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CHAPTER I
POLITICAL SITUATION
1. Genesis of the Present Political System.
to control of the land. In their resistance to
During the colonial period (1521-1821)
any alteration of the status quo, the landed
grievances against the essentially feudal ag-
aristocracy was now reinforced by the support
of the new industrialists. In opposition to
ricultural society of New Spain resulted in
demands for change in turn causing upheavals
this coalition the groups favoring change have
which were successfully resisted. During the
added to their program protection of labor
eighteenth century increasing tension was
unions and of the workers, through such gov-
manifested in more frequent plots against the
ernment measures as the eight-hour day,
workmen's compensation, and assurance of
viceregal government. Mexico achieved its
some degree of social security.
independence from Spain in 1821 and after
that the demand for reform became a force
The third and latest example of a period
which could no longer be entirely suppressed.
when resistance to change led to prolonged
Thus there came into being the alternating
civil war was the Revolution of 1910 which
process of change and resistance to change
equaled and even surpassed previous struggles
which has characterized Mexico's history from
in bitterness and bloodshed. The landless
independence to the present day. This proc-
and the workers were attracted to the revo-
ess found its most violent expression in the
lutionary banners and could be pacified only
nineteenth century when two great civil wars
by promises of land distribution and labor
were fought: the Wars of Independence be-
guarantees. Their demands were written into
ginning in 1810 and the Wars of Reform be-
the Constitution of 1917 in a series of clauses
ginning in the middle of the century.
which aimed to transform Mexico from a
Broadly speaking, it can be said that
backward country into a modern progressive
throughout the history of Mexico as an inde-
nation. Thus, Article 27 of the Constitution
pendent nation the groups that have advo-
provided for the distribution of Mexico's vast
cated and fought for a centralized oligarchic
landed estates among the landless peasantry;
government (sometimes even a monarchy);
Article 123 enacted a rather detailed series of
for a wealthy powerful Church; for mainte-
guarantees for labor; Articles 24 and 130 re-
nance of large landed estates; and for the
affirmed the separation of Church and State;
preservation of special legal rights for the up-
and Article 3 aimed to establish a free, uni-
per class, have done SO in order to maintain
versal and secular system of elementary edu-
the status quo. On the other hand, the groups
cation. Other articles outlined the basic
favoring change in the direction of a modern
structure of a federal republic modeled, more
democratic state and from whom the present
or less, after that of the United States.
revolutionary regime claims ideological de-
The first stage of the Revolution of 1910
scendancy have fought for a federal republic
lasted until 1920 and was characterized by vio-
with at least a semblance of universal man-
lence and chaos. Implementation of the re-
hood suffrage; for the restriction of the wealth
form program as outlined in the Constitution
and political power of the Church; for the di-
of 1917 was begun in the 1920's and continues
vision of the large landed estates; and for the
to the present day. The almost exclusively
equality of all classes before the law.
agrarian character of the initial period of the
With the beginning of industrialization in
Revolution; the errors and abuses of its lead-
the twentieth century, the problems of urban
ers; the tenacious resistance of anti-reform
labor have emerged as an issue second only
groups; and Mexico's historical position as a
3
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"ocrText": "CHAPTER I\nPOLITICAL SITUATION\n1. Genesis of the Present Political System.\nto control of the land. In their resistance to\nDuring the colonial period (1521-1821)\nany alteration of the status quo, the landed\ngrievances against the essentially feudal ag-\naristocracy was now reinforced by the support\nof the new industrialists. In opposition to\nricultural society of New Spain resulted in\ndemands for change in turn causing upheavals\nthis coalition the groups favoring change have\nwhich were successfully resisted. During the\nadded to their program protection of labor\neighteenth century increasing tension was\nunions and of the workers, through such gov-\nmanifested in more frequent plots against the\nernment measures as the eight-hour day,\nworkmen's compensation, and assurance of\nviceregal government. Mexico achieved its\nsome degree of social security.\nindependence from Spain in 1821 and after\nthat the demand for reform became a force\nThe third and latest example of a period\nwhich could no longer be entirely suppressed.\nwhen resistance to change led to prolonged\nThus there came into being the alternating\ncivil war was the Revolution of 1910 which\nprocess of change and resistance to change\nequaled and even surpassed previous struggles\nwhich has characterized Mexico's history from\nin bitterness and bloodshed. The landless\nindependence to the present day. This proc-\nand the workers were attracted to the revo-\ness found its most violent expression in the\nlutionary banners and could be pacified only\nnineteenth century when two great civil wars\nby promises of land distribution and labor\nwere fought: the Wars of Independence be-\nguarantees. Their demands were written into\nginning in 1810 and the Wars of Reform be-\nthe Constitution of 1917 in a series of clauses\nginning in the middle of the century.\nwhich aimed to transform Mexico from a\nBroadly speaking, it can be said that\nbackward country into a modern progressive\nthroughout the history of Mexico as an inde-\nnation. Thus, Article 27 of the Constitution\npendent nation the groups that have advo-\nprovided for the distribution of Mexico's vast\ncated and fought for a centralized oligarchic\nlanded estates among the landless peasantry;\ngovernment (sometimes even a monarchy);\nArticle 123 enacted a rather detailed series of\nfor a wealthy powerful Church; for mainte-\nguarantees for labor; Articles 24 and 130 re-\nnance of large landed estates; and for the\naffirmed the separation of Church and State;\npreservation of special legal rights for the up-\nand Article 3 aimed to establish a free, uni-\nper class, have done SO in order to maintain\nversal and secular system of elementary edu-\nthe status quo. On the other hand, the groups\ncation. Other articles outlined the basic\nfavoring change in the direction of a modern\nstructure of a federal republic modeled, more\ndemocratic state and from whom the present\nor less, after that of the United States.\nrevolutionary regime claims ideological de-\nThe first stage of the Revolution of 1910\nscendancy have fought for a federal republic\nlasted until 1920 and was characterized by vio-\nwith at least a semblance of universal man-\nlence and chaos. Implementation of the re-\nhood suffrage; for the restriction of the wealth\nform program as outlined in the Constitution\nand political power of the Church; for the di-\nof 1917 was begun in the 1920's and continues\nvision of the large landed estates; and for the\nto the present day. The almost exclusively\nequality of all classes before the law.\nagrarian character of the initial period of the\nWith the beginning of industrialization in\nRevolution; the errors and abuses of its lead-\nthe twentieth century, the problems of urban\ners; the tenacious resistance of anti-reform\nlabor have emerged as an issue second only\ngroups; and Mexico's historical position as a\n3"
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