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bureaus in all towns and municipalities. The system provides for
ship and discomfort. Sports consisted largely of military drills
primary schools, six years of compulsory education for boys and
and exercises.
girls; high schools; and universities and teachers' colleges. This
Patriotism, Japanese style, permeates all learning. Until recent
program has been supplemented by schools maintained in con-
reforms were put into effect, the teaching of history, literature,
junction with the young men's and women's associations; a few
and social science was closely linked with Japan's "unique mis-
fashionable schools for the children of the nobility; and schools
sion" and reverence for the throne. Portraits of the Emperor and
and colleges supported by the Christian churches.
Empress are kept in all school buildings, usually in a special fire-
Female education beyond elementary school has been neglected
proof structure. This superior housing was prompted not only
by the government in conformity with women's subordinate posi-
by piety, but also by the deaths of zealous teachers who have
tion in Japan. The girls' high schools, numbering about a thou-
been burned in attempts to rescue the sacred portraits from flimsy
sand before the war, were largely finishing schools for the daugh-
school buildings.
ters of the more prosperous families.
In 1939-1940 the entire school system was reorganized and
Japanese statements considerably overrate the effectiveness of
tightened up under General Sadao Araki (now under arrest as a
their educational system in claiming that more than 95 per cent of
war criminal) in line with a policy of strict training of minds
the people are literate. Elementary school graduates are supposed
and bodies for war. The hold of State Shinto (Emperor-worship)
to know three thousand of the five to six thousand Chinese char-
upon education was intensified. In June 1943 the final step was
acters actually used in writing the Japanese language. As a matter
taken which made Japanese students an integral part of the war
of fact, most Japanese probably know only about a thousand.
machine. All high school and college students were made avail-
Newspapers must use biragana, a system of simple characters
able for work in factories, on the farms, on defense installations,
representing the sounds of syllables, alongside the difficult Chinese
or for service in the armed forces.
characters in order to make the news intelligible to most of their
readers. A recent survey by Japanese and Allied educators indi-
PLANNING A NEW DEAL
cates that only about 14 per cent of the people are able to read
Although the Japanese masses probably accept the myths of the
an entire newspaper with ease.
divine origin of Emperor and nation which they have been taught,
in school and out, there are thousands of educated men and
EDUCATION FOR DEATH
women who do not. The lot of many Japanese teachers on the
Japanese schooling is Spartan and highly competitive. Classrooms
higher levels has not been easy. Their own and their families'
are often cold, lunches are meager, and pupils are expected to
welfare, perhaps even their survival, depended upon their teach-
clean up their own buildings and grounds. Discipline is, ,strict, but
ing what they knew to be untrue. Yet some courageous men and
corporal punishment is seldom used. Emphasis is placed on "char-
women, especially college faculty members, went to jail rather
acter training" and "ethics," with special attention to cooperation,
than prostitute their scholarship by repeating propaganda based
self-sacrifice, frugality, and uncomplaining acceptance of hard-
on primitive myths.
66
67
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"ocrText": "bureaus in all towns and municipalities. The system provides for\nship and discomfort. Sports consisted largely of military drills\nprimary schools, six years of compulsory education for boys and\nand exercises.\ngirls; high schools; and universities and teachers' colleges. This\nPatriotism, Japanese style, permeates all learning. Until recent\nprogram has been supplemented by schools maintained in con-\nreforms were put into effect, the teaching of history, literature,\njunction with the young men's and women's associations; a few\nand social science was closely linked with Japan's \"unique mis-\nfashionable schools for the children of the nobility; and schools\nsion\" and reverence for the throne. Portraits of the Emperor and\nand colleges supported by the Christian churches.\nEmpress are kept in all school buildings, usually in a special fire-\nFemale education beyond elementary school has been neglected\nproof structure. This superior housing was prompted not only\nby the government in conformity with women's subordinate posi-\nby piety, but also by the deaths of zealous teachers who have\ntion in Japan. The girls' high schools, numbering about a thou-\nbeen burned in attempts to rescue the sacred portraits from flimsy\nsand before the war, were largely finishing schools for the daugh-\nschool buildings.\nters of the more prosperous families.\nIn 1939-1940 the entire school system was reorganized and\nJapanese statements considerably overrate the effectiveness of\ntightened up under General Sadao Araki (now under arrest as a\ntheir educational system in claiming that more than 95 per cent of\nwar criminal) in line with a policy of strict training of minds\nthe people are literate. Elementary school graduates are supposed\nand bodies for war. The hold of State Shinto (Emperor-worship)\nto know three thousand of the five to six thousand Chinese char-\nupon education was intensified. In June 1943 the final step was\nacters actually used in writing the Japanese language. As a matter\ntaken which made Japanese students an integral part of the war\nof fact, most Japanese probably know only about a thousand.\nmachine. All high school and college students were made avail-\nNewspapers must use biragana, a system of simple characters\nable for work in factories, on the farms, on defense installations,\nrepresenting the sounds of syllables, alongside the difficult Chinese\nor for service in the armed forces.\ncharacters in order to make the news intelligible to most of their\nreaders. A recent survey by Japanese and Allied educators indi-\nPLANNING A NEW DEAL\ncates that only about 14 per cent of the people are able to read\nAlthough the Japanese masses probably accept the myths of the\nan entire newspaper with ease.\ndivine origin of Emperor and nation which they have been taught,\nin school and out, there are thousands of educated men and\nEDUCATION FOR DEATH\nwomen who do not. The lot of many Japanese teachers on the\nJapanese schooling is Spartan and highly competitive. Classrooms\nhigher levels has not been easy. Their own and their families'\nare often cold, lunches are meager, and pupils are expected to\nwelfare, perhaps even their survival, depended upon their teach-\nclean up their own buildings and grounds. Discipline is, ,strict, but\ning what they knew to be untrue. Yet some courageous men and\ncorporal punishment is seldom used. Emphasis is placed on \"char-\nwomen, especially college faculty members, went to jail rather\nacter training\" and \"ethics,\" with special attention to cooperation,\nthan prostitute their scholarship by repeating propaganda based\nself-sacrifice, frugality, and uncomplaining acceptance of hard-\non primitive myths.\n66\n67"
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