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    "label": "\"History of the Technical Assistance Programs of the Marshall Plan and Successor Agencies, 1948-1961\"",
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    "title": "\"History of the Technical Assistance Programs of the Marshall Plan and Successor Agencies, 1948-1961\"",
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    "ocrText": "- 30 -\n4.26\nThe distribution of the productivity grant funds among countries was about 65% expended\nby early 1958 with the remaining balance earmarked to carry additional programs through 1960 to 1961. Table\n5 shows the distribution of the grant and loan funds for this period.\n4.27\nThe largest part of the grant funds among all countries was used to fund the Productivity\nCenter staffs and the TA programs. In nearly all countries additional management and labor training courses\nand productivity education programs were financed. The 115(k) grant funds were extended to new agriculture,\nforestry, and fisheries programs as well as industry projects. The grant funds were also applied extensively to\nproductivity growth research in seven of the 11 countries. Funds were used in building and construction\nproductivity programs in Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, and Norway. Very effective results were\nobtained from grant supported projects in marketing and distribution in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,\nItaly, Netherlands, and Norway. Finally funds were applied to plant level demonstration projects in four\ncountries and to establish sector Productivity Centers in Belgium, France, Netherlands, and Norway.\n4.28\nIn addition to the grant funds for productivity projects provided by the 115(k) legislation, a\nfurther $66.8 million was made available for loans to those small- and medium-scale industrial and agricultural\nenterprises with pre-approved productivity improvement programs which incorporated the provisions of the\nlegislation on share-out of the benefits among owners, labor and the consumer. All 11 European countries\nparticipating in the productivity program grant part of the 115(k) legislation were included in the productivity\nloan programs.\n4.29\nFull implementation of the productivity loan program in many countries was slowed due to\nthe time required to prepare policies, procedures, staffs and informational material to potential borrowers.\nNevertheless, by early 1955 some 1,970 loans had been approved in the amount of about $25 million in local\ncounterpart funds, and by mid-1957 approximately 4,200 loans were approved, totalling the equivalent of\nabout $42 million. The loans were established on a revolving fund basis.\n4.30\nIn a number of European countries these loans programs were so successful that the countries\nvolunteered to self-finance the loan projects and transfer the freed funds to their productivity grant programs.\n4.31\nTable 6 lists the allocation of Productivity Loan Funds by Country.\n4.32\nApproximately 50% of the Productivity Loan program was allocated to productivity\ndemonstration plants. Other participating plants also agreed to the share-out provisions of the 115(k)\nlegislation. Loans were medium term and at about a 5% interest rate, somewhat lower than bank rates in the\nrespective countries. Loans required approval by the Productivity Centers. Besides fulfilling the share-out\npurposes they were designed both to demonstrate widely the effectiveness of productivity improvement\ntechniques and to involve banks in the National Productivity Drive."
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