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The comparatively stable decades which followed were in part
the result of a private arrangement between the Conservative and
Liberal parties to alternate power between them. These parties
differed little in program. The electoral system was so arranged
that the government in office, through the Interior Ministry and
bosses in the municipalities, absolutely controlled the elections.
No government in office ever lost an election. This system conveniently
eliminated from politics the peasants and the laboring classes in the
growing urban centers, while voluntary rotation afforded the appear-
ance of change and gave politicians a technique of escape from
awkward responsibilities.
Spain was dealt a rude shock by the Spanish-American war in 1898,
which arose out of the restlessness of ill-governed, mistreated colonials
and the vigor of the United States' interest in neighboring remnants
of Spain's colonial empire. The loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines awakened the younger generation in Spain to critical ana-
lysis of their country's plight. "The Generation of 198" produced
the first large group of distinguished, progressive intellectuals
and writers Spain had known since the great epoch.
Meanwhile two industrial areas were developing, the populations
of which were to expand considerably in the present century: the area
-5-
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"ocrText": "The comparatively stable decades which followed were in part\nthe result of a private arrangement between the Conservative and\nLiberal parties to alternate power between them. These parties\ndiffered little in program. The electoral system was so arranged\nthat the government in office, through the Interior Ministry and\nbosses in the municipalities, absolutely controlled the elections.\nNo government in office ever lost an election. This system conveniently\neliminated from politics the peasants and the laboring classes in the\ngrowing urban centers, while voluntary rotation afforded the appear-\nance of change and gave politicians a technique of escape from\nawkward responsibilities.\nSpain was dealt a rude shock by the Spanish-American war in 1898,\nwhich arose out of the restlessness of ill-governed, mistreated colonials\nand the vigor of the United States' interest in neighboring remnants\nof Spain's colonial empire. The loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the\nPhilippines awakened the younger generation in Spain to critical ana-\nlysis of their country's plight. \"The Generation of 198\" produced\nthe first large group of distinguished, progressive intellectuals\nand writers Spain had known since the great epoch.\nMeanwhile two industrial areas were developing, the populations\nof which were to expand considerably in the present century: the area\n-5-"
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