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Trade: Millennium Challenge Account [2]
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Trade: Millennium Challenge Account [2]
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Records of the Council of Economic Advisers (George W. Bush Administration)
Randall Kroszner's Files
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Withdrawn/Redacted Material
The George W. Bush Library
DOCUMENT FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
NO.
001
Memorandum
Operationalizing the Hard Hurdle on Corruption for the
3
12/09/2002
P5; PI/bl
MCA - To: MCA Steering Group From: John B. Taylor
MAC 11/16/2017
002
Briefing
Implementing the Millennium Challenge Account
4
10/20/2002
P5;
003
Briefing
Donor Coordination: Crowding In or Crowding Out? [2
4
nd
P5;
copies]
004
Minutes
Donor Coordination Meeting October 7 Summary
1
10/07/2002
P5;
005
Presentation
Millennium Challenge Account - Organizational Structure
17
09/24/2002
P5; Pl/bl
MAC 11/16/2017
006
Briefing
[Number of Indicators]
3
nd
P5;pl/bl
MAC 11/16/2017
007
Briefing
Jump-Starting the MCA
3
nd
P5; Pl/bl
MAC 11/16/2017
COLLECTION TITLE:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Kroszner, Randall (Randy) - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Trade : Millennium Challenge Account [2]
FRC ID:
5793
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act- [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information |(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute |(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
2014-0262-F
Page 1 of 2
This document was prepared on Friday, December 11, 2015
2015-0220-F
Withdrawn/Redacted Material
The George W. Bush Library
DOCUMENT FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
NO.
008
List
MCA Questions Briefing for Congressional Staff
1
06/25/2002
P5;
009
Briefing
Incomes and Indicators
1
06/19/2002
P5;
010
Briefing
Uses of the Millennium Challenge Account
9
06/19/2002
P5;
COLLECTION TITLE:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Kroszner, Randall (Randy) - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Trade : Millennium Challenge Account |2|
FRC ID:
5793
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act |44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRAJ
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office |(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute |(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRAJ
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
2014-0262-F
Page 2 of 2
This document was prepared on Friday, December 11, 2015
2015-0220-F
CC:BB BB
DD
UNITED STATES TREASURY DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
CLAY LOWERY, DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY
INTERNATIONAL DEBT, DEVELOPMENT, AND
QUANTITATIVE POLICY (IDQ)
OFFICE NUMBER: (202) 622-0070; FAX NUMBER: (202) 622-9212
e-mail: [email protected]
FAX COVER SHEET
DATE: December 9, 2002
page 1 of_4_
TO: MCA Steering Group:
Gary Edson/NSC 456-9460
AI Larson/State 647-9763
Robin Cleveland/OMB 395-0345
Patrick Crownin/USAID 216-3426
Randy Krozner/CEA 395-6947
FROM: Clay Lowery
Re: Memo from U/S John Taylor titled, "Operationalizing the
Hard Hurdle on Curruption for the MCA".
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Memorandum
Operationalizing the Hard Hurdle on Corruption for the MCA - To: MCA
3
12/09/2002
P5; P161
Steering Group - From: John B. Taylor
MAC 11/16/2017
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Kroszner, Randall (Randy) - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Trade : Millennium Challenge Account [2]
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5793
2014-0262-F
OA Num.:
2015-0220-F
2845
NARA Num.:
2744
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/8/2015 by blc
Wendy E. Gray
10/29/2002 03:42:13 PM
Record Type:
Record
To:
See the distribution list at the bottom of this message
CC:
Subject: Draft MCA Paper
Please review the attached paper. and contact Steve Krasner ([email protected]) with comments or
edits. Thank you
W
Implementing the MCA 10-29 noon.
Message Sent To:
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected]@ inet
[email protected] @ inet
Robin Cleveland/OMB/EOP@EOP
Karyn T. Carson/OMB/EOP@EOP
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
Randall S. Kroszner/CEA/EOP@EOP
Lisa D. Branch/CEA/EOP@EOP
John A. Cloud/NSC/EOP@EOP
Mary L. Adams/NSC/EOP@EOP
Elliott Abrams/NSC/EOP@EOP
Dora Kale/NSC/EOP@EOP
Stephen D. Krasner/NSC/EOP@EOP
Jendayi E. Frazer/NSC/EOP@EOP
Bobby J. Pittman/NSC/EOP@EOP
Patricia A. Battenfield/NSC/EOP@EOP
John F. Maisto/NSC/EOP@EOP
Gregory A. Manuel/NSC/EOP@EOP
Steven D. Barbieri/NSC/EOP@EOP
Oct 29th
Implementing the Millennium Challenge Account
Resource allocations from the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) will be based on:
Genuine Partnership - Recipient countries will work in collaboration with US
officials to define their priorities for MCA funding. Recipients must demonstrate
ownership of, and commitment to, their contract goals and implementing strategies.
Focus on Growth - MCA funds will be used only to support activities that directly
contribute to economic growth and poverty alleviation.
Contracts - Each selected country will negotiate and sign an MCA contract with the
USG. Like a business plan, MCA contracts will specify a limited number of clear
measurable goals and the activities, measurable benchmarks, and financial
accountability needed to realize these goals. Projects unrelated to overall goals would
not be included in MCA activities.
Competition - Funding would not be automatic. Proposals for activities directed at
accomplishing contract goals would compete both within and across countries. There
would be an in-country competition organized by the recipient country for proposals
from that country; and a competition across countries for funding that would be
judged by the MCA Review Board.
Accountability for Results - The MCA administrative structure will focus on
monitoring and evaluation to insure accountability for results.
Financial Accountability - Improving financial accountability will be a goal of all
MCA activities. Benchmarks for measuring improvements in accountability will be
included in all MCA contracts. Technical assistance will be provided where needed
to make sure that recipients can implement the necessary standards and procedures.
Limited Terms - The MCA contract will be for a fixed period of time. The MCA is
not an entitlement. An exit strategy, including mechanisms for sustaining gains once
participation in the MCA ends, will be included in all contract.
Genuine Partnerships
The MCA contract would be signed by the foreign minister of the recipient country and
the US Secretary of State who is also the chair of the MCA Review Board. The goals of
the contract would reflect an open consultative process within the recipient country
including the private sector and civil society, and between the country and the USG.
The recipient would be responsible for:
Guaranteeing private sector and civil society involvement in developing and
implementing the MCA contract
Ensuring an open process that that would identify the most promising activities to
accomplish MCA goals and take account of other development plans such as PRSPs.
Publicizing the terms of the contract, making it clear that the responsible actors
within the country would be held accountable for performance by their own
constituents as well as the MCA.
Monitoring and assessing activities needed to meet MCA contract benchmarks.
1
The USG would be responsible for:
Providing technical assistance needed to assure the feasibility and sustainability of
MCA activities including financial accountability
Disbursing funds in the most efficient manner to the implementers of MCA activities
Monitoring MCA contract benchmarks and progress toward MCA goals
Focus on Growth
MCA funds will be used only for activities that directly contribute to economic growth
and poverty alleviation. These areas could include:
Health (including clean water, sanitation etc.)
Education
Agricultural development (including conservation and rural infrastructure)
Trade and investment capacity building (including financial sector reform)
Enterprise development (including micro-finance, information technology,
investment funds, etc.)
Governance (including anti-corruption)
MCA Contracts
Each country would negotiate and sign a contract with the USG. Like a business plan,
the contract would focus on a few key goals and how they would be achieved.
Uncoordinated specific projects would not be supported by the MCA. Each MCA
contract would include the following components:
A limited number of clear measurable goals
A specific time frame within which the goals would be accomplished
The specific activities and intermediate steps that would be needed to accomplish
these goals
Concrete, measurable benchmarks that would be used to assess progress toward the
goals
Baseline information against which progress can be measured
Concrete benchmarks for measuring progress of, and improvement in, budgeting and
financial oversight (such as auditing, transparency, etc.)
Mechanisms for sustaining goals accomplished under the MCA after the contract
ends
Conditions under which the contract would be terminated or amended
Competition: Contract Assessment and Approval
Once countries have been selected for the MCA program, their contract proposals would
be evaluated and reviewed by the MCA administrative structure and the Review Board.
Selection alone would not guarantee automatic funding of all aspects of a country's
proposed contract, although there would be a presumption of some funding for qualifying
countries to encourage country commitment to the process leading to an MCA contract
proposal. Contract proposals would be evaluated by:
Functional teams composed of USG officials and outside experts
A country team composed of USG officials and outside experts
2
The MCA would make every effort to help selected countries get the technical assistance
necessary to ensure that their contract proposals meet the rigorous analytical standards
needed both to establish the feasibility of their strategies and to ensure their effective
implementation.
The proposed contract, including funding levels, would be reviewed by the Cabinet-level
MCA Review Board before official signing.
Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation to ensure accountability for results will be an integral part of
every activity for which MCA funds are used. Monitoring and evaluation will be
conducted by the MCA administrative structure and/or by third-party contractors. To
facilitate such monitoring, it is critical that no contract be signed unless it includes
baseline data from which progress can be measured. In addition, every contract would
specify regular benchmarks for evaluating progress, and suggested corrective actions to
be implemented to keep the program on track All evaluations, as well as the terms of
the contract, would be made public.
Several kinds of activities must be monitored:
Financial responsibility/accountability
Auditing to make sure that data reported by recipients is accurate
Overall budget data to make sure that recipient governments are not diverting their
own funds away from MCA activities
Specific benchmarks for measuring progress toward program goals
Country conformity with MCA selection criteria
Monitoring should be conducted by:
Independent contractors and the MCA administrative structure for financial
accountability, data accuracy, country budget allocations, and specific benchmarks
MCA Review Board for conformity with selection criteria
Limited Term; Sustainable Progress
MCA contracts would be for a limited term and would provide for a mid-term
review. There could be "incentive clauses" in the contract to stimulate better
performance.
All activities initiated under the MCA would have to be sustainable once the contract
term ends. Recipients would have to be clear about how the funding for recurrent
costs, if needed to sustain progress, would be provided.
Termination
Programs would be sustained unless they failed to meet the specific conditions for
performance specified in the MCA contract. Funding for specific elements of a contract
could be scaled back or ended for:
Failing to meet financial standards/accountability
Failing to attain specific benchmarks
3
Country participation in the MCA could be terminated for:
Failing to meet qualifying criteria as indicated by an absolute decline in the policy
environment related to ruling justly, investing in people, or promoting economic
freedom
Military coups, major civil unrest or other changes in country status.
4
Wendy E. Gray
10/22/2002 08:18:59 PM
Record Type:
Record
To:
See the distribution list at the bottom of this message
CC:
Subject: Paper for the Wednesday, Oct 23, 1:00 pm MCA Steering Group Meeting
For your use. Thank you
W
Implementing the MCA 10-20 3PM.
Message Sent To:
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected]@ inet
Robin Cleveland/OMB/EOP@EOP
Karyn T. Carson/OMB/EOP@EOP
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
Randall S. Kroszner/CEA/EOP@EOP
Lisa D. Branch/CEA/EOP@EOP
John A. Cloud/NSC/EOP@EOP
Mary L. Adams/NSC/EOP@EOP
Elliott Abrams/NSC/EOP@EOP
Dora Kale/NSC/EOP@EOP
Stephen D. Krasner/NSC/EOP@EOP
Jendayi E. Frazer/NSC/EOP@EOP
Bobby J. Pittman/NSC/EOP@EOP
Patricia A. Battenfield/NSC/EOP@EOP
John F. Maisto/NSC/EOP@EOP
Gregory A. Manuel/NSC/EOP@EOP
Steven D. Barbieri/NSC/EOP@EOP
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Briefing
Implementing the Millennium Challenge Account
4
10/20/2002
P5;
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Kroszner, Randall (Randy) - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Trade : Millennium Challenge Account [2]
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5793
2014-0262-F
OA Num.:
2015-0220-F
2845
NARA Num.:
2744
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy |(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/8/2015 by blc
Stephen B. Blomberg
10/22/2002 10:16:26 AM
Record Type:
Record
To:
See the distribution list at the bottom of this message
CC:
Subject: MCA General Equilibrium memo
see below
Forwarded by Stephen B. Blomberg/CEA/EOP on 10/22/2002 10:17 AM
Randall S. Kroszner
10/22/2002 10:11:22 AM
Record Type:
Record
To:
Stephen D. Krasner/NSC/EOP@EOP
CC:
Stephen B. Blomberg/CEA/EOP@EOP, Phillip L. Swagel/CEA/EOP@EOP
Subject: MCA General Equilibrium memo
W
Donor CoordinationCEA.dc
Here is a draft of the memo you requested. Please feel to circulate to the group for comment and
discussion.
Thanks,
--Randy
Message Sent To:
Lisa D. Branch/CEA/EOP@EOP
William M. Frej/NSC/EOP@EOP
Bobby J. Pittman/NSC/EOP@EOP
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
-
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
Rodney G. Bent/OMB/EOP@EOP
Michael Casella/OMB/EOP@EOP
Randall S. Kroszner/CEA/EOP@EOP
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected]@ inet
[email protected] @ inet
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S),
Briefing
Donor Coordination: Crowding In or Crowding Out? [2 copies]
4
nd
P5;
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Kroszner, Randall (Randy) - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Trade : Millennium Challenge Account [2]
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5793
2014-0262-F
OA Num.:
2015-0220-F
2845
NARA Num.:
2744
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/8/2015 by blc
Stephen D. Krasner
10/08/2002 03:15:56 PM
Record Type:
Record
To:
Dora Kale/NSC/EOP@EOP
CC:
See the distribution list at the bottom of this message
Subject: summary of oct 7 meeting
W
Summa October 7 Summary.doiry of Oct 7 Meeting Attached.
Message Copied To:
lisa d. branch/cea/eop@eop
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
[email protected] @ inet
rodney g. bent/omb/eop@eop
michael casella/omb/eop@eop
randall S. kroszner/cea/eop@eop
[email protected] @ inet
dora kale/nsc/eop@eop
Bobby J. Pittman/NSC/EOP@EOP
Gary R. Edson/NSC/EOP@EOP
William M. Frej/NSC/EOP@EOP
Gregory A. Manuel/NSC/EOP@EOP
Jonathan T. Dworken/NSC/EOP@EOP
Elliott Abrams/NSC/EOP@EOP
Withdrawal Marker
The George W. Bush Library
FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
Minutes
Donor Coordination Meeting October 7 Summary
1
10/07/2002
P5;
This marker identifies the original location of the withdrawn item listed above.
For a complete list of items withdrawn from this folder, see the
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet at the front of the folder.
COLLECTION:
Council of Economic Advisers
SERIES:
Kroszner, Randall (Randy) - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Trade : Millennium Challenge Account [2]
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
5793
2014-0262-F
OA Num.:
2015-0220-F
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THE NATIONAL
SECURITY STRATEGY
OF THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
OF THE
THE OF SEAL SENS UNITED
SEPTEMBER 2002
THE NATIONAL
SECURITY STRATEGY
OF THE
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
OF
SEAL OF CANADA THE INTER THE
D
SEPTEMBER 2002
THE WHITE HOUSE
wASHINGTON
The great struggles of the twentieth century between liberty and totalitarianism ended with a
decisive victory for the forces of freedom-and a single sustainable model for national success:
freedom, democracy, and free enterprise. In the twenty-first century, only nations that share a
commitment to protecting basic human rights and guaranteeing political and economic
freedom will be able to unleash the potential of their people and assure their future prosperity.
People everywhere want to be able to speak freely; choose who will govern them; worship as they
please; educate their children-male and female; own property; and enjoy the benefits of their
labor. These values of freedom are right and true for every person, in every society------------------ the
duty of protecting these values against their enemies is the common calling of freedom-loving
people across the globe and across the ages.
Today, the United States enjoys a position of unparalleled military strength and great economic
and political influence. In keeping with our heritage and principles, we do not use our strength
to press for unilateral advantage. We seek instead to create a balance of power that favors human
freedom: conditions in which all nations and all societies can choose for themselves the rewards
and challenges of political and economic liberty. In a world that is safe, people will be able to
make their own lives better. We will defend the peace by fighting terrorists and tyrants. We will
preserve the peace by building good relations among the great powers. We will extend the peace
by encouraging free and open societies on every continent.
Defending our Nation against its enemies is the first and fundamental commitment of the
Federal Government. Today, that task has changed dramatically. Enemies in the past needed
great armies and great industrial capabilities to endanger America. Now, shadowy networks of
individuals can bring great chaos and suffering to our shores for less than it costs to purchase
a single tank. Terrorists are organized to penetrate open societies and to turn the power of
modern technologies against us.
To defeat this threat we must make use of every tool in our arsenal-military power, better
homeland defenses, law enforcement, intelligence, and vigorous efforts to cut off terrorist
financing. The war against terrorists of global reach is a global enterprise of uncertain duration.
America will help nations that need our assistance in combating terror. And America will hold
to account nations that are compromised by terror, including those who harbor terrorists-
because the allies of terror are the enemies of civilization. The United States and countries
cooperating with us must not allow the terrorists to develop new home bases. Together, we will
seek to deny them sanctuary at every turn.
The gravest danger our Nation faces lies at the crossroads of radicalism and technology. Our
enemies have openly declared that they are seeking weapons of mass destruction, and evidence
indicates that they are doing so with determination. The United States will not allow these
efforts to succeed. We will build defenses against ballistic missiles and other means of delivery.
We will cooperate with other nations to deny, contain, and curtail our enemies' efforts to acquire
dangerous technologies. And, as a matter of common sense and self-defense, America will act
against such emerging threats before they are fully formed. We cannot defend America and our
friends by hoping for the best. So we must be prepared to defeat our enemies' plans, using the
best intelligence and proceeding with deliberation. History will judge harshly those who saw this
coming danger but failed to act. In the new world we have entered, the only path to peace and
security is the path of action.
As we defend the peace, we will also take advantage of an historic opportunity to preserve the
peace. Today, the international community has the best chance since the rise of the nation-state
in the seventeenth century to build a world where great powers compete in peace instead of
continually prepare for war. Today, the world's great powers find ourselves on the same side-
united by common dangers of terrorist violence and chaos. The United States will build on
these common interests to promote global security. We are also increasingly united by common
values. Russia is in the midst of a hopeful transition, reaching for its democratic future and a
partner in the war on terror. Chinese leaders are discovering that economic freedom is the only
source of national wealth. In time, they will find that social and political freedom is the only
source of national greatness. America will encourage the advancement of democracy and
economic openness in both nations, because these are the best foundations for domestic stability
and international order. We will strongly resist aggression from other great powers-even as we
welcome their peaceful pursuit of prosperity, trade, and cultural advancement.
Finally, the United States will use this moment of opportunity to extend the benefits of freedom
across the globe. We will actively work to bring the hope of democracy, development, free
markets, and free trade to every corner of the world. The events of September 11, 2001, taught
us that weak states, like Afghanistan, can pose as great a danger to our national interests as
strong states. Poverty does not make poor people into terrorists and murderers. Yet poverty,
weak institutions, and corruption can make weak states vulnerable to terrorist networks and
drug cartels within their borders.
The United States will stand beside any nation determined to build a better future by seeking
the rewards of liberty for its people. Free trade and free markets have proven their ability to lift
whole societies out of poverty-so the United States will work with individual nations, entire
regions, and the entire global trading community to build a world that trades in freedom and
therefore grows in prosperity. The United States will deliver greater development assistance
through the New Millennium Challenge Account to nations that govern justly, invest in their
people, and encourage economic freedom. We will also continue to lead the world in efforts to
reduce the terrible toll of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases.
In building a balance of power that favors freedom, the United States is guided by the conviction
that all nations have important responsibilities. Nations that enjoy freedom must actively fight
terror. Nations that depend on international stability must help prevent the spread of weapons
of mass destruction. Nations that seek international aid must govern themselves wisely, so that
aid is well spent. For freedom to thrive, accountability must be expected and required.
We are also guided by the conviction that no nation can build a safer, better world alone.
Alliances and multilateral institutions can multiply the strength of freedom-loving nations.
The United States is committed to lasting institutions like the United Nations, the World Trade
Organization, the Organization of American States, and NATO as well as other long-standing
alliances. Coalitions of the willing can augment these permanent institutions. In all cases,
international obligations are to be taken seriously. They are not to be undertaken symbolically
to rally support for an ideal without furthering its attainment.
Freedom is the non-negotiable demand of human dignity; the birthright of every person-in
every civilization. Throughout history, freedom has been threatened by war and terror; it has
been challenged by the clashing wills of powerful states and the evil designs of tyrants; and it
has been tested by widespread poverty and disease. Today, humanity holds in its hands the
opportunity to further freedom's triumph over all these foes. The United States welcomes our
responsibility to lead in this great mission.
you
Bal
THE WHITE HOUSE,
September 17, 2002
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. OVERVIEW OF AMERICA'S INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY
1
II. CHAMPION ASPIRATIONS FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
3
III. STRENGTHEN ALLIANCES TO DEFEAT GLOBAL TERRORISM AND WORK
TO PREVENT ATTACKS AGAINST Us AND OUR FRIENDS
5
IV. WORK WITH OTHERS TO DEFUSE REGIONAL CONFLICTS
9
V. PREVENT OUR ENEMIES FROM THREATENING Us, OUR ALLIES,
AND OUR FRIENDS WITH WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
13
VI. IGNITE A NEW ERA OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH
FREE MARKETS AND FREE TRADE
17
VII. EXPAND THE CIRCLE OF DEVELOPMENT BY OPENING SOCIETIES
AND BUILDING THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF DEMOCRACY
21
VIII. DEVELOP AGENDAS FOR COOPERATIVE ACTION WITH THE
OTHER MAIN CENTERS OF GLOBAL POWER
25
IX. TRANSFORM AMERICA'S NATIONAL SECURITY INSTITUTIONS TO MEET
THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
29
National Security Strategy vii
I. OVERVIEW OF AMERICA'S
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY
"Our Nation's cause has always been larger than our Nation's defense.
We fight, as we always fight, for a just peace-a peace that favors liberty.
We will defend the peace against the threats from terrorists and tyrants.
We will preserve the peace by building good relations among the great powers.
And we will extend the peace by encouraging free and open societies on every continent."
PRESIDENT BUSH
WEST POINT, NEW YORK
JUNE 1, 2002
The United States possesses unprecedented-
The U.S. national security strategy will be based
and unequaled-strength and influence in the
on a distinctly American internationalism that
world. Sustained by faith in the principles of
reflects the union of our values and our national
liberty, and the value of a free society, this position
interests. The aim of this strategy is to help make
comes with unparalleled responsibilities, obliga-
the world not just safer but better. Our goals on
tions, and opportunity. The great strength of this
the path to progress are clear: political and
nation must be used to promote a balance of
economic freedom, peaceful relations with other
power that favors freedom.
states, and respect for human dignity.
For most of the twentieth century, the world
And this path is not America's alone. It is open
was divided by a great struggle over ideas: destruc-
to all.
tive totalitarian visions versus freedom and equality.
To achieve these goals, the United States will:
That great struggle is over. The militant visions
champion aspirations for human dignity;
of class, nation, and race which promised utopia
and delivered misery have been defeated and
strengthen alliances to defeat global
discredited. America is now threatened less by
terrorism and work to prevent attacks
conquering states than we are by failing ones.
against us and our friends;
We are menaced less by fleets and armies than by
work with others to defuse regional conflicts;
catastrophic technologies in the hands of the
embittered few. We must defeat these threats to
prevent our enemies from threatening us,
our Nation, allies, and friends.
our allies, and our friends, with weapons of
mass destruction;
This is also a time of opportunity for America.
We will work to translate this moment of influ-
ignite a new era of global economic growth
ence into decades of peace, prosperity, and liberty.
through free markets and free trade;
National Security Strategy 1
expand the circle of development by
opening societies and building the
infrastructure of democracy;
develop agendas for cooperative action with
other main centers of global power; and
transform America's national security
institutions to meet the challenges and
opportunities of the twenty-first century.
2 National Security Strategy
II. CHAMPION ASPIRATIONS FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
"Some worry that it is somehow undiplomatic or impolite to
speak the language of right and wrong. I disagree. Different circumstances
require different methods, but not different moralities."
PRESIDENT BUSH
WEST POINT, NEW YORK
JUNE 1, 2002
In pursuit of our goals, our first imperative is
America's experience as a great multi-ethnic
to clarify what we stand for: the United States
democracy affirms our conviction that people of
must defend liberty and justice because these
many heritages and faiths can live and prosper in
principles are right and true for all people every-
peace. Our own history is a long struggle to live
where. No nation owns these aspirations, and no
up to our ideals. But even in our worst moments,
nation is exempt from them. Fathers and mothers
the principles enshrined in the Declaration of
in all societies want their children to be educated
Independence were there to guide us. As a result,
and to live free from poverty and violence. No
America is not just a stronger, but is a freer and
people on earth yearn to be oppressed, aspire to
more just society.
servitude, or eagerly await the midnight knock of
Today, these ideals are a lifeline to lonely
the secret police.
defenders of liberty. And when openings arrive,
America must stand firmly for the nonnego-
we can encourage change-as we did in central
tiable demands of human dignity: the rule of law;
and eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991,
limits on the absolute power of the state; free
or in Belgrade in 2000. When we see democratic
speech; freedom of worship; equal justice; respect
processes take hold among our friends in Taiwan
for women; religious and ethnic tolerance; and
or in the Republic of Korea, and see elected
respect for private property.
leaders replace generals in Latin America and
Africa, we see examples of how authoritarian
These demands can be met in many ways.
America's constitution has served us well.
systems can evolve, marrying local history and
traditions with the principles we all cherish.
Many other nations, with different histories and
cultures, facing different circumstances, have
Embodying lessons from our past and using
successfully incorporated these core principles
the opportunity we have today, the national security
into their own systems of governance. History has
strategy of the United States must start from these
not been kind to those nations which ignored or
core beliefs and look outward for possibilities to
flouted the rights and aspirations of their people.
expand liberty.
National Security Strategy 3
Our principles will guide our government's
make freedom and the development of
decisions about international cooperation, the
democratic institutions key themes in our
character of our foreign assistance, and the
bilateral relations, seeking solidarity and
allocation of resources. They will guide our
cooperation from other democracies while
actions and our words in international bodies.
we press governments that deny human
rights to move toward a better future; and
We will:
take special efforts to promote freedom of
speak out honestly about violations of the
religion and conscience and defend it from
nonnegotiable demands of human dignity
encroachment by repressive governments.
using our voice and vote in international
institutions to advance freedom;
We will champion the cause of human dignity
and oppose those who resist it.
use our foreign aid to promote freedom and
support those who struggle non-violently
for it, ensuring that nations moving toward
democracy are rewarded for the steps they take;
4 National Security Strategy
III. STRENGTHEN ALLIANCES TO DEFEAT
GLOBAL TERRORISM AND WORK TO PREVENT
ATTACKS AGAINST Us AND OUR FRIENDS
"Just three days removed from these events, Americans do not yet have
the distance of history. But our responsibility to history is already clear:
to answer these attacks and rid the world of evil. War has been
waged against us by stealth and deceit and murder. This nation is peaceful,
but fierce when stirred to anger. The conflict was begun on the timing and terms
of others. It will end in a way, and at an hour, of our choosing."
PRESIDENT BUSH
WASHINGTON, D.C. (THE NATIONAL CATHEDRAL)
SEPTEMBER 14, 2001
The United States of America is fighting
will come through the persistent accumulation of
a war against terrorists of global reach. The
successes-some seen, some unseen.
enemy is not a single political regime or person
Today our enemies have seen the results of
or religion or ideology. The enemy is terrorism-
what civilized nations can, and will, do against
premeditated, politically motivated violence
regimes that harbor, support, and use terrorism to
perpetrated against innocents.
achieve their political goals. Afghanistan has been
In many regions, legitimate grievances prevent
liberated; coalition forces continue to hunt down
the emergence of a lasting peace. Such grievances
the Taliban and al-Qaida. But it is not only this
deserve to be, and must be, addressed within a
battlefield on which we will engage terrorists.
political process. But no cause justifies terror. The
Thousands of trained terrorists remain at large
United States will make no concessions to terrorist
with cells in North America, South America,
demands and strike no deals with them. We make
Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and across Asia.
no distinction between terrorists and those who
Our priority will be first to disrupt and destroy
knowingly harbor or provide aid to them.
terrorist organizations of global reach and attack
The struggle against global terrorism is different
their leadership; command, control, and commu-
from any other war in our history. It will be fought
nications; material support; and finances. This will
on many fronts against a particularly elusive
have a disabling effect upon the terrorists' ability
enemy over an extended period of time. Progress
to plan and operate.
National Security Strategy 5
We will continue to encourage our regional
We will also wage a war of ideas to win the battle
partners to take up a coordinated effort that
against international terrorism. This includes:
isolates the terrorists. Once the regional campaign
using the full influence of the United States,
localizes the threat to a particular state, we will
and working closely with allies and friends,
help ensure the state has the military, law enforce-
to make clear that all acts of terrorism are
ment, political, and financial tools necessary to
illegitimate so that terrorism will be viewed
finish the task.
in the same light as slavery, piracy, or
The United States will continue to work with
genocide: behavior that no respectable
our allies to disrupt the financing of terrorism. We
government can condone or support and
will identify and block the sources of funding for
all must oppose;
terrorism, freeze the assets of terrorists and those
supporting moderate and modern
who support them, deny terrorists access to the
government, especially in the Muslim
international financial system, protect legitimate
world, to ensure that the conditions and
charities from being abused by terrorists, and
ideologies that promote terrorism do not
prevent the movement of terrorists' assets through
find fertile ground in any nation;
alternative financial networks.
diminishing the underlying conditions
However, this campaign need not be sequential
that spawn terrorism by enlisting the
to be effective, the cumulative effect across all
international community to focus its efforts
regions will help achieve the results we seek.
and resources on areas most at risk; and
We will disrupt and destroy terrorist
using effective public diplomacy to promote
organizations by:
the free flow of information and ideas to
direct and continuous action using all the
kindle the hopes and aspirations of freedom
elements of national and international
of those in societies ruled by the sponsors of
power. Our immediate focus will be those
global terrorism.
terrorist organizations of global reach and
While we recognize that our best defense is a
any terrorist or state sponsor of terrorism
good offense, we are also strengthening America's
which attempts to gain or use weapons of
homeland security to protect against and deter attack.
mass destruction (WMD) or their precursors;
This Administration has proposed the largest
defending the United States, the American
government reorganization since the Truman
people, and our interests at home and
Administration created the National Security
abroad by identifying and destroying the
Council and the Department of Defense. Centered
threat before it reaches our borders. While
on a new Department of Homeland Security and
the United States will constantly strive to
including a new unified military command and a
enlist the support of the international
fundamental reordering of the FBI, our compre-
community, we will not hesitate to act alone,
hensive plan to secure the homeland encompasses
if necessary, to exercise our right of self-
every level of government and the cooperation
defense by acting preemptively against such
of the public and the private sector.
terrorists, to prevent them from doing harm
against our people and our country; and
This strategy will turn adversity into
opportunity. For example, emergency management
denying further sponsorship, support,
systems will be better able to cope not just with
and sanctuary to terrorists by convincing
terrorism but with all hazards. Our medical
or compelling states to accept their
system will be strengthened to manage not just
sovereign responsibilities.
6 National Security Strategy
bioterror, but all infectious diseases and
organizations such as the United Nations, as well
mass-casualty dangers. Our border controls will
as non-governmental organizations, and other
not just stop terrorists, but improve the efficient
countries to provide the humanitarian, political,
movement of legitimate traffic.
economic, and security assistance necessary to
rebuild Afghanistan so that it will never again
While our focus is protecting America, we
abuse its people, threaten its neighbors, and
know that to defeat terrorism in today's globalized
provide a haven for terrorists.
world we need support from our allies and
friends. Wherever possible, the United States will
In the war against global terrorism, we will
rely on regional organizations and state powers to
never forget that we are ultimately fighting for our
meet their obligations to fight terrorism. Where
democratic values and way of life. Freedom and
governments find the fight against terrorism
fear are at war, and there will be no quick or easy
beyond their capacities, we will match their
end to this conflict. In leading the campaign
willpower and their resources with whatever help
against terrorism, we are forging new, productive
we and our allies can provide.
international relationships and redefining existing
ones in ways that meet the challenges of the
As we pursue the terrorists in Afghanistan,
twenty-first century.
we will continue to work with international
National Security Strategy 7
IV. WORK WITH OTHERS TO
DEFUSE REGIONAL CONFLICTS
"We build a world of justice, or we will live in a world of coercion.
The magnitude of our shared responsibilities makes our disagreements look so small."
PRESIDENT BUSH
BERLIN, GERMANY
MAY 23, 2002
Concerned nations must remain actively
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is critical
engaged in critical regional disputes to avoid
because of the toll of human suffering, because of
explosive escalation and minimize human
America's close relationship with the state of Israel
suffering. In an increasingly interconnected world,
and key Arab states, and because of that region's
regional crisis can strain our alliances, rekindle
importance to other global priorities of the United
rivalries among the major powers, and create
States. There can be no peace for either side
horrifying affronts to human dignity. When
without freedom for both sides. America stands
violence erupts and states falter, the United States
committed to an independent and democratic
will work with friends and partners to alleviate
Palestine, living beside Israel in peace and security.
suffering and restore stability.
Like all other people, Palestinians deserve a
government that serves their interests and listens
No doctrine can anticipate every circumstance
to their voices. The United States will continue
in which U.S. action-direct or indirect-is
to encourage all parties to step up to their respon-
warranted. We have finite political, economic, and
sibilities as we seek a just and comprehensive
military resources to meet our global priorities.
settlement to the conflict.
The United States will approach each case with
these strategic principles in mind:
The United States, the international donor
community, and the World Bank stand ready to
The United States should invest time and
work with a reformed Palestinian government on
resources into building international rela-
economic development, increased humanitarian
tionships and institutions that can help
assistance, and a program to establish, finance,
manage local crises when they emerge.
and monitor a truly independent judiciary. If
The United States should be realistic about
Palestinians embrace democracy, and the rule of
its ability to help those who are unwilling or
law, confront corruption, and firmly reject terror,
unready to help themselves. Where and
they can count on American support for the
when people are ready to do their part, we
creation of a Palestinian state.
will be willing to move decisively.
National Security Strategy 9
Israel also has a large stake in the success of a
In the Western Hemisphere we have formed
democratic Palestine. Permanent occupation
flexible coalitions with countries that share our
threatens Israel's identity and democracy. So the
priorities, particularly Mexico, Brazil, Canada,
United States continues to challenge Israeli leaders
Chile, and Colombia. Together we will promote a
to take concrete steps to support the emergence of
truly democratic hemisphere where our integra-
a viable, credible Palestinian state. As there is
tion advances security, prosperity, opportunity,
progress towards security, Israel forces need to
and hope. We will work with regional institutions,
withdraw fully to positions they held prior to
such as the Summit of the Americas process, the
September 28, 2000. And consistent with the
Organization of American States (OAS), and the
recommendations of the Mitchell Committee,
Defense Ministerial of the Americas for the benefit
Israeli settlement activity in the occupied territo-
of the entire hemisphere.
ries must stop. As violence subsides, freedom of
Parts of Latin America confront regional
movement should be restored, permitting inno-
conflict, especially arising from the violence of
cent Palestinians to resume work and normal life.
drug cartels and their accomplices. This conflict
The United States can play a crucial role but,
and unrestrained narcotics trafficking could
ultimately, lasting peace can only come when
imperil the health and security of the United
Israelis and Palestinians resolve the issues and end
States. Therefore we have developed an active
the conflict between them.
strategy to help the Andean nations adjust their
In South Asia, the United States has also
economies, enforce their laws, defeat terrorist
emphasized the need for India and Pakistan to
organizations, and cut off the supply of drugs,
resolve their disputes. This Administration
while-as important-we work to reduce the
invested time and resources building strong
demand for drugs in our own country.
bilateral relations with India and Pakistan.
In Colombia, we recognize the link between
These strong relations then gave us leverage to
terrorist and extremist groups that challenge the
play a constructive role when tensions in the
security of the state and drug trafficking activities
region became acute. With Pakistan, our bilateral
that help finance the operations of such groups.
relations have been bolstered by Pakistan's choice
We are working to help Colombia defend its
to join the war against terror and move toward
democratic institutions and defeat illegal armed
building a more open and tolerant society. The
groups of both the left and right by extending
Administration sees India's potential to become
effective sovereignty over the entire national
one of the great democratic powers of the twenty-
territory and provide basic security to the
first century and has worked hard to transform
Colombian people.
our relationship accordingly. Our involvement in
this regional dispute, building on earlier invest-
In Africa, promise and opportunity sit side by
ments in bilateral relations, looks first to concrete
side with disease, war, and desperate poverty. This
steps by India and Pakistan that can help defuse
threatens both a core value of the United States—
military confrontation.
preserving human dignity--and our strategic
priority-combating global terror. American
Indonesia took courageous steps to create a
interests and American principles, therefore, lead
working democracy and respect for the rule of law.
in the same direction: we will work with others for
By tolerating ethnic minorities, respecting the rule
an African continent that lives in liberty, peace,
of law, and accepting open markets, Indonesia may
and growing prosperity. Together with our
be able to employ the engine of opportunity that
European allies, we must help strengthen Africa's
has helped lift some of its neighbors out of poverty
fragile states, help build indigenous capability to
and desperation. It is the initiative by Indonesia that
secure porous borders, and help build up the law
allows U.S. assistance to make a difference.
10 National Security Strategy
enforcement and intelligence infrastructure to
coordination with European allies and
deny havens for terrorists.
international institutions is essential for
constructive conflict mediation and
An ever more lethal environment exists in
successful peace operations; and
Africa as local civil wars spread beyond borders to
create regional war zones. Forming coalitions of
Africa's capable reforming states and
the willing and cooperative security arrangements
sub-regional organizations must be strength-
are key to confronting these emerging transna-
ened as the primary means to address
tional threats.
transnational threats on a sustained basis.
Africa's great size and diversity requires a
Ultimately the path of political and economic
security strategy that focuses on bilateral engage-
freedom presents the surest route to progress in
ment and builds coalitions of the willing. This
sub-Saharan Africa, where most wars are conflicts
Administration will focus on three interlocking
over material resources and political access often
strategies for the region:
tragically waged on the basis of ethnic and
religious difference. The transition to the African
countries with major impact on their
Union with its stated commitment to good
neighborhood such as South Africa, Nigeria,
governance and a common responsibility for
Kenya, and Ethiopia are anchors for regional
democratic political systems offers opportunities
engagement and require focused attention;
to strengthen democracy on the continent.
National Security Strategy 11
V. PREVENT OUR ENEMIES FROM THREATENING Us,
OUR ALLIES, AND OUR FRIENDS
WITH WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
"The gravest danger to freedom lies at the crossroads of radicalism and technology.
When the spread of chemical and biological and nuclear weapons,
along with ballistic missile technology-when that occurs, even weak states
and small groups could attain a catastrophic power to strike great nations.
Our enemies have declared this very intention, and have been caught seeking
these terrible weapons. They want the capability to blackmail us, or to harm us,
or to harm our friends-and we will oppose them with all our power."
PRESIDENT BUSH
WEST POINT, NEW YORK
JUNE 1, 2002
The nature of the Cold War threat required the
But new deadly challenges have emerged from
United States-with our allies and friends-to
rogue states and terrorists. None of these contem-
emphasize deterrence of the enemy's use of force,
porary threats rival the sheer destructive power
producing a grim strategy of mutual assured
that was arrayed against us by the Soviet Union.
destruction. With the collapse of the Soviet Union
However, the nature and motivations of these new
and the end of the Cold War, our security envi-
adversaries, their determination to obtain destruc-
ronment has undergone profound transformation.
tive powers hitherto available only to the world's
strongest states, and the greater likelihood that
Having moved from confrontation to coopera-
they will use weapons of mass destruction against
tion as the hallmark of our relationship with Russia,
us, make today's security environment more
the dividends are evident: an end to the balance of
complex and dangerous.
terror that divided us; an historic reduction in the
nuclear arsenals on both sides; and cooperation in
In the 1990s we witnessed the emergence of a
areas such as counterterrorism and missile defense
small number of rogue states that, while different
that until recently were inconceivable.
in important ways, share a number of attributes.
These states:
National Security Strategy 13
brutalize their own people and squander
Our comprehensive strategy to combat
their national resources for the personal gain
WMD includes:
of the rulers;
Proactive counterproliferation efforts. We
display no regard for international law,
must deter and defend against the threat
threaten their neighbors, and callously
before it is unleashed. We must ensure that
violate international treaties to which they
key capabilities-detection, active and
are party;
passive defenses, and counterforce
capabilities-are integrated into our defense
are determined to acquire weapons of mass
transformation and our homeland security
destruction, along with other advanced
systems. Counterproliferation must also be
military technology, to be used as threats or
integrated into the doctrine, training, and
offensively to achieve the aggressive designs
equipping of our forces and those of our
of these regimes;
allies to ensure that we can prevail in any
sponsor terrorism around the globe; and
conflict with WMD-armed adversaries.
reject basic human values and hate the United
Strengthened nonproliferation efforts to
States and everything for which it stands.
prevent rogue states and terrorists from
acquiring the materials, technologies, and
At the time of the Gulf War, we acquired
expertise necessary for weapons of mass
irrefutable proof that Iraq's designs were not
destruction. We will enhance diplomacy,
limited to the chemical weapons it had used
arms control, multilateral export controls,
against Iran and its own people, but also extended
and threat reduction assistance that impede
to the acquisition of nuclear weapons and biolog-
states and terrorists seeking WMD, and
ical agents. In the past decade North Korea has
when necessary, interdict enabling technolo-
become the world's principal purveyor of ballistic
gies and materials. We will continue to build
missiles, and has tested increasingly capable
coalitions to support these efforts, encour-
missiles while developing its own WMD arsenal.
aging their increased political and financial
Other rogue regimes seek nuclear, biological, and
support for nonproliferation and threat
chemical weapons as well. These states' pursuit of,
reduction programs. The recent G-8
and global trade in, such weapons has become a
agreement to commit up to $20 billion to a
looming threat to all nations.
global partnership against proliferation
We must be prepared to stop rogue states and
marks a major step forward.
their terrorist clients before they are able to
Effective consequence management to respond
threaten or use weapons of mass destruction
to the effects of WMD use, whether by terror-
against the United States and our allies and
ists or hostile states. Minimizing the effects of
friends. Our response must take full advantage of
WMD use against our people will help deter
strengthened alliances, the establishment of new
those who possess such weapons and
partnerships with former adversaries, innovation
dissuade those who seek to acquire them by
in the use of military forces, modern technologies,
persuading enemies that they cannot attain
including the development of an effective missile
their desired ends. The United States must
defense system, and increased emphasis on
also be prepared to respond to the effects of
intelligence collection and analysis.
WMD use against our forces abroad, and to
help friends and allies if they are attacked.
14 National Security Strategy
It has taken almost a decade for us to
For centuries, international law recognized that
comprehend the true nature of this new threat.
nations need not suffer an attack before they can
Given the goals of rogue states and terrorists, the
lawfully take action to defend themselves against
United States can no longer solely rely on a reac-
forces that present an imminent danger of attack.
tive posture as we have in the past. The inability
Legal scholars and international jurists often
to deter a potential attacker, the immediacy of
conditioned the legitimacy of preemption on the
today's threats, and the magnitude of potential
existence of an imminent threat-most often a
harm that could be caused by our adversaries'
visible mobilization of armies, navies, and air
choice of weapons, do not permit that option. We
forces preparing to attack.
cannot let our enemies strike first.
We must adapt the concept of imminent
In the Cold War, especially following the
threat to the capabilities and objectives of today's
Cuban missile crisis, we faced a generally
adversaries. Rogue states and terrorists do not
status quo, risk-averse adversary. Deterrence
seek to attack us using conventional means.
was an effective defense. But deterrence
They know such attacks would fail. Instead, they
based only upon the threat of retaliation is
rely on acts of terror and, potentially, the use of
less likely to work against leaders of rogue
weapons of mass destruction-weapons that can
states more willing to take risks, gambling
be easily concealed, delivered covertly, and used
with the lives of their people, and the wealth
without warning.
of their nations.
The targets of these attacks are our military
In the Cold War, weapons of mass destruc-
forces and our civilian population, in direct viola-
tion were considered weapons of last resort
tion of one of the principal norms of the law of
whose use risked the destruction of those
warfare. As was demonstrated by the losses on
who used them. Today, our enemies see
September 11, 2001, mass civilian casualties is the
weapons of mass destruction as weapons of
specific objective of terrorists and these losses
choice. For rogue states these weapons are
would be exponentially more severe if terrorists
tools of intimidation and military aggression
acquired and used weapons of mass destruction.
against their neighbors. These weapons may
The United States has long maintained the
also allow these states to attempt to black-
option of preemptive actions to counter a suffi-
mail the United States and our allies to
cient threat to our national security. The greater
prevent us from deterring or repelling the
the threat, the greater is the risk of inaction—
aggressive behavior of rogue states. Such
and the more compelling the case for taking
states also see these weapons as their best
anticipatory action to defend ourselves, even if
means of overcoming the conventional
uncertainty remains as to the time and place of
superiority of the United States.
the enemy's attack. To forestall or prevent such
Traditional concepts of deterrence will not
hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States
work against a terrorist enemy whose
will, if necessary, act preemptively.
avowed tactics are wanton destruction and
The United States will not use force in all cases
the targeting of innocents; whose so-called
to preempt emerging threats, nor should nations
soldiers seek martyrdom in death and whose
use preemption as a pretext for aggression. Yet in
most potent protection is statelessness. The
an age where the enemies of civilization openly
overlap between states that sponsor terror and
and actively seek the world's most destructive
those that pursue WMD compels us to action.
technologies, the United States cannot remain idle
while dangers gather.
National Security Strategy
15
We will always proceed deliberately, weighing
continue to transform our military forces to
the consequences of our actions. To support
ensure our ability to conduct rapid and
preemptive options, we will:
precise operations to achieve decisive results.
build better, more integrated intelligence
The purpose of our actions will always be to
capabilities to provide timely, accurate infor-
eliminate a specific threat to the United States or
mation on threats, wherever they may emerge;
our allies and friends. The reasons for our actions
will be clear, the force measured, and the cause just.
coordinate closely with allies to form a
common assessment of the most dangerous
threats; and
16 National Security Strategy
VI. IGNITE A NEW ERA OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC
GROWTH THROUGH FREE MARKETS AND FREE TRADE
"When nations close their markets and opportunity is hoarded by a
privileged few, no amount-no amount-of development aid is ever enough.
When nations respect their people, open markets, invest in better
health and education, every dollar of aid, every dollar of
trade revenue and domestic capital is used more effectively."
PRESIDENT BUSH
MONTERREY, MEXICO
MARCH 22, 2002
A strong world economy enhances our national
rule of law and intolerance of corruption so
security by advancing prosperity and freedom in
that people are confident that they will be
the rest of the world. Economic growth supported
able to enjoy the fruits of their economic
by free trade and free markets creates new jobs
endeavors;
and higher incomes. It allows people to lift their
strong financial systems that allow capital to
lives out of poverty, spurs economic and legal
be put to its most efficient use;
reform, and the fight against corruption, and it
reinforces the habits of liberty.
sound fiscal policies to support business
activity;
We will promote economic growth and
economic freedom beyond America's shores. All
investments in health and education that
governments are responsible for creating their
improve the well-being and skills of the
own economic policies and responding to their
labor force and population as a whole; and
own economic challenges. We will use our
free trade that provides new avenues for
economic engagement with other countries to
growth and fosters the diffusion of technolo-
underscore the benefits of policies that generate
gies and ideas that increase productivity
higher productivity and sustained economic
and opportunity.
growth, including:
The lessons of history are clear: market
pro-growth legal and regulatory policies to
economies, not command-and-control economies
encourage business investment, innovation,
with the heavy hand of government, are the best
and entrepreneurial activity;
way to promote prosperity and reduce poverty.
tax policies-particularly lower marginal tax
Policies that further strengthen market incentives
rates-that improve incentives for work and
and market institutions are relevant for all
investment;
economies-industrialized countries, emerging
markets, and the developing world.
National Security Strategy
17
A return to strong economic growth in Europe
monetary policy, exchange rate policy, and
and Japan is vital to U.S. national security inter-
financial sector policy.
ests. We want our allies to have strong economies
The concept of "free trade" arose as a moral
for their own sake, for the sake of the global
principle even before it became a pillar of
economy, and for the sake of global security.
economics. If you can make something that others
European efforts to remove structural barriers in
value, you should be able to sell it to them. If
their economies are particularly important in this
others make something that you value, you should
regard, as are Japan's efforts to end deflation and
be able to buy it. This is real freedom, the freedom
address the problems of non-performing loans in
for a person-or a nation-to make a living. To
the Japanese banking system. We will continue to
promote free trade, the Unites States has devel-
use our regular consultations with Japan and our
oped a comprehensive strategy:
European partners-including through the Group
of Seven (G-7)-to discuss policies they are
Seize the global initiative. The new global
adopting to promote growth in their economies
trade negotiations we helped launch at Doha
and support higher global economic growth.
in November 2001 will have an ambitious
agenda, especially in agriculture, manufac-
Improving stability in emerging markets is also
turing, and services, targeted for completion
key to global economic growth. International
in 2005. The United States has led the way in
flows of investment capital are needed to expand
completing the accession of China and a
the productive potential of these economies. These
democratic Taiwan to the World Trade
flows allow emerging markets and developing
Organization. We will assist Russia's
countries to make the investments that raise living
preparations to join the WTO.
standards and reduce poverty. Our long-term
objective should be a world in which all countries
Press regional initiatives. The United States
have investment-grade credit ratings that allow
and other democracies in the Western
them access to international capital markets and
Hemisphere have agreed to create the Free
to invest in their future.
Trade Area of the Americas, targeted for
completion in 2005. This year the United
We are committed to policies that will help
States will advocate market-access negotia-
emerging markets achieve access to larger capital
tions with its partners, targeted on
flows at lower cost. To this end, we will continue
agriculture, industrial goods, services, invest-
to pursue reforms aimed at reducing uncertainty
ment, and government procurement. We will
in financial markets. We will work actively with
also offer more opportunity to the poorest
other countries, the International Monetary Fund
continent, Africa, starting with full use of
(IMF), and the private sector to implement the
the preferences allowed in the African
G-7 Action Plan negotiated earlier this year for
Growth and Opportunity Act, and leading
preventing financial crises and more effectively
to free trade.
resolving them when they occur.
Move ahead with bilateral free trade
The best way to deal with financial crises is to
agreements. Building on the free trade
prevent them from occurring, and we have
agreement with Jordan enacted in 2001,
encouraged the IMF to improve its efforts doing
the Administration will work this year to
so. We will continue to work with the IMF to
complete free trade agreements with Chile
streamline the policy conditions for its lending
and Singapore. Our aim is to achieve free
and to focus its lending strategy on achieving
trade agreements with a mix of developed
economic growth through sound fiscal and
18 National Security Strategy
and developing countries in all regions of
Enforce trade agreements and laws against
the world. Initially, Central America,
unfair practices. Commerce depends on the
Southern Africa, Morocco, and Australia will
rule of law; international trade depends on
be our principal focal points.
enforceable agreements. Our top priorities
are to resolve ongoing disputes with the
Renew the executive-congressional partner-
European Union, Canada, and Mexico and
ship. Every administration's trade strategy
to make a global effort to address new tech-
depends on a productive partnership with
nology, science, and health regulations that
Congress. After a gap of 8 years, the
needlessly impede farm exports and
Administration reestablished majority
improved agriculture. Laws against unfair
support in the Congress for trade liberaliza-
trade practices are often abused, but the
tion by passing Trade Promotion Authority
international community must be able to
and the other market opening measures for
address genuine concerns about government
developing countries in the Trade Act of
subsidies and dumping. International
2002. This Administration will work with
industrial espionage which undermines fair
Congress to enact new bilateral, regional,
competition must be detected and deterred.
and global trade agreements that will be
concluded under the recently passed Trade
Help domestic industries and workers adjust.
Promotion Authority.
There is a sound statutory framework for
these transitional safeguards which we have
Promote the connection between trade and
used in the agricultural sector and which we
development. Trade policies can help devel-
are using this year to help the American steel
oping countries strengthen property rights,
industry. The benefits of free trade depend
competition, the rule of law, investment, the
upon the enforcement of fair trading prac-
spread of knowledge, open societies, the effi-
tices. These safeguards help ensure that the
cient allocation of resources, and regional
benefits of free trade do not come at the
integration-all leading to growth, opportu-
expense of American workers. Trade adjust-
nity, and confidence in developing countries.
ment assistance will help workers adapt to
The United States is implementing The
the change and dynamism of open markets.
Africa Growth and Opportunity Act to
provide market-access for nearly all goods
Protect the environment and workers. The
produced in the 35 countries of sub-
United States must foster economic growth
Saharan Africa. We will make more use of
in ways that will provide a better life along
this act and its equivalent for the Caribbean
with widening prosperity. We will incorpo-
Basin and continue to work with multilat-
rate labor and environmental concerns into
eral and regional institutions to help poorer
U.S. trade negotiations, creating a healthy
countries take advantage of these opportuni-
"network" between multilateral environ-
ties. Beyond market access, the most
mental agreements with the WTO, and use
important area where trade intersects with
the International Labor Organization, trade
poverty is in public health. We will ensure
preference programs, and trade talks to
that the WTO intellectual property rules are
improve working conditions in conjunction
flexible enough to allow developing nations
with freer trade.
to gain access to critical medicines for
Enhance energy security. We will strengthen
extraordinary dangers like HIV/AIDS,
our own energy security and the shared
tuberculosis, and malaria.
prosperity of the global economy by
working with our allies, trading partners,
National Security Strategy
19
and energy producers to expand the sources
obtain agreements with key industries to cut
and types of global energy supplied, espe-
emissions of some of the most potent
cially in the Western Hemisphere, Africa,
greenhouse gases and give transferable
Central Asia, and the Caspian region. We
credits to companies that can show real cuts;
will also continue to work with our partners
develop improved standards for measuring
to develop cleaner and more energy efficient
and registering emission reductions;
technologies.
promote renewable energy production and
Economic growth should be accompanied by
clean coal technology, as well as nuclear
global efforts to stabilize greenhouse gas concen-
power-which produces no greenhouse gas
trations associated with this growth, containing
emissions, while also improving fuel
them at a level that prevents dangerous human
economy for U.S. cars and trucks;
interference with the global climate. Our overall
objective is to reduce America's greenhouse gas
increase spending on research and new
emissions relative to the size of our economy,
conservation technologies, to a total of
cutting such emissions per unit of economic
$4.5 billion-the largest sum being spent on
activity by 18 percent over the next 10 years, by
climate change by any country in the world
the year 2012. Our strategies for attaining this goal
and a $700 million increase over last year's
will be to:
budget; and
remain committed to the basic U.N.
assist developing countries, especially the
Framework Convention for international
major greenhouse gas emitters such as China
cooperation;
and India, so that they will have the tools
and resources to join this effort and be able
to grow along a cleaner and better path.
20 National Security Strategy
VII. EXPAND THE CIRCLE OF DEVELOPMENT BY
OPENING SOCIETIES AND BUILDING
THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF DEMOCRACY
"In World War II we fought to make the world safer, then worked to rebuild it.
As we wage war today to keep the world safe from terror,
we must also work to make the world a better place for all its citizens."
PRESIDENT BUSH
WASHINGTON, D.C. (INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK)
MARCH 14, 2002
A world where some live in comfort and
This Administration's goal is to help unleash
plenty, while half of the human race lives on less
the productive potential of individuals in all
than $2 a day, is neither just nor stable. Including
nations. Sustained growth and poverty reduction
all of the world's poor in an expanding circle of
is impossible without the right national policies.
development-and opportunity-is a moral
Where governments have implemented real policy
imperative and one of the top priorities of U.S.
changes, we will provide significant new levels of
international policy.
assistance. The United States and other developed
countries should set an ambitious and specific
Decades of massive development assistance
target: to double the size of the world's poorest
have failed to spur economic growth in the
economies within a decade.
poorest countries. Worse, development aid has
often served to prop up failed policies, relieving
The United States Government will pursue
the pressure for reform and perpetuating misery.
these major strategies to achieve this goal:
Results of aid are typically measured in dollars
Provide resources to aid countries that have
spent by donors, not in the rates of growth and
met the challenge of national reform. We
poverty reduction achieved by recipients. These
propose a 50 percent increase in the core
are the indicators of a failed strategy.
development assistance given by the United
Working with other nations, the United States
States. While continuing our present
is confronting this failure. We forged a new
programs, including humanitarian assistance
consensus at the U.N. Conference on Financing
based on need alone, these billions of new
for Development in Monterrey that the objectives
dollars will form a new Millennium
of assistance-and the strategies to achieve those
Challenge Account for projects in countries
objectives-must change.
whose governments rule justly, invest in
National Security Strategy 21
their people, and encourage economic
obligation to measure the success of our
freedom. Governments must fight corrup-
development assistance by whether it is
tion, respect basic human rights, embrace
delivering results. For this reason, we will
the rule of law, invest in health care and
continue to demand that our own develop-
education, follow responsible economic
ment assistance as well as assistance from the
policies, and enable entrepreneurship. The
multilateral development banks has measur-
Millennium Challenge Account will reward
able goals and concrete benchmarks for
countries that have demonstrated real policy
achieving those goals. Thanks to U.S.
change and challenge those that have not to
leadership, the recent IDA replenishment
implement reforms.
agreement will establish a monitoring and
evaluation system that measures recipient
Improve the effectiveness of the World Bank
countries' progress. For the first time,
and other development banks in raising living
donors can link a portion of their contribu-
standards. The United States is committed to
tions to IDA to the achievement of actual
a comprehensive reform agenda for making
the World Bank and the other multilateral
development results, and part of the U.S.
contribution is linked in this way. We will
development banks more effective in
strive to make sure that the World Bank and
improving the lives of the world's poor. We
have reversed the downward trend in U.S.
other multilateral development banks build
on this progress so that a focus on results is
contributions and proposed an 18 percent
increase in the U.S. contributions to the
an integral part of everything that these
institutions do.
International Development Association
(IDA)-the World Bank's fund for the
Increase the amount of development assistance
poorest countries-and the African
that is provided in the form of grants instead
Development Fund. The key to raising living
of loans. Greater use of results-based grants
standards and reducing poverty around the
is the best way to help poor countries make
world is increasing productivity growth,
productive investments, particularly in the
especially in the poorest countries. We will
social sectors, without saddling them with
continue to press the multilateral develop-
ever-larger debt burdens. As a result of
ment banks to focus on activities that
U.S. leadership, the recent IDA agreement
increase economic productivity, such as
provided for significant increases in grant
improvements in education, health, rule of
funding for the poorest countries for educa-
law, and private sector development. Every
tion, HIV/AIDS, health, nutrition, water,
project, every loan, every grant must be
sanitation, and other human needs. Our goal
judged by how much it will increase
is to build on that progress by increasing the
productivity growth in developing countries.
use of grants at the other multilateral
development banks. We will also challenge
Insist upon measurable results to ensure that
universities, nonprofits, and the private
development assistance is actually making a
sector to match government efforts by using
difference in the lives of the world's poor.
grants to support development projects that
When it comes to economic development,
show results.
what really matters is that more children are
getting a better education, more people have
Open societies to commerce and investment.
access to health care and clean water, or
Trade and investment are the real engines of
more workers can find jobs to make a better
economic growth. Even if government aid
future for their families. We have a moral
increases, most money for development
22 National Security Strategy
must come from trade, domestic capital, and
Emphasize education. Literacy and learning
foreign investment. An effective strategy
are the foundation of democracy and devel-
must try to expand these flows as well. Free
opment. Only about 7 percent of World
markets and free trade are key priorities of
Bank resources are devoted to education.
our national security strategy.
This proportion should grow. The United
States will increase its own funding for
Secure public health. The scale of the public
education assistance by at least 20 percent
health crisis in poor countries is enormous.
with an emphasis on improving basic educa-
In countries afflicted by epidemics and
tion and teacher training in Africa. The
pandemics like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
United States can also bring information
tuberculosis, growth and development will
technology to these societies, many of whose
be threatened until these scourges can be
education systems have been devastated by
contained. Resources from the developed
HIV/AIDS.
world are necessary but will be effective only
with honest governance, which supports
Continue to aid agricultural development.
prevention programs and provides effective
New technologies, including biotechnology,
local infrastructure. The United States has
have enormous potential to improve crop
strongly backed the new global fund for
yields in developing countries while using
HIV/AIDS organized by U.N. Secretary
fewer pesticides and less water. Using sound
General Kofi Annan and its focus on
science, the United States should help bring
combining prevention with a broad strategy
these benefits to the 800 million people,
for treatment and care. The United States
including 300 million children, who still
already contributes more than twice as much
suffer from hunger and malnutrition.
money to such efforts as the next largest
donor. If the global fund demonstrates its
promise, we will be ready to give even more.
National Security Strategy 23
VIII. DEVELOP AGENDAS FOR COOPERATIVE ACTION
WITH THE OTHER MAIN CENTERS OF GLOBAL POWER
"We have our best chance since the rise of the nation-state in the 17th century
to build a world where the great powers compete in peace instead of prepare for war."
PRESIDENT BUSH
WEST POINT, NEW YORK
JUNE 1, 2002
America will implement its strategies by
build a capability to field, at short notice, highly
organizing coalitions-as broad as practicable-
mobile, specially trained forces whenever they are
of states able and willing to promote a balance of
needed to respond to a threat against any member
power that favors freedom. Effective coalition
of the alliance.
leadership requires clear priorities, an appreciation
The alliance must be able to act wherever our
of others' interests, and consistent consultations
interests are threatened, creating coalitions under
among partners with a spirit of humility.
NATO's own mandate, as well as contributing to
There is little of lasting consequence that the
mission-based coalitions. To achieve this, we must:
United States can accomplish in the world without
expand NATO's membership to those
the sustained cooperation of its allies and friends
democratic nations willing and able to share
in Canada and Europe. Europe is also the seat of
the burden of defending and advancing our
two of the strongest and most able international
common interests;
institutions in the world: the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), which has, since its incep-
ensure that the military forces of NATO
tion, been the fulcrum of transatlantic and
nations have appropriate combat
inter-European security, and the European Union
contributions to make in coalition warfare;
(EU), our partner in opening world trade.
develop planning processes to enable
The attacks of September 11 were also an
those contributions to become effective
attack on NATO, as NATO itself recognized when
multinational fighting forces;
it invoked its Article V self-defense clause for the
take advantage of the technological opportu-
first time. NATO's core mission-collective
nities and economies of scale in our defense
defense of the transatlantic alliance of democra-
spending to transform NATO military forces
cies-remains, but NATO must develop new
so that they dominate potential aggressors
structures and capabilities to carry out that
and diminish our vulnerabilities;
mission under new circumstances. NATO must
National Security Strategy 25
streamline and increase the flexibility
look to Japan to continue forging a leading
of command structures to meet new
role in regional and global affairs based on
operational demands and the associated
our common interests, our common values,
requirements of training, integrating,
and our close defense and diplomatic
and experimenting with new force
cooperation;
configurations; and
work with South Korea to maintain vigilance
maintain the ability to work and fight
towards the North while preparing our
together as allies even as we take the
alliance to make contributions to the
necessary steps to transform and modernize
broader stability of the region over the
our forces.
longer term;
If NATO succeeds in enacting these changes,
build on 50 years of U.S.-Australian alliance
the rewards will be a partnership as central to the
cooperation as we continue working
security and interests of its member states as was
together to resolve regional and global
the case during the Cold War. We will sustain a
problems-as we have so many times from
common perspective on the threats to our soci-
the Battle of the Coral Sea to Tora Bora;
eties and improve our ability to take common
maintain forces in the region that reflect
action in defense of our nations and their inter-
our commitments to our allies, our require-
ests. At the same time, we welcome our European
ments, our technological advances, and the
allies' efforts to forge a greater foreign policy and
strategic environment; and
defense identity with the EU, and commit
ourselves to close consultations to ensure that
build on stability provided by these alliances,
these developments work with NATO. We cannot
as well as with institutions such as ASEAN
afford to lose this opportunity to better prepare
and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
the family of transatlantic democracies for the
forum, to develop a mix of regional and
challenges to come.
bilateral strategies to manage change in this
dynamic region.
The attacks of September 11 energized
America's Asian alliances. Australia invoked the
We are attentive to the possible renewal of old
ANZUS Treaty to declare the September 11 was an
patterns of great power competition. Several
attack on Australia itself, following that historic
potential great powers are now in the midst of
decision with the dispatch of some of the world's
internal transition-most importantly Russia,
finest combat forces for Operation Enduring
India, and China. In all three cases, recent devel-
Freedom. Japan and the Republic of Korea
opments have encouraged our hope that a truly
provided unprecedented levels of military
global consensus about basic principles is slowly
logistical support within weeks of the terrorist
taking shape.
attack. We have deepened cooperation on counter-
With Russia, we are already building a new
terrorism with our alliance partners in Thailand
strategic relationship based on a central reality of
and the Philippines and received invaluable
the twenty-first century: the United States and
assistance from close friends like Singapore and
Russia are no longer strategic adversaries. The
New Zealand.
Moscow Treaty on Strategic Reductions is
The war against terrorism has proven that
emblematic of this new reality and reflects a crit-
America's alliances in Asia not only underpin
ical change in Russian thinking that promises to
regional peace and stability, but are flexible and
lead to productive, long-term relations with the
ready to deal with new challenges. To enhance our
Euro-Atlantic community and the United States.
Asian alliances and friendships, we will:
Russia's top leaders have a realistic assessment of
26 National Security Strategy
their country's current weakness and the
as well. We have a common interest in the free
policies-internal and external-needed to reverse
flow of commerce, including through the vital sea
those weaknesses. They understand, increasingly,
lanes of the Indian Ocean. Finally, we share an
that Cold War approaches do not serve their
interest in fighting terrorism and in creating a
national interests and that Russian and American
strategically stable Asia.
strategic interests overlap in many areas.
Differences remain, including over the develop-
United States policy seeks to use this turn in
ment of India's nuclear and missile programs, and
Russian thinking to refocus our relationship on
the pace of India's economic reforms. But while in
emerging and potential common interests and
the past these concerns may have dominated our
challenges. We are broadening our already exten-
thinking about India, today we start with a view
sive cooperation in the global war on terrorism.
of India as a growing world power with which we
We are facilitating Russia's entry into the World
have common strategic interests. Through a
Trade Organization, without lowering standards
strong partnership with India, we can best address
for accession, to promote beneficial bilateral trade
any differences and shape a dynamic future.
and investment relations. We have created the
The United States relationship with China is
NATO-Russia Council with the goal of deepening
an important part of our strategy to promote a
security cooperation among Russia, our European
stable, peaceful, and prosperous Asia-Pacific
allies, and ourselves. We will continue to bolster
region. We welcome the emergence of a strong,
the independence and stability of the states of the
peaceful, and prosperous China. The democratic
former Soviet Union in the belief that a pros-
development of China is crucial to that future. Yet,
perous and stable neighborhood will reinforce
a quarter century after beginning the process of
Russia's growing commitment to integration into
shedding the worst features of the Communist
the Euro-Atlantic community.
legacy, China's leaders have not yet made the next
At the same time, we are realistic about the
series of fundamental choices about the character
differences that still divide us from Russia and
of their state. In pursuing advanced military
about the time and effort it will take to build an
capabilities that can threaten its neighbors in the
enduring strategic partnership. Lingering distrust
Asia-Pacific region, China is following an outdated
of our motives and policies by key Russian elites
path that, in the end, will hamper its own pursuit
slows improvement in our relations. Russia's
of national greatness. In time, China will find that
uneven commitment to the basic values of
social and political freedom is the only source of
free-market democracy and dubious record in
that greatness.
combating the proliferation of weapons of mass
The United States seeks a constructive relation-
destruction remain matters of great concern.
ship with a changing China. We already cooperate
Russia's very weakness limits the opportunities
well where our interests overlap, including the
for cooperation. Nevertheless, those opportunities
current war on terrorism and in promoting
are vastly greater now than in recent years-or
stability on the Korean peninsula. Likewise, we
even decades.
have coordinated on the future of Afghanistan
The United States has undertaken a transfor-
and have initiated a comprehensive dialogue on
mation in its bilateral relationship with India
counterterrorism and similar transitional
based on a conviction that U.S. interests require a
concerns. Shared health and environmental
strong relationship with India. We are the two
threats, such as the spread of HIV/AIDS, challenge
largest democracies, committed to political
us to promote jointly the welfare of our citizens.
freedom protected by representative government.
Addressing these transnational threats will
India is moving toward greater economic freedom
challenge China to become more open with
National Security Strategy 27
information, promote the development of civil
we have profound disagreements. Our commitment
society, and enhance individual human rights.
to the self-defense of Taiwan under the Taiwan
China has begun to take the road to political
Relations Act is one. Human rights is another. We
openness, permitting many personal freedoms and
expect China to adhere to its nonproliferation
conducting village-level elections, yet remains
commitments. We will work to narrow differences
strongly committed to national one-party rule by
where they exist, but not allow them to preclude
the Communist Party. To make that nation truly
cooperation where we agree.
accountable to its citizen's needs and aspirations,
The events of September 11, 2001, fundamentally
however, much work remains to be done. Only by
changed the context for relations between the
allowing the Chinese people to think, assemble,
United States and other main centers of global
and worship freely can China reach its full potential.
power, and opened vast, new opportunities. With
Our important trade relationship will benefit
our long-standing allies in Europe and Asia, and
from China's entry into the World Trade
with leaders in Russia, India, and China, we must
Organization, which will create more export
develop active agendas of cooperation lest these
opportunities and ultimately more jobs for
relationships become routine and unproductive.
American farmers, workers, and companies. China
Every agency of the United States Government
is our fourth largest trading partner, with over
shares the challenge. We can build fruitful habits
$100 billion in annual two-way trade. The power
of consultation, quiet argument, sober analysis,
of market principles and the WTO's requirements
and common action. In the long-term, these are
for transparency and accountability will advance
the practices that will sustain the supremacy of
openness and the rule of law in China to help
our common principles and keep open the path
establish basic protections for commerce and for
of progress.
citizens. There are, however, other areas in which
28 National Security Strategy
IX. TRANSFORM AMERICA'S NATIONAL SECURITY
INSTITUTIONS TO MEET THE CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
"Terrorists attacked a symbol of American prosperity.
They did not touch its source. America is successful because of the
hard work, creativity, and enterprise of our people."
PRESIDENT BUSH
WASHINGTON, D.C. (JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS)
SEPTEMBER 20, 2001
The major institutions of American national
to focus more on how an adversary might fight
security were designed in a different era to meet
rather than where and when a war might occur.
different requirements. All of them must be
We will channel our energies to overcome a host
transformed.
of operational challenges.
It is time to reaffirm the essential role of
The presence of American forces overseas is
American military strength. We must build and
one of the most profound symbols of the U.S.
maintain our defenses beyond challenge. Our
commitments to allies and friends. Through our
military's highest priority is to defend the United
willingness to use force in our own defense and in
States. To do so effectively, our military must:
defense of others, the United States demonstrates
its resolve to maintain a balance of power that
assure our allies and friends;
favors freedom. To contend with uncertainty and
dissuade future military competition;
to meet the many security challenges we face, the
United States will require bases and stations
deter threats against U.S. interests, allies, and
friends; and
within and beyond Western Europe and Northeast
Asia, as well as temporary access arrangements for
decisively defeat any adversary if deterrence
the long-distance deployment of U.S. forces.
fails.
Before the war in Afghanistan, that area was
The unparalleled strength of the United States
low on the list of major planning contingencies.
armed forces, and their forward presence, have
Yet, in a very short time, we had to operate across
maintained the peace in some of the world's most
the length and breadth of that remote nation,
strategically vital regions. However, the threats and
using every branch of the armed forces. We must
enemies we must confront have changed, and so
prepare for more such deployments by developing
must our forces. A military structured to deter
assets such as advanced remote sensing,
massive Cold War-era armies must be transformed
long-range precision strike capabilities, and
National Security Strategy 29
transformed maneuver and expeditionary forces.
systems and coordinated with our allies and
This broad portfolio of military capabilities must
friends. We need to protect the capabilities we
also include the ability to defend the homeland,
have so that we do not arm our enemies with the
conduct information operations, ensure U.S.
knowledge of how best to surprise us. Those who
access to distant theaters, and protect critical
would harm us also seek the benefit of surprise to
U.S. infrastructure and assets in outer space.
limit our prevention and response options and to
maximize injury.
Innovation within the armed forces will rest on
experimentation with new approaches to warfare,
We must strengthen intelligence warning and
strengthening joint operations, exploiting U.S.
analysis to provide integrated threat assessments
intelligence advantages, and taking full advantage
for national and homeland security. Since the
of science and technology. We must also trans-
threats inspired by foreign governments and
form the way the Department of Defense is run,
groups may be conducted inside the United States,
especially in financial management and recruit-
we must also ensure the proper fusion of informa-
ment and retention. Finally, while maintaining
tion between intelligence and law enforcement.
near-term readiness and the ability to fight the
Initiatives in this area will include:
war on terrorism, the goal must be to provide the
President with a wider range of military options
strengthening the authority of the Director
to discourage aggression or any form of coercion
of Central Intelligence to lead the develop-
against the United States, our allies, and our friends.
ment and actions of the Nation's foreign
intelligence capabilities;
We know from history that deterrence can fail;
and we know from experience that some enemies
establishing a new framework for intelli-
cannot be deterred. The United States must and
gence warning that provides seamless and
will maintain the capability to defeat any attempt
integrated warning across the spectrum of
by an enemy-whether a state or non-state
threats facing the nation and our allies;
actor-to impose its will on the United States, our
continuing to develop new methods of
allies, or our friends. We will maintain the forces
collecting information to sustain our
sufficient to support our obligations, and to
intelligence advantage;
defend freedom. Our forces will be strong enough
to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a
investing in future capabilities while working
military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or
to protect them through a more vigorous
equaling, the power of the United States.
effort to prevent the compromise of intelli-
gence capabilities; and
Intelligence-and how we use it-is our first
line of defense against terrorists and the threat
collecting intelligence against the terrorist
posed by hostile states. Designed around the
danger across the government with all-
priority of gathering enormous information about
source analysis.
a massive, fixed object-the Soviet bloc-the
As the United States Government relies on the
intelligence community is coping with the
armed forces to defend America's interests, it must
challenge of following a far more complex and
rely on diplomacy to interact with other nations.
elusive set of targets.
We will ensure that the Department of State
We must transform our intelligence capabilities
receives funding sufficient to ensure the success of
and build new ones to keep pace with the nature
American diplomacy. The State Department takes
of these threats. Intelligence must be appropriately
the lead in managing our bilateral relationships
integrated with our defense and law enforcement
with other governments. And in this new era, its
30 National Security Strategy
people and institutions must be able to interact
We will make hard choices in the coming year
equally adroitly with non-governmental organiza-
and beyond to ensure the right level and alloca-
tions and international institutions. Officials
tion of government spending on national security.
trained mainly in international politics must
The United States Government must strengthen
also extend their reach to understand complex
its defenses to win this war. At home, our most
issues of domestic governance around the
important priority is to protect the homeland for
world, including public health, education, law
the American people.
enforcement, the judiciary, and public diplomacy.
Today, the distinction between domestic and
Our diplomats serve at the front line of
foreign affairs is diminishing. In a globalized
complex negotiations, civil wars, and other
world, events beyond America's borders have a
humanitarian catastrophes. As humanitarian
greater impact inside them. Our society must be
relief requirements are better understood, we
open to people, ideas, and goods from across the
must also be able to help build police forces,
globe. The characteristics we most cherish-our
court systems, and legal codes, local and provin-
freedom, our cities, our systems of movement, and
cial government institutions, and electoral
modern life-are vulnerable to terrorism. This
systems. Effective international cooperation is
vulnerability will persist long after we bring to
needed to accomplish these goals, backed by
justice those responsible for the September 11
American readiness to play our part.
attacks. As time passes, individuals may gain
access to means of destruction that until now
Just as our diplomatic institutions must adapt
could be wielded only by armies, fleets, and
so that we can reach out to others, we also need a
squadrons. This is a new condition of life. We
different and more comprehensive approach to
will adjust to it and thrive-in spite of it.
public information efforts that can help people
around the world learn about and understand
In exercising our leadership, we will respect the
America. The war on terrorism is not a clash of
values, judgment, and interests of our friends and
civilizations. It does, however, reveal the clash
partners. Still, we will be prepared to act apart
inside a civilization, a battle for the future of the
when our interests and unique responsibilities
Muslim world. This is a struggle of ideas and this
require. When we disagree on particulars, we will
is an area where America must excel.
explain forthrightly the grounds for our concerns
and strive to forge viable alternatives. We will not
We will take the actions necessary to ensure
allow such disagreements to obscure our determi-
that our efforts to meet our global security
nation to secure together, with our allies and
commitments and protect Americans are not
our friends, our shared fundamental interests
impaired by the potential for investigations,
and values.
inquiry, or prosecution by the International
Criminal Court (ICC), whose jurisdiction does
Ultimately, the foundation of American
not extend to Americans and which we do not
strength is at home. It is in the skills of our
accept. We will work together with other nations
people, the dynamism of our economy, and the
to avoid complications in our military operations
resilience of our institutions. A diverse, modern
and cooperation, through such mechanisms as
society has inherent, ambitious, entrepreneurial
multilateral and bilateral agreements that will
energy. Our strength comes from what we do
protect U.S. nationals from the ICC. We will
with that energy. That is where our national
implement fully the American Servicemembers
security begins.
Protection Act, whose provisions are intended to
ensure and enhance the protection of U.S.
personnel and officials.
National Security Strategy 31
GOOTHER SEA OF MANSA INTERNATION THE UNITED
THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
SEPTEMBER 2002
Wendy E. Gray
08/28/2002 09:00:03 AM
Record Type:
Record
To:
See the distribution list at the bottom of this message
CC:
See the distribution list at the bottom of this message
Subject: two memos for today's steering group
Material for today's 12:15 pm MCA Meeting in the Sit Room. Thank you!
Forwarded by Wendy E. Gray/NSC/EOP on 08/28/2002 09:05 AM
Stephen D. Krasner
08/28/2002 08:32:36 AM
Record Type:
Record
To:
Wendy E. Gray/NSC/EOP@EOP
CC:
Subject: two memos for today's steering group
Attac list size Aug 26 5 pm.dump start memo for steering Aug 27 hed are two memos to be distributed
for today's MCA Steering Group meeting.
Message Sent To:
Robin Cleveland/OMB/EOP@EOP
Randall S. Kroszner/CEA/EOP@EOP
John A. Cloud/NSC/EOP@EOP
Elliott Abrams/NSC/EOP@EOP
Jendayi E. Frazer/NSC/EOP@EOP
John F. Maisto/NSC/EOP@EOP
Stephen D. Krasner/NSC/EOP@EOP
Gregory A. Manuel/NSC/EOP@EOP
Message Copied To:
Karyn T. Carson/OMB/EOP@EOP
Lisa D. Branch/CEA/EOP@EOP
Mary L. Adams/NSC/EOP@EOP
Dora Kale/NSC/EOP@EOP
Patricia A. Battenfield/NSC/EOP@EOP
Roseanne M. Hill/NSC/EOP@EOP
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THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
June 3, 2002
FACT SHEET
Millennium Challenge Account Update
On March 14, 2002 President Bush announced that the United States will increase its core assistance to
developing countries by 50% over the next 3 years, resulting in a $5 billion annual increase over current
levels by FY 2006. This increased assistance will go to a new Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) that
funds initiatives to improve the economies and standards of living in qualified developing countries. The
goal of the MCA is to reward sound policy decisions that support economic growth and reduce poverty.
Illustrative Funding Levels for ODA + Millennium Challenge Account
ODA
Millennium Challenge Account
$15 Billion
$5B
Est. $3.3B
Est. $1.7B
$10 Billion
Continuing
in Out Years
2004
2005
2006
*ODA held constant for presentational purposes
The President instructed the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury to develop a set of clear,
concrete, and objective criteria for measuring progress. To aid in this process, the Administration is
reaching out to other potential donor countries, developing countries, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), universities and think tanks, the private sector, and other interested parties.
Aid Linked to Sound Policies
The MCA recognizes that economic development assistance can be successful only if it is linked to sound
policies in developing countries. In sound policy environments, every dollar of aid attracts two dollars of
private capital. In countries where poor public policy dominates, aid can harm the very citizens it is meant
to help - crowding out private investment and perpetuating failed policies.
2
The funds in the Millennium Challenge Account will be distributed to developing countries that demonstrate
a strong commitment toward:
Good governance. Rooting out corruption, upholding human rights, and adherence to the rule
of law are essential conditions for successful development.
The health and education of their people. Investment in education, health care, and
immunization provide for healthy and educated citizens who become agents of development.
Sound economic policies that foster enterprise and entrepreneurship. More open markets,
sustainable budget policies, and strong support for individual entrepreneurship unleash the
enterprise and creativity for lasting growth and prosperity.
Millennium Challenge Account Guiding Principles
In order to ensure that Millennium Challenge Account funds promote growth and reduce poverty in
developing nations, funds will be distributed according to the following guiding principles:
Country selection will be keyed to potential for economic growth and poverty reduction. All countries
selected will have demonstrated their commitment to sound policies in the areas listed above.
Funds will be distributed in the form of grants. Where appropriate, programs funded by this account
will be coordinated with ongoing programs and leverage other funding streams, both from within the
recipient country and from other private, bilateral and multilateral donors.
Qualifying countries will be encouraged to actively engage with us in formulating uses for MCA funding
through a participatory process involving local and federal elected officials, civil society, and
development partners.
The development priorities, investment needs, and growth potential of selected countries will determine
how funds are allotted.
Where possible, the Millennium Challenge Account will seek to broaden development partnerships by
including new partners, such as private sector firms, national and local governments, U.S. and local
universities, foundations, and international and local NGOs.
Building capacity for quality data development and continuous country and project performance
monitoring will be important components of the MCA and will be incorporated into its implementation.
The Administration's Commitment to the Developing World
The United States is the world's largest bilateral donor to the developing world. While many donors provide
economic assistance, the United States provides resources both to strengthen security and foster
economic growth. Congress appropriated $17.1 billion to support these activities in FY 2002.
3
Key Facts
The United States is the world leader in humanitarian assistance and food aid, providing over $2.5
billion in 2001.
The United States is the top importer of goods from developing countries, importing $449 billion in
2001, eight times the amount of total Official Development Assistance (ODA) to developing countries
from all donors.
The United States is the greatest source of private capital to developing countries, averaging $36 billion
annually between 1997 and 2000.
The United States leads the world in charitable donations to developing countries -- $4 billion in
2000.
At $11 billion, the U.S. is the top provider of Official Development Assistance (ODA) in 2001. This ODA
is expected to increase substantially from 2001 to 2003 in key sectors:
HIV/AIDS -- 54%
Basic Education - 50%
Trade and Investment - 38%
Agriculture - 38%
USAID's core "Development Assistance" account is expected to increase 22 percent overall from
2001 to 2003, with significant increases in key regions:
Africa - 30%
Asia and the Near East - 39%
Latin America and the Caribbean - 29%
The United States is the largest donor to the multilateral development banks (MDBs). The
Administration's FY 2003 budget request for the MDBs totals more than $1.4 billion and includes
significant increases in U.S. contributions to both the International Development Association and the
African Development Fund.
The MCA will complement not replace these existing efforts.
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COUNTRY LISTS
3 LISTS: (1) IDA, (2) <$1,435, (3) + <$3,000
EACH LIST ADDS ONLY THE NEW COUNTRIES REFLECTED IN THE HIGHER CUTOFF (I.E. THE
"IDA AND $1,435 AND BELOW" CUTOFF INCLUDES BOTH THE "IDA COUNTRIES" and "<$1,435
SORT: By GNI Per Cap
AND NON IDA COUNTRIES" LISTS BELOW)
Countries/Regions
Stats/Data
World Bank
GNI Per
Borrowing
Capita2001
Status
1. Ethiopia
100
IDA-only
2. Burundi
100
IDA-only
3. Congo, Dem. Rep.
113
IDA-only
4. Sierra Leone
140
IDA-only
5. Tajikistan
160
IDA-only
6. Guinea-Bissau
160
IDA-only
7. Malawi
170
IDA-only
8. Niger
170
IDA-only
9. Eritrea
190
IDA-only
10. Chad
200
IDA-only
11. Mozambique
210
IDA-only
12. Burkina Faso
210
IDA-only
13. Mali
210
IDA-only
14. Rwanda
220
IDA-only
15. Nepal
240
IDA-only
16. Madagascar
260
IDA-only
17. Cambodia
270
IDA-only
18. Central African Republic
270
IDA-only
19. Togo
270
IDA-only
20. Afghanistan
274
IDA-only
21. Kyrgyz Republic
280
IDA-only
22. Tanzania
280
IDA-only
23. Sao Tome and Principe
280
IDA-only
24. Uganda
280
IDA-only
25. Nigeria
290
IDA-blend
26. Ghana
290
IDA-only
27. Lao PDR
310
IDA-only
28. Zambia
320
IDA-only
29. Sudan
330
IDA-only
30. Gambia
330
IDA-only
31. Kenya
340
IDA-only
32. Mauritania
350
IDA-only
33. Benin
360
IDA-only
34. Bangladesh
370
IDA-only
35. Comoros
380
IDA-only
36. Moldova
390
IDA-only
37. Mongolia
400
IDA-only
IDA Countries (80)
38. Guinea
400
IDA-only
39. Vietnam
410
IDA-only
40. Pakistan
420
IDA-blend
41. Nicaragua
430
IDA-only
42. Yemen
460
IDA-only
43. India
460
IDA-blend
44. Zimbabwe
480
IDA-blend
45. Senegal
480
IDA-only
46. Haiti
480
IDA-only
47. Angola
500
IDA-only
48. Lesotho
550
IDA-only
49. Armenia
560
IDA-only
50. Uzbekistan
560
IDA-blend
51. Cameroon
570
IDA-only
52. Georgia
570
IDA-only
53. Solomon Islands
580
IDA-only
54. Papua New Guinea
580
IBRD-only
55. Cote d'Ivoire
630
IDA-only
56. Bhutan
640
IDA-only
57. Azerbaijan
650
IDA-blend
58. Indonesia
680
IDA-blend
59. Congo, Rep.
700
IDA-only
60. Sri Lanka
830
IDA-only
61. Kiribati
830
IDA-only
62. Guyana
840
IDA-only
63. Djibouti
890
IDA-only
64. Honduras
890
IDA-only
65. Bolivia
940
IDA-blend
66. Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.
1,000
IDA-blend
67. Vanuatu
1,050
IDA-only
68. Albania
1,230
IDA-only
COUNTRY LISTS
3 LISTS: (1) IDA, (2) <$1,435, (3) + <$3,000
EACH LIST ADDS ONLY THE NEW COUNTRIES REFLECTED IN THE HIGHER CUTOFF (I.E. THE
"IDA AND $1,435 AND BELOW" CUTOFF INCLUDES BOTH THE "IDA COUNTRIES" and "<$1,435
SORT: By GNI Per Cap
AND NON IDA COUNTRIES" LISTS BELOW)
Countries/Regions
Stats/Data
World Bank
GNI Per
Borrowing
Capita2001
Status
69. Bosnia and Herzegovina
1,270
IDA-blend
70. Cape Verde
1,310
IDA-only
71. Samoa
1,520
IDA-only
72. Tonga
1,530
IDA-only
73. Maldives
2,040
IDA-only
74. St. Vincent & Grenadines
2,690
IDA-blend
75. Dominica
3,060
IDA-blend
76. Grenada
3,720
IDA-blend
77. St. Lucia
3,970
IDA-blend
78. Liberia
IDA-only
79. Myanmar
IDA-only
80. Somalia
IDA-only
80. Equatorial Guinea
700
IBRD-only
81. Ukraine
710
IBRD-only
82. China
890
IBRD-only
<$1,435 and Non IDA
83. Turkmenistan
950
IBRD-only
Countries (12)
84. Syrian Arab Republic
1,000
IBRD-only
85. Philippines
1,050
IBRD-only
86. Morocco
1,180
IBRD-only
87. Belarus
1,200
IBRD-only
88. Ecuador
1,240
IBRD-only
89. Swaziland
1,300
IBRD-only
90. Paraguay
1,300
IBRD-only
91. Kazakhstan
1,360
IBRD-only
92. Egypt, Arab Rep.
1,530
IBRD-only
93. Bulgaria
1,560
IBRD-only
94. West Bank and Gaza
1,610
Non-Borrower
95. Algeria
1,630
IBRD-only
96. Guatemala
1,670
IBRD-only
97. Macedonia, FYR
1,690
IBRD-only
98. Suriname
1,690
IBRD-only
99. Romania
1,710
IBRD-only
<$3000 and Non IDA Countries (25)
100. Iran, Islamic Rep.
1,750
IBRD-only
101. Russian Federation
1,750
IBRD-only
102. Jordan
1,750
IBRD-only
103. Colombia
1,910
IBRD-only
104. Namibia
1,960
IBRD-only
105. Thailand
1,970
IBRD-only
106. Peru
2,000
BRD-only
107. El Salvador
2,050
IBRD-only
108. Tunisia
2,070
IBRD-only
109. Fiji
2,130
IBRD-only
110. Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
2,150
IBRD-only
111. Marshall Islands
2,190
IBRD-only
112. Dominican Republic
2,230
IBRD-only
113. Turkey
2,530
IBRD-only
114. Jamaica
2,700
IBRD-only
115. South Africa
2,900
IBRD-only
116. Belize
2,910
IBRD-only
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Uses of the Millennium Challenge Account
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COLLECTION:
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FOLDER TITLE:
Trade : Millennium Challenge Account [2]
FRC ID:
FOIA IDs and Segments:
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2014-0262-F
OA Num.:
2015-0220-F
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NARA Num.:
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RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
PI National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
Deed of Gift Restrictions
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
A. Closed by Executive Order 13526 governing access to national
Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
the Freedom of Information Act.
of gift.
This Document was withdrawn on 12/8/2015 by blc