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Steroid Use [1]
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Records of the Domestic Policy Council (George W. Bush Administration)
Alan Gilbert's Files
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2014-0126-F
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Friday, July 24, 2015
FOIA Marker
This is not a textual record. This FOIA Marker indicates that material has been removed
during FOIA processing by George W. Bush Presidential Library staff.
Domestic Policy Council
Gilbert, Alan
Location or
NARA Number:
FRC ID:
OA Number:
Stack: Row: Sect.: Shelf: Pos.:
Hollinger ID:
W
8
18
2
3
6653
19588
8765
8839
Folder Title:
Steroid Use
Withdrawn/Redacted Material
The George W. Bush Library
DOCUMENT FORM
SUBJECT/TITLE
PAGES
DATE
RESTRICTION(S)
NO.
001
Business Card
[Business Cards]
1
N.D.
P6/b6;
COLLECTION TITLE:
Domestic Policy Council
SERIES:
Gilbert, Alan - Subject Files
FOLDER TITLE:
Steroid Use [1]
FRC ID:
6653
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act- [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
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P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
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an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
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financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advise between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
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personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
2201(3).
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
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concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
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Records Not Subject to FOIA
security information.
B. Closed by statute or by the agency which originated the document.
Court Sealed - The document is withheld under a court seal and is not subject to
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
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of gift.
2014-0126-F
Page 1 of 1
This document was prepared on Tuesday, August 11, 2015
SHAWN H. SMEALLIE
AMERICAN CONTINENTAL CROUP INC
2099 PENNSYLVANIA AVE. N.W.
(202) 419-2500
SUITE 850
FAX (202) 419-2510
WASHINGTON DC 20006
SMEALLIE@ACGREPCOM
United States Anti-Doping Agency
Terrence P Madden
Chief Executive Officer
USADA
UNITED STATES ANTI-DOPING AGENCY
1265 Lake Plaza Drive
Colorado Springs, CO 80906
Phone: 719-785-2002
Fax: 719-785-2001
E-mail: [email protected]
www.usantidoping.org
FRANK SHORTER
(b)(6)
Document Originally
Attached to
Following Page
Memo to the Record
Date: 09/08/2017
Collection: Domestic Policy Council
Series: Gilbert, Alan, Subject Files
Hollinger ID/FOIA ID: 2014-0126-F
RE: Steroid Use [1]
Notes:
A copy of the report entitled "USADA (United States Anti-Doping Agency) 2001 Annual
Report" from 2001 is included at this location in this folder. This report is available online at:
https://www.usada.org/wp-content/uploads/2001 annual report.pdf
and was not scanned. If the report is no longer available at this address, please contact the
George W. Bush Presidential Library.
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE SD 508
Stenographic Transcript
Before the
Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs,
Foreign Commerce, and-Tourism-
COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE,
AND TRANSPORTATION
UNITED STATES SENATE
HEARING ON STEROID USE IN PROFESSIONAL
BASBALL
AND ANTI-DOPING ISSUES IN AMATEUR SPORTS
TUESDAY, JUNE 18, 2002
WASHINGTON, D.C.
ALDERSON REPORTING COMPANY
1111 14TH STREET, N.W.
SUITE 400
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005-5650
(202) 289-2260
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE SD 508
Stenographic Transcript
Before the
Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs,
Foreign Commerce, and Tourism-
COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE,
AND TRANSPORTATION
UNITED STATES SENATE
HEARING ON STEROID USE IN PROFESSIONAL
BASBALL
AND ANTI-DOPING ISSUES IN AMATEUR SPORTS
TUESDAY, JUNE 18, 2002
WASHINGTON, D.C.
ALDERSON REPORTING COMPANY
1111 14TH STREET, N.W.
SUITE 400
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005-5650
(202) 289-2260
1
1
CONTENTS
2
STATEMENT OF
PAGE
3
HON. BYRON L. DORGAN, U.S. SENATOR FROM NORTH DAKOTA
3
4
HON. JOHN MC CAIN, U.S. SENATOR FROM ARIZONA
7
5
HON. SAM BROWNBACK, U.S. SENATOR FROM KANSAS
11
6
ROBERT D. MANFRED, JR., EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT FOR LABOR
7
RELATIONS, OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER, MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL15
8
JERRY COLANGELO, MANAGING GENERAL PARTNER, ARIZONA
9
DIAMONDBACKS
22
10
DONALD M. FEHR, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND GENERAL COUNSEL, MAJOR
11
LEAGUE BASEBALL PLAYERS ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK
27
12
GREG SCHWAB, ASSOCIATE PRINCIPAL, TIGARD HIGH SCHOOL, TIGARD,
13
OREGON
35
14
FRANK SHORTER, CHAIRMAN, UNITED STATES ANTI-DOPING AGENCY
41
15
DR. BERNARD GREISEMER, PEDIATRICIAN, SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI 48
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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1
HEARING ON STEROID USE IN PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL
2
AND ANTI-DOPING ISSUES IN AMATEUR SPORTS
3
4
Tuesday, June 18, 2002
5
6
U.S. Senate
7
Subcommittee on Consumer
8
Affairs, Foreign Commerce,
9
and Tourism
10
Committee on Commerce,
11
Science, and Transportation
12
Washington, D.C.
13
14
The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:30 a.m. in
15
Building SR-253, Hon. Byron L. Dorgan, chairman of the
16
subcommittee, presiding.
17
StA b6 Assigned: David Strickland Senitr Cow
18
19
fims; Carelos Flerro Senior Coansel, Repub.
20
21
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OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. BYRON L. DORGAN, U.S. SENATOR
2
FROM NORTH DAKOTA
3
Senator Dorgan: We'll call the subcommittee hearing to
4
order. If we can ask that the door be closed, please.
5
Good morning. This morning we are going to hold a
6
subcommittee hearing, an oversight hearing, on the subject of
7
steroid use in baseball, and we will go beyond that some to
8
deal with the issue of the use of performance-enhancing drugs
9
in other sports, as well.
10
Following the revelation in Sports Illustrated, a rather
11
lengthy article on the issue of steroid use in baseball, and
12
other reports over a long period of time about the use of
13
performance-enhancing drugs, we decided to hold this hearing.
14
Senator McCain had sent a request for a hearing, and I felt a
15
hearing was appropriate, as well. And so this is an oversight
16
hearing that will not necessarily lead to Federal legislation,
17
although we hope to hear about this issue this morning from a
18
number of different points of view and, from that, evaluate
19
what, if any, legislative action is necessary.
20
Let me say that, first of all, I'm a big baseball fan. I
21
grew up playing baseball in a town of 400 people. I grew up
22
50 miles from the nearest daily newspaper. I rushed to get it
23
every day so that I could get to the sports page to try to
24
find out, in that tiny little piece in a daily newspaper of a
25
town of 10,000, they gave me just a little information every
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1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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1
day of what was happening in baseball, but I was quick to get
2
there every single day to find out how my favorite player,
3
Willie Mays, and others, were doing. So I come to this with a
4
love of baseball, an appreciation of the splendid athletes and
5
the owners and others who are involved in baseball.
6
Baseball is truly "America's pastime," as it's called.
7
To become a big leaguer is synonymous with success. And
8
serious questions these days are raised about that, and we
9
want to explore them in some detail this morning.
10
Let me start by saying we invited a fair number of
11
baseball players, especially retired players, to be with us
12
this morning. None of them chose to want to be here at this
13
hearing. But serious questions are being raised by baseball
14
players themselves, both retired and active players, about
15
what some say is an epidemic of performing-enhancing drugs
16
among many of baseball's most talented competitors.
17
And the fallout of that, because baseball players are
18
idols for other youngsters and set examples, the fallout of
19
that is in college sports, and in high school sports, as well,
20
where fairness should set the standard for the next generation
21
of amateur and professional athletes, not performance-
22
enhancing drugs.
23
The article I mentioned, which was an investigative
24
article in a Sports Illustrated magazine, described former
25
National League Most Valuable Player Ken Caminiti as saying
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1
that he was on steroids when he won the prestigious Most
2
Valuable Player award in 1996. Caminiti maintains that the
3
pressures to perform are so great, he wouldn't discourage
4
others from using steroids. He also said that at least half
5
of the major league ballplayers use steroids. We invited Mr.
6
Caminiti to be present today, as well.
7
Another retired baseball star, Jose Canseco, is working
8
on a book in which he reportedly will detail his earlier
9
claims that up to 85 percent of his former colleagues use
10
steroid drugs. These claims, by some, have been discounted as
11
not at all related to fact, but they raise questions, and we
12
want to have people respond to those questions today.
13
Mr. Caminiti says he started using steroids in 1996.
14
Prior to that time, he had never hit more than 26 home runs in
15
a season. At the end of that year, however, he hit 40 home
16
runs, had a 326 batting average, and was selected to the
17
National League as the Most Valuable Player status.
18
The medical consequences of performance-enhancing drugs,
19
and specifically steroids, can be devastating -- for example,
20
heart disease, stroke, aggressive behavior, all kinds of
21
dysfunctions. The damage to baseball's credibility, however,
22
can be as great. Unlike professional football, basketball, or
23
the Olympics, major league baseball, at the present time, has
24
no drug testing program. Unfortunately, no current or
25
professional baseball players, as I said, have responded to
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1
our invitation today, but we will hear from owners,
2
representatives of the baseball players, and others at this
3
hearing.
4
So let me just say, as a fan of this wonderful sport,
5
that I want this sport to produce splendid athletes that can
6
be role models for America's youngsters, but I certainly don't
7
want to see American's pastime become a pastime in which these
8
wonderful athletes engage in the use of performance-enhancing
9
drugs in order to make it. That is not what baseball should
10
be about. Drugs have no place in our culture, and certainly
11
not in America's big-league ballparks.
12
So, as I said, Senator McCain had also requested, with a
13
letter, that we hold a hearing on this subject. I'm pleased
14
to be able to chair that hearing today.
15
And let me call on my colleague, Senator McCain, for
16
opening comments.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
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1
STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN MC CAIN, U.S. SENATOR FROM ARIZONA
2
Senator McCain: Well, thank you, Senator Dorgan, for
3
chairing the hearing to discuss the prevalence and effects of
4
performance-enhancing drugs in major league baseball and
5
sports in general. And I welcome our panel and thank them for
6
appearing today.
7
I think that everyone should be aware that this committee
8
does have an oversight responsibility of professional sports
9
and Olympics, and we do spend time on these issues. And this
10
one, I think, is important, beyond its effect on major league
11
baseball players. Like it or not, professional athletes serve
12
as role models to our kids. Mark McGwire's admission, in
13
1998, that he was using andro to enhance his performance led
14
to a fivefold increase in sales of that dietary supplement.
15
Andro is currently legal and in some ways, I think our
16
witnesses will tell us today it has some of the same physical
17
effects and adverse health consequences as anabolic steroids.
18
I'm concerned about baseball. I'm concerned about the
19
possibility of a looming strike. I'm concerned about the
20
health of the baseball players themselves. But I'm more
21
concerned about the effect this recent spate of publicity has
22
on young athletes all over America. If somehow young athletes
23
believe that it is not only acceptable, but the way to become
24
a major league baseball player is through the use of anabolic
25
steroids, that's a terrible message to send to young American
Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
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1
men and women.
2
So I think this issue is more important than just whether
3
a group of highly paid baseball players are using substances
4
which will damage, and witnesses will testify, that can be
5
very damaging to their health. It's the example that is set
6
for other young Americans that I am far more concerned about
7
and we should be concerned about.
8
I've gotten to know Mr. Fehr very well. I think he's a
9
fair and decent and eloquent representative of the players.
10
I've had the opportunity of knowing Jerry Colangelo for many
11
years, and I'm very pleased that he's here today. And I hope
12
that Mr. Colangelo, in his testimony, will touch on the fact
13
that the NBA and the NFL -- but he has been involved in the
14
NBA before he was involved in organized baseball -- has
15
somehow been able to enact rules and regulations as far as
16
drug testing is concerned, and I hope that baseball players
17
and the players union will look to what's being done in the
18
NBA and the NFL as perhaps a model for what can be adopted by
19
major league baseball players.
20
So I thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I, again, want to point
21
out that this is more important than whether a bunch of highly
22
paid athletes are using anabolic steroids. It's far more
23
important than that, and that's the reason why I think this
24
hearing today is important. And I hope that the players, as
25
well as the owners, understand the damage that this can do to
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1
the credibility of the game. I don't think any major league
2
baseball player in the record books would like to have an
3
asterisk next to their name for having used steroids in order
4
to enhance their performance as they attempt to attain a
5
lasting record as outstanding athletes.
6
So, Mr. Chairman, I thank you for the hearing, and we
7
look forward to hearing the witnesses today.
8
[The prepared statement of Senator McCain follows:]
9
10
11
12
13
14
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18
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20
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25
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1
Senator Dorgan: Senator McCain, thank you.
2
Senator Brownback?
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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1
STATEMENT OF HON. SAM BROWNBACK, U.S. SENATOR FROM KANSAS
2
Senator Brownback: Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank
3
you for holding the hearing.
4
I want to join my colleague from Arizona in his comments
5
about the impact of these being broader than just on the
6
players themselves. Baseball is America's national pastime
7
and holds a special place in Americana and our hearts.
8
It's certainly with dismay that I've read so many
9
disturbing comments made by today's ballplayers who got into
10
the use of performance-enhancing drugs and steroids and
11
illegal substances, other than ones that are prescribed by
12
doctors.
13
Clearly, there seems to be a major problem and a major
14
disappointment requiring redress. It seems to me the simplest
15
course of action would be, as my colleague from Arizona has
16
stated, for Major League Baseball to follow the National
17
Football League and the National Basketball Association and
18
adopt a no-tolerance policy, complete with year-round testing
19
as well as medical treatment and counseling for violators.
20
While these policies may not achieve perfect results, they are
21
an honest effort to do right by their sport, meet the
22
expectations of the fans, and look after the long-term health
23
and welfare of their players.
24
Now, I understand that Major League Baseball, which
25
supports a no-tolerance policy, is constrained by its
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1
collective bargaining agreement with its players and
2
management, cannot unilaterally impose such a steroid-testing
3
policy. I would urge major league ballplayers to match
4
management's concern in this matter and employ their
5
representatives to achieve a resolution. I'm confident that
6
management and the players can work through this to everyone's
7
satisfaction, especially the fans and the young children,
8
young players all across the country watching major league
9
sports, who I refuse to believe do not mind steroid-assisted
10
cheating in a game they love. This is a matter internal to
11
baseball, and that is where it can best be addressed, and I
12
really hope, for the future of the sport and the future of the
13
young players watching those professional athletes all across
14
this country and across the world, that it will be solved by
15
the sport.
16
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
17
Senator Dorgan: Senator Brownback, thank you very much.
18
Let me make a very important point. I used the names of
19
two retired baseball players today only because those players
20
themselves have been quoted. I think it important, and I
21
don't believe anyone will -- but it's important that we not
22
use names of other players. This is not about -- it is not to
23
tarnish the reputation of players. I only used the names of
24
two retired players who had already admitted steroid use and
25
wanted to speak about it publicly. And we had invited both of
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them to come to this hearing.
2
The Senate has scheduled a cloture vote at 9:45, which is
3
about two minutes. What I would like to do is to recess the
4
hearing for two minutes, having taken these opening statements
5
and then we will go vote and come back. And at that point,
6
we'll call the witnesses to the witness table and begin. I
7
don't want to interrupt the testimony of the witnesses.
8
So we will take a ten-minute recess.
9
[Recess.]
10
Senator Dorgan: We'd ask if we could reconvene. And if
11
our witnesses could take their seats at the table, I will
12
introduce them.
13
We have Mr. Robert Manfred, starting on my left, who is
14
the executive vice president for Labor Relations in the Office
15
of the Commissioner for Major League Baseball. We have Mr.
16
Jerry Colangelo, the managing general partner for the Arizona
17
Diamondbacks, which won the World Series last year. Mr.
18
Colangelo also owns the National Basketball Association's
19
Phoenix Suns team. We also have Donald Fehr, who is the
20
executive director and general counsel for the Major League
21
Baseball Players Association, which is the players union.
22
He's the lead negotiator for the players in their collective
23
bargaining with owners. And we have Mr. Frank Shorter,
24
chairman of the board of United States Anti-Doping Agency, who
25
is a former Olympic athlete of substantial renown. He won the
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gold medal in the marathon at the 1972 Olympic Games in
2
Munich, Germany. We have Mr. Greg Schwab, the former all-
3
conference offensive lineman for the University of Oregon, who
4
took steroids in his attempt to make the San Diego Chargers
5
football team. And we have Dr. Bernard Greisemer, a
6
pediatrician from Missouri, who has written extensively about
7
steroid use and teenagers and also has worked as a medical
8
officer at the past four Olympic Games.
9
So let me begin. Well, let's begin with you, Mr.
10
Manfred, if we can.
11
And your entire statements will be a part of the
12
permanent record. You may summarize, and we will ask all of
13
you to present your statements, following which we will ask
14
questions.
15
Mr. Manfred, why don't you proceed?
16
17
18
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23
24
25
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STATEMENT OF ROBERT D. MANFRED, JR., EXECUTIVE VICE
2
PRESIDENT FOR LABOR RELATIONS, OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER,
3
MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL
4
Mr. Manfred: Thank you. Good morning. My name is
5
Robert Manfred, and I'm executive vice president of Labor and
6
Human Resources for Major League Baseball.
7
In recent weeks, the issue of steroid use in major league
8
baseball has received considerable attention as a result of
9
revelations by two prominent former players. As I sit here
10
today, I cannot tell you whether all of the statements made by
11
these former players are accurate.
12
Senator Dorgan: Move the microphone to --
13
Mr. Manfred: Thank you.
14
I cannot tell you whether all of the statements made by
15
these former players are accurate. What I can tell you is
16
that long before anybody was writing about the use of steroids
17
in the major leagues, our office, at the direction of
18
Commissioner Selig, undertook a multifaceted initiative
19
designed to deal with the related problems of steroids and
20
nutritional supplements.
21
The Commissioner began this initiative approximately two
22
years ago by convening a meeting of Major League Baseball's
23
medical advisor, Dr. Robert Millman, and group of team
24
doctors. This group of respected physicians came to the
25
meeting burdened by two related concerns. First, they were
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worried about what they perceived to be a growing trend of
2
steroid use in both the major leagues and the minor leagues.
3
The doctors believed that steroids were a threat to the health
4
of our players and to the integrity of our game.
5
Second, the team doctors were concerned that steroid use
6
by major league players was sending a very dangerous message
7
to young people who dream about becoming major league players.
8
The doctors all agreed that steroid use by young people
9
created health risks even greater than those faced by adults.
10
The team physicians also came to the meeting armed with
11
troubling data concerning injuries to major league players.
12
The discussion centered on facts such as these. There are
13
approximately 900 major league players on active rosters at
14
any given time. In 2001, that group of 900 players accounted
15
for 467 trips to the disabled list. This is a 16-percent
16
increase from just three years earlier.
17
Not only are more players going on the disabled list, but
18
their period of disability is increasing. In 2001, players
19
spent a total of 27,430 days on the disabled list, compared to
20
slightly more than 22,000 just three years before. This is an
21
increase of 20 percent. The average stay on the disabled list
22
has also increased.
23
The cost of payments to disabled players increased from
24
$129 million in 1998 to a staggering $317 million last year.
25
While the doctors could not scientifically establish a causal
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connection between the increase in injuries and steroid use,
2
there was a strong consensus that steroids were a contributing
3
factor. In this regard, the doctors noted a change in the
4
type of injuries suffered by players, with many of the
5
injuries being associated with significantly increased muscle
6
mass operating on the same joints, ligaments, and tendons.
7
Last, the doctors raised a topic that should be of great
8
concern to Congress. They noted that since the passage of the
9
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, nutritional
10
supplement manufacturers have been given much greater freedom
11
to market potentially dangerous products essentially without
12
regulation, provided that the products are not claimed to
13
prevent, diagnosis, treat, or cure a disease or illness. Many
14
of the doctors expressed the view that some nutritional
15
supplements, particularly androstenedione, had all of the
16
properties of an anabolic steroid.
17
In the wake of this meeting, Commissioner Selig
18
spearheaded the development of a four-point initiative to
19
address the issue of steroids in professional baseball. The
20
goal of the initiative was and is to eliminate the use of
21
steroids and dangerous nutritional supplements in professional
22
baseball.
23
The first point in the program involved the continued
24
funding of scientific research on the nutritional supplement
25
androstenedione in an effort to confirm that the supplement,
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in fact, has the characteristics of an anabolic steroid. In
2
conjunction with the players association, the Office of the
3
Commissioner funded research on this topic at Harvard. In
4
brief, the study indicates that, taken in sufficient
5
quantities, androstenedione elevates the level of testosterone
6
in the body in the same manner as an anabolic steroid. I
7
recommend the article that summarizes this research to you and
8
urge Congress to consider passing legislation that would
9
regulate androstenedione and related substances, such as DHEA.
10
The second point in the Commissioner's initiative was
11
education. We felt that it was important for our major league
12
and minor-league players to understand the essential facts
13
related to steroids and nutritional supplements and the health
14
risks associated with those substances. Again in conjunction
15
with the players association, an impressive educational
16
program was developed. Dr. Millman and Dr. Joel Soloman, the
17
players association's medical advisor, jointly authored a
18
booklet entitled "Steroids and Nutritional Supplements," which
19
has been distributed to all major league and minor league
20
players. In addition, over the last two years, all major
21
league and minor league players have attended in person
22
steroid education programs.
23
The third point in the Commissioner's initiative was the
24
promulgation of the Minor League Drug Prevention and Treatment
25
Program. The new policy implemented by the Commissioner
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dramatically increased the role of the Office of the
2
Commissioner in minor league testing, banned the use of all
3
steroids and androstenedione, subjected all minor league
4
players to three random tests each year, mandated
5
individualized treatment programs for first offenders,
6
required discipline for subsequent offenders, and established
7
confidentiality as a central tenet of the program. Last year,
8
the Commissioner's office spent more than a million dollars
9
just on the testing component of this program.
10
The fourth point in the Commissioner's initiative was to
11
negotiate a steroid program applicable to major league
12
players. I say "negotiate," because drug testing is, of
13
course, a mandatory topic of collective bargaining with the
14
players association.
15
Contrary to the impression created by Mr. Fehr's written
16
statement, we do not have an agreed-upon steroid policy in
17
Major League Baseball. The Commissioner has unilaterally
18
promulgated a policy on steroids that the union has
19
consistently said is not binding on its players. While we
20
have worked together in certain situations, the current
21
regulation is ad hoc at best, and dysfunctional at worst.
22
To address this problem, we made a comprehensive proposal
23
on steroids to the players association last March. That
24
proposal would ban the use of steroids and androstenedione,
25
would require three tests for all major league players each
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year, would provide treatment programs for first offenders,
2
would require discipline for repeat offenders, would establish
3
confidentiality as a central tenet of the program, and would
4
involve the participation of the players association and its
5
medical advisor in the administration of the program.
6
To date, we have received no substantive response from
7
the players association to our March proposal. We remain
8
hopeful, however, that the Players Association will come
9
forward and address this issue in a meaningful way at the
10
collective bargaining table. Over the long term, an
11
effective, confidential, treatment-based program, including
12
testing, will be good for all players and for the game.
13
[The prepared statement of Mr. Manfred follows:]
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Senator Dorgan: Mr. Manfred, thank you very much.
2
Next we will hear from Jerry Colangelo, who is the
3
chairman of AZBP Limited Partnership, the ownership group for
4
the Arizona Diamondbacks. Mr. Colangelo, welcome, and thank
5
you for being here.
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STATEMENT OF JERRY COLANGELO, MANAGING GENERAL PARTNER,
2
ARIZONA DIAMONDBACKS
3
Mr. Colangelo: Thank you, Senator.
4
Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, thank you for
5
this opportunity to appear before you today to discuss an
6
issue of great concern to me, as an owner of a major league
7
club and as a fan of baseball: the increasing prevalence of
8
steroids in major league baseball.
9
I am fortunate enough to have been involved in baseball
10
since 1998, when the Arizona Diamondbacks were admitted to the
11
National League as an expansion team. Last season, I
12
experienced the ultimate thrill in all of professional sports,
13
watching my team win perhaps the most exciting World Series in
14
baseball history. That win was a tremendous boost for the
15
State of Arizona and generated terrific publicity for our
16
sport.
17
Unfortunately, in recent weeks, baseball has been forced
18
to endure a spate of negative publicity as a result of
19
revelations of steroid use by two former players. These
20
comments suggest that steroid use is prevalent in baseball and
21
on the increase. I believe this trend must be stopped and
22
reversed for two principal reasons -- one, to protect the
23
players safety and health, and, two, to protect the integrity
24
of the game.
25
First, it is my understanding that players who use
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steroids risk serious health consequences, such as increased
2
likelihood of injury, high blood pressure, high cholesterol,
3
hypertension, depression, and even infertility. Major League
4
Baseball should do everything within its power to discourage
5
players from taking these risks.
6
Major league players make it to this elite playing field
7
because of their unwavering commitment and desire to win. As
8
an all-state high school and an All-Big-Ten basketball player
9
for the University of Illinois, I understand and appreciate
10
this desire to compete and succeed. Indeed, it is this desire
11
to succeed that produces greatness.
12
Unfortunately, some players' desire is so strong that
13
they are willing to take steroids in an effort to get an edge
14
over other players. They do this in spite of the negative
15
consequences that may result from using steroids. This
16
conduct, at the major league level, has the inevitable domino
17
effect of forcing other baseball players, in both the major
18
and minor leagues, to engage in the same conduct. In fact,
19
many players believe that without this same edge, they may be
20
placed at a competitive disadvantage as compared to other
21
players.
22
My purpose here is not to blame the players for this
23
conduct. Instead, my purpose is to shed light on a problem
24
that can be remedied and to encourage all those involved to
25
work together to do so.
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As Rob Manfred discussed, Major League Baseball has done
2
everything possible, everything that is possible to do without
3
the Players Association's consent, to prevent and end steroid
4
use. We believe, however, that more needs to be done.
5
Based on my experience as an owner of the Phoenix Suns, a
6
team in the National Basketball Association, the
7
implementation of a comprehensive, mandatory steroid testing
8
program would go far towards addressing this serious problem.
9
Unlike Major League Baseball, the NBA has a mandatory steroid
10
testing program in place for its first year and veteran
11
players, which was agreed to by the National Basketball
12
Players Association. This testing program is set forth in the
13
parties' 1999 collective bargaining agreement.
14
Pursuant to the NBA's testing program, each first-year
15
player is subject to up to 4 unannounced steroid tests per
16
year, and each veteran player is subject to 1 unannounced
17
steroid test per year. It is my opinion that the NBA's
18
testing program has been instrumental in discouraging players
19
from using these dangerous and illegal substances.
20
We are hopeful that baseball will have a mandatory
21
steroid testing program in the near future. Such a program
22
would be a necessary and fundamental step in the direction of
23
ridding steroid use in Major League Baseball.
24
And, in summary, when I see the cartoons, the editorials,
25
the columns that attack the credibility of our players, we
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have a serious problem. I've very concerned about the health,
2
as I said earlier, both short term and long term. And this is
3
everyone's issue. It's not an owners' issue, it's not a
4
Players Association issue. It's an issue that we must deal
5
with collectively. When you look at the economic impact, in
6
terms of the loss of millions of dollars, that's serious.
7
And enough can't be said about the role model influence
8
that players have. Our fans are being affected. They're
9
questioning the athletes themselves.
10
And so I would urge that the Players Association
11
recognize that this is not an "if" or a "maybe." This is a
12
must -- something that must be done, for all the appropriate
13
reasons.
14
Thank you.
15
[The prepared statement of Mr. Colangelo follows:]
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Senator Dorgan: Mr. Colangelo, thank you very much.
2
Next we will hear from Donald Fehr, executive director
3
and general counsel for Major League Baseball, for the Major
4
League Baseball Players Association. Mr. Fehr, welcome. You
5
may proceed.
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STATEMENT OF DONALD M. FEHR, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND
2
GENERAL COUNSEL, MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL PLAYERS ASSOCIATION,
3
NEW YORK
4
Mr. Fehr: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
5
My name is Donald M. Fehr, and I'm privileged to serve as
6
the executive director of the Major League Baseball Players
7
Association, a position I've held for more than 15 years now.
8
The MLBPA is the exclusive collective bargaining
9
representative of all major league players, and I appear here
10
today in response to the committee's invitation to testify.
11
As the Chairman indicated, there were a number of current
12
major league players that were also invited to testify. Due
13
to the pressures of the schedule -- we don't have off days in
14
baseball that amount to anything -- it was impossible for them
15
to appear, and I trust that the committee will understand.
16
First, we appreciate the committee's interest in and
17
concern about the recent reports of the use of illegal
18
steroids in major league baseball which has led to this
19
hearing and which has prompted the comments made by the three
20
Senators that we heard from as the hearing began.
21
Let me be clear, on behalf of myself and my entire
22
membership. The Major League Baseball Players Association
23
neither condones nor supports the use by players or by anyone
24
else of any unlawful substance, be it steroids or otherwise,
25
nor do we support or condone the unlawful use of any legal
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substance. I cannot put it more plainly. Both the use of any
2
illegal substance and the illegal use of any lawful substance
3
are wrong.
4
As the members of the committee know, and as was
5
reflected in the opening statements this morning, and as Mr.
6
Manfred and Mr. Colangelo have mentioned, we are currently
7
engaged in the process of negotiating new collective
8
bargaining agreements with the major league clubs covering
9
terms and conditions of employment for major league players.
10
It's no secret that collective bargaining in baseball is
11
sometimes a difficult process. That certainly has been the
12
history. But it is also clear, as has been mentioned, that
13
the appropriate venue in which these issues will be addressed
14
is within that process. And it is certainly my hope and that
15
of my membership that, before too much longer, we will be able
16
to reach a just, fair, and effective agreement with the owners
17
on all of the issues which divide us, certainly including the
18
ones that brought us to this hearing today.
19
As it happens, I was scheduled to begin to make a trip to
20
see all of my members for the purpose of discussing collective
21
bargaining. While all the meetings aren't scheduled yet, the
22
first one, as it happens, takes place tomorrow morning in
23
Montreal. And I can assure the members of the committee that
24
these issues will receive serious and thoughtful discussion in
25
those meetings. And I think it goes without saying that the
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recent publicity and the interest of this committee will help
2
to spur that process.
3
Additionally, however, as I think is also clear, we are
4
not engaged in the process of collective bargaining here, and
5
I will not be doing that.
6
I also appreciate very much the Chairman's comments that
7
we will not be discussing individuals here. That's difficult
8
to do, and I certainly believe that's the appropriate course.
9
Let me further correct what may be a misimpression. If
10
one were simply to pay attention to cursory sound bites or
11
sensational magazine covers or some of the other press
12
coverage that we've seen, one might believe that Major League
13
Baseball and the Players Association have no substance use or
14
abuse program, have not cooperated together, have not thought
15
about these issues, have not considered what to do, or, if we
16
have such a program, if we have thought about these things, if
17
we have considered what to do, that it bears no reference to
18
steroids. As Mr. Manfred has indicated, that clearly is not
19
the case.
20
For a long time the Players Association and the clubs
21
have worked together with medical professionals that we
22
jointly appoint to develop programs which are directed and
23
administered by those physicians. Those programs have a
24
testing component, based upon reasonable cause to believe that
25
a player has engaged in misconduct or other activity affecting
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his ability to play.
2
With respect to steroids, the views of our physicians,
3
which are entirely endorsed by the Players Association, as
4
well as the clubs, are, in fact, reflected in the brochure or
5
the booklet that is referenced in my testimony and that Mr.
6
Manfred has referenced, entitled "Steroids and Nutritional
7
Supplements," which, as Rob has indicated, is the principal
8
educational document that we utilize and has been distributed
9
to all players. The committee has copies.
10
And as that document makes clear, all AAS S, as the
11
document refers to it -- anabolic androgenic steroids -- are
12
classified under Federal law as Schedule III drugs requiring a
13
doctor's prescription to be lawfully used. There are serious
14
health risks. There are serious penalties for unlawful use or
15
distribution, et cetera.
16
But, as the Chairman and the members of the committee
17
certainly understand, this an issue not so easily disposed of
18
as perhaps the sound bites and the rhetoric might otherwise
19
suggest. There are some significant and complex public policy
20
issues involved. Consider just one example. Substances that
21
you might say have "steroidal properties," like DHEA, or that
22
we believe to be, in fact, steroids, androstenedione, are
23
fully legal under Federal law, are sold over the counter in
24
health food and other stores all across the country and, so
25
far as I know, are without even the simple protections of a
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warning label or an age restriction on purchase, even though
2
the medical evidence is pretty compelling of the dangers of
3
some of those substances, especially to women and to youth.
4
As was suggested in that booklet, which I remind everyone
5
was jointly authored, it may well be time for the Federal
6
Government to revisit whether such products should be covered
7
by Schedule III or otherwise the subject of appropriate
8
legislation or regulation, and we would welcome such
9
examination by the Congress, by the Food and Drug
10
Administration, or by any other appropriate body.
11
Another important issue which is implicated in this
12
discussion we summarize in a single word, and that's
13
"privacy." We believe that any program can be successful, on
14
steroids or anything else, only if stringent safeguards are in
15
place to protect the privacy of the employees, particularly so
16
in an industry like baseball in which the lives of the players
17
-- and the rest of us, for that matter -- are so much in the
18
public eye.
19
We also recognize the ongoing public debate, which has
20
been referred to in the opening statements this morning, about
21
the merits of cause-based versus random testing. The Players
22
Association has always believe that one should not, absent
23
compelling safety considerations, invade the privacy of an
24
individual without a substantial reason -- that is to say
25
without cause -- related to conduct by that individual and not
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merely to his status as an employed baseball player.
2
We understand, of course, that the principles underlying
3
the Fourth Amendment restrictions on unreasonable searches and
4
seizures are not directly applicable to the private employment
5
setting. Nevertheless, such principles should not, we submit,
6
be lightly put aside.
7
Let me address a question that is no doubt on the minds
8
of the Chairman, Senator McCain, and the other members of the
9
committee, who for so long have been supporters of amateur and
10
professional sports in this country. It has been referred to
11
in the opening statements this morning. What message do we
12
send the children, the kids who are playing ball, maybe
13
dreaming of a career in the big leagues? I think it's the
14
same message that we send the players. Play this great game -
15
- and we all think it's the greatest one there is -- to the
16
best of your ability, and do so under the rules. Do not
17
jeopardize your health. Do not use illegal drugs. And don't
18
use any drug or any substance, even if entirely lawful, except
19
on the advice and the recommendation of a competent and
20
knowledgeable physician for a good and substantial reason.
21
Finally, no one cares more about the game, cares more
22
about the health of the players, than the players themselves.
23
In a very real sense, they are the game. They understand the
24
issues that are involved, and we will find a way, consistent
25
with the principles we believe in, I am confident, over the
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course of this collective bargaining negotiation, to reach a
2
satisfactory conclusion. I can't tell you today what that
3
will be. I can tell you we're committed to the process.
4
Thank you very much.
5
[The prepared statement of Mr. Fehr follows:]
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Senator Dorgan: Mr. Fehr, thank you very much.
2
Next we will hear from Greg Schwab. Mr. Schwab, when I
3
mentioned you as a witness, I, regrettably, did not give the
4
second portion of the introduction. I said you were a former
5
all-conference offensive lineman from the University of Oregon
6
who took steroids in your attempt to make the San Diego
7
Chargers football team. I should have proceeded to say, as
8
well, that you've since become a passionate advocate against
9
steroid use, as a high school coach and a high school
10
associate principal. You've had one-on-one experience with
11
high school students who have attempted to use steroids, and
12
we appreciate your work. I should have mentioned that as the
13
second portion of you introduction. I do so now.
14
We welcome you here, and we'll be happy to receive your
15
testimony.
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STATEMENT OF GREG SCHWAB, ASSOCIATE PRINCIPAL, TIGARD
2
HIGH SCHOOL, TIGARD, OREGON
3
Mr. Schwab: Thank you. It's truly a great honor for me
4
to be here today.
5
Dietary supplements and performance-enhancing drug use
6
among high school athletes is increasing at an alarming rate.
7
Recent studies have shown as much as a 60 percent increase in
8
steroid use among high school athletes.
9
To better understand what has caused this increase, I
10
would like to share with you some of the things I have
11
observed in my 14 years as a teacher, as a coach, and
12
currently as a school administrator. I would also like to
13
draw on some of my insights as someone who has experienced
14
steroid use firsthand for two and a half years as a college
15
football player and an aspiring player in the National
16
Football League.
17
For whatever reason, the focus of high school athletics
18
has shifted today. No longer do we preach the values taught
19
by participation in a team or individual sport -- the values
20
of competition, teamwork, dedication, and cooperation. These
21
values have been replaced by a new focus or value, simply to
22
excel at the highest possible level.
23
Now, while you may be asking yourself, "What is so bad
24
about wanting to excel at the highest level," consider what
25
many of these high school athletes are willing to do in order
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to excel. High school athletes today use all sorts of sports
2
supplements. Protein powders, sports drinks, ephedrine,
3
creatine, and androstenedione are used routinely today as part
4
of their training regimens. Any high school athlete can walk
5
into a store or health club and purchase these dietary
6
supplements, no questions asked.
7
On several occasions, I have had conversations with the
8
athletes I coached about these issues. Many of them have come
9
to me to ask my advice about taking supplements to help them
10
perform at their highest levels. I have always stressed:
11
take healthier alternatives to these supplements. But for
12
many, supplements are simply too easy to get. Now, while I am
13
no expert on this, I have always believed that dietary
14
supplement use can lead athletes to using performance-
15
enhancing drugs, like anabolic steroids.
16
The three-sport athlete no longer exists in most high
17
schools today. They have been replaced by athletes who train
18
year round, honing their skills in one sport. Basketball
19
teams play 60 games in the summer, plus a 25-game regular
20
season schedule. Baseball players play 50 games in fall
21
leagues in addition to 25-regular season schedules and 50-
22
game summer schedules.
23
As a football coach, I expect my players to commit
24
countless hours in the weight room, running, lifting, and
25
working on fundamental skills. Add to this the proliferation
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of summer sport camps athletes and coaches can choose from,
2
and it is no wonder that many high school athletes have no
3
time for other activities they might be interested in, and it
4
is no wonder that many athletes feel they have to turn to
5
supplements in order to have the strength to complete these
6
long seasons.
7
For many male high school athletes, pro athletes are
8
major influences. They are the role models. They choose the
9
jersey numbers of their favorite professional players. They
10
emulate their training regimens. They emulate their style of
11
play. And they are influenced by the supplement and drug use.
12
When a professional athlete admits to using steroids, the
13
message young athletes hear is not always the one that is
14
intended. Young athletes often believe that steroid use by
15
their role models gives them permission to use, that is simply
16
part of what one must do in order to become an elite athlete.
17
Coaches, whether they intend to or not, put a great deal
18
of pressure on their athletes. The demands and expectations
19
of most high school programs rival many college programs. In
20
a sport like football, where the emphasis is on getting bigger
21
and stronger, coaches are constantly pressuring their athletes
22
to gain more weight, to be able to lift more weight than they
23
could a month ago. As a coach, I caught myself saying to my
24
athletes the very things that made me feel the pressure to
25
grow in size and strength beyond what my body was capable of
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naturally. Athletes grow to feel like no matter what they do,
2
it is not going to be enough for their coaches. Couple this
3
with the fact that athletes are, by their nature, highly
4
competitive, and it is easy to understand why they might turn
5
to supplements and performance-enhancing drugs, like anabolic
6
steroids.
7
One of the biggest challenges I faced as a coach was
8
trying to effectively dissuade my athletes from using
9
supplements and performance-enhancing drugs. I have always
10
been very open and honest with anyone who asks me about my
11
using steroids. I've regularly shared with my athletes the
12
effects that steroids had on me while I used them for two and
13
a half years during my career as a football player. My hope
14
is that if I can relate to them on a personal level, they will
15
be more likely to listen to me. Too often, though, what they
16
see is someone who used steroids and turned out fine. Instead
17
of listening to me because I am being honest, they think that,
18
if nothing bad happened to me, then they will have the same
19
experience.
20
The problem is that there is too little information out
21
there on the dangers of steroids. All adolescents hear is how
22
much steroids will help them perform. We need to get the word
23
out at every level and in every way that steroids and
24
supplements are dangerous.
25
I cannot stress enough how easy it is to get supplements.
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I cannot stress enough how widespread the use of the
2
supplements is among high school athletes. Drug stores,
3
supermarkets, and health food stores all carry these
4
supplements, and they can be purchased by anyone. While I can
5
only speak for the athletes I coached, I would say that at
6
least 70 percent of them have used some kind of dietary
7
supplement.
8
Percentages of steroid use are much harder to predict,
9
partly because steroid users simply do not talk about their
10
use. It is not something that anyone would openly admit to.
11
Based on my personal experience, the number of the athletes
12
that I have worked with over the years, a conservative
13
estimate would be between five and ten percent of the athletes
14
that I have coached have used steroids.
15
I hope you understand that supplement and steroid use
16
among high school athletes is a growing problem that needs to
17
be addressed. I strongly encourage you to take the lead and
18
help curb this problem. Steroid precursors, sold as dietary
19
supplements, need to be regulated. They need to become harder
20
to get. I cannot stress enough what kind of impact supplement
21
use has on young athletes. This, to me, seems to be the first
22
step in helping to solve the larger issue of steroid use.
23
Thank you.
24
[The prepared statement of Mr. Schwab follows:]
25
[SUBCOMMITTEE INSERT]
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Senator Dorgan: Mr. Schwab, thank you very much for your
2
testimony. We appreciate your being here.
3
Next we will near from Mr. Frank Shorter, chairman of the
4
board for the United States Anti-Doping Agency. A former
5
Olympic athlete, Mr. Shorter won the gold medal in the
6
marathon at the '72 Olympic Games in Munich, and the silver
7
medal at the '76 Olympic Games in Montreal.
8
Mr. Shorter, welcome. We're pleased that you are here.
9
You may proceed.
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STATEMENT OF FRANK SHORTER, CHAIRMAN, UNITED STATES ANTI-
2
DOPING AGENCY
3
Mr. Shorter: Thank you. Good morning, Mr. Chairman,
4
members of the committee. My name is Frank Shorter, and thank
5
you very much for the opportunity to appear before you today.
6
I may be better known as an Olympic marathoner and
7
television commentator, but today I come to you as chairman of
8
the United States Anti-Doping Agency, which has been
9
recognized by Congress as the independent -- independent --
10
national anti-doping agency for the Olympic sport in the
11
United States. Our mission is to protect and preserve the
12
health of athletes, the integrity of competition, and the
13
well-being of sports through the elimination of doping. Last
14
year, we conducted more than 4,800 tests for steroids and
15
other prohibited doping substances, many of these totally
16
unannounced.
17
As is readily apparent from today's headlines, anabolic
18
steroids and the many steroid precursors sold in the United
19
States as dietary supplements have become a major problem in
20
sport. U.S. athletes are in the untenable position of being
21
at risk of a failed doping test, if they take any dietary
22
supplement, because of product contamination.
23
In Olympic sport, the most notable systematic,
24
State-supported program of doping with anabolic steroids was
25
that conducted by the East Germans from 1974 until the Berlin
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Wall fell in 1989. For example, after less than two years of
2
steroid use, the East German women's swimming team competed in
3
the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. In contrast to their
4
performance in 1972, when they won only 5 medals, they won 18
5
medals, including 11 of 13 possible golds in 1976. The
6
results of this program have since been substantiated through
7
the testimony of many of the athletes themselves, their
8
coaches and doctors, during the East German doping trials
9
where doctors and coaches were convicted.
10
The documented side effects of steroids and steroid
11
precursors among these East German athletes and others are
12
severe. They include effects on the liver and reproductive
13
system, growth arrest in adolescence, susceptibility to
14
cancers, permanent -- permanent -- masculinization of women,
15
and feelings of androgyny that are permanent -- let's not
16
forget the other half of the population here -- shrinking of
17
testicles and impotence in men, and severe facial disfiguring
18
through acne.
19
Now, I have a very personal interest in doping in Olympic
20
sport. I won the gold medal for the United States in the
21
marathon in the 1972 Olympics in Munich. And four years
22
later, I ran an even better race, but finished second to an
23
East German at the Montreal games. At the time, I knew it
24
would be absolutely possible to increase my performances and
25
increase my chances of beating the East Germans and others who
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were using steroids -- and let me tell you, the athletes know
2
who's doing what -- but it never occurred to me to do so. To
3
me, that's not what sport is about. I didn't cheat, and I
4
finished second.
5
In our current sport environment, the availability of
6
steroid precursors as dietary supplements is of major concern.
7
And one example, as we've all seen here, is androstenedione,
8
which originally was developed as part of the East German
9
steroid program. It metabolizes into the body into the
10
steroid testosterone.
11
And following the acknowledgment by Mark McGwire in his
12
home-run record year that he's used androstenedione, as we ve
13
seen, sales in the United States dramatically increased, as
14
Senator McCain mentioned. This phenomenal demand,
15
particularly among teenagers, led to the mass marketing of
16
other steroid precursors, like norandrostenedione, which also
17
metabolizes in the body and produces a steroid nandrolone.
18
Through our testing program, USADA has recognized a
19
serious problem with the sale of steroid precursors and
20
dietary supplements. In increasing numbers, athletes are
21
failing doping tests after taking mislabeled dietary
22
supplements. Reasonably cautious athletes know how to avoid
23
products that have steroid precursors reflected on the product
24
label. But, unfortunately, a surprisingly high percentage of
25
dietary supplements contain doping substances, which will get
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you busted by us, that are not on the label.
2
The International Olympic Committee found, in a recent
3
study of 624 dietary supplements, that 41 percent of the
4
products from American companies contained a steroid precursor
5
or a banned substance, and it wasn't disclosed on the label.
6
The fact that U.S. companies have flooded the market with
7
steroid precursors has caused the international sporting
8
community to charge that the United States is the prime source
9
of international doping pollution. The international
10
community can't understand why all our professional sports do
11
not test for steroids and other performance-enhancing
12
substances. They simply can't understand why we allow steroid
13
precursors to be sold over the counter, like candy, to our
14
teenagers and to their teenagers, via the Internet. It is
15
important to the image of America and to all clean athletes to
16
not be perceived as a society that condones the use of
17
steroids and steroid precursors.
18
The status quo presents significant health risks for
19
athletes and the general public. It undermines the image of
20
the United States and our athletes as actually being committed
21
to drug-free sport. The solution to the steroid precursor
22
problem is to follow the lead of other nations and regulate
23
steroid precursors as steroids, give them steroid status.
24
This could be accomplished through a minor modification of the
25
Controlled Substances Act that already recognizes the
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importance of regulating immediate precursors to controlled
2
substances -- in other words, precursors in manufacturing, as
3
opposed to metabolizing in your body. With only a minor
4
modification, the definition in the act of "immediate
5
precursor," the Attorney General would have the authority to
6
classify steroid precursors as controlled substances equal to
7
steroids. It is likely that the production of these steroid
8
precursors will stop as soon as they can no longer be sold
9
over the counter.
10
Our organization considers Congress to be the appropriate
11
place to turn for the necessary leadership on these issues.
12
USADA believes we are in the midst of a health crisis that's
13
rooted in professional and amateur sport and impacts the youth
14
of our nation. It's not limited to their quest for athletic
15
performance and accomplishment, but also includes the basic
16
pursuit of recognition.
17
Now is the time to enact change that will prevent our
18
children from becoming a generation exposed to wide steroid
19
use. Children have always emulated their sports idols. I
20
did. And these same children -- we have to wake up to the
21
fact -- more often than we would like to admit, know much more
22
than adults -- their parents and everyone else who's an adult
23
-- do about just what their idols did and are doing to achieve
24
their goals. They should never have to feel that, at some
25
time in their athletic careers, there will be no choice but to
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take these illegal performance-enhancing drugs and the
2
precursors that produce these drugs in their bodies.
3
We plead with you to provide intervention to this health
4
crisis and seek legislation and regulation.
5
Thank you.
6
[The prepared statement of Mr. Shorter follows:]
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Senator Dorgan: Mr. Shorter, thank you very much.
2
And, finally, we will hear from Dr. Bernard Greisemer.
3
He is a pediatrician from Missouri who has written extensively
4
about steroid use and teenagers.
5
Dr. Greisemer, thank you for being here. Why don't you
6
proceed?
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STATEMENT OF DR. BERNARD GREISEMER, PEDIATRICIAN,
2
SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI
3
Dr. Greisemer: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
4
This year, I will begin my 25th year as a pediatrician
5
and sports medicine specialist, and I appreciate this
6
opportunity to present both medical information and my
7
concerns regarding the increasing use in young athletes of
8
products that contain anabolic steroids. The highly
9
publicized use of these substances by professional athletes
10
does influence the incidence of use in elementary, middle
11
school, high school, and collegiate athletes.
12
For purposes of our discussion, pediatricians do not
13
distinguish between anabolic steroids and steroid precursors
14
that are in dietary supplements. These substances have the
15
same effects. These substances have the same health risks.
16
There are three points I would like to briefly address
17
that serve to reinforce some of the statements that Senator
18
McCain made in his opening comments. There are major health
19
problems associated with the use of anabolic steroids in all
20
age ranges. However, the side effects of anabolic steroids in
21
younger athletes have the potential of far greater risks than
22
they do in adult athletes. Young athletes who start using
23
these products in the middle school years and continue to use
24
them through adolescence and into adulthood are likely to face
25
higher risks of cardiac, hepatic, dermatologic damage. Many
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of my teenage male athletes are very unhappy to learn that
2
managing their premature male pattern baldness is very
3
difficult if they have been using dietary supplements with
4
steroids since they were in 7th grade. The risk of
5
cardiovascular complications of the use of these substances
6
are the subject of ongoing research. And the possibility that
7
the complication rate for younger athletes is higher than the
8
adult population is only now beginning to be explored. The
9
list of organ systems in young athletes that can potentially
10
suffer severe adverse effects of anabolic steroids includes
11
nearly every organ system in the human body.
12
One side effect of these substances is unique to the
13
younger athletes. Medical research has documented that
14
anabolic steroids, even when used in disease management,
15
result in the acceleration of pubertal development and
16
premature height growth arrest. This adverse effect is not
17
seen in the adult population of athletes and is unique to the
18
skeletally immature young athlete. This growth arrest is
19
irreversible.
20
In women of all ages, many of the effects of these
21
substances on the vocal cords and the reproductive system are
22
irreversible. The evidence that these products result in
23
long-term health complications in young women and may even
24
result in severe deformities in their offspring is currently
25
coming to public attention in Germany.
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Younger athletes also have an additional problem. The
2
product disclaimers and fine print lists of side effects that
3
accompany these substances are often written in language that
4
exceeds the reading comprehension level of middle school
5
students. Young athletes see the flashy banners, hear the
6
endorsements of professional athletes, and see the effects of
7
these drugs on professional athletes when they are competing
8
on television. Young athletes are less likely to read and
9
understand warning labels.
10
Further, in many circumstances, the labeling of products
11
containing anabolic steroids is either inaccurate or
12
unavailable. This fact is primarily what brings young
13
athletes into our offices with questions about anabolic
14
androgenic steroids.
15
This leads to my second point of discussion. The effect
16
of media exposure and marketing campaigns on young athletes is
17
clearly established. Perception about self image, peer
18
relationships, and success are easily manipulated at this age
19
range. Major corporate efforts and financial resources are
20
targeted at this age range in attempts to influence lifestyles
21
and purchasing trends. These trends are expected to persist
22
into adulthood. This statement is supported by research in
23
our medical literature and by research from the media,
24
advertising, and marketing industries.
25
In this context, professional athletes are major role
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models for our young athletes in the clothes they wear, the
2
cars they drive, the food they eat, and the drugs and dietary
3
supplements they take. The millions of dollars that are spent
4
by major corporations in linking their products to a
5
particular athlete, team, or sporting event counter any
6
argument that professional athletes are not affecting the
7
lifestyles of our young athletes. Use of and media exposure
8
of the use of anabolic steroids among professional athletes
9
also directly affects the interest in, the perception of
10
benefits of, and the use of these substances in our young
11
athletes.
12
I need to emphasize that I and other pediatricians are
13
seeing the effect that professional athletes' behavior has in
14
affecting the behavior of our young athletes at increasingly
15
younger ages over the last two decades. We see this in the
16
questions they ask regarding anabolic steroids and other
17
dietary supplements that are promoted as having anabolic
18
performance-enhancing effects. We see the frequency of these
19
questions with each new media expose of the use of these
20
substances by professional athletes.
21
Pediatric medical literature has now documented the use
22
of these products that contain anabolic androgenic steroids in
23
athletes as early as the middle school age range. Recent
24
research has documented use of anabolic androgenic steroids in
25
2.6 percent of both male and female young athletes as early as
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5th grade.
2
In my experience, one of the most compelling reasons that
3
these young athletes are using or are thinking about using
4
these products is that the media and the aggressive marketing
5
campaign used by manufacturers all identify these products --
6
and in the case of manufacturers, heavily promote the use of
7
these products -- as being used by the pros.
8
Third, pediatricians strongly agree with the Surgeon
9
General of the United States that physical activity and proper
10
nutrition are critical components of health in our young
11
people. Establishing lifelong patterns of physical activity
12
in the middle school and high school age ranges is one of the
13
most effective means of achieving this goal. Youth sports are
14
the most important way in which American youth become and
15
remain physically active. Any role model for youth in the
16
arena of sports could have a positive influence on these young
17
athletes to initiate and to continue competitive physical
18
activity.
19
Conversely, any perception that a young athlete can't
20
participate, compete, or excel in sports without the use of
21
anabolic steroids will adversely affect youth participation in
22
sports. If the perception involving professional athletes and
23
anabolic steroids is that everybody does it or you can't win
24
without these substances, many young athletes will either stop
25
participating or start using these substances.
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With physical activity becoming an increasingly important
2
component of health in America, any effort to reduce the use
3
of anabolic steroids, at all levels of competition, will
4
increase the participation rates of our young athletes, who
5
understand that they can just do it without cheating.
6
Pediatricians are adamant in their support of any program or
7
legislation that strives to keep our young athletes healthy
8
and strives to keep our youth sports programs healthy and
9
drug-free.
10
In summary, I strongly urge you to support any program
11
that seeks to improve the health of the children in America.
12
I strongly urge you to consider the impact of the use of the
13
anabolic androgenic steroids by professional athletes and the
14
effect that it has on our young athletes. Any effort to curb
15
the use of these products in athletes of all ages, whether by
16
drug-testing programs and educational programs that are
17
currently being developed by USADA, or by supporting youth
18
programs that promote healthy training and conditioning
19
alternatives to the use of these drugs, will be helpful to us.
20
Pediatricians are working hard to develop healthy, drug-free,
21
physically active young Americans.
22
I thank you again for this opportunity to bring this
23
important issue to your attention.
24
[The prepared statement of Dr. Greisemer follows:]
25
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Senator Dorgan: Dr. Greisemer, thank you very much.
2
You have -- or someone has a series of samples in front
3
of them. Is that -- who brought those samples?
4
Mr. Shorter: Yeah, we all did. These were just a trip
5
to a local supplement store -- went in and bought them. And
6
this would be androstenedione. This would be
7
norandrostenedione. The doctor can explain this one. This
8
one has progesterone. I don't know why you would want to rub
9
a gel, if you're a man, on your arm with something that's --
10
Dr. Greisemer: Now, why one of my male 18-year-old
11
patients would want to put an oral contraceptive on his scalp
12
is beyond me.
13
Senator Dorgan: Well, it's beyond us, as well.
14
[Laughter.]
15
Senator Dorgan: You want to --
16
Mr. Shorter: But I think the operative -- the
17
illustration is, this essentially -- androstenedione - was
18
developed by the East Germans, because it was a very
19
convenient way of basically getting testosterone into the
20
bodies of their athletes, and you can buy it like candy -- a
21
12-year-old kid.
22
Our main attorney sent his 11-year-old son into a health
23
food store last year, and he was able to buy all this stuff.
24
Senator Dorgan: So let me start, then, with a question
25
that relates to that. If, for example, in baseball, they ban
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steroid use and test for it -- have a rigid testing regime --
2
but don't deal with the precursors, have they solved the
3
problem, Mr. Shorter?
4
Mr. Shorter: Well, if they test for -- the doctor can
5
answer that a little better -- but if they do ban the use of
6
testosterone, no, they would have to ban the use of
7
androstenedione.
8
Dr. Greisemer: The dietary precursors, the level of
9
sophistication in testing will pick up the dietary supplement
10
precursors of anabolic steroids. So if they allow testing,
11
they will pick up the use of those precursors.
12
Senator Dorgan: And, Mr. Colangelo, you have ownership
13
of both a team in Major League Baseball and also in the
14
National Basketball Association. You have two professional
15
teams. You have testing mandatory in one and not in the
16
other. Is that correct?
17
Mr. Colangelo: Yes.
18
Senator Dorgan: Can you describe the two circumstances?
19
Do you feel confidence that the testing with respect to the
20
NBA players is effective and testing that can be relied upon?
21
Mr. Colangelo: Yes. First of all, I was more or less
22
appalled to find out that baseball did not have a program when
23
I came into baseball, because I have been front and center in
24
the NBA on this issue. I had some personal experiences with
25
our basketball team years ago in Phoenix, and basically took
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on the Players Association on this issue, head on. I've been
2
a strong proponent of random mandatory testing, not to catch
3
anyone, but to serve as the ultimate deterrent. I'm convinced
4
that that's exactly what needs to be done.
5
I think this is a program that could be monitored
6
internally, as we do in the NBA, between the Players
7
Association and ownership. It does work. It may not be
8
perfect, but it's a program that exists. And I'm very happy
9
that we have one in the NBA and very hopeful that we have one
10
in Major League Baseball soon.
11
Senator Dorgan: Mr. Fehr, I'm going to ask you a
12
question, but I want to follow on that with Mr. Shorter and
13
Dr. Greisemer. In the NBA, they have a testing program.
14
Would that testing -- or perhaps I should ask Mr. Colangelo -
15
- would that testing pick up these precursor supplements? And
16
are these precursors supplements banned in the NBA?
17
Dr. Greisemer: I can't answer the question of whether
18
they are banned, but I know that if adequate testing is done,
19
depending on the testing they do, they will pick up use of
20
these precursors.
21
Senator Dorgan: So if someone in the NBA were taking
22
andro, they would pick that up in the testing?
23
Dr. Greisemer: And if the testing program uses the
24
appropriate panels, they will pick it up.
25
Senator Dorgan: I see. I would be interested to try to
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understand whether in the other sports that do mandatory
2
testing, whether those supplements are included as banned
3
substances.
4
Mr. Colangelo: You know, the only comment I'd like to
5
add there is, certainly I'd like to see these products taken
6
off the marketplace. I would. But we can't control that.
7
That's in your domain. But short of that, if leagues ban the
8
use of substances, and a player chooses to use the substance,
9
whether he can buy it off the counter or not, it's still
10
breaking the rule. And so, you know, an intelligent person
11
makes that decision, one way or the other.
12
And so, you know, I think it's important to note that in
13
the NBA, as it is in the NFL, privacy, which seems to be the
14
big obstacle, you know, as far as the Players Association is
15
concerned, can be dealt with, again, because there is a
16
partnership that exists, one, to educate the players, number
17
two, to help those who have a problem, and they have the
18
opportunity to come forward and be helped. But, you know, if
19
people make mistakes over and over again, then you have to
20
deal with it.
21
It's a privilege to be a professional athlete. It is not
22
an entitlement, and rules are rules.
23
Senator McCain: If my colleague would yield -
24
Senator Dorgan: Yes, of course.
25
Senator McCain: -- I've just been handed a piece of
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paper that says the NBA does consider androstenedione illegal,
2
in answer to your question.
3
Senator Dorgan: Yes, thank you.
4
Mr. Fehr, let me ask you, the articles that have been
5
written in recent days, and the follow-up articles as well,
6
have quoted some wonderful star players in baseball who also
7
expressed great regret that others are taking banned
8
substances. And, I mean, you know, I said at the start, it's
9
not my interest in tarnishing baseball. I love baseball. I
10
think it's a wonderful game, and it's played by splendid
11
athletes. And, as I indicated, some of the great stars in
12
baseball have also expressed great regret about others who use
13
steroids.
14
As you begin your meetings with baseball players, let me
15
ask you, generally, do you think -- is there a problem here?
16
Is this much ado about nothing? Is there a problem? If so,
17
is it a big problem? Can you give me a sense of what you and
18
what the players think about this issue?
19
Mr. Fehr: Am I supposed to pay attention to the light
20
that went on in front of you? I'm not -- if I'm not, I won't.
21
It just happened to go on. I don't know if I have a time
22
limit.
23
Senator McCain: Not when the Chairman asks the question.
24
Mr. Fehr: Okay. Let me respond, if I may, on several
25
different levels, because I think it's obviously an important
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question. First of all, I think that, in the meetings with
2
players, we will have a frank and open discussion. I wouldn't
3
expect to make public the nature of those discussions.
4
Players have a right to treat their discussions with their
5
staff and their executive director as confidential, and they
6
expect me to do the same. And the results of those meetings
7
will, in large part, although not entirely, drive the
8
collective bargaining position that we will eventually take.
9
Secondly, there are, I think, perhaps three levels of
10
problems. One is a public perception problem, and that's a
11
problem which exists whether or not there's an underlying
12
problem that has to be dealt with in some appropriate way that
13
we need to look at in a fashion that everyone can live with,
14
first of all. Secondly, it may well be that we have to
15
reexamine in some fundamental way the education efforts that
16
we have been doing -- that's one of the subjects that
17
undoubtedly will come up in my discussions with players across
18
the board -- and translate that into the collective bargaining
19
discussions we have with the clubs.
20
Third, though, if you'll permit me, I want to widen the
21
discussion a little bit, beyond baseball. As is apparent from
22
the testimony of every witness you have in front of you today
23
and from the various bottles of substances that are on my left
24
about four feet down the road, something changed in this
25
country in the last ten years.
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What changed, in my judgment, are two things. A wide
2
variety of substances are now available, apparently across the
3
board, without the ordinary kinds of caution which have
4
previously attached to the sale of substances, whether it's an
5
age restriction, whether it's a warning label, whether it's
6
"Don't take, except on the advice of doctor," whether it
7
should be by prescription, whatever it is.
8
The second thing which has happened is mammoth,
9
widespread, monumental, across-the-board advertising to the
10
extent that what we now see on television -- all day, every
11
day, and in every magazine that you pick up -- is an ad. And
12
the ad says, "Feel bad? Here's this pill." If it's a
13
prescription, "Go see your doctor." If it isn't, "Go the
14
health food store and take it." That's a fundamentally
15
different scenario than I faced growing up and that I suspect
16
you faced growing up. And that's a reality which I think
17
relates to whether or not there needs to be substantially
18
greater regulation.
19
We've had comments about the effects on kids and on women
20
of the testosterone precursors. And, in my testimony, I had
21
indicated that we think that needs to be looked at all over
22
again. In the research we did that was jointly funded with
23
Major League Baseball, and on the advice of the doctors that
24
have talked to both of us, I can find or have no memory of any
25
redeeming quality for any of these substances for a child or
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certainly for a woman. And yet there they are. And so I
2
think we have problems on a multiplicity of levels.
3
And, with all due respect, I don't think the problems
4
that are being described now are going to be solved based upon
5
whether or not baseball gets their collective bargaining
6
agreement. That's a problem we'll have to deal with on our
7
own for baseball, but the problems are rather more widespread
8
than that.
9
Senator Dorgan: Senator McCain?
10
Senator McCain: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Manfred, I
11
appreciate your testimony very much, but there's something I
12
don't quite get here. If Major League Baseball feels as
13
strongly as you say they do about testing athletes, why would
14
you agree to a contract with the players that prohibits
15
testing?
16
Mr. Manfred: The last collective bargaining agreement
17
that we reached did not contain a provision that allowed
18
testing. The contract doesn't prohibit it, but it doesn't
19
have a provision that would allow us to go ahead with it. If
20
you recall, that contract was a product of a long and
21
difficult strike. And, frankly, the issue of steroids has
22
become one that has been higher on the horizon since the
23
conclusion of that agreement in the mid-1990s.
24
Senator McCain: Mr. Fehr, I understand and appreciate
25
your comments, particularly concerning the confidentiality of
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your discussions with the players, and I understand that
2
you're going to be visiting every team in both leagues here
3
shortly over the next period of time. Can you at least assure
4
the committee that this will be a very, very important item of
5
discussion with the players?
6
Mr. Fehr: I have no hesitancy at all about doing that, I
7
think, for two reasons, one of which is that the players will
8
insist on it, given the publicity that's happened. And the
9
second one is that we have an obligation to bargain this issue
10
in good faith and have every intention of doing so. So while
11
we have a lot of issues to discuss, I think as you know and
12
perhaps the other members of the committee know, there are
13
more than a few things that divide us. I expect this to be a
14
very significant topic of discussion, yes.
15
Senator McCain: And you will perhaps carry the message
16
that, I think, is prevalent, not so much in this committee,
17
but in the United States of America, that the credibility of
18
their performances and the confidence of the American people
19
in the reliability and validity of the game is at stake here.
20
Mr. Fehr: I ---
21
Senator McCain: Let me just -- before you answer --
22
Shilling says that muscle-building drugs have transformed
23
baseball into something of a freak show. Quote, "You sit
24
there and look at some of these players, and you know what's
25
going on," he says." Quote, "Guys out there look like Mr.
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Potato Head, with a head and arms and six or seven body parts
2
that just don't look right. They don't fit. I'm not sure how
3
steroid use snuck in so quickly, but it's become a prominent
4
thing very quietly. It's widely known in the game."
5
Isn't that pretty damning comment on the part of one of
6
the greatest athletes in baseball? And I'll let Mr. Colangelo
7
speak after you respond.
8
Mr. Fehr: I make it a habit, and also by direction from
9
my membership, not to comment on comments that individual
10
players make. And so the players are perfectly able, and do,
11
speak for themselves. And I don't attempt to comment on that.
12
I will say players read the newspapers. They watch
13
television. They understand the visibility and the
14
significance that this particular controversy has at this
15
point in time. And whatever else I do, I fully and accurately
16
report feelings transmitted to me, certainly in hearings like
17
this, and I will do SO.
18
Senator McCain: Thank you, Mr. Fehr.
19
Mr. Colangelo?
20
Mr. Colangelo: Senator, I'd go as far as to say, based
21
on my own conversations with my players, that they're
22
basically crying out for some program which would involve
23
testing -- as long as there is privacy. And I'm not speaking
24
for any one player. I'm just saying, generally speaking,
25
conversations with my players, they recognize it's an issue,
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it's a problem, and they would like to see it resolved. So
2
this is -- this is not rocket science.
3
To me, this is a very simple thing. There's a problem.
4
One side is willing to solve the problem. We need the
5
cooperation of the Players Association to resolve the issue.
6
And hopefully it will be done in collective bargaining during
7
this period of time.
8
Senator McCain: Mr. Shorter, I want to thank you for
9
your credibility and the information you bring before this
10
committee. In the interest of straight talk, I would like to
11
say that I don't know what legislation could be contemplated
12
by this committee or any member of Congress to force anything
13
on the baseball players and the Players Association. Maybe we
14
could think of something.
15
But think the purpose of this hearing is to try to ensure
16
that the American people are informed, not only of the
17
problem, but, as Mr. Shorter points out, and Mr. Greisemer,
18
that there are solutions to this issue. It's not an insoluble
19
issue. Is that right, Mr. Shorter?
20
Mr. Shorter: That's right. Really, a -- the place to
21
start is a very simple amendment of the act to give the
22
Attorney General the power to decide if a precursor should be
23
included. And this simply -- as we read the act, and our
24
legal people read the act, in essence, now it exists that
25
precursors in the -- very simply put, a precursor, in the
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course of manufacturing, is banned. If there's a controlled
2
substance and, in the course of manufacturing, a precursor
3
identified in the manufacturing process is banned.
4
To , it seems just logical and common sense that your body
5
is a pretty good manufacturing organism, and if you were to
6
make a -- that process extends over into the human body, so
7
that a precursor in your body manufacturing that prohibited
8
controlled substance should also be banned. It's -- as
9
someone mentioned, it's not rocket science.
10
Senator McCain: Mr. Greisemer, do you agree with that?
11
Dr. Greisemer: Yes. In pediatrics, it's sort of beyond
12
why it is banned in the manufacturing process and it's not
13
banned in a 12-year-old manufacturer.
14
Senator McCain: I thank you. I want to thank the
15
witnesses. I think the preferred way that all of us would
16
like to see is a fairly rapid agreement between the owners and
17
the players along the lines of that of the NBA and the NFL SO
18
that we at least could cure this aspect of the problem.
19
Mr. Shorter raises a broader issue and is involved in a
20
far broader issue, and perhaps that should be the subject of
21
further investigation by the Congress.
22
I thank the witnesses for being here today.
23
Senator Dorgan: Senator Fitzgerald?
24
Senator Fitzgerald: Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank
25
you for doing this hearing. I think it's an important
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hearing. And I want to thank all of the witnesses for being
2
here.
3
I have a ten year old son who is an absolute baseball
4
fanatic, and he knows most of the statistics of almost every
5
major league player in both leagues. I guess he really leans
6
more toward being a White Sox fan. I tell him that, as a
7
Senator from Illinois' son, he has to be both a Cubs and a
8
White Sox fan, and I actually grew up a Cubs fan, as did my
9
father.
10
But we have frequent discussions where we try to link
11
current players that my son is growing up with with the
12
players that I grew up with and some baseball legends of old
13
like Babe Ruth and Ted Williams. And my son has always taken
14
the position that the players today are much better than the
15
players that I grew up with. And I remember telling him about
16
Ernie Banks, who was the star for the Cubs when I was growing
17
up. And Ernie, several times, hit over 40 home runs. And I
18
think, in a couple of years -- maybe 1956, when he won the MVP
19
championship, or in the late '50s -- I think he hit over 50
20
home runs. And my son said, "Well, that's nothing." And he
21
now has 14 players to point to, who, in the last five years,
22
have hit over 50 home runs. And only 34 players in the whole
23
history of major league baseball have hit over 50 home runs in
24
a season. And so I wonder about the validity of comparing
25
current players now with those legends of old that many of us
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grew up with. And that's very distressing, to read all the
2
publicity about possible steroid use in baseball.
3
And I guess, Mr. Fehr, I'd like to certainly encourage
4
the players union to rapidly try to address this issue. And
5
I know you have to represent views on both sides, but I'm
6
aware that there are some players, such as Frank Thomas, who's
7
a two-time lead MVP, who plays for the White Sox, who -- he
8
has spoken out in favor of mandatory testing. And I think
9
he's pointed out that players who don't want to use steroids
10
are at a competitive disadvantage, because others are. What,
11
Mr. Fehr, do you think can be done to protect the interests of
12
those, such as Frank Thomas, who don't want to use steroids?
13
Mr. Fehr: Thank you, Senator. First of all, I think
14
it's a very difficult trick to be both a White Sox and a Cubs
15
fan, so I have some sympathy for your son. Usually a single
16
rooting interest is much easier to have.
17
Secondly, on the real focal point of your question,
18
unfortunately I'm not in a position in which I can talk very
19
much about discussions among players on these issues and the
20
kinds of questions that have been raised by Mr. Thomas to
21
which you've referred. I can assure you that we will do our
22
very best to find a way through this. It's part of the
23
collective bargaining process. We're committed to it. I
24
can't tell you what the result is going to be ahead of time,
25
but it's obviously a serious issue which will be treated as
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such.
2
Senator Fitzgerald: Do you think your members of your
3
union have -- now that they see that the Senate is holding
4
hearings on this, do you think they'd understand that, if they
5
were to oppose mandatory drug testing, that there -- that may
6
well could invite congressional action that would be more
7
draconian probably than a voluntary program that -- or a -- an
8
internal agreement amongst the players and owners in major
9
league baseball? Are the players aware that they could have
10
the force of law requiring some kind of mandatory testing?
11
Mr. Fehr: Senator, I think about the best way I can
12
respond to that is this. I will certainly transmit your
13
comments. They speak for themselves better than I can. And
14
we will have to be committed to the bargaining process.
15
Unfortunately, there's no way to respond to that question
16
other than in that fashion.
17
I do want to suggest, however, that, depending on how you
18
approach this, there is -- there are degrees of complexity to
19
this problem which don't lend themselves to perhaps as simple
20
of an analysis as people might otherwise want to consider.
21
For example, Mr. Shorter mentioned that you can have
22
individuals that test positive in the Olympics for banned
23
substances who effectively had no idea what they were doing.
24
One of the things I understand to be the case is that you can
25
test for nandrolone as the result of using creatine - what
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would pass in this day and age as an ordinary, garden variety,
2
fully lawful protein or dietary supplement, in that fashion.
3
And these things have to be worked through.
4
I can assure that, as the players always have, as they
5
debate and discuss among themselves and talk to one another
6
and eventually reach a consensus, the views of everyone will
7
be taken into consideration, and I will certainly transmit the
8
views of this committee and your comments.
9
Senator Fitzgerald: Mr. Shorter, what are -- Mr. Fehr
10
points out that there are difficulties in implementing this
11
testing, and I think that someone pointed out to me that some
12
individuals just naturally have a higher level of testosterone
13
in their bodies and could come up with a false positive for
14
steroid usage. How do we focus our testing SO that we're not
15
coming up with a lot of false positives?
16
Mr. Shorter: Well, I -- again, I would like to have the
17
doctor comment once I'm done so he can tell me what I said
18
incorrectly.
19
[Laughter.]
20
Mr. Shorter: But the number of false positives is not
21
that great, to my level of understanding of this. And in --
22
it really does come around in the supplement side of it. This
23
doesn't have to do with false positives for banned substances.
24
There aren't many.
25
Testosterone, for an example, there is a test that can
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show whether or not you are taking something that's produced -
2
- synthetic testosterone -- I mean, if you've taken synthetic
3
testosterone. The difficulty is in having a test that shows
4
if your testosterone is elevated. It's a little confusing
5
here, but if your test isn't specific for androstenedione, if
6
your body naturally produces the testosterone, a test showing
7
that it's synthetic won't show it, you see. So you have to
8
really target your test.
9
Now, that's different from saying whether or not you have
10
false positives. It's really a question of deciding exactly
11
what it is you want to test for and developing a test for
12
those specific things. But that isn't very -- that's not that
13
difficult. The list is not as extensive as people would
14
believe.
15
And just another point -- just a personal point on this -
16
- I think the perception -- the misperception over the last 15
17
or 20 years has been in part of the problem, people saying,
18
"Well, you know, the athletes will just go find something
19
else." So there's not only the question of false positives.
20
It's, "Oh, there are a myriad of drugs out there. You ban
21
one, they're just going to find another." It's not true. It
22
really was a question of the testing being precise. Perhaps
23
some people feel that maybe some of the agencies doing it
24
weren't particularly interested in finding certain substances,
25
so they wouldn't develop tests for those. But the list is not
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that large. It's not that complicated.
2
And I guess another issue that really -- or another part
3
of it that really hasn't been emphasized is the fact of
4
independence. If you're going to test, we truly believe those
5
doing the testing have to be independent. They have to be
6
independent. You can cite any number of reasons why. But
7
common sense alone tells you that if whoever is doing this, if
8
they have their list and they're independent, that risk of
9
false positives is not that great. That can be dealt with,
10
and the procedures you have can be uniform, so you're not
11
worried about all the other procedural problems and, from the
12
legal perspective, loopholes. And so you can. So I don't
13
really think it's a question of false positives as much as a
14
question of independence.
15
Senator Fitzgerald: Now, you did make the point, Mr.
16
Shorter, that you thought Congress should act right away to
17
amend the act that governs the over-the-counter substances and
18
that we should give the Attorney General the power to decide
19
if a precursor should be included in the list of banned
20
substances. You think we should act right now to ban those
21
substances that are sitting in front of you?
22
Mr. Shorter: Oh, absolutely. I mean, again, if you come
23
around to androstenedione, the reason it exists was you had a
24
program where an entire Olympic team -- to be on the Olympic
25
team in East Germany from 1974 to '89, you had to be on their
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drug program. You had to be taking the drugs.
2
Senator Fitzgerald: And that's what Mark McGwire used?
3
Mr. Shorter: And this is what Mark McGwire used. It was
4
developed by the East Germans as a very simple way of getting
5
testosterone into their athletes.
6
Senator Fitzgerald: Mr. Fehr, do you think those
7
substances should be a focus of the Major League Baseball's
8
discussions on what substances should be banned?
9
Mr. Fehr: Whether I think so or not, I think it's clear
10
that they will be a subject of our discussions.
11
Senator Fitzgerald: Okay.
12
Mr. Fehr: But let me make a further point and emphasize
13
something that Mr. Shorter has said and that was reflected in
14
my testimony and Mr. Manfred's testimony and the booklet that
15
we jointly prepared, which was distributed to players, which
16
was attached to both of ours. We think that the reason
17
androstenedione and DHEA and similar compounds are not
18
regulated now is probably an accident. Probably nobody
19
thought about it at the time. And in my testimony, I
20
indicated that it probably is time to review that decision.
21
I'm not personally familiar enough with the act to know
22
whether Mr. Shorter's suggested legislative solution is the
23
right one, but we invite you to reexamine that.
24
And let me put a deliberate point on it, if I can, in
25
this way. Sooner or later in my discussions with players and
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in their discussions with one another, someone will raise the
2
following question. They will say, "Are you telling me that
3
if the Congress of the United States sees fit not to regulate
4
X, whatever X is, and make it freely available at the
5
drugstore down the street, and I'm an adult, and I'm of age,
6
that somehow I can't buy it?" Because what we do in this
7
country is we know there are risks to things, and we allow
8
adults to make choices. If it ought to be regulated, we
9
invite you to regulate it. If it ought not to be on the
10
shelves, don't let it be on the shelves.
11
Senator Dorgan: Would you yield on that point, Senator?
12
Mr. Fehr, but that raises the question of, for example,
13
andro, which is banned in the NBA, but perfectly legal to go
14
purchase. It is not banned in baseball. By implication, I
15
guess, you're suggesting that some of the substances that are
16
banned by the NBA, under any type of testing program in major
17
league baseball, should be allowed as long as they are not
18
considered illegal or prohibited from purchase by the United
19
States Congress. Is that what you're saying?
20
Mr. Fehr: What I am saying, Mr. Chairman, is something a
21
little bit different than that. I am saying a couple of
22
things. First of all, we will discuss all of these issues, as
23
we're obligated to do and as I've indicated that we are fully
24
committed to doing.
25
But I do want to make the following point. If these
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substances have the dangers that they are reputed to have, and
2
we know of nothing in our research which suggests that that is
3
wrong, then that suggests that there is a legislative or
4
administrative remedy here which could go a long way toward
5
addressing the problems, especially with children, that we've
6
been talking about. And we invite you to reconsider that.
7
There is, in fact, something the Congress can do.
8
Senator Dorgan: Senator Fitzgerald?
9
Senator Fitzgerald: Well, I just would like to make the
10
point that, Mr. Chairman, I think maybe we should have a
11
follow-up hearing on the issue of whether Congress should act
12
immediately to ban the over-the-counter substances in front of
13
Mr. Shorter. We maybe should hear from the other side. I'm
14
sure the manufacturers and retailers of those products are
15
probably bitterly opposed to closing that off, but those
16
materials -- as the doctor pointed out, too -- high school
17
kids can go in and -- is there any age requirement to go in?
18
So anybody -- a 12 year old could go in a --
19
Voice From Hearing Room: They did.
20
Senator Fitzgerald: -- health food store and buy that
21
stuff so they can look like Mark McGwire and hit like Mark
22
McGwire. I think that would be a good follow-up hearing, Mr.
23
Chairman.
24
And I want to thank all of the panel members here. I
25
think this has been very informative. And I would urge both
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sides in major league baseball negotiations to address this
2
issue. And I'd urge the owners and the league to be tough,
3
too, and not take no from the players very easily.
4
And thank you all for being here.
5
Senator Dorgan: Mr. Colangelo, you wanted to comment?
6
Mr. Colangelo: Well, whether or not something's
7
available over the counter -- you know, it's like looking for
8
someone to help solve our problem. That's not the issue, in
9
my mind. This is two parties, the Players Association and the
10
owners, agreeing to ban certain substances. And there's a
11
reason for that: not only what's been discussed here, the
12
health of the individuals, but also, players don't want
13
another player to have a competitive edge, and that's a big
14
issue. That, in itself, is good enough reason for us to
15
monitor our own business, and it would be great to have
16
Congress help out. And certainly it's going to have impact
17
with the over-the-counter sales, but that really should not
18
have an influence on the agreement that should be made between
19
the Major League Players Association and the owners.
20
Senator Dorgan: Let me ask a couple of additional
21
questions, then.
22
Mr. Schwab, I read in the sports magazines and journals
23
these days about high school football teams having linemen of
24
250 and 300 pounds, and I wonder about 300-pound high school
25
linemen. How do you find them? Where do you get them? What
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are they taking, if anything? Can you tell me? I suspect you
2
don't have statistical evidence, but give me your impression
3
of what is happening in high school sports, especially with
4
respect to football, where we see so many very large football
5
players at the high school level.
6
Mr. Schwab: Like you, I share your amazement at how high
7
school seniors who are 18 years old are graduating and can
8
step into Division I college programs and play football as
9
freshmen. That is amazing to me. When I graduated from high
10
school 20 years ago, I was 220 pounds. And it took me two
11
years to get to the point where I could play at the college
12
level. So it's pretty clear to me that kids today are doing
13
things, are taking supplements, taking drugs, that are helping
14
them to get to that level to be able to play at that next
15
level at very early ages. And it's not uncommon to see 300-
16
pound high school athletes these days.
17
Senator Dorgan: But a 300-pound athlete who is taking
18
supplements is not the same as a 300-pound athlete who is
19
taking banned steroids. I think Mr. Shorter and Dr. Greisemer
20
said that they can walk into a store someplace and buy these
21
precursors and take them. I'm not suggesting the health
22
consequence isn't the same. I don't know the answer to that.
23
But we have a situation today where many of these young
24
athletes have total access to these supplements that are not
25
banned. And I assume they are on the receiving end of
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1
advertisements. They also see their peers and other players
2
using them. And I guess that's part of what Mr. Shorter and
3
Mr. Greisemer talked about with respect to the danger.
4
That, I guess, brings me back to this issue. Mr. Fehr, I
5
was trying to ask the question. If, for example, andro is
6
prohibited in the NBA, but it's not prohibited from purchase,
7
you can walk in and purchase it at a store that sells vitamins
8
and supplements and so on, whether the determination of what
9
should be a banned substance is a function of what the
10
Congress determines ought to be prohibited from sale.
11
I'll come back to that in just a minute. But, Mr.
12
Shorter, the things that you can buy over the counter in a
13
store, in many circumstances, I believe, would lead someone to
14
test positive for drugs in the Olympics. Is that correct?
15
Mr. Shorter: Yes. I cited in my testimony, for example,
16
that 41 percent of the American products tested in an IOC
17
survey basically contained substances not on the label:
18
that's what's so insidious here. Not on the label, that'll
19
get you banned.
20
Now, I must say, our testing techniques are very, very
21
sophisticated. We can detect very, very minute quantities,
22
and probably more than a lot of other testing that goes on.
23
And that brings around the issue whether or not it's in the
24
manufacturing or if you're in an industry that does not have
25
the same regulation, let's say, as prescription drugs,
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1
whether or not there might be the temptation to perhaps lace
2
some of your products so that they might be the talk of the
3
health club rather than your competitor's product. So that
4
opens up a whole new area.
5
But the net result is, we cannot recommend to any athlete
6
-- and at this past Olympic games, just about all the major
7
nations of the world said to their athletes at the Salt Lake
8
City games, "Don't take any supplements. You don't know
9
what's in them. There's a good chance you'll have something
10
in your body to get you busted."
11
Senator Dorgan: Dr. Greisemer, you talked about very
12
young people, in junior high school, taking supplements. Can
13
you describe that? Are these young football players? Young
14
athletes? What kind of athletes are they, and what kind of
15
supplements are they taking, and how young are they?
16
Dr. Greisemer: We've had incidents of use and self-
17
reported incidents of use down in 5th grade, so 11 and 12.
18
And it's easy for these kids to buy these products at health
19
food stores, which has been demonstrated by one of the staff
20
that you saw, his 11-year-old son. We see it predominantly in
21
football players, but it's now getting fairly pervasive.
22
We're even seeing some of the young ladies take this just for
23
body image enhancement. And in some reports in younger middle
24
school or high school students, approximately 50 percent of
25
students are now just taking this for physique enhancement,
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and they're not even playing sports. It's very pervasive.
2
Senator Dorgan: Mr. Schwab, the same question.
3
Mr. Schwab: I think that the danger with these
4
supplements is that it's not always the high level athletes
5
that are using these supplements. It is also the marginal
6
athlete who is trying to gain that edge -- the wannabe
7
athlete, the one that maybe isn't 6 foot 8 and 220 pounds,
8
that isn't gifted genetically. These are also the kids who
9
are using the supplements, and in very high numbers.
10
Senator Dorgan: Let me go back. Mr. Fehr, I wanted to
11
allow you to expand on the point I made that the judgment
12
should be some kind of an agreement in a major sport that only
13
those substances that are prohibited for sale by the Congress
14
would be banned, you would still, I assume, have performance-
15
enhancement drugs available to athletes. I mean, that's why I
16
assume that, and I don't know this, but I assume the NBA puts
17
andro on their list because they feel it's a performance-
18
enhancing drug, and they don't want their athletes to be using
19
it to enhance performance artificially. So can you respond to
20
that?
21
Mr. Fehr: Yeah, three things, Mr. Chairman. First of
22
all, I don't speak for, and don't purport to speak for, the
23
NBA players or anyone other than my own constituency, so I'm
24
not going to speak to those issues. I assume they do what
25
they do for reasons that they believe are good and sufficient
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1
to themselves.
2
I think Mr. Manfred is right, that, first of all, the
3
experience we have with a lot of the kind of substances we've
4
just been discussing is a product of the period of time since
5
the last collective bargaining agreement. And the mere fact
6
that something is not prohibited by the Congress does not mean
7
it should not be discussed in bargaining, et cetera. I think
8
it will be. That's first.
9
Secondly, that does not resolve the question which may
10
arise from time to time, which is, "If this substance is not
11
prohibited, and if I'm of a certain age, is that not a choice
12
that I should make?" Now, to ask the question doesn't answer
13
it, but there are lots of things we say in this country that
14
are different. You can't buy alcohol when you're in 5th
15
grade. You can't buy tobacco when you're in 5th grade. You
16
can't advertise tobacco to kids. You can't do any of that
17
stuff.
18
Third -- and this is most important point, I think, for
19
me. And we all have kids, and this is why I think this is a
20
much more significant issue than just baseball, although
21
that's where the publicity has been. In fact, if children are
22
using a lot of these substances, and we've just been talking
23
about androstenedione, it is in large part because 11-year-
24
olds can walk into stores and buy them. And there's no
25
getting around that. And that is something that Congress can
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do something about, which is why we invite you to take a look
2
at it. It doesn't answer the question as to what you do in
3
baseball. But I respectfully suggest it's a much bigger
4
question than what we do in baseball.
5
Senator Dorgan: Mr. Manfred?
6
Mr. Manfred: I think, from our perspective, it is
7
important, regardless of what Congress does with respect to
8
this over-the-counter issue, that that issue should be dealt
9
with in the short term in the collective bargaining process.
10
And I really say that for two reasons.
11
First of all, in terms of testing, you can test for andro
12
with the same type of accuracy that you can test for any
13
anabolic steroid. And, in fact, most scientists believe that
14
it is, in fact, an anabolic steroid, which takes me to the
15
second point.
16
Those over-the-counter substances, in terms of their
17
impact on the body and the impact on the play of the game,
18
have exactly the same effect as steroids. And so, while there
19
may be this flaw in terms of the regulatory process, I think
20
it's impossible for us to look the other way and/or to wait
21
for that flaw to be fixed. It's an issue that needs to be
22
addressed privately, because they, in effect, are steroids.
23
Senator Dorgan: Let me conclude by saying that we should
24
never and can never and will never take the joy out of sports.
25
Every young boy or girl in this country aspires to look up to
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a hero in sports and to emulate them and to play sports. And
2
it's very important for us to understand the context of a
3
hearing of this type.
4
The Commerce Committee, in this subcommittee, has sports
5
as its jurisdiction. We have spent more time, perhaps, on
6
Olympic issues than others in past years, especially on the
7
anti-doping issue. But Senator McCain had suggested, and I
8
agreed, that we should hold a hearing of this type because I
9
think that, while the recent discussion has been about
10
baseball, there has been broader discussion about the use of
11
steroids in sports and the use of performance-enhancement in
12
sports, and it has a powerful influence on young people in
13
this country, an enormous influence on our youth.
14
And so the question is, what's happening? What can be
15
done about it? How can we apply public pressure? How can the
16
American people have a voice and a role in applying public
17
pressure to achieve the right result? And the right result,
18
it seems to me, is drug testing: rigorous drug testing. And
19
to say to all athletes, professional athletes, and especially
20
to young athletes, that sports ought to be played on a fair
21
basis, without performance-enhancing drugs. And I think
22
everyone agrees on that point.
23
So my hope is that this hearing will contribute to some
24
understanding and help develop some pressure with respect to a
25
number of areas of sports to do more testing and to send a
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message, Dr. Greisemer and Mr. Schwab, to those young kids
2
across this country that this is not the way to succeed in
3
sports.
4
I want to thank all of you. You've come from, in many
5
cases, across the country to testify. And, Mr. Fehr, you're
6
busy. You've got meetings to begin tomorrow. Mr. Colangelo,
7
you've traveled halfway around the country. You should be
8
smiling broadly, because you have a North Dakotan you've added
9
to your staff at bargain prices, and he's winning almost every
10
outing these days. I'm talking about Rick Helling*, who we're
11
very proud of.
12
But let me thank all of you who have come today, and this
13
subcommittee will be discussing this issue in some detail in
14
the future, as well.
15
This hearing is adjourned.
16
[Whereupon, at 11:36 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.]
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
A
admit 39:10 45:21
amazing 76:9
admits 37:12
amend 71:17
AAS 30:10
admitted 12:24 22:10
amendment 32:3 64:21
ability 30:1 32:16
able 6:14 8:15 28:15 37:22 54:23
ado 58:16
America 7:22 44:15 53:2,11
adolescence 42:13 48:24
62:17
63:10 76:14
about 3:12,17 4:8,14 6:10 7:18,18
adolescents 38:21
American 7:25 44:4 52:14 62:18
7:19,21 8:6,7 11:5 12:22,25
adopt 11:18
64:16 77:16 82:16
adopted 8:18
Americana 11:7
13:3 14:6 15:16 16:1,7 25:1,7
adult 45:22 48:22 49:8,17 73:5
Americans 8:6 53:21
27:17 29:15,16 31:20 32:21,22
adulthood 48:24 50:22
American's 6:7
35:24 36:8,9 38:10 39:9 43:3
45:23 47:4 50:13,17 52:3 58:12
adults 16:9 45:22 73:8
America's 4:6 6:6,11 11:6
58:16,18 59:24 60:19 61:13
adverse 7:17 49:10,16
among 4:16 35:6,8 39:2,16 42:11
62:6 66:15,24 67:2,19 68:11
adversely 52:21
43:15 51:8 67:19 69:5
71:11 72:19 74:6 75:23,24 77:3
advertise 80:16
amongst 68:8
78:6,11 80:23 81:1 82:9,10,15
advertisements 77:1
amount 27:14
advertising 50:24 60:9
anabolic 7:17,24 8:22 17:16 18:1
83:10
18:6 30:11 36:15 38:5 41:17,24
absent 31:22
advice 32:19 36:9 60:6,23
absolute 66:3
advisor 15:23 18:17 20:5
48:8,13,19,20 49:10,14 50:11
absolutely 42:24 71:22
advocate 34:8
50:13 51:8,16,17,22,24 52:21
Affairs 2:8
52:23 53:3,13 55:10 81:13,14
abuse 29:14
acceleration 49:15
affect 52:21
analysis 68:20
affected 25:8
andro 7:13,15 56:22 73:13 77:5
acceptable 7:23
access 76:24
affecting 29:25 51:6,14
79:17 81:11
accident 72:18
affects 51:9
androgenic 30:11 50:14 51:22,24
after 11:22 42:1 43:21 63:7
53:13
accompany 50:3
accomplished 44:24
again 8:20 18:14 53:22 57:15,19
androgyny 42:15
accomplishment 45:15
60:22 69:16 71:22
androstenedione 17:15,25 18:5,9
accounted 16:14
against 34:8
19:3,24 30:22 36:3 43:7,12 54:6
accuracy 81:12
age 31:1 48:20 50:18,20 51:23
54:17 55:7 58:1 70:5 71:23
52:12 60:5 69:1 73:5 74:17
72:17 80:23
accurate 15:11,15
80:11
and/or 81:20
accurately 63:15
achieve 11:20 12:5 45:23 82:17
agencies 70:23
another 5:7 31:11 69:5 70:15,21
agency 1:14 13:24 40:4 41:2,8,10
71:2,2 73:1 75:13
achieving 52:13
acknowledgment 43:11
ages 49:20 51:15 53:15 76:15
answer 55:5 56:17 58:2 62:21
aggressive 5:20 52:4
76:22 80:12 81:2
acne 42:18
across 12:8,13,14 30:24 59:17
ago 15:22 37:23 55:25 76:10
ANTI 41:1
60:2 83:2,5
agree 52:8 61:14 65:10
anti-doping 1:14 2:2 13:24 40:4
across-the-board 60:9
agreed 16:8 24:11 82:8
41:8,10 82:7
act 17:9 44:25 45:4 64:21,23,24
agreed-upon 19:16
anybody 15:16 74:18
71:16,17,20 72:21 74:11
agreeing 75:10
anyone 12:21 27:23 38:10 39:4,10
agreement 12:1 24:13 28:16 61:6
56:3 79:23
action 3:19 11:15 68:6
active 4:14 16:13 52:15 53:21
61:16,23 65:16 68:8 75:18
anything 27:14 31:14 64:12 76:1
activities 37:3
79:12 80:5
appalled 55:22
activity 29:25 52:9,11,18 53:1
agreements 28:8
apparent 41:17 59:21
actually 44:20 66:8
agrees 82:22
apparently 60:2
ad 19:21 60:11,12
ahead 61:19 67:24
appear 22:5 27:9,15 41:5
adamant 53:6
alarming 35:6
appearing 7:6
add 36:25 57:5
alcohol 80:14
applicable 19:11 32:4
added 83:8
allow 44:12 55:10 61:19 73:7
apply 82:15
addition 18:20 36:21
79:11
applying 82:16
additional 50:1 75:20
allowed 61:17 73:17
appoint 29:22
Additionally 29:3
All-Big-Ten 23:8
appreciate 23:9 27:16 29:6 34:12
address 17:19 19:22 20:9 32:7
all-conference 34:5
40:2 48:5 61:11,24
48:16 67:4 75:1
all-state 23:8
appreciation 4:4
addressed 12:11 28:13 39:17
almost 66:4 83:9
approach 68:18
alone 71:7
81:22
appropriate 3:15 25:12 28:13
addressing 24:8 74:5
along 65:17
29:8 31:7,10 45:10 56:24 59:12
adequate 56:18
already 12:24 44:25
approximately 15:21 16:13 78:24
alternatives 36:11 53:19
area 78:4
adjourned 83:15,16
administered 29:23
although 3:17 59:7 80:20
areas 82:25
administration 20:5 31:10
always 31:22 36:10,13 37:13 38:9
arena 52:16
administrative 74:4
45:19 66:13 69:4 79:4
argument 51:6
administrator 35:12
amateur 2:2 4:21 32:9 45:13
arise 80:10
admission 7:12
amazement 76:6
Arizona 1:4,8 7:1 11:4,15 13:16
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1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
21:4 22:2,10,15
away 71:16
66:6 70:22 75:4
AZBP 21:3
believe 7:23 12:9,21 22:21 23:19
arm 54:9
armed 16:10
a.m 2:14 83:16
24:4 29:8,12,24 30:22 31:13,22
32:25 37:14 70:14 71:4 77:13
arms 63:1
around 69:22 71:23 77:23 80:25
B
79:25 81:13
83:7
Babe 66:13
believed 16:3 36:13
arrest 42:13 49:16,18
back 13:5 77:4,11 79:10
believes 45:12
article 3:11 4:23,24 18:7
bad 35:23 38:18 60:12
benefits 51:10
baldness 49:2
Berlin 41:25
articles 58:4,5
ball 32:12
Bernard 1:15 14:5 47:2 48:1
artificially 79:19
aside 32:6
ballparks 6:11
best 12:11 19:21 32:16 67:22
asked 36:6
ballplayers 5:5 11:9 12:3
68:11
asking 35:23
ban 19:24 54:25 55:5,6 57:7
better 35:9 41:6 42:22 55:5 66:14
asks 38:10 58:23
70:20 71:20 74:12 75:10
68:13
aspect 65:18
Banks 66:16
between 17:1 39:13 48:13 56:6
aspires 81:25
banned 19:2 44:5 56:16,18 57:2
65:16 75:18
aspiring 35:15
58:7 65:1,3,8,12,13 68:22 69:23
beyond 3:7 7:10 37:25 54:12,13
associate 1:12 34:10 35:1
71:19 72:8 73:13,14,16 76:19
59:21 65:11
associated 17:5 18:14 48:19
76:25 77:9,19 79:14
big 3:20 4:7 32:13 57:14 58:17
association 1:11 11:17 13:21 18:2
banners 50:5
75:13
18:15 19:14,23 20:4,7,8 24:6,12
bargain 62:9 83:9
bigger 37:20 81:3
25:4,10 26:4 27:2,7,22 29:13,20
bargaining 12:1 13:23 19:13
biggest 38:7
30:3 31:22 55:14 56:1,7 57:14
20:10 24:13 27:8 28:8,10,21
big-league 6:11
64:5,13 75:9,19
29:4 33:1 59:8,18 61:5,16 64:6
binding 19:19
association's 13:18 18:17 24:3
67:23 68:14 80:5,7 81:9
bit 59:21 73:21
assume 76:25 79:14,16,16,24
baseball 1:11 2:1 3:7,11,20,21 4:1
bites 29:10 30:18
assure 28:23 62:3 67:21 69:4
4:4,5,6,11,13,17 5:7,23,25 6:2,9
bitterly 74:15
asterisk 9:3
7:4,11,18,20,24 8:3,14,16,19
blame 23:22
athlete 13:25 36:4,16 37:12,16
9:2 11:6,16,24 12:11,19 13:15
blood 23:2
40:5 49:18 51:5 52:19 57:21
13:21 15:3,6,8 17:19,22 19:17
board 13:24 40:4 59:18 60:3
76:17,18 78:5 79:6,7
22:7,8,9,14,17,20 23:4,17 24:1
bodies 46:2 54:20 69:13
athletes 4:4,21 6:5,8 7:11,22,22
24:9,20,23 26:3,4 27:2,6,14,18
body 18:6 31:10 37:25 43:9,17
8:22 9:5 12:13 25:9 35:6,8,25
27:22 28:10 29:13 31:16 32:1
45:3 49:11 63:1 65:4,6,7 70:6
36:1,8,14,17 37:1,2,4,7,7,13,14
36:20 54:25 55:13,22,23 56:10
78:10,23 81:17
37:18,21,24 38:1,3,8,11 39:2,5
58:6,9,9,12,14 59:21 60:23 61:5
book 5:8
39:11,13,16,21 41:12,20 42:7
61:7,12 62:23 63:6 64:13 66:3
booklet 18:18 30:5 31:4 72:14
42:11 43:1,20,22 44:15,19,20
66:12,23 67:2 68:9 73:14,17
books 9:2
48:7,9,11,21,22,22 49:1,7,9,13
75:1 80:20 81:3,4 82:10
boost 22:14
49:17 50:1,5,6,7,8,13,16,25
baseball's 4:16 5:21 15:22 72:7
both 4:14 12:25 16:2 23:17 25:2
51:1,6,7,8,11,13,14,20,23,25
BASEBALL15 1:7
28:1 48:6 51:25 55:13 60:24
52:3,17,22,24 53:4,7,13,14,15
based 24:5 29:24 39:11 61:4
62:2 66:5,7 67:5,14 72:16 74:25
54:20 58:11 61:13 63:6 70:18
63:20
bottles 59:23
72:5 76:16,24 78:7,14,14 79:4
basic 45:15
bought 54:5
79:15,18 82:19,19,20
basically 54:19 55:25 63:22 77:17
boy 81:25
athletic 45:14,25
basis 82:21
breaking 57:10
athletics 35:17
basketball 5:22 11:17 13:18 23:8
brief 18:4
attached 60:4 72:16
24:6,11 36:18 55:14,25
briefly 48:16
attack 24:25
batting 5:16
bring 53:22 64:9
attain 9:4
bears 29:17
brings 50:12 77:4,23
attempt 9:4 14:4 34:6 63:11
beating 42:25
broader 11:5 65:19,20 82:10
attempted 34:11
become 4:7 6:7 7:23 34:8 37:16
broadly 83:8
attempts 50:20
39:19 41:19 52:14 61:22 63:3
brochure 30:4
attended 18:21
becoming 16:7 45:18 53:1
brought 28:18 54:3
attention 15:8 29:10 49:25 53:23
before 8:14 15:16 16:20 22:5
Brownback 1:5 10:2 11:1,2 12:17
58:19
28:15 41:5 62:21 64:9
Building 2:15
attorney 45:5 54:22 64:22 71:18
began 15:21 27:20
bunch 8:21
authored 18:17 31:5
begin 13:6 14:9,9 28:19 48:4
burdened 15:25
58:14 83:6
business 75:15
authority 45:5
availability 43:5
beginning 49:8
busted 44:1 78:10
available 60:2 73:4 75:7 79:15
behalf 27:21
busy 83:6
average 5:16 16:21
behavior 5:20 51:13,14
buy 54:20,23 57:9 73:6 74:20
avoid 43:22
being 4:13 8:17 11:5 17:5 21:5
76:20 77:12 78:18 80:14,15,24
award 5:2
25:8 38:17 40:2 41:20 44:20
Byron 1:3 2:15 3:1
aware 7:7 67:6 68:9
47:5 52:7 53:17 61:4 65:22 66:1
Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
76:23 77:13 83:4
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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play 30:1 32:14 36:19,20 37:11
pay 29:10 58:19
76:8,11,14 81:17 82:1
originally 43:8
other 3:9,12 4:18 8:6 11:11 12:22
payments 16:23
played 58:10 82:20
23:14,17,20 29:11,25 30:24
Pediatric 51:21
player 4:2,25 5:2,17 7:24 9:2 23:8
31:10 32:8 37:3 41:15 42:16
pediatrician 1:15 14:6 47:3 48:1
24:15,16 29:25 32:1 35:15,15
38:13 57:8 63:24 66:5 75:13
43:16 44:11,22 45:2 51:12,16
48:4
55:16 57:1,11 62:12 68:16
pediatricians 48:12 51:12 52:8
players 1:11 4:11,11,14,14,17
71:11 74:13 77:1,22 79:23
53:6,20
5:25 6:2 7:11,20 8:3,9,16,17,19
81:20
pediatrics 65:11
8:24 11:6,23 12:1,6,8,13,19,19
others 4:3,5 5:4 6:2 42:11,25 58:7
peer 50:17
12:22,23,24 13:21,21,22 15:9
peers 77:1
15:11,15 16:4,6,7,11,13,14,17
58:12 67:10 82:6
otherwise 27:24 30:18 31:7 68:20
penalties 30:14
16:18,23 17:4 18:2,12,15,17,20
ought 73:8,9 77:10 82:20
people 3:21 5:12 16:7,8 52:11
18:21 19:4,12,14,19,23,25 20:4
out 3:24 4:2 8:21 38:16,20,23
57:19 62:18 64:16,24 68:20
20:7,8,12 22:19,23,25 23:5,6,12
55:22 62:25 63:22 64:17 67:8,9
70:13,17,23 78:12 82:12,16
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69:10,11 70:20 74:16 75:16
per 24:15,17
24:18,25 25:4,8,10 26:4 27:2,6
81:24
perceived 16:1 44:16
27:9,12,22,23 28:9 29:13,20
Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
30:3,9 31:16,21 32:14,22,22
president 1:6 13:14 15:2,5
41:24 42:6 43:9,18 53:6,10
36:20,23 37:9 55:20 56:1,6
presiding 2:16
55:22 56:5,8,13,23 63:22 68:7
57:14,16 58:6,14,18 59:2,4,17
press 29:11
71:24 72:1 73:16
61:14 62:1,5,7,24 63:10,10,12
pressure 23:2 37:18,24 82:15,17
programs 18:22 19:5 20:1 29:22
63:21,25 64:5,13,13 65:17
82:24
29:23 37:19,19 53:8,16,16,18
66:11,12,14,15,21,22,25 67:4,6
pressures 5:3 27:13
76:8
67:9,19 68:8,9 69:4 72:15,25
pressuring 37:21
prohibit 61:18
75:3,9,12,19 76:5 77:1 78:13,21
prestigious 5:1
prohibited 41:15 65:7 73:18 77:6
79:23
pretty 31:2 63:5 65:5 76:12
77:6,10 79:13 80:6,11
playing 3:21 23:6 32:12 79:1
prevalence 7:3 22:7
prohibits 61:14
plays 67:7
prevalent 22:20 62:16
proliferation 36:25
plead 46:3
prevent 17:13 24:3 45:17
prominent 15:9 63:3
please 3:4
Prevention 18:24
promote 52:6 53:18
pleased 6:13 8:11 40:8
previously 60:4
promoted 51:17
plus 36:19
prices 83:9
prompted 27:19
point 8:20 12:18 13:5 17:23 18:10
primarily 50:12
promulgated 19:18
18:23 19:10 50:15 63:15 66:21
prime 44:8
promulgation 18:24
67:17 70:15,15 71:15 72:12,24
principal 1:12 22:22 30:7 34:10
proper 52:9
73:11,25 74:10 76:11 79:11
35:1
properties 17:16 30:21
80:18 81:15 82:22
principles 32:2,5,25
proponent 56:2
pointed 67:9 69:11 74:16
print 50:2
proposal 19:22,24 20:7
points 3:18 48:16 64:17 69:10
Prior 5:14
pros 52:7
policies 11:20
privacy 31:13,15,23 57:13 63:23
protect 22:22,23 31:15 41:11
policy 11:18,25 12:3 18:25 19:16
private 32:4
67:11
19:18 30:19
privately 81:22
protections 30:25
pollution 44:9
privilege 57:21
protein 36:2 69:2
population 42:16 49:8,17
privileged 27:5
proud 83:11
portion 34:4,13
pro 37:7
provide 20:1 46:3
position 27:7 41:20 59:8 66:14
probably 68:7 72:18,18,20 74:15
provided 17:12
67:18
77:22
provision 61:17,19
positive 52:16 68:22 69:13 77:14
problem 11:13 19:22 23:23 24:8
pubertal 49:15
positives 69:15,20,23 70:10,19
25:1 38:20 39:16,18 41:19
public 30:19 31:18,19 44:19
71:9,13
43:19 44:22 50:1 55:3 57:17
49:25 59:3,10 82:15,16
possibility 7:19 49:6
58:15,16,17 59:10,11,12 61:6
publicity 7:21 22:15,18 29:1 62:8
possible 24:2,2 35:22 42:5,24
64:1,3,4,17 65:18 68:19 70:17
67:2 80:21
67:2
75:8
publicized 48:9
Potato 63:1
problems 15:19 48:19 59:10 61:2
publicly 12:25
potential 48:21
61:3,7 71:11 74:5
purchase 31:1 36:5 73:14,18 77:6
potentially 17:11 49:9
procedural 71:11
77:7
pound 76:16
procedures 71:10
purchased 39:4
pounds 75:24 76:10 79:7
proceed 14:15 26:5 40:9 47:6
purchasing 50:21
powders 36:2
proceeded 34:7
purport 79:22
power 23:4 64:22 71:18
process 28:7,11,14 29:2,4 33:3
purpose 23:22,23 28:20 64:15
powerful 82:12
65:3,6,12 67:23 68:14 81:9,19
purposes 48:12
preach 35:18
produce 6:5 46:2
pursuant 2:14 24:14
precise 70:22
produced 70:1
pursuit 45:16
precursor 44:4,21 45:5 56:15
produces 23:11 43:17 70:6
put 28:1 32:6 37:17 54:11 64:25
64:22,25 65:2,7 71:19
product 41:22 43:23 50:2 61:20
72:24
precursors 39:18 41:18 42:11
78:3 80:4
puts 79:16
43:6,16,19,23 44:7,13,17,23
production 45:7
45:1,2,6,8 46:2 48:13 55:2,8,10
products 17:11,12 31:6 43:23
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55:11 56:16,20 60:20 64:25
44:4 48:8,23 49:22 50:10 51:4
quality 60:25
76:21
51:22 52:4,5,7 53:15 57:5 74:14
quantities 18:5 77:21
predict 39:8
77:16 78:2,18
quest 45:14
predominantly 78:20
professional 2:1 4:21 5:22,25 7:8
question 32:7 54:24 56:12,17
preferred 65:15
7:11 12:13 17:19,21 22:12
58:2,23 59:1 67:17 68:15 70:10
premature 49:2,16
32:10 37:9,12 44:10 45:13 48:9
70:19,22 71:13,14 73:2,12 77:5
prepared 9:8 20:13 25:15 33:5
50:6,7,25 51:6,8,13,20 52:22
79:2 80:9,12 81:2,4 82:14
39:24 46:6 53:24 72:15
53:13 55:14 57:21 82:19
questioning 25:9
prescribed 11:11
professionals 29:21
questions 4:8,13 5:11,12 14:14
prescription 30:13 60:7,13 77:25
progesterone 54:8
36:6 50:13 51:16,19 67:20
present 5:6,23 14:13 48:6
program 5:24 17:23 18:16,25
75:21
presents 44:18
19:7,9,11 20:3,5,11 24:8,10,12
quick 4:1
preserve 41:11
24:14,18,21,21 29:14,16 31:13
quickly 63:3
Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
quietly 63:4
regarding 48:7 51:16
restriction 31:1 60:5
regardless 81:7
restrictions 32:3
quite 61:12
quo 44:18
regime 55:1
result 15:8 22:18 23:15 49:15,22
regimens 36:4 37:10
49:24 67:24 68:25 78:5 82:17
Quote 62:23,25
regret 58:7,12
82:17
quoted 12:20 58:6
regrettably 34:3
results 11:20 42:6 59:6
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regular 36:19
retailers 74:14
race 42:22
regularly 38:11
retired 4:11,14 5:7 12:19,24
regulate 18:9 44:22 73:3,9
revelation 3:10
raise 5:11 73:1
regulated 39:19 72:18 73:8
revelations 15:9 22:19
raised 4:8,13 17:7 67:20
raises 65:19 73:12
regulating 45:1
reversed 22:22
ran 42:22
regulation 17:12 19:21 31:8 46:4
review 72:20
random 19:4 31:21 56:2
60:18 77:25
revisit 31:6
range 50:19,20 51:23
regulations 8:15
rhetoric 30:18
ranges 48:20 52:12
regulatory 81:19
Rick 83:10
rapid 65:16
reinforce 48:17
ridding 24:23
right 11:21 59:4 63:2 64:19,20
rapidly 67:4
relate 38:14
rate 35:6 49:7
related 5:11 15:19,25 18:9,13
71:16,20 72:23 80:2 82:17,17
rates 53:4
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rigid 55:1
rather 3:10 61:7 78:3
relates 54:25 60:17
rigorous 82:18
Relations 1:7 13:14 15:2
risk 23:1 41:21 49:4 71:8
reach 28:16 33:1 69:6
reached 61:17
relationships 50:18
risks 16:9 18:14 23:5 30:14 44:18
read 11:8 50:8 63:12 64:23,24
reliability 62:19
48:15,21,25 73:7
67:1 75:22
relied 55:20
rival 37:19
remain 20:7 52:15
road 59:24
readily 41:17
remedied 23:24
Rob 24:1 30:7
reading 50:4
real 32:23 67:17
remedy 74:4
Robert 1:6 13:13 15:1,5,23
reality 60:16
remember 66:15
rocket 64:2 65:9
really 12:12 64:20 66:5 69:22
remind 31:4
role 6:6 7:12 19:1 25:7 37:8,15
70:8,10,22 71:2,3,13 75:17
renown 13:25
50:25 52:15 82:16
81:10
repeat 20:2
room 36:24 74:19
reason 8:23 31:24 32:20 35:17
replaced 35:21 36:17
rooted 45:13
rooting 67:16
71:23 72:16 75:11,14
report 63:16
reasonable 29:24
reported 78:17
rosters 16:13
Reasonably 43:22
reportedly 5:8
round 36:18
reasons 22:22 25:13 52:2 62:7
reports 3:12 27:17 78:23
routinely 36:3
represent 67:5
rub 54:8
71:6 79:25 81:10
recall 61:20
representative 8:9 27:9
rule 57:10
receive 28:24 34:14
representatives 6:2 12:5
rules 8:15 32:16 57:22,22
received 15:8 20:6
reproductive 42:12 49:21
running 36:24
reputation 12:23
runs 5:14,16 66:17,20,22,23
receiving 76:25
reputed 74:1
rushed 3:22
recent 7:21 15:7 22:17 27:17 29:1
35:7 44:2 51:23 58:5 82:9
request 3:14
Ruth 66:13
recess 13:3,8,9
requested 6:12
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recognition 45:16
require 19:25 20:2
recognize 25:11 31:19 63:25
required 19:6
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recognized 41:9 43:18
requirement 74:17
safeguards 31:14
recognizes 44:25
requiring 11:14 30:12 68:10
safety 22:23 31:23
research 17:24 18:3,7 49:6,13
sale 43:19 60:4 77:10 79:13
recommend 18:7 78:5
recommendation 32:19
50:22,23 51:24 60:22 74:2
sales 7:14 43:13 75:17
resolution 12:5
Salt 78:7
reconsider 74:6
reconvene 13:10
resolve 64:5 80:9
SAM 1:5 11:1
resolved 64:1
same 7:16 17:6 18:6 23:18,19
record 9:2,5 14:12 43:12
redeeming 60:25
resources 15:6 50:19
32:14 38:18 45:20 48:15,15
redress 11:14
respect 30:2 55:19 61:3 76:4 77:3
59:6 76:18,22 77:25 79:2 81:12
reduce 53:2
81:7 82:24
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reexamine 59:15 72:23
respected 15:24
samples 54:2,3
respectfully 81:3
San 14:4 34:6
reference 29:17
respond 5:12 58:24 63:7 68:12,15
satisfaction 12:7
referenced 30:5,6
referred 31:20 32:10 67:21
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satisfactory 33:2
refers 30:11
responded 5:25
saw 78:20
reflected 28:5 30:4 43:23 72:13
response 20:6 27:10
saying 4:10,25 28:25 37:23 63:24
refuse 12:9
responsibility 7:8
70:9,17 73:19,20,21 81:23
regard 17:3
rest 31:17
says 5:13 58:1 60:12 62:22,25
Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
scalp 54:11
28:24 30:13,14 43:19 67:25
63:22 66:12 67:6,15 68:10
scenario 60:15
serve 7:11 27:5 48:17 56:3
69:11 70:23,23 73:15 78:2,22
schedule 27:13 30:12 31:7 36:20
set 4:18,20 8:5 24:12
78:23 79:12 82:23,24 83:13
scheduled 13:2 28:19,21
setting 32:5
somehow 7:22 8:15 73:6
schedules 36:21,22
seven 63:1
someone 35:13 38:16 54:2 56:21
school 1:12 4:19 23:8 34:9,9,11
several 36:7 58:24 66:17
65:9 69:11 73:1 75:8 77:13
35:2,6,8,12,17,25 36:1,4 37:2,7
severe 42:12,17 49:10,24
someplace 76:20
37:19 39:2,16 48:11,11,23 50:4
share 35:10 76:6
something 25:12 39:10 54:9
51:23 52:12,12 74:16 75:23,24
shared 38:11
59:24 61:11 62:23 64:14 70:1
76:3,5,7,10,16 78:12,24,24
shed 23:23
70:18 72:13 73:20 74:7 78:9
schools 36:17
shelves 73:10,10
80:6,25 81:1
Schwab 1:12 14:2 34:2,2 35:1,3
shifted 35:18
something's 75:6
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Shilling 62:22
sometimes 28:11
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son 54:22 66:3,7,11,13,20 67:15
science 2:11 64:2 65:9
Shorter 1:14 13:23 40:3,5,8 41:1
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scientific 17:24
41:3,4 46:6 47:1 54:4,16 55:3,4
soon 45:8 56:10
scientifically 16:25
56:12 64:8,17,19,20 65:19
Sooner 72:25
scientists 81:13
68:21 69:9,16,20 71:16,22 72:3
sophisticated 77:21
searches 32:3
72:13 74:13 76:19 77:2,12,15
sophistication 55:9
season 5:15 22:11 36:20,21 66:24
Shorter's 72:22
sort 65:11
seasons 37:6
shortly 62:3
sorts 36:1
seats 13:11
show 62:23 70:1,7
sound 29:10 30:18
second 16:5 18:10 34:4,13 42:22
showing 70:6
source 44:8
43:4 50:15 60:8 62:9 81:15
shown 35:7
Sox 66:6,8 67:7,14
Secondly 59:9,14 67:17 80:9
shows 70:3
spate 7:21 22:18
secret 28:10
shrinking 42:16
speak 12:25 39:5 63:7,11 68:13
see 6:7 24:24 28:20 38:16 50:5,6
side 42:10 48:20 49:12 50:2 64:4
79:22,22,24
51:15,18 56:25 57:5 60:10,13
69:22 74:13
speaking 63:23,24
64:1 65:16 68:3 70:7 76:4,15
sides 67:5 75:1
spearheaded 17:18
77:1 78:20
significance 63:14
special 11:7
seeing 51:13 78:22
significant 30:19 44:18 62:14
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seek 46:4
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specific 70:5,12
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significantly 17:5
specifically 5:19
seems 11:13,14 39:21 57:13 65:4
silver 40:6
spend 7:9
82:18
similar 72:17
spent 16:19 19:8 51:3 82:5
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spite 23:14
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simplest 11:14
splendid 4:4 6:5 58:10
seizures 32:4
simply 29:10 35:21 36:12 37:15
spoken 67:8
selected 5:16
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sport 6:4,5 11:21 12:12,15 22:16
self 50:17 78:16
since 17:8 22:10 34:8 42:6 49:4
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61:22 80:4
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sells 77:7
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sit 15:9 62:23
sporting 44:7 51:5
Senator 1:3,4,5 3:1,3,14 6:12,15
sitting 71:21
sports 2:2 3:9,10,23 4:19,19,24
7:1,2,2 9:8 10:1,1,2 11:1,2
situation 76:23
7:5,8 12:9 22:12 32:10 36:1,2
12:17,17 13:10 15:12 21:1 22:3
situations 19:20
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26:1 32:8 34:1 40:1 43:14 47:1
six 63:1
52:16,20,22 53:8 57:1 75:22
48:17 54:1,13,15,24 55:12,18
size 37:25
76:3 79:1 81:24 82:1,1,4,11,12
56:11,21,25 57:23,24,25 58:3
skeletally 49:18
82:20,25 83:3
58:23 61:9,9,10,24 62:15,21
skills 36:18,25
SPRINGFIELD 1:15 48:2
63:18,20 64:8 65:10,14,23,23
slightly 16:20
spur 29:2
65:24 66:7 67:13 68:2,11 69:9
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SR-253 2:15
71:15 72:2,6,11 73:11,11 74:8,8
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staff 59:5 78:19 83:9
74:9,20 75:5,20 76:17 78:11
society 44:16
staggering 16:24
79:2,10 81:5,23 82:7
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stake 62:19
Senators 27:20
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standard 4:20
send 7:25 32:12,14 82:25
solution 44:21 72:22
star 5:7 58:6 66:16
sending 16:6
solutions 64:18
stars 58:11
seniors 76:7
solve 39:22 64:4 75:8
start 4:10 48:22 52:25 54:24 58:8
sensational 29:11
solved 12:14 55:2 61:4
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sense 32:23 58:17 65:4 71:7
some 3:7 4:9,15 5:10 7:15,16
started 5:13
sent 3:14 54:22
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starting 13:13
series 13:17 22:13 54:2
35:10,13 39:6 45:24 48:17
State 22:15
serious 4:8,13 23:1 24:8 25:1,6
55:24 58:6,11 59:12,15 62:24
stated 11:16
Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
statement 1:2 3:1 7:1 9:8 11:1
subcommittee 2:7,14,16 3:3,6
synonymous 4:7
15:1 19:16 20:13 22:1 25:15
39:25 82:4 83:13
synthetic 70:2,2,7
27:1 33:5 35:1 39:24 41:1 46:6
subject 3:6 6:13 24:15,16 31:7
system 42:13 49:11,21
48:1 50:22 53:24
49:6 65:20 72:10
systematic 41:23
statements 13:4 14:11,13 15:10
subjected 19:3
systems 49:9
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subjects 59:16
States 1:14 13:24 40:4 41:1,8,11
submit 32:5
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41:19 42:20 43:13 44:8,20 52:9
subsequent 19:6
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substance 27:24 28:1,2,2 29:13
table 13:6,11 20:10
State-supported 41:24
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take 13:8,11 23:13 36:11 39:17
statistical 76:2
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statistics 66:4
substances 8:3 11:11 18:9,14
75:3 76:21 78:8,22 81:1,24
status 5:17 32:1 44:18,23
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taken 13:4 18:4 57:5 66:13 69:7
stay 16:21
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takes 28:22 81:14
steroid 2:1 3:7,11 5:10 12:24 14:7
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taking 23:5 36:9 43:21 56:21 58:7
15:7 16:2,5,8 17:1,16 18:1,6,22
60:25 68:23 69:23 70:24 71:17
70:1 72:1 76:1,13,13,17,19
19:11,16 22:19,20 24:3,7,9,15
71:20,21 74:1,12
78:12,15,25
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75:10 77:17 79:13 80:3,22
talented 4:16
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81:16
talk 39:9 64:10 67:18 69:5 78:2
43:6,9,10,16,17,19,23 44:4,7,12
substantial 13:25 31:24 32:20
talked 60:24 77:3 78:11
44:17,21,23,23 45:6,7,18 47:4
substantially 60:17
talking 74:6 80:22 83:10
48:13 55:1 63:3 67:2 69:14
substantiated 42:6
target 70:8
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substantive 20:6
targeted 50:20
steroidal 30:21
succeed 23:10,11 83:2
tarnish 12:23
steroids 5:1,4,5,13,19 7:17,25
success 4:7 50:18
tarnishing 58:9
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successful 31:13
taught 35:18
16:3 17:2,19,21 18:13,18 19:3
suffer 49:10
teacher 35:11
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
55:19,20 56:2,13,14,15,18,19
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1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005
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Alderson Reporting Company, Inc.
1111 14th Street, N.W. Suite 400 1-800-FOR-DEPO Washington, DC 20005