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    "label": "\"History of the Technical Assistance Programs of the Marshall Plan and Successor Agencies, 1948-1961\"",
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    "title": "\"History of the Technical Assistance Programs of the Marshall Plan and Successor Agencies, 1948-1961\"",
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    "ocrText": "NARA\nFrance\n1\n148\nFrance\nà la Productivité still assists in organizing these missions, however.)\n(not including the extensive costs borne by plants taking part\nAbout 15 teams a year, totalling about 150 members, are being financed\nprograms and studies arranged by the centers). For the most part, 1\noperating expenses of the centers are financed entirely by the industr\nby French industry.\nthemselves. The Commissariat provides grants for special progra\nIn addition, the French have carried on a TA program of their own in\nand for up to 50% of operating costs when industries are unable\ncooperation with other European countries. French teams have been\nbear the entire cost.\nsent to other countries to exchange experiences and help develop\nvarious aspects of these countries' productivity programs. From 1953\nTypical activities of these productivity centers include:\nto 1957, there were 301 such missions, with about 2500 participants.\n1. Conducting pilot-plant programs to show the industry by pr\ntical demonstrations how productivity can be increased.\nTABLE III\nFrench TA Teams to European\n2. Technical research (for example, the analysis of a product\nCountries During 1957\nsimplify manufacturing operations).\nSector\nMissions\nParticipants\n3. Training courses and mutual-help conferences for managem\nand technical personnel; the training of \"animators\" to condy\nthe training of plant personnel.\nAgriculture\nMissions\n12\n106\n10\n91\n4. Supplying the services of experts to help individual plants W\nTraining Courses\n14\n107\ntechnical or organizational problems.\nIndustry and Commerce\n4\n24\nBuilding and Construction\n5. Conducting studies and keeping the industry posted on matt\nSocial Security\n1\n8\nof general interest, such as markets, raw materials, employme\nNational Education\netc.\n17\nHigher Education\n1\nTechnical Education\n6\n34\n6. Sponsoring teams to study in the United States or in Europe\nPublic Administration & Tourism\n4\n27\ncountries. (For example, the insurance industry's productiv\n3\n44\nEconomic Problems\ncenter sent a team, entirely financed by the industry, to\n1\n3\n14\nRegional Activities\nUnited States [TA 38-193] to follow up studies which had be\n7\n28\nNorth Africa\nmade by a Type \"A\" team [TA 38-81] financed under 1\nAmerican TA program.)\nTotal\n65\n500\n7. Initiating cooperative organizations for marketing a\ntion, purchasing of raw materials, pooling of equipi\nVI. The Industrial Productivity Centers\nThe 32 industries which had set up productivity centers as of\nend cf 1957 were: insurance, shoes, foundry, men's clothing, cott\nThe Commissariat Général à la Productivité has encouraged the\ndistribution, packaging, steel, metal construction, tanning, solderi\nestablishment of \"vertical\" productivity centers by offering grants\ncanning, hand tools, optical goods, silk, dairy products, watches a\nto various trade and professional associations. In some cases, productiv-\nclocks, jute, wool, oleaginous products, women's clothing, building, ha\nity campaigns had already been undertaken by the associations\nironworks and forges, bricks and tiles, building materials and qua\nconcerned. Many of the industrial productivity centers were set up as\nproducts, fats, rolling mills, air conditioning, transportation, linen, a\na direct result of TA missions sent to the United States under the\nprocelain.\nMarshall Plan. The Commissariat has also set up a sub-committee to\nhelp associations to organize their centers and plan programs.\n(In addition, there is a technical center for small and medium-si\nenterprises.)\nMost of the industrial productivity centers employ at least five to\neight full-time professional workers, plus the part-time services of\nA brief look at the organization of two of these vertical productiv\nconsulting engineers. The annual budgets for maintenance of the\ncenters will illustrate how the French productivity campaign\ncenters range from the franc equivalent of $6000 to $130,000 per year\nrelied as much as possible on working with established organizatic"
}