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37
(Approximate figures in billions of francs)
CURRENT EXPENDITURES
CURRENT RECEIPTS
Treasury
355
Income Taxes
349
National Defense
385
Sales and Turnover Taxes
520
Reconstruction and Equipment
150
Customs
48
Education
99
Government Monopolies
108
Transportation and Public Works
60
Other
225
Other
236
Total
1,285
Total
1,250
SPECIAL EXPENDITURES
SPECIAL RECEIPTS
Modernization
305
Counterpart Fund
280
3
Reconstruction
270
Loans
160
Other
45
Special Indirect Taxes
137
Other
43
Total
620
Total
620
1 Including servicing of National Debt.
2 So-called normal reconstruction expenditures.
3 Proceeds of sale of ECA goods.
Note: (a) Social Security expenditures are not charged to the Budget, but are largely passed through
Special Accounts.
(b) Subsidy charges are debited to the various government department accounts.
tailing the State's payroll. Price subsidies are
by "progressive" opinion in France, which
borne both by the various government depart-
urges instead larger revenues based on in-
ment budgets and the special accounts. Since
creased taxation. The need for a reform of
mid-1948, the conflict between the need for
the structure and administration of the tax
subsidizing the prices of goods and services in
system has long been generally recognized.
the interest of consumers and the need for
The shortcomings of the system (which, for
close budgeting has tended to be resolved by
example, until recently included over 300 dif-
the elimination of subsidies. Proposed mili-
ferent taxes) result not only in receipts inade-
tary expenditures for 1949 represent about 19
quate to meet budgeted expenditures, but also
percent of total budgeted expenditures.
in inequities involving discrimination against
Whereas military expenditures were probably
the groups of least taxable capacity. Indirect
unnecessarily large in the earlier post-Libera-
taxes (sales taxes, duties) unlike income
tion years, the present international situation
taxes, are not adjusted to "ability to pay," and
does not suggest that further reductions are
hence are more burdensome to the wage-earn-
probable. Servicing charges on the govern-
ing classes. The ratio of indirect taxation to
ment debt of about Frs. 2,441 billion are only
direct taxation, about 2:1 in terms of total
about 5 percent of total budgetary expendi-
receipts in France, as against about 1:5 in the
tures, as a result of the inflation, as against
US, is generally considered too high. More-
25 percent a decade ago. The external debt,
over, receipts from direct taxes on incomes are
standing at about Frs. 830 billion, represents a
derived largely from the wage- and salary-
growing foreign exchange burden, but is sig-
earning classes because they are collected
nificant chiefly as an external account (see
from employers, while farmers, merchants,
Foreign Trade).
and the professional classes engage in evasion
The "conservative" view that budgetary
on a major scale. Thus, it is not the income
health should be achieved largely through re-
tax rate structure in itself which is mainly at
duction of expenditures is generally opposed
fault-in fact, the rates are steeply gradu-
ECRET
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"ocrText": "ECRET\n37\n(Approximate figures in billions of francs)\nCURRENT EXPENDITURES\nCURRENT RECEIPTS\nTreasury\n355\nIncome Taxes\n349\nNational Defense\n385\nSales and Turnover Taxes\n520\nReconstruction and Equipment\n150\nCustoms\n48\nEducation\n99\nGovernment Monopolies\n108\nTransportation and Public Works\n60\nOther\n225\nOther\n236\nTotal\n1,285\nTotal\n1,250\nSPECIAL EXPENDITURES\nSPECIAL RECEIPTS\nModernization\n305\nCounterpart Fund\n280\n3\nReconstruction\n270\nLoans\n160\nOther\n45\nSpecial Indirect Taxes\n137\nOther\n43\nTotal\n620\nTotal\n620\n1 Including servicing of National Debt.\n2 So-called normal reconstruction expenditures.\n3 Proceeds of sale of ECA goods.\nNote: (a) Social Security expenditures are not charged to the Budget, but are largely passed through\nSpecial Accounts.\n(b) Subsidy charges are debited to the various government department accounts.\ntailing the State's payroll. Price subsidies are\nby \"progressive\" opinion in France, which\nborne both by the various government depart-\nurges instead larger revenues based on in-\nment budgets and the special accounts. Since\ncreased taxation. The need for a reform of\nmid-1948, the conflict between the need for\nthe structure and administration of the tax\nsubsidizing the prices of goods and services in\nsystem has long been generally recognized.\nthe interest of consumers and the need for\nThe shortcomings of the system (which, for\nclose budgeting has tended to be resolved by\nexample, until recently included over 300 dif-\nthe elimination of subsidies. Proposed mili-\nferent taxes) result not only in receipts inade-\ntary expenditures for 1949 represent about 19\nquate to meet budgeted expenditures, but also\npercent of total budgeted expenditures.\nin inequities involving discrimination against\nWhereas military expenditures were probably\nthe groups of least taxable capacity. Indirect\nunnecessarily large in the earlier post-Libera-\ntaxes (sales taxes, duties) unlike income\ntion years, the present international situation\ntaxes, are not adjusted to \"ability to pay,\" and\ndoes not suggest that further reductions are\nhence are more burdensome to the wage-earn-\nprobable. Servicing charges on the govern-\ning classes. The ratio of indirect taxation to\nment debt of about Frs. 2,441 billion are only\ndirect taxation, about 2:1 in terms of total\nabout 5 percent of total budgetary expendi-\nreceipts in France, as against about 1:5 in the\ntures, as a result of the inflation, as against\nUS, is generally considered too high. More-\n25 percent a decade ago. The external debt,\nover, receipts from direct taxes on incomes are\nstanding at about Frs. 830 billion, represents a\nderived largely from the wage- and salary-\ngrowing foreign exchange burden, but is sig-\nearning classes because they are collected\nnificant chiefly as an external account (see\nfrom employers, while farmers, merchants,\nForeign Trade).\nand the professional classes engage in evasion\nThe \"conservative\" view that budgetary\non a major scale. Thus, it is not the income\nhealth should be achieved largely through re-\ntax rate structure in itself which is mainly at\nduction of expenditures is generally opposed\nfault-in fact, the rates are steeply gradu-\nECRET"
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