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RESTRICTED government in September 1923 from the constitutional prime minister. This marked the end of the parliamentary system established by the Constitution of 1875. Hitherto during his reign, Alfonso, an inter- fering, rather astute authoritarian politician, had had thirty-three ministries. Alfonso's refusal to summon a new Cortes three months after the coup d'état opened him to the charge of having violated his coronation oath. The Primo de Rivera dictatorship had a certain success. During the world boom Spain was prosperous. New highways were built. Like Mussolini, Primo de Rivera got the trains to run on time. With the military help of the French he made peace in Morocco. Being a dic- tator, he handled Spain's fundamental problems by eliminating opposition criticism and imprisoning subversive elements. The great CNT anarcho-syndicalist trade union, for example, formally dissolving itself in anticipation of forcible suppression, main- tained its existence only in secrecy. But although this Andalusian general had a flamboyance and moral laxness that somewhat endeared him to the people, he had no constructive political ideas. The intellectuals attacked and ridi- culed him. The Spanish Army upon which he `relied was no proper vehicle, with its deplorable record in Morocco, for governing a --8-mm RESTRICTED

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