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    "localId": "486498019",
    "label": "Report, OSI - 1/49, Central Intelligence Agency, An Estimate of Swedish Capabilities in Science",
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    "title": "Report, OSI - 1/49, Central Intelligence Agency, An Estimate of Swedish Capabilities in Science",
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        "President's Secretary's Files (Truman Administration)",
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    "productionDates": [
        {
            "day": 9,
            "logicalDate": "1949-08-09",
            "month": 8,
            "year": 1949
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    "seq": 30,
    "pageIndex": 0,
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    "ocrText": "SECRET\nCHAPTER IV\nBIOLOGY\n1.\nBIOLOGICAL WARFARE\nSweden, although fully aware of the importance of biological warfare, has taken no\nvigorous steps even towards the development of defensive measures. The proposed\nappropriations for all medical defensive research for 1948 amounted to only 415,000\nkronor ($105,000.00). According to Dr. Gunnar Olin, Head of Statens Bakteriologiska\nLaboratorium (State Bacteriological Laboratory) at Stockholm, no provisions have\nbeen made for mass immunization in the event of a biological warfare attack.\nTwo of Dr. Olin's associates, Dr. Hans Ericcson and Dr. Sven Gard, have been as-\nthe signed to the full-time study of BW. Professor E. Torsten Teorell, M.D., Director of\nInstitute of Physiology at Uppsala, and Professor Hilding Berglund, M.D., Professor\nof Surgery at the University of Stockholm, have been appointed biological warfare\nadvisers. These actions are the most decisive taken thus far.\nIt has been reported that Ericcson has completed a digest of the unclassified Rose-\nbury-Kabat analysis of possible BW agents. However, the proper approach to take in\nthe drawing up of a domestic program for BW has not been clarified. Dr. Gard,\nthe fessor of Bacteriology at the Caroline Institute stated that, in his opinion, viruses-with pro-\npossible exception of the psitticosis virus-were not suitable agents for biological\nwarfare. As Dr. Gard is being considered for the position of professor of virology, and\nof as other countries have already progressed far enough to be convinced of the feasibility\nbiological warfare research.\nusing certain viruses in BW, it is apparent that Sweden is lagging behind in\n2.\nBW DEFENSE-PUBLIC HEALTH\na.\nPublic Health Administration\nconditions and preventive medicine, as well as medical care. In recent years, an in-\nPublic health administration in Sweden includes supervision over sanitary\ncreasing number of people have been employed in supervising public health protection.\nLandsting administers health control and medical care and receives some financial\n(Län), each with an appointed governor and a local legislature (Landsting): The\nFor general administrative purposes, Sweden is divided into 24 provinces\nhelp from the national government.\nFor operational purposes, the country is divided into 400 districts each of\nwhich has a public health officer (physician), assisted by two district graduate health\nvise are outside the jurisdiction of district health officers. The district officers\nnurses. cians, Only the larger cities, where medical work is done by regular practicing physi-\nrender public health conditions (including preventive tuberculosis and VD work) super- and\n4,000 medical care. The current plan is to limit the size of these districts to between\nin and 5,000 inhabitants. As an example of the need for trained personnel, there\nwere, the Public summer of 1947, at least 600 vacancies in public health nursing positions.\nthe Län), at in the cities by municipal institutions. Hospitals in counties and\nand hospital care in the provinces is provided by local government (usually\npublic have, the minimum, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and X-ray, and often cities have\nremunerations polyclinics which dispense out-patient care. Because standards are high\nin them. ample in these hospitals, the best medical specialists seek employment and\n23\nSECRET"
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