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SECRET
tude of the ruling class. Although it was
To counteract growing German influence,
early overrun by the Germans and did not
on 12 May 1939 a treaty was signed with
contribute notably to Allied victory, Rumania
Great Britain, which guaranteed Rumanía's
was doubled in territory and population on the
territorial integrity and independence in the
basis of subsequent peace treaties. Rumanian
event of German aggression. The year 1940
irredentism was satisfied by the annexation
saw Rumania forced to relinquish Bessarabia
of Bessarabia from Russia, Transylvania from
to the USSR, Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria
Hungary, and Bucovina from Austria. With
and Transylvania to Hungary. Britain, with
this increased territory, however, Rumania in-
the Wehrmacht on the English Channel, could
herited the social problems connected with the
do nothing to help Rumania, so Carol sought
administration of large national minorities.
to align his regime with the seemingly invinci-
The war left Rumania with the need for social
ble Axis. Under German pressure, Carol liqui-
and administrative reforms and the desire to
dated his National Renaissance Front and
maintain the international status quo. Con-
established the Party of the Nation, admitting
sequently, Rumania undertook to guarantee
into it many recently released Iron Guardists.
its national security against the demands of
The Germans remained dissatisfied with and
Hungarian revisionism by joining the French-
distrustful of Carol and on 6 September 1940
sponsored Little Entente in 1920 and, in 1934,
he was forced to abdicate in favor of his son,
the Balkan Entente.
Mihai. General Ion Antonescu, the prime
At the end of December 1925, Crown Prince
minister, who enjoyed the confidence of the
Carol left Rumania and renounced his rights
Germans became the undisputed dictator.
to the throne. Because of the precarious con-
In 1941, under German pressure and with
dition of King Ferdinand's health and the
the expectation of regaining Bessarabia and
extreme youth of Carol's son Mihai, a provi-
additional territory, Rumania entered the war
sional council of regency was appointed which
and crossed the Prut River to attack the Soviet
took over after the King's death on 29 July
Union. When Rumanian troops were sent be-
1927.
yond the Dniester, losses at Stalingrad and
Crown Prince Carol returned on 6 June 1930
other factors caused mounting opposition
and became King with the consent of the
within Rumania against continued participa-
government and all major parties except the
tion in the war. On 23 August 1944, King
National Liberals. For the next eight years,
Mihai and the opposition staged a successful
Carol laid the groundwork of a personal dic-
coup d'état against the Antonescu regime and
tatorship. He encouraged the pro-German
Rumania capitulated to the Allies. Soviet
Fascist Iron Guard (founded in 1927 by the
troops occupied the country and an Allied Con-
Polish-German, Corneliu Codreanu), and used
trol Commission, under Soviet chairmanship,
it to terrorize the Rumanian democrats and
was established to implement the armistice
weaken the two "historical" parties-the Na-
and advise on the administration of the nation
tional Peasants and National Liberals. How-
until the peace treaty became effective.
ever, when the Guard's strength became a
The first postwar cabinet, headed by Gen-
threat to Carol's power, it was outlawed and
eral Constantin Sanatescu, was a coalition of
its leader Codreanu assassinated.
the Communists and Socialists and the "his-
Carol proclaimed a personal dictatorship on
torical" Peasant and Liberal parties. The
10 February 1938. A new constitution was
second Sänatescu cabinet installed on 4 No-
announced on 20 February 1938, all political
vember did not include representatives of the
parties were dissolved and constitutional free-
"historical" parties. The hostility between
doms suspended. On 15 December 1938, the
the pro-Communists and those of opposite
King founded the National Renaissance Front
views led to a prolonged crisis which was
as an all-Rumanian political party to support
temporarily resolved by the appointment of
his government. On 24 March 1939, a five-
General Nicholae Radescu as Premier on 6
year economic treaty was signed with Ger-
December 1944. The truce, however, was
many.
shortlived; with the New Year, the Commu-
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"ocrText": "4\nSECRET\ntude of the ruling class. Although it was\nTo counteract growing German influence,\nearly overrun by the Germans and did not\non 12 May 1939 a treaty was signed with\ncontribute notably to Allied victory, Rumania\nGreat Britain, which guaranteed Rumanía's\nwas doubled in territory and population on the\nterritorial integrity and independence in the\nbasis of subsequent peace treaties. Rumanian\nevent of German aggression. The year 1940\nirredentism was satisfied by the annexation\nsaw Rumania forced to relinquish Bessarabia\nof Bessarabia from Russia, Transylvania from\nto the USSR, Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria\nHungary, and Bucovina from Austria. With\nand Transylvania to Hungary. Britain, with\nthis increased territory, however, Rumania in-\nthe Wehrmacht on the English Channel, could\nherited the social problems connected with the\ndo nothing to help Rumania, so Carol sought\nadministration of large national minorities.\nto align his regime with the seemingly invinci-\nThe war left Rumania with the need for social\nble Axis. Under German pressure, Carol liqui-\nand administrative reforms and the desire to\ndated his National Renaissance Front and\nmaintain the international status quo. Con-\nestablished the Party of the Nation, admitting\nsequently, Rumania undertook to guarantee\ninto it many recently released Iron Guardists.\nits national security against the demands of\nThe Germans remained dissatisfied with and\nHungarian revisionism by joining the French-\ndistrustful of Carol and on 6 September 1940\nsponsored Little Entente in 1920 and, in 1934,\nhe was forced to abdicate in favor of his son,\nthe Balkan Entente.\nMihai. General Ion Antonescu, the prime\nAt the end of December 1925, Crown Prince\nminister, who enjoyed the confidence of the\nCarol left Rumania and renounced his rights\nGermans became the undisputed dictator.\nto the throne. Because of the precarious con-\nIn 1941, under German pressure and with\ndition of King Ferdinand's health and the\nthe expectation of regaining Bessarabia and\nextreme youth of Carol's son Mihai, a provi-\nadditional territory, Rumania entered the war\nsional council of regency was appointed which\nand crossed the Prut River to attack the Soviet\ntook over after the King's death on 29 July\nUnion. When Rumanian troops were sent be-\n1927.\nyond the Dniester, losses at Stalingrad and\nCrown Prince Carol returned on 6 June 1930\nother factors caused mounting opposition\nand became King with the consent of the\nwithin Rumania against continued participa-\ngovernment and all major parties except the\ntion in the war. On 23 August 1944, King\nNational Liberals. For the next eight years,\nMihai and the opposition staged a successful\nCarol laid the groundwork of a personal dic-\ncoup d'état against the Antonescu regime and\ntatorship. He encouraged the pro-German\nRumania capitulated to the Allies. Soviet\nFascist Iron Guard (founded in 1927 by the\ntroops occupied the country and an Allied Con-\nPolish-German, Corneliu Codreanu), and used\ntrol Commission, under Soviet chairmanship,\nit to terrorize the Rumanian democrats and\nwas established to implement the armistice\nweaken the two \"historical\" parties-the Na-\nand advise on the administration of the nation\ntional Peasants and National Liberals. How-\nuntil the peace treaty became effective.\never, when the Guard's strength became a\nThe first postwar cabinet, headed by Gen-\nthreat to Carol's power, it was outlawed and\neral Constantin Sanatescu, was a coalition of\nits leader Codreanu assassinated.\nthe Communists and Socialists and the \"his-\nCarol proclaimed a personal dictatorship on\ntorical\" Peasant and Liberal parties. The\n10 February 1938. A new constitution was\nsecond Sänatescu cabinet installed on 4 No-\nannounced on 20 February 1938, all political\nvember did not include representatives of the\nparties were dissolved and constitutional free-\n\"historical\" parties. The hostility between\ndoms suspended. On 15 December 1938, the\nthe pro-Communists and those of opposite\nKing founded the National Renaissance Front\nviews led to a prolonged crisis which was\nas an all-Rumanian political party to support\ntemporarily resolved by the appointment of\nhis government. On 24 March 1939, a five-\nGeneral Nicholae Radescu as Premier on 6\nyear economic treaty was signed with Ger-\nDecember 1944. The truce, however, was\nmany.\nshortlived; with the New Year, the Commu-"
}