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CYPRUS
351
350
CHICAGO BAR RECORD
were foreigners. But union with Greece
maintain a joint military command and
tioned on the island to defend its inde-
paign for the unconditional independence
was quite as repulsive to them for the
forces on the island to defend it. A fur-
pendence and territorial integrity.
of Cyprus. This was the line he took in
same reason.
ther explanatory word about each of
Such was the settlement and, from the
1964, proclaiming that the settlement was
The rebellion was bitter and bloody.
these will bring out the nature of the
point of view of intelligence applied to a
"unworkable" and that, by reason of the
Organization and propaganda fell to
settlement.
difficult problem, it was an excellent one.
denunciation of the treaties by the Arch-
Archbishop Makarios of the Greek Or-
By the Treaty of Establishment Great
But in Cyprus intelligence is a reed
bishop's rump government, they had be-
thodox Church, a political priest with
Britain transferred sovereignty over the
shaken by the wind. The settlement lasted
come void. Therefore, he added, if the
considerable gifts of demagogy and ruth-
island to the Republic of Cyprus, except
three years. On November 30, 1963,
people of Cyprus should choose to join
lessness; guerrilla operations were direct-
for two base areas comprising a little over
Archbishop Makarios submitted a memo-
Greece they were free to do SO and would
ed by General Grivas, a retired Greek
a hundred square miles. The treaty also
randum entitled, "Suggested Measures for
be warmly welcomed by their brother
army officer of Cypriot birth. He was and
vested in Great Britain auxilliary rights to
Facilitating the Smooth Functioning of
Hellenes, Papandreou undoubtedly be-
is a brave and able guerrilla leader with-
use ports, roads, and airfields and to con-
the State and for the Removal of Certain
lieved that this was the course desired by
out much political sense. Greek gun-
duct manuevers and install communica-
Causes of Intercommunal Friction." It
Makarios and hence would eventuate. On
running armed the whole people of a
tion facilities in specified areas.
proposed no less than the repeal of every-
the first of these beliefs, at least, it seems
rugged island. After five years of losses
thing which the Zurich agreement of
quite likely that he was and is mistaken.
incurred in fruitless operations, fifty
The Constitution was unique and in-
February 11, 1959, had called the "basic
genious. It recognized and gave inalien-
Deserted by its co-guarantors and with
thousand British troops had failed to sup-
articles" of the Constitution of Cyprus.
press the rebellion, which more and more
able rights to the Greek and Turkish
pressure on Turkish Cypriots increasing,
communities. Certain actions, both legis-
The Turkish government and the
the Turkish government, people, and
was aimed by Makarios and Grivas for
Turkish-Cypriots refused to discuss these
army concluded that interest and honor
enosis-union-of Cyprus with Greece.
lative and executive, required the separate
concurrence of the Turkish and Greek
proposals, and the tensions which rapidly
dictated that Turkey must act alone under
By this time British interest in the
legislators and the Greek President and
built up erupted into violence on Decem-
Article 3 of the Treaty of Guarantee to
island had narrowed to the use of mili-
Turkish Vice President, respectively.
ber 21. Fighting with the ferocity typical
reestablish the state of affairs created by
tary bases there, as staging areas for
These related principally to defense, for-
of Mediterranean islands broke out be-
that Treaty. Accordingly, in February and
operations in the Arabian peninsula and
eign affairs, and taxation. Separate muni-
tween the two communities. The Turkish
again in June of 1964, Turkish military
beyond. Cyprus was all that remained
cipalities were provided for in the five
population, including children and old
and naval forces, with the necessary
for that important purpose, following
people, suffered casualties of between 500
transport, were assembled at Iskenderun
main towns. Separate courts were to try
British withdrawal from the Suez bases.
Greeks and Turks, and mixed tribunals,
and 1000. Many Turks fled from their
on the south coast of Turkey. On both
The Greeks were loud, and probably cor-
where both were involved. The numerical
homes. Water, food, and fuel were cut off
occasions the Turkish government was
rect, in their assurances that enosis would
strength of the armed forces and the
from Turkish villages and quarters in
dissuaded from action only by the most
improve, not impair, this use of facilities
percentage of Greeks and Turks in them
towns and blockades were set up. Turkish
vigorous representations from the gov-
on the island.
and in the Civil Service were fixed by the
Cypriots stopped traffic to Kyrenia on the
ernment of the United States, deeply con-
The British government asked repre-
Constitution. Separate Greek and Turkish
north coast.
cerned at the possibility of war between
sentatives of the Greek and Turkish gov-
two of its NATO allies.
communal chambers were established to
The government of Turkey appealed
ernments to meet with them at Zurich to
legislate on matters of religion, education,
unavailingly to its co-guarantors in the
The Turkish position was very simple
devise a solution agreeable to all of them
culture, and personal status.
Treaty of Guarantee to join in common
and passionately held. Even deeper than
and, it was hoped, to the Greek and
action to reestablish "the state of affairs"
concern for the welfare of the Turkish
Turkish communities. The result of these
By the Treaty of Guarantee, Cyprus
created by the settlement. The British
Cypriots was the conviction that the na-
talks was the Zurich agreements of 1959,
undertook not to join with any other
government deprecated the breach of the
tional honor had been denegrated. Turkey
and, when Cypriots joined the talks a
State, or partition its territory; and to
treaties and the Constitution but would
had given and received the most solemn
year later, the London Agreements of
maintain its Constitution. The three other
not go beyond protests.
commitments about Cyprus. Almost at
1960. These eventuated in four basic doc-
States agreed to prohibit union or parti-
tion and to guarantee "the Basic Articles
The government of Greece in 1964 was
once these had been pronounced unwork-
uments, agreed to by the four-or more
not the same government which had
able and contemptuously repudiated by
properly five-parties involved, the gov-
of the Constitution." In case of breach,
the Treaty provided that, "in SO far as
signed the treaties. Prime Minister Kara-
men for whom the Turks had little or no
ernments of Britain, Greece, and Turkey,
manlis, who had headed that government,
respect. They found this treatment insult-
and the representatives of both the Greek
common or concerted action may prove
impossible, each of the three guaranteeing
had resigned in protest against Queen
ing and intolerable. They rejected utterly
and Turkish communities on the island.
Powers reserves the right to take action
Frederika's insistence on a royal visit to
the new doctrine that the United Nations
The last two, as a result of all the agree-
London over the objection of the gov-
could grant dispensations from incon-
with the sole aim of re-establishing the
ments, combined to become the govern-
state of affairs created by the present
ernment. He not only resigned, but with-
venient treaty obligations. If particular
ment of the Republic of Cyprus.
The four documents were a Treaty of
Treaty."
drew from politics and from Greece it-
provisions caused unforeseen difficulty,
self, taking up permanent residence
the remedy lay in renegotiating, with suit-
Establishment of the new Republic, its
Finally the Treaty of Alliance set up a
abroad. New elections returned the oppo-
able concessions.
Constitution, a Treaty of Guarantee of
tripartite headquarters, with rotational
sition headed by Mr. Papandreou, who
The United States authorities discov-
the settlement, and a Treaty of Alliance
command and a joint force of Cypriot,
had been out of office for over twenty
ered, what should not have surprised
between Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey to
Greek, and Turkish regular troops sta-
years and had declared during his cam-
them, that, in blocking the Turks' use of
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"ocrText": "CYPRUS\n351\n350\nCHICAGO BAR RECORD\nwere foreigners. But union with Greece\nmaintain a joint military command and\ntioned on the island to defend its inde-\npaign for the unconditional independence\nwas quite as repulsive to them for the\nforces on the island to defend it. A fur-\npendence and territorial integrity.\nof Cyprus. This was the line he took in\nsame reason.\nther explanatory word about each of\nSuch was the settlement and, from the\n1964, proclaiming that the settlement was\nThe rebellion was bitter and bloody.\nthese will bring out the nature of the\npoint of view of intelligence applied to a\n\"unworkable\" and that, by reason of the\nOrganization and propaganda fell to\nsettlement.\ndifficult problem, it was an excellent one.\ndenunciation of the treaties by the Arch-\nArchbishop Makarios of the Greek Or-\nBy the Treaty of Establishment Great\nBut in Cyprus intelligence is a reed\nbishop's rump government, they had be-\nthodox Church, a political priest with\nBritain transferred sovereignty over the\nshaken by the wind. The settlement lasted\ncome void. Therefore, he added, if the\nconsiderable gifts of demagogy and ruth-\nisland to the Republic of Cyprus, except\nthree years. On November 30, 1963,\npeople of Cyprus should choose to join\nlessness; guerrilla operations were direct-\nfor two base areas comprising a little over\nArchbishop Makarios submitted a memo-\nGreece they were free to do SO and would\ned by General Grivas, a retired Greek\na hundred square miles. The treaty also\nrandum entitled, \"Suggested Measures for\nbe warmly welcomed by their brother\narmy officer of Cypriot birth. He was and\nvested in Great Britain auxilliary rights to\nFacilitating the Smooth Functioning of\nHellenes, Papandreou undoubtedly be-\nis a brave and able guerrilla leader with-\nuse ports, roads, and airfields and to con-\nthe State and for the Removal of Certain\nlieved that this was the course desired by\nout much political sense. Greek gun-\nduct manuevers and install communica-\nCauses of Intercommunal Friction.\" It\nMakarios and hence would eventuate. On\nrunning armed the whole people of a\ntion facilities in specified areas.\nproposed no less than the repeal of every-\nthe first of these beliefs, at least, it seems\nrugged island. After five years of losses\nthing which the Zurich agreement of\nquite likely that he was and is mistaken.\nincurred in fruitless operations, fifty\nThe Constitution was unique and in-\nFebruary 11, 1959, had called the \"basic\ngenious. It recognized and gave inalien-\nDeserted by its co-guarantors and with\nthousand British troops had failed to sup-\narticles\" of the Constitution of Cyprus.\npress the rebellion, which more and more\nable rights to the Greek and Turkish\npressure on Turkish Cypriots increasing,\ncommunities. Certain actions, both legis-\nThe Turkish government and the\nthe Turkish government, people, and\nwas aimed by Makarios and Grivas for\nTurkish-Cypriots refused to discuss these\narmy concluded that interest and honor\nenosis-union-of Cyprus with Greece.\nlative and executive, required the separate\nconcurrence of the Turkish and Greek\nproposals, and the tensions which rapidly\ndictated that Turkey must act alone under\nBy this time British interest in the\nlegislators and the Greek President and\nbuilt up erupted into violence on Decem-\nArticle 3 of the Treaty of Guarantee to\nisland had narrowed to the use of mili-\nTurkish Vice President, respectively.\nber 21. Fighting with the ferocity typical\nreestablish the state of affairs created by\ntary bases there, as staging areas for\nThese related principally to defense, for-\nof Mediterranean islands broke out be-\nthat Treaty. Accordingly, in February and\noperations in the Arabian peninsula and\neign affairs, and taxation. Separate muni-\ntween the two communities. The Turkish\nagain in June of 1964, Turkish military\nbeyond. Cyprus was all that remained\ncipalities were provided for in the five\npopulation, including children and old\nand naval forces, with the necessary\nfor that important purpose, following\npeople, suffered casualties of between 500\ntransport, were assembled at Iskenderun\nmain towns. Separate courts were to try\nBritish withdrawal from the Suez bases.\nGreeks and Turks, and mixed tribunals,\nand 1000. Many Turks fled from their\non the south coast of Turkey. On both\nThe Greeks were loud, and probably cor-\nwhere both were involved. The numerical\nhomes. Water, food, and fuel were cut off\noccasions the Turkish government was\nrect, in their assurances that enosis would\nstrength of the armed forces and the\nfrom Turkish villages and quarters in\ndissuaded from action only by the most\nimprove, not impair, this use of facilities\npercentage of Greeks and Turks in them\ntowns and blockades were set up. Turkish\nvigorous representations from the gov-\non the island.\nand in the Civil Service were fixed by the\nCypriots stopped traffic to Kyrenia on the\nernment of the United States, deeply con-\nThe British government asked repre-\nConstitution. Separate Greek and Turkish\nnorth coast.\ncerned at the possibility of war between\nsentatives of the Greek and Turkish gov-\ntwo of its NATO allies.\ncommunal chambers were established to\nThe government of Turkey appealed\nernments to meet with them at Zurich to\nlegislate on matters of religion, education,\nunavailingly to its co-guarantors in the\nThe Turkish position was very simple\ndevise a solution agreeable to all of them\nculture, and personal status.\nTreaty of Guarantee to join in common\nand passionately held. Even deeper than\nand, it was hoped, to the Greek and\naction to reestablish \"the state of affairs\"\nconcern for the welfare of the Turkish\nTurkish communities. The result of these\nBy the Treaty of Guarantee, Cyprus\ncreated by the settlement. The British\nCypriots was the conviction that the na-\ntalks was the Zurich agreements of 1959,\nundertook not to join with any other\ngovernment deprecated the breach of the\ntional honor had been denegrated. Turkey\nand, when Cypriots joined the talks a\nState, or partition its territory; and to\ntreaties and the Constitution but would\nhad given and received the most solemn\nyear later, the London Agreements of\nmaintain its Constitution. The three other\nnot go beyond protests.\ncommitments about Cyprus. Almost at\n1960. These eventuated in four basic doc-\nStates agreed to prohibit union or parti-\ntion and to guarantee \"the Basic Articles\nThe government of Greece in 1964 was\nonce these had been pronounced unwork-\numents, agreed to by the four-or more\nnot the same government which had\nable and contemptuously repudiated by\nproperly five-parties involved, the gov-\nof the Constitution.\" In case of breach,\nthe Treaty provided that, \"in SO far as\nsigned the treaties. Prime Minister Kara-\nmen for whom the Turks had little or no\nernments of Britain, Greece, and Turkey,\nmanlis, who had headed that government,\nrespect. They found this treatment insult-\nand the representatives of both the Greek\ncommon or concerted action may prove\nimpossible, each of the three guaranteeing\nhad resigned in protest against Queen\ning and intolerable. They rejected utterly\nand Turkish communities on the island.\nPowers reserves the right to take action\nFrederika's insistence on a royal visit to\nthe new doctrine that the United Nations\nThe last two, as a result of all the agree-\nLondon over the objection of the gov-\ncould grant dispensations from incon-\nwith the sole aim of re-establishing the\nments, combined to become the govern-\nstate of affairs created by the present\nernment. He not only resigned, but with-\nvenient treaty obligations. If particular\nment of the Republic of Cyprus.\nThe four documents were a Treaty of\nTreaty.\"\ndrew from politics and from Greece it-\nprovisions caused unforeseen difficulty,\nself, taking up permanent residence\nthe remedy lay in renegotiating, with suit-\nEstablishment of the new Republic, its\nFinally the Treaty of Alliance set up a\nabroad. New elections returned the oppo-\nable concessions.\nConstitution, a Treaty of Guarantee of\ntripartite headquarters, with rotational\nsition headed by Mr. Papandreou, who\nThe United States authorities discov-\nthe settlement, and a Treaty of Alliance\ncommand and a joint force of Cypriot,\nhad been out of office for over twenty\nered, what should not have surprised\nbetween Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey to\nGreek, and Turkish regular troops sta-\nyears and had declared during his cam-\nthem, that, in blocking the Turks' use of"
}