financial Support of the Program
The United States and Japan each support the cost of their own scientific
projects and meetings. Research by U.S. scientists is funded by the United
States and that of Japanese scientists by Japan. Exchange of scientists
between the two countries is encouraged as a matter of principle and is
supported by official or unofficial agencies of either country. The U.S.
does not fund research in Japan nor grant fellowships to Japanese scientists
under this Program, nor does Japan fund U.S. research or fellowships for
Americans as a component of their Program sponsored activities.
The National Institutes of Health, based upon a delegation of Presidential
authority under Public Law 86-610 and on the availability of funds, provides:
- support of scientific projects;
- organization, funding and conduct of scientific meetings
held in the United States;
- financial support to the United States Panel members and
consultants attending meetings related to the program; and
- staff and operating costs of the U.S. Secretariat.
The Japanese Ministries of Health and Welfare and of Education assume
a similar responsibility for their counterpart activities, i.e. research
projects, meetings held in Japan, Japanese Panel members and consultants,
and for the Japanese secretariat.
Joint Committee Report for Calendar Year 1974
The Tenth Meeting of the Joint United States-Japan Cooperative Medical
Science Committee was held at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo, Japan
on 8-9 August 1974. Welcoming and opening remarks were made on behalf of
2
the United States Government by the Ambassador to Japan, Mr. James D. Hodgson,
and on behalf of the Government of Japan by Mr. Kunikichio Saito, Minister
of Health and Welfare. Additional welcoming statements were made by
Dr. Ivan L. Bennett, Jr., Chairman of the United States Delegation and
Dr. Toshio Kurokawa, Chairman of the Japanese Delegation. The Joint
Committee meeting was jointly chaired by the two Delegation Chairmen.
Individual annual reports covering cooperative research activities to
improve the health of the people of Asia were presented to the Committee by
the seven panel chairmen or their designated representatives. Separate
comprehensive scientific reviews of the Joint Malnutrition Panels and the
Joint Viral Diseases Panels were completed during the current year and the
findings and recommendations of the review groups were accepted by the
Committee. This completes the review of the six panels which have been
in operation at least five years. The seventh and last, the Panel on
Methods for Evaluating Environmental Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis,
usually referred to as the Environmental Panel, was added in 1972 and will
not be scheduled for formal review before 1977.
Also, a schedule submitted by the Subcommittee on Program Review and
Planning for the preparation of a Second Five Year Report was accepted by
the Joint Committee. According to the schedule a final draft of the report
will be ready for consideration by the Joint Committee at its October 1975
meeting. Publication of this document should follow shortly thereafter.
A decision was made to initiate the next cycle of panel reviews in 1975.
As was done previously, two panels will be formally reviewed annually.
Since the Leprosy and Parasitic Diseases Panels initiated the first cycle
of reviews, they were chosen again to lead-off the second round of reviews.
Plans were formulated for the next meeting of the Joint Subcommittee on
Program Review and Planning to be held early in 1975.
Research Highlights of the Past Year
Cholera
During the past several years one of the major efforts of the Cholera
Panel has been to provide support and guidance in the development of a cholera
toxoid. This has culminated in the production and preliminary testing in
man of a sufficient amount of a highly purified toxoid to conduct a controlled
field trial in about 90,000 persons in Bangladesh in the autumn of 1974.
This toxoid was inactivated with glutaraldehyde and is capable of producing
circulating antitoxin levels similar in magnitude and duration to that seen
in naturally occurring cholera.
The trial in Bangladesh has been designed to answer the question: Can
antitoxic immunity induced by the parenteral route provide significant
protection against cholera at natural exposure levels in an endemic area?
The results of this first trial will provide the basis for future studies
aimed at developing the most effective and long-lasting immunogen against
cholera. Continuing studies on antibacterial immunity suggest that the
optimum vaccine will contain both bacterial cell and toxoid components.
The effects of cholera enterotoxin on adrenal tumor and Chinese hamster
ovary cells in culture have provided additional models for the study of the
3
mode of action of the toxin at the molecular and cellular level, as well as
practical tools for the measurement of toxin and antitoxin.
Studies on local immunity in dogs have indicated that both local and
systemic administration of toxoid may play specific and significant roles
in evoking resistance to cholera, and point to the need for study of the
response to orally administered toxoid in man.
The enterotoxins of Escherichia coli have received increasing attention
and it is clear that the heat-labile toxin is very similar both pharmacologically
and immunologically to cholera enterotoxin. Accumulating data suggest that
enterotoxinogenic strains of E. coli may play a greater role in provoking
acute diarrheal disease than previously realized. Methods for detection and
measurement of E. coli enterotoxins are less satisfactory than are those
used for cholera enterotoxin, but a rabbit skin assay similar to that used
for cholera enterotoxin was developed during the past year and this assay
holds promise of simplifying the work of the future. The role of heat-stable
enterotoxin in human disease is still unclear. To enhance our understanding
in this area, epidemiologic studies have been initiated to determine the
frequency and significance of diarrheal disease associated with enterotoxin-
ogenic E. coli in two selected communities in the United States.
Panel on Methods for Evaluating Environmental Mutagenesis
and Carcinogenesis (Environmental Panel)
This year the Environmental Program initiated a substantive research effort
to develop and to validate selected bioassay systems. A systematic study
is being made of the dominant lethal method and of the tests for the induction
of chromosomal damage to determine if these methods are really diagnostic
for detecting transmissible genetic damage in the form of gene mutations and
viable translocations. Dominant lethal mutations consist in part of open
chromosome breaks and in part of a symmetrical exchange. In drosophila,
where both of these types of damage can be measured as well as heritable
translocations and gene mutations, the frequencies with which different
categories of genetic damage are induced in a variety of germ cell stages by
representative chemical mutagens are being compared. The outcome of these
investigations will be of value in determining whether the results of the
dominant lethal test have more general validity.
Research is underway to develop a new mouse strain to maximize the sensitivity
of a point mutation assay. The sensitivity of a point mutational assay
system is directly related to the number of loci that can be tested in each
individual. In the present experimental mouse strains (DBA/2J or C57BL/6J)
nine loci, which control the electrophoretic mobility of various enzymes,
can be sampled. In other mouse strains which have been studied, 13
additional electrophoretic variants have been identified. Initial crosses
of these mutants to the C57BL/6J have been studied with the ultimate aim
of developing a new strain homozygous with C57BL/6J.
Another research effort is directed toward developing a system to detect
recessive lethal mutations in mice. The object is to develop strains of mice
carrying inversions which can be used to assay for gene mutations in the
chromosome regions which they cover.
4
To assist in monitoring the human population, three assay systems are
being developed: (1) a simple assay on human red blood cells to detect
fetal hemoglobin believed to be the result of mutation; (2) adaptation of
the Tradescantia test system to chemical and environmental studies; (3)
the utilization of diploid human fibroblasts in tissue culture to assay
for gene mutations at the HGPRT and AGPRT loci.
The Environmental Mutagen Information Center continues to review the current
literature and all published reports on tests for chemical mutagenesis and
incorporates pertinent information in its bibliographic files. Keywording
with respect to agent, test organism and test object and a summary table of
the data are included in the data bank.
In collaboration with the Parasitic Diseases Panel, research results on
the mutagenic activity of hycanthone and lucanthone and structurally related
derivatives in diploid yeast were discussed at the Joint Workshop on
"Long-term Toxicity of Antischistosomal Agents." Preliminary studies
provide confirmation that some of the structural analogs of hycanthone have
high anti-schistosomal activity but lower mutagenic activity. It is antici-
pated that these encouraging results will lend support and additional impetus
to expanding the development and testing of this class of analogs for control
of schistosomiasis.
In December 1974, an important workshop on the Mutagenicity of Chemical
Carcinogens was held jointly with Japanese and American scientists. Data
from different laboratories were compared and recommendations regarding the
various pre-screen tests were made. From the data made available at this
workshop, summary tables were compiled of the combined mutagenicity screens
with Salmonella, Yeast, and Pol A(-) E. coli. These were made available
to investigators in the field.
Leprosy
During the past year, U.S. leprosy scientists attended the Ninth Inter-
national Leprosy Congress in Bergen, Norway, which marked the Centennial
of Dr. Hansen's discovery of the causative agent of leprosy, Mycobacterium
leprae. This important scientific meeting provided the basis for leading
scientists in the field to exchange new information on a variety of research
topics including cultivation, immunology, pharmacology, chemotherapy and
epidemiologic control measures. In addition, this international conference
provided a stimulus for dedicated worldwide investigators to apply new
research techniques for conquering this serious infectious disease.
Investigators at Carville, La. have reported on a pilot study with Transfer
Factor (TF), prepared from 7 X 10 lymphocytes. Three lepromatous patients
were treated with 36 divided doses over a 12-week period with no apparent
harmful side-effects. The bacteriologic index and clinical condition
appeared to improve for each patient during the period of therapy. Following
these promising results, the U.S. Leprosy Panel has formulated plans to
expand this type of clinical trial with pooled Transfer Factor prepared
from donors who demonstrate a positive skin test to M. leprae antigens.
Immunologic studies have confirmed that many lepromatous patients have
generalized depression of T-cell function. Preliminary evidence suggests,
5
however, that the deficit in T-cell function is not primary in origin but
instead may be secondary to the disease process itself and associated with
the heavy antigenic load chronically present. This is clearly a relationship
that requires further investigation.
Based on the experience in a long-term chemotherapy trial in New Guinea,
it now appears that acedapsone therapy (approximately five injections per
year) is adequate for paucibacillary leprosy infection, and that acedapsone
therapy plus 90 days of daily treatment with rifampin will be adequate for
multibacillary leprosy.
Investigations continue with experimental leprosy in the armadillo animal
model. Recently, young armadillos less that 1 1/2 years old have been
inoculated with M. leprae and 15 of 24 (62%) found positive for acid-fast
bacilli 14 months after inoculation. It is anticipated that the intravenous
inoculation of young armadillos will result in a high proportion of heavy
infections.
Malnutrition
Among the various highlights of the past year was the contract support for
a scientific conference January 1974, at Guatemala City entitled, "The
Latent Effects of Malnutrition and Infection During Pregnancy as Determinant
of Growth and Development of the Child." Participants focused attention
on malnutrition during pregnancy with discussions of placental function with
emphasis on dietary intake, types of dietary supplements and the optimal
time for supplementation of the mother so that effective transplacental
transfer mechanisms could effect the optimal response. In addition, the
biochemical, metabolic and physiologic consequences of cell damage by
microorganisms were discussed. The difficulties and methods of diagnosing
intrauterine infection were also stressed. Consideration was also given to
the significance of asymptomatic bacterial infections during pregnancy which
influence low birth weight. Attention was also given to the long lasting
implications of low birth weight in respect to survival and growth of the child
as well as to psychomotor development. Final edited material from this
conference will be prepared for publication and disseminated to the scientific
community.
During the past year, the "Food Composition Table For Use in East Asia"
was completed and published. This comprehensive reference provides valuable
information concerning numerous studies on the subject and will be extremely
useful in the evaluation of Asian dietary consumption and in the assessment
of the nutritional status of the population in the various countries of
East Asia.
Investigators at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, have demonstrated
bladder stone disease in children is a major health problem. In Thailand,
the prevalence rate is 12 per 1000 population in rural areas of the North
and Northeast regions.
Evidence accumulated in Thailand over the past several years supports the
concept of a nutritional etiology of bladder stone disease. It appears that
phosphate deficiency, high oxalate intake, protein malnutrition and possibly
other factors are important in stone formation. Infants and children in
endemic stone areas show very low levels of phosphate excretion, somewhat
6
high levels of urinary oxalate and also oxalcyrstalluria. Administration
of orthophosphate salts to these subjects dramatically reduces the occurrence
of oxalcrystalluria.
In a collaborative study conducted at Chiang Mai, Thailand, the importance
of infection in the morbidity and mortality associated with protein-calorie
malnutrition has been well established. In 200 children, 1 to 4 years of age,
with second and third degree malnutrition, 69 per cent were discovered to
have potentially life threatening infections which included diarrheas of
bacterial and viral origin, pneumonia, otitis media, gastrointestinal infections,
and skin infections. Thirty percent had sepsis, mostly of gram negative
origin associated with detectable amounts of endotoxin in the plasma. It was
discovered, furthermore, that children with severe protein-calorie malnutrition
have an enhanced incidence of hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) which
suggested a defect in cell-mediated immunity. Skin testing with nitro-
fluorobenzene, monilia and streptokinase-antigens also revealed a defect
in cell-mediated immunity in these children which was corrected by improved
nutrition. It was also found that blast cell transformation of lymphocytes
stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and thymidine uptake was also reduced
as additional evidence of alterations in the T-cell system in these children.
Parasitic Diseases
Schistosomiasis
A cell line of the snail host of S. mansoni was developed and by the end
of 1974, was in the 47th serial subculture. The conditions for maintaining
these cultures have been defined and are currently being described for
publication. Preliminary use of this cell line in the culture of schistosome
parasites has begun.
Studies on the mechanism of immune response have been expanded during the
past year. It was shown that T- 1ymphocyte depletion prevented the develop-
ment of anti-schistosomal egg antigen (SEA) cell-mediated immune response
and anti-SEA reaginic antibody. Other studies have been initiated to help
elucidate the function of the eosinophil in the destruction and elimination
of schistosomal eggs from the body.
Suppression of schistosome granuloma formation was brought about experimentally
by cholera toxin, by diabetes and by toxoplasmosis.
A series of studies on the effects of a nitrovinylfuran compound on
Schistosoma japonicum in chimpanzees showed that treatment with this drug
had a pronounced effect on diminishing the extent of colonic lesions and
on lessening the degree of schistosomal nephropathy.
Filariasis
Work on experimental models of human filariasis continue to corroborate
the finding that the gerbil is the most useful rodent host for studies with
1ymphatic-dwelling filarial worms. Basic data have been obtained on the
factors underlying the susceptibility of male gerbils to infection. For the
first time, W. bancrofti, the human filarial parasite, has been introduced
into primates with the production of microfilariae.
7
Biochemical studies have included a comparison of the metabolism of L.
carinii, D. witei and B. pahangi. D. witei and B. pahangi survive
anaerobically for extended periods of time, whereas, L. carinii loses
motility rapidly in the absence of air. This may explain the ineffectiveness
of cyanines in human infection. It has also been found that stibophen
inhibits phosphofructokinase of all three species of filarids, but not
that of the host. Incubation of microfilarial in immune serum with radio-
active diethylcarbamazine resulted in a three-fold increase in drug uptake.
Immunization of dogs with a single subcutaneous dose of gamma-irradiated
infective third-stage larval of Brugia pahangi resulted in a substantial
degree of protective immunity against homologous challenge infections.
Ninety carefully selected compounds were tested for chemotherapeutic
and/or chemoprophylactic activity against filariae infection. The Brugia
pahangi - gerbil system seems promising as a small animal model for
evaluating filariasis chemotherapy.
Tuberculosis
The research sponsored this year by the Tuberculosis Program was again
focused on the immunological aspects of tuberculosis. Through several
service contracts, highly characterized and standardized mycobacterial
materials were made available to qualified scientists in tuberculosis and
related fields. The materials included reference strains and antisera
for 24 serotypes of the M. avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex, 159
mycobacterial cultures, PPD, and a standard immunoelectrophoretic reference
system.
An unheated mycobacterial culture filtrate preparation was fractionated
by gradient acrylamide gel electrophoresis (GAGE) and by ion exchange and
molecular exclusion chromatography. The isolated antigenic fractions obtained
by these two methods are now being studied by in vivo and in vitro test
systems to determine the immunologically important and biologically reactive
fractions. It is planned that the experience and information gained from
this study will be utilized subsequently for a contractual effort to isolate
and characterize bacillary antigens in the cell extract preparation.
Because of the great demand for the immunoelectrophoretic reference system
for antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the original supply of antigen
and antiserum were depleted. A new supply was produced this year and the
relationship of the new materials to the original system was established.
The reference kits are again available for distribution.
Research was initiated to systematically study mycobacterial antigens
obtained using various cell disruption techniques. Virulent human tubercle
bacilli were disrupted by several sonication and pressure cell regimens and
the protoplasmic constituents of these preparations were compared. The
result of the chemical, physiocochemical, and biological comparisons of the
cell extracts prepared by sonic or pressure-cell disruption indicated that
sonication for 15 minutes was the most suitable method when judged on the
basis of antigen yield and ease of preparation.
8
The monkey model for studying aerosol BCG vaccination with aerosol challenge
was investigated further. It was shown that the protection of aerosol BCG
vaccination is dose dependent; i.e., 10⁵ organisms gave a greater degree of
protection than either 10³ or 10⁴ organisms. There was some concern that
repeated vaccination via the aerosol route might elicit a type of hyper-
sensitivity reaction in the host. Therefore, guinea pigs, an excellent
model for exploring such a response, were sensitized and vaccinated with
aerosolized BCG organisms. No adverse effects were observed even in animals
highly reactive to PPD.
An association between the lymphokines of delayed hypersensitivity and cell
mediated immunity has been indicated in vivo. Immunization of mice with a
lipid (P3) and a protein (PPD) from M. bovis strain BCG produces lymphokines,
such as migration inhibition factor (M.I.F.) and type II interferon, and
cell-mediated immunity to aerosol challenge with the virulent strain H37Rv.
Only those components of BCG cells that induce lymphokines simultaneously
induce cell-mediated immunity to tuberculosis, and those routes of inoculation
of vaccine that produce maximum quantities of lymphokines also produce
protection against infection and also prevent the growth of mouse sarcoma.
These developments and newer concepts in lymphokine research were discussed
at a special workshop conducted in November 1974. Priority areas for future
research were outlined at this very successful and productive workshop.
Advances in the basic immunology of the mycobacterioses were seen. Improved
methods of studying the blastogenic response of human leukocytes has made
it possible to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the immunologic
status of individuals. The role in cellular immunity of macrophages, B
and T lymphocytes, soluble mediators, surface antigens, and a battery of
enzymes are being clarified by continuing research.
Viral Diseases
Rabies
Work has continued on the isolation and characterization of the protective
antigens of rabies virus. Guanidine extraction has been shown to result in
products of low immunogenicity. In contrast, Triton, a non-ionic detergent,
has been found to yield a high titer product. The results demonstrated that
dissociation of virus particles did not inactivate the protective antigen
and that the solubilized antigen was an effective immunogen.
Also being developed are improved methods for the inactivation of rabies
virus without significant loss of immunogenicity. Twelve consecutive 10
liter lots of rabies virus have now been inactivated by betapropiolactone
at a concentration of 0.025%. No residual live virus has been found in any
of these lots as measured by the sensitive rabies virus amplification
procedure.
An in vitro test for the evaluation of the potency of rabies vaccines
by the stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes was elaborated. Several
vaccine preparations of tissue culture origin were tested and compared with
several preparations of the standard NIH vaccine. Results indicate that a
reasonable degree of correlation can be obtained between the potency measured
in experimental animals and that measured by in vitro procedures.
9
Dengue
Studies are being directed at determining whether susceptibility of
mosquitoes to dengue viruses is genetically controlled. The infection in
the mosquito is also being studied quantitatively. Of 11 different
geographical strains of Aedes albopictus which have been screened for
susceptibility to dengue viruses, 2 consistently showed lower infection
rates and 1 strain showed a higher rate than the others.
In a study of the ecology of dengue viruses in Malaysia, an area of
undisturbed primary rain forest was chosen as the site of investigation.
Serological conversions for dengue were detected in three leaf monkeys in
the high canopy at about 75 feet above ground. The results have established
that enzootic dengue occurs in the high canopy of the study area. A search
continues for the proven forest vector.
Attempts are being made to develop temperature-sensitive mutants of
dengue viruses as potential seed material for live attenuated vaccines
for human use. Of several hundred clones (after ten passages) analyzed,
8 were found to be temperature sensitive.
Pathological studies of dengue infections have involved the development
of quantitative techniques for the detection of viremia, techniques for
purification of type-specific viral antigens and antibodies for specificity
studies, and the physico-chemical characterization of viral antibody complexes.
U.S. DELEGATION
Dr. Ivan L. Bennett, Jr., Chairman (1972--, Member 1967-1972),
Provost of the Medical Center, Dean of the Medical School,
New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
Dr. William R. Barclay (1974--), Assistant Executive Vice President,
American Medical Association, 535 N. Dearborn Street,
Chicago, Illinois 60610
Dr. Charles C.J. Carpenter, Jr. (1972--), Chief of Medicine,
University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
Dr. Leighton E. Cluff (1971--), Professor and Chairman, Department
of Medicine, University of Florida, School of Medicine,
Gainesville, Florida 32601
Dr. Edwin H. Lennette (1970--), Chief, Biomedical Laboratories,
California Department of Health, 2151 Berkeley Way,
Berkeley, California 94704
Dr. James V. Neel (1971--), Lee R. Dice University Professor and
Chairman, Department of Genetics, University of Michigan, School
of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Dr. Nevin S. Scrimshaw (1974--), Professor and Head, Department
of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Dr. Robert S. Stone (1973--), Director, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
10
Dr. Theodore E. Woodward (1965--), Professor and Chairman,
Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
U.S. Secretariat--Dr. Mark S. Beaubien (1973--), Science Officer,
Bureau of International Scientific and Technological Affairs,
Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520
MEMBERS WHO RESIGNED IN 1974
Dr. Gustave J. Dammin (1972-1974), Friedman Professor of Pathology
and Pathologist-in-Chief, Harvard Medical School-Peter Bent
Brigham Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Mr. Herman Pollack (1965-1974), Director, Bureau of International
Scientific and Technological Affairs, Department of State,
Washington, D.C. 20520
JAPANESE DELEGATION
Dr. Toshio Kurokawa, Chairman (1965--), Director, Cancer Institute
Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Tatsuro Iwasaki (1965--), Director, Research Institute, Japan
Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Shunichi Kakurai (1972--), Director-General, Public Health
Bureau, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
Mr. Saburo Kasagi (1974--), Counselor, Bureau of Higher Education
and Science Bureau, Ministry of Education, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Yasugi Katsuki (1974--), Professor Emeritus, Tokyo Medical
and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
Mr. Yoshio Ogawara (1974--), American Affairs Bureau, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Manabu Sasa (1974--), Director, Institute of Medical Science,
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Takemune Soda (1968--), Advisor, Institute of Public Health,
Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Norio Suwa (1974--), Director of Medical Department of
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Dr. Ken Yanagisawa (1971--), Director, National Institute of Health,
Tokyo, Japan
RETIRING MEMBERS
Dr. Shuji Hasegawa (1965-1974), Professor Emeritus, University of
Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Ko Hirasawa (1968-1974), Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University,
Kyoto, Japan
Mr. Tadashi Inumaru (1971-1974), Councilor, Higher Education and
Science Bureau, Ministry of Education, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Shigeo Okinaka (1968-1974), Director, Toranomon Hospital,
Tokyo, Japan
11
U.S. SECRETARIAT
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID);
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Director, NIAID: Dorland J. Davis, M.D.
Associate Director, NIAID: Howard A. Minners, M.D.
Chief, Geographic Medicine Branch and
Head, U.S. -Japan Program: Earl S. Beck, Ph.D.
Administrative Officer: Mrs. Marilyn M. Page
Administrative Assistant: Mrs. Beatrice B. Benson
I. Secretariat for the U.S. Cholera, Leprosy, Parasitic
Diseases, Tuberculosis and Viral Diseases Panels:
Cholera Program Officer: Carl E. Miller, D.V.M.
Leprosy Program Officer: Richard E. Horton, M.D., M.P.H.
Parasitic Diseases Program Officer: Kenneth 0. Phifer, Sc.D.
Tuberculosis Program Officer: Paul D. Lambert, V.M.D., Ph.D.
Viral Diseases Program Officer: Kenneth 0. Phifer, Sc.D.
II. Secretariat for the Malnutrition Panel:
Director, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism
and Digestive Diseases (NIAMDD): G. Donald Whedon, M.D.
Associate Director for Program Analysis and
Scientific Communication (NIAMDD): Benjamin T. Burton, Ph.D.
Malnutrition Program Officer (NIAMDD): Karl E. Mason, Ph.D.
Assistant Malnutrition Program Officer (NIAID):
Richard E. Horton, M.D., M.P.H.
III. Secretariat for the U.S. Environmental Panel:
Director, National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences (NIEHS) David P. Rall, M.D., Ph.D.
Environmental Diseases Program Officer:
Paul D. Lambert, V.M.D., Ph.D., (NIAID)
PANEL MEMBERS
U.S. Cholera Panel
Dr. John Craig, Chairman (1972--, Member 1970-1972), Professor of
Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York,
Brooklyn, New York 11203
Dr. Abram S. Benenson (1973--), Chairman, Department of Community
Medicine, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine,
Lexington, Kentucky 40506
Dr. M. Carolyn Hardegree (1974--), Director, Bacterial Toxin Branch,
Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Dr. Nathaniel F. Pierce (1972--), Associate Professor of Medicine,
Baltimore City Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
12
Members Whose Term Expired in 1974
Dr. Sherwood L. Gorbach (1971-1974), Chief, Department of Infectious
Diseases, Sepulveda Veterans' Administration Hospital,
Sepulveda, California 91343
Dr. Stephen H. Richardson (1969-1974), Professor, Department of
Microbiology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem,
North Carolina 27103
Japanese Cholera Panel
Dr. Hideo Fukumi, Chairman (1965--), Director, Department of
Bacteriology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Osam Kitamoto (1965--), Professor, University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Shogo Kuwahara (1965--), Professor of Microbiology, Toho
University Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Shogo Sasaki (1970--), Professor of Bacteriology, Keio
University Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Kenji Takeya (1965--), Professor of Bacteriology, Kyushu
University Medical School, Fukuoka, Japan
U.S. Environmental Panel
Dr. Frederick J. deSerres, Chairman (1972--), Chief, Mutagenesis
Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709
Dr. Harry V. Gelboin (1974--), Chief, Chemistry Branch, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Dr. Robert W. Miller (1972--), Chief, Epidemiology Branch, National
Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Dr. Arno Motulsky (1972--), Professor of Medicine and Genetics, Division
of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, School of Medicine,
Seattle, Washington 98105
Dr. Norton Nelson (1972--), Professor and Chairman, Institute of
Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center,
New York, New York 10016
Member Whose Term Expired in 1974
Dr. Warren W. Nichols (1972-1974), Head, Department of Cytogenetics,
Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey 08103
Japanese Environmental Panel
Dr. Tadashi Yamamoto, Chairman (1972--), Department of Oncology,
The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan
13
Dr. Takashi Fuji (1972--), Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University,
Shizuoka-ken, Japan
Dr. Takashi Sugimura (1972--), National Cancer Center Research
Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Takeo Suzuki (1972--), Director, Division of Occupational
Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Yataro Tazima (1972--), National Institute of Genetics,
Yata, Misima, Sizuoka-ken, Japan
U.S. Leprosy Panel
Dr. Charles C. Shepard, Chairman (1965--), Chief, Leprosy and
Rickettsial Diseases Unit, Center for Disease Control,
Atlanta, Georgia 30333
Dr. Ward E. Bullock (1972--), Associate Professor and Director,
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky 40506
Dr. Robert R. Jacobson (1973--), Chief, Medical Department, U.S.
Public Health Service Hospital, Carville, Louisiana 70721
Dr. Norman E. Morrison (1974--), Associate Professor of Pathobiology,
Leprosy Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins-Leonard Wood Memorial,
Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Dr. Russell S. Weiser (1971--), Professor of Immunology, Department
of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Member Whose Term Expired in 1974
Dr. Louis Levy (1970-1974), Chief, Leprosy Research Unit,
U.S.P.H.S. Hospital, San Francisco, California 94118
Japanese Leprosy Panel
Dr. Masahi Namba, Chairman, (1974--, Member 1965-1974), Chief,
Medical Affairs Department, National Leprosarium, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Masahide Abe (1970--), Director, Second Research Unit, National
Institute for Leprosy Research, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Tonetaro Ito (1974--), Professor, Department of Leprology,
Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University,
Osaka, Japan
Dr. Masahiro Nakamura (1973--), Professor of Bacteriology,
Kukume University, School of Medicine, Asahi-cho,
Kurume-shi, Japan
Dr. Mitsugu Nishiura (1965--), Director, Special Dermatological
Laboratory, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Member Whose Term Expired in 1974
Dr. Yoshio Yoshie, Chairman (1965-1974), Director, Tama National
Institute of Leprosy Research, Tokyo, Japan
14
U.S. Malnutrition Panel
Dr. David B. Coursin, Chairman (1974--, Member 1967-1974), Director
of Research, St. Joseph Hospital, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604
Dr. Josef F. Brozek (1973--), Professor of Psychology, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18001
Dr. Sheldon Margen (1971--), Chairman, Department of Nutritional
Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
Dr. John F. Mueller (1969--), Chief of Medicine, St. Luke's Hospital,
Denver, Colorado 80203
Dr. Barbara Underwood (1974--), Associate Professor of Nutrition,
College of Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Member Whose Term Expired in 1974
Dr. Nevin S. Scrimshaw, Chairman (1965-1974), Professor and Head,
Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Japanese Malnutrition Panel
Dr. Norio Shimazono, Chairman (1966--), Professor, Department of
Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical College, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Masao Arakawa (1966--), Professor, Department of Pediatrics,
Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
Dr. Ichiro Nakagawa (1966--), Chief, Department of Nutrition,
Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Toshio Oiso (1966--), Director, National Institute of Nutrition,
Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Hisato Yoshimura (1966--), Professor, Kyoto Prefectural
University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
U.S. Parasitic Diseases Panel
Dr. Franz von Lichtenberg, Chairman (1973--, Member, 1971-1973),
Professor of Pathology, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts 02995
Dr. Lawrence R. Ash (1972--), Associate Professor, Division of
Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of California,
Los Angeles, California 90024
Dr. Paul F. Basch (1974--), Associate Professor, Department of
Community and Preventive Medicine, Stanford University, School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
Dr. Julian J. Jaffee (1971--), Professor of Pharmacology, University
of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05401
Dr. Thomas C. Orihel (1974--), Professor and Director, Tropical Medicine
and Parasitology, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans,
Louisiana 70012
15
Member Deceased in April 1974
Dr. Guillermo Pacheco (1973-1974), Research Zoologist, Laboratory of
Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Member Whose Term Expired in 1974
Dr. Eli Chernin (1970-1974), Professor, Department of Tropical Public
Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Japanese Parasitic Diseases Panel
Dr. Muneo Yokogawa, Chairman (1971--, Member 1965-1971), Professor,
Department of Parasitic Diseases, Chiba University School of
Medicine, Chiba, Japan
Dr. S. Hayashi (1974--), Professor of Parasitology, Yokohama
City University, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Seito Inatomi (1972--), Department of Parasitology, Okayama
Medical School, Okayama, Japan
Dr. Tasushi Ishizaki (1968--), Chief, Department of Parasitology,
National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Daisuke Katamine (1965--), Professor, Institute for Tropical
Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
Member Whose Term Expired in 1974
Dr. Manabu Sasa (Chairman 1968-1971, Member 1971-1974), Director,
Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
U.S. Tuberculosis Panel
Dr. Edgar E. Ribi, Chairman (1974--, Member 1965-1973), Chief,
Molecular Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton,
Montana 59840
Dr. Bernard W. Janicki (1969--), Assistant Chief, Allergy and
Inmunology Branch, Extramural Programs, National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Dr. John E. Kasik (1970--), Associate Professor of Research,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Dr. Emanuel Wolinsky (1969--), Professor of Medicine, Metropolitan
General Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio 44109
Dr. Samuel B. Salvin (1973--), Professor of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
16
Member Whose Term Expired in 1974
Dr. William R. Barclay, Chairman (1969-1974, Member 1965-1969),
Assistant Executive Vice President, American Medical Association,
Chicago, Illinois 60610
Japanese Tuberculosis Panel
Dr. Shigeichi Sunahara, Chairman (1968--), Director, Tokyo
National Chest Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Toyoho Murohashi (1965--), Chief, Department of Tuberculosis,
National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Shiro Someya (1969--), Vice-Director, Institute of Public
Health, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Tadao Shimao (1968--), Vice-Director, Research Institute of
Tuberculosis, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Masahiko Kato (1969--), National Sanitorium, Toneyama
Hospital, Osaka, Japan
U.S. Viral Diseases Panel
Dr. Robert E. Shope, Chairman (1974--, Member 1973-1974), Director,
Yale Arbovirus Research Unit, Associate Professor of Epidemiology,
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Dr. George Baer (1974--), Chief, Laboratory Investigation Unit,
Center for Disease Control, Lawrenceville, Georgia 30245
Dr. Thomas Monath (1974--), Chief, Vector Borne Diseases Division,
Center for Disease Control, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
Dr. William F. Scherer (1974--), Professor and Chairman, Department
of Microbiology, Cornell University Medical College, New York,
New York 10021
Dr. Alexis Shelokov (1971--), Chairman, Department of Microbiology,
University of Texas Medical School, San Antonio, Texas 78229
Members Whose Term Expired in 1974
Dr. Fred M. Davenport, Chairman (1969-1974), Chairman, Department
of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
Dr. Gordon Meiklejohn (1970-1974), Head, Department of Medicine,
University of Colorado, Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80220
Dr. Leon Rosen (1969-1974), Head, Pacific Research Section, NIAID,
National Institutes of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
Japanese Viral Diseases Panel
Dr. Minoru Matsumoto, Chairman (1974--, Member 1972-1974), Professor,
The Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
17
Dr. Nakao Ishida (1967--), Professor, Department of Bacteriology,
Tohoku University, School of Medicine, Tohoku, Japan
Dr. Juntaro Kamahora (1967--), President, Osaka University,
Osaka, Japan
Dr. Reisaku Kono (1971--), Director, Central Virus Diagnostic
Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Toshiomi O'Kuno (1974--), Professor, Research Institute for
Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Member Whose Term Expired in 1974,
Dr. Masatsugi Kanamitsu, Chairman (1970-1974), Professor, Department
of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Sapporo Medical College, Sapporo, Japan
18
CALENDAR YEAR 1974
Date
Research Conferences and Workshops
Delegation & Committee Meetings
January 10-12, 1974
Latent Effects of Malnutrition and
Infection During Pregnancy, Malnutrition
)
Panel, Guatemala City, Guatemala
Janaury 24-25, 1974
Joint Subcommittee Meeting on
Program Review and Planning,
Honolulu, Hawaii
May 1-3, 1974
Long-Term Toxicity of Antischistosomial
Drugs, Joint Environmental and Parasitic
Diseases Panels, Bethesda, Maryland
June 19, 1974
U.S. Delegation Meeting,
Washington, D.C.
August 5-7, 1974
Joint Viral Diseases Panel Conference,
Tokyo, Japan
19
August 6-7, 1974
Joint Environmental Panel Conference,
Tokyo, Japan
August 8-9, 1974
United States-Japan Joint
Committee Meeting, Tokyo, Japan
August 17-19, 1974
Joint Parasitic Diseases Panel
Conference, Unzen, Japan
September 25-27, 1974
Joint Tuberculosis Panel Conference,
)
Kyoto, Japan
October 14-16, 1974
Joint Cholera Panel Conference
Kyoto, Japan
October 16-18, 1974
Joint Leprosy Panel Conference,
Kyoto, Japan
Date
Research Conferences and Workshops
Delegation & Committee Meetings
October 28-30, 1974
Joint Malnutrition Panel Conference,
Mt. Fuji, Japan
) November 14-15, 1974
The Role of Lymphokine Mediators in
Immunity to Tuberculosis and Related
Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
December 4, 1974
Rabies Workshop, Bethesda, Maryland
December 9-11, 1974
Joint Workshop on the Mutagenicity
of Chemical Carcinogens, Honolulu, Hawaii
20
)