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75600729
label
Millennium Challenge Account
core
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id
75600729
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document
title
Millennium Challenge Account
citationUrl
collections
Records of the Council of Economic Advisers (George W. Bush Administration)
R. Glenn Hubbard's Files
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t010-061d-mca-20150220f
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2015-0220-F
[
]
Wednesday, December 02, 2015
FOIA Marker
This is not a textual record. This FOIA Marker indicates that material has been removed
during FOIA processing by George W. Bush Presidential Library staff.
Council of Economic Advisers
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
Location or
NARA Number:
FRC ID:
OA Number:
Stack: Row: Sect.: Shelf: Pos.:
Hollinger ID:
W
30
13
4
2
5646
18581
1401
1549
Folder Title:
Millennium Challenge Account
Withdrawn/Redacted Material
The George W. Bush Library
DOCUMENT FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
NO.
001
Memorandum
MCA Principals Meeting - To: Condoleezza Rice -
1
09/09/2002
P5;
From: R. Glenn Hubbard
002
Presentation
Millennium Challenge Account - Organizational Structure
18
09/24/2002
P5; PI 161
11/16/2017
003
Presentation
[Options]
4
nd
P5; PI 161
11/16/2017
004
Memorandum
[Millennium Challenge Account] - To: Maura Harty,
2
09/17/2002
P1/b1;
et.al. - From: Stephen Biegun
005
Agenda
[NSC Meeting on Millennium Challenge Account]
1
09/19/2002
P1/b1;
006
Report
The Millennium Challenge (MCA) Initiative:
9
nd
P1/b1; P5;
Organization
COLLECTION TITLE:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
5646
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information |(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells |(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
2014-0262-F
Page 1 of 2
This document was prepared on Tuesday, December 08, 2015
2015-0220-F
Withdrawn/Redacted Material
The George W. Bush Library
DOCUMENT FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
NO.
007
Report
MCA "Jump-Start" Recommendation
3
nd
P1/b1; P5;
008
Report
[Briefing Paper]
4
nd
P1/b1;
COLLECTION TITLE:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
5646
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - |44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRAJ
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
2014-0262-F
Page 2 of 2
This document was prepared on Tuesday, December 08, 2015
2015-0220-F
Please file
'Millennium
Challeng e Account'
Document Originally
Attached to
Following Page
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Memorandum
MCA Principals Meeting - To: Condoleezza Rice - From: R. Glenn
1
09/09/2002
P5;
Hubbard
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5646
2015-0220-F
OA Num.:
2014-0262-F
1549
NARA Num.:
1401
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
PI National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes |(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/8/2015 by blc
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Presentation
Millennium Challenge Account - Organizational Structure
18
09/24/2002
P5; pl/bl
MAC 11/16/2017
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5646
2015-0220-F
OA Num.:
2014-0262-F
1549
NARA Num.:
1401
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRAJ
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes |(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/8/2015 by blc
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Presentation
[Options]
4
nd
P5; pl/bl
MAC 11/16/2017
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5646
2015-0220-F
OA Num.:
2014-0262-F
1549
NARA Num.:
1401
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRAJ
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office |(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRAJ
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy |(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRAJ
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/8/2015 by blc
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Memorandum
[Millennium Challenge Account] - To: Maura Harty, et.al. - From:
2
09/17/2002
P1/b1;
Stephen Biegun
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5646
2015-0220-F
OA Num.:
2014-0262-F
1549
NARA Num.:
1401
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/4/2015 by blc
TAB A
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Agenda
[NSC Meeting on Millennium Challenge Account]
1
09/19/2002
P1/b1;
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5646
2015-0220-F
OA Num.:
2014-0262-F
1549
NARA Num.:
1401
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/4/2015 by blc
TAB B
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Report
The Millennium Challenge (MCA) Initiative: Organization
9
nd
P1/b1; P5;
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5646
2015-0220-F
OA Num.:
2014-0262-F
1549
NARA Num.:
1401
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/4/2015 by blc
TAB C
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Report
MCA "Jump-Start" Recommendation
3
nd
P1/b1; P5;
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5646
2015-0220-F
OA Num.:
2014-0262-F
1549
NARA Num.:
1401
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/4/2015 by blc
TAB D
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Report
[Briefing Paper]
4
nd
P1/b1;
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Hubbard, R. Glenn - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Millennium Challenge Account
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5646
2015-0220-F
OA Num.:
2014-0262-F
1549
NARA Num.:
1401
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
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The Millennium Challenge Account: Taking Governance and Growth Seriously
R. Glenn Hubbard
Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers
before the conference
Making Sustainable Development Work: Governance, Finance, and Public-Private Cooperation
Washington, D.C.
July 12, 2002
Thank you for the opportunity to share my thoughts with you today. I am particularly
pleased that you chose to include a session focused on the Millennium Challenge Account
(MCA) in a conference on sustainable development. Regardless of the particular definition of
sustainable development one chooses, economics remains at the core. Thus it is important to
pay particular attention to those items that can foster sustained economic growth, or whose
absence places economic growth at risk.
As all of you are well aware, on March 14, President Bush announced the creation of a
new program for delivering bilateral assistance from the United States to the least developed
countries, the Millennium Challenge Account. The President's proposal envisions a 50 percent
increase in official development assistance by Fiscal Year 2006, when the MCA is fully funded
with its annual appropriation of $5 billion. The MCA in no way diminishes our long-standing
commitments to humanitarian assistance. Instead, this new program represents an additional
source of assistance focused on encouraging and rewarding sound policy decisions that support
economic growth and reduce poverty.
This morning, I would like to discuss the economic logic underlying the MCA and its
role in contributing to the underpinnings of sustained economic growth and development. In the
process, I will provide an update on the discussions involving the design of the MCA, and
describe the next steps that will be crucial in making sure that the potential of the MCA is fully
realized.
2
Igniting the Engine of Growth
A longstanding question in development economics has been succinctly put by Nobel
Prize winner Robert Lucas, who asked why capital does not seem to flow to the poorest
countries. After all, in such countries, with investment and growth at very low levels, marginal
returns to capital accumulation would likely be high, so capital should flow in from richer
countries. Also, domestic citizens in those countries should save and allocate their saving to
these same high-return projects.
An important piece of the puzzle is that developing financial capacity for growth is more
complicated in practice than in theory Clearly defined rules of law, accounting, and investor
protection are required to make external financing by firms, investment, and growth possible.
These linkages are important; research by economists has identified large effects of "good
governance" on the cost of capital, investment, and growth. 1 Simply trying to attract foreign
capital via efforts at financial liberalization or aid that ignore this critical link to building private-
sector financial capacity are unlikely to generate growth. Put differently, building the
infrastructure for capital markets improves both the response to inflows of capital and the
capacity for domestically-generated growth.
Indeed, over the past 15 years there has been an explosion of research that is beginning to
reach a consensus emerging on the fundamental determinants of economic growth. The
President's MCA proposal focuses on these determinants. Good growth outcomes are associated
with governments that adhere to three key principles - "ruling justly," "investing in people," and
pursuing "economic freedom." Using the MCA to encourage these three facets of sound policy
in the poorest economies will ensure that aid is quickly followed by even larger private
investment that will do the most to lift millions out of poverty. The role of the MCA will be to
serve as a new type of special purpose vehicle within the bilateral aid framework, a special
purpose vehicle dedicated to the eradication of poverty.
1 See for example, A. Demirgüc-Kunt and V. Maksimovic, "Law, Finance, and Firm Growth," Journal of Finance
53 (1998) 2107-2137' Charles P. Himmelberg, R. Glenn Hubbard, and Inessa Love "Investor Protection,
Ownership, and the Cost of Capital," Mimeograph, Columbia University, 2002; and Rafael La Porta, Florencio
Lopez-di-Silanes, Andrei Schleifer, and Robert W. Vishny, "Law and Finance," Journal of Political Economy, 106
(1998): 1113-1155.
3
Establishing the Role of the MCA
Existing bilateral official development assistance appropriately serves many purposes and
is used to meet both political and economic objectives. It is therefore not surprising that
evaluations of development assistance based on a sole objective are often critical of aid
allocations and programs. For example, World Bank analysis concludes that aid is not optimally
allocated when measured against the single objective of poverty reduction. 2 A reallocation of
resources could more than double the number of people that could be sustainably lifted out of
absolute poverty. Such findings are one reason that observers are often frustrated with the results
of aid
The MCA offers the opportunity to work more effectively toward poverty reduction.
This raises the immediate question of how best to eliminate poverty. The answer is at once
simple and complicated. First, the simple part: Study after study has shown that poverty is
eliminated through economic growth. 3 The old saw that a rising tide lifts all boats is exactly
right; it is not the case that economic growth simply favors the wealthy over the poor in an
economy. The MCA will better address poverty reduction through improved resource allocation
while at the same time promoting an environment that is more conducive to growth.
Assessing Policies
Putting the MCA into practice first requires measuring the extent to which governments
are undertaking sound policies to enhance growth. President Bush has identified the three key
areas of policy to focus upon and since that time an interagency team led by Secretary Powell
and Secretary O'Neill has been hard at work examining potential indicators to find those that
best measure the quality of these policies. Eventually, the goal is to build a set of indicators that
would be used to determine which countries have the best practices, and these countries will
benefit the most from MCA support.
2 Paul Collier and David Dollar, "Aid Allocation and Poverty Reduction", Development Research Group Working
Paper, World Bank, 1999.
3 David Dollar and Aart Kraay, "Growth is Good for the Poor" World Bank Development Research Group
mimeograph, March 2001. Martin Ravallion and Shaohua Chen, "Distribution and Poverty in Developing and
Transition Economies: New Data on Spells During 1981-93." World Bank Economic Review 11, May 1997.
4
Although the work of the interagency team is ongoing, examples of the many potential
indicators from each of the three areas will help to clarify the concepts behind the MCA. Under
"ruling justly," among those being considered are measures of civil liberties, political rights,
enforceability of contracts, judicial independence, corruption, transparency and government
effectiveness. World Bank researchers Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobatón (1999) have found
a positive and significant link between these indicators of good governance and economic
development. For example, they find that were a country to leap-frog ahead (technically,
advance by one standard deviation) in the quality of its governance vis-à-vis other countries, it
could expect a threefold increase in per capita income.
Governance and Per Capita Income
There is a robust positive relationship between good
governance and per capita income across the globe.
Control of Corruption
Government Effectiveness
11.00
11.00
10.50
10.50
10.00
10.00
9.50
9.50
9.00
9.00
8.50
8.50
8.00
8.00
7.50
7.50
7.00
7.00
6.50
6.50
6.00
6.00
-2.50
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
-2.50
-1.50
-0.50
0.50
1.50
2.50
Regulatory Quality
Rule of Law
11.00
11.00
10.50
10.50
10.00
10.00
9.50
9.50
9.00
9.00
8.60
8.50
8.00
8.00
7.50
7.50
7.00
7.00
6.50
6.50
6.00
6.00
-3.00
-1.00
3.00
-2.50
-1.50
0.50
0.50
1.50
-2.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
2.50
Source: Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobatón (2002). Aggregated indexes of governance versus log of per capita
GDP at purchasing power parity.
5
With regard to "investing in people," under consideration are measures that focus on
education and health, such as school completion rates and public expenditures on health care.
The report of the World Health Organization's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health,
chaired by my Columbia colleague Jeff Sachs, finds that each 10 percent increase in life
expectancy at birth is associated with an increase of at least 0.3 to 0.4 percentage points in
economic growth rates. Similar arguments could be used in support of indicators based on
educational enrollment or expenditures.
Finally, some indicators of the government's commitment to "economic freedom" being
reviewed are measures of macroeconomic performance, country credit ratings, support for open
markets domestically and internationally, and the quality of regulatory policies. Khan and
Senhadji (2000), for example, find that inflation rates in excess of 10 percent per annum are
associated with lower growth rates in developing economies.⁴ According to their work, an
increase in the inflation rate from 3 percent to 30 percent will trim annual growth rates by 0.67
percentage points. Similarly, other indicators under consideration for the category of "economic
freedom" are also known to have significant impacts on growth.
Within each group, it is useful to develop criteria for selecting indicators. Among the
criteria being considered is confidence in the soundness of the indicator. Other things being the
same, one would prefer indicators closely associated with economic growth and poverty
reduction. Another important criterion is the transparency of the indicator. Again, other aspects
being the same, it is preferable to employ indicators that are easy to understand and explain.
Ensuring the Success of the MCA
The President's MCA initiative is a new approach to development assistance, and I hope
that these examples give you some sense of the kinds of the many variables or indicators that the
interagency group is considering to measure a country's "performance." A key innovative
element of the MCA is that it will challenge countries to improve by rewarding them for good
performance. Making sure that the MCA remains focused on providing assistance to good
4 Mohsin S. Khan and Abdelhak S. Senhadji, "Threshold Effects in the Relationship Between Inflation and Growth,"
International Monetary Fund Working Paper WP/00/110, June 2000.
6
performers and providing incentives for countries to improve their policies will require a
mechanism that makes appropriate and careful use of the measure or measures derived from
these indicators.
Although no final decisions have been made concerning how the measures will be
derived from the indicators, one possible approach would combine the various indicators into a
single index. In this example, the question then naturally turns to how that index will be used.
One can imagine two opposite ends of a spectrum that encompass the extent to which the index
will determine eligibility and funding. Let me label the two poles with terms that economists
have become very enamored of, "rules" on the one end and "discretion" on the other. A purely
rule-based approach would use the index of country performance to determine eligibility for the
MCA. For example, the 20 countries with the highest index value would receive funding with no
exceptions; none of the 20 would be dropped from the list, and no additional countries would be
added. In contrast, a purely discretionary approach would use the index as but one input in the
eligibility decision, relying on additional information such as need and an assessment of the
commitment of the country's leadership to a reform program.
In practice, ensuring the success of the MCA will require an approach that incorporates
both rules and discretion. A purely rules-based approach is impossible, given the inherent
limitations in the indicators that will be used to construct a country's index. First and foremost,
time lags in the collection and processing of the variables used to construct the index make it
impossible to rely only on the index. Some variables likely to be used in the index will lag by as
much as a year or two the actual funding decision for the MCA. In the interim, significant
changes could take place that would drastically change the amount of funding that should be
made available. For example, a kleptocratic tyrant might stage a successful coup to displace a
democratically elected regime that had a record of outstanding performance. In such an instance,
providing funding for such a country would violate President Bush's principles for the MCA. If
the "rules" required that funding had to be provided, the MCA would not survive the next budget
allocation cycle.
7
A purely discretionary approach, however, is not practical either. First, current aid
policies can be argued to be pure discretion (abstracting from Congressional restrictions, etc.) if
the MCA is to be a new approach it must move away from complete discretion. Second, the
MCA is meant to encourage and reward good policies, the theme of this conference. The MCA
will only achieve this goal if policy decisions are as transparent as possible. Countries that are
found to be eligible for MCA funding must know why, so that they can keep following good
policies. Countries that are found ineligible must also know why they failed to obtain support, so
they can have an incentive to discontinue poor policies and put good policies in place. Under a
purely discretionary system, it is impossible to convey to countries this information. This might
explain in part the weak relationship between aid and performance.
There is great value in using clear and concrete criteria for selection of countries eligible
for the MCA. This information will provide a powerful opportunity for reform in poor countries
around the world. This is the "challenge" in the MCA to improve policies and receive MCA
funds. Without "rules" it is impossible to provide reliable, transparent feedback to reward good
performance and encourage future performance. Given the potential gaps and lags in the
indicator data, however, there is a role for discretion. Without "discretion" it would be
impossible for the program to make the difficult decisions that should take into account the most
up- to-date information and trends toward improvement in a country.
Mapping the Road Ahead
The interagency MCA team continues to work on developing the MCA method, about
which I have just spoken, as well as policy and management structure that will guide the MCA.
In formalizing the MCA structure, discussions have taken place over the past months with as
many interested parties as possible-the private sector, nongovernmental organizations,
academics, and current official development assistance donor and recipient nations. Most
recently, discussions have started with Congress with a goal of producing draft legislation in the
fall.
If the MCA is to achieve its laudable objective of triggering growth by encouraging good
governance, it will be important to avoid any earmarking of funds that targets particular
8
countries, regions or sectors. Maximum flexibility is needed for maximum results. Good
performance in the poor nations must be recognized regardless of the region or country in which
it is achieved. It must be possible for MCA funds to be put to their best use rather than in the
trendiest development sector of the day. Under these conditions, the MCA will represent an
exciting new approach to development assistance that will substantially improve the lives of the
world's poor.
Thank you, and I look forward to answering your questions.
Traditional Aid and Growth
12%
8%
Average GDP Growth in the 1990s
(percent per annum)
4%
0%
-4%
-8%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Effective Aid as a Percent of Real GDP
(average, 1985 to 1990)
Growth Rates
0.2
0.15
Average Annual Change in log(Per Capita Income in Poorest
0.1
0.05
Quintile)
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
9
-0.05
y if 1.185x - 0.0068
R² = 0.4935
-0.15
-0.2
Average Annual Change in log(Per Capita Income)
Rule of Law and Per Capita Income
12
11
10
Log GDP Per Capita
U.S. Dollars, 1995
9
8
7
6
5
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Rule of Law Indicator*
* Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido-Lobaton
From Vision to Program: Steps to Implement MCA
1. Selection
What is the best mix of rules and discretion?
2. Allocation
How will funds be allocated amongst selected countries?
How should funds be related to broad strategies, individual
projects, or both?
3. Disbursement
How will funds be used at the country level?
Will funds be delivered to governments, or to governments,
NGOs, and other implementing partners?
4. Accountability
What incentives are needed to ensure that aid is being used
effectively?