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that 3/14/54: Reel 2, Cack 1, age l MR. ACHESON: The lack of discipline and lack of competence in running the camps had shown itself in the fact that the camps were much too large; there were too many prisoners in each camp; sufficient care had not been taken to see that there was not a prisoner organization to create terrorist discipline in the various camps. The troops guarding the camps were not our best troops; and they had a large number of South Koreans in them; and the officers in charge were, as Dean Rusk has pointed out, not the top officers. That turned out to be a very grave mistake, because at this time, looking back on it, you can see that it was even more important to have the best talent in charge of the camps rather than at the front, where there was not particularly active fighting at this time. MR. KENNAN: Dean, may I point out that this does raise a very interesting general problem of principle, which I think was never recognized by our army-- perhaps hasn it been to this day-in our military theory. Mainly, how do you handle the question of prisoners when you fight against a regime which holds its people by fear instead of enthusiasm? All the old theories TRUMAN 6 NATIONAL REGINAN of the Geneva Conventions and of chivalrous warfare go by the board here; and the general concept of prisoners of war as worked out among western Us nations and as applied among western nations in the two World Wars becomes inapplicable, really, to these situations. I think it is important to note that we ought to face up to it if we ever have any other military conflict of any sort. MR. ACHESON: That is very true. MR. NITZE: We did try to get such a study under way, because what George says is quite right. And it was thoroughly realized that one ought to make a distinction right off the bat after a man is captured as to whether he really is a p risoner of war or whether he is mor e by way of being a political refugee than a prisoner of war. And so this separation ought to be made right pronto--that's what the Russians do. VOICE: Yes.