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Digitized from Box 13 of the White House Press Releases at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
[7-25-75]
KONFERENZ ÜDER SIGNERMENT
UND ZUSAMMENARBEIT IN EUROPA
C
SCHLUSSAKTE
CONFERENCE ON SECURITY
AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE
FINAL ACT
CONFERENCIA SOBRE LA SEGURIDAD
Y LA COOPERACIÓN EN EUROPA
ACTA FINAL
CONFÉRENCE SUR LA SÉCURITÉ
ET LA COOPÉRATION EN EUROPE
ACTE FINAL
CONFERENZA SULLA SICUREZZA
E LA COOPERAZIONE IN EUROPA
ATTO FINALE
СОВЕЩАНИЕ ПО БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ
И СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВУ B ЕВРОПЕ
ЗАКШОЧНТЕЛЬНЫЙ AKT
Helsinki 1975
Original is low quality photocopy. Best scan possible.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Subject
Page
Final Act
1
Questions Relating to Security
in Europe
2
Cooperation in the Fields of Economics,
of Science and Technology and of
the Environment
23
Questions Relating to Security and
Co-operation in the Mediterranean
57
Co-operation in Humanitarian and
Other Fields
60
Follow-up to the Conference
94
Concluding Clauses and Signatures
96
FINAL ACT
The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe,
which opened at Helsinki on 3 July 1973 and continued at Geneva
21
from 18 September 1973 to 1975, was concluded at Helsinki
1
August
on
1975 by the High Representatives of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland,
France, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of
Germany, Greece, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Yugoslavia.
During the opening and closing stages of the Conference the
participants were addressed by the Secretary-General of the
United Nations as their guest of honour. The Director-General
of UNESCO and the Executive Secretary of the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe addressed the Conference during
its second stage.
During the meetings of the second stage of the Conference,
contributions were received, and statements heard, from the
following non-participating Mediterranean States on various
agenda items:
The Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, the
Arab Republic of Egypt, Israel, the Kingdom of Morocco,
the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia.
Motivated by the political will, in the interest of peoples,
to improve and intensify their relations and to contribute in
Europe to peace, security, justice and co-operation as well as
to rapprochement among themselves and with the other States of
the world;
Determined, in consequence, to give full effect to the
results of the Conference and to assure, among their States
and throughout Europe, the benefits deriving from those results
and thus to broaden, deepen and make continuing and lasting the
process of détente;
The High Representatives of the participating States
have solemnly adopted the following:
QUESTIONS RELATING TO SECURITY IN EUROPE
2
The States participating in the Conference on Security
and Co-operation in Europe,
Reaffirming their objective of promoting better relations
among themselves and ensuring conditions in which their
people can live in true and lasting peace free from any threat
to or attempt against their security;
Convinced of the need to exert efforts to make detente
both a continuing and an increasingly viable and comprehensive
process, universal in scope, and that the implementation of
the results of the Conference on Security and Co-operation
in Europe will be a major contribution to this process;
Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as
the common purpose of the participating States in achieving
the aims as set forth by the Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe, should lead to the development of
better and closer relations among them in all fields and
thus to overcoming the confrontation stemming from the
character of their past relations, and to better mutual
understanding;
Mindful of their common history and recognizing that
the existence of elements common to their traditions and
values can assist them in developing their relations, and
desiring to search, fully taking into account the individuality
and diversity of their positions and views, for possibilities
of joining their efforts with a view to overcoming distrust
and increasing confidence, solving the problems that separate
them and co-operating in the interest of mankind;
Recognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe
as well as their common interest in the development of
co-operation throughout Europe and among themselves and
expressing their intention to pursue efforts accordingly;
Recognizing the close link between peace and security
in Europe and in the world as a whole and conscious of the
need for each of them to make its contribution to the
3
strengthening of world peace and security and to the
promotion of fundamental rights, economic and social progress
and well-being for all peoples;
Have adopted the following:
1.
a)
Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between
Participating States
The participating States,
Reaffirming their commitment to peace, security and
justice and the continuing development of friendly relations
and co-operation;
Recognizing that this commitment, which reflects the
interest and aspirations of peoples, constitutes for each
participating State a present and future responsibility,
heightened by experience of the past;
Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the
United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and
principles of the United Nations, their full and active
support for the United Nations and for the enhancement of
its role and effectiveness in strengthening international
peace, security and justice, and in promoting the solution
of international problems, as well as the development of
friendly relations and co-operation among States;
Expressing their common adherence to the principles
which are set forth below and are in conformity with the
Charter of the United Nations, as well as their common will
to act, in the application of these principles, in conformity
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the
United Nations;
Declare their determination to respect and put into
practice, each of them in its relations with all other
participating States, irrespective of their political, economic
or social systems as well as of their size, geographical
location or level of economic development, the following
principles, which all are of primary significance, guiding
their mutual relations:
4
I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights
inherent in sovereignty
The participating States will respect each other's
sovereign equality and individuality as well as all the rights
inherent in and encompassed by its sovereignty, including in
particular the right of every State to juridical equality,
to territorial integrity and to freedom and political
independence. They will also respect each other's right
freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic
and cultural systems as well as its right to determine its
laws and regulations.
Within the framework of international law, all the
participating States have equal rights and duties. They
will respect each other's right to define and conduct as it
wishes its relations with other States in accordance with
international law and in the spirit of the present Declaration.
They consider that their frontiers can be changed, in
accordance with international law, by peaceful means and by
agreement. They also have the right to belong or not to
belong to international organizations, to be or not to be a
party to bilateral or. multilateral treaties including the
right to be or not to be a party to treaties of alliance;
they also have the right to neutrality.
5
II. Refraining from the threat or use of force
The participating States will refrain in their mutual
relations, as well as in their international relations in
general, from the threat or use of force against the
territorial integrity or political independence of any State,
or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of
the United Nations and with the present Declaration. No
consideration may be invoked to serve to warrant resort
to the threat or use of force in contravention of this
principle,
Accordingly, the participating States will refrain
from any acts constituting a threat of force or direct or
indirect use of force against another participating State.
Likewise they will refrain from any manifestation of force
for the purpose of inducing another participating State to
renounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights. Likewise
they will also refrain in their mutual relations from any
act of reprisal by force.
No such threat or use of force will be employed as
a means of settling disputes, or questions likely to give
rise to disputes, between them.
6
III. Inviolability of frontiers
The participating States regard as inviolable all one
another's frontiers as well as the frontiers of all States
in Europe and therefore they will refrain now and in the
future from assaulting these frontiers.
Accordingly, they will also refrain from any demand
for, or act of, seizure and usurpation of part or all of the
territory of any participating State.
IV. Territorial integrity of States
The participating States will respect the territorial
integrity of each of the participating States.
Accordingly, they will refrain from any action
inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter
of the United Nations against the territorial integrity, political
independence or the unity of any participating State, and in
particular from any such action constituting a threat or use
of force.
The participating States will likewise refrain from making
each other's territory the object of military occupation or
other direct or indirect measures of force in contravention of
international law, or the object of acquisition by means of
such measures or the threat of them. No such occupation or
acquisition will be recognized as legal.
7
V. Peaceful settlement of disputes
The participating States will settle disputes among them by
peaceful means in such a manner as not to endanger international
peace and security, and justice.
They will endeavour in good faith and a spirit of co-operation
to reach a rapid and equitable solution on the basis of
international law.
For this purpose they will use such means as negotiation,
enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement
or other peaceful means of their own choice including any
settlement procedure agreed to in advance of disputes to which they
are parties.
In the event of failure to reach a solution by any of the above
peaceful means, the parties to a dispute will continue to seek a
mutually agreed way to settle the dispute peacefully.
Participating States, parties to a dispute among them, as well
as other participating States, will refrain from any action which
might aggravate the situation to such a degree as to endanger the
maintenance of international peace and security and thereby make
a peaceful settlement of the dispute more difficult.
8
VI. Non-intervention in internal affairs
The participating States will refrain from any intervention,
direct or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal
or external affairs falling within the domestic jurisdiction of
another participating State, regardless of their mutual relations.
They will accordingly refrain from any form of armed
intervention or threat of such intervention against another
participating State.
They will likewise in all circumstances refrain from any
other act of military, or of political, economic or other
coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the
exercise by another participating State of the rights inherent
in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.
Accordingly, they will, inter alia, refrain from direct or
indirect assistance to terrorist activities, or to subversive
or other activities directed towards the violent overthrow of
the regime of another participating State.
9
'II. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including
the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
The participating States will respect human rights and
fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thqught, conscience,
religion or belief, for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language or religion.
They will promote and encourage the effective exercise of
civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and
freedoms all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the
human person and are essential for his free and full development.
Within this framework the participating States will recognize
and respect the freedom of the individual to profess and practise,
alone or in community with others, religion or belief acting in
accordance with the dictates of his own conscience.
The participating States on whose territory national
minorities exist will respect the right of persons belonging to
such minorities to equality before the law, will afford them the
full opportunity for the actual enjoyment of human rights and
fundamental freedoms and will, in this manner, protect their
legitimate interests in this sphere.
The participating States recognize the universal significance of
human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for which is an
essential factor for the peace, justice and well-being necessary
to ensure the development of friendly relations and co-operation
among themselves as among all States.
They will constantly respect these rights and freedoms in their
mutual relations and will endeavour jointly and separately,
including in co-operation with the United Nations, to promote
universal and effective respect for them.
They confirm the right of the individual to know and act upon
his rights and duties in this field.
In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the
participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil
C
their obligations as set forth in the international declarations
and agreements in this field, including inter alia the
International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be
bound.
VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples
The participating States will respect the equal rights of
peoples and their right to self-determination, acting at all times
in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter
of the United Nations and with the relevant norms of international
law, including those relating to territorial integrity of States.
By virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination
of peoples, all peoples always have the right, in full freedom, to
determine, when and as they wish, their internal and external
political status, without external interference, and to pursue as
they wish their political, economic, social and cultural
development.
The participating States reaffirm the universal significance
of respect for and effective exercise of equal rights and
self-determination of peoples for the development of friendly
relations among themselves as among all States; they also recall
the importance of the elimination of any form of violation of
this principle.
IX. Co-operation among States
The participating States will develop their co-operation with
one another and with all States in all fields in accordance with
the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
In developing their co-operation the participating States will
place special emphasis on the fields as set forth within the
framework of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe, with each of them making its contribution in conditions
of full equality.
They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly and
good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international peace,
security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in developing
their co-operation, to improve the well-being of peoples and
contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations through,
inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual knowledge
and from progress and achievement in the economic, scientific,
technological, social, cultural and humanitarian fields. They
will take steps to promote conditions favourable to making these
benefits available to all; they will take into account the
interest of all in the narrowing of differences in the levels of
economic development, and in particular the interest of
developing countries throughout the world.
They confirm that governments, institutions, organizations
and persons have a relevant and positive role to play in
contributing toward the achievement of these aims of their
co-operation.
They will strive, in increasing their co-operation as set
forth above, to develop closer relations among themselves on an
(
improved and more enduring basis for the benefit of peoples.
12
X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under
international law
The participating States will fulfil in good faith their
obligations under international law, both those obligations
arising from the generally recognized principles and rules of
international law and those obligations arising from treaties
or other agreements, in conformity with international law, to
which they are parties.
In exercising their sovereign rights, including the right
to determine their laws and regulations, they will conform
with their legal obligations under international law; they
will furthermore pay due regard to and implement the
provisions in the Final Act of the Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe.
The participating States confirm that in the event of a
conflict between the obligations of the members of the
United Nations under the Charter of the United Nations and
their obligations under any treaty or other international
agreement, their obligations under the Charter will prevail,
in accordance with Article 103 of the Charter of the
United Nations.
All the principles set forth above are of primary
significance and, accordingly, they will be equally and
unreservecly applied, each of them being interpreted taking
into account the others.
&
FORD
RALD
you
The participating States express their determination
fully to respect and apply these principles, as set forth
13
in the present Declaration, in all aspects, to their mutual
relations and co-operation in order to ensure to each
participating State the benefits resulting from the respect
and application of these principles by all.
The participating States, paying due regard to the
principles above and, in particular, to the first sentence of
the tenth principle, "Fulfilment in good faith of obligations
under international law", note that the present Declaration
does not affect their rights and obligations, nor the
corresponding treaties and other agreements and arrangements.
The participating States express the conviction that
respect for these principles will encourage the development of
normal and friendly relations and the progress of co-operation
among them in all fields. They also express the conviction
that respect for these principles will encourage the development
of political contacts among them which in turn would contribute
to better mutual understanding of their positions and views.
The participating States declare their intention to
conduct their relations with all other States in the spirit
of the principles contained in the present Declaration.
RALO R. FORD
you
14
b)
Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above
Principles
(i) The participating States,
Reaffirming that they will respect and give effect to
refraining from the threat or use of force and convinced of the
necessity to make it an effective norm of international life,
Declare that they are resolved to respect and carry out, in
their relations with one another, inter alia, the following
provisions which are in conformity with the Declaration on
Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States:
-
To give effect and expression, by all the ways and forms
which they consider appropriate, to the duty to refrain
from the threat or use of force in their relations with
one another.
-
To refrain from any use of armed forces inconsistent with
the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations and the provisions of the Declaration on Principles
Guiding Relations between Participating States, against
another participating State, in particular from
invasion of or attack on its territory.
-
To refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose
of inducing another participating State to renounce the
full exercise of its sovereign rights.
-
To refrain from any act of economic coercion designed to
subordinate to their own interest the exercise by another
participating State of the rights inherent in its
sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.
-
To take effective measures which by their scope and by their
nature constitute steps towards the ultimate achievement of
general and complete disarmament under strict and effective
international control.
is
-
To promote, by all means which each of them considers
appropriate, a climate of confidence and respect among
peoples consonant with their duty to refrain from
propaganda for wars of aggression or for any threat or
use of force inconsistent with the purposes of the United
Nations and with the Declaration on Principles
Guiding Relations between Participating States, against
another participating State.
-
To make every effort to settle exclusively by peaceful
means any dispute between them, the continuance of which
is likely to endanger the maintenance of international
peace and security in Europe, and to seek, first of all,
a solution through the peaceful means set forth in
Article 33 of the United Nations Charter.
To refrain from any action which could hinder the peaceful
settlement of disputes between the participating States.
(ii) The participating States,
Reaffirming their determination to settle their disputes
as set forth in the Principle of Peaceful Settlement of Disputes;
Convinced that the peaceful settlement of disputes is a
complement to refraining from the threat or use of force, both
being essential though not exclusive factors for the maintenance
and consolidation of peace and security;
Desiring to reinforce and to improve the methods at their
disposal for the peaceful settlement of disputes;
1. Are resolved to pursue the examination and elaboration of a
generally acceptable method for the peaceful settlement of disputes
aimed at complementing existing methods, and to continue to this
end to work upon the "Draft Convention on a European System for
the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes" submitted by Switzerland during
the second stage of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe, as well as other proposals relating 50 it and directed
towards the elaboration of such a method.
16
2. Decide that, on the invitation of Switzerland, a meeting
of experts of all the participating States will be convoked
in order to fulfil the mandate described in paragraph 1 above
within the framework and under the procedures of the follow-up
to the Conference laid down in the chapter "Follow-up to the
Conference".
3. This meeting of experts will take place after the meeting
of the representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign
Affairs of the participating States, scheduled according to
the chapter "Follow-up to the Conference" for 1977; the
results of the work of this meeting of experts will be
submitted to Governments.
2.
17
DOCUMENT ON CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES AND
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF SECURITY AND DISARMAMENT
The participating States,
Desirous of eliminating the causes of tension that may
exist among them and thus of contributing to the strengthening
of peace and security in the world;
Determined to strengthen confidence among them and thus to
contribute to increasing stability and security in Europe;
Determined further to refrain in their mutual relations,
as well as in their international relations in general, from
the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or
political independence of any State, or in any other manner
inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with
the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between
Participating States as adopted in this Final Act;
Recognizing the need to contribute to reducing the dangers
of armed conflict and of misunderstanding or miscalculation of
military activities which could give rise to apprehension,
particularly in a situation where the participating States lack
clear and timely information about the nature of such activities;
Taking into account considerations relevant to efforts aimed
at lessening tension and promoting disarmament;
Recognizing that the exchange of observers by invitation at
military manoeuvres will help to promote contacts and mutual
understanding;
Having studied the question of prior notification of major
military movements in the context of confidence-building;
Recognizing that there are other ways in which individual
States can contribute further to their common objectives;
18
Convinced of the political importance of prior
notification of major military manoeuvres for the promotion
of mutual understanding and the strengthening of confidence,
stability and security;
Accepting the responsibility of each of them to promote
these objectives and to implement this measure, in accordance
with the accepted criteria and modalities, as essentials for
the realization of these objectives;
Recognizing that this measure deriving from political
decision rests upon a voluntary basis;
Have adopted the following:
I
Prior notification of major military manoeuvres
They will notify their major military manoeuvres to all
other participating States through usual diplomatic channels
in accordance with the following provisions:
Notification will be given of major military manoeuvres
exceeding a total of 25,000 troops, independently or combined
with any possible air or naval components (in this context the
word "troops" includes amphibious and airborne troops). In the
case of independent manoeuvres of amphibious or airborne troops,
or of combined manoeuvres involving them, these troops will be
included in this total. Furthermore, in the case of combined
manoeuvres which do not reach the above total but which involve
land forces together with significant numbers of either
amphibious or airborne troops, or both, notification can also
be given.
Notification will be given of major military manoeuvres
which take place on the territory, in Europe, of any participating
State as well as, if applicable, in the adjoining sea area and
air space.
19
In the case of a participating State whose territory extends
beyond Europe, prior notification need be given only of manoeuvres
which take place in an area within 250 kilometres from its
frontier facing or shared with any other European participating
State, the participating State need not, however, give notification
in cases in which that area is also contiguous to the participating
State's frontier facing or shared with a non-European non-
participating State.
Notification will be given 21 days or more in advance of
the start of the manoeuvre or in the case of a manoeuvre arranged
at shorter notice at the earliest possible opportunity prior to
its starting date.
Notification will contain information of the designation,
if any, the general purpose of and the States involved in the
manoeuvre, the type or types and numerical strength of the forces
engaged, the area and estimated time-frame of its conduct. The
participating States will also, if possible, provide additional
relevant information, particularly that related to the components
of the forces engaged and the period of involvement of these forces.
Prior notification of other military manoeuvres
The participating States recognize that they can contribute
further to strengthening confidence and increasing security and
stability, and to this end may also notify smaller-scale military
manoeuvres to other participating States, with special regard for
those near the area of such manoeuvres.
To the same end, the participating States also recognize that
they may notify other military manoeuvres conducted by them.
Exchange of observers
The participating States will invite other participating States,
voluntarily and on a bilateral basis, in a spirit of reciprocity and
goodwill towards all participating States, to send observers to
attend military manoeuvres.
20
The inviting State will determine in each case the number
of observers, the procedures and conditions of their participation,
and give other information which it may consider useful. It will
provide appropriate facilities and hospitality.
The invitation will be given as far ahead as i's conveniently
possible through usual diplomatic channels.
Prior notification of major military movements
In accordance with the Final Recommendations of the Helsinki
Consultations the participating States studied the question of
prior notification of major military movements as a measure to
strengthen confidence.
Accordingly, the participating States recognize that they
may, at their own discretion and with a view to contributing to
confidence-building, notify their major military movements.
In the same spirit, further consideration will be given by the
States participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation
in Europe to the question of prior notification of major military
movements, bearing in mind, in particular, the experience gained by
the implementation of the measures which are set forth in this document.
Other confidence-building measures
The participating States recognize that there are other means
by which their common objectives can be promoted.
In particular, they will, with due regard to reciprocity and
with a view to better mutual understanding, promote exchanges by
invitation among their military personnel, including visits by
military delegations.
***
In order to make a fuller contribution to their common
objective of confidence-building, the participating States,
when conducting their military activities in the area covered
by the provisions for the prior notification of major military
manoeuvres, will duly take into account and respect this objective.
They also recognize that the experience gained by the
implementation of the provisions set forth above, together with
further efforts, could lead to developing and enlarging measures
aimed at strengthening confidence.
II
Questions relating to disarmament
The participating States recognize the interest of all of
them in efforts aimed at lessening military confrontation and
promoting disarmament which are designed to complement political
detente in Europe and to strengthen their security. They are
convinced of the necessity to take effective measures in these
fields which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps
towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control,
and which should result in strengthening peace and security
throughout the world.
III
General considerations
Having considered the views expressed on various subjects
related to the strengthening of security in Europe through joint
efforts aimed at promoting detente and disarmament, the
participating States, when engaged in such efforts, will, in
is context, proceed, in particular, from the following
essential considerations:
22
- The complementary nature of the political and military
aspects of security;
- The interrelation between the security of each
participating State and security in Europe as a whole and
the relationship which exists, in the broader context of
world security, between security in Europe and security in
the Mediterranean area;
- Respect for the security interests of all States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation
in Europe inherent in their sovereign equality;
- The importance that participants in negotiating fora
see to it that information about relevant developments,
progress and results is provided on an appropriate basis to
other States participating in the Conference on Security
and Co-operation in Europe and, in return, the justified
interest of any of those States in having their views
considered.
23
CO-OPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS, OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND OF THE ENVIRONMENT
The participating States,
Convinced that their efforts to develop cd-operation in
the fields of trade, industry, science and technology,
the environment and other areas of economic activity
contribute to the reinforcement of peace and security
in Europe and in the world as a whole,
Recognizing that co-operation in these fields would
promote economic and social progress and the improvement
of the conditions of life,
Aware of the diversity of their economic and social
systems,
Reaffirming their will to intensify such co-operation
between one another, irrespective of their systems,
Recognizing that such co-operation, with due regard for
the different levels of economic development, can be
developed, on the basis of equality and mutual
satisfaction of the partners, and of reciprocity
permitting, as a whole, an equitable distribution of
advantages and obligations of comparable scale, with
respect for bilateral and multilateral agreements,
Taking into account the interests of the developing
countries throughout the world, including those among
the participating countries as long as they are
developing from the economic point of view;
reaffirming their will to co-operate for the
achievement of the aims and objectives established by
the appropriate bodies of the United Nations in the
pertinent documents concerning development, it being
understood that each participating State maintains the
positions it has taken on them; giving special
attention to the least developed countries,
24
Convinced that the growing world wide economic
interdependence calls for increasing common and
effective efforts towards the solution of major world
economic problems such as food, energy, ;commodities,
monetary and financial problems, and therefore
emphasizes the need for promoting stable and equitable
international economic relations, thus contributing
to the continuous and diversified economic development
of all countries,
Having taken into account the work already undertaken
.by relevant international organizations and wishing
to take advantage of the possibilities offered by
these organizations, in particular by the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe, for giving effect to
the provisions of the final documents of the Conference,
Considering that the guidelines and concrete
recommendations contained in the following texts are
aimed at promoting further development of their mutual
economic relations, and convinced that their
co-operation in this field should take place in full
respect for the principles guiding relations among
participating States as set forth in the relevant
document,
Have adopted the following:
25
Commercial Exchanges
General provisions
The participating States,
Conscious of the growing role of international trade
as one of the most important factors in economic growth
and social progress,
Recognizing that trade represents an essential sector
of their co-operation, and bearing in mind that the
provisions contained in the above preamble apply in
particular to this sector,
Considering that the volume and structure of trade
among the participating States do not in all cases
correspond to the possibilities created by the current
level of their economic, scientific and technological
development,
Are resolved to promote, on the basis of the modalities
of their economic co-operation, the expansion of their
mutual trade in goods and services, and to ensure
conditions favourable to such development;
Recognize the beneficial effects which can result
for the development of trade from the application of
most favoured nation treatment;
Will encourage the expansion of trade on as broad
a multilateral basis as possible, thereby endeavouring
to utilize the various economic and commercial
possibilities;
Recognize the importance of bilateral and multilateral
intergovernmental and other agreements for the long-
term development of trade;
Note the importance of monetary and financial questions
26
for the development of international trade, and will
endeavour to deal with them with a view to contributing
to the continuous expansion of trade;
Will endeavour to reduce or progressively eliminate
all kinds of obstacles to the development of trade;
Will foster a steady growth of trade while avoiding
as far as possible abrupt fluctuations in their trade;
Consider that their trade in various products should
be conducted in such a way as not to cause or threaten
to cause serious injury - and should the situation
arise, market disruption - in domestic markets for
these products and in particular to the detriment of
domestic producers of like or directly competitive
products; as regards the concept of market disruption,
it is understood that it should not be invoked in a way
inconsistent with the relevant provisions of their
international agreements; if they resort to safeguard
measures, they will do so in conformity with their
commitments in this field arising from international
agreements to which they are parties and will take
account of the interests of the parties directly
concerned;
Will give cue attention to measures for the promotion
of trade and the diversification of its structure;
Note that the growth and diversification of trade
would contribute to widening the possibilities of
choice of products;
Consider it appropriate to create favourable
conditions for the participation of firms,
organizations and enterprises in the development
of trade.
27
Business contacts. and facilities
The participating States,
Conscious of the importance of the contribution which
an improvement of business contacts, and the accompanying
growth of confidence in business relationships, could
make to the development of commercial and economic
relations,
Will take measures further to improve conditions for
the expansion of contacts between representatives of
official bodies, of the different organizations,
enterprises, firms and banks concerned with foreign
trade, in particular, where useful, between sellers
and users of products and services, for the purpose
of studying commercial possibilities, concluding contracts,
ensuring their implementation and providing after-sales
services;
Will encourage organizations, enterprises and firms
concerned with foreign trade to take measures to
accelerate the conduct of business negotiations;
Will further take measures aimed at improving working
conditions of representatives of foreign organizations,
enterprises, firms and banks concerned with external
trade, particularly as follows:
- by providing the necessary information, including
information on legislation and procedures relating
to the establishment and operation of permanent
representation by the above mentioned bodies;
- by examining as favourably as possible requests
for the establishment of permanent representation
and 01 offices for this purpose, including, where
appropriate, the opening of joint offices by two
or more firms;
28
- by encouraging the provision, or consi ITS as
favourable as possible and equal for all
representatives of the above mentioned bodies,
of hotel accommodation, means of communication,
and of other facilities normally required by them,
as well as of suitable business and residential
premises for purposes of permanent representation;
Recognize the importance of such measures to encourage
greater participating by small and medium sized firms
in trade between participating States.
Economic and commercial information
The participating States,
Conscious of the growing role of economic and
commercial information in the development of
international trade,
Considering that economic information should be of
such a nature as to allow adequate market analysis
and to permit the preparation of medium and long term
forecasts, thus contributing to the establishment of
a continuing flow of trade and a better utilization of
commercial possibilities,
Expressing their readiness to improve the quality and
increase the quantity and supply of economic and relevant
administrative information,
Considering that the value of statistical information on
the international level depends to a considerable extent
on the possibility of its comparatility,
Will promote the publication end dissemination of economic
and commercial information at regular intervals and as
29
quickly as postible, in particular:
- statistics concerning production, national
income, budget, consumption and productivity;
- foreign trade statistics drawn up on the basis of
comparable classification including breakdown by
product with indication of volume and value, as
well as country of origin or destination;
- laws and regulations concerning foreign trade;
- information allowing forecasts of development of
the economy to assist in trade promotion, for example,
information on the general orientation of national
economic plans and programmes;
- other information to help businessmen in
commercial contacts, for example, periodic
directories, lists, and where possible,
organizational charts of firms and organizations
concerned with foreign trade;
Will in addition to the above encourage the development
of the exchange of economic and commercial information
through, where appropriate, joint commissions for economic,
scientific and technical co-operation, national and joint
chambers of commerce, and other suitable bodies;
Will support a study, in the framework of the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe, of the
possibilities of creating a multilateral system of
notification of laws and regulations concerning foreign
trade and changes therein;
Will encourage international work on the harmonization of
statistical nomenclatures, notably in the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe.
30
Marketing
The participating States,
Recognizing the importance of adapting production to
the requirements of foreign markets in order to ensure
the expansion of international trade,
Conscious of the need of exporters to be as fully
familiar as possible with and take account of the
requirements of potential users,
Will encourage organizations, enterprises and firms
concerned with foreign trade to develop further the
knowledge and techniques required for effective
marketing;
Will encourage the improvement of conditions for the
implementation of measures to promote trade and to
satisfy the needs of users in respect of imported
products, in particular through market research and
advertising measures as well as, where useful, the
establishment of supply facilities, the furnishing
of spare parts, the functioning of after sales services,
and the training of the necessary local technical
personnel;
Will encourage international co-operation in the field
of trade promotion, including marketing, and the work
undertaken on these subjects within the international
bodies, in particular the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe.
3
Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest
Industrial co-operation
The participating States,
Considering that industrial co-operation, being motivated
by economic considerations, can
- create lasting ties thus strengthening long-term
overall economic co-operation,
- contribute to economic growth as well as to the
expansion and diversification of international
trade and to a wider utilization of modern
technology,
- lead to the mutually advantageous utilization of
economic complementarities through better use of
all factors of production, and
- accelerate the industrial development of all those
who take part in such co-operation,
Propose to encourage the development of industrial
co-operation between the competent organizations,
enterprises and firms of their countries;
Consider that industrial co-operation may be facilitated
by means of intergovernmental and other bilateral and
multilateral agreements between the interested parties;
32
Note that in promoting industrial co-operation they
should bear in mind the economic structures and the
development levels of their countries;
Note that industrial co-operation is implemented by
means of contracts concluded between competent
organizations, enterprises and firms on the basis of
economic considerations;
Express their willingness to promote measures designed
to create favourable conditions for industrial co-operation;
Recognize that industrial co-operation covers a number
of forms of economic relations going beyond the framework
of conventional trade, and that in concluding contracts
on industrial co-operation the partners will determine
jointly the appropriate forms and conditions of
co-operation, taking into account their mutual interests
and capabilities;
Recognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,
concrete forms such as the following may be useful for
the development of industrial co-operation: joint
production and sale, specialization in production and sale,
construction, adaptation and modernization of industrial
plants, co-operation for the setting up of complete industrial
installations with a view to thus obtaining part of the
resultant products, mixed companies, exchanges of
"know-how", of technical information, of patents and of
licences, and joint industrial research within the framework
of specific co-operation projects;
Recognize that new forms of industrial co-operation can be
applied with a view to meeting specific needs;
Note the importance of economic, commercial, technical
and administrative information such as to ensure the
development of industrial co-operation;
33
Corsider it desirable
- to improve the quality and the quantity of information
relevant to industrial co-operation, in particular the
laws and regulations, including those relating to foreign
exchange, general orientation of national economic plans
and programmes as well as programme priorities and
economic conditions of the market; and
- to disseminate as quickly as possible published documentation
thereon;
Will encourage all forms of exchange of information and
communication of experience relevant to industrial co-operation,
ircluding through contacts between potential partners and,
where appropriate, through joint commissions for economic,
industrial, scientific and technical co-operation, national
and joint chambers of commerce, and other suitable bodies;
Corsider it desirable, with a view to expanding industrial
co-operation, to encourage the exploration of co-operation
possibilities And the implementation of co-operation projects
and will take measures to this end, inter alia, by
facilitating and increasing all forms of business contacts
between competent organizations, enterprises and firms and
botween their respective qualified personnel;
that the provisions adopted by the Conference relating
uniness contacts in the economic and commercial fields also
to foreign organizations, enterprises and firms engaged
en-eperation, taking into account the specific
of co-operation, and will endeavour to ensure,
the existence of appropriate working conditions
personnel ted in the implementation of co-operation
34
Consider it desirable that proposals for industrial co-operation
projects should be sufficiently specific and should contain the
necessary economic and technical data, in particular preliminary
estimates of the cost of the project, information on the form of
co-operation envisaged, and market possibilities, to enable
potential partners to proceed with initial studies and to arrive
at decisions in the shortest possible time;
Will encourage the parties concerned with industrial co-operation
to take measures to accelerate the conduct of negotiations for
the conclusion of co-operation contracts;
Recommend further the continued examination - for example within
the framework of the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe - of means of improving the provision of information to
those concerned on general conditions of industrial co-operation
and guidance on the preparation of contracts in this field;
Consider It desirable to further improve conditions for the
implementation of industrial co-operation projects, in particular
with respect to:
- the protection of the interests of the partners in
industrial co-operation projects, including the legal
protection of the various kinds of property involved;
- the consideration, in ways that are compatible with their
economic systems, of the needs and possibilities of
industrial co-operation within the framework of economic
policy and particularly in national economic plans and
programmes;
Consider it desirable that the partners, when concluding industrial
mo-operation contracts, should devote due attention to provisions
concerning the extension of the necessary mutual assistance and
the provision of the necessary information during the implementation
not these contracts, in particular with a view to attaining the
required technical level and quality of the products resulting
from such co-operation;
35
the unefulness of an increased participation of
smill and medium sized firms in industrial co-operation
projects.
Projects of common interest
The participating States,
Considering that their economic potential and their
natural resources permit, through common efforts, long-
term co-operation in the implementation, including at
the regional or sub-regional level, of major projects
of common interest, and that these may contribute to
the speeding-up of the economic development of the
countries participating therein,
Considering it desirable that the competent organizations,
enterprisos and firms of all countries should be given the
possibility of indicating their interest in participating
in such projects, and, in case of agreement, of taking part
in their implementation,
Nobing that the provisions adopted by the Conference relating
industrial co-operation are also applicable to projects of
common interest,
it as necessary to encourage, where appropriate, the
1891 by competent and interested organizations,
and firms of the possibilities for the carrying
ects of common interest in the fields of energy
the expleitation or raw materials, as well
and communications;
36
Pegard it as desirable that organizations, enterprises
and firms exploring the possibilities of taking part in
projects of common interest exchange with their potential
partners, through the appropriate channels, the requisite
economic, legal, financial and technical information
pertaining to these projects;
Consider that the fields of energy resources, in particular,
petrcleum, natural gas and coal, and the extraction and
processing of mineral raw materials, in particular, iron
ore and bauxite, are suitable ones for strengthening long-
term economic co-operation and for the development of trade
which could result;
Consider that possibilities for projects of common interest
with a view to long-term economic co-operation also exist
in the following fields:
- exchanges of electrical energy within Europe with a
view to utilizing the capacity of the electrical
power stations as rationally as possible;
- co-operation in research for new sources of energy
and, in particular, in the field of nuclear energy;
- development of road networks and co-operation aimed
at establishing a coherent navigable network in
Europe;
- co-operation in research and the perfecting of
equipment for multimodal transport operations and
for the handling of containers;
Recommend that the States interested in projects of common
interest should consider under what conditions it would be
possible to establish them, and if they so desire, create
the necessary conditions for their actual implementation;
37
Provisions concerning trade and
industrial co-operation
Harmonization of standards
The participating States,
Recognizing the development of international harmonization
of standards and technical regulations and of international
co-operation in the field of certification as an important
means of eliminating technical obstacles to international
trade and industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating
their development and increasing productivity,
Reaffirm their interest to achieve the widest possible
international harmonization of standards and technical
regulations;
Express their readiness to promote international
agreements and other appropriate arrangements on
acceptance of certificates of conformity with standards
and technical regulations;
Consider it desirable to increase international
co-operation on standardization, in particular by
supporting the activities of intergovernmental and
other appropriate organizations in this field. .
38
Arbitration
The participating States,
Considering that the prompt and equitable septement
of disputes which may arise from commercial transactions
relating to goods and services and contracts for
industrial co-operation would contribute to expanding
and facilitating trade and co-operation,
Considering that arbitration is an appropriate means of
settling such disputes,
Recommend, where appropriate, to organizations,
enterprises and firms in their countries, to include
arbitration clauses in commercial contracts and
industrial co-operation contracts, or in special
agreements;
Recommend that the provisions on arbitration should
provide for arbitration under a mutually acceptable
set of arbitration rules, and permit arbitration in a
third country, taking into account existing
intergovernmental and other agreements in this field.
Specific bilateral arrangements
The participating States,
Conscious of the need to facilitate trade and to
promote the application of new forms of industrial
co-operation,
Will consider favourably the conclusion, in
appropriate cases, of specific bilateral agreements
concerning various problems of mutual interest in
the fields of commercial exchanges and industrial
co-operation, in particular with a view to avoiding
double taxation and to facilitating the transfer
of profits and the return of the value of the
assets invested.
39
Science and technology
The participating States,
Convinced that scientific and technological co-operation
constitutes an important contribution to the strengthening
of security and co-operation among them, in that it assists
the effective solution of problems of common interest and
the improvement of the conditions of human life,
Considering that in developing such co-operation, it is
important to promote the sharing of information and
experience, facilitating the study and transfer of scientific
a technological achievements, as well as the access to
such achievements on a mutually advantageous basis and in
fields of co-operation agreed between interested parties,
Considering that it is for the potential partners, i.e. the
competent organizations, institutions, enterprises, scientists
and technologists of the participating States to determine
the opportunities for mutually beneficial co-operation and
to develop its details,
Affirming that such co-operation can be developed and
implemented bilaterally and multilaterally at the governmental
and non-governmental levels, for example, through inter-
governmental and other agreements, international programmes,
co-operative sjects and commercial channels, while utilizing
also various forms of contacts, including direct and individual
contacts,
A1 e of the need to take measures further to improve
scientific and technological co-operation between them,
Possibilities for improving co-operation
40
Recognize that possibilities exist for further improving
scientific and technological co-operation, and to this end,
express their intention to remove obstacles to such
co-operation, in particular through:
- the improvement of opportunities for the exchange
and dissemination of scientific and technological
information among the parties interested in scientific
and technological research and co-operation including
information related to the organization and implementation
of such co-operation;
- the expeditious implementation and improvement in
organization, including programmes, of international
visits of scientists and specialists in connexion with
exchanges, conferences and co-operation;
- the wider use of commercial channels and activities
for applied scientific and technological research and
for the transfer of achievements obtained in this field
while providing information on and protection of
intellectual and industrial property rights;
Fields of co-operation
Consider that possibilities to expand co-operation exist
within the areas given below as examples, noting that it
is for potential partners in the participating countries
to identify and develop projects and arrangements of mutual
interest and benefit:
Agriculture. Research into new methods and technologies
for increasing the productivity of crop cultivation and
animal husbandry; the application of chemistry to
agriculture; the design, construction and utilization of
agricultural machinery; technologies of irrigation and
other agricultural land improvement works;
41
Energy. New technologies of production, transport and
distribution of energy aimed at improving the use of existing
fuels and sources of hydroenergy, as well as research in
field of new energy sources, including nuclear,
geothermal energy;
i
New technologies, rational use of resources. Research on
new technologies and equipment designed in particular to
reduce energy consumption and to minimize or eliminate
waste;
Transport technology. Research on the means of transport
and the technology applied to the development and operation
of international, national and urban transport networks
including container transport as well as transport
safety;
Physics. Study of problems in high energy physics and
plasma physics; research in the field of theoretical
and experimental nuclear physics;
Chemistry. Research on problems in electrochemistry and the
chemistry of polymers, of natural products, and of metals
and alloys, as well as the development of improved chemical
technology, especially materials processing; practical
application of the latest achievements of chemistry to
industry, construction and other sectors of the economy;
Meteorology and hydrology. Meteorological and hydrological
research, including methods of collection, evaluation an :
transmission of data and their utilization for weather
forecasting and hydrology forecasting;
Oceanography. Oceanographic research, including the study
03 air/sea interactions;
research. Study and forecasting of earthquakes
and associated geological changes; development and research
of seism-resisting constructions;
42
Pl re:frost and problems of life
conditions of cold. Research on glaciology and
permafrost; transportation and construction technologies;
human adaptation to climatic extremes and changes in the
living conditions of indigenous populations;
Computer, communication and information technologies.
Development of computers as well as of telecommunications and
information systems; technology associated with computers
and telecommunications, including their use for management
systems, Yor production processes, for automation, for
the study of economic problems, in scientific research and
for the collection, processing and dissemination of information;
Space research. Space exploration and the study of the
earth's natural resources and the natural environment by
remote sensing in particular with the assistance of satellites
and rocket-probes;
Medicine and public health. Research on cardiovascular,
tumour and virus diseases, molecular biology, neurophysiology;
development and testing of new drugs; study of contemporary
problems of pediatrics, gerontology and the organization and
techniques of medical services;
Environmental research. Research on specific scientific
and technological problems related to human environment.
Forms and methods of co-operation
Express their view that scientific and technological
co-operation should, in particular, employ the following
forms 301 nethods:
- exumange and circulation of books, periodicals and
other and technological publications
and papers among interested organizations, scientific
and technological institutions, enterprises and
sciennists and technologists, as well as participation
in International programmes for the abstracting and
Incexing of publications;
43
exchanges and visits as well as other direct
contacts and communications among zoientists ans
technologists, on the basis of mutual agreement and
other arrangements, for such purposes as consultations,
lecturing and conducting research, including the use
of laboratories, scientific libraries, and other
documentation centres in connexion therewith;
holding of international and national conferences,
symposia, seminars, courses and other meetings of E
scientific and technological character, which would
include the participation of foreign scientists and
technologists;
joint preparation and implementation of programmes
and projects of mutual Interest on the basis of
consultation and agreement among all parties concerned,
including, where possible and appropriate, exchanges
of experience and research resulte, and correlation
of research programmes, between scientific and
technological research institutions and organizations;
use of commercial channels and methods for identifying
and transferring technological and scientific developments,
including the conclusion of mutually beneficial
co-operation arrangements between firms and enterprises
in fields agreed upon between them and for carrying
cui, where appropriate, jcint research and development
programmes and projects;
Consider it desirable that periodic exchanges of views and
information take place on scientific policy, in particular
general problems of orientation and administration of
research and the question of 2 better use of large-scale
scientific and experimental equipment on a cc-operative
resis;
Recommend that, in developing co-operation in the
44
field of science and technology, full use be made of
existing practices of bilateral and multilatéral
co-operation, including that of a regional or sub-regional
character, together with the forms and methods of
co-operation described in this document;
Recommend further that more effective utilization be
made of the possibilities and capabilities of existing
international organizations, intergovernmental and
nongovernmental, concerned with science and technology,
for improving exchanges of information and experience,
as well as for developing other forms of co-operation
in fields of common interest, for example:
- in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
study of possibilities for expanding multilateral
co-operation, taking into account models for projects
and research used in various international
organizations; and for sponsoring conferences,
symposia, and study and working groups such as those
which would bring together younger scientists and
technologists with eminent specialists in their field;
- through their participation in particular international
scientific and technological co-operation programmes,
including those of UNESCO and other international
organizations, pursuit of continuing progress towards
the objectives of such programmes, notably those of
UNISIST with particular respect to information policy
guidance, technical advice, information contributions
and data processing.
45
Environment
The participating States,
Affirming that the protection and improvement of the
environment, as well as the protection of nature and the
rational utilization of ILB resources in the interests of
present and future generations, is one of the tasks of major
importance to the well-being of peoples and the economic
development of all countries and that many environmental
problems, particularly in Europe, can be solved effectively
only through close international co-operation,
Acknowledging that each of the participating States, in
sccordance with the principles or international law, ought
to ensure, in a spirit of co-operation, that activities
carried out on its territory do not cause degradation of the
environment in another State or in areas lying beyond the
limits of national jurisdiction,
Considering that the success of any environmental policy
presupposes that all population groups and social forces,
aware of their responsibilities, help to protect and improve
the environment, which necessitates continued and thorough
educative action, particularly with regard to youth,
Affirming that experience has shown that economic development
and technological progress must be compatible with the protection
of the environment and the preservation of historical and
cultural values; that damage to the environment is best
avoided by preventive measures; and that the ecological balance
must be preserved in the exploitation and management of natural
resources,
Aims of co-operation
46
Agree to the following aims of co-operation, in particular:
- to study, with a view to their solution, those
environmental problems which, by their nature, are
of a muitilateral, billteral, regional or sub-regional
dimension; as well as to encourage the development of
an interdisciplinary approach to environmental problems;
- to increase the effectiveness of national and international
measures for the protection of the environment, by the
comparison und, if appropriate, the harmonization of
methods of gathering and analyzing facts, by improving
the knowledge of pollution phenomena and, rational
utilization of natural resources, by the exchange of
information, by the harmonization of definitions and
the adoption, as far as possible, of a common
terminology in the field of the environment;
-- to take the necessary measures to bring environmental
policies closer together and, where appropriate and
possible, to harmonize them;
- to encourage, where possible and appropriate, national
and international efforts by their interested
organizations, enterprises and firms in the development,
production and improvement of equipment designed for
monitoring, protecting and enhancing the environment.
Fields of co-operation
Tc attain these aims, the participating States will make
use of every suitable opportunity to co-operate in the
field of environment and, in particular, within the areas
described below as examples:
Control of Air Pollution. Desulphurization of fossil fuels
and exhaust gases; pollution control of neavy metals,
purticles, aerosols, nitrogen oxides, in particular those
emitted by transport, power stations, and other industrial
plants; systems and methods of observation and control
of air pollution and its effects, including long-range
transport of air pollutants;
Water Pollution Control and Fresh Water Utilication." Prevention
and control of water pollution, in particular of transboundary
rivers and intern. Ional lakes; techniques for the improvement
of the quality of water and further development of ways and
means for industrial and municipal sewage effluent purification;
methods of assessment of fresh water resources and the improvement
of their utilization, in particular by developing methods of
production which are less polluting and lead to less
consumption of fresh water;
47
Protection of the Marine Environment. Protection of the
marine environment of participating States, and esneci
C
the Mediterranean Sea, from pollutants emanating True
based sources and those from ships and other vessels, notably
the harmful substances listed in Annexes : and 11 to the
London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by
the Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters; problems of
maintaining marine ecological balances and food chains, in
particular such problems as may arise from the exploration and
exploitation of biological and mineral resources of the seas
and the sea-bed;
Land Utilization and Soils. Problems associated with more
effective use of lands, including land amelioration, reclamation
and recultivation; control of soil pollution, water and air
erosion, as well as other forms of soil degradation; maintaining
and increasing the productivity of soils with due regard for
the possible negative effects of the application of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides;
Nature Conservation and Nature Reserves. Protection of nature
and nature reserves; conservation and maintenance of existing
genetic resources, especially rare animal and plant species;
conservation of natural ecological systems; establishment
of nature reserves and other protected landscapes and areas,
including their use for research, tourism, recreation and other
purposes;
Improvement of Environmental Conditions in Areas of Human
Settlement. Environmental conditions associated with transport,
housing, working areas, urban development and planning, water
supply and sewage disposal systems; assessment of harmful
effects of noise, and noise control methods; collection,
treatment and utilization of wastes, including the recovery
and recycling of materials; research on substitutes for non-
biodegradable substances;
Fundamental Research, Monitoring, Forecasting and Assessment
of Environmental Changes. Study of changes in climate,
landscapes and ecological balances under the impact of both
natural factors and human activities; forecasting of possible
genetic changes in flora and fauna as a result of environmental
pollution; harmonization of statistical data, development of
scientific concepts and systems of monitoring networks,
standardized method. of observation, measurement and assessment
of changes in the bicaphere; assessment of the effects of
environmental pollution levels and degradation of the
environment upon human health; study and development of
48
criteria and standards for various environmental pollutants
and regulation regarding production and USP of various
products;
Legal and Administra Ive Measures. Legal and
administrative neasures for the protection of the
environment including procedures for establishing
environmental impact assessments.
Forms and methods of co-operation
The participating States declare that problems relating
to the protection and improvement of the environment will
be solved on both a bilateral and a multilateral, including
regional and sub-regional, basis, making full use of
existing patterns and forms of co-operation. They will
develop co-operation in the field of the environment in
particular by taking into consideration the Stockholm
Declaration or. the Human Environment, relevant resolutions
of the United Nations General Assembly and the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe Prague symposium
or environmental problems.
The participating States are resolved that co-operation in
the field of the environment will be implemented in
particular through:
- exchanges of scientific and technical information,
documentation and research results, including
information on the means of determining the possible
effects on the environment of technical and economic
activities;
- organization of conferences, symposia and meetings of
experts;
- exchanges of scientists, specialists and trainees;
- joint preparation and implementation of programmes and
projects for the study and solution of various problems
of environmental protection;
- harmonization, where appropriate and necessary, of
environmental protection standards and norms, in
particular with the object of avoiding possible
difficulties in trade which may arise from efforts to
resolve ecological problems of production processès and
which relate to the achievement of certain environmental
qualities in manufactured products;
- consultations on various aspects of environmental protection,
as agreed upon among countries concerned, especially in
connexion with problems which could have international
consequences.
49
The participating States will further develop such
co-operation by:
- promoting the progressive development, codification
implementation of international law as one means
preserving end enhancing the human environment, including
principles and practices, as accepted by them, relating
to pollution and other environmental damage caused by
activities within the jurisdiction or control of their
States affecting other countries and regions;
- supporting and promoting the implementation of relevant
international Conventions to which they are parties, in
particular those designed to prevent and combat marine
and fresh water pollution, recommending States to ratify
Conventions which have already been signed, as well as
considering possibilities of accepting other appropriate
Conventions to which they are not parties at present;
- advocating the inclusion, where appropriate and possible,
of the various areas of co-operation into the programmes
of work of the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe, supporting such co-operation within the framework
of the Commission and of the United Nations Environment
Programme, and taking into account the work of other
competent international organizations of which they are
members;
- making wider use, in all types of co-operation, of
information already available from national and international
sources, including internationally agreed criteria, and
utilizing the possibilities and capabilities of various
competent international organizations.
The participating States agree on the following recommendations
on specific measures:
- to develop through international co-operation an extensive
programme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range
transport of air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide
and with possible extension to other pollutants, and
to this end to take into account basic elements of a
co-operation programme which were identified by the experts
who net in Oslo in December 1974 at the invitation of the
Norwegian Institute of Air Research;
- to advocate that within the framework of the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe a study be carried out of
procedures and relevant experience relating to the activities
of Governments in developing the capabilities of their
countries to predict adequately environmental consequences
of economic activities and technological development.
50
Co-operation in other areas
Development of transport
The participating States,
Considering that the improvement of the conditions
of transport. constitutes one of the factors essential
to the development of co-operation among them,
Considering that it is necessary to encourage the
development of transport and the solution of existing
problems by employing appropriate national and
international means,
Taking into account the work being carried out on
these subjects by existing international organizations,
especially by the Inland Transport Committee of the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
Note that the speed of technical progress in the
various fields of transport makes desirable a
development of co-operation and an increase in
exchanges of information among them;
Declare themselves in favour of a simplification
and a harmonization of administrative formalities
in the field of international transport, in particular
at frontiers;
Consider it desirable to promote, while allowing
for their particular national circumstances in this
sector, the harmonization of administrative and
technical provisions concerning safety in road, rail,
river, air and sea transport;
Express their intention to encourage the development
of international inland transport or passengers and
goods as well as the possibilities of adequate
participation in such transport on the basis of
reciprocal advantage;
51
Declare themselves in favour, with due respect for shoir
rights and international commitments, of the climm
of disparities arising from the legal provisions
to traffic on inland waterways which are subject to
international conventions and, in particular, of the
disparity in the application of those provisions; and
to this end invite the member States of the Central
Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, of the Danube
Commission and of other bodies to develop the work and
studies now being carried out, in particular within the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe;
Express their willingness, with a view to improving
international rail transport and with due respect for
their rights and international commitments, to work
towards the elimination of difficulties arising from
disparities in existing international legal provisions
governing the reciprocal railway transport of passengers
and goods between their territories;
Express the desire for intensification:of the work being
carried out by existing international organizations in
the field of transport, especially that of the Inland
Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe, and express their intention to
contribute thereto by their efforts;
Consider that examination by the perticipating States
of the possibility of their accession to the different
conventions or to membership of international organizations
specializing in transport matters, as well as their efforts
to implement conventions when ratified, could contribute to
the strengthening of their co-operation in this field.
52
Pronotion of tourism
The participating States,
of
contribution
by
to the development or nutual understanding
peoples, to increased knowledge of other countries'
achievements in various fields, as well as to economic,
social and cultural progress,
Recognizing the interrelationship between the development
of tourism and measures taken in other areas of economic
activity,
Express their intention to encourage increased touriam
on both an individual and group basis in particular by:
- encouraging the improvement of the tourist
infrastructure and co-operation in this field;
- encouraging the carrying out of joint tourist
projects including technical co-operation,
particularly where this is suggested by
territorial proximity and the convergence of
tourist interests;
encouraging the exchange of information,
including relevant laws and regulations,
studies, data and documentation relating to
tourism, and by improving statistics with a
view to facilitating their comparability;
dealing in a positive spirit with questions
connected with the allocation of financial
means for tourist travel abroad, having regard
to their economic possibilities, as well as
with those connected with the formalities
required for such travel, taking into account
other provisions on tourism adopted by the
Conference;
53
- facilitating the activities of foreign travel
agencies and passenger transport companies
in the promotion of international tourism;
- encouraging tourism outside the high season;
- examining the possibilities of exchanging
specialists and students in the field of
tourism, with a view to improving their
qualifications;
- promoting conferences and symposia on the
planning and development of tourism;
Consider it desirable to carry out in the appropriate
international framework, and with the co-operation of
the relevant national bodies, detailed studies on
tourism, in particular:
- a comparative study on the status and activities
of travel agencies as well as on ways and
means of achieving better co-operation among
them;
- a study of the problems raised by the seasonal
concentration of vacations, with the ultimate
objective of encouraging tourism outside peak
periods;
- studies of the problems arising in areas where
tourism has injured the environment;
Consider also that interested parties might wish to study
the following questions:
- uniformity of hotel classification; and
- tourist routes comprising two or more
countries;
Will endeavour, where possible, to ensure that the
development of tourism does not injure the environment
and the artistic, historic and cultural heritage in their
respective countries;
Will pursue their co-operation in the field of tourism
bilaterally and multilaterally with a view to attaining
the above objectives.
54
Economic and social aspects of migrant labour
The participating States,
Considering that the movements of migrant workers in Europe
have reached substantial proportions, and that they constitute
an important economic, social and human factor for host
countries as well as for countries of origin,
Recognizing that workers' migrations have also given rise to a
number of economic, social, human and other problems in both
the receiving countries and the countries of origin,
Taking due account of the activities of the competent
international organizations, more particularly the International
Labour Organisation, in this area,
Are of the opinion that the problems arising bilaterally from
the migration of workers in Europe as well as between the
participating States should be dealt with by the parties
directly concerned, in order to resolve these problems in their
mutual interest, in the light of the concern of each State
involved to take due account of the requirements resulting
from its socio-economic situation, having regard to the
obligation of each State to comply with the bilateral and
multilateral agreements to which it is party, and with the
following aims in view:
To encourage the efforts of the countries of origin directed
towards increasing the possibilities of employment for their
nationals in their own territories, in particular by developing
economic co-operation appropriate for this purpose and suitable
for the host countries and the countries of origin concerned;
To ensure, through collaboration between the host country and
the country of origin, the conditions under which the orderly
movement of workers might take place, while at the same time
protecting their personal and social welfare and, if appropriate,
to organize the recruitment of migrant workers and the provision
of elementary language and vocational training;<
To ensure equality of rights between migrant workers and
nationals of the host countries with regard to cons bions
of employment and work and to social security, and to
endeavour to ensure that migrant workers may enjoy
satisfactory living condit especially housing conéi
To endeavour to ensure, as far as possible, that migrant
workers may enjoy the same opportunities as nationals of
the host countries of finding other suitable employment in
the event of unemployment;
To regard with favour the provision of vocational training to
migrant workers and, as far as possible, free instruction
in the language of the host country, in the framework of
their employment;
To confirm the right of migrant workers to receive, as far
as possible, regular information in their own language,
covering both their country of origin and the host country;
To ensure that the children of migrant workers established
in the host country have access to the education usually
given there, under the same conditions as the children of
that country and, furthermore, to permit them to receive
supplementary education in their own language, national
culture, history and geography;
To bear in mind that migrant workers, particularly those
who have acquired qualifications, can by returning to their
countries after a certain period of time help to remedy
any deficiency of skilled labour in their country of origin;
To facilitate, as far as possible, the reuniting of migrant
workers with their. families;
To regard with favour the efforts of the countries of origin
to attract the savings of migrant workers, with a view to
increasing, within the framework of their economic
development, appropriate opportunities for employment,
thereby facilitating the reintegration of these workers
on their return home.
56
Training of personnel
The participating States,
Conscious of the importance of the training and
advanced training of professional staff and technicians
for the economic development of every country,
Declare themselves willing to encourage co-operation
in this field notably by promoting exchange of
information on the subject of institutions, programmes
and methods of training and advanced training open
to professional staff and technicians in the various
sectors of economic activity and especially in those
of management, public planning, agriculture and
commercial and banking techniques;
Consider that it is desirable to develop, under
mutually acceptable conditions, exchanges of
professional staff and technicians, particularly
through training activities, of which it would be
left to the competent and interested bodies in the
participating States to discuss the modalities -
duration, financing, education and qualification
levels of potential participants;
Declare themselves in favour of examining, through
appropriate channels, the possibilities of co-operating
on the organization and carrying out of vocational
training on the job, more particularly in professions
involving modern techniques.
J₇
QUESTIONS RELATING TO SECURITY AND
COOPERATION I THE MEDITERRANEAN
THE PARTICIPATING STATES,
CONSCIOUS of the geographical, historical,
cultural, economic and political aspects of their
relationship with the non-participating Mediterranean
States,
CONVINCED that security in Europe is to be
considered in the broader context of world security and
is closely linked with security in the Meditorranean
area as a whole, and that according ly the process or
improving security should not be confined to Europe but
should extend to other parts of the world, and in
particular to the Mediterrancan area,
BELIEVING that the strengthening of security and
the intensification of co-operation in Europe would
stimulate positive processes in the Meditorranean
region, and expressing their intention to contribute
towards peace, security and justice in the region, in
which ends the participating States and the non-
participating Mediterranean States have a common
interest,
RECOGNIZING the importance of their mutual
economic relations with the non-participating
Mediterranean States, and conscious of their common
interest in the further development of co-operation,
NOTING with appreciation the interest expressed by
the non-partidipating Mediterranean States in the
Conference since its inception, and having duly taken
their contributions into account,
DECLARE THEIR INTENTION:
to promote the development of good neighbourly
relations with the non-participating Mediterrancan
States in conformity with the purposes and principles
of the Charter of the United Nations, on which their
relations are based, and with the United Nations
Declaration on Principles of International Law
concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among
58
States and aurordingly, in , to contuct
their relations vie who nenepartioipation
Mediterrancan Mate: in the reinit of the principles
set forth in the Declaration of Principles Guiding Relations
Between States,
to seek, by further improving their relations with
the non-participating Modivernancer States, to increase
mutual confidence, so as to promote sccurity and
stability in the Mediterranean area as a whole;
t.o encourage with the non-participating
Mediterranean States the development of mutually
beneficial co-operation in the varions fields of
economic activity, especially by CXDO ding commercial
exchanges, on the basis of a concern awareness of the
necessity for stability and Srogress in trade
relations, of their mutual economic interests, and of
differences in the levels of economic development,
thereby promoting their economic advancement and
well-being;
to contribute to a diversific development of the
economies of the non-participating Hediterrancan
countries, whilst taking due account of their national
development objectives, and to co-operate with them.
especially in the sectors of industry, science and
technology, in their efforts to achieve a better
utilization of their resources, thus promoting a more
harmonious development of economic relations;
to intensify thei: efforts and their co-operation
on a bilateral and multilateral basis with the
non-participat, Méditarranean States directed towards
the improvement of the environment of the
Mediterranean, especially the sefeguarding of the
biological resources and ecological balance of the SOE,
by appropriate measures including the prevention and
control of pollution; to this end, and in view of the
present situation, to co-operate through competent
international organizations and in particular within
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP);
FORD
59
to promote further montacts and coropreation with
the non-participsting Rediterrancen States in our
relevant fields.
In order 15 advance We objective: : : t forth
above, the participating States also declare their
intention of maintaining and amplifying the contacts
and dialogue as initiated by the CSOE with the
non-participating Meditorrancan States to include all
the States of the Mediterrancan, with the purpose of
contributing to peace, reducing armed forces in the
region, strengthening security, lessening tensions in
the region, and widening the scope of co-opërstion,
ends in which all share a common interest, as well as
with the purpose of defining further common objectives.
The participating States would seek, in the
framework of their multilateral efforts, to encourage
progress and appropriate initiatives and to proceed to
an exchange of views on the attainment of the above
purposes.
COOPERATION IN HUMANITARIAN AND OTHER FIELDS
The participating States,
Desiring to contribute to the strengthening of peace and
understanding among peoples and to the spiritual enrichment
of the human personality without distinction as to race,
sex, language or religion,
Conscious that increased cultural and educational exchanges,
broader dissemination of information, contacts between people,
and the solution of humanitarian problems will contribute to
the attainment of these aims,
Determined therefore to co-operate among themselves, irrespective
of their political, economic and social systems, in order to
create better conditions in the above fields, to develop and
strengthen existing forms of co-operation and to work out new
ways and means appropriate to these aims,
Convinced that this co-operation should take place in full
respect for the principles guiding relations among participating
States as set forth in the relevant document,
Have adopted the following:
1.
Human Contacts
The participating States,
Considering the development of contacts to be an important
element in the strengthening of friendly relations and trust
among peoples,
Affirming, in relation to their present effort to improve
conditions in this area, the importance they attach to
humanitarian considerations,
Desiring in this spirit to develop, with the continuance
of detente, further efforts to achieve continuing progress in
this field
And conscious that the questions relevant hereto must be
settled by the States concerned under mutually acceptable
conditions,
Make it their aim to facilitate freer movement and contacts,
individually and collectively, whether privately or officially,
among persons, institutions and organizations of the participating
States, and to contribute to the solution of the humanitarian
problems that arise in that connexion,
Declare their readiness to these ends to take measures which
they consider appropriate and to conclude agreements or arrangements
among themselves, as may be needed, and
Express their intention now to proceed to the implementation
of the following:
(a) Contacts and Regular Meetings on the Basis of Family Ties
In order to promote further development of contacts on the
basis of family ties the participating States will favourably
consider applications for travel with the purpose of allowing
persons to enter or leave their territory temporarily, and on a
regular basis if desired, in order to visit members of their
families.
62
Applications for temporary visits to meet members of their
families will be dealt with without distinction as to the country
of origin or destination: existing requirements for travel
documents and visas will be applied in this spirit. The
preparation and issue of such documents and visas will be effected
within reasonable time limits; cases of urgent necessity - such
as serious illness or death - will be given priority treatment.
They will take such steps as may be necessary to ensure that
the fees for official travel documents and visas are acceptable.
They confirm that the presentation of an application concerning
contacts on the basis of family ties will not modify the rights
and obligations of the applicant or of members of his family.
(b) Reunification of Families
The participating States will deal in a positive and
humanitarian spirit with the applications of persons who wish
to be reunited with members of their family, with special attention
being given to requests of an urgent character - such as requests
submitted by persons who are ill or old.
They will deal with applications in this field as expeditiously
as possible.
They will lower where necessary the fees charged in connexion
with these applications to ensure that they are at a moderate level.
Applications for the purpose of family reunification which are
not granted may be renewed at the appropriate level and will be
reconsidered at reasonably short intervals by the authorities of
the country of residence or destination, whichever is concerned; under
such circumstances fees will be charged only when applications are
granted.
Persons whose applications for family reunification are
granted may bring with them or ship their household and personal
effects; to this end the participating States will use all
possibilities provided by existing regulations.
63
Until members of the same family are rounited meetings and
contacts between them may take place in accordance with the
modalities for contacts on the basis of family ties.
The participating States will support the efforts of Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies concerned with the problems of family
They confirm that the presentation of an application concerning
family reunification will not modify the rights and obligations of
the applicant or of members of his family.
The receiving participating State will take appropriate care
with regard to employment for persons from other participating
States who take up permanent residence in that State in connexion
with family reunification with its citizens and see that they are
afforded opportunities equal to those enjoyed by its own citizens
for education, medical assistance and social security.
(c) Marriage between Citizens of Different States
The participating States will examine favourably and on the
basis of humanitarian considerations requests for exit or entry
permits from persons who have decided to marry a citizen from
another participating State.
The processing and issuing of the documents required for the
above purposes and for the marriage will be in accordance with the
provisions accepted for family reunification.
In dealing with requests from couples from different
participating States, once married, to enable them and the minor
children of their marriage to transfer their permanent residence
to a State in which either one is normally a resident, the
participating States will also apply the provisions accepted for
family reunification.
(d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons
The participating States intend to facilitate wider travel by
their citizens for personal or professional reasons and to this end
they intend in particular:
- gradually to simplify and to administer flexibly the
procedures for exit and entry;
-
- to ease regulations concerning movement of citizens from
the other participating States in their territory, with due regard
to security requirements.
They will endeavour gradually to lower, where necessary, the
fees for visas and official travel documents.
They intend to consider, as necessary, means - including,
insofar as appropriate, the conclusion of multilateral or bilateral
consular conventions or other relevent agreements or understandings -
for the improvement of arrangements to provide consular services,
including legal and consular assistance.
X * x
They confirm that religious faiths, institutions and
organizations, practising within the constitutional framework of
the participating States, and their representatives can, in the
field of their activities, have contacts and meetings among
themselves and exchange information.
(e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or
Collective Basis
The participating States consider that tourism contributes
to a fuller knowledge of the life, culture and history of other
countries, to the growth of understanding among peoples, to the
improvement of contacts and to the broader use of leisure. They
intend to promote the development of tourism, on an individual
or collective basis, and, in particular, they intend:
to promote visits to their respective countries by
encouraging the provision of appropriate facilities and the
simplification and expediting of necessary formalities relating
to such visits;
to increase, or. the basis of appropriate agreements or
arrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development
of tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible
ways to increase information relating to travel to other countries
and to the recept for and service of fourists, and other related
questions of mutual interest.
(f) Meetings among Young People
The participating States intend to further the development
of contacts and exchanges among young people by encouraging:
- increased exchanges and contacts on a short or long term
basis among young people working, training or undergoing education
through bilateral or multilateral agreements or regular programmes
in all cases where it is possible;
- study by their youth organizations of the question of
possible agreements relating to frameworks of multilateral youth
co-operation;
- agreements or regular programmes relating to the organization
of exchanges of students, of international youth seminars, of
courses of professional training and foreign language study;
- the further development of youth tourism and the provision
to this end of appropriate facilities;
- the development, where possible, of exchanges, contacts and
co-operation on a bilateral or multilateral basis between their
organizations which represent wide circles of young people
working, training or undergoing education;
- awareness among youth of the importance of developing mutual
understanding and of strengthening friendly relations and
confidence among peoples.
(g) Sport
66
66
In order to expand existing links and co-operation in the
field of sport the participating States will encourage contacts
and exchanges of this kind, including sports meetings and
competitions of all sorts, on the basis of the established
international rules, regulations and practice.
(h) Expansion of Contacts
By way of further developing contacts among governmental
institutions and non-governmental organizations and associations,
including women's organizations, the participating States will
facilitate the convening of meetings as well as travel by
delegations, groups and individuals.
2. Information
The participating States,
Conscious of the need for an ever wider knowledge and
understanding of the various aspects of life in other
participating States,
Acknowledging the contribution of this process to the
growth of confidence between peoples,
Desiring, with the development of mutual understanding
between the participating States and with the further improvement
of their relations, to continue further efforts towards progress
in this field,
Recognizing the importance of the dissemination of information
from the other participating States and of a better acquaintance
with such information,
Emphasizing therefore the essential and influential role of
the press, radio, television, cinema and news agencies and of the
journalists working in these fields,
Make it their aim to facilitate the freer and wider dissemination
of information of all kinds, to encourage co-operation in the field
of information and the exchange of information with other countries,
and to improve the conditions under which journalists from one
participating State exercise their profession in another participating
State, and
67
Express their intention in particular:
(a) Improvement of the Circulation of, Access to, and Exchange
of Information
(i) Oral Information
- To facilitate the dissemination of oral information through
the encouragement of lectures and lecture tours by personalities
and specialists from the other participating States, as well as
exchanges of opinions at round table meetings, seminars, symposia,
summer schools, congresses and other bilateral and multilateral
meetings.
(ii) Printed Information
- To facilitate the improvement of the dissemination, on their
territory, of newspapers and printed publications, periodical and
non-periodical, from the other participating States. For this
purpose:
they will encourage their competent firms and organizations
to conclude agreements and contracts designed gradually to increase
the quantities and the number of titles of newspapers and
publications imported from the other participating States.
These agreements and contracts should in particular mention
the speediest conditions of delivery and the use of the normal
channels existing in each country for the distribution of its
own publications and newspapers, as well as forms and means of
payment agreed between the parties making it possible to achieve
the objectives aimed at by these agreements and contracts;
where necessary, they will take appropriate measures to
achieve the above objectives and to implement the provisions
contained in the agreements and contracts.
- To contribute to the improvement of access by the public
to periodical and non-periodical printed publications imported
on the bases indicated above. In particular:
they will encourage an increase in the number of places
where these publications are on sale;
68
they will facilitate the availability of these periodical
publications during congresses, conferences, official visits
and other international events and to tourists during the season;
they will develop the possibilities for taking out
subscriptions according to the modalities particular to each
country;
they will improve the opportunities for reading and
borrowing these publications in large public libraries and
their reading rooms as well as in university libraries.
They intend to improve the possibilities for acquaintance
with bulletins of official information issued by diplomatic
missions and distributed by those missions on the basis of
arrangements acceptable to the interested parties.
(iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information
- To promote the improvement of the dissemination of filmed
and broadcast information. To this end:
they will encourage the wider showing and broadcasting of
a greater variety of recorded and filmed information from the
other participating States, illustrating the various aspects
of life in their countries and received on the basis of such
agreements or arrangements as may be necessary between the
organizations and firms directly concerned;
they will facilitate the import by competent organizations
and firms of recorded audio-visual material from the other
participating States.
The participating States note the expansion in the
dissemination of information broadcast by radio, and express
the hope for the continuation of this process, so as to meet
the interest of mutual understanding among peoples and the
aims set forth by this Conference.
69
(b) Co-operation in the Field of Information
- To encourage co-operation in the field of information
on the basis of short or long term agreements or arrangements.
In particular:
they will favour increased co-operation among mass media
organizations, including press agencies, as well as among
publishing houses and organizations;
they will favour co-operation among public or private,
national or international radio and television organizations,
in particular through the exchange of both live and recorded
radio and television programmes, and through the joint
production and the broadcasting and distribution of such
programmes;
they will encourage meetings and contacts both between
journalists' organizations and between journalists from the
participating States;
they will view favourably the possibilities of arrangements
between periodical publications as well as between newspapers
from the participating States, for the purpose of exchanging
and publishing articles;
they will encourage the exchange of technical information
as well as the organization of joint research and meetings
devoted to the exchange of experience and views between experts
in the field of the press, radio and television.
(c) Improvement of Working Conditions for Journalists
The participating States, desiring to improve the conditions
under which journalists from one participating State exercise
their profession in another participating State, intend in
particular to:
- examine in a favourable spirit and within a suitable and
reasonable time scale requests from journalists for visas;
40
- grant to permanently accredited journalists of the
participating States, on the basis of arrangements, multiple
entry and exit visas for specified periods;
-
facilitate the issue to accredited journalists of the
participating States of permits for stay in their country of
temporary residence and, if and when these are necessary, of
other official papers which it is appropriate for them to have;
- ease, on a basis of reciprocity, procedures for arranging
travel by journalists of the participating States in the country
where they are exercising their profession, and to provide
progressively greater opportunities for such travel, subject to
the observance of regulations relating to the existence of areas
closed for security reasons;
- ensure that requests by such journalists for such travel
receive, in so far as possible, an expeditious response, taking
into account the time scale of the request;
- increase the opportunities for journalists of the
participating States to communicate personally with their sources,
including organizations and official institutions;
- grant to journalists of the participating States the right
to import, subject only to its being taken out again, the
technical equipment (photographic, cinematographic, tape
recorder, radio and television) necessary for the exercise of their
profession;
)While recognizing that appropriate local personnel are employed
by foreign journalists in many instances, the participating
States note that the above provisions would be applied, subject
to the observance of the appropriate rules, to persons from
the other participating States, who are regularly and
professionally engaged as technicians, photographers or
cameramen of the press, radio, television or cinema.
1/
- enable journalists of the other participating States,
whether permanently or temporarily accredited, to transmit
completely, normally and rapidly by means recognized by
the participating States to the information organs which
they represent, the results of their professional activity,
including tape recordings and undeveloped film, for the
purpose of publication or of broadcasting on the radio or
television.
The participating States reaffirm that the legitimate
pursuit of their professional activity will neither render
journalists liable to expulsion nor otherwise penalize them.
If an accredited journalist is expelled, he will be informed
of the reasons for this act and may submit an application for
re-examination of his case.
72
3:
Co-operation and exchanges in the field of Culture
The participating States,
Considering that cultural exchanges and co-operation
contribute to a better comprehension among people and among
peoples, and thus promote a lasting understanding among States,
Confirming the conclusions already formulated in this
field at the multilateral level, particularly at the
Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies in Europe,
organized by UNESCO in Helsinki in June 1972, where interest
was manifested in the active participation of the broadest possible
social groups in an increasingly diversified cultural life,
Desiring. with the development of mutual confidence and
the further improvement of relations between the participating
States, to continue further efforts toward progress in this
field,
Disposed in this spirit to increase substantially their
cultural exchanges, with regard both to persons and to cultural
works, and to develop among them an active co-operation, both at
the bilateral and the multilateral level, in all the fields of
culture,
Convinced that such a development of their mutual relations
will contribute to the enrichment of the respective cultures,
while respecting the originality of each, as well as to the
reinforcement among them of a consciousness of common values,
while continuing to develop cultural co-operation with other
countries of the world,
73
Declare that they jointly set themselves the following
objectives:
(a) to develop the mutual exchange of information with a
view to 3. better knowledge of respective cultural
achievements,
(b) to improve the facilities for the exchange and for
the dissemination of cultural property,
(c) to promote access by all to respective cultural
achievements,
(d) to develop contacts and co-operation among persons
active in the field of culture,
(e) to seek new fields and forms of cultural
co-operation,
Thus give expression to their common will to take progressive,
coherent and long-term action in order to achieve the
objectives of the present declaration; and
Express their intention now to proceed to the implementation
of the following:
Extension of relations
To expand and improve at the various levels cc-operation and
links in the field of culture, in particular by:
- concluding, where appropriate, agreements on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, providing for the extension of relations
among competent state institutions and non-governmental
organizations in the field of culture, as well as among
people engaged in cultural activities, taking into account
the need Both for flexibility and the fullest possible use
of existing agreements, and bearing in mind that agreements
and also other arrangements constitute important means of
developing cultural co-operation and exchanges;
74
-
contributing to the development of direct communication and
co-operation among relevant state institutions and
non-governmental organizations, including, where necessary,
such communication and co-operation carried out on the basis
of special agreements and arrangements;
- encouraging direct contacts and communications among persons
engaged in cultural activities, including, where necessary,
such contacts and communications carried out on the basis
of special agreements and arrangements.
Mutual knowledge
Within their competence to adopt, on a \bilateral and multilateral
level, appropriate measures which would give their peoples a
more comprehensive and complete mutual knowledge of their
achievements in the various fields of culture, and among them:
- to examine jointly, if necessary with the assistance of
appropriate international organizations, the possible creation
in Europe and the structure of a bank of cultural data, which
would collect information from the participating countries and
make it available to its correspondents on their request, and to
convene for this purpose a meeting of experts from interested
States;
- to consider, if necessary in conjunction with appropriate
international organizations, ways of compiling in Europe an
inventory of documentary films of a cultural or scientific
nature from the participating States;
- to encourage more frequent book exhibitions and to examine
the possibility of organizing periodically in-Europe a
large-scale exhibition of books from the participating States;
75
- to prorote the systematic exchange, between the institutions
concerned and publishing houses, of catalogues of available
books as well as of pre-publication material which will include,
as far as possible, all forthcoming publications; and also to
promote the exchange of material between firms publishing
encyclopaedian, with is view to improving the presentation of
each country;
- to examine jointly questions of expanding and improving exchanges
of information in the various fields of culture, such as theatre,
music, library work as well as the conservation and restoration
of cultural property.
Exchanges and dissemination
To contribute to the improvement of facilities for exchanges and
the dissemination of cultural property, by appropriate means, in
particular by:
- studying the possibilities for harmonizing and reducing the
charges relating to international commercial exchanges of books
and other cultural materials, and also for new means of insuring
works of art in foreign exhibitions and for reducing the risks
of damage or loss to which these works are exposed by their
movement;
- facilitating the formalities of customs clearance, in good time
for programmes of artistic events, of the works of art, materials
and accessories appearing on lists agreed upon by the organizers
of these events;
- encouraging meetings among representatives of competent
organizations and relevant firms to examine measures within
their field of activity - such as the simplífication of orders,
time' limits for sending supplies and modalities of payment - which
might facilitate international commercial exchanges of books;
76
- promoting the 10am and exchange of films among their film
institutes and film libraries;
-
encouraging the exchange of information among interested parties
concerning events of a cultural character foreseen in the
participating status, in fields where this is most appropriate,
such as music, theatre and the plastic and graphic arts, with
a view to contributing to the compilation and publication of
a calendar of such events, with the assistance, where necessary,
of the appropriate international organizations;
-
encouraging a study of the impact which the foreseeable development,
and a possible harmonization among interested parties, of the
technical means used for the dissemination of culture might have
on the development of cultural co-operation and exchanges, while
keeping in view the preservation of the diversity and originality
of their respective cultures;
- encouraging, in the way they deem appropriate, within their
cultural policies, the further development of interest in the
cultural heritage of the other participating States, conscious
of the merits and the value of each culture;
- endeavouring to ensure the full and effective application of
the international agreements and conventions on copyrights and
on circulation of cultural property to which they are party cr
to which they may decide in the future to become party.
Access
To promote fuller mutual access by all to the achievements - works,
experiences and performing arts - in the various fields of culture
of their countries, and to that end to make the best possible
efforts, in accordance with their competence, more particularly:
- to promote wider dissemination of books and artistic works,
in particular by such means as:
77
facilitating, while taking full account of the international
copyright conventions to which they are party, international
contacts and communications between authors and publishing
houses as well as other cultural institutions, with a view
to a more complete mutual access to cultural achievements;
recommending that, in determining the size of editions,
publishing houses take into account also the demand from
the other participating States, and that rights of sale in
other participating States be granted, where possible,
to several sales organizations of the importing countries,
by agreement between interested partners;
encouraging competent organizations and relevant firms to
conclude agreements' and contracts and contributing, by this
means, to a gradual increase in the number and diversity of
works by authors from the other participating States
available in the original and in translation in their
libraries and bookshops;
promoting, where deemed appropriate, an increase in the
number of sales outlets where books by authors from the
other participating States, imported in the original on
the basis of agreements and contracts, and in translation,
are for sale;
promoting, on a wider scale, the translation of works in
the sphere of literature and other fields of cultural
activity, produced in the languages of the other participating
States, especially from the less widely-spoken languages, and
the publication and dissemination of the translated works
by such measures as:
encouraging more regular contacts between interested
publishing houses;
78
developing their efforts in the basic and advanced
training of translators;
encouraging, by appropriate means, the publishing
houses of their countries to publish translations;
facilitating the exchange between publishers and
interested institutions of lists of books which
might be translated;
promoting between their countries the professional
activity and co-operation of translators;
carrying out joint studies on ways of further
promoting translations and their dissemination;
improving and expanding exchanges of books, bibliographies
and catalogue cards between libraries;
- to envisage other appropriate measures which would peruit,
where necessary by mutual agreement among interested parties,
the facilitation of access to their respective cultural
achievements, in particular in the field of books;
- to contribute by appropriate means to the wider use of the
mass media in order to improve mutual acquaintance with the
cultural life of each;
- to seek to develop the necessary conditions for migrant
workers and their families to preserve their links with
their national culture, and also to adapt themselves to
their new cultural environment;
- to encourage the competent bodies and enterprises to make a
wider choice and effect wider distribution of full-length
and documentary films from the other participating States,
and to promote more frequent non-commercial showings, such as
premières, film weeks and festivals, giving due consideration
to films from countries whose cinematographic works are less
well known:
79
- to promote, by appropriate means, the extension of
opportunities for specialists from the other participating
States to work with materials of a cultural character from
film and audio-visual archives, within the framework of
the existing rules for work on such archival materials;
- to encourage a joint study by interested bodies, where
appropriate with the assistance of the competent international
organizations, of the expediency and the conditions for the
establishment of a repertory of their recorded television
programmes of a cultural nature, as well as of the means of
viewing them rapidly in order to facilitate their selection
and possible acquisition.
Contacts and co-operation
To contribute, by appropriate means, to the development of
contacts and co-operation in the various fields of culture,
especially among creative artists and people engaged in
cultural activities, in particular by making efforts to:
- promote for persons active in the field of culture, travel
and meetings including, where necessary, those carried out
on the basis of agreements, contracts or other special
arrangements and which are relevant to their cultural
co-operation;
- encourage in this way contacts among creative and performing
artists and artistic groups with a view to their working
together, making known their works in other participating
States or exchanging views on topics relevant to their
common activity;
80
- encourage, where necessary through appropriate arrangements,
exchanges of trainees and specialists and the granting of
scholarships for basic and advanced training in various
fields of culture such as the arts and architecture, museums
and libraries, literary studies and translation, and
contribute to the creation of favourable conditions of
reception in their respective institutions;
- encourage the exchange of experience in the training of
organizers of cultural activities as well as of teachers
and specialists in fields such as theatre, opera, ballet,
music and fine arts;
- continue to encourage the organization of international
meetings among creative artists, especially young creative
artists, on current questions of artistic and literary creation
which are of interest for joint study;
- study other possibilities for developing exchanges and
co-operation among persons active in the field of culture,
with a view to a better mutual knowledge of the cultural
life of the participating States.
Fields and forms of co-operation
To encourage the search for new fields and forms of cultural
co-operation, to these ends contributing to the conclusion
among interested parties, where necessary, of appropriate
agreements and arrangements, and in this context to promote:
- joint studies regarding cultural policies, in particular
in their social aspects, and as they relate to planning,
town-planning, educational and environmental policies,
and the cultural aspects of tourism;
81
- the exchange of knowledge in the reals of cultural diversity,
with a view to contributing thus to a better understanding
by interested parties of such diversity where it occurs;
- the exchange of information, and as may be appropriate,
meetings of experts, the elaboration and the execution
of research programmes and projects, as well as their
joint evaluation, and the dissemination of the results,
on the subjects indicated above;
- such forms of cultural co-operation and the development of
such joint projects as:
international events in the fields of the plastic and
graphic arts, cinema, theatre, ballet, music,
folklore, etc; book fairs and exhibitions, joint
performances of operatic and dramatic works, as well
as performances given by soloists, instrumental ensembles,
orchestras, choirs and other artistic groups, including
those composed of amateurs, paying due attention to the
organization of international cultural youth events
and the exchange of young artists;
the inclusion of works by writers and composers from
the other participating States in the repertoires of
soloists and artistic ensembles;
the preparation, translation and publication of articles,
studies and monographs, as well as of low-cost books and
of artistic and literary collections, suited to making
better known respective cultural achievements,
envisaging for this purpose meetings among experts and
representatives of publishing houses;
82
the co-production and the exchange of films and of radio and
television programmes, by promoting, in particular, meetings
among producers, technicians and representatives of the public
authorities with a view to working out favourable conditions
for the execution of specific joint projects and by
encouraging, in the field of co-production, the establishment
of international filming teams;
the organization of competitions for architects and town-
planners, bearing in mind the possible implementation of the
best projects and the formation, where possible, of
international teams;
the implementation of joint projects for conserving, restoring
and showing to advantage works of art, historical and
archaeological monuments and sites of cultural interest, with
the help, in appropriate cases, of international organizations
of a governmental or non-governmental character as well as of
private institutions - competent and active in these fields -
envisaging for this purpose:
periodic meetings of experts of the interested parties to
elaborate the necessary proposals, while bearing in mind
the need to consider these questions in a wider social
and economic context;
the publication in appropriate periodicals of articles
designed to make known and to compare, among the participating
States, the most significant achievements and innovations;
a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible
harmonization of the different systems used to inventory
and catalogue the historical monuments and places of
cultural interest in their countries;
the study of the possibilities for organizing international
courses for the training of specialists in different
disciplines relating to restoration.
83
*
#
#
National minorities or regional cultures. The participating
States, recognizing the contribution that national minorities
or regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in
various fields of culture, intend, when such minorities or
cultures exist within their territory, to facilitate this
contribution, taking into account the legitimate interests
of their members.
84
4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education
The participating States,
Conscious that the development of relations of an international
character in the fields of education and science contributes to
a better mutual understanding and is to the advantage of all
peoples as well as to the benefit of future generations,
Prepared to facilitate, between organizations, institutions and
persons engaged in education and science, the further development
of exchanges of knowledge and experience as well as of contacts,
on the basis of special arrangements where these are necessary,
Desiring to strengthen the links among educational and scientific
establishments and also to encourage their co-operation in
sectors of common interest, particularly where the levels of
knowledge and resources require efforts to be concerted
internationally, and
Convinced that progress in these fields should be accompanied
and supported by a wider knowledge of foreign languages,
Express to these ends their intention in particular:
(a) Extension of Relations
To expand and improve at the various levels co-operation and
links in the fields of education and science, in- particular by:
85
- concluding, where appropriate, bilateral or multilateral
agreements providing for co-operation and exchanges among
State institutions, non-governmental bodies and persons
engaged in activities in education and science, bearing
in mind the need both for flexibility and the fuller use
of existing agreements and arrangements;
- promoting the conclusion of direct arrangements between
universities and other institutions of higher education
and research, in the framework of agreements between
governments where appropriate;
- encouraging among persons engaged in education and science
direct contacts and communications, including those based
on special agreements or arrangements where these are
appropriate.
(b) Access and Exchanges
To improve access, under mutually acceptable conditions, for
students, teachers and scholars of the participating States to
each other's educational, cultural and scientific institutions,
and to intensify exchanges among these institutions in all
areas of common interest, in particular by:
- increasing the exchange of information on facilities for
study and courses open to foreign participants, as well as
on the conditions under which they will be admitted and
received;
86
- facilitating travel between the participating States by
scholars, teachers and students for purposes of study,
teaching and research as well as for improving knowledge
of each other's educational, cultural and scientific
achievements;
- encouraging the award of scholarships for study, - teaching
and research in their countries to scholars, teachers and
students of other participating States;
- establishing, developing or encouraging programmes providing
for the broader exchange of scholars, teachers and students,
including the organization of symposia, seminars and
collaborative projects, and the exchanges of educational
and scholarly information such as university publications
and materials from libraries;
- promoting the efficient implementation of such arrangements
and programmes by providing scholars, teachers and students
in good time with more detailed information about their
placing in universities and institutes and the programmes
envisaged for them; by granting them the opportunity to use
relevant scholarly, scientific and open archival materials; and
by facilitating their travel within the receiving State
for the purpose of study or research as well as in the
form of vacation tours on the basis of the usual procedures;
- promoting a more exact assessment of the problems of
comparison and ecuivalence of academic degrees and diplomas
by fostering the exchange of information on the
organization, duration and content of studies, the
87
comparison of methods of assessing levels of knowledge
and academic qualifications, and, where feasible, arriving
at the mutual recognition of academic degrees and diplomas
either through governmental agreements, where necessary,
or direct arrangements between universities and other
institutions of higher learning and research;
- recommending, moreover, to the appropriate international
organizations that they should intensify their efforts to
reach a generally acceptable solution to the problems of
comparison and equivalence between academic degrees and
diplomas.
(c) Science
Within their competence to broaden and improve co-operation
and exchanges in the field of science, in particular:
To increase, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the exchange
and dissemination of scientific information and documentation
by such means as:
- making this information more widely available to scientists
and research workers of the other participating States
through, for instance, participation in international
information-sharing programmes or through other appropriate
arrangements;
- broadening and facilitating the exchange of samples and
other scientific materials used particularly for
fundamental research in the fields of natural sciences
and medicine;
88
- inviting scientific institutions and universities to
keep each other more fully and regularly informed about
their current and contemplated research work in fields of
common interest.
To facilitate the extension of communications and direct
contacts between universities, scientific institutions and
associations as well as among scientists and research workers,
including those based. where necessary on special agreements or
arrangements, by such means as:
- further developing exchanges of scientists and research
workers and encouraging the organization of preparatory
meetings or working groups on research topics of common
interest;
- encouraging the creation of joint teams of scientists to
pursue research projects under arrangements made by the
scientific institutions of several countries;
- assisting the organization and successful functioning of
international conferences and seminars and participation
in them by their scientists and research workers;
- furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities
in science from the participating States to discuss
interrelated problems of common interest concerning current
and future developments in science, and to promote the
expansion of contacts, communications and the exchange
of information between scientific institutions and among
scientists;
- foreseeing, at an early date, a meeting of experts
representing the participating States and their national
scientific institutions, in order to prepare such a
"Scientific Forum" in consultation with appropriate
international organizations, such as UNESCO and the ECE;
- considering in due course what further steps might be taken
with respect to the "Scientific Forum".
To develop in the field of scientific research, on a bilateral
or multilateral basis, the co-ordination of programmes carried
out in the participating States and the organization of joint
programmes, especially in the areas mentioned below, which may
involve the combined efforts of scientists and in certain cases
the use of costly or unique equipment. The list of subjects
in these areas is illustrative; and specific projects would
have to be determined subsequently by the potential partners
in the participating States, taking account of the contribution
which could be made by appropriate international organizations
and scientific institutions:
- exact and natural sciences, in particular fundamental research in
such fields as mathematics, physics, theoretical physics,
geophysics, chemistry, biology, ecology and astronomy;
- medicine, in particular basic research into cancer and
cardiovascular diseases, studies on the diseases endemic
in the developing countries, as well as medico-social
research with special emphasis on occupational diseases,
the rehabilitation of the handicapped and the care of
mothers, children and the elderly;
- the humanities and social sciences, such as history,
geography, philosophy, psychology, pedagogical research,
linguistics, sociology, the legal, political and economic
sciences; comparative studies on social, socio-economic
and cultural phenomena which are of common interest to
the participating States, especially the problems of
human environment and urban development; and scientific
studies on the methods of conserving and restoring
monuments and works of art.
(d) Foreign Languages and Civilinations
90
To encourage the study of foreign languages and civilizations
as an important means of expanding communication among peoples
for their better acquaintance with the culture of each country,
as well as for the strengthening of international co-operation;
to this end to stimulate, within their competence, the further
development and improvement of foreign language teaching and
the diversification of choice of languages taught at various
levels, paying due attention to less widely-spread or studied
languages, and in particular:
- to intensify co-operation aimed at improving the teaching
of foreign languages through exchanges of information and
experience concerning the development and application of
effective modern teaching methods and technical aids,
adapted to the needs of different categories of students,
including methods of accelerated teaching; and to consider
the possibility of conducting, on a bilateral or multilateral
basis, studies of new methods of foreign language teaching;
- to encourage co-operation between institutions concerned,
on a bilateral or multilateral basis, aimed at exploiting
more fully the resources of modern educational technology
in language teaching, for example through comparative
studies by their specialists and, where agreed, through
exchanges or transfers of audio-visual materials, of
materials used for preparing textbooks, as well as of
information about new types of technical equipment used
for teaching languages;
- to promote the exchange of information on the experience
acquired in the training of language teachers and to
intensify exchanges on a bilateral basis of language
teachers and students as well as to facilitate their
participation in summer courses in languages and
civilizations, wherever these are organized;
91
- to encourage co-operation among experts in the field of
lexicography with the aim of defining the necessary
terminological equivalents, particularly in the scientific
and technical disciplines, in order to facilitate relations
among scientific institutions and specialists;
- to promote the wider spread of foreign language study
among the different types of secondary education
establishments and greater possibilities of choice
between an increased number of European languages; and
in this context to consider, wherever appropriate, the
possibilities for developing the recruitment and training
of teachers as well as the organization of the student
groups required;
- to favour, in higher education, a wider choice in the
languages offered to language students and greater
opportunities for other students to study various foreign
languages; also to facilitate, where desirable, the
organization of courses in languages and civilizations,
on the basis of special arrangements as necessary, to be
given by foreign lecturers, particularly from European
countries having less widely-spread or studied languages;
- to promote, within the framework of adult education, the
further development of specialized programmes, adapted to
various needs and interests, for teaching foreign languages
to their own inhabitants and the languages of host countries
to interested adults from other countries; in this context
to encourage interested institutions to co-operate, for
example, in the elaboration of programmes for teaching by
radio and television and by accelerated methods, and also,
where desirable, in the definition of study objectives for
such programmes, with a view to arriving at comparable
levels of language proficiency;
92
- to encourage the association, where appropriate, of the
teaching of foreign languages with the study of the
corresponding civilizations and also to make further
efforts to stimulate interest in the study of foreign
languages, including relevant out-of-class activities.
(e) Teaching Methods,
To promote the exchange of experience, on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, in teaching methods at all levels of
education, including those used in permanent and adult
education, as well as the exchange of teaching materials, in
particular by:
- further developing various forms of contacts and co-operation
in the different fields of pedagogical science, for example
through comparative or joint studies carried out by
interested institutions or through exchanges of information
on the results of teaching experiments;
- intensifying exchanges of information on teaching methods
used in various educational systems and on results of
research into the processes by which pupils and students
acquire knowledge, taking account of relevant experience
in different types of specialized education;
- facilitating exchanges of experience concerning the
organization and functioning of education intended for
adults and recurrent education, the relationships between
these and other forms and levels of education, as well as
concerning the means of adapting education, including
vocational and technical training, to the needs of
economic and social development in their countries;
93
- encouraging exchanges of experience in the education of
youth and adults in international understanding, with
particular reference to those major problems of mankind
whose solution calls for a common approach and wider
international cc-operation;
- encouraging exchanges of teaching materials - including
school textbooks, having in mind the possibility of
promoting mutual knowledge and facilitating the
presentation of each country in such books - as well
as exchanges of information on technical innovations in
the field of education.
National minorities or regional cultures. The participating
States, recognizing the contribution that national minorities
or regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in
various fields of education, intend, when such minorities or
cultures exist within their territory, to facilitate this
contribution, taking into account the legitimate interests
of their members.
-94
FOLLOW-UP TO THE CONFERENCE
The participating States,
Having considered and evaluated the progress made at the
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe;
Considering further that, within the broader context of
the world, the Conference is an important part of the process
of improving security and developing co-operation in Europe and
that its results will contribute significantly to this process;
Intending to implement the provisions of the Final Act of
the Conference in order to give full effect to its results and
thus to further the process of improving security and developing
co-operation in Europe;
Convinced that, in order to achieve the aims sought by the
Conference, they should make further unilateral, bilateral and
multilateral efforts and continue, in the appropriate forms set
forth below, the multilateral process initiated by the Conference,
1. Declare their resolve, in the period following the Conference,
to pay due regard to and implement the provisions of the Final Act
of the Conference:
(a) unilaterally, in all cases which lend themselves to such
action;
(b) bilaterally, by negotiations with other participating States;
(c) multilaterally, by meetings of experts of the participating
States, and also within the framework of existing
international organizations, such as the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe and UNESCO, with regard
to educational, scientific and cultural co-operation;
95
2.
Declare. furthermore their resolve to continue the
multilateral process initiated by the Conference:
(a) by proceeding to a thorough exchange of views both on the
implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and of
the tasks defined by the Conference, as well as, in the
context of the questions dealt with by the latter, on the
deepening of their mutual relations, the improvement of
security and the development of co-operation in Europe,
and the development of the process of détente in the
future;
(b) by organizing to these ends meetings among their
representatives, beginning with a meeting at the level
of representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign
Affairs. This meeting will define the appropriate
modalities for the holding of other meetings which could
include further similar meetings and the possibility of
a new Conference;
3.
The first of the meetings indicated above will be held at
BELERADE. in 1977. A preparatory meeting to organize this
meeting will be held at BELGRAPE. on 15 June 1977. The
preparatory meeting will decide on the date, duration, agenda
and other modalities of the meeting of representatives appointed
by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs;
4.
The rules of procedure, the working methods and the scale
of distribution for the expenses of the Conference will, mutatis
mutandis, be applied to the meetings envisaged in paragraphs 1 (c),
2 and 3 above. All the above-mentioned meetings will be held in
the participating States in rotation. The services of a technical
secretariat will be provided by the host country.
The original of this Final Act, drawn up in English,
96
French, German, Italian, Russion and Spanish, will be trensmitted
to the Government of the Republic of Finland, which will retain
it in its archives. Each of the participating States will
receive from the Government of the Republic of Finland a true
copy of this Final Act.
The text of this Final Act will be published in each
participating State, which will disseminate it and make it
known as widely as possible.
The Government of the Republic of Finland is requested
to transmit to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
the text of this Final Act, which is not eligible for
registration under Article 102 of the Charter of the
United Nations, with a view to its circulation to all the
members of the Organization as an official document of the
United Nations.
The Government of the Republic of Finland is also
requested to transmit the text of this Final Act to the
Director-General of UNESCO and to the Executive Secretary of
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
Wherefore, the undersigned High Representatives of the
participating States, mindful of the high political significance
which they attach to the results of the Conference, and declaring
their determination to act in accordance with the provisions
contained in the above texts, have subscribed their signatures
below:
Fait à Helsinki, le
1975 Fatto in Helsinki, addi
1975
CoBepTeHo B Хельсинки
1975 года
au nom:
in nome:
OT имени:
Gegeben in Helsinki as
1975 Done at Helcinki
1975 Hecho en Helsinki, el
1975
namens:
in the name:
en nombre:
Signatures:
Names of States:
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"ocrText": "Digitized from Box 13 of the White House Press Releases at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library\n[7-25-75]\nKONFERENZ ÜDER SIGNERMENT\nUND ZUSAMMENARBEIT IN EUROPA\nC\nSCHLUSSAKTE\nCONFERENCE ON SECURITY\nAND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE\nFINAL ACT\nCONFERENCIA SOBRE LA SEGURIDAD\nY LA COOPERACIÓN EN EUROPA\nACTA FINAL\nCONFÉRENCE SUR LA SÉCURITÉ\nET LA COOPÉRATION EN EUROPE\nACTE FINAL\nCONFERENZA SULLA SICUREZZA\nE LA COOPERAZIONE IN EUROPA\nATTO FINALE\nСОВЕЩАНИЕ ПО БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ\nИ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВУ B ЕВРОПЕ\nЗАКШОЧНТЕЛЬНЫЙ AKT\nHelsinki 1975\nOriginal is low quality photocopy. Best scan possible.\nTABLE OF CONTENTS\nSubject\nPage\nFinal Act\n1\nQuestions Relating to Security\nin Europe\n2\nCooperation in the Fields of Economics,\nof Science and Technology and of\nthe Environment\n23\nQuestions Relating to Security and\nCo-operation in the Mediterranean\n57\nCo-operation in Humanitarian and\nOther Fields\n60\nFollow-up to the Conference\n94\nConcluding Clauses and Signatures\n96\nFINAL ACT\nThe Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe,\nwhich opened at Helsinki on 3 July 1973 and continued at Geneva\n21\nfrom 18 September 1973 to 1975, was concluded at Helsinki\n1\nAugust\non\n1975 by the High Representatives of Austria, Belgium,\nBulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland,\nFrance, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of\nGermany, Greece, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,\nLiechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands,\nNorway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden,\nSwitzerland, Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,\nthe United Kingdom, the United States of America and Yugoslavia.\nDuring the opening and closing stages of the Conference the\nparticipants were addressed by the Secretary-General of the\nUnited Nations as their guest of honour. The Director-General\nof UNESCO and the Executive Secretary of the United Nations\nEconomic Commission for Europe addressed the Conference during\nits second stage.\nDuring the meetings of the second stage of the Conference,\ncontributions were received, and statements heard, from the\nfollowing non-participating Mediterranean States on various\nagenda items:\nThe Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, the\nArab Republic of Egypt, Israel, the Kingdom of Morocco,\nthe Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia.\nMotivated by the political will, in the interest of peoples,\nto improve and intensify their relations and to contribute in\nEurope to peace, security, justice and co-operation as well as\nto rapprochement among themselves and with the other States of\nthe world;\nDetermined, in consequence, to give full effect to the\nresults of the Conference and to assure, among their States\nand throughout Europe, the benefits deriving from those results\nand thus to broaden, deepen and make continuing and lasting the\nprocess of détente;\nThe High Representatives of the participating States\nhave solemnly adopted the following:\nQUESTIONS RELATING TO SECURITY IN EUROPE\n2\nThe States participating in the Conference on Security\nand Co-operation in Europe,\nReaffirming their objective of promoting better relations\namong themselves and ensuring conditions in which their\npeople can live in true and lasting peace free from any threat\nto or attempt against their security;\nConvinced of the need to exert efforts to make detente\nboth a continuing and an increasingly viable and comprehensive\nprocess, universal in scope, and that the implementation of\nthe results of the Conference on Security and Co-operation\nin Europe will be a major contribution to this process;\nConsidering that solidarity among peoples, as well as\nthe common purpose of the participating States in achieving\nthe aims as set forth by the Conference on Security and\nCo-operation in Europe, should lead to the development of\nbetter and closer relations among them in all fields and\nthus to overcoming the confrontation stemming from the\ncharacter of their past relations, and to better mutual\nunderstanding;\nMindful of their common history and recognizing that\nthe existence of elements common to their traditions and\nvalues can assist them in developing their relations, and\ndesiring to search, fully taking into account the individuality\nand diversity of their positions and views, for possibilities\nof joining their efforts with a view to overcoming distrust\nand increasing confidence, solving the problems that separate\nthem and co-operating in the interest of mankind;\nRecognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe\nas well as their common interest in the development of\nco-operation throughout Europe and among themselves and\nexpressing their intention to pursue efforts accordingly;\nRecognizing the close link between peace and security\nin Europe and in the world as a whole and conscious of the\nneed for each of them to make its contribution to the\n3\nstrengthening of world peace and security and to the\npromotion of fundamental rights, economic and social progress\nand well-being for all peoples;\nHave adopted the following:\n1.\na)\nDeclaration on Principles Guiding Relations between\nParticipating States\nThe participating States,\nReaffirming their commitment to peace, security and\njustice and the continuing development of friendly relations\nand co-operation;\nRecognizing that this commitment, which reflects the\ninterest and aspirations of peoples, constitutes for each\nparticipating State a present and future responsibility,\nheightened by experience of the past;\nReaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the\nUnited Nations and in accordance with the purposes and\nprinciples of the United Nations, their full and active\nsupport for the United Nations and for the enhancement of\nits role and effectiveness in strengthening international\npeace, security and justice, and in promoting the solution\nof international problems, as well as the development of\nfriendly relations and co-operation among States;\nExpressing their common adherence to the principles\nwhich are set forth below and are in conformity with the\nCharter of the United Nations, as well as their common will\nto act, in the application of these principles, in conformity\nwith the purposes and principles of the Charter of the\nUnited Nations;\nDeclare their determination to respect and put into\npractice, each of them in its relations with all other\nparticipating States, irrespective of their political, economic\nor social systems as well as of their size, geographical\nlocation or level of economic development, the following\nprinciples, which all are of primary significance, guiding\ntheir mutual relations:\n4\nI. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights\ninherent in sovereignty\nThe participating States will respect each other's\nsovereign equality and individuality as well as all the rights\ninherent in and encompassed by its sovereignty, including in\nparticular the right of every State to juridical equality,\nto territorial integrity and to freedom and political\nindependence. They will also respect each other's right\nfreely to choose and develop its political, social, economic\nand cultural systems as well as its right to determine its\nlaws and regulations.\nWithin the framework of international law, all the\nparticipating States have equal rights and duties. They\nwill respect each other's right to define and conduct as it\nwishes its relations with other States in accordance with\ninternational law and in the spirit of the present Declaration.\nThey consider that their frontiers can be changed, in\naccordance with international law, by peaceful means and by\nagreement. They also have the right to belong or not to\nbelong to international organizations, to be or not to be a\nparty to bilateral or. multilateral treaties including the\nright to be or not to be a party to treaties of alliance;\nthey also have the right to neutrality.\n5\nII. Refraining from the threat or use of force\nThe participating States will refrain in their mutual\nrelations, as well as in their international relations in\ngeneral, from the threat or use of force against the\nterritorial integrity or political independence of any State,\nor in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of\nthe United Nations and with the present Declaration. No\nconsideration may be invoked to serve to warrant resort\nto the threat or use of force in contravention of this\nprinciple,\nAccordingly, the participating States will refrain\nfrom any acts constituting a threat of force or direct or\nindirect use of force against another participating State.\nLikewise they will refrain from any manifestation of force\nfor the purpose of inducing another participating State to\nrenounce the full exercise of its sovereign rights. Likewise\nthey will also refrain in their mutual relations from any\nact of reprisal by force.\nNo such threat or use of force will be employed as\na means of settling disputes, or questions likely to give\nrise to disputes, between them.\n6\nIII. Inviolability of frontiers\nThe participating States regard as inviolable all one\nanother's frontiers as well as the frontiers of all States\nin Europe and therefore they will refrain now and in the\nfuture from assaulting these frontiers.\nAccordingly, they will also refrain from any demand\nfor, or act of, seizure and usurpation of part or all of the\nterritory of any participating State.\nIV. Territorial integrity of States\nThe participating States will respect the territorial\nintegrity of each of the participating States.\nAccordingly, they will refrain from any action\ninconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter\nof the United Nations against the territorial integrity, political\nindependence or the unity of any participating State, and in\nparticular from any such action constituting a threat or use\nof force.\nThe participating States will likewise refrain from making\neach other's territory the object of military occupation or\nother direct or indirect measures of force in contravention of\ninternational law, or the object of acquisition by means of\nsuch measures or the threat of them. No such occupation or\nacquisition will be recognized as legal.\n7\nV. Peaceful settlement of disputes\nThe participating States will settle disputes among them by\npeaceful means in such a manner as not to endanger international\npeace and security, and justice.\nThey will endeavour in good faith and a spirit of co-operation\nto reach a rapid and equitable solution on the basis of\ninternational law.\nFor this purpose they will use such means as negotiation,\nenquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement\nor other peaceful means of their own choice including any\nsettlement procedure agreed to in advance of disputes to which they\nare parties.\nIn the event of failure to reach a solution by any of the above\npeaceful means, the parties to a dispute will continue to seek a\nmutually agreed way to settle the dispute peacefully.\nParticipating States, parties to a dispute among them, as well\nas other participating States, will refrain from any action which\nmight aggravate the situation to such a degree as to endanger the\nmaintenance of international peace and security and thereby make\na peaceful settlement of the dispute more difficult.\n8\nVI. Non-intervention in internal affairs\nThe participating States will refrain from any intervention,\ndirect or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal\nor external affairs falling within the domestic jurisdiction of\nanother participating State, regardless of their mutual relations.\nThey will accordingly refrain from any form of armed\nintervention or threat of such intervention against another\nparticipating State.\nThey will likewise in all circumstances refrain from any\nother act of military, or of political, economic or other\ncoercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the\nexercise by another participating State of the rights inherent\nin its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.\nAccordingly, they will, inter alia, refrain from direct or\nindirect assistance to terrorist activities, or to subversive\nor other activities directed towards the violent overthrow of\nthe regime of another participating State.\n9\n'II. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including\nthe freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief\nThe participating States will respect human rights and\nfundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thqught, conscience,\nreligion or belief, for all without distinction as to race, sex,\nlanguage or religion.\nThey will promote and encourage the effective exercise of\ncivil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and\nfreedoms all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the\nhuman person and are essential for his free and full development.\nWithin this framework the participating States will recognize\nand respect the freedom of the individual to profess and practise,\nalone or in community with others, religion or belief acting in\naccordance with the dictates of his own conscience.\nThe participating States on whose territory national\nminorities exist will respect the right of persons belonging to\nsuch minorities to equality before the law, will afford them the\nfull opportunity for the actual enjoyment of human rights and\nfundamental freedoms and will, in this manner, protect their\nlegitimate interests in this sphere.\nThe participating States recognize the universal significance of\nhuman rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for which is an\nessential factor for the peace, justice and well-being necessary\nto ensure the development of friendly relations and co-operation\namong themselves as among all States.\nThey will constantly respect these rights and freedoms in their\nmutual relations and will endeavour jointly and separately,\nincluding in co-operation with the United Nations, to promote\nuniversal and effective respect for them.\nThey confirm the right of the individual to know and act upon\nhis rights and duties in this field.\nIn the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the\nparticipating States will act in conformity with the purposes and\nprinciples of the Charter of the United Nations and with the\nUniversal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil\nC\ntheir obligations as set forth in the international declarations\nand agreements in this field, including inter alia the\nInternational Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be\nbound.\nVIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples\nThe participating States will respect the equal rights of\npeoples and their right to self-determination, acting at all times\nin conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter\nof the United Nations and with the relevant norms of international\nlaw, including those relating to territorial integrity of States.\nBy virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination\nof peoples, all peoples always have the right, in full freedom, to\ndetermine, when and as they wish, their internal and external\npolitical status, without external interference, and to pursue as\nthey wish their political, economic, social and cultural\ndevelopment.\nThe participating States reaffirm the universal significance\nof respect for and effective exercise of equal rights and\nself-determination of peoples for the development of friendly\nrelations among themselves as among all States; they also recall\nthe importance of the elimination of any form of violation of\nthis principle.\nIX. Co-operation among States\nThe participating States will develop their co-operation with\none another and with all States in all fields in accordance with\nthe purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.\nIn developing their co-operation the participating States will\nplace special emphasis on the fields as set forth within the\nframework of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in\nEurope, with each of them making its contribution in conditions\nof full equality.\nThey will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as\nequals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly and\ngood-neighbourly relations among themselves, international peace,\nsecurity and justice. They will equally endeavour, in developing\ntheir co-operation, to improve the well-being of peoples and\ncontribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations through,\ninter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual knowledge\nand from progress and achievement in the economic, scientific,\ntechnological, social, cultural and humanitarian fields. They\nwill take steps to promote conditions favourable to making these\nbenefits available to all; they will take into account the\ninterest of all in the narrowing of differences in the levels of\neconomic development, and in particular the interest of\ndeveloping countries throughout the world.\nThey confirm that governments, institutions, organizations\nand persons have a relevant and positive role to play in\ncontributing toward the achievement of these aims of their\nco-operation.\nThey will strive, in increasing their co-operation as set\nforth above, to develop closer relations among themselves on an\n(\nimproved and more enduring basis for the benefit of peoples.\n12\nX. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under\ninternational law\nThe participating States will fulfil in good faith their\nobligations under international law, both those obligations\narising from the generally recognized principles and rules of\ninternational law and those obligations arising from treaties\nor other agreements, in conformity with international law, to\nwhich they are parties.\nIn exercising their sovereign rights, including the right\nto determine their laws and regulations, they will conform\nwith their legal obligations under international law; they\nwill furthermore pay due regard to and implement the\nprovisions in the Final Act of the Conference on Security and\nCo-operation in Europe.\nThe participating States confirm that in the event of a\nconflict between the obligations of the members of the\nUnited Nations under the Charter of the United Nations and\ntheir obligations under any treaty or other international\nagreement, their obligations under the Charter will prevail,\nin accordance with Article 103 of the Charter of the\nUnited Nations.\nAll the principles set forth above are of primary\nsignificance and, accordingly, they will be equally and\nunreservecly applied, each of them being interpreted taking\ninto account the others.\n&\nFORD\nRALD\nyou\nThe participating States express their determination\nfully to respect and apply these principles, as set forth\n13\nin the present Declaration, in all aspects, to their mutual\nrelations and co-operation in order to ensure to each\nparticipating State the benefits resulting from the respect\nand application of these principles by all.\nThe participating States, paying due regard to the\nprinciples above and, in particular, to the first sentence of\nthe tenth principle, \"Fulfilment in good faith of obligations\nunder international law\", note that the present Declaration\ndoes not affect their rights and obligations, nor the\ncorresponding treaties and other agreements and arrangements.\nThe participating States express the conviction that\nrespect for these principles will encourage the development of\nnormal and friendly relations and the progress of co-operation\namong them in all fields. They also express the conviction\nthat respect for these principles will encourage the development\nof political contacts among them which in turn would contribute\nto better mutual understanding of their positions and views.\nThe participating States declare their intention to\nconduct their relations with all other States in the spirit\nof the principles contained in the present Declaration.\nRALO R. FORD\nyou\n14\nb)\nMatters related to giving effect to certain of the above\nPrinciples\n(i) The participating States,\nReaffirming that they will respect and give effect to\nrefraining from the threat or use of force and convinced of the\nnecessity to make it an effective norm of international life,\nDeclare that they are resolved to respect and carry out, in\ntheir relations with one another, inter alia, the following\nprovisions which are in conformity with the Declaration on\nPrinciples Guiding Relations between Participating States:\n-\nTo give effect and expression, by all the ways and forms\nwhich they consider appropriate, to the duty to refrain\nfrom the threat or use of force in their relations with\none another.\n-\nTo refrain from any use of armed forces inconsistent with\nthe purposes and principles of the Charter of the United\nNations and the provisions of the Declaration on Principles\nGuiding Relations between Participating States, against\nanother participating State, in particular from\ninvasion of or attack on its territory.\n-\nTo refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose\nof inducing another participating State to renounce the\nfull exercise of its sovereign rights.\n-\nTo refrain from any act of economic coercion designed to\nsubordinate to their own interest the exercise by another\nparticipating State of the rights inherent in its\nsovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.\n-\nTo take effective measures which by their scope and by their\nnature constitute steps towards the ultimate achievement of\ngeneral and complete disarmament under strict and effective\ninternational control.\nis\n-\nTo promote, by all means which each of them considers\nappropriate, a climate of confidence and respect among\npeoples consonant with their duty to refrain from\npropaganda for wars of aggression or for any threat or\nuse of force inconsistent with the purposes of the United\nNations and with the Declaration on Principles\nGuiding Relations between Participating States, against\nanother participating State.\n-\nTo make every effort to settle exclusively by peaceful\nmeans any dispute between them, the continuance of which\nis likely to endanger the maintenance of international\npeace and security in Europe, and to seek, first of all,\na solution through the peaceful means set forth in\nArticle 33 of the United Nations Charter.\nTo refrain from any action which could hinder the peaceful\nsettlement of disputes between the participating States.\n(ii) The participating States,\nReaffirming their determination to settle their disputes\nas set forth in the Principle of Peaceful Settlement of Disputes;\nConvinced that the peaceful settlement of disputes is a\ncomplement to refraining from the threat or use of force, both\nbeing essential though not exclusive factors for the maintenance\nand consolidation of peace and security;\nDesiring to reinforce and to improve the methods at their\ndisposal for the peaceful settlement of disputes;\n1. Are resolved to pursue the examination and elaboration of a\ngenerally acceptable method for the peaceful settlement of disputes\naimed at complementing existing methods, and to continue to this\nend to work upon the \"Draft Convention on a European System for\nthe Peaceful Settlement of Disputes\" submitted by Switzerland during\nthe second stage of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in\nEurope, as well as other proposals relating 50 it and directed\ntowards the elaboration of such a method.\n16\n2. Decide that, on the invitation of Switzerland, a meeting\nof experts of all the participating States will be convoked\nin order to fulfil the mandate described in paragraph 1 above\nwithin the framework and under the procedures of the follow-up\nto the Conference laid down in the chapter \"Follow-up to the\nConference\".\n3. This meeting of experts will take place after the meeting\nof the representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign\nAffairs of the participating States, scheduled according to\nthe chapter \"Follow-up to the Conference\" for 1977; the\nresults of the work of this meeting of experts will be\nsubmitted to Governments.\n2.\n17\nDOCUMENT ON CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES AND\nCERTAIN ASPECTS OF SECURITY AND DISARMAMENT\nThe participating States,\nDesirous of eliminating the causes of tension that may\nexist among them and thus of contributing to the strengthening\nof peace and security in the world;\nDetermined to strengthen confidence among them and thus to\ncontribute to increasing stability and security in Europe;\nDetermined further to refrain in their mutual relations,\nas well as in their international relations in general, from\nthe threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or\npolitical independence of any State, or in any other manner\ninconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with\nthe Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between\nParticipating States as adopted in this Final Act;\nRecognizing the need to contribute to reducing the dangers\nof armed conflict and of misunderstanding or miscalculation of\nmilitary activities which could give rise to apprehension,\nparticularly in a situation where the participating States lack\nclear and timely information about the nature of such activities;\nTaking into account considerations relevant to efforts aimed\nat lessening tension and promoting disarmament;\nRecognizing that the exchange of observers by invitation at\nmilitary manoeuvres will help to promote contacts and mutual\nunderstanding;\nHaving studied the question of prior notification of major\nmilitary movements in the context of confidence-building;\nRecognizing that there are other ways in which individual\nStates can contribute further to their common objectives;\n18\nConvinced of the political importance of prior\nnotification of major military manoeuvres for the promotion\nof mutual understanding and the strengthening of confidence,\nstability and security;\nAccepting the responsibility of each of them to promote\nthese objectives and to implement this measure, in accordance\nwith the accepted criteria and modalities, as essentials for\nthe realization of these objectives;\nRecognizing that this measure deriving from political\ndecision rests upon a voluntary basis;\nHave adopted the following:\nI\nPrior notification of major military manoeuvres\nThey will notify their major military manoeuvres to all\nother participating States through usual diplomatic channels\nin accordance with the following provisions:\nNotification will be given of major military manoeuvres\nexceeding a total of 25,000 troops, independently or combined\nwith any possible air or naval components (in this context the\nword \"troops\" includes amphibious and airborne troops). In the\ncase of independent manoeuvres of amphibious or airborne troops,\nor of combined manoeuvres involving them, these troops will be\nincluded in this total. Furthermore, in the case of combined\nmanoeuvres which do not reach the above total but which involve\nland forces together with significant numbers of either\namphibious or airborne troops, or both, notification can also\nbe given.\nNotification will be given of major military manoeuvres\nwhich take place on the territory, in Europe, of any participating\nState as well as, if applicable, in the adjoining sea area and\nair space.\n19\nIn the case of a participating State whose territory extends\nbeyond Europe, prior notification need be given only of manoeuvres\nwhich take place in an area within 250 kilometres from its\nfrontier facing or shared with any other European participating\nState, the participating State need not, however, give notification\nin cases in which that area is also contiguous to the participating\nState's frontier facing or shared with a non-European non-\nparticipating State.\nNotification will be given 21 days or more in advance of\nthe start of the manoeuvre or in the case of a manoeuvre arranged\nat shorter notice at the earliest possible opportunity prior to\nits starting date.\nNotification will contain information of the designation,\nif any, the general purpose of and the States involved in the\nmanoeuvre, the type or types and numerical strength of the forces\nengaged, the area and estimated time-frame of its conduct. The\nparticipating States will also, if possible, provide additional\nrelevant information, particularly that related to the components\nof the forces engaged and the period of involvement of these forces.\nPrior notification of other military manoeuvres\nThe participating States recognize that they can contribute\nfurther to strengthening confidence and increasing security and\nstability, and to this end may also notify smaller-scale military\nmanoeuvres to other participating States, with special regard for\nthose near the area of such manoeuvres.\nTo the same end, the participating States also recognize that\nthey may notify other military manoeuvres conducted by them.\nExchange of observers\nThe participating States will invite other participating States,\nvoluntarily and on a bilateral basis, in a spirit of reciprocity and\ngoodwill towards all participating States, to send observers to\nattend military manoeuvres.\n20\nThe inviting State will determine in each case the number\nof observers, the procedures and conditions of their participation,\nand give other information which it may consider useful. It will\nprovide appropriate facilities and hospitality.\nThe invitation will be given as far ahead as i's conveniently\npossible through usual diplomatic channels.\nPrior notification of major military movements\nIn accordance with the Final Recommendations of the Helsinki\nConsultations the participating States studied the question of\nprior notification of major military movements as a measure to\nstrengthen confidence.\nAccordingly, the participating States recognize that they\nmay, at their own discretion and with a view to contributing to\nconfidence-building, notify their major military movements.\nIn the same spirit, further consideration will be given by the\nStates participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation\nin Europe to the question of prior notification of major military\nmovements, bearing in mind, in particular, the experience gained by\nthe implementation of the measures which are set forth in this document.\nOther confidence-building measures\nThe participating States recognize that there are other means\nby which their common objectives can be promoted.\nIn particular, they will, with due regard to reciprocity and\nwith a view to better mutual understanding, promote exchanges by\ninvitation among their military personnel, including visits by\nmilitary delegations.\n***\nIn order to make a fuller contribution to their common\nobjective of confidence-building, the participating States,\nwhen conducting their military activities in the area covered\nby the provisions for the prior notification of major military\nmanoeuvres, will duly take into account and respect this objective.\nThey also recognize that the experience gained by the\nimplementation of the provisions set forth above, together with\nfurther efforts, could lead to developing and enlarging measures\naimed at strengthening confidence.\nII\nQuestions relating to disarmament\nThe participating States recognize the interest of all of\nthem in efforts aimed at lessening military confrontation and\npromoting disarmament which are designed to complement political\ndetente in Europe and to strengthen their security. They are\nconvinced of the necessity to take effective measures in these\nfields which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps\ntowards the ultimate achievement of general and complete\ndisarmament under strict and effective international control,\nand which should result in strengthening peace and security\nthroughout the world.\nIII\nGeneral considerations\nHaving considered the views expressed on various subjects\nrelated to the strengthening of security in Europe through joint\nefforts aimed at promoting detente and disarmament, the\nparticipating States, when engaged in such efforts, will, in\nis context, proceed, in particular, from the following\nessential considerations:\n22\n- The complementary nature of the political and military\naspects of security;\n- The interrelation between the security of each\nparticipating State and security in Europe as a whole and\nthe relationship which exists, in the broader context of\nworld security, between security in Europe and security in\nthe Mediterranean area;\n- Respect for the security interests of all States\nparticipating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation\nin Europe inherent in their sovereign equality;\n- The importance that participants in negotiating fora\nsee to it that information about relevant developments,\nprogress and results is provided on an appropriate basis to\nother States participating in the Conference on Security\nand Co-operation in Europe and, in return, the justified\ninterest of any of those States in having their views\nconsidered.\n23\nCO-OPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS, OF\nSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND OF THE ENVIRONMENT\nThe participating States,\nConvinced that their efforts to develop cd-operation in\nthe fields of trade, industry, science and technology,\nthe environment and other areas of economic activity\ncontribute to the reinforcement of peace and security\nin Europe and in the world as a whole,\nRecognizing that co-operation in these fields would\npromote economic and social progress and the improvement\nof the conditions of life,\nAware of the diversity of their economic and social\nsystems,\nReaffirming their will to intensify such co-operation\nbetween one another, irrespective of their systems,\nRecognizing that such co-operation, with due regard for\nthe different levels of economic development, can be\ndeveloped, on the basis of equality and mutual\nsatisfaction of the partners, and of reciprocity\npermitting, as a whole, an equitable distribution of\nadvantages and obligations of comparable scale, with\nrespect for bilateral and multilateral agreements,\nTaking into account the interests of the developing\ncountries throughout the world, including those among\nthe participating countries as long as they are\ndeveloping from the economic point of view;\nreaffirming their will to co-operate for the\nachievement of the aims and objectives established by\nthe appropriate bodies of the United Nations in the\npertinent documents concerning development, it being\nunderstood that each participating State maintains the\npositions it has taken on them; giving special\nattention to the least developed countries,\n24\nConvinced that the growing world wide economic\ninterdependence calls for increasing common and\neffective efforts towards the solution of major world\neconomic problems such as food, energy, ;commodities,\nmonetary and financial problems, and therefore\nemphasizes the need for promoting stable and equitable\ninternational economic relations, thus contributing\nto the continuous and diversified economic development\nof all countries,\nHaving taken into account the work already undertaken\n.by relevant international organizations and wishing\nto take advantage of the possibilities offered by\nthese organizations, in particular by the United Nations\nEconomic Commission for Europe, for giving effect to\nthe provisions of the final documents of the Conference,\nConsidering that the guidelines and concrete\nrecommendations contained in the following texts are\naimed at promoting further development of their mutual\neconomic relations, and convinced that their\nco-operation in this field should take place in full\nrespect for the principles guiding relations among\nparticipating States as set forth in the relevant\ndocument,\nHave adopted the following:\n25\nCommercial Exchanges\nGeneral provisions\nThe participating States,\nConscious of the growing role of international trade\nas one of the most important factors in economic growth\nand social progress,\nRecognizing that trade represents an essential sector\nof their co-operation, and bearing in mind that the\nprovisions contained in the above preamble apply in\nparticular to this sector,\nConsidering that the volume and structure of trade\namong the participating States do not in all cases\ncorrespond to the possibilities created by the current\nlevel of their economic, scientific and technological\ndevelopment,\nAre resolved to promote, on the basis of the modalities\nof their economic co-operation, the expansion of their\nmutual trade in goods and services, and to ensure\nconditions favourable to such development;\nRecognize the beneficial effects which can result\nfor the development of trade from the application of\nmost favoured nation treatment;\nWill encourage the expansion of trade on as broad\na multilateral basis as possible, thereby endeavouring\nto utilize the various economic and commercial\npossibilities;\nRecognize the importance of bilateral and multilateral\nintergovernmental and other agreements for the long-\nterm development of trade;\nNote the importance of monetary and financial questions\n26\nfor the development of international trade, and will\nendeavour to deal with them with a view to contributing\nto the continuous expansion of trade;\nWill endeavour to reduce or progressively eliminate\nall kinds of obstacles to the development of trade;\nWill foster a steady growth of trade while avoiding\nas far as possible abrupt fluctuations in their trade;\nConsider that their trade in various products should\nbe conducted in such a way as not to cause or threaten\nto cause serious injury - and should the situation\narise, market disruption - in domestic markets for\nthese products and in particular to the detriment of\ndomestic producers of like or directly competitive\nproducts; as regards the concept of market disruption,\nit is understood that it should not be invoked in a way\ninconsistent with the relevant provisions of their\ninternational agreements; if they resort to safeguard\nmeasures, they will do so in conformity with their\ncommitments in this field arising from international\nagreements to which they are parties and will take\naccount of the interests of the parties directly\nconcerned;\nWill give cue attention to measures for the promotion\nof trade and the diversification of its structure;\nNote that the growth and diversification of trade\nwould contribute to widening the possibilities of\nchoice of products;\nConsider it appropriate to create favourable\nconditions for the participation of firms,\norganizations and enterprises in the development\nof trade.\n27\nBusiness contacts. and facilities\nThe participating States,\nConscious of the importance of the contribution which\nan improvement of business contacts, and the accompanying\ngrowth of confidence in business relationships, could\nmake to the development of commercial and economic\nrelations,\nWill take measures further to improve conditions for\nthe expansion of contacts between representatives of\nofficial bodies, of the different organizations,\nenterprises, firms and banks concerned with foreign\ntrade, in particular, where useful, between sellers\nand users of products and services, for the purpose\nof studying commercial possibilities, concluding contracts,\nensuring their implementation and providing after-sales\nservices;\nWill encourage organizations, enterprises and firms\nconcerned with foreign trade to take measures to\naccelerate the conduct of business negotiations;\nWill further take measures aimed at improving working\nconditions of representatives of foreign organizations,\nenterprises, firms and banks concerned with external\ntrade, particularly as follows:\n- by providing the necessary information, including\ninformation on legislation and procedures relating\nto the establishment and operation of permanent\nrepresentation by the above mentioned bodies;\n- by examining as favourably as possible requests\nfor the establishment of permanent representation\nand 01 offices for this purpose, including, where\nappropriate, the opening of joint offices by two\nor more firms;\n28\n- by encouraging the provision, or consi ITS as\nfavourable as possible and equal for all\nrepresentatives of the above mentioned bodies,\nof hotel accommodation, means of communication,\nand of other facilities normally required by them,\nas well as of suitable business and residential\npremises for purposes of permanent representation;\nRecognize the importance of such measures to encourage\ngreater participating by small and medium sized firms\nin trade between participating States.\nEconomic and commercial information\nThe participating States,\nConscious of the growing role of economic and\ncommercial information in the development of\ninternational trade,\nConsidering that economic information should be of\nsuch a nature as to allow adequate market analysis\nand to permit the preparation of medium and long term\nforecasts, thus contributing to the establishment of\na continuing flow of trade and a better utilization of\ncommercial possibilities,\nExpressing their readiness to improve the quality and\nincrease the quantity and supply of economic and relevant\nadministrative information,\nConsidering that the value of statistical information on\nthe international level depends to a considerable extent\non the possibility of its comparatility,\nWill promote the publication end dissemination of economic\nand commercial information at regular intervals and as\n29\nquickly as postible, in particular:\n- statistics concerning production, national\nincome, budget, consumption and productivity;\n- foreign trade statistics drawn up on the basis of\ncomparable classification including breakdown by\nproduct with indication of volume and value, as\nwell as country of origin or destination;\n- laws and regulations concerning foreign trade;\n- information allowing forecasts of development of\nthe economy to assist in trade promotion, for example,\ninformation on the general orientation of national\neconomic plans and programmes;\n- other information to help businessmen in\ncommercial contacts, for example, periodic\ndirectories, lists, and where possible,\norganizational charts of firms and organizations\nconcerned with foreign trade;\nWill in addition to the above encourage the development\nof the exchange of economic and commercial information\nthrough, where appropriate, joint commissions for economic,\nscientific and technical co-operation, national and joint\nchambers of commerce, and other suitable bodies;\nWill support a study, in the framework of the United\nNations Economic Commission for Europe, of the\npossibilities of creating a multilateral system of\nnotification of laws and regulations concerning foreign\ntrade and changes therein;\nWill encourage international work on the harmonization of\nstatistical nomenclatures, notably in the United Nations\nEconomic Commission for Europe.\n30\nMarketing\nThe participating States,\nRecognizing the importance of adapting production to\nthe requirements of foreign markets in order to ensure\nthe expansion of international trade,\nConscious of the need of exporters to be as fully\nfamiliar as possible with and take account of the\nrequirements of potential users,\nWill encourage organizations, enterprises and firms\nconcerned with foreign trade to develop further the\nknowledge and techniques required for effective\nmarketing;\nWill encourage the improvement of conditions for the\nimplementation of measures to promote trade and to\nsatisfy the needs of users in respect of imported\nproducts, in particular through market research and\nadvertising measures as well as, where useful, the\nestablishment of supply facilities, the furnishing\nof spare parts, the functioning of after sales services,\nand the training of the necessary local technical\npersonnel;\nWill encourage international co-operation in the field\nof trade promotion, including marketing, and the work\nundertaken on these subjects within the international\nbodies, in particular the United Nations Economic\nCommission for Europe.\n3\nIndustrial co-operation and projects of common interest\nIndustrial co-operation\nThe participating States,\nConsidering that industrial co-operation, being motivated\nby economic considerations, can\n- create lasting ties thus strengthening long-term\noverall economic co-operation,\n- contribute to economic growth as well as to the\nexpansion and diversification of international\ntrade and to a wider utilization of modern\ntechnology,\n- lead to the mutually advantageous utilization of\neconomic complementarities through better use of\nall factors of production, and\n- accelerate the industrial development of all those\nwho take part in such co-operation,\nPropose to encourage the development of industrial\nco-operation between the competent organizations,\nenterprises and firms of their countries;\nConsider that industrial co-operation may be facilitated\nby means of intergovernmental and other bilateral and\nmultilateral agreements between the interested parties;\n32\nNote that in promoting industrial co-operation they\nshould bear in mind the economic structures and the\ndevelopment levels of their countries;\nNote that industrial co-operation is implemented by\nmeans of contracts concluded between competent\norganizations, enterprises and firms on the basis of\neconomic considerations;\nExpress their willingness to promote measures designed\nto create favourable conditions for industrial co-operation;\nRecognize that industrial co-operation covers a number\nof forms of economic relations going beyond the framework\nof conventional trade, and that in concluding contracts\non industrial co-operation the partners will determine\njointly the appropriate forms and conditions of\nco-operation, taking into account their mutual interests\nand capabilities;\nRecognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,\nconcrete forms such as the following may be useful for\nthe development of industrial co-operation: joint\nproduction and sale, specialization in production and sale,\nconstruction, adaptation and modernization of industrial\nplants, co-operation for the setting up of complete industrial\ninstallations with a view to thus obtaining part of the\nresultant products, mixed companies, exchanges of\n\"know-how\", of technical information, of patents and of\nlicences, and joint industrial research within the framework\nof specific co-operation projects;\nRecognize that new forms of industrial co-operation can be\napplied with a view to meeting specific needs;\nNote the importance of economic, commercial, technical\nand administrative information such as to ensure the\ndevelopment of industrial co-operation;\n33\nCorsider it desirable\n- to improve the quality and the quantity of information\nrelevant to industrial co-operation, in particular the\nlaws and regulations, including those relating to foreign\nexchange, general orientation of national economic plans\nand programmes as well as programme priorities and\neconomic conditions of the market; and\n- to disseminate as quickly as possible published documentation\nthereon;\nWill encourage all forms of exchange of information and\ncommunication of experience relevant to industrial co-operation,\nircluding through contacts between potential partners and,\nwhere appropriate, through joint commissions for economic,\nindustrial, scientific and technical co-operation, national\nand joint chambers of commerce, and other suitable bodies;\nCorsider it desirable, with a view to expanding industrial\nco-operation, to encourage the exploration of co-operation\npossibilities And the implementation of co-operation projects\nand will take measures to this end, inter alia, by\nfacilitating and increasing all forms of business contacts\nbetween competent organizations, enterprises and firms and\nbotween their respective qualified personnel;\nthat the provisions adopted by the Conference relating\nuniness contacts in the economic and commercial fields also\nto foreign organizations, enterprises and firms engaged\nen-eperation, taking into account the specific\nof co-operation, and will endeavour to ensure,\nthe existence of appropriate working conditions\npersonnel ted in the implementation of co-operation\n34\nConsider it desirable that proposals for industrial co-operation\nprojects should be sufficiently specific and should contain the\nnecessary economic and technical data, in particular preliminary\nestimates of the cost of the project, information on the form of\nco-operation envisaged, and market possibilities, to enable\npotential partners to proceed with initial studies and to arrive\nat decisions in the shortest possible time;\nWill encourage the parties concerned with industrial co-operation\nto take measures to accelerate the conduct of negotiations for\nthe conclusion of co-operation contracts;\nRecommend further the continued examination - for example within\nthe framework of the United Nations Economic Commission for\nEurope - of means of improving the provision of information to\nthose concerned on general conditions of industrial co-operation\nand guidance on the preparation of contracts in this field;\nConsider It desirable to further improve conditions for the\nimplementation of industrial co-operation projects, in particular\nwith respect to:\n- the protection of the interests of the partners in\nindustrial co-operation projects, including the legal\nprotection of the various kinds of property involved;\n- the consideration, in ways that are compatible with their\neconomic systems, of the needs and possibilities of\nindustrial co-operation within the framework of economic\npolicy and particularly in national economic plans and\nprogrammes;\nConsider it desirable that the partners, when concluding industrial\nmo-operation contracts, should devote due attention to provisions\nconcerning the extension of the necessary mutual assistance and\nthe provision of the necessary information during the implementation\nnot these contracts, in particular with a view to attaining the\nrequired technical level and quality of the products resulting\nfrom such co-operation;\n35\nthe unefulness of an increased participation of\nsmill and medium sized firms in industrial co-operation\nprojects.\nProjects of common interest\nThe participating States,\nConsidering that their economic potential and their\nnatural resources permit, through common efforts, long-\nterm co-operation in the implementation, including at\nthe regional or sub-regional level, of major projects\nof common interest, and that these may contribute to\nthe speeding-up of the economic development of the\ncountries participating therein,\nConsidering it desirable that the competent organizations,\nenterprisos and firms of all countries should be given the\npossibility of indicating their interest in participating\nin such projects, and, in case of agreement, of taking part\nin their implementation,\nNobing that the provisions adopted by the Conference relating\nindustrial co-operation are also applicable to projects of\ncommon interest,\nit as necessary to encourage, where appropriate, the\n1891 by competent and interested organizations,\nand firms of the possibilities for the carrying\nects of common interest in the fields of energy\nthe expleitation or raw materials, as well\nand communications;\n36\nPegard it as desirable that organizations, enterprises\nand firms exploring the possibilities of taking part in\nprojects of common interest exchange with their potential\npartners, through the appropriate channels, the requisite\neconomic, legal, financial and technical information\npertaining to these projects;\nConsider that the fields of energy resources, in particular,\npetrcleum, natural gas and coal, and the extraction and\nprocessing of mineral raw materials, in particular, iron\nore and bauxite, are suitable ones for strengthening long-\nterm economic co-operation and for the development of trade\nwhich could result;\nConsider that possibilities for projects of common interest\nwith a view to long-term economic co-operation also exist\nin the following fields:\n- exchanges of electrical energy within Europe with a\nview to utilizing the capacity of the electrical\npower stations as rationally as possible;\n- co-operation in research for new sources of energy\nand, in particular, in the field of nuclear energy;\n- development of road networks and co-operation aimed\nat establishing a coherent navigable network in\nEurope;\n- co-operation in research and the perfecting of\nequipment for multimodal transport operations and\nfor the handling of containers;\nRecommend that the States interested in projects of common\ninterest should consider under what conditions it would be\npossible to establish them, and if they so desire, create\nthe necessary conditions for their actual implementation;\n37\nProvisions concerning trade and\nindustrial co-operation\nHarmonization of standards\nThe participating States,\nRecognizing the development of international harmonization\nof standards and technical regulations and of international\nco-operation in the field of certification as an important\nmeans of eliminating technical obstacles to international\ntrade and industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating\ntheir development and increasing productivity,\nReaffirm their interest to achieve the widest possible\ninternational harmonization of standards and technical\nregulations;\nExpress their readiness to promote international\nagreements and other appropriate arrangements on\nacceptance of certificates of conformity with standards\nand technical regulations;\nConsider it desirable to increase international\nco-operation on standardization, in particular by\nsupporting the activities of intergovernmental and\nother appropriate organizations in this field. .\n38\nArbitration\nThe participating States,\nConsidering that the prompt and equitable septement\nof disputes which may arise from commercial transactions\nrelating to goods and services and contracts for\nindustrial co-operation would contribute to expanding\nand facilitating trade and co-operation,\nConsidering that arbitration is an appropriate means of\nsettling such disputes,\nRecommend, where appropriate, to organizations,\nenterprises and firms in their countries, to include\narbitration clauses in commercial contracts and\nindustrial co-operation contracts, or in special\nagreements;\nRecommend that the provisions on arbitration should\nprovide for arbitration under a mutually acceptable\nset of arbitration rules, and permit arbitration in a\nthird country, taking into account existing\nintergovernmental and other agreements in this field.\nSpecific bilateral arrangements\nThe participating States,\nConscious of the need to facilitate trade and to\npromote the application of new forms of industrial\nco-operation,\nWill consider favourably the conclusion, in\nappropriate cases, of specific bilateral agreements\nconcerning various problems of mutual interest in\nthe fields of commercial exchanges and industrial\nco-operation, in particular with a view to avoiding\ndouble taxation and to facilitating the transfer\nof profits and the return of the value of the\nassets invested.\n39\nScience and technology\nThe participating States,\nConvinced that scientific and technological co-operation\nconstitutes an important contribution to the strengthening\nof security and co-operation among them, in that it assists\nthe effective solution of problems of common interest and\nthe improvement of the conditions of human life,\nConsidering that in developing such co-operation, it is\nimportant to promote the sharing of information and\nexperience, facilitating the study and transfer of scientific\na technological achievements, as well as the access to\nsuch achievements on a mutually advantageous basis and in\nfields of co-operation agreed between interested parties,\nConsidering that it is for the potential partners, i.e. the\ncompetent organizations, institutions, enterprises, scientists\nand technologists of the participating States to determine\nthe opportunities for mutually beneficial co-operation and\nto develop its details,\nAffirming that such co-operation can be developed and\nimplemented bilaterally and multilaterally at the governmental\nand non-governmental levels, for example, through inter-\ngovernmental and other agreements, international programmes,\nco-operative sjects and commercial channels, while utilizing\nalso various forms of contacts, including direct and individual\ncontacts,\nA1 e of the need to take measures further to improve\nscientific and technological co-operation between them,\nPossibilities for improving co-operation\n40\nRecognize that possibilities exist for further improving\nscientific and technological co-operation, and to this end,\nexpress their intention to remove obstacles to such\nco-operation, in particular through:\n- the improvement of opportunities for the exchange\nand dissemination of scientific and technological\ninformation among the parties interested in scientific\nand technological research and co-operation including\ninformation related to the organization and implementation\nof such co-operation;\n- the expeditious implementation and improvement in\norganization, including programmes, of international\nvisits of scientists and specialists in connexion with\nexchanges, conferences and co-operation;\n- the wider use of commercial channels and activities\nfor applied scientific and technological research and\nfor the transfer of achievements obtained in this field\nwhile providing information on and protection of\nintellectual and industrial property rights;\nFields of co-operation\nConsider that possibilities to expand co-operation exist\nwithin the areas given below as examples, noting that it\nis for potential partners in the participating countries\nto identify and develop projects and arrangements of mutual\ninterest and benefit:\nAgriculture. Research into new methods and technologies\nfor increasing the productivity of crop cultivation and\nanimal husbandry; the application of chemistry to\nagriculture; the design, construction and utilization of\nagricultural machinery; technologies of irrigation and\nother agricultural land improvement works;\n41\nEnergy. New technologies of production, transport and\ndistribution of energy aimed at improving the use of existing\nfuels and sources of hydroenergy, as well as research in\nfield of new energy sources, including nuclear,\ngeothermal energy;\ni\nNew technologies, rational use of resources. Research on\nnew technologies and equipment designed in particular to\nreduce energy consumption and to minimize or eliminate\nwaste;\nTransport technology. Research on the means of transport\nand the technology applied to the development and operation\nof international, national and urban transport networks\nincluding container transport as well as transport\nsafety;\nPhysics. Study of problems in high energy physics and\nplasma physics; research in the field of theoretical\nand experimental nuclear physics;\nChemistry. Research on problems in electrochemistry and the\nchemistry of polymers, of natural products, and of metals\nand alloys, as well as the development of improved chemical\ntechnology, especially materials processing; practical\napplication of the latest achievements of chemistry to\nindustry, construction and other sectors of the economy;\nMeteorology and hydrology. Meteorological and hydrological\nresearch, including methods of collection, evaluation an :\ntransmission of data and their utilization for weather\nforecasting and hydrology forecasting;\nOceanography. Oceanographic research, including the study\n03 air/sea interactions;\nresearch. Study and forecasting of earthquakes\nand associated geological changes; development and research\nof seism-resisting constructions;\n42\nPl re:frost and problems of life\nconditions of cold. Research on glaciology and\npermafrost; transportation and construction technologies;\nhuman adaptation to climatic extremes and changes in the\nliving conditions of indigenous populations;\nComputer, communication and information technologies.\nDevelopment of computers as well as of telecommunications and\ninformation systems; technology associated with computers\nand telecommunications, including their use for management\nsystems, Yor production processes, for automation, for\nthe study of economic problems, in scientific research and\nfor the collection, processing and dissemination of information;\nSpace research. Space exploration and the study of the\nearth's natural resources and the natural environment by\nremote sensing in particular with the assistance of satellites\nand rocket-probes;\nMedicine and public health. Research on cardiovascular,\ntumour and virus diseases, molecular biology, neurophysiology;\ndevelopment and testing of new drugs; study of contemporary\nproblems of pediatrics, gerontology and the organization and\ntechniques of medical services;\nEnvironmental research. Research on specific scientific\nand technological problems related to human environment.\nForms and methods of co-operation\nExpress their view that scientific and technological\nco-operation should, in particular, employ the following\nforms 301 nethods:\n- exumange and circulation of books, periodicals and\nother and technological publications\nand papers among interested organizations, scientific\nand technological institutions, enterprises and\nsciennists and technologists, as well as participation\nin International programmes for the abstracting and\nIncexing of publications;\n43\nexchanges and visits as well as other direct\ncontacts and communications among zoientists ans\ntechnologists, on the basis of mutual agreement and\nother arrangements, for such purposes as consultations,\nlecturing and conducting research, including the use\nof laboratories, scientific libraries, and other\ndocumentation centres in connexion therewith;\nholding of international and national conferences,\nsymposia, seminars, courses and other meetings of E\nscientific and technological character, which would\ninclude the participation of foreign scientists and\ntechnologists;\njoint preparation and implementation of programmes\nand projects of mutual Interest on the basis of\nconsultation and agreement among all parties concerned,\nincluding, where possible and appropriate, exchanges\nof experience and research resulte, and correlation\nof research programmes, between scientific and\ntechnological research institutions and organizations;\nuse of commercial channels and methods for identifying\nand transferring technological and scientific developments,\nincluding the conclusion of mutually beneficial\nco-operation arrangements between firms and enterprises\nin fields agreed upon between them and for carrying\ncui, where appropriate, jcint research and development\nprogrammes and projects;\nConsider it desirable that periodic exchanges of views and\ninformation take place on scientific policy, in particular\ngeneral problems of orientation and administration of\nresearch and the question of 2 better use of large-scale\nscientific and experimental equipment on a cc-operative\nresis;\nRecommend that, in developing co-operation in the\n44\nfield of science and technology, full use be made of\nexisting practices of bilateral and multilatéral\nco-operation, including that of a regional or sub-regional\ncharacter, together with the forms and methods of\nco-operation described in this document;\nRecommend further that more effective utilization be\nmade of the possibilities and capabilities of existing\ninternational organizations, intergovernmental and\nnongovernmental, concerned with science and technology,\nfor improving exchanges of information and experience,\nas well as for developing other forms of co-operation\nin fields of common interest, for example:\n- in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,\nstudy of possibilities for expanding multilateral\nco-operation, taking into account models for projects\nand research used in various international\norganizations; and for sponsoring conferences,\nsymposia, and study and working groups such as those\nwhich would bring together younger scientists and\ntechnologists with eminent specialists in their field;\n- through their participation in particular international\nscientific and technological co-operation programmes,\nincluding those of UNESCO and other international\norganizations, pursuit of continuing progress towards\nthe objectives of such programmes, notably those of\nUNISIST with particular respect to information policy\nguidance, technical advice, information contributions\nand data processing.\n45\nEnvironment\nThe participating States,\nAffirming that the protection and improvement of the\nenvironment, as well as the protection of nature and the\nrational utilization of ILB resources in the interests of\npresent and future generations, is one of the tasks of major\nimportance to the well-being of peoples and the economic\ndevelopment of all countries and that many environmental\nproblems, particularly in Europe, can be solved effectively\nonly through close international co-operation,\nAcknowledging that each of the participating States, in\nsccordance with the principles or international law, ought\nto ensure, in a spirit of co-operation, that activities\ncarried out on its territory do not cause degradation of the\nenvironment in another State or in areas lying beyond the\nlimits of national jurisdiction,\nConsidering that the success of any environmental policy\npresupposes that all population groups and social forces,\naware of their responsibilities, help to protect and improve\nthe environment, which necessitates continued and thorough\neducative action, particularly with regard to youth,\nAffirming that experience has shown that economic development\nand technological progress must be compatible with the protection\nof the environment and the preservation of historical and\ncultural values; that damage to the environment is best\navoided by preventive measures; and that the ecological balance\nmust be preserved in the exploitation and management of natural\nresources,\nAims of co-operation\n46\nAgree to the following aims of co-operation, in particular:\n- to study, with a view to their solution, those\nenvironmental problems which, by their nature, are\nof a muitilateral, billteral, regional or sub-regional\ndimension; as well as to encourage the development of\nan interdisciplinary approach to environmental problems;\n- to increase the effectiveness of national and international\nmeasures for the protection of the environment, by the\ncomparison und, if appropriate, the harmonization of\nmethods of gathering and analyzing facts, by improving\nthe knowledge of pollution phenomena and, rational\nutilization of natural resources, by the exchange of\ninformation, by the harmonization of definitions and\nthe adoption, as far as possible, of a common\nterminology in the field of the environment;\n-- to take the necessary measures to bring environmental\npolicies closer together and, where appropriate and\npossible, to harmonize them;\n- to encourage, where possible and appropriate, national\nand international efforts by their interested\norganizations, enterprises and firms in the development,\nproduction and improvement of equipment designed for\nmonitoring, protecting and enhancing the environment.\nFields of co-operation\nTc attain these aims, the participating States will make\nuse of every suitable opportunity to co-operate in the\nfield of environment and, in particular, within the areas\ndescribed below as examples:\nControl of Air Pollution. Desulphurization of fossil fuels\nand exhaust gases; pollution control of neavy metals,\npurticles, aerosols, nitrogen oxides, in particular those\nemitted by transport, power stations, and other industrial\nplants; systems and methods of observation and control\nof air pollution and its effects, including long-range\ntransport of air pollutants;\nWater Pollution Control and Fresh Water Utilication.\" Prevention\nand control of water pollution, in particular of transboundary\nrivers and intern. Ional lakes; techniques for the improvement\nof the quality of water and further development of ways and\nmeans for industrial and municipal sewage effluent purification;\nmethods of assessment of fresh water resources and the improvement\nof their utilization, in particular by developing methods of\nproduction which are less polluting and lead to less\nconsumption of fresh water;\n47\nProtection of the Marine Environment. Protection of the\nmarine environment of participating States, and esneci\nC\nthe Mediterranean Sea, from pollutants emanating True\nbased sources and those from ships and other vessels, notably\nthe harmful substances listed in Annexes : and 11 to the\nLondon Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by\nthe Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters; problems of\nmaintaining marine ecological balances and food chains, in\nparticular such problems as may arise from the exploration and\nexploitation of biological and mineral resources of the seas\nand the sea-bed;\nLand Utilization and Soils. Problems associated with more\neffective use of lands, including land amelioration, reclamation\nand recultivation; control of soil pollution, water and air\nerosion, as well as other forms of soil degradation; maintaining\nand increasing the productivity of soils with due regard for\nthe possible negative effects of the application of chemical\nfertilizers and pesticides;\nNature Conservation and Nature Reserves. Protection of nature\nand nature reserves; conservation and maintenance of existing\ngenetic resources, especially rare animal and plant species;\nconservation of natural ecological systems; establishment\nof nature reserves and other protected landscapes and areas,\nincluding their use for research, tourism, recreation and other\npurposes;\nImprovement of Environmental Conditions in Areas of Human\nSettlement. Environmental conditions associated with transport,\nhousing, working areas, urban development and planning, water\nsupply and sewage disposal systems; assessment of harmful\neffects of noise, and noise control methods; collection,\ntreatment and utilization of wastes, including the recovery\nand recycling of materials; research on substitutes for non-\nbiodegradable substances;\nFundamental Research, Monitoring, Forecasting and Assessment\nof Environmental Changes. Study of changes in climate,\nlandscapes and ecological balances under the impact of both\nnatural factors and human activities; forecasting of possible\ngenetic changes in flora and fauna as a result of environmental\npollution; harmonization of statistical data, development of\nscientific concepts and systems of monitoring networks,\nstandardized method. of observation, measurement and assessment\nof changes in the bicaphere; assessment of the effects of\nenvironmental pollution levels and degradation of the\nenvironment upon human health; study and development of\n48\ncriteria and standards for various environmental pollutants\nand regulation regarding production and USP of various\nproducts;\nLegal and Administra Ive Measures. Legal and\nadministrative neasures for the protection of the\nenvironment including procedures for establishing\nenvironmental impact assessments.\nForms and methods of co-operation\nThe participating States declare that problems relating\nto the protection and improvement of the environment will\nbe solved on both a bilateral and a multilateral, including\nregional and sub-regional, basis, making full use of\nexisting patterns and forms of co-operation. They will\ndevelop co-operation in the field of the environment in\nparticular by taking into consideration the Stockholm\nDeclaration or. the Human Environment, relevant resolutions\nof the United Nations General Assembly and the United\nNations Economic Commission for Europe Prague symposium\nor environmental problems.\nThe participating States are resolved that co-operation in\nthe field of the environment will be implemented in\nparticular through:\n- exchanges of scientific and technical information,\ndocumentation and research results, including\ninformation on the means of determining the possible\neffects on the environment of technical and economic\nactivities;\n- organization of conferences, symposia and meetings of\nexperts;\n- exchanges of scientists, specialists and trainees;\n- joint preparation and implementation of programmes and\nprojects for the study and solution of various problems\nof environmental protection;\n- harmonization, where appropriate and necessary, of\nenvironmental protection standards and norms, in\nparticular with the object of avoiding possible\ndifficulties in trade which may arise from efforts to\nresolve ecological problems of production processès and\nwhich relate to the achievement of certain environmental\nqualities in manufactured products;\n- consultations on various aspects of environmental protection,\nas agreed upon among countries concerned, especially in\nconnexion with problems which could have international\nconsequences.\n49\nThe participating States will further develop such\nco-operation by:\n- promoting the progressive development, codification\nimplementation of international law as one means\npreserving end enhancing the human environment, including\nprinciples and practices, as accepted by them, relating\nto pollution and other environmental damage caused by\nactivities within the jurisdiction or control of their\nStates affecting other countries and regions;\n- supporting and promoting the implementation of relevant\ninternational Conventions to which they are parties, in\nparticular those designed to prevent and combat marine\nand fresh water pollution, recommending States to ratify\nConventions which have already been signed, as well as\nconsidering possibilities of accepting other appropriate\nConventions to which they are not parties at present;\n- advocating the inclusion, where appropriate and possible,\nof the various areas of co-operation into the programmes\nof work of the United Nations Economic Commission for\nEurope, supporting such co-operation within the framework\nof the Commission and of the United Nations Environment\nProgramme, and taking into account the work of other\ncompetent international organizations of which they are\nmembers;\n- making wider use, in all types of co-operation, of\ninformation already available from national and international\nsources, including internationally agreed criteria, and\nutilizing the possibilities and capabilities of various\ncompetent international organizations.\nThe participating States agree on the following recommendations\non specific measures:\n- to develop through international co-operation an extensive\nprogramme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range\ntransport of air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide\nand with possible extension to other pollutants, and\nto this end to take into account basic elements of a\nco-operation programme which were identified by the experts\nwho net in Oslo in December 1974 at the invitation of the\nNorwegian Institute of Air Research;\n- to advocate that within the framework of the United Nations\nEconomic Commission for Europe a study be carried out of\nprocedures and relevant experience relating to the activities\nof Governments in developing the capabilities of their\ncountries to predict adequately environmental consequences\nof economic activities and technological development.\n50\nCo-operation in other areas\nDevelopment of transport\nThe participating States,\nConsidering that the improvement of the conditions\nof transport. constitutes one of the factors essential\nto the development of co-operation among them,\nConsidering that it is necessary to encourage the\ndevelopment of transport and the solution of existing\nproblems by employing appropriate national and\ninternational means,\nTaking into account the work being carried out on\nthese subjects by existing international organizations,\nespecially by the Inland Transport Committee of the\nUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe,\nNote that the speed of technical progress in the\nvarious fields of transport makes desirable a\ndevelopment of co-operation and an increase in\nexchanges of information among them;\nDeclare themselves in favour of a simplification\nand a harmonization of administrative formalities\nin the field of international transport, in particular\nat frontiers;\nConsider it desirable to promote, while allowing\nfor their particular national circumstances in this\nsector, the harmonization of administrative and\ntechnical provisions concerning safety in road, rail,\nriver, air and sea transport;\nExpress their intention to encourage the development\nof international inland transport or passengers and\ngoods as well as the possibilities of adequate\nparticipation in such transport on the basis of\nreciprocal advantage;\n51\nDeclare themselves in favour, with due respect for shoir\nrights and international commitments, of the climm\nof disparities arising from the legal provisions\nto traffic on inland waterways which are subject to\ninternational conventions and, in particular, of the\ndisparity in the application of those provisions; and\nto this end invite the member States of the Central\nCommission for the Navigation of the Rhine, of the Danube\nCommission and of other bodies to develop the work and\nstudies now being carried out, in particular within the\nUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe;\nExpress their willingness, with a view to improving\ninternational rail transport and with due respect for\ntheir rights and international commitments, to work\ntowards the elimination of difficulties arising from\ndisparities in existing international legal provisions\ngoverning the reciprocal railway transport of passengers\nand goods between their territories;\nExpress the desire for intensification:of the work being\ncarried out by existing international organizations in\nthe field of transport, especially that of the Inland\nTransport Committee of the United Nations Economic\nCommission for Europe, and express their intention to\ncontribute thereto by their efforts;\nConsider that examination by the perticipating States\nof the possibility of their accession to the different\nconventions or to membership of international organizations\nspecializing in transport matters, as well as their efforts\nto implement conventions when ratified, could contribute to\nthe strengthening of their co-operation in this field.\n52\nPronotion of tourism\nThe participating States,\nof\ncontribution\nby\nto the development or nutual understanding\npeoples, to increased knowledge of other countries'\nachievements in various fields, as well as to economic,\nsocial and cultural progress,\nRecognizing the interrelationship between the development\nof tourism and measures taken in other areas of economic\nactivity,\nExpress their intention to encourage increased touriam\non both an individual and group basis in particular by:\n- encouraging the improvement of the tourist\ninfrastructure and co-operation in this field;\n- encouraging the carrying out of joint tourist\nprojects including technical co-operation,\nparticularly where this is suggested by\nterritorial proximity and the convergence of\ntourist interests;\nencouraging the exchange of information,\nincluding relevant laws and regulations,\nstudies, data and documentation relating to\ntourism, and by improving statistics with a\nview to facilitating their comparability;\ndealing in a positive spirit with questions\nconnected with the allocation of financial\nmeans for tourist travel abroad, having regard\nto their economic possibilities, as well as\nwith those connected with the formalities\nrequired for such travel, taking into account\nother provisions on tourism adopted by the\nConference;\n53\n- facilitating the activities of foreign travel\nagencies and passenger transport companies\nin the promotion of international tourism;\n- encouraging tourism outside the high season;\n- examining the possibilities of exchanging\nspecialists and students in the field of\ntourism, with a view to improving their\nqualifications;\n- promoting conferences and symposia on the\nplanning and development of tourism;\nConsider it desirable to carry out in the appropriate\ninternational framework, and with the co-operation of\nthe relevant national bodies, detailed studies on\ntourism, in particular:\n- a comparative study on the status and activities\nof travel agencies as well as on ways and\nmeans of achieving better co-operation among\nthem;\n- a study of the problems raised by the seasonal\nconcentration of vacations, with the ultimate\nobjective of encouraging tourism outside peak\nperiods;\n- studies of the problems arising in areas where\ntourism has injured the environment;\nConsider also that interested parties might wish to study\nthe following questions:\n- uniformity of hotel classification; and\n- tourist routes comprising two or more\ncountries;\nWill endeavour, where possible, to ensure that the\ndevelopment of tourism does not injure the environment\nand the artistic, historic and cultural heritage in their\nrespective countries;\nWill pursue their co-operation in the field of tourism\nbilaterally and multilaterally with a view to attaining\nthe above objectives.\n54\nEconomic and social aspects of migrant labour\nThe participating States,\nConsidering that the movements of migrant workers in Europe\nhave reached substantial proportions, and that they constitute\nan important economic, social and human factor for host\ncountries as well as for countries of origin,\nRecognizing that workers' migrations have also given rise to a\nnumber of economic, social, human and other problems in both\nthe receiving countries and the countries of origin,\nTaking due account of the activities of the competent\ninternational organizations, more particularly the International\nLabour Organisation, in this area,\nAre of the opinion that the problems arising bilaterally from\nthe migration of workers in Europe as well as between the\nparticipating States should be dealt with by the parties\ndirectly concerned, in order to resolve these problems in their\nmutual interest, in the light of the concern of each State\ninvolved to take due account of the requirements resulting\nfrom its socio-economic situation, having regard to the\nobligation of each State to comply with the bilateral and\nmultilateral agreements to which it is party, and with the\nfollowing aims in view:\nTo encourage the efforts of the countries of origin directed\ntowards increasing the possibilities of employment for their\nnationals in their own territories, in particular by developing\neconomic co-operation appropriate for this purpose and suitable\nfor the host countries and the countries of origin concerned;\nTo ensure, through collaboration between the host country and\nthe country of origin, the conditions under which the orderly\nmovement of workers might take place, while at the same time\nprotecting their personal and social welfare and, if appropriate,\nto organize the recruitment of migrant workers and the provision\nof elementary language and vocational training;<\nTo ensure equality of rights between migrant workers and\nnationals of the host countries with regard to cons bions\nof employment and work and to social security, and to\nendeavour to ensure that migrant workers may enjoy\nsatisfactory living condit especially housing conéi\nTo endeavour to ensure, as far as possible, that migrant\nworkers may enjoy the same opportunities as nationals of\nthe host countries of finding other suitable employment in\nthe event of unemployment;\nTo regard with favour the provision of vocational training to\nmigrant workers and, as far as possible, free instruction\nin the language of the host country, in the framework of\ntheir employment;\nTo confirm the right of migrant workers to receive, as far\nas possible, regular information in their own language,\ncovering both their country of origin and the host country;\nTo ensure that the children of migrant workers established\nin the host country have access to the education usually\ngiven there, under the same conditions as the children of\nthat country and, furthermore, to permit them to receive\nsupplementary education in their own language, national\nculture, history and geography;\nTo bear in mind that migrant workers, particularly those\nwho have acquired qualifications, can by returning to their\ncountries after a certain period of time help to remedy\nany deficiency of skilled labour in their country of origin;\nTo facilitate, as far as possible, the reuniting of migrant\nworkers with their. families;\nTo regard with favour the efforts of the countries of origin\nto attract the savings of migrant workers, with a view to\nincreasing, within the framework of their economic\ndevelopment, appropriate opportunities for employment,\nthereby facilitating the reintegration of these workers\non their return home.\n56\nTraining of personnel\nThe participating States,\nConscious of the importance of the training and\nadvanced training of professional staff and technicians\nfor the economic development of every country,\nDeclare themselves willing to encourage co-operation\nin this field notably by promoting exchange of\ninformation on the subject of institutions, programmes\nand methods of training and advanced training open\nto professional staff and technicians in the various\nsectors of economic activity and especially in those\nof management, public planning, agriculture and\ncommercial and banking techniques;\nConsider that it is desirable to develop, under\nmutually acceptable conditions, exchanges of\nprofessional staff and technicians, particularly\nthrough training activities, of which it would be\nleft to the competent and interested bodies in the\nparticipating States to discuss the modalities -\nduration, financing, education and qualification\nlevels of potential participants;\nDeclare themselves in favour of examining, through\nappropriate channels, the possibilities of co-operating\non the organization and carrying out of vocational\ntraining on the job, more particularly in professions\ninvolving modern techniques.\nJ₇\nQUESTIONS RELATING TO SECURITY AND\nCOOPERATION I THE MEDITERRANEAN\nTHE PARTICIPATING STATES,\nCONSCIOUS of the geographical, historical,\ncultural, economic and political aspects of their\nrelationship with the non-participating Mediterranean\nStates,\nCONVINCED that security in Europe is to be\nconsidered in the broader context of world security and\nis closely linked with security in the Meditorranean\narea as a whole, and that according ly the process or\nimproving security should not be confined to Europe but\nshould extend to other parts of the world, and in\nparticular to the Mediterrancan area,\nBELIEVING that the strengthening of security and\nthe intensification of co-operation in Europe would\nstimulate positive processes in the Meditorranean\nregion, and expressing their intention to contribute\ntowards peace, security and justice in the region, in\nwhich ends the participating States and the non-\nparticipating Mediterranean States have a common\ninterest,\nRECOGNIZING the importance of their mutual\neconomic relations with the non-participating\nMediterranean States, and conscious of their common\ninterest in the further development of co-operation,\nNOTING with appreciation the interest expressed by\nthe non-partidipating Mediterranean States in the\nConference since its inception, and having duly taken\ntheir contributions into account,\nDECLARE THEIR INTENTION:\nto promote the development of good neighbourly\nrelations with the non-participating Mediterrancan\nStates in conformity with the purposes and principles\nof the Charter of the United Nations, on which their\nrelations are based, and with the United Nations\nDeclaration on Principles of International Law\nconcerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among\n58\nStates and aurordingly, in , to contuct\ntheir relations vie who nenepartioipation\nMediterrancan Mate: in the reinit of the principles\nset forth in the Declaration of Principles Guiding Relations\nBetween States,\nto seek, by further improving their relations with\nthe non-participating Modivernancer States, to increase\nmutual confidence, so as to promote sccurity and\nstability in the Mediterranean area as a whole;\nt.o encourage with the non-participating\nMediterranean States the development of mutually\nbeneficial co-operation in the varions fields of\neconomic activity, especially by CXDO ding commercial\nexchanges, on the basis of a concern awareness of the\nnecessity for stability and Srogress in trade\nrelations, of their mutual economic interests, and of\ndifferences in the levels of economic development,\nthereby promoting their economic advancement and\nwell-being;\nto contribute to a diversific development of the\neconomies of the non-participating Hediterrancan\ncountries, whilst taking due account of their national\ndevelopment objectives, and to co-operate with them.\nespecially in the sectors of industry, science and\ntechnology, in their efforts to achieve a better\nutilization of their resources, thus promoting a more\nharmonious development of economic relations;\nto intensify thei: efforts and their co-operation\non a bilateral and multilateral basis with the\nnon-participat, Méditarranean States directed towards\nthe improvement of the environment of the\nMediterranean, especially the sefeguarding of the\nbiological resources and ecological balance of the SOE,\nby appropriate measures including the prevention and\ncontrol of pollution; to this end, and in view of the\npresent situation, to co-operate through competent\ninternational organizations and in particular within\nthe United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP);\nFORD\n59\nto promote further montacts and coropreation with\nthe non-participsting Rediterrancen States in our\nrelevant fields.\nIn order 15 advance We objective: : : t forth\nabove, the participating States also declare their\nintention of maintaining and amplifying the contacts\nand dialogue as initiated by the CSOE with the\nnon-participating Meditorrancan States to include all\nthe States of the Mediterrancan, with the purpose of\ncontributing to peace, reducing armed forces in the\nregion, strengthening security, lessening tensions in\nthe region, and widening the scope of co-opërstion,\nends in which all share a common interest, as well as\nwith the purpose of defining further common objectives.\nThe participating States would seek, in the\nframework of their multilateral efforts, to encourage\nprogress and appropriate initiatives and to proceed to\nan exchange of views on the attainment of the above\npurposes.\nCOOPERATION IN HUMANITARIAN AND OTHER FIELDS\nThe participating States,\nDesiring to contribute to the strengthening of peace and\nunderstanding among peoples and to the spiritual enrichment\nof the human personality without distinction as to race,\nsex, language or religion,\nConscious that increased cultural and educational exchanges,\nbroader dissemination of information, contacts between people,\nand the solution of humanitarian problems will contribute to\nthe attainment of these aims,\nDetermined therefore to co-operate among themselves, irrespective\nof their political, economic and social systems, in order to\ncreate better conditions in the above fields, to develop and\nstrengthen existing forms of co-operation and to work out new\nways and means appropriate to these aims,\nConvinced that this co-operation should take place in full\nrespect for the principles guiding relations among participating\nStates as set forth in the relevant document,\nHave adopted the following:\n1.\nHuman Contacts\nThe participating States,\nConsidering the development of contacts to be an important\nelement in the strengthening of friendly relations and trust\namong peoples,\nAffirming, in relation to their present effort to improve\nconditions in this area, the importance they attach to\nhumanitarian considerations,\nDesiring in this spirit to develop, with the continuance\nof detente, further efforts to achieve continuing progress in\nthis field\nAnd conscious that the questions relevant hereto must be\nsettled by the States concerned under mutually acceptable\nconditions,\nMake it their aim to facilitate freer movement and contacts,\nindividually and collectively, whether privately or officially,\namong persons, institutions and organizations of the participating\nStates, and to contribute to the solution of the humanitarian\nproblems that arise in that connexion,\nDeclare their readiness to these ends to take measures which\nthey consider appropriate and to conclude agreements or arrangements\namong themselves, as may be needed, and\nExpress their intention now to proceed to the implementation\nof the following:\n(a) Contacts and Regular Meetings on the Basis of Family Ties\nIn order to promote further development of contacts on the\nbasis of family ties the participating States will favourably\nconsider applications for travel with the purpose of allowing\npersons to enter or leave their territory temporarily, and on a\nregular basis if desired, in order to visit members of their\nfamilies.\n62\nApplications for temporary visits to meet members of their\nfamilies will be dealt with without distinction as to the country\nof origin or destination: existing requirements for travel\ndocuments and visas will be applied in this spirit. The\npreparation and issue of such documents and visas will be effected\nwithin reasonable time limits; cases of urgent necessity - such\nas serious illness or death - will be given priority treatment.\nThey will take such steps as may be necessary to ensure that\nthe fees for official travel documents and visas are acceptable.\nThey confirm that the presentation of an application concerning\ncontacts on the basis of family ties will not modify the rights\nand obligations of the applicant or of members of his family.\n(b) Reunification of Families\nThe participating States will deal in a positive and\nhumanitarian spirit with the applications of persons who wish\nto be reunited with members of their family, with special attention\nbeing given to requests of an urgent character - such as requests\nsubmitted by persons who are ill or old.\nThey will deal with applications in this field as expeditiously\nas possible.\nThey will lower where necessary the fees charged in connexion\nwith these applications to ensure that they are at a moderate level.\nApplications for the purpose of family reunification which are\nnot granted may be renewed at the appropriate level and will be\nreconsidered at reasonably short intervals by the authorities of\nthe country of residence or destination, whichever is concerned; under\nsuch circumstances fees will be charged only when applications are\ngranted.\nPersons whose applications for family reunification are\ngranted may bring with them or ship their household and personal\neffects; to this end the participating States will use all\npossibilities provided by existing regulations.\n63\nUntil members of the same family are rounited meetings and\ncontacts between them may take place in accordance with the\nmodalities for contacts on the basis of family ties.\nThe participating States will support the efforts of Red Cross\nand Red Crescent Societies concerned with the problems of family\nThey confirm that the presentation of an application concerning\nfamily reunification will not modify the rights and obligations of\nthe applicant or of members of his family.\nThe receiving participating State will take appropriate care\nwith regard to employment for persons from other participating\nStates who take up permanent residence in that State in connexion\nwith family reunification with its citizens and see that they are\nafforded opportunities equal to those enjoyed by its own citizens\nfor education, medical assistance and social security.\n(c) Marriage between Citizens of Different States\nThe participating States will examine favourably and on the\nbasis of humanitarian considerations requests for exit or entry\npermits from persons who have decided to marry a citizen from\nanother participating State.\nThe processing and issuing of the documents required for the\nabove purposes and for the marriage will be in accordance with the\nprovisions accepted for family reunification.\nIn dealing with requests from couples from different\nparticipating States, once married, to enable them and the minor\nchildren of their marriage to transfer their permanent residence\nto a State in which either one is normally a resident, the\nparticipating States will also apply the provisions accepted for\nfamily reunification.\n(d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons\nThe participating States intend to facilitate wider travel by\ntheir citizens for personal or professional reasons and to this end\nthey intend in particular:\n- gradually to simplify and to administer flexibly the\nprocedures for exit and entry;\n-\n- to ease regulations concerning movement of citizens from\nthe other participating States in their territory, with due regard\nto security requirements.\nThey will endeavour gradually to lower, where necessary, the\nfees for visas and official travel documents.\nThey intend to consider, as necessary, means - including,\ninsofar as appropriate, the conclusion of multilateral or bilateral\nconsular conventions or other relevent agreements or understandings -\nfor the improvement of arrangements to provide consular services,\nincluding legal and consular assistance.\nX * x\nThey confirm that religious faiths, institutions and\norganizations, practising within the constitutional framework of\nthe participating States, and their representatives can, in the\nfield of their activities, have contacts and meetings among\nthemselves and exchange information.\n(e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or\nCollective Basis\nThe participating States consider that tourism contributes\nto a fuller knowledge of the life, culture and history of other\ncountries, to the growth of understanding among peoples, to the\nimprovement of contacts and to the broader use of leisure. They\nintend to promote the development of tourism, on an individual\nor collective basis, and, in particular, they intend:\nto promote visits to their respective countries by\nencouraging the provision of appropriate facilities and the\nsimplification and expediting of necessary formalities relating\nto such visits;\nto increase, or. the basis of appropriate agreements or\narrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development\nof tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible\nways to increase information relating to travel to other countries\nand to the recept for and service of fourists, and other related\nquestions of mutual interest.\n(f) Meetings among Young People\nThe participating States intend to further the development\nof contacts and exchanges among young people by encouraging:\n- increased exchanges and contacts on a short or long term\nbasis among young people working, training or undergoing education\nthrough bilateral or multilateral agreements or regular programmes\nin all cases where it is possible;\n- study by their youth organizations of the question of\npossible agreements relating to frameworks of multilateral youth\nco-operation;\n- agreements or regular programmes relating to the organization\nof exchanges of students, of international youth seminars, of\ncourses of professional training and foreign language study;\n- the further development of youth tourism and the provision\nto this end of appropriate facilities;\n- the development, where possible, of exchanges, contacts and\nco-operation on a bilateral or multilateral basis between their\norganizations which represent wide circles of young people\nworking, training or undergoing education;\n- awareness among youth of the importance of developing mutual\nunderstanding and of strengthening friendly relations and\nconfidence among peoples.\n(g) Sport\n66\n66\nIn order to expand existing links and co-operation in the\nfield of sport the participating States will encourage contacts\nand exchanges of this kind, including sports meetings and\ncompetitions of all sorts, on the basis of the established\ninternational rules, regulations and practice.\n(h) Expansion of Contacts\nBy way of further developing contacts among governmental\ninstitutions and non-governmental organizations and associations,\nincluding women's organizations, the participating States will\nfacilitate the convening of meetings as well as travel by\ndelegations, groups and individuals.\n2. Information\nThe participating States,\nConscious of the need for an ever wider knowledge and\nunderstanding of the various aspects of life in other\nparticipating States,\nAcknowledging the contribution of this process to the\ngrowth of confidence between peoples,\nDesiring, with the development of mutual understanding\nbetween the participating States and with the further improvement\nof their relations, to continue further efforts towards progress\nin this field,\nRecognizing the importance of the dissemination of information\nfrom the other participating States and of a better acquaintance\nwith such information,\nEmphasizing therefore the essential and influential role of\nthe press, radio, television, cinema and news agencies and of the\njournalists working in these fields,\nMake it their aim to facilitate the freer and wider dissemination\nof information of all kinds, to encourage co-operation in the field\nof information and the exchange of information with other countries,\nand to improve the conditions under which journalists from one\nparticipating State exercise their profession in another participating\nState, and\n67\nExpress their intention in particular:\n(a) Improvement of the Circulation of, Access to, and Exchange\nof Information\n(i) Oral Information\n- To facilitate the dissemination of oral information through\nthe encouragement of lectures and lecture tours by personalities\nand specialists from the other participating States, as well as\nexchanges of opinions at round table meetings, seminars, symposia,\nsummer schools, congresses and other bilateral and multilateral\nmeetings.\n(ii) Printed Information\n- To facilitate the improvement of the dissemination, on their\nterritory, of newspapers and printed publications, periodical and\nnon-periodical, from the other participating States. For this\npurpose:\nthey will encourage their competent firms and organizations\nto conclude agreements and contracts designed gradually to increase\nthe quantities and the number of titles of newspapers and\npublications imported from the other participating States.\nThese agreements and contracts should in particular mention\nthe speediest conditions of delivery and the use of the normal\nchannels existing in each country for the distribution of its\nown publications and newspapers, as well as forms and means of\npayment agreed between the parties making it possible to achieve\nthe objectives aimed at by these agreements and contracts;\nwhere necessary, they will take appropriate measures to\nachieve the above objectives and to implement the provisions\ncontained in the agreements and contracts.\n- To contribute to the improvement of access by the public\nto periodical and non-periodical printed publications imported\non the bases indicated above. In particular:\nthey will encourage an increase in the number of places\nwhere these publications are on sale;\n68\nthey will facilitate the availability of these periodical\npublications during congresses, conferences, official visits\nand other international events and to tourists during the season;\nthey will develop the possibilities for taking out\nsubscriptions according to the modalities particular to each\ncountry;\nthey will improve the opportunities for reading and\nborrowing these publications in large public libraries and\ntheir reading rooms as well as in university libraries.\nThey intend to improve the possibilities for acquaintance\nwith bulletins of official information issued by diplomatic\nmissions and distributed by those missions on the basis of\narrangements acceptable to the interested parties.\n(iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information\n- To promote the improvement of the dissemination of filmed\nand broadcast information. To this end:\nthey will encourage the wider showing and broadcasting of\na greater variety of recorded and filmed information from the\nother participating States, illustrating the various aspects\nof life in their countries and received on the basis of such\nagreements or arrangements as may be necessary between the\norganizations and firms directly concerned;\nthey will facilitate the import by competent organizations\nand firms of recorded audio-visual material from the other\nparticipating States.\nThe participating States note the expansion in the\ndissemination of information broadcast by radio, and express\nthe hope for the continuation of this process, so as to meet\nthe interest of mutual understanding among peoples and the\naims set forth by this Conference.\n69\n(b) Co-operation in the Field of Information\n- To encourage co-operation in the field of information\non the basis of short or long term agreements or arrangements.\nIn particular:\nthey will favour increased co-operation among mass media\norganizations, including press agencies, as well as among\npublishing houses and organizations;\nthey will favour co-operation among public or private,\nnational or international radio and television organizations,\nin particular through the exchange of both live and recorded\nradio and television programmes, and through the joint\nproduction and the broadcasting and distribution of such\nprogrammes;\nthey will encourage meetings and contacts both between\njournalists' organizations and between journalists from the\nparticipating States;\nthey will view favourably the possibilities of arrangements\nbetween periodical publications as well as between newspapers\nfrom the participating States, for the purpose of exchanging\nand publishing articles;\nthey will encourage the exchange of technical information\nas well as the organization of joint research and meetings\ndevoted to the exchange of experience and views between experts\nin the field of the press, radio and television.\n(c) Improvement of Working Conditions for Journalists\nThe participating States, desiring to improve the conditions\nunder which journalists from one participating State exercise\ntheir profession in another participating State, intend in\nparticular to:\n- examine in a favourable spirit and within a suitable and\nreasonable time scale requests from journalists for visas;\n40\n- grant to permanently accredited journalists of the\nparticipating States, on the basis of arrangements, multiple\nentry and exit visas for specified periods;\n-\nfacilitate the issue to accredited journalists of the\nparticipating States of permits for stay in their country of\ntemporary residence and, if and when these are necessary, of\nother official papers which it is appropriate for them to have;\n- ease, on a basis of reciprocity, procedures for arranging\ntravel by journalists of the participating States in the country\nwhere they are exercising their profession, and to provide\nprogressively greater opportunities for such travel, subject to\nthe observance of regulations relating to the existence of areas\nclosed for security reasons;\n- ensure that requests by such journalists for such travel\nreceive, in so far as possible, an expeditious response, taking\ninto account the time scale of the request;\n- increase the opportunities for journalists of the\nparticipating States to communicate personally with their sources,\nincluding organizations and official institutions;\n- grant to journalists of the participating States the right\nto import, subject only to its being taken out again, the\ntechnical equipment (photographic, cinematographic, tape\nrecorder, radio and television) necessary for the exercise of their\nprofession;\n)While recognizing that appropriate local personnel are employed\nby foreign journalists in many instances, the participating\nStates note that the above provisions would be applied, subject\nto the observance of the appropriate rules, to persons from\nthe other participating States, who are regularly and\nprofessionally engaged as technicians, photographers or\ncameramen of the press, radio, television or cinema.\n1/\n- enable journalists of the other participating States,\nwhether permanently or temporarily accredited, to transmit\ncompletely, normally and rapidly by means recognized by\nthe participating States to the information organs which\nthey represent, the results of their professional activity,\nincluding tape recordings and undeveloped film, for the\npurpose of publication or of broadcasting on the radio or\ntelevision.\nThe participating States reaffirm that the legitimate\npursuit of their professional activity will neither render\njournalists liable to expulsion nor otherwise penalize them.\nIf an accredited journalist is expelled, he will be informed\nof the reasons for this act and may submit an application for\nre-examination of his case.\n72\n3:\nCo-operation and exchanges in the field of Culture\nThe participating States,\nConsidering that cultural exchanges and co-operation\ncontribute to a better comprehension among people and among\npeoples, and thus promote a lasting understanding among States,\nConfirming the conclusions already formulated in this\nfield at the multilateral level, particularly at the\nIntergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies in Europe,\norganized by UNESCO in Helsinki in June 1972, where interest\nwas manifested in the active participation of the broadest possible\nsocial groups in an increasingly diversified cultural life,\nDesiring. with the development of mutual confidence and\nthe further improvement of relations between the participating\nStates, to continue further efforts toward progress in this\nfield,\nDisposed in this spirit to increase substantially their\ncultural exchanges, with regard both to persons and to cultural\nworks, and to develop among them an active co-operation, both at\nthe bilateral and the multilateral level, in all the fields of\nculture,\nConvinced that such a development of their mutual relations\nwill contribute to the enrichment of the respective cultures,\nwhile respecting the originality of each, as well as to the\nreinforcement among them of a consciousness of common values,\nwhile continuing to develop cultural co-operation with other\ncountries of the world,\n73\nDeclare that they jointly set themselves the following\nobjectives:\n(a) to develop the mutual exchange of information with a\nview to 3. better knowledge of respective cultural\nachievements,\n(b) to improve the facilities for the exchange and for\nthe dissemination of cultural property,\n(c) to promote access by all to respective cultural\nachievements,\n(d) to develop contacts and co-operation among persons\nactive in the field of culture,\n(e) to seek new fields and forms of cultural\nco-operation,\nThus give expression to their common will to take progressive,\ncoherent and long-term action in order to achieve the\nobjectives of the present declaration; and\nExpress their intention now to proceed to the implementation\nof the following:\nExtension of relations\nTo expand and improve at the various levels cc-operation and\nlinks in the field of culture, in particular by:\n- concluding, where appropriate, agreements on a bilateral or\nmultilateral basis, providing for the extension of relations\namong competent state institutions and non-governmental\norganizations in the field of culture, as well as among\npeople engaged in cultural activities, taking into account\nthe need Both for flexibility and the fullest possible use\nof existing agreements, and bearing in mind that agreements\nand also other arrangements constitute important means of\ndeveloping cultural co-operation and exchanges;\n74\n-\ncontributing to the development of direct communication and\nco-operation among relevant state institutions and\nnon-governmental organizations, including, where necessary,\nsuch communication and co-operation carried out on the basis\nof special agreements and arrangements;\n- encouraging direct contacts and communications among persons\nengaged in cultural activities, including, where necessary,\nsuch contacts and communications carried out on the basis\nof special agreements and arrangements.\nMutual knowledge\nWithin their competence to adopt, on a \\bilateral and multilateral\nlevel, appropriate measures which would give their peoples a\nmore comprehensive and complete mutual knowledge of their\nachievements in the various fields of culture, and among them:\n- to examine jointly, if necessary with the assistance of\nappropriate international organizations, the possible creation\nin Europe and the structure of a bank of cultural data, which\nwould collect information from the participating countries and\nmake it available to its correspondents on their request, and to\nconvene for this purpose a meeting of experts from interested\nStates;\n- to consider, if necessary in conjunction with appropriate\ninternational organizations, ways of compiling in Europe an\ninventory of documentary films of a cultural or scientific\nnature from the participating States;\n- to encourage more frequent book exhibitions and to examine\nthe possibility of organizing periodically in-Europe a\nlarge-scale exhibition of books from the participating States;\n75\n- to prorote the systematic exchange, between the institutions\nconcerned and publishing houses, of catalogues of available\nbooks as well as of pre-publication material which will include,\nas far as possible, all forthcoming publications; and also to\npromote the exchange of material between firms publishing\nencyclopaedian, with is view to improving the presentation of\neach country;\n- to examine jointly questions of expanding and improving exchanges\nof information in the various fields of culture, such as theatre,\nmusic, library work as well as the conservation and restoration\nof cultural property.\nExchanges and dissemination\nTo contribute to the improvement of facilities for exchanges and\nthe dissemination of cultural property, by appropriate means, in\nparticular by:\n- studying the possibilities for harmonizing and reducing the\ncharges relating to international commercial exchanges of books\nand other cultural materials, and also for new means of insuring\nworks of art in foreign exhibitions and for reducing the risks\nof damage or loss to which these works are exposed by their\nmovement;\n- facilitating the formalities of customs clearance, in good time\nfor programmes of artistic events, of the works of art, materials\nand accessories appearing on lists agreed upon by the organizers\nof these events;\n- encouraging meetings among representatives of competent\norganizations and relevant firms to examine measures within\ntheir field of activity - such as the simplífication of orders,\ntime' limits for sending supplies and modalities of payment - which\nmight facilitate international commercial exchanges of books;\n76\n- promoting the 10am and exchange of films among their film\ninstitutes and film libraries;\n-\nencouraging the exchange of information among interested parties\nconcerning events of a cultural character foreseen in the\nparticipating status, in fields where this is most appropriate,\nsuch as music, theatre and the plastic and graphic arts, with\na view to contributing to the compilation and publication of\na calendar of such events, with the assistance, where necessary,\nof the appropriate international organizations;\n-\nencouraging a study of the impact which the foreseeable development,\nand a possible harmonization among interested parties, of the\ntechnical means used for the dissemination of culture might have\non the development of cultural co-operation and exchanges, while\nkeeping in view the preservation of the diversity and originality\nof their respective cultures;\n- encouraging, in the way they deem appropriate, within their\ncultural policies, the further development of interest in the\ncultural heritage of the other participating States, conscious\nof the merits and the value of each culture;\n- endeavouring to ensure the full and effective application of\nthe international agreements and conventions on copyrights and\non circulation of cultural property to which they are party cr\nto which they may decide in the future to become party.\nAccess\nTo promote fuller mutual access by all to the achievements - works,\nexperiences and performing arts - in the various fields of culture\nof their countries, and to that end to make the best possible\nefforts, in accordance with their competence, more particularly:\n- to promote wider dissemination of books and artistic works,\nin particular by such means as:\n77\nfacilitating, while taking full account of the international\ncopyright conventions to which they are party, international\ncontacts and communications between authors and publishing\nhouses as well as other cultural institutions, with a view\nto a more complete mutual access to cultural achievements;\nrecommending that, in determining the size of editions,\npublishing houses take into account also the demand from\nthe other participating States, and that rights of sale in\nother participating States be granted, where possible,\nto several sales organizations of the importing countries,\nby agreement between interested partners;\nencouraging competent organizations and relevant firms to\nconclude agreements' and contracts and contributing, by this\nmeans, to a gradual increase in the number and diversity of\nworks by authors from the other participating States\navailable in the original and in translation in their\nlibraries and bookshops;\npromoting, where deemed appropriate, an increase in the\nnumber of sales outlets where books by authors from the\nother participating States, imported in the original on\nthe basis of agreements and contracts, and in translation,\nare for sale;\npromoting, on a wider scale, the translation of works in\nthe sphere of literature and other fields of cultural\nactivity, produced in the languages of the other participating\nStates, especially from the less widely-spoken languages, and\nthe publication and dissemination of the translated works\nby such measures as:\nencouraging more regular contacts between interested\npublishing houses;\n78\ndeveloping their efforts in the basic and advanced\ntraining of translators;\nencouraging, by appropriate means, the publishing\nhouses of their countries to publish translations;\nfacilitating the exchange between publishers and\ninterested institutions of lists of books which\nmight be translated;\npromoting between their countries the professional\nactivity and co-operation of translators;\ncarrying out joint studies on ways of further\npromoting translations and their dissemination;\nimproving and expanding exchanges of books, bibliographies\nand catalogue cards between libraries;\n- to envisage other appropriate measures which would peruit,\nwhere necessary by mutual agreement among interested parties,\nthe facilitation of access to their respective cultural\nachievements, in particular in the field of books;\n- to contribute by appropriate means to the wider use of the\nmass media in order to improve mutual acquaintance with the\ncultural life of each;\n- to seek to develop the necessary conditions for migrant\nworkers and their families to preserve their links with\ntheir national culture, and also to adapt themselves to\ntheir new cultural environment;\n- to encourage the competent bodies and enterprises to make a\nwider choice and effect wider distribution of full-length\nand documentary films from the other participating States,\nand to promote more frequent non-commercial showings, such as\npremières, film weeks and festivals, giving due consideration\nto films from countries whose cinematographic works are less\nwell known:\n79\n- to promote, by appropriate means, the extension of\nopportunities for specialists from the other participating\nStates to work with materials of a cultural character from\nfilm and audio-visual archives, within the framework of\nthe existing rules for work on such archival materials;\n- to encourage a joint study by interested bodies, where\nappropriate with the assistance of the competent international\norganizations, of the expediency and the conditions for the\nestablishment of a repertory of their recorded television\nprogrammes of a cultural nature, as well as of the means of\nviewing them rapidly in order to facilitate their selection\nand possible acquisition.\nContacts and co-operation\nTo contribute, by appropriate means, to the development of\ncontacts and co-operation in the various fields of culture,\nespecially among creative artists and people engaged in\ncultural activities, in particular by making efforts to:\n- promote for persons active in the field of culture, travel\nand meetings including, where necessary, those carried out\non the basis of agreements, contracts or other special\narrangements and which are relevant to their cultural\nco-operation;\n- encourage in this way contacts among creative and performing\nartists and artistic groups with a view to their working\ntogether, making known their works in other participating\nStates or exchanging views on topics relevant to their\ncommon activity;\n80\n- encourage, where necessary through appropriate arrangements,\nexchanges of trainees and specialists and the granting of\nscholarships for basic and advanced training in various\nfields of culture such as the arts and architecture, museums\nand libraries, literary studies and translation, and\ncontribute to the creation of favourable conditions of\nreception in their respective institutions;\n- encourage the exchange of experience in the training of\norganizers of cultural activities as well as of teachers\nand specialists in fields such as theatre, opera, ballet,\nmusic and fine arts;\n- continue to encourage the organization of international\nmeetings among creative artists, especially young creative\nartists, on current questions of artistic and literary creation\nwhich are of interest for joint study;\n- study other possibilities for developing exchanges and\nco-operation among persons active in the field of culture,\nwith a view to a better mutual knowledge of the cultural\nlife of the participating States.\nFields and forms of co-operation\nTo encourage the search for new fields and forms of cultural\nco-operation, to these ends contributing to the conclusion\namong interested parties, where necessary, of appropriate\nagreements and arrangements, and in this context to promote:\n- joint studies regarding cultural policies, in particular\nin their social aspects, and as they relate to planning,\ntown-planning, educational and environmental policies,\nand the cultural aspects of tourism;\n81\n- the exchange of knowledge in the reals of cultural diversity,\nwith a view to contributing thus to a better understanding\nby interested parties of such diversity where it occurs;\n- the exchange of information, and as may be appropriate,\nmeetings of experts, the elaboration and the execution\nof research programmes and projects, as well as their\njoint evaluation, and the dissemination of the results,\non the subjects indicated above;\n- such forms of cultural co-operation and the development of\nsuch joint projects as:\ninternational events in the fields of the plastic and\ngraphic arts, cinema, theatre, ballet, music,\nfolklore, etc; book fairs and exhibitions, joint\nperformances of operatic and dramatic works, as well\nas performances given by soloists, instrumental ensembles,\norchestras, choirs and other artistic groups, including\nthose composed of amateurs, paying due attention to the\norganization of international cultural youth events\nand the exchange of young artists;\nthe inclusion of works by writers and composers from\nthe other participating States in the repertoires of\nsoloists and artistic ensembles;\nthe preparation, translation and publication of articles,\nstudies and monographs, as well as of low-cost books and\nof artistic and literary collections, suited to making\nbetter known respective cultural achievements,\nenvisaging for this purpose meetings among experts and\nrepresentatives of publishing houses;\n82\nthe co-production and the exchange of films and of radio and\ntelevision programmes, by promoting, in particular, meetings\namong producers, technicians and representatives of the public\nauthorities with a view to working out favourable conditions\nfor the execution of specific joint projects and by\nencouraging, in the field of co-production, the establishment\nof international filming teams;\nthe organization of competitions for architects and town-\nplanners, bearing in mind the possible implementation of the\nbest projects and the formation, where possible, of\ninternational teams;\nthe implementation of joint projects for conserving, restoring\nand showing to advantage works of art, historical and\narchaeological monuments and sites of cultural interest, with\nthe help, in appropriate cases, of international organizations\nof a governmental or non-governmental character as well as of\nprivate institutions - competent and active in these fields -\nenvisaging for this purpose:\nperiodic meetings of experts of the interested parties to\nelaborate the necessary proposals, while bearing in mind\nthe need to consider these questions in a wider social\nand economic context;\nthe publication in appropriate periodicals of articles\ndesigned to make known and to compare, among the participating\nStates, the most significant achievements and innovations;\na joint study with a view to the improvement and possible\nharmonization of the different systems used to inventory\nand catalogue the historical monuments and places of\ncultural interest in their countries;\nthe study of the possibilities for organizing international\ncourses for the training of specialists in different\ndisciplines relating to restoration.\n83\n*\n#\n#\nNational minorities or regional cultures. The participating\nStates, recognizing the contribution that national minorities\nor regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in\nvarious fields of culture, intend, when such minorities or\ncultures exist within their territory, to facilitate this\ncontribution, taking into account the legitimate interests\nof their members.\n84\n4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education\nThe participating States,\nConscious that the development of relations of an international\ncharacter in the fields of education and science contributes to\na better mutual understanding and is to the advantage of all\npeoples as well as to the benefit of future generations,\nPrepared to facilitate, between organizations, institutions and\npersons engaged in education and science, the further development\nof exchanges of knowledge and experience as well as of contacts,\non the basis of special arrangements where these are necessary,\nDesiring to strengthen the links among educational and scientific\nestablishments and also to encourage their co-operation in\nsectors of common interest, particularly where the levels of\nknowledge and resources require efforts to be concerted\ninternationally, and\nConvinced that progress in these fields should be accompanied\nand supported by a wider knowledge of foreign languages,\nExpress to these ends their intention in particular:\n(a) Extension of Relations\nTo expand and improve at the various levels co-operation and\nlinks in the fields of education and science, in- particular by:\n85\n- concluding, where appropriate, bilateral or multilateral\nagreements providing for co-operation and exchanges among\nState institutions, non-governmental bodies and persons\nengaged in activities in education and science, bearing\nin mind the need both for flexibility and the fuller use\nof existing agreements and arrangements;\n- promoting the conclusion of direct arrangements between\nuniversities and other institutions of higher education\nand research, in the framework of agreements between\ngovernments where appropriate;\n- encouraging among persons engaged in education and science\ndirect contacts and communications, including those based\non special agreements or arrangements where these are\nappropriate.\n(b) Access and Exchanges\nTo improve access, under mutually acceptable conditions, for\nstudents, teachers and scholars of the participating States to\neach other's educational, cultural and scientific institutions,\nand to intensify exchanges among these institutions in all\nareas of common interest, in particular by:\n- increasing the exchange of information on facilities for\nstudy and courses open to foreign participants, as well as\non the conditions under which they will be admitted and\nreceived;\n86\n- facilitating travel between the participating States by\nscholars, teachers and students for purposes of study,\nteaching and research as well as for improving knowledge\nof each other's educational, cultural and scientific\nachievements;\n- encouraging the award of scholarships for study, - teaching\nand research in their countries to scholars, teachers and\nstudents of other participating States;\n- establishing, developing or encouraging programmes providing\nfor the broader exchange of scholars, teachers and students,\nincluding the organization of symposia, seminars and\ncollaborative projects, and the exchanges of educational\nand scholarly information such as university publications\nand materials from libraries;\n- promoting the efficient implementation of such arrangements\nand programmes by providing scholars, teachers and students\nin good time with more detailed information about their\nplacing in universities and institutes and the programmes\nenvisaged for them; by granting them the opportunity to use\nrelevant scholarly, scientific and open archival materials; and\nby facilitating their travel within the receiving State\nfor the purpose of study or research as well as in the\nform of vacation tours on the basis of the usual procedures;\n- promoting a more exact assessment of the problems of\ncomparison and ecuivalence of academic degrees and diplomas\nby fostering the exchange of information on the\norganization, duration and content of studies, the\n87\ncomparison of methods of assessing levels of knowledge\nand academic qualifications, and, where feasible, arriving\nat the mutual recognition of academic degrees and diplomas\neither through governmental agreements, where necessary,\nor direct arrangements between universities and other\ninstitutions of higher learning and research;\n- recommending, moreover, to the appropriate international\norganizations that they should intensify their efforts to\nreach a generally acceptable solution to the problems of\ncomparison and equivalence between academic degrees and\ndiplomas.\n(c) Science\nWithin their competence to broaden and improve co-operation\nand exchanges in the field of science, in particular:\nTo increase, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the exchange\nand dissemination of scientific information and documentation\nby such means as:\n- making this information more widely available to scientists\nand research workers of the other participating States\nthrough, for instance, participation in international\ninformation-sharing programmes or through other appropriate\narrangements;\n- broadening and facilitating the exchange of samples and\nother scientific materials used particularly for\nfundamental research in the fields of natural sciences\nand medicine;\n88\n- inviting scientific institutions and universities to\nkeep each other more fully and regularly informed about\ntheir current and contemplated research work in fields of\ncommon interest.\nTo facilitate the extension of communications and direct\ncontacts between universities, scientific institutions and\nassociations as well as among scientists and research workers,\nincluding those based. where necessary on special agreements or\narrangements, by such means as:\n- further developing exchanges of scientists and research\nworkers and encouraging the organization of preparatory\nmeetings or working groups on research topics of common\ninterest;\n- encouraging the creation of joint teams of scientists to\npursue research projects under arrangements made by the\nscientific institutions of several countries;\n- assisting the organization and successful functioning of\ninternational conferences and seminars and participation\nin them by their scientists and research workers;\n- furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a \"Scientific\nForum\" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities\nin science from the participating States to discuss\ninterrelated problems of common interest concerning current\nand future developments in science, and to promote the\nexpansion of contacts, communications and the exchange\nof information between scientific institutions and among\nscientists;\n- foreseeing, at an early date, a meeting of experts\nrepresenting the participating States and their national\nscientific institutions, in order to prepare such a\n\"Scientific Forum\" in consultation with appropriate\ninternational organizations, such as UNESCO and the ECE;\n- considering in due course what further steps might be taken\nwith respect to the \"Scientific Forum\".\nTo develop in the field of scientific research, on a bilateral\nor multilateral basis, the co-ordination of programmes carried\nout in the participating States and the organization of joint\nprogrammes, especially in the areas mentioned below, which may\ninvolve the combined efforts of scientists and in certain cases\nthe use of costly or unique equipment. The list of subjects\nin these areas is illustrative; and specific projects would\nhave to be determined subsequently by the potential partners\nin the participating States, taking account of the contribution\nwhich could be made by appropriate international organizations\nand scientific institutions:\n- exact and natural sciences, in particular fundamental research in\nsuch fields as mathematics, physics, theoretical physics,\ngeophysics, chemistry, biology, ecology and astronomy;\n- medicine, in particular basic research into cancer and\ncardiovascular diseases, studies on the diseases endemic\nin the developing countries, as well as medico-social\nresearch with special emphasis on occupational diseases,\nthe rehabilitation of the handicapped and the care of\nmothers, children and the elderly;\n- the humanities and social sciences, such as history,\ngeography, philosophy, psychology, pedagogical research,\nlinguistics, sociology, the legal, political and economic\nsciences; comparative studies on social, socio-economic\nand cultural phenomena which are of common interest to\nthe participating States, especially the problems of\nhuman environment and urban development; and scientific\nstudies on the methods of conserving and restoring\nmonuments and works of art.\n(d) Foreign Languages and Civilinations\n90\nTo encourage the study of foreign languages and civilizations\nas an important means of expanding communication among peoples\nfor their better acquaintance with the culture of each country,\nas well as for the strengthening of international co-operation;\nto this end to stimulate, within their competence, the further\ndevelopment and improvement of foreign language teaching and\nthe diversification of choice of languages taught at various\nlevels, paying due attention to less widely-spread or studied\nlanguages, and in particular:\n- to intensify co-operation aimed at improving the teaching\nof foreign languages through exchanges of information and\nexperience concerning the development and application of\neffective modern teaching methods and technical aids,\nadapted to the needs of different categories of students,\nincluding methods of accelerated teaching; and to consider\nthe possibility of conducting, on a bilateral or multilateral\nbasis, studies of new methods of foreign language teaching;\n- to encourage co-operation between institutions concerned,\non a bilateral or multilateral basis, aimed at exploiting\nmore fully the resources of modern educational technology\nin language teaching, for example through comparative\nstudies by their specialists and, where agreed, through\nexchanges or transfers of audio-visual materials, of\nmaterials used for preparing textbooks, as well as of\ninformation about new types of technical equipment used\nfor teaching languages;\n- to promote the exchange of information on the experience\nacquired in the training of language teachers and to\nintensify exchanges on a bilateral basis of language\nteachers and students as well as to facilitate their\nparticipation in summer courses in languages and\ncivilizations, wherever these are organized;\n91\n- to encourage co-operation among experts in the field of\nlexicography with the aim of defining the necessary\nterminological equivalents, particularly in the scientific\nand technical disciplines, in order to facilitate relations\namong scientific institutions and specialists;\n- to promote the wider spread of foreign language study\namong the different types of secondary education\nestablishments and greater possibilities of choice\nbetween an increased number of European languages; and\nin this context to consider, wherever appropriate, the\npossibilities for developing the recruitment and training\nof teachers as well as the organization of the student\ngroups required;\n- to favour, in higher education, a wider choice in the\nlanguages offered to language students and greater\nopportunities for other students to study various foreign\nlanguages; also to facilitate, where desirable, the\norganization of courses in languages and civilizations,\non the basis of special arrangements as necessary, to be\ngiven by foreign lecturers, particularly from European\ncountries having less widely-spread or studied languages;\n- to promote, within the framework of adult education, the\nfurther development of specialized programmes, adapted to\nvarious needs and interests, for teaching foreign languages\nto their own inhabitants and the languages of host countries\nto interested adults from other countries; in this context\nto encourage interested institutions to co-operate, for\nexample, in the elaboration of programmes for teaching by\nradio and television and by accelerated methods, and also,\nwhere desirable, in the definition of study objectives for\nsuch programmes, with a view to arriving at comparable\nlevels of language proficiency;\n92\n- to encourage the association, where appropriate, of the\nteaching of foreign languages with the study of the\ncorresponding civilizations and also to make further\nefforts to stimulate interest in the study of foreign\nlanguages, including relevant out-of-class activities.\n(e) Teaching Methods,\nTo promote the exchange of experience, on a bilateral or\nmultilateral basis, in teaching methods at all levels of\neducation, including those used in permanent and adult\neducation, as well as the exchange of teaching materials, in\nparticular by:\n- further developing various forms of contacts and co-operation\nin the different fields of pedagogical science, for example\nthrough comparative or joint studies carried out by\ninterested institutions or through exchanges of information\non the results of teaching experiments;\n- intensifying exchanges of information on teaching methods\nused in various educational systems and on results of\nresearch into the processes by which pupils and students\nacquire knowledge, taking account of relevant experience\nin different types of specialized education;\n- facilitating exchanges of experience concerning the\norganization and functioning of education intended for\nadults and recurrent education, the relationships between\nthese and other forms and levels of education, as well as\nconcerning the means of adapting education, including\nvocational and technical training, to the needs of\neconomic and social development in their countries;\n93\n- encouraging exchanges of experience in the education of\nyouth and adults in international understanding, with\nparticular reference to those major problems of mankind\nwhose solution calls for a common approach and wider\ninternational cc-operation;\n- encouraging exchanges of teaching materials - including\nschool textbooks, having in mind the possibility of\npromoting mutual knowledge and facilitating the\npresentation of each country in such books - as well\nas exchanges of information on technical innovations in\nthe field of education.\nNational minorities or regional cultures. The participating\nStates, recognizing the contribution that national minorities\nor regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in\nvarious fields of education, intend, when such minorities or\ncultures exist within their territory, to facilitate this\ncontribution, taking into account the legitimate interests\nof their members.\n-94\nFOLLOW-UP TO THE CONFERENCE\nThe participating States,\nHaving considered and evaluated the progress made at the\nConference on Security and Co-operation in Europe;\nConsidering further that, within the broader context of\nthe world, the Conference is an important part of the process\nof improving security and developing co-operation in Europe and\nthat its results will contribute significantly to this process;\nIntending to implement the provisions of the Final Act of\nthe Conference in order to give full effect to its results and\nthus to further the process of improving security and developing\nco-operation in Europe;\nConvinced that, in order to achieve the aims sought by the\nConference, they should make further unilateral, bilateral and\nmultilateral efforts and continue, in the appropriate forms set\nforth below, the multilateral process initiated by the Conference,\n1. Declare their resolve, in the period following the Conference,\nto pay due regard to and implement the provisions of the Final Act\nof the Conference:\n(a) unilaterally, in all cases which lend themselves to such\naction;\n(b) bilaterally, by negotiations with other participating States;\n(c) multilaterally, by meetings of experts of the participating\nStates, and also within the framework of existing\ninternational organizations, such as the United Nations\nEconomic Commission for Europe and UNESCO, with regard\nto educational, scientific and cultural co-operation;\n95\n2.\nDeclare. furthermore their resolve to continue the\nmultilateral process initiated by the Conference:\n(a) by proceeding to a thorough exchange of views both on the\nimplementation of the provisions of the Final Act and of\nthe tasks defined by the Conference, as well as, in the\ncontext of the questions dealt with by the latter, on the\ndeepening of their mutual relations, the improvement of\nsecurity and the development of co-operation in Europe,\nand the development of the process of détente in the\nfuture;\n(b) by organizing to these ends meetings among their\nrepresentatives, beginning with a meeting at the level\nof representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign\nAffairs. This meeting will define the appropriate\nmodalities for the holding of other meetings which could\ninclude further similar meetings and the possibility of\na new Conference;\n3.\nThe first of the meetings indicated above will be held at\nBELERADE. in 1977. A preparatory meeting to organize this\nmeeting will be held at BELGRAPE. on 15 June 1977. The\npreparatory meeting will decide on the date, duration, agenda\nand other modalities of the meeting of representatives appointed\nby the Ministers of Foreign Affairs;\n4.\nThe rules of procedure, the working methods and the scale\nof distribution for the expenses of the Conference will, mutatis\nmutandis, be applied to the meetings envisaged in paragraphs 1 (c),\n2 and 3 above. All the above-mentioned meetings will be held in\nthe participating States in rotation. The services of a technical\nsecretariat will be provided by the host country.\nThe original of this Final Act, drawn up in English,\n96\nFrench, German, Italian, Russion and Spanish, will be trensmitted\nto the Government of the Republic of Finland, which will retain\nit in its archives. Each of the participating States will\nreceive from the Government of the Republic of Finland a true\ncopy of this Final Act.\nThe text of this Final Act will be published in each\nparticipating State, which will disseminate it and make it\nknown as widely as possible.\nThe Government of the Republic of Finland is requested\nto transmit to the Secretary-General of the United Nations\nthe text of this Final Act, which is not eligible for\nregistration under Article 102 of the Charter of the\nUnited Nations, with a view to its circulation to all the\nmembers of the Organization as an official document of the\nUnited Nations.\nThe Government of the Republic of Finland is also\nrequested to transmit the text of this Final Act to the\nDirector-General of UNESCO and to the Executive Secretary of\nthe United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.\nWherefore, the undersigned High Representatives of the\nparticipating States, mindful of the high political significance\nwhich they attach to the results of the Conference, and declaring\ntheir determination to act in accordance with the provisions\ncontained in the above texts, have subscribed their signatures\nbelow:\nFait à Helsinki, le\n1975 Fatto in Helsinki, addi\n1975\nCoBepTeHo B Хельсинки\n1975 года\nau nom:\nin nome:\nOT имени:\nGegeben in Helsinki as\n1975 Done at Helcinki\n1975 Hecho en Helsinki, el\n1975\nnamens:\nin the name:\nen nombre:\nSignatures:\nNames of States:"
}