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A Brief Description of the Canals and Railroads of the United States, H.S. Tanner, 1834

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Google This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Usage guidelines Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. 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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web athttp://books.google.com/ UC-NRLF 2751 T2 $B 264 126 SIGLLAM UNIVERSITATIS MDCCCLXVIIL OF EX LIBRIS Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CANALS AND RAIL ROADS OF THE U... UNITED STATES: Comprehending NOTICES OF ALL THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE SEVERAL STATES. 15 BY H.S. TANNER. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1 Digitized by Google NOVEMBER, 1834. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1834, By H. S. TANNER, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Joseph & William Kite, Printers. Digitized by Google A. M. C. ADVERTISEMENT. IN consequence of the numerous inquiries re- lative to the Internal Improvements in the United States, I have been led to draw up, as an accompaniment to the preceding map, the sub- joined account of the Canals and Rail Roads which exist in the various states. It will serve, in connexion with the map, to elucidate, fully, the extent, courses, &c., of those great works, to which the attention of strangers, in common with our own citizens, is directed. In the ar- rangement of the several topics, particular care has been taken to embody, under the head of each state, all the canals and rail roads which exist in it; together with such facts as were deemed generally useful. Among these will be found statements relative to the designation ; points of commencement and termination; gene- ral course; locality ; length ; point of greatesť elevation; ascent and descent ; capacity (width, depth, &c.) ; number of locks or inclined planes of dams; of aqueducts or viaducts; of tunnels; of bridges i of sluices ; of culverts ; cost of con- struction ; present condition; proprietors ; sta- tionary distances, &c. of each canal and rail 5013 Digitized by Google iv ADVERTISEMENT. road in the United States, so far as the requisite data have been obtained. These items being considered most important in reference to the subject generally, all other matters, especially those which relate to legis- lative proceedings, and other preliminary opera- tions, found in most other works of this sort, have been purposely omitted as comparatively uninteresting. My chief aim has been to con- dense into a small space as much practical in- formation on the various subjects brought into view, as a due regard to satisfactory results would allow. Should errors be detected by those who are familiar with the details of any of the works here mentioned; (and that errors may be found I do not permit myself to doubt) I beg leave- to request the communication of such facts as will serve to correct in a future edition of this work, whatever may be found defective in this. H. S. T. Shakspeare Buildings, Philadelphia, 1834. Digitized by Google BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CANALS AND RAIL ROADS. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. I MAINE. CUMBERLAND AND OXFORD CANAL, Extends from tide water near Portland, to-Se- bago Pond, a distance of 201 miles. By a lock in Songo river, the navigation is prolonged into Brandy and Long Ponds, a farther distance of 30 miles. The canal portion of this work, is wholly in Cumberland county. Length 501 miles; 34 feet wide at the surface, 18 at the bottom, 4 feet deep; course, north-west; 26 locks; com- pleted in 1829; cost $250,000 ; constructed by a joint stock company which possesses banking privileges. 1* Digitized by Google 6 NEW HAMPSHIRE. VERMONT. NEW HAMPSHIRE. BOW CANAL, Near Concord, around Bow falls, 1 of a mile long; 4 locks; finished in 1812 ; cost $25,000. HOOKSET CANAL. At the Hookset falls of Merrimac; 825 feet in length ; 3 locks ; 16 feet fall ; cost $17,000. AMOSKEAG CANAL. At the falls of Amoskeag in the Merrimac; 9 locks ; 45 feet fall ; cost $50,000. UNION CANAL, Passes seven falls in the Merrimac; length, including pools, 9 miles ; 7 locks ; cost $50,000. VERMONT. BELLOWS FALLS CANAL, Around those falls; 1 mile long ; 9 locks ; descent 50 feet. ATERQUECHEY CANAL. WHITE RIVER CANAL. All the preceding canals are designed to over- come falls in the Connecticut river. MASSACHUSETTS. MIDDLESEX CANAL, Extends from Boston to Chelmsford, on the Digitized by Google SLLASNHOVSSVW 7 Merrimac. Length 27 miles ; 30 feet wide at top, 20 at bottom, 3 feet deep, rise 104 feet, fall 32 feet ; total lockage 136 feet ; 20 locks ; com- menced in 1789, finished in 1808 ; cost $528,000. PAWTUCKET CANAL, In the town of Lowell, is used both for nav- igating and manufacturing purposes. Length 11 miles ; 90 feet wide at top, and 4 feet deep ; lockage 32 feet. BLACKSTONE CANAL. Extends from Providence, R. I., to Worces- ter, Mass. It leaves the former place and pur- sues nearly a due north course into the valley of the Pawtucket river, which it follows to the town of Worcester, a distance of 45 miles ; 34 feet at top, 18 at bottom, 4 feet deep; it has 48 locks, 80 by 10 feet ; cost $600,000. Com- pleted in 1828. HAMPSHIRE AND HAMPDEN CANAL. (See Connecticut.) MONTAGUE CANAL. Near the Montague falls, in Connecticut river, 3 miles long ; 25 feet wide, and 3 deep ; lock- age 75 feet. SOUTH HADLEY CANAL, Around the South Hadley falls in the Connec- ticut. Length 2 miles ; 5 locks. Digitized by Google 8 MASSACHUSETTS. BOSTON AND WORCESTER RAIL ROAD. 45 miles in length ; passes through the towns of Newton, Needham, Natick, &c. Commenced in 1832. Estimated cost $883,904. It is proposed to continue this road to the Connecticut, and to construct a branch to Millbury. BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE RAIL ROAD. The road to Providence leaves Boston, passes through the towns of Roxbury, Dedham, Wal- pole, Foxboro, and across Sekonk plain and cove to India bridge in Providence ; length 43 miles ; ascent 3811 feet ; descent 378 feet ; difference of level between Boston and Providence, 31 feet. General course S. S. W. BOSTON AND LOWELL RAIL ROAD. Length 25 ms. now in progress; course N. W. QUINCY RAIL ROAD, Used for transporting granite from the quarry in Quincy to Neponset river. Length 3 miles, branches 1 mile ; 1 inclined plane, 275 feet in length, single track. PROPOSED RAIL ROADS. From Boston to Taunton, length 32 miles. From Lowell to Brattleboro. From Boston to Salem. From West Stockbridge to the N. Y. State boundary. From Boston to Ogdensburg, N. Y. Digitized by Google Feet. ont 500 Lake Erie 568 E 360 200 001 Buffalo 578 BlackRock 00 = omo oot don 1000 0021 1600 1800 0002 Pittsborg 678 Γ. 2200 Feet 350 Tonnewanta Feet. Tonnewanta Creek 340 330 320 310 300 200 OUR 200 300 oot 500 Brush Creek 340 310 M.Keexport 684 Γ. Lake Erie 94 f. 330 Buffalo to Rochester, if. rise 630 fall 62 i. total ris Pendleton 83 Locks on the main trunk entire lockage 688 300 Erie Canal Length 362 miles 10 f.wide at top. 38 Eat be Lockport 568 Γ. Cleaveland Double combined Locks 62 Feet 300 320 Sewickley Cr.700 Γ. Middleport 506 R 390 Google 310 Road under Can. Jacobs Cr. 740 f. Cuyahoga R. 280 Aqueduct 270 6½ feet per milo it IF un it got 380 GEN GENESEE E Newport Connelsville 860 to Mas us Por Akron 199 f. Holly " Summit La #1 on 5 utic port 100 et bel Sidel Atlai LEVE AL, = Rome m Mo to ic Licking or 10 Lev Marsh Run go Dam Whitesboro R mill WASA BLACK - - EFF Google ITEM STATE 74" 157 I RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT. 9 RHODE ISLAND. STONINGTON RAIL ROAD. (Now in progress), extends from Stonington in Connecticut, to Providence, 46 miles in length. A company has been incorporated to construct a rail road from Providence to Norwich in Con- necticut. CONNECTICUT. FARMINGTON CANAL. Commences at New Haven, passes along the valleys of Mill Creek and Farmington river, and intersects the north boundary of the state in the town of Suffield, here the canal terminates at present. It is proposed to extend this canal to Northampton, a further distance of 22 miles. Entire length, so far as completed, 56 miles ; ge- neral course, nearly north ; 36 feet wide at top, 20 at bottom; 4 feet deep; lockage 18 feet locks 80 by 12 feet in the clear ; cost $600,000. ENFIELD CANAL. Is designed to overcome the Enfield falls in Connecticut river; length 51 miles; 2 locks of 10 feet lift, each 90 by 20 feet. NEW YORK. ERIE CANAL. The first and by far the most important work 10 NEW YORK. in this state, is the Erie canal, extending from Al- bany on the Hudson river, to Buffalo on Lake Erie. Its general course from Albany is a little north of west. Leaving Albany it passes along the right banks of the Hudson and Mohawk, crossing the lat- ter at Middletown; following the left or north bank of the Mohawk about 12 miles, it re-crosses that river over what is termed the upper aque- duct," pursuing the south bank of the Mohawk through Schenectady, Schoharie, Canajoharie, and Little Falls village, it enters the flourishing town of Utica, 108 miles by the canal from Alba- ny. Continuing its course by Whitesboro, Rome, Lenox, Syracuse, Jordan, Montezuma, Lyons, Palmyra, Pittsford, to Rochester (distant 160 miles from Utica), where it crosses the Genesee by a splendid aqueduct, built of hewn stone, and supported by eleven arches. From Rochester the canal assumes a more western direction un- til it reaches Lockport, after passing the towns of Brockport, Albion, Middleport, and some other "ports" of lesser note; distance from Rochester to Lockport 63 miles. At Lockport the canal ascends the mountain ridge, by five double com- bined locks, each 12.4 feet rise. Nine miles from Lockport, the canal enters Tonnewanta creek, at the Little village of Pendleton, from which to Tonnewanta village, situated at the mouth of the creek and distant from the former about 10 miles, the canal is identified with the Tonnewanta. At a farther distance of 12 miles, this magnificent work terminates, at the town of Buffalo. Entire length of the Erie canal 363 NEW YORK. 11 miles; 40 feet wide at top, 28 at bottom, and 4 feet deep; 84 locks on the main canal ; total lockage 688 ; declivity from Buffalo to Roches- ter 4 feet ; rise 630 feet, fall 62 feet; total rise and fall 692 feet ; cost $9,500,000. Stationary distances along the Erie Canal. Troy, 7 Jordan, 6 191 Junction, 2 9 Weedsport, 6 197 Schenectady, 19 28 Montezuma, (Lake Amsterdam, 18 46 Port) 9 206 Schoharie Cr. 7 53 Clyde, 11 217 Caughnawaga, 4 57 Lyons, 9 226 Canajoharie, 12 69 Lockville, 6 232 Little Falls, 19 88 Palmyra, 9 241 Herkimer, 7 95 Fairport, 11 252 Frankfort, 5 100 Pittsford, 8 260 Utica, 10 110 Rochester, 10 270 Whitesboro, 4 114 Ogden, 12 282 Rome, 11 125 Adams, 3 285 New London, 7 132 Brockport, 5 200 Canistota, 14 146 Holly, 5 205 New Boston, 4 150 Albion, 10 305 Chitteningo, 4 154 Lockport, 28 333 Manlius, 8 162 Pendleton, 7 340 Syracuse, 9 171 Tonnewanta, 12 352 Geddesburg, 2 173 Buffalo, 11 163 Canton, 12 185 CHAMPLAIN CANAL. From its junction with the Erie canal, eight miles from Albany, the Champlain canal pur- sues its course through Waterford, Still-water, and Bemus' Heights, along the right bank of the Hudson, to within three miles of Fort Miller where it takes the river for three milesgleAt Fort Miller Falls is a canal of half a mile in 12 NEW YORK. length, and then again it takes the river 8 miles to Fort Edward, from which place the canal pursues a north east course to Whitehall, after passing the villages of Sandy Hill, and Fort Ann. Length of the Champlain Canal from its junc- tion with the Erie Canal to Whitehall 72 miles ; 40 feet wide at top, 28 feet at bottom, 4 feet deep ; 21 locks; rise 921, fall 54 feet, total lockage 188 feet : elevation of Lake Champlain above the Erie canal, at the junction, 381 feet ; commenced in 1817; completed 1819; cost $1,179,872. HUDSON AND DELAWARE CANAL, Commences on Hudson River, passes the towns of Kingston, Marbletown, Mombacus, and Warwasing, in Ulster county, along the valleys of the Rondout, Batten Kill and Nevisink river, to Carpenter's point on the Delaware: general course from the Hudson to Carpenter's point on the Delaware, south-west. Length 651 miles ; ascent 535, descent 80 feet 62 locks; total lockage 615 feet. LACKAWAXEN CANAL, Is a prolongation of the Hudson and Delaware canal, 17 miles of which is in the state of New York, and 36 miles in Pennsylvania, making its entire length from Carpenter's point to Hones- dale, 53 miles. From Carpenter's point along the left bank of the Delaware to the mouth ofthe Lackawaxen, where the canal crosses the Dela- ware; rise 148 feet in 17 miles; from the mouth NEW YORK. 13 of Lackawaxen to Honesdale, rise 668 feet in 36 miles; total rise 816 feet in 53 miles; 32 to 36 feet wide, 4 feet deep. At Honesdale, where the canal terminates, the rail road commences. Length of the rail road from Honesdale to Car- bondale, on the Lackawaxen, 24 miles, ascent 900, descent 881 feet ; commenced in 1825, and completed in the same year. OSWEGO CANAL, Consisting of pools and canals, commences on the Erie canal near Syracuse in Onondaga county, passes along the valley of, and nearly parallel to, the Onondago river into Lake Ontario, through the villages of Liverpool, Three River point, Os- wego Falls and Oswego, on the right bank of the river; general course from Syracuse, north west ; length 38 miles; 14 locks; descent 123 feet cost $525,115. SENECA CANAL, (Pools and canal,) connects the Seneca and Cayuga lakes with the Erie canal, which it leaves at Montezuma, passing through Water- loo, the seat of justice of Seneca county, and along Seneca outlet, to Geneva ; course from Montezuma, south west ; length 20 miles; 11 locks; descent 73 feet ; commenced and complet- ed in 1828 ; cost $214,000. All the above canals are completed and in suc- cessful operation. CHEMUNG CANAL, Extends from the head waters of Seneca Lake 2 Digitized by Google 14 NEW YORK. to Elmira, on the Tioga branch of the Susque- hanna. Length 18 miles, with a navigable feed- er of 13 miles from Painted Post ; whole length 31 miles; 54 locks, including 1 guard lock ; completed in 1832 ; cost $300,000. CROOKED LAKE CANAL. From Penyan to the outlet of Seneca Lake ; length 7 miles ; lockage 270 feet ; cost $120,000. HARLAEM CANAL. Extends from the Hudson to the East river through Manhatten Island; length 3 miles; 60 feet wide, and from 6 to 7 deep ; 2 tide locks ; estimated cost $550,000. CHITTENANGO CANAL, From Chittenango mills to the Erie canal, 11 miles in length ; 4 locks. The following summary exhibits the aggre- gate length of canals in the state of N. York. Those having an asterisk (*) attached, are the property of the state. Erie canal, 363 * Champlain canal, 72 * Hudson and Delaware canal, 651 Lackawaxen canal, 17 Oswego canal, 38 * Seneca canal, 20 * Chemung canal, 31 Feeder to do. 15 * Crooked Lake canal, 7 Tonnewanta canal, Digitized by Google's * NEW YORK. 15 Harlaem canal, 3 Chittenango canal, 11 Total 618 Miles. PROPOSED CANALS. CHENANGO CANAL, (Now in progress) from Binghamton on the Susquehanna, to the Erie canal, near Utica ; length 93 miles. Lockage 1,009 feet ; estimat- ed cost $944,800. BLACK RIVER CANAL, From Rome to the high falls of Black river, with a navigable feeder of 9 miles at Boonville, and thence by slack water navigation to Car- thage, 40 miles; lockage 1,078 feet ; estimated cost $602,550. SODUS CANAL, From Sodus bay to Seneca river. Severalother canals are proposed. RAIL ROADS. MOHAWK AND HUDSON RAIL ROAD, Extends from Albany to Schenectady; length 16 miles; commenced in 1830; cost $700,000. SCHENECTADY AND SARATOGA RAIL ROAD, From Schenectady on the Erie canal, to Ball- ston and Saratoga Springs; length 20 miles ; commenced in 1831, completed in 1832; cost $250,000. Digitized by Google 16 NEW YORK. CATSKILL AND CANAJOHARIE RAIL ROAD, (Now in progress.) Length 70 miles. ITHICA AND OWEGO RAIL ROAD, Length 29 miles ; estimated cost $150,000. HARLAEM RAIL ROAD, On Manhatten Island. ROCHESTER RAIL ROAD, (Now in progress,) from Rochester along the Genesee to the head of navigation. SCHENECTADY AND UTICA RAIL ROAD, (Now in progress) ; length 80 miles. BATH RAIL ROAD, From Bath to Crooked Lake, 5 miles. ROCHESTER AND BATAVIA RAIL ROAD, (Now in progress); length 28 miles. TROY AND BALLSTON RAIL ROAD, (Now in progress,) via Waterford; length 22 miles. During the session 1832, the Legislature in- corporated twenty four companies for as many rail roads in various parts of the state, with an aggregate capital of nearly $15,000,000. Most of these works will, no doubt, be executed. Digitized by Google NEW JERSEY. 17 NEW JERSEY. DELAWARE AND RARITAN CANAL. Delaware and Raritan Canal, commences at Bordentown and extends through Trenton, and along the valley of the Millstone and Raritan to New Brunswick, forming, in connexion with the Delaware and Raritan rivers and Staten Island sound, a complete inland water communi- cation between the cities of Philadelphia and New York. Length of canal, 43 miles; 75 feet wide, and seven feet deep, and will admit vessels of 100 tons; 14 locks, 2 towing paths. Commenc- ed in 1831, and completed in May, 1834. A navigable feeder, 24 miles long, has been constructed along the east bank of the Dela- ware, intersecting the main trunk in the city of Trenton. MORRIS CANAL. The Morris Canal commences at Jersey City, opposite New York, pursues a circuitous route through the Bergen marshes, and crossing the Hackensack and Passaic rivers a short distance above their discharge into Newark Bay, enters the flourishing town of Newark. Here the ca- nal assumes a course nearly north, which it maintains to Paterson, passing the village of Bloomfield. After leaving Paterson, its course is nearly south-west to the Little Falls of Passa- ic, where it crosses that river, and thence pur- 2* Digitized by Google 18 NEW JERSEY. sues a more western direction, through the little town of Powerville into Rockaway valley ; still continuing its western course along the valley of the Rockaway, until it enters the township of Roxbury, it ascends the summit level two miles north-west from Drakesville. From the summit at Hopatcong pond, the canal is carried along the left bank of Musconetcong river, which it crosses one and a half miles south-west from Andover Forge; thence assuming a south-west direction, it passes near the villages of Hackets- town, Beatystown, Anderson, Mansfield, Broad- way, and New Village, and terminates on the Delaware at Phillipsburg, opposite Easton. General course from New York to Easton, west : length, 101 miles; ascent, 915, descent, 754 feet; total rise and fall, 1669 feet; overcome by locks and inclined planes. Elevation of Easton 161, and summit level 915 feet above the Atlan- tic; 32 feet wide at top; 18 at bottom; 4 feet deep. Rise and fall 1657 feet, of which 223 feet are overcome by 24 locks, and 1334 feet by 23 inclined planes ; 4 guard locks; 5 dams; 30 culverts; 12 aqueducts; 200 bridges. Cost $1,200,000. SALEM CANAL, Extends from Salem creek to the Delaware; designed to shorten the distance from the upper parts of Salem county to Philadelphia. Length 4 miles. Digitized by Google СРАФИТАЗИЯ EN 1 Electric THE NWO 3 I THE FRITA - M - - *I REVIEW E 5 caloryte Digitized by Google : OOZ OOT 009 800 OOOT 1200 ootr 1600 = not 200 Ohio River Pittsburg Feet on Gr.Aqueduct 320 - Feet #50 Apalachicota Suwance Riv. Pine ir. 200 oot 600 800 1900 Bay on Uapaha R. Baston 310 Deer Cr. 001 Delaware River off 100 Stewartsville 133 Γ. Bull (r. #30 New River 300 180 feet go Pohatcong or 06 ORE Octockonne 062 Google Allegheny 80 River Kiskiminitas River Suwance Aqueduct 280 70 OIZ HO 'T'll 80 Level of the River 630 126 Hackets T. a Andover 75 NEW JERSEY. 19 WASHINGTON CANAL, Cuts off a considerable bend in Manolapan creek, and lessens the distance from Washing- ton to the Raritan river. Length 1 mile. MANASQUAN AND BARNEGAT CANAL. (Proposed.) CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAIL ROAD, Commences at Camden, opposite Philadelphia; thence, crossing Cooper's creek, it follows, gen- erally, the east bank of the Delaware. Six miles from Camden the road crosses Pensaukin creek; and six miles farther it crosses Ranco- cus by a substantial viaduct. The road hence to Burlington, (6 miles) is perfectly straight, and from Burlington to Bordentown, a further distance of ten miles, it is nearly so. The general direction of the road from Bor- dentown to South Amboy, its point of termina- tion, is nearly north-east. At a distance of 21 miles from Bordentown, the road passes Cross- wicks creek ; 7 miles farther it enters the vil- lage of Centreville; thence to Hightstown 4 miles; thence, by nearly a direct course, to Spotswood 11 miles. About one mile beyond the latter place, the road recrosses the turnpike, and passes Herbertsville 2 miles from Spotts- wood. At a farther distance of 7 miles this im- portant work terminates at the long wharf in South Amboy. Length from Camden to Bor- Digitized by Google 20 NEW JER$EY. dentown 271 miles, and thence to South Amboy 331. Total length from Camden to South Am- boy 61 miles. PATERSON AND HUDSON RIVER RAIL ROAD, Extends from Jersey City opposite New York to Paterson on the Passaic. Length 16.30 miles. It is proposed to extend this road to the Morris Canal. NEW JERSEY RAIL ROAD, Commences on the last mentioned rail road, about two miles from Jersey City, crosses the Passaic, and passes through the eastern suburbs of Newark ; thence through Elizabethtown, Bridgetown, and Matouchin, to New Brunswick. The road after leaving Newark runs parallel with and near to the turnpike leading to New Brunswick. Length 28 miles. Companies have been incorporated for con- structing rail roads—1. From Elizabethtown to Somerville. 2. From some point on the Cam- den and Amboy Rail Road, or on the river Del- ware, to Salem county. 3. From a point on the Delaware above Paulins Kill, to the Hudson riv- er. The aggregate capital of these companies amounts to $1,900,000, which may be extended to $4,000,000. Digitized by Google PENNSYLVANIA. 21 PENNSYLVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA CANALS AND RAIL ROADS. Viewing the Columbia Rail Road as only a link in the great chain of communication be- tween the Delaware and Ohio Rivers, I shall commence with a description of that work, and, proceeding westwardly, take up each division in regular succession. COLUMBIA RAIL ROAD, Commences at the intersection of Broad and Vine streets, in the city of Philadelphia, pro- ceeds nearly parallel with, and crosses the Schuylkill about two miles above the upper bridge. Passing the stream by a viaduct 984 feet in length, the road is conducted to the foot of an inclined plane, and thence pursues its western course through the counties of Philadolphia, Montgomery, Delaware, Chester and Lancaster, and the towns of Downingstown, Coatsville, Lancaster and Mount Pleasant, and enters Co. Iumbia on the Susquehanna by an inclined plane 1720 feet in length. Here the road terminates at the outlet lock of the central division of the Pennsylvania Canal. The entire length of this work from its point of outset in Philadelphia, to its junction with the canal at Columbia, is 81.60 miles. Digitized by Google 22 PENNSYLVANIA. The Columbia Rail Road attains its greatest altitude at Mine ridge, which is 555 feet above tide water in the Delaware, and 52 miles west from Philadelphia. Its general direction is nearly west, over a broken or uneven country, traversing in its course several hills having a mean elevation ofabout 400 feet, until it descends the valley of the Susquehanna and enters Colum- bia, which is elevated 237 feet above tide water. On the line there are 31 viaducts, the aggre- gate length of whose platforms is 7349 feet; 73 stone culverts, 500 stone drains, and 18 bridges. Cost about $1,600,000. CENTRAL DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA CANAL. This division commences at Columbia, follows the east bank of the Susquehanna, and passes through the villages of Maytown, Bainbridge, and Falmouth ; intersects the Union Canal at Middletown, where there is a side lock of three feet, connecting this division with the Union Canal. From Middletown it continues along the east bank of the Susquehanna, through High- spiretown and Harrisburg to Duncan's Island. At the head of this island the canal crosses the Susquehanna and enters the valley of the Juni- ata, which it pursues mostly along its north or left side, and passing Millerstown, Mexico, Mif- fintown, Lewistown, Huntingdon and Peters- burg; and through the counties of Lancaster, Digitized by Google PENNSYLVANIA. 23 Dauphin, Perry, Juniata and Huntingdon, ter- minates at Hollidaysburg. Length 1714 miles; course W. N. W. ; look- age 7474 feet; 40 feet wide at top, 28 at bot- tom, 4 feet deep; 18 dams; 33 aquaducts; 111 locks, including guards-those between Colum- bia and Duncan's Island are each 90 by 17 feet, and those from Duncan's Island to Hollidays- burg, 90 by 15 feet in the chamber; 15.83 miles of this canal consists of slack water navi- gation. ALLEGHENY PORTAGE RAIL ROAD. This work commences at the termination of the preceding, at Hollidaysburg, pursues a W. N. W. course to Blair's Gap, and thence turn- ing to the S. W. enters and passes along the valley of the Conemaugh to Johnstown, in Cam- bria county, having traversed in its course por- tions of Huntingdon, Bedford and Cambria counties. This road is connected with the cen- tral and western divisions of the Pennsylvania canal by two extensive basins, with which it communicates by slips and branch rail-wavs. Length 36.69 miles; rise and fall 2570.29 feet, of which 2007.02 are overcome by planes of various inclinations, and 563,27 feet by grad- ing. With the exception of the ends, the grades never exceed 21.12 feet, and are generally be-, tween 10 and 15 feet, per mile. Aggregate length of the bases of the inclined planes, 4.37 miles, and that of the graded portion of the Digitized by Google 24 PENNSYLVANIA. road, 32.32 miles. There are 4 extensive via- ducts; one over the Conemaugh at the Horse Shoe bend, one at the Ebensburg branch, one at the Mountain branch, and one across the Bea- ver Dam branch of the Juniata; of culverts there are 72, and several bridges. Width of the road 25 feet exclusive of side drains. Distance between the rails, 4 feet ; between the tracks 5 feet, including the inner rail of each track. In its course from Hollidaysburg to Johnstown the road attains an elevation of 2491 feet above the Atlantic Ocean. At Johnstown the Portage Rail Road joins the Western Division of the Pennsylvania canal. WESTERN DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA CANAL. This link in the grand chain traverses the valleys of the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas and Allegheny rivers, to its termination at Pittsburg. After leaving Johnstown, it passes the towns of Fairfield, Lockport, Blairsville, and Saltzburg in Indiana county, Warren and Leechburg in Armstrong, and, crossing the Allegheny above the mouth of the Kiskiminetas, enters Butler county, and thence along the right bank of the Allegheny (which is crossed by a splendid aque- duct) enters and passes through the city of Pittsburg, and terminates on the Monongahela 'river. Length 104 miles; 40 feet wide at top, 28 at bottom, 4 feet deep; lockage 471 feet ; 64 locks (exclusive of four on a branch canal to Digitized by Google PENNSYLVANIA. 25 the Allegheny) 90 by 15 feet within the cham- ber; 10 dams; 21 ¥ miles of the above canal consists of slackwater navigation; 2 tunnels; 16 aqueducts; 64 culverts; 39 waste wears; 152 bridges. Cost, $3,000,000, Entire length of the preceding canals and rail roads from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 3944 miles. STATIONARY DISTANCES FROM PHILADELPHIA TO PITTSBURG, COMMENCING AT VINE AND BROAD STREET. No. 1. No. 2. From Philadelphia to Colum- bia, 812 miles. From Columbia to Hollidays- Fair Mount Wa- burg, 1713 miles. ter Works 1 Columbia as above 812 Lemon Hill 1 11 Viaduct over Marietta 3 842 Schuylkill R. 1} 3 Bainbridge 61 914 Buck Tavern 8 11 Falmouth 31 942 Spread Eagle 5 16 3 102 Columbia Rail Road. 41 201 Central Division of the Pennsylvania Canal. Middletown 41 99 Paoli Highspire Warren 22 Harrisburg 6 108 Valley Creek 7 29 Blue Mt. Gap 5 113 Downingtown 3 32 Port Dauphin 21 1151 Coatsville 8 40 Duncan's Isl. 9 1241 Buck Run 41 Beelen's 44} 51 130 Gap Tavern 7 51 Newport 5 135 Mine Ridge ] 52/ Lower aque- Mill Creek 5 57 duct 6 141 3 60 Thompsontown 5 Soudersburg 146 Connestoga Cr. 7 67, Mexico 7 153 Lancaster 2 69 Mifflintown 4 157 Mt. Pleasant Lewistown 14 171 7 761 Columbia 41 81₫ Waynesburg 14 185 3 Digitized by Google 26 PENNSYLVANIA. From Philadelphia to Pittsburg,-continued. Waynesburg as above 185 P. P.R. Ebensburg Br. 3 275 Aughwick Staple Bend 10 2851 Falls 12 197 Johnstown 41 2904 Jack's Mt. 6 203 Central Division. Mill Creek 6 209 No. 4. Huntingdon 5 214 From Johnstown to Pitts- Petersburg 7 221 burg, by the Western Divis Alexandria 7 228 sion of the Pennsylvania Williamsburg 12 240 Canal, 104 miles. Frankstown 101 250} Johnstown, as above 290£ Hollidaysburg 3 253} Laurel Hill 61 297 Lockport 10 307 No. 3. Chesnut Hill 5 312 From Hollidaysburg to Johns- Western Division Penna. Canal. Blairsville 8 320 town, by the Allegheny Saltzburg 16 336 Portage Rail Road, 36 Salt Works 7 343 miles. Warrenton 5 348 Hollidaysburg, as above 2531 Leechburg 10 358 Walker's Point 11 255 Aqueduct over Portage R. R. In. Plane, No. Allegheny 3 361 10 21 2571 Freeport 2 363 In. Plane, No. Logan's Ferry 13 376 6 61 263 Pine Creek 12 388 Mountain Br. 9 2721 Pittsburg 61 3944 SUSQUEHANNA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA CANAL, Commences at the outlet lock on Duncan's Island, where it joins the Central Division, cross- es the north outlet of the Juniata, and enters Buffalo township in Perry county ; thence it pursues nearly a due north course through Per- ry and Mifflin counties, along the right bank of the Susquehanna in Union county, to the town Digitized by Google PENNSYLVANIA. 27 of Northumberland, where it intersects the ca- nals which extend along the north and west branches of the Susquehanna. Length 39 miles; cost of construction $1,039,256 ; 11 locks. WEST BRANCH CANAL, Leaves the Susquehanna division at Northum- berland, and passes along the left bank of the west branch of Susquehanna, through Northum- berland and Lycoming counties, to a point op- posite the mouth of Bald Eagle creek, near Dunnstown. Length, including several sec- tions of pool navigation, 65.76 miles; lockage 121 feet; 19 guard and lift locks; 8 dams, varying from 4 to 10 feet in height; 4 aque- ducts; cost $927,378. NORTH BRANCH DIVISION. Commencing at the basin which unites the Susquehanna and West Branch divisions at Northumberland, this canal pursues a north- eastern course through Northumberland, Colum- bia and Luzerne counties, and by the towns of Danville, Bloomsburg, Berwick, &c., and termi- nates in Wyoming valley, at a dam near Nanti- coke falls. Length, including 5 miles of pool navigation above Nanticoke dam, 601 miles ; 40 feet wide at top, 28 at bottom, 4 feet deep ; 7 lift and one guard locks, each 17 by 90 feet within the chambers; rise 68.89 feet ; cost $1,096,178. An extension of this canal 14.98 miles, to the mouth of the Lackawana, is now in progress. Digitized by Google 28 PENNSYLVANIA. Length 75.48 miles; pool navigation 13.91 miles; one aqueduct, 5 locks; rise 43 feet ; cost $220,594. DELAWARE DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA CANAL, Commences at Bristol in Bucks, county, 18 miles above Philadelphia. On leaving the basin at Bristol, the canal passes in nearly a direct line to Morrisville, op- posite Trenton, leaving Tullytown on the right, and Tyburn on the left. On leaving Morrisville it pursues a course nearly at right angles with the section from Bristol to Morrisville. Following this direction, sometimes approaching within a short distance of, and then receding from the Delaware, it successively passes the towns of Yardleyville, Taylorsville, Brownsburg, New Hope, Lumberville, Smithville and Monroe, and terminates at Easton, where it unites with the Lehigh Company's works. Length 59,75 miles. Rise 170 feet. Cost $1,275,715. PITTSBURG AND ERIE CANAL. This canal is merely preparatory to a more extensive line of canals designed to connect Con- neaut lake in Crawford county with Lake Erie, and ultimately with the Ohio river at Pittsburg. Another section of this work is just completed : it extends from Newcastle in Mercer county, to the town of Beaver, on the Ohio, and is 24.75 miles in length. The improvement of of rench PENNSYLVANIA. 29 creek (25.70 miles in length) now in course of execution, will be completed in a few months. RECAPITULATION. Pennsylvania Canal, Central division 171.75 " " Western " 104.00 " " Susquehanna " 39.00 " " West branch " 65.75 " " North branch " 75.48 " " Delaware " 59.75 " " Pittsburg and Erie* " 73.40 Total, canals 589.18 Columbia Rail Road 81.60 Allegheny Portage 36.69 Total, Rail Road 118.29 Canals, as above 589.18 Grand total of Pennsylvania state works 707.47 Canals and Rail Roads Constructed by Joint Stock Companies. CANALS. SCHUYLKILL NAVIGATION. This work extends from the dam at Fair- mount, near Philadelphia, to Port Carbon in # This includes the French Creek feeder, and all the other improvements in that section of the state. 3* Digitized by Google 30 PENNSYLVANIA. Schuylkill county. It consists of a succession of canals and pools. The pool above Fairmount dam is entered by a short canal on the west side of the Schuylkill. This pool extends about six miles to Flat Rock. About 11 miles from Flat Rock dam, the Manayunk Canal leaves the last mentioned pool and rejoins the stream a short 2 distance above the dam, and thus enters the second pool. This extends 4 miles to an incon- siderable canal, which connects it with the pool above. Three miles farther, another small ca- nal conducts into the pool above Norristown, in Montgomery county, thence the stream is as- cended by several short canals and pools, to the commencement of the Oaks Canal," 3} miles in length. The Oaks Canal commences half a mile above the outlet of Perkiomen creek, and extends along the north or left bank of the Schuylkill, to a dam about one mile above Phe- nixville, in Chester county, where it enters the river. The pool formed by the dam just men- tioned, extends to the outlet of the Vincent Ca- nal, nearly five miles in length. About 1 mile above the termination of the Vincent Canal, commences the Girard Canal, one of the most extensive in the series. It is 22 miles in length, and extends along the right bank of the Schuyl- kill, from Pigeon creek five miles below Read- ing in Berks county. In the space between that point and Reading there are two dams and a small canal, which is connected with that passing through Reading, where the Union Canal intersects the Schuylkill Company's Digitized by Google PENNSYLVANIA. 31 works. The latter canal enters the Schuylkill a short distance above Reading, and is on the left bank of the stream. With the exception of the Hamburg Canal, ten miles in length, and another of three miles, the distance from Read- ing to Hamburg is traversed by a succession of short canals, mostly on the left bank of the Schuylkill this is also the case from Hamburg to Port Carbon, where the navigation ceases. This work opens a direct communication be- tween Philadelphia and the anthracite coal re- gion, in Schuylkill county, whence immense quantities of it are transported to Philadelphia and other cities of the union. Length of canals 58, and of pools 50 miles. Entire length from Fair Mount to Port Carbon, 108 miles. Canals 36 feet wide at top, 22 at bottom, 3 feet 6 inches deep; 129 locks, each 80 by 17 feet ; 34 dams ; 1 tunnel, 385 feet in length ; rise 610 feet ; cost $2,500,176. Stationary distances from Fair Mount to Port Carbon. Fish House 1 Unionville 3 46 Viaduct Col. R. R. 11 2 Birdsboro 6 52 Canal at Falls 2 4 Reading 12 64 Wissahiccon Creek 1 5 Maiden Creek 11 75 Manyunk 2 7 Hamburg 12 87 Flat Rock 1 8 Port Clinton 4 91 Soap Stone Quarry 11 91 Bear Creek 5 96 Ferry, Spring Mills 1} 11 Tunnel 2 98 Dam at Gulf Creek 11 121 Schuylkill Haven 31 1011 Norristown 31 16 Tumbling Run 3,1 105 Perkiomen Cr. 81 241 Mount Carbon 105} Phoenixville 3f 28 Pottsville 106 Pottstown 15 43 Port Carbon 2 108 Digitized by Google 32 PENNSYLVANIA. UNION CANAL, Extends from a point a short distance below Reading, to Middletown, on the Susquehanna, and passes through the counties of Berks, Leba- non and Dauphin. If the pool near Reading be regarded as a part of the Union canal, that work commences about 3 miles below Reading on the west bank of the Schuylkill, and running nearly due north enters the valley of Tulpehocken creek ; following that stream chiefly along its left bank, the canal gradually ascends to the summit, a dis- tance of 41.29 miles. The summit level is 6.97 miles, and the western section, including 4 of a mile of towing path, along the right bank of the Swatara, is 33.80 miles in length, making the en- tire length of the Union Canal, 82.08 miles. Course W. S.W. Summit at Lebanon, 4981 feet above tide water ; ascent 311, descent 2081 ; total lockage 5191 feet ; 36 feet wide at top, 24 at bot- tom, 4 feet deep; 93 lift and 2 guard locks, each 75 by 81 feet ; 43 waste wears ; 49 culverts ; 135 bridges 14 aqueducts ; 1 tunnel, 729 feet in length. A navigable feeder from the Swatara, 6.75 miles long, and a pool formed by a dam at the head ofthe feeder, have also been constructed by the Union Canal Company. This improve- ment affords a navigable communication from the main trunk of the Union Canal to Pine Grove, a distance of 23 miles, in a north-east direction. From Pine Grove the company have laid a rail road through a gap in the Sharp Mountain, 4 miles in length, to the coal mines. Digitized by Google PENNSYLVANIA. 33 LEHIGH NAVIGATION. The Lehigh works, like those on the Schuyl- kill, consist of several canals and slack water pools; of the former there are eight, having an aggregate length of 36.75 miles, and of the lat- ter, 7 in number, ten miles. These works ex- tend from Easton to Mauch Chunk, in North- ampton county. The improvements on the Le- high above Mauch Chunk are designed for a de- scending navigation only. Leaving the Lehigh immediately south of Easton, the line is conducted by locks, into the first canal, on the right bank of the river. About 4 miles above its point of outset, this sec- tion of the canal terminates at a dam one fourth mile below Smith's Island, and the pool thus formed, is entered. This pool is about two miles in extent. At a distance of 6 miles from Easton, commences the most extensive section of canal. It leaves the river one mile below Jack's mill, passes along the north or left bank, through Bethlehem, and re-enters the Lehigh at a dam not far from Allentown, in Lehigh county, thence by the river 11 miles, thence by canal to a dam, 3 miles, thence to river 3 mile, thence by eanal to a dam 41 miles, thence by the river 17, thence by canal 1 mile to a dam, thence by the river 21 miles, thence by the ca- nal 31 miles to the Lehigh water gap. Here the canal passes the great Blue Mountain, and enters the coal region. From the termination of the Digitized by Google 34 PENNSYLVANIA. last mentioned canal, the river is used for one mile to a dam at the mouth of the Aquanshicola creek, then occurs a canal 41 miles long to a dam, thence by the stream one mile, and then is entered the last section of canal, 6 miles ia length, which terminates at Mauch Chunk. This important work is completed by a rail road extending from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines, 9 miles distant. Length of canais and pools, 46.75 miles. Course N. W ; 60 feet wide at top, 45 at bottom, 5 feet deep; 54 locks, each 100 by 22 feet ; 9 dams ; ascent, 364 feet. Sum- mit at Mauch Chunk 529 feet above tide water. Cost $1,558,000. Stationary distances from Altitude of towns, &c. on the Easton to Mauch Chunk. Lehigh Navigation. Miles. Feet above tide. Smith's Island 4 Level of dam at Easton 165 Jack's Mill 4 8 Jack's Mill 215 Bethlehem 4 12 Bethlehem 235 Allentown bridge 5 17 Allentown Br. 245 Diley's Creek 3 20 Diley's Cr. 265 Beil's Creek 21 221 Biels 290 Lerch 21 25 Lerch 300 Berlin 3 28 Berlin 313 Basin 3 31 Basin 345 Kuntz . 2 33 Kuntz 369 Craigs' Cr. 3 36 Craig's Cr. 390 Bowmans 3 39 Bowmans 425 Big Creek 1 40 Big Creek 435 Fort Allen 21 421 Fort Allen 470 Lehighton 1 43 Lehighton 475 Falls of Lehigh 1 44 Falls of Lehigh 485 Beaver Creek 1 45 Beaver Creek 500 Mauch Chunk 11 46% Mauch Chunk 529 Digitized by Google PENNSYLVANIA. 35 LACKAWAXEN CANAL. That portion of the Hudson and Delaware ca- nal which follows the valley of the Lackawaxen creek, in Pennsylvania, and sometimes called the Lackawaxen canal, commences at M'Carty's point on the Delaware, passes through Pike and Wayne counties, and up the Lackawaxen valley toHonesdale in the latter county, where it unites with the rail road leading to Carbondale coal mines. Length 25 miles; course W. N. W. ; width varies from 32 to 36 feet at top, and 4 feet deep 37 locks, each 76 by 9 feet. Sum- mit at Honesdale 1000 feet above tide water. Cost, including rail road, $2,000,000. For Rail Road see page 38. CONESTOGA NAVIGATION, Consists of dams and locks. It commences at Reigart's landing in the city of Lancaster, and terminates at Safe Harbour on the Susquehanna. Length 18 miles. Course S. W. 9 locks, each 100 by 22 feet; 9 dams ; descent 62. CODORUS NAVIGATION. Is similar to the preceding, the improvement having been effected by means of canals and pools. It extends from York to the Susqueban- na river and consists of 8 miles of slack water pools, and 3 of canals; length 11 miles; course N. E. ; 9 locks. Digitized by Google 36 PENNSYLVANIA. WEST PHILADELPHIA CANAL, Is a small canal now constructing around the western abutment of the bridge over Schuylkill, near Philadelphia. RECAPITULATION. Miles. Schuylkill Navigation 108.00 Union Canal 82.08 Lehigh Navigation 36.75 Lackawaxen Canal 25.00 Connestoga Navigation 18.00 Codorus " 11.00 West Philadelphia Canal 00 08 Total, 280.91 State Canals, as above 589.18 Grand total of canals in Penn- 870.09 sylvania RAIL ROADS. COLUMBIA RAIL ROAD. See page 21. ALLEGHENY PORTAGE RAIL ROAD. See page 23. MAUCH CHUNK RAIL ROAD, Extends from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines, 9 miles, exclusive of branches which are nearly Digitized by Google PENNSYLVANIA. 37 5 miles in length ; constructed in 1827; eleva- tion of the mines above the Lehigh, 936 feet. ROOM RUN RAIL ROAD, Extends from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines on Room Run. Length 5.26 miles. MOUNT CARBON RAIL ROAD, Commences at the lower landings of Mount Carbon, passes through Pottsville, and thence up the valley of Norwegian creek. Length, in- cluding two branches, 7.24 miles. SCHUYLKILL VALLEY RAIL ROAD, Extends from Port Carbon, where the Schuyl- kill navigation terminates, and follows the valley of the Schuylkill to Tuscorora. Length 10 miles. It has 20 branches extending from this road in various directions, the aggregate length of which is 15 miles. Cost of main line $5,500 per mile. SCHUYLKILL RAIL ROAD, Thirteen miles in length ; cost $7,000 per mile. MILL CREEK RAIL ROAD, From Port Carbon to the coal mines near Mill Creek. Length of main line 4, and of branches 3 miles; cost $20,000. MINE HILL AND SCHUYLKILL HAVEN RAIL ROAD, Commences at Schuylkill Haven, extends 4 Digitized by Google 38 PHENSYLVANIA. along 'the west branch of Schuylkill, through Mine Hill gap, and terminates at the coal mines in that vicinity. Length, including two branch- es, 20 miles ; cost $160,000. PINE GROVE RAIL ROAD, From Pine Grove in Schuylkill county to the coal mines, 4 miles above. LITTLE SCHUYLKILL RAIL ROAD, Commences at Port Clinton, and extends to the mines at Tamaqua; length 23 miles. An extension of this road from Port Clinton to Reading is proposed, and surveys fixing its route, have been made by Mr. Robinson. The line will commence at the lower coal shutes at Port Clinton, pass along the right bank of the Schuylkill, and by a tunnel, 620 yards long, through the Pulpit Rock Hill, thence to a point near the mouth of Mill creek, thence over Irish creek. A few miles below the latter creek, the road will leave the valley of the Schuylkill and pass near the Pennsylvania Farmer (tavern), then verging towards the Schuylkill, that river will be crossed about a third of a mile above the Peacock locks of the Schuylkill Navigation, and thence into the borough of Reading. Entire length 19.75 miles. Estimated cost $746,880. LACKAWAXEN RAIL ROAD, Commences at the termination Digitized ofthegIacka- PENNSYLVANIA. 39 waxen reanal at Henesdale, and extends to the coal mines at Carbondale on the Lackawana river; length 161 miles; 5-inclined planes, which surmount an elevation of800 feet on the Moosic mountain; cost $100,000. WEST CHESTER RAIL ROAD, Connects the Columbia rail road with the vil- lage of West Chester; constructed in 1832; length 9 miles; cost $90,000. PHILADELPHIA, GERMANTOWN AND NORRISTOWN RAIL ROAD. About 7 miles of this road from Philadelphia to Germantown, are completed. A new route to Norristown has been adopted. It leaves the original line, about 3 miles from Philadelphia, passes in a north-west direction, and enters the valley of the Schuylkill, which it follows to Nor. ristown, passing through Manayunk. The new section is now in progress. LYKENS VALLEY RAIL ROAD, Extends from the Broad Mountain through Bear Creek gap, and thence on the north side of Berry's Mountain to Millersburg on the Susque- hanna, in Dauphin county. PHILADELPHIA AND TRENTON RAIL ROAD, Commences at Philadelphia, passes through or near the towns of Frankford, Bristol, Tully- town, &c. and terminates at Morrisville, Digitized by oppo- 40 PENNSYLVANIA. site Trenton; length -26.25 miles. A single track of this road is now in use. CENTRAL RAIL ROAD, Commences at a point 21 miles N. W: of Pottsville, passes into and along the valley of Mill Creek until it reaches the first summit on the Broad Mountain. Thence it proceeds and gains the summit between the Mahony and Shamokin creeks, and terminates at Sunbury on the Susquehanna; length 44.54 miles. A branch 7 miles long, leaves the main line and extends to Danville; entire length 51.54 miles. The eastern section of this road was opened for use on the 24th of September, 1834. On this section there are 1 large, and 4 inferior in- clined planes. The former, in Mahoney valley, is 1650 feet in length, and overcomes an eleva- tion of 345 feet, and the 4 latter 700 feet. The coal tunnel on the Girard estate, which opens a communication between the Mahoney and Shenandoah valleys, is 2500 feet long. The western section is rapidly advancing to- wards completion. OXFORD RAIL ROAD, (Now in progress,) leaves the Columbia Rail Road about 40 miles west from Philadelphia; passes through Oxford and along the valley of Octararo, and joins the Susquehanna Rail Road at the state line. (See Maryland.) Digitized by Google PENNSYLVANIA. 41 PHILADELPHIA AND READING RAIL ROAD, Is designed as a connecting link in the great line of communication by rail roads between Philadelphia and the anthracite coal region of Schuylkill county. Surveys and estimates of cost of the proposed road, have been made by Mr. Robinson, by which its entire practicability is established. The line, as recommended, commences at the termination of the proposed Reading and Port Clinton Rail Road, thence along the side of Neversink mountain, beyond which it leaves the river for a short distance, and then again re- sumes the bank and traverses a course towards the head of the Girard Canal, a section of the Schuylkill navigation, thence to the Red Shell Bluffs, opposite Baumstown. Passing again over the river flats, it crosses the Monocacy creek, and thence, near Molattin run, to Douglas- ville. Pursuing its south-eastern course, over the turnpike, intersecting the boundary between Montgomery and Berks counties, it passes over the high table land above Pottstown, which is entered after crossing the Manatowney creek. From Pottstown the line is conducted by a straight course to a bend in the river, and thence over Sprogle's run and Sanatoga and Mingo creeks, it crosses the Schuylkill about 300 yards above Black Rock, near the Vincent canal, and thence through a tunnel 1969 feet in length, it reaches Phoenixville. Curving here to the left, the line passes along the Chester county canal to 4* Digitized by Google 42 DELAWARE. its termination, crossing French creek ; thence over Pickering's creek and along the river bank it reaches the vicinity of Pawling's Bridge, where the grade commences descending towards Valley creek, which is crossed. At a farther distance of a few miles the line enters Norris- town, beyond which an experimental line only has been run. Two other lines for a portion of the above read have been suggested by the engineer, with a view to discover a more eligible route. Entire length of the proposed road from Read- ing to Norristown, 40.44 miles. Estimated cost $947,425. DELAWARE. CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL, Commences at Delaware city on the Delaware, about 42 miles below Philadelphia, passes through St. George's meadows and along the ra- vine of Broad creek, and thence into that of Back creek, a tributary of Elk river, which falls into Chesapeake Bay ; length 13.63 miles; 66 feet wide at top water line; 10 feet deep; 2 lift and 2 tide locks, 100 by 22 feet in the chamber ; completed in 1829; cost $2,200,000. NEW CASTLE AND FRENCHTOWN RAIL ROAD, Extends from New Castle to Frenchtown, on Digitized by Google MARYLAND. 43 Elk river, Maryland ; length 16.19 miles ; radius of the largest curve 20,000 feet. The inclinations (with one exception of29 feet a mile,) vary from 10} feet to 16} feet a mile; 4 viaducts, 29 cul- verts, completed in 1832 ; entire cost of road, apparatus, &c. $400,000. A rail road to extend from Wilmington to Downingtown in Pennsylvania, is proposed. MARYLAND. CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL, Commences at Georgetown on the Potomac, pursues the left bank of that river, passes through the towns of Harper's Ferry, Williamport, Han- cock, and Old town, to Cumberland, thence, leaving the Potomac, it follows valleys of Wills creek, Cassilmans, Youghiogeny and Mononga- hela rivers, through Connelsville, and Mc. Kees- port to Pittsburg in Pennsylvania. Distance from Georgetown to the Pennsylvania state line 189 miles. From that point to Pittsburg, 1521 miles ; whole length as proposed 341.38 miles ; general course N. W. ; commenced in 1828 ; 398 locks, each are of stone, 100 feet by 15 ; lockage on the entire work 3,215 feet ; one tun- nel through the Allegheny mountain, 4 miles and 80 yards in length ; estimated cost $22,375,427 ; recent estimate $9,347,408 ; $1,000,000 were subscribed by the United States. Digitized by Google 44 MARYLAND. A section of this canal, extending from George- town to Williamsport, a distance of 114.50 miles is now (Sept. 1834), open for use. In this sec- tion, there are 44 locks, each 100 by 15 feet, and 6 feet deep, in addition to several others. which communicate with the Potomac; 59 cul- verts between Georgetown and the Point of Rocks, (48.07 miles,) 19 do. from the latter place to Harper's Ferry, and 41 above; total culverts 119. 5 extensive aqueducts over the Seneca, Monocacy, Catoctin, Antietam and Con- ecocheagué, respectively ; 5 feeders, to wit, at Little Falls 1, at Seneca creek 1, from the Poto- mac at Harper's Ferry falls 1, 1 above, and 1. 8 miles above Williamsport; ascent 353 feet. For 2 miles. above Georgetown, the canal is 70 feet wide, and 7 feet deep, next 2 miles, 80 feet and 7 deep ; cost of this section $3,650,000. A canal about 7 miles long, leading from Alexandria to intersect the Chesapeake and Ohio canal at Georgetown, is now constructing. (See District of Columbia.) GHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL. (See Delaware.) PORT DEPOSIT CANAL, Is designed to overcome the rapids of the Sus- quehanna, above Port Deposit; length nearly 10 miles. Digitized by Google MARYLAND. 45 CANAL AT LITTLE FALLS OF POTOMAC. 21 miles long; descent 37 feet; 4 locks of stone. CANAL AT GREAT FALLS, Built of stone, 1200 yards long ; descent 764 feet; 5 locks each 100 feet long, and from 10 to 14 feet wide. BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL ROAD, Commences at the depot of the company in Baltimore, passes in a S. W. direction to Elke ridge landing, and thence along the valley of the Patapsco, to Parr's spring, thence into and with the ravine of Bush creek, which it follows to the Monocacy which is crossed about 31 miles from Frederick, thence along the Monocacy val- ley to the Point of Rocks on the Potomac, and thence to Harper's ferry, 80.50 miles from Bal- timore ; commenced in 1828 ; capital $5,000,000. This road is to be continued to some point on the Ohio river ; a road of a single track extends from the main line after crossing the Monocacy, to Frederick, 3} miles. BALTIMORE AND SUSQUEHANNA RAIL ROAD. Commenced in 1830 ; is to extend to York in Pennsylvania; length when completed 76 miles. The Maryland section of this road is now in pro- gress, several miles near Baltimore are com- pleted, and in use. Digitized by Google 46 MARYLAND. BALTIMORE AND PORT DEPOSIT RAIL ROAD, To extend from Baltimore to the Susquehanna at Port Deposit, and thence to unite with the Oxford rail road of Pennsylvania, which inter- sects the Columbia rail road about 40 miles from Philadelphia. BALTIMORE AND WASHINGTON RAIL ROAD. This work is now constructing. It commenc- es on the N. E. boundary of the city of Wash- ington, about 1 a mile west of the first toll-gate, passes over Duel ridge to Bladensburg, thence along the valley of the N. E. branch of the Po- tomac, crosses the turnpike 7 miles from Bla- densburg, and again at the Sandy spring road ; crossing the Patuxent 17 miles from Washing- ton, then curves towards the south and east, it crosses Chandler's creek 11 miles south of Wa- terloo, thence into the valleys of Licking and Deep runs, anderossing the Patapsco at Elkridge Handing; is intersects the Baltimore and Ohio rail road at the Still house branch ; length 374 miles ; estimated cost $1,438,644. NEWCASTLE AND FRENCHTOWN RAIL ROAD. (See Delaware.) Digitized by Google DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 47 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. WASHINGTON BRANCH CANAL, Connects the Chesapeake and Ohio canal with the Potomac in the city of Washington; length 1.21 miles ; 1 tide lock ; cost $25,978. ALEXANDRIA CANAL, Extends from the point of termination of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal at Georgetown, to Alexandria 7.24 miles ; estimated cost $372,204 from 18 to 60 feet wide, and from 5 to 6 deep ; Potomac aqueduct, 1714 feet long. CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. (See Maryland.) BALTIMORE AND WASHINGTON RAIL ROAD. (See Maryland.) VIRGINIA: JAMES RIVER CANAL, Is merely a series of 12 locks, which connect the river with a*basin at Richmond, 880 feet above tide water ; from this basin proceeds the Richmond canal, 25 feet wide and 4deep, for 21 miles, when it unites with the river. Three miles further is a short canal, with 3 locks, around a fall of 34 feet. "Digitized by Google 48 VIRGINIA. JAMES AND JACKSON RIVER CANAL AND NAVIGA- TION. Commences at the basin at Richmond and ex- tends to Maiden's Adventure falls, in Goochland county, 301 miles; 40 feet wide, 31 deep; com- pleted in 1825 ; cost $623,295. BALOONY FALLS CANAL,' Extends along the bank of James river, through a gap of the Blue ridge; length 6.81 miles; 96 feet lockage; cost $340,000. An ex- tension of the James river canal is now in course of execution. The Roanoke improvements con- sist of a slack water navigation, and extends from the Weldon canal in N. Carolina to Salem in Virginia, 244 miles. The Dan, Chowan, Slate, Rappahannoc, Shenandoah, Potomac, Monongabela and Kanawha rivers have been similarly improved. DISMAL SWAMP CANAL. Extends. from Deep creek, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, to Joices creek a branch of Pasquotank river of Albemarle sound ; length 23 miles; 40 feet wide, 61 deep, at intervals of a quarter of a mile, the canal is widened to 60, for turn out stations; 6 locks 100 by 20 feet ; summit level 16} feet above the Atlantic at mid tied. Two lateral canals, one from lake Drum- mond, 5 miles in length, which, in addition to its uses for the purposes of navigation, serves as Digitized by Google VIRGINIA. 49 a feeder to the main trunk, and the other, 6 miles long, opens a communication between the princi- pal canal, and the head waters of North West river. RAIL ROADS. MANCHESTER RAIL ROAD. Extends westwardly from Manchester to the coal mines ; length 13 miles. WINCHESTER RAIL ROAD, Extends from Harper's ferry to Winchester, in Frederick county ; length 30 miles. PETERSBURG AND ROANOKE RAIL ROAD. Extends from Petersburg in Virginia to Blake- ley at the foot of the Roanoke canal, in N. Care- lina; length 59.38 miles A branch from this road leaves the main line about 10 miles from Blakely, which extends to the head ofthe rapids of Roanoke; length about 12 miles. PORTSMOUTH AND ROANOKE RAIL ROAD. Commences at Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk, passes in a direct course, intersects the Peters- barg road, 6 miles from Blakely, and terminates on the Roanoke, a short distance below the Pe- tersburg branch ; length 80 miles. RICHMOND AND PETERSBURG RAIL ROAD. (Now in progress,) length 21.50 milesgle 5 50 NORTH CAROLINA. RICHMOND AND FREDERICKSBURG RAIL ROAD, (Now in progress,) length 64 miles. BELLEPLAIN RAIL ROAD, Extends from Fredericksburg to Belleplain, situated on a branch of the Potomac, (in pro- gress,) length 11 miles. Several other rail roads are proposed. NORTH CAROLINA. DISMAL SWAMP CANAL, (See Virginia.) LAKE DRUMMOND CANAL, A navigable feeder of the preceding ; it ex- tends from lake Drummond to the summit level of the Dismal Swamp canal ; length 5 miles, 16 feet wide, 41 deep, with a guard gate near the lake. NORTH WEST CANAL, Connects North West river with the Dismal Swainp canal ; length 6 miles ; 24 feet wide, 4 feet deep. WELDON CANAL, Forms the commencement of the Roanoke SOUTH CAROLINA. 51 navigation. It extends around the falls of Ro- anoke, above the towns of Weldon and Blakely ; length 12 miles ; lockage 100 feet. CLUBFOOT AND HARLOW CANAL, Extends from the head waters of Clubfoot, to those of Harlow creek, near Beaufort ; length 11 miles. The navigation of the Roanoke from the Wel- don canal to the town of Salem in Virginia, a distance of232 miles ; the Cape Fear; the Yad- kin, the Tar, New and Catawba rivers, have been greatly improved by joint stock companies. RAIL ROADS, Are projected to extend from Fayetteville to Cape Fear river; from Wilmington through Fayetteville and Salisbury, to Beatty's ford on the Catawba, a distance of 250 miles; and sev- eral others. For an account of the rail road extending from Blakely to Petersburg and Norfolk respectively. See Virginia. SOUTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA RAIL ROAD, Commences at Charleston, pursues a N. W. course and crosses the head waters of Ashly river, 28 miles from Charleston ; 7 miles far- Digitized by Google 52 SOUTH CAROLINA. ther it crosses Four-holes swamp. At a distance of 65 miles from Charleston the Edisto is passed : thence by a direct course, 58 miles, it enters the valley of Big Horse creek, which it pursues for a few miles, then runs westward, and termi- nates in the town of Hamburg, opposite Augusta. Entire length, 135.75 miles. Several towns and villages have been erected along the line of this road ; among them are Beesville, Summerville, Branchville, Midway, Blacksville, Aken, &c. It is proposed to construct'a branch to Orange- burg, and thence to Columbia, &c. and another to Barnwell C. H. SANTEE CANAL, Connects the harbour of Charleston with the Santee. It commences on the west branch of Cooper river, and passing along Biggin Swamp, intersects Santee river at Black Oak island. Length, 22 miles ; course, N. N. W.; 32 feet wide at top, 20 at bottom ; 4 feet deep; rise and fall, 103; 13 locks, each 60 by ten feet ; completed in 1802 cost, $700,000. By means of this canal, and the Santee and Congaree riv- ers, which have been improved, a navigable communication is afforded from Charleston to Columbia. WINYAW CANAL, Extends from Winyaw Bay to Kinlock creek, a branch of Santee river. Length, 7.40 miles ; course, S. W. Digitized by Google SOUTH CAROLINA. 53 THE NAVIGATION OF THE catawba, Has been improved by the construction of several small canals : 1. extends from Patton Is land to Davy's Ferry, 2 miles-2. from 11 miles below M'Donald's Ferry to Fishing creek, 21 miles-3. from Mountain Island to Rocky creek, 14 miles-4. from Rocky creek to the Catawba, 900 yards-5. from Jones's Mill to Elliot's, 4 miles, (this is styled the Wateree canal.) SALUDA CANAL, Extends from the head of Saluda Shoals to Granby Ferry, on the Congaree, passing through the town of Columbia; 6.20 miles in length; descent, 36 feet. DREHR'S CANAL, Is designed to overcome a fall of 120 feet in Saluda river. Length, 1} miles. LORICK'S CANAL, On Broad river, 11 miles above Columbia; 1 mile long. LOCKHART'S CANAL. In Union District, around Lockhart's Shoals in Broad river, 24 miles long. 5* Digitized by Google 54 GEORGIA. FLORIDA. GEORGIA. SAVANNAH AND OGECHEE CANAL, Commences at Savannah, and intersects the Great Ogechee a short distance above the mouth of Cannouchee river. General course W. S. W.; length 16 miles: 5 feet deep, 33 wide at bottom; locks 90 by 18 feet ; cost $165,000. An extension of this work of 60 miles to the Alatamaha is proposed. ALATAMAHA AND BRUNSWICK RAIL ROAD, Twelve miles in length. Several other rail roads have been proposed. FLORIDA. With the exception of some good common roade, nothing has yet been done in the way of internal improvement. Routes for proposed canals to connect the Atlantic with the Gulf of Mexico, have been traced, and will be complet- ed before long. The route which will, proba- bly, be adopted, commences on the St. Mary's river, about three miles above the town of that name; pursues a western course along the val- ley of the St. Marys, and enters the marshes of Okefinokeswamp. On leaving the swamp, the line assumes a south-west direction, through Hamil- ton county, and passes into the valley of Alapa- Digitized by Google ALABAMA. 55 ha, which it follows to the mouth of Withlacu- chee. From this point, it passes westward, parallel with and near to the great road from St. Augustine to Tallahassee, crosses Oscilla river, and intersects St. Marks river at the town of Rock Haven. Thence along the valley of the St. Marks, by the towns of Magnolio, &c. and terminates in Appalachicola Bay. Length 250 miles ; greatest altitude 217 feet ; general course south-west. The three other routes, commence at the same point, and terminate at the mouth of the Suwanee, and Tampa Bay, respectively. ALABAMA. Its internal improvements consist of a Rail Road now in progress from Decatur, in Morgan county, to a point 10 miles below Tuscumbia, on the Tennessee. Length 62 miles. HUNTSVILLE CANAL, From Triana on the Tennessee, to the town of Huntsville, 16 miles in length. A canal has been commenced, extending from the head of the Muscle Shoals to Florence. Length 37 miles. Otherimprovements are con- templated. Digitized by Google 56 MISSISSIPPI. LOUISIANA. MISSISSIPPI. ST. FRANCISVILLE AND WOODVILLLE RAIL ROAD. Twenty-six miles in length. VICKSBURG AND CLINTON RAIL ROAD. Length 37 miles (proposed). LOUISIANA. LA FOURCHE CANAL, Commences on the Mississippi above New Orleans, passes to Duck Lake, thence into Quat- chas Lake, to Solet Lake, thence into the ra- vine of Grand Caillou, thence to the bank of Bayou Black, and terminates in Berwick's Bay. Entire length, including the natural navigation, 85 miles. L. VERET CANAL, Extends from a point on the La Fourche, to Lake Veret. About 8 miles in length. NEW ORLEANS AND PONTCHARTRAIN CANAL, Six miles in length. Commences at the south- west part of the city, and intersects Lake Pont- chartrain west of Fort St. John. Several unimportant canals exist in the neigh- bourhood of New Orleans, and in the parishes Digitized by Google i TENNESSEE. KENTUCKY. 57 bordering on the Mississippi. These have been constructed by individuals, for private use. NEW ORLEANS AND PONTCHARTRAIN RAIL ROAD, Five miles long; cost, including Breakwater on the lake, about $80,000. TENNESSEE. No internal improvements yet completed.- Navigable communications between the waters of the Tennessee and those. of the Coosa, are contemplated. A rail road from the town of Randolph on the Mississippi, to Jackson in Mad- ison county, 65 miles in length, is proposed, and measures for insuring its early completion, have been adopted. KENTUCKY. LOUISVILLE AND PORTLAND CANAL, The only canal in this state is the important one around the falls in the Ohio at Louisville. Length about one and a half miles; 4 locks, suf- ficiently capacious to admit steam-boats of the largest class ; lockage 22 feet; 200 feet wide at the surface, 50 at the bottom; cost about $730,000. Digitized by Google 58 ILLINOIS. INDIANA. LEXINGTON AND OHIO RAIL ROAD, Commences at Lexington, passes through Frankfort, and thence to Shippingport. Great- est inclination 30 feet per mile; smallest curva- ture 1000 feet radius; estimated cost $1,000,000. ILLINOIS. A canal about 100 miles in length, from Otto- wa, or perhaps from Hennepin lower down the Illinois, to Lake Michigan, has been long con- templated. INDIANA. This state has undertaken to construct a ca- nal from the Wabash to the Maumee, called the Wabash and Erie canal. This work is not yet commenced. It is to commence on the Wabash, at or near the town of Lafayette, pass along the valley of the Wabash to the entrance of Little River, thence up that river to the Aboite, across that stream, thence over the summit to the Mau- mee at Wayne, thence with that river to the eastern boundary of the state. Length 127 miles; estimated cost $1,081,970. Congress has granted 355,200 acres of land (valued at $756,750) in the immediate vicinity of the pro- posed canal, in aid of the work. Digitized by Google OHIO. 59 OHIO. OHIO AND ERIE CANAL, Extending from Portsmouth, at the intersec- tion of the Scioto with the Ohio river, to Cleve- land on Lake Erie, is now completed. After leaving Portsmouth the canal crosses the Scioto, and pursues a course nearly due north, along the right bank of that river ; passes Chillicothe and enters Circleville, where it recrosses the Sci- oto, and continues its route along the valley of the Scioto, to its intersection with the Columbus feeder. Here the canal suddenly turns and pur- sues an eastern direction through the towns of Hebron, Newark, Irville, and Coshocton into the valley of Tuscarawas river, which it follows to the summit, after passing through Newcomers- town, Salem, Schoenbrun, New Philadelphia, Bolivar, Massillon, Clinton, &c. On leaving Akron, at the Portage'summit, the canal descends the valley of the Cuyahoga, which it follows and terminates at Cleveland: length from Ports- mouth to Cleveland, 307 miles; summit level 499 feet above the Ohio at Portsmouth ; 305 feet above Lake Erie, and 973 feet above the Atlantic Ocean; general course, north east; 40 feet wide; 4 deep; lockage 1,185 feet; com- menced in 1825, completed in 1832. Digitized by Google 60 OHIO. Stationary distances along the Ohio and Erie canal, from Cloveland to Portsmouth. Akron, 38 Newark, 40 173 New Portage, 9 47 Bloomfield, 52 225 Massillon, 21 68 Circleville, 11 236 Bolivar, 12 80 Chillicothe, 20 256 New Philadelphia, 14 94 Piketon, 24 280 Gnadenhutten, 13 107 Portsmouth, 27 307 Coshocton, 26 133 Lateral eanals extend from the preceding, to Columbus (10 miles) to Lancaster (9 miles), and to Zanesville, (14 miles.) MIAMI CANAL, Now in operation, extends from Cincinnati, on the Ohio river, along the ravines of Mill creek and the Great Miami, to Dayton ; passing in its course the towns of Springfield, Hamilton, Mid- dletown, Franklin, and Miamisburg : length from Cincinnati to Dayton, 68 miles ; general course north north-east : summit level at Day- ton, 175 feet above the Ohio at Cincinnati, and 606 above the Atlantic; as deduced from a con- tinued series of levelling operations from tide water on the Hudson to Lake Erie, and thence to the several points just mentioned. The di- mensions are the same as those of the Ohio and Erie canal. Completed in 1830 ; cost $746,852. An extension of this work is now in progress. It is carried along the valleys of St. Mary's, Au Glaize, and Maumee rivers, to Lake Erie, an entire distance from Cincinnati of 265 miles. Digitized by Google OHIO. 61 These great works are the property of the state. Other canals of an important character are pro- jected. A mong them is one from the Portage summit of the Ohio canal, along the valleys of Ma- honing and Beaver rivers, to intersect the West- ern division of the Pennsylvania canal, Works for the improvement of the navigation of the Muskingum have been commenced, and are now probably completed. The importance of the former to the commerce of Pennsylvania, must be apparent on an inspection of the map. Much of the produce of 'the interior which now passes into Lake Erie, and thence into the Erie canal, would find its way into the Pennsylvania canal, and thus at once augment the revenue of the state, and the commerce of its -capital. Rail reads are proposed, to extend from San- dusky to Dayton, a distance of 153 miles, and to pass through. the towns of Tiffin, Bellefon- taine, Urhana, and Springfield. Estimated cost 1,648,575. Stationary distances along the Miami canal, from Cincin- nati to Dayton. Reading, 12 Franklin, 6 48 Hamilton, 16 28 Miamisburg, 6 54 Middletown, 14 42 Dayton, 14 68 6 Digitized by Google 62 CANADA. CANADA, RIDEAU CANAL, Is intended to unite the waters of Lake On- tario with Ottawa river. It commences at Kingston on Lake Ontario, pursues a north- eastern' direction, through a chain of lakes, with most of which it becomes identified in its course, until fl intersects Rideau river. Con- tinuing its route along the banks, and sometimes in the bed of that river, it enters the Ottawa at. Bytown, a short distance above the mouth of the former, in north lat. 45° 23'. This highly im- portant work, the existence of which is scarcely known in the United States, is now in active progress, under the direction of a board of com- missioners, assisted by a corps of the Royal Eat gineers. Length from Kingston to Bytown on the Ottawa, including the natural navigable courses, 1291 miles; 53 locks, each 33 feet wide and' 134 long. Ascent from Kingston to the summit pond by 19 locks, 165 feet; descent from the summit pond to the Ottawa, by 34 locks, 290 feet; total lockage 355 feet. De- pression of the Ottawa below Lake Ontario at Kingston, 125.feet; general course, north-north- east. WELLAND CANAL, Is designed to open a navigable communica- tion between Lakes Erie and Ontario. It leaves Digitized by Google CANADA. 63 the former at Port Maitland, near the mouth of Grand river, crosses the Wainfleet Marshes to Chippewa river, and passes along its valley about ten miles. On leaving the Chippewa, the canal assumes a northern direction, traverses a deep cut, of nearly two miles in extent, and of the mean depth of 45 feet, and after a further course of 8 or 10 miles, enters Lake Ontario at Port Dalhousie, about nine miles west of Niag- ara village. This splendid work, equalled in depth by the, Chesapeake and Delaware canal only, is rapidly verging towards its completion. It admits the passage of the largest vessels that navigate the lakes, the dimensions of the locks north of the mountain ridge, being 22 feet wide, 100 long, and 8 feet deep; those on the south of the ridge, 45. feet in width and 120 in length. Length from Port Maitland to Port Dalhousie 36 miles: 34 locks, all descending. Descent, 334 feet ; general course north-east. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google 1 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. RENEWALS ONLY-TEL. NO. 642-3405 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 881969 07 RECEIVED MAR 20'69-7 PM LOAN DEPT. Coogle YA-03420 YA 03421 HE 5013 2751 T2 CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Digitized by Google YES

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    "ocrText": "Google\nThis is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project\nto make the world's books discoverable online.\nIt has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject\nto copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books\nare our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.\nMarks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the\npublisher to a library and finally to you.\nUsage guidelines\nGoogle is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the\npublic and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to\nprevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.\nWe also ask that you:\n+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for\npersonal, non-commercial purposes.\n+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine\ntranslation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the\nuse of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.\n+ Maintain attribution The Google \"watermark\" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find\nadditional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.\n+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just\nbecause we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other\ncountries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of\nany specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner\nanywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.\nAbout Google Book Search\nGoogle's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers\ndiscover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web\nathttp://books.google.com/\nUC-NRLF\n2751\nT2\n$B 264 126\nSIGLLAM UNIVERSITATIS MDCCCLXVIIL OF\nEX LIBRIS\nDigitized by Google\nDigitized by Google\nDigitized by Google\nDigitized by Google\nDigitized by Google\nDigitized by Google\nA\nBRIEF DESCRIPTION\nOF THE\nCANALS AND RAIL ROADS\nOF THE U...\nUNITED STATES:\nComprehending\nNOTICES OF ALL THE MOST IMPORTANT WORKS\nOF\nINTERNAL IMPROVEMENT\nTHROUGHOUT\nTHE SEVERAL STATES.\n15\nBY H.S. TANNER.\nPHILADELPHIA:\nPUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR.\n1\nDigitized by Google\nNOVEMBER, 1834.\nEntered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1834,\nBy H. S. TANNER,\nin the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern\nDistrict of Pennsylvania.\nJoseph & William Kite, Printers.\nDigitized by Google\nA. M. C.\nADVERTISEMENT.\nIN consequence of the numerous inquiries re-\nlative to the Internal Improvements in the\nUnited States, I have been led to draw up, as an\naccompaniment to the preceding map, the sub-\njoined account of the Canals and Rail Roads\nwhich exist in the various states. It will serve,\nin connexion with the map, to elucidate, fully,\nthe extent, courses, &c., of those great works,\nto which the attention of strangers, in common\nwith our own citizens, is directed. In the ar-\nrangement of the several topics, particular care\nhas been taken to embody, under the head of\neach state, all the canals and rail roads which\nexist in it; together with such facts as were\ndeemed generally useful. Among these will be\nfound statements relative to the designation ;\npoints of commencement and termination; gene-\nral course; locality ; length ; point of greatesť\nelevation; ascent and descent ; capacity (width,\ndepth, &c.) ; number of locks or inclined planes\nof dams; of aqueducts or viaducts; of tunnels;\nof bridges i of sluices ; of culverts ; cost of con-\nstruction ; present condition; proprietors ; sta-\ntionary distances, &c. of each canal and rail\n5013\nDigitized by Google\niv\nADVERTISEMENT.\nroad in the United States, so far as the requisite\ndata have been obtained.\nThese items being considered most important\nin reference to the subject generally, all other\nmatters, especially those which relate to legis-\nlative proceedings, and other preliminary opera-\ntions, found in most other works of this sort,\nhave been purposely omitted as comparatively\nuninteresting. My chief aim has been to con-\ndense into a small space as much practical in-\nformation on the various subjects brought into\nview, as a due regard to satisfactory results\nwould allow. Should errors be detected by\nthose who are familiar with the details of any of\nthe works here mentioned; (and that errors may\nbe found I do not permit myself to doubt) I beg\nleave- to request the communication of such\nfacts as will serve to correct in a future edition\nof this work, whatever may be found defective in\nthis.\nH. S. T.\nShakspeare Buildings, Philadelphia, 1834.\nDigitized by Google\nBRIEF DESCRIPTION\nOF\nCANALS AND RAIL ROADS.\nINTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.\nI\nMAINE.\nCUMBERLAND AND OXFORD CANAL,\nExtends from tide water near Portland, to-Se-\nbago Pond, a distance of 201 miles. By a lock in\nSongo river, the navigation is prolonged into\nBrandy and Long Ponds, a farther distance of 30\nmiles. The canal portion of this work, is wholly\nin Cumberland county. Length 501 miles; 34\nfeet wide at the surface, 18 at the bottom, 4\nfeet deep; course, north-west; 26 locks; com-\npleted in 1829; cost $250,000 ; constructed by\na joint stock company which possesses banking\nprivileges.\n1*\nDigitized by Google\n6\nNEW HAMPSHIRE. VERMONT.\nNEW HAMPSHIRE.\nBOW CANAL,\nNear Concord, around Bow falls, 1 of a mile\nlong; 4 locks; finished in 1812 ; cost $25,000.\nHOOKSET CANAL.\nAt the Hookset falls of Merrimac; 825 feet\nin length ; 3 locks ; 16 feet fall ; cost $17,000.\nAMOSKEAG CANAL.\nAt the falls of Amoskeag in the Merrimac; 9\nlocks ; 45 feet fall ; cost $50,000.\nUNION CANAL,\nPasses seven falls in the Merrimac; length,\nincluding pools, 9 miles ; 7 locks ; cost $50,000.\nVERMONT.\nBELLOWS FALLS CANAL,\nAround those falls; 1 mile long ; 9 locks ;\ndescent 50 feet.\nATERQUECHEY CANAL.\nWHITE RIVER CANAL.\nAll the preceding canals are designed to over-\ncome falls in the Connecticut river.\nMASSACHUSETTS.\nMIDDLESEX CANAL,\nExtends from Boston to Chelmsford, on the\nDigitized by Google\nSLLASNHOVSSVW\n7\nMerrimac. Length 27 miles ; 30 feet wide at\ntop, 20 at bottom, 3 feet deep, rise 104 feet, fall\n32 feet ; total lockage 136 feet ; 20 locks ; com-\nmenced in 1789, finished in 1808 ; cost $528,000.\nPAWTUCKET CANAL,\nIn the town of Lowell, is used both for nav-\nigating and manufacturing purposes. Length 11\nmiles ; 90 feet wide at top, and 4 feet deep ;\nlockage 32 feet.\nBLACKSTONE CANAL.\nExtends from Providence, R. I., to Worces-\nter, Mass. It leaves the former place and pur-\nsues nearly a due north course into the valley\nof the Pawtucket river, which it follows to the\ntown of Worcester, a distance of 45 miles ; 34\nfeet at top, 18 at bottom, 4 feet deep; it has\n48 locks, 80 by 10 feet ; cost $600,000. Com-\npleted in 1828.\nHAMPSHIRE AND HAMPDEN CANAL.\n(See Connecticut.)\nMONTAGUE CANAL.\nNear the Montague falls, in Connecticut river,\n3 miles long ; 25 feet wide, and 3 deep ; lock-\nage 75 feet.\nSOUTH HADLEY CANAL,\nAround the South Hadley falls in the Connec-\nticut. Length 2 miles ; 5 locks.\nDigitized by Google\n8\nMASSACHUSETTS.\nBOSTON AND WORCESTER RAIL ROAD.\n45 miles in length ; passes through the towns of\nNewton, Needham, Natick, &c. Commenced in\n1832. Estimated cost $883,904. It is proposed\nto continue this road to the Connecticut, and to\nconstruct a branch to Millbury.\nBOSTON AND PROVIDENCE RAIL ROAD.\nThe road to Providence leaves Boston, passes\nthrough the towns of Roxbury, Dedham, Wal-\npole, Foxboro, and across Sekonk plain and cove\nto India bridge in Providence ; length 43 miles ;\nascent 3811 feet ; descent 378 feet ; difference\nof level between Boston and Providence, 31 feet.\nGeneral course S. S. W.\nBOSTON AND LOWELL RAIL ROAD.\nLength 25 ms. now in progress; course N. W.\nQUINCY RAIL ROAD,\nUsed for transporting granite from the quarry\nin Quincy to Neponset river. Length 3 miles,\nbranches 1 mile ; 1 inclined plane, 275 feet in\nlength, single track.\nPROPOSED RAIL ROADS.\nFrom Boston to Taunton, length 32 miles.\nFrom Lowell to Brattleboro.\nFrom Boston to Salem.\nFrom West Stockbridge to the N. Y. State\nboundary.\nFrom Boston to Ogdensburg, N. Y.\nDigitized by Google\nFeet.\nont\n500\nLake Erie 568 E\n360\n200\n001\nBuffalo 578\nBlackRock\n00 =\nomo oot\ndon\n1000\n0021\n1600\n1800\n0002\nPittsborg 678\nΓ.\n2200 Feet\n350\nTonnewanta\nFeet.\nTonnewanta\nCreek\n340 330 320 310 300 200\nOUR\n200\n300\noot\n500\nBrush Creek\n340\n310\nM.Keexport 684 Γ.\nLake Erie 94 f.\n330\nBuffalo to Rochester, if. rise 630 fall 62 i. total ris\nPendleton\n83 Locks on the main trunk entire lockage 688\n300 Erie Canal Length 362 miles 10 f.wide at top. 38 Eat be\nLockport 568 Γ.\nCleaveland\nDouble combined\nLocks 62 Feet\n300\n320\nSewickley Cr.700 Γ.\nMiddleport 506 R\n390\nGoogle\n310\nRoad under Can.\nJacobs Cr. 740 f.\nCuyahoga R.\n280\nAqueduct\n270\n6½ feet per milo\nit IF un it got\n380\nGEN GENESEE E\nNewport\nConnelsville 860\nto Mas\nus\nPor\nAkron 199 f.\nHolly\n\"\nSummit La\n#1\non\n5\nutic\nport\n100\net bel\nSidel\nAtlai\nLEVE\nAL,\n=\nRome\nm Mo\nto\nic\nLicking or\n10\nLev\nMarsh Run\ngo Dam\nWhitesboro\nR\nmill\nWASA\nBLACK\n- -\nEFF\nGoogle\nITEM\nSTATE 74\"\n157\nI\nRHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT.\n9\nRHODE ISLAND.\nSTONINGTON RAIL ROAD.\n(Now in progress), extends from Stonington\nin Connecticut, to Providence, 46 miles in\nlength.\nA company has been incorporated to construct\na rail road from Providence to Norwich in Con-\nnecticut.\nCONNECTICUT.\nFARMINGTON CANAL.\nCommences at New Haven, passes along the\nvalleys of Mill Creek and Farmington river, and\nintersects the north boundary of the state in the\ntown of Suffield, here the canal terminates at\npresent. It is proposed to extend this canal to\nNorthampton, a further distance of 22 miles.\nEntire length, so far as completed, 56 miles ; ge-\nneral course, nearly north ; 36 feet wide at top,\n20 at bottom; 4 feet deep; lockage 18 feet\nlocks 80 by 12 feet in the clear ; cost $600,000.\nENFIELD CANAL.\nIs designed to overcome the Enfield falls in\nConnecticut river; length 51 miles; 2 locks of\n10 feet lift, each 90 by 20 feet.\nNEW YORK.\nERIE CANAL.\nThe first and by far the most important work\n10\nNEW YORK.\nin this state, is the Erie canal, extending from Al-\nbany on the Hudson river, to Buffalo on Lake Erie.\nIts general course from Albany is a little north of\nwest. Leaving Albany it passes along the right\nbanks of the Hudson and Mohawk, crossing the lat-\nter at Middletown; following the left or north\nbank of the Mohawk about 12 miles, it re-crosses\nthat river over what is termed the upper aque-\nduct,\" pursuing the south bank of the Mohawk\nthrough Schenectady, Schoharie, Canajoharie,\nand Little Falls village, it enters the flourishing\ntown of Utica, 108 miles by the canal from Alba-\nny. Continuing its course by Whitesboro, Rome,\nLenox, Syracuse, Jordan, Montezuma, Lyons,\nPalmyra, Pittsford, to Rochester (distant 160\nmiles from Utica), where it crosses the Genesee\nby a splendid aqueduct, built of hewn stone, and\nsupported by eleven arches. From Rochester\nthe canal assumes a more western direction un-\ntil it reaches Lockport, after passing the towns\nof Brockport, Albion, Middleport, and some other\n\"ports\" of lesser note; distance from Rochester\nto Lockport 63 miles. At Lockport the canal\nascends the mountain ridge, by five double com-\nbined locks, each 12.4 feet rise. Nine miles\nfrom Lockport, the canal enters Tonnewanta\ncreek, at the Little village of Pendleton, from\nwhich to Tonnewanta village, situated at the\nmouth of the creek and distant from the former\nabout 10 miles, the canal is identified with the\nTonnewanta. At a farther distance of 12 miles,\nthis magnificent work terminates, at the town of\nBuffalo. Entire length of the Erie canal 363\nNEW YORK.\n11\nmiles; 40 feet wide at top, 28 at bottom, and 4\nfeet deep; 84 locks on the main canal ; total\nlockage 688 ; declivity from Buffalo to Roches-\nter 4 feet ; rise 630 feet, fall 62 feet; total rise\nand fall 692 feet ; cost $9,500,000.\nStationary distances along the Erie Canal.\nTroy,\n7\nJordan,\n6 191\nJunction,\n2\n9\nWeedsport,\n6 197\nSchenectady,\n19\n28\nMontezuma, (Lake\nAmsterdam,\n18\n46\nPort)\n9 206\nSchoharie Cr.\n7\n53\nClyde,\n11 217\nCaughnawaga,\n4\n57\nLyons,\n9 226\nCanajoharie,\n12\n69\nLockville,\n6 232\nLittle Falls,\n19\n88\nPalmyra,\n9 241\nHerkimer,\n7\n95\nFairport,\n11 252\nFrankfort,\n5 100\nPittsford,\n8 260\nUtica,\n10 110\nRochester,\n10 270\nWhitesboro,\n4 114\nOgden,\n12 282\nRome,\n11 125\nAdams,\n3 285\nNew London,\n7 132\nBrockport,\n5 200\nCanistota,\n14 146\nHolly,\n5 205\nNew Boston,\n4 150\nAlbion,\n10 305\nChitteningo,\n4 154\nLockport,\n28 333\nManlius,\n8 162\nPendleton,\n7 340\nSyracuse,\n9 171\nTonnewanta,\n12 352\nGeddesburg,\n2 173\nBuffalo,\n11 163\nCanton,\n12 185\nCHAMPLAIN CANAL.\nFrom its junction with the Erie canal, eight\nmiles from Albany, the Champlain canal pur-\nsues its course through Waterford, Still-water,\nand Bemus' Heights, along the right bank of the\nHudson, to within three miles of Fort Miller\nwhere it takes the river for three milesgleAt\nFort Miller Falls is a canal of half a mile in\n12\nNEW YORK.\nlength, and then again it takes the river 8 miles\nto Fort Edward, from which place the canal\npursues a north east course to Whitehall, after\npassing the villages of Sandy Hill, and Fort Ann.\nLength of the Champlain Canal from its junc-\ntion with the Erie Canal to Whitehall 72 miles ;\n40 feet wide at top, 28 feet at bottom, 4 feet\ndeep ; 21 locks; rise 921, fall 54 feet, total\nlockage 188 feet : elevation of Lake Champlain\nabove the Erie canal, at the junction, 381 feet ;\ncommenced in 1817; completed 1819; cost\n$1,179,872.\nHUDSON AND DELAWARE CANAL,\nCommences on Hudson River, passes the\ntowns of Kingston, Marbletown, Mombacus, and\nWarwasing, in Ulster county, along the valleys\nof the Rondout, Batten Kill and Nevisink river,\nto Carpenter's point on the Delaware: general\ncourse from the Hudson to Carpenter's point on\nthe Delaware, south-west. Length 651 miles ;\nascent 535, descent 80 feet 62 locks; total\nlockage 615 feet.\nLACKAWAXEN CANAL,\nIs a prolongation of the Hudson and Delaware\ncanal, 17 miles of which is in the state of New\nYork, and 36 miles in Pennsylvania, making its\nentire length from Carpenter's point to Hones-\ndale, 53 miles. From Carpenter's point along\nthe left bank of the Delaware to the mouth ofthe\nLackawaxen, where the canal crosses the Dela-\nware; rise 148 feet in 17 miles; from the mouth\nNEW YORK.\n13\nof Lackawaxen to Honesdale, rise 668 feet in\n36 miles; total rise 816 feet in 53 miles; 32 to\n36 feet wide, 4 feet deep. At Honesdale, where\nthe canal terminates, the rail road commences.\nLength of the rail road from Honesdale to Car-\nbondale, on the Lackawaxen, 24 miles, ascent\n900, descent 881 feet ; commenced in 1825, and\ncompleted in the same year.\nOSWEGO CANAL,\nConsisting of pools and canals, commences on\nthe Erie canal near Syracuse in Onondaga county,\npasses along the valley of, and nearly parallel to,\nthe Onondago river into Lake Ontario, through\nthe villages of Liverpool, Three River point, Os-\nwego Falls and Oswego, on the right bank of the\nriver; general course from Syracuse, north west ;\nlength 38 miles; 14 locks; descent 123 feet\ncost $525,115.\nSENECA CANAL,\n(Pools and canal,) connects the Seneca and\nCayuga lakes with the Erie canal, which it\nleaves at Montezuma, passing through Water-\nloo, the seat of justice of Seneca county, and\nalong Seneca outlet, to Geneva ; course from\nMontezuma, south west ; length 20 miles; 11\nlocks; descent 73 feet ; commenced and complet-\ned in 1828 ; cost $214,000.\nAll the above canals are completed and in suc-\ncessful operation.\nCHEMUNG CANAL,\nExtends from the head waters of Seneca Lake\n2\nDigitized by Google\n14\nNEW YORK.\nto Elmira, on the Tioga branch of the Susque-\nhanna. Length 18 miles, with a navigable feed-\ner of 13 miles from Painted Post ; whole length\n31 miles; 54 locks, including 1 guard lock ;\ncompleted in 1832 ; cost $300,000.\nCROOKED LAKE CANAL.\nFrom Penyan to the outlet of Seneca Lake ;\nlength 7 miles ; lockage 270 feet ; cost $120,000.\nHARLAEM CANAL.\nExtends from the Hudson to the East river\nthrough Manhatten Island; length 3 miles; 60\nfeet wide, and from 6 to 7 deep ; 2 tide locks ;\nestimated cost $550,000.\nCHITTENANGO CANAL,\nFrom Chittenango mills to the Erie canal, 11\nmiles in length ; 4 locks.\nThe following summary exhibits the aggre-\ngate length of canals in the state of N. York.\nThose having an asterisk (*) attached, are the\nproperty of the state.\nErie canal,\n363 *\nChamplain canal,\n72 *\nHudson and Delaware canal,\n651\nLackawaxen canal,\n17\nOswego canal,\n38 *\nSeneca canal,\n20 *\nChemung canal,\n31\nFeeder to do.\n15 *\nCrooked Lake canal,\n7\nTonnewanta canal,\nDigitized by Google's *\nNEW YORK.\n15\nHarlaem canal,\n3\nChittenango canal,\n11\nTotal 618 Miles.\nPROPOSED CANALS.\nCHENANGO CANAL,\n(Now in progress) from Binghamton on the\nSusquehanna, to the Erie canal, near Utica ;\nlength 93 miles. Lockage 1,009 feet ; estimat-\ned cost $944,800.\nBLACK RIVER CANAL,\nFrom Rome to the high falls of Black river,\nwith a navigable feeder of 9 miles at Boonville,\nand thence by slack water navigation to Car-\nthage, 40 miles; lockage 1,078 feet ; estimated\ncost $602,550.\nSODUS CANAL,\nFrom Sodus bay to Seneca river.\nSeveralother canals are proposed.\nRAIL ROADS.\nMOHAWK AND HUDSON RAIL ROAD,\nExtends from Albany to Schenectady; length\n16 miles; commenced in 1830; cost $700,000.\nSCHENECTADY AND SARATOGA RAIL ROAD,\nFrom Schenectady on the Erie canal, to Ball-\nston and Saratoga Springs; length 20 miles ;\ncommenced in 1831, completed in 1832; cost\n$250,000.\nDigitized by Google\n16\nNEW YORK.\nCATSKILL AND CANAJOHARIE RAIL ROAD,\n(Now in progress.) Length 70 miles.\nITHICA AND OWEGO RAIL ROAD,\nLength 29 miles ; estimated cost $150,000.\nHARLAEM RAIL ROAD,\nOn Manhatten Island.\nROCHESTER RAIL ROAD,\n(Now in progress,) from Rochester along the\nGenesee to the head of navigation.\nSCHENECTADY AND UTICA RAIL ROAD,\n(Now in progress) ; length 80 miles.\nBATH RAIL ROAD,\nFrom Bath to Crooked Lake, 5 miles.\nROCHESTER AND BATAVIA RAIL ROAD,\n(Now in progress); length 28 miles.\nTROY AND BALLSTON RAIL ROAD,\n(Now in progress,) via Waterford; length\n22 miles.\nDuring the session 1832, the Legislature in-\ncorporated twenty four companies for as many\nrail roads in various parts of the state, with an\naggregate capital of nearly $15,000,000. Most\nof these works will, no doubt, be executed.\nDigitized by Google\nNEW JERSEY.\n17\nNEW JERSEY.\nDELAWARE AND RARITAN CANAL.\nDelaware and Raritan Canal, commences at\nBordentown and extends through Trenton, and\nalong the valley of the Millstone and Raritan to\nNew Brunswick, forming, in connexion with\nthe Delaware and Raritan rivers and Staten\nIsland sound, a complete inland water communi-\ncation between the cities of Philadelphia and New\nYork. Length of canal, 43 miles; 75 feet wide,\nand seven feet deep, and will admit vessels of\n100 tons; 14 locks, 2 towing paths. Commenc-\ned in 1831, and completed in May, 1834.\nA navigable feeder, 24 miles long, has been\nconstructed along the east bank of the Dela-\nware, intersecting the main trunk in the city of\nTrenton.\nMORRIS CANAL.\nThe Morris Canal commences at Jersey City,\nopposite New York, pursues a circuitous route\nthrough the Bergen marshes, and crossing the\nHackensack and Passaic rivers a short distance\nabove their discharge into Newark Bay, enters\nthe flourishing town of Newark. Here the ca-\nnal assumes a course nearly north, which it\nmaintains to Paterson, passing the village of\nBloomfield. After leaving Paterson, its course\nis nearly south-west to the Little Falls of Passa-\nic, where it crosses that river, and thence pur-\n2*\nDigitized by Google\n18\nNEW JERSEY.\nsues a more western direction, through the little\ntown of Powerville into Rockaway valley ; still\ncontinuing its western course along the valley\nof the Rockaway, until it enters the township of\nRoxbury, it ascends the summit level two miles\nnorth-west from Drakesville. From the summit\nat Hopatcong pond, the canal is carried along\nthe left bank of Musconetcong river, which it\ncrosses one and a half miles south-west from\nAndover Forge; thence assuming a south-west\ndirection, it passes near the villages of Hackets-\ntown, Beatystown, Anderson, Mansfield, Broad-\nway, and New Village, and terminates on the\nDelaware at Phillipsburg, opposite Easton.\nGeneral course from New York to Easton, west :\nlength, 101 miles; ascent, 915, descent, 754\nfeet; total rise and fall, 1669 feet; overcome by\nlocks and inclined planes. Elevation of Easton\n161, and summit level 915 feet above the Atlan-\ntic; 32 feet wide at top; 18 at bottom; 4 feet\ndeep. Rise and fall 1657 feet, of which 223\nfeet are overcome by 24 locks, and 1334 feet by\n23 inclined planes ; 4 guard locks; 5 dams; 30\nculverts; 12 aqueducts; 200 bridges. Cost\n$1,200,000.\nSALEM CANAL,\nExtends from Salem creek to the Delaware;\ndesigned to shorten the distance from the upper\nparts of Salem county to Philadelphia. Length\n4 miles.\nDigitized by Google\nСРАФИТАЗИЯ EN\n1\nElectric THE\nNWO\n3 I\nTHE FRITA\n-\nM -\n-\n*I REVIEW\nE\n5\ncaloryte\nDigitized by Google\n:\nOOZ\nOOT\n009\n800\nOOOT\n1200\nootr\n1600\n=\nnot\n200\nOhio River\nPittsburg\nFeet\non\nGr.Aqueduct\n320\n-\nFeet\n#50\nApalachicota\nSuwance Riv.\nPine ir.\n200\noot\n600\n800\n1900\nBay\non\nUapaha R.\nBaston\n310\nDeer Cr.\n001\nDelaware River\noff\n100\nStewartsville 133 Γ.\nBull (r.\n#30\nNew River\n300\n180 feet\ngo\nPohatcong or\n06\nORE\nOctockonne\n062\nGoogle\nAllegheny\n80\nRiver\nKiskiminitas River\nSuwance\nAqueduct\n280\n70\nOIZ\nHO 'T'll\n80\nLevel of the\nRiver\n630 126 Hackets T.\na Andover\n75\nNEW JERSEY.\n19\nWASHINGTON CANAL,\nCuts off a considerable bend in Manolapan\ncreek, and lessens the distance from Washing-\nton to the Raritan river. Length 1 mile.\nMANASQUAN AND BARNEGAT CANAL.\n(Proposed.)\nCAMDEN AND AMBOY RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at Camden, opposite Philadelphia;\nthence, crossing Cooper's creek, it follows, gen-\nerally, the east bank of the Delaware. Six\nmiles from Camden the road crosses Pensaukin\ncreek; and six miles farther it crosses Ranco-\ncus by a substantial viaduct. The road hence\nto Burlington, (6 miles) is perfectly straight,\nand from Burlington to Bordentown, a further\ndistance of ten miles, it is nearly so.\nThe general direction of the road from Bor-\ndentown to South Amboy, its point of termina-\ntion, is nearly north-east. At a distance of 21\nmiles from Bordentown, the road passes Cross-\nwicks creek ; 7 miles farther it enters the vil-\nlage of Centreville; thence to Hightstown 4\nmiles; thence, by nearly a direct course, to\nSpotswood 11 miles. About one mile beyond\nthe latter place, the road recrosses the turnpike,\nand passes Herbertsville 2 miles from Spotts-\nwood. At a farther distance of 7 miles this im-\nportant work terminates at the long wharf in\nSouth Amboy. Length from Camden to Bor-\nDigitized by Google\n20\nNEW JER$EY.\ndentown 271 miles, and thence to South Amboy\n331. Total length from Camden to South Am-\nboy 61 miles.\nPATERSON AND HUDSON RIVER RAIL ROAD,\nExtends from Jersey City opposite New York\nto Paterson on the Passaic. Length 16.30\nmiles. It is proposed to extend this road to the\nMorris Canal.\nNEW JERSEY RAIL ROAD,\nCommences on the last mentioned rail road,\nabout two miles from Jersey City, crosses the\nPassaic, and passes through the eastern suburbs\nof Newark ; thence through Elizabethtown,\nBridgetown, and Matouchin, to New Brunswick.\nThe road after leaving Newark runs parallel\nwith and near to the turnpike leading to New\nBrunswick. Length 28 miles.\nCompanies have been incorporated for con-\nstructing rail roads—1. From Elizabethtown to\nSomerville. 2. From some point on the Cam-\nden and Amboy Rail Road, or on the river Del-\nware, to Salem county. 3. From a point on the\nDelaware above Paulins Kill, to the Hudson riv-\ner. The aggregate capital of these companies\namounts to $1,900,000, which may be extended\nto $4,000,000.\nDigitized by Google\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n21\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nPENNSYLVANIA CANALS AND RAIL ROADS.\nViewing the Columbia Rail Road as only a\nlink in the great chain of communication be-\ntween the Delaware and Ohio Rivers, I shall\ncommence with a description of that work, and,\nproceeding westwardly, take up each division in\nregular succession.\nCOLUMBIA RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at the intersection of Broad and\nVine streets, in the city of Philadelphia, pro-\nceeds nearly parallel with, and crosses the\nSchuylkill about two miles above the upper\nbridge.\nPassing the stream by a viaduct 984 feet in\nlength, the road is conducted to the foot of an\ninclined plane, and thence pursues its western\ncourse through the counties of Philadolphia,\nMontgomery, Delaware, Chester and Lancaster,\nand the towns of Downingstown, Coatsville,\nLancaster and Mount Pleasant, and enters Co.\nIumbia on the Susquehanna by an inclined plane\n1720 feet in length. Here the road terminates\nat the outlet lock of the central division of the\nPennsylvania Canal.\nThe entire length of this work from its point\nof outset in Philadelphia, to its junction with the\ncanal at Columbia, is 81.60 miles.\nDigitized by Google\n22\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nThe Columbia Rail Road attains its greatest\naltitude at Mine ridge, which is 555 feet above\ntide water in the Delaware, and 52 miles west\nfrom Philadelphia. Its general direction is\nnearly west, over a broken or uneven country,\ntraversing in its course several hills having a\nmean elevation ofabout 400 feet, until it descends\nthe valley of the Susquehanna and enters Colum-\nbia, which is elevated 237 feet above tide water.\nOn the line there are 31 viaducts, the aggre-\ngate length of whose platforms is 7349 feet; 73\nstone culverts, 500 stone drains, and 18 bridges.\nCost about $1,600,000.\nCENTRAL DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA\nCANAL.\nThis division commences at Columbia, follows\nthe east bank of the Susquehanna, and passes\nthrough the villages of Maytown, Bainbridge,\nand Falmouth ; intersects the Union Canal at\nMiddletown, where there is a side lock of three\nfeet, connecting this division with the Union\nCanal. From Middletown it continues along the\neast bank of the Susquehanna, through High-\nspiretown and Harrisburg to Duncan's Island.\nAt the head of this island the canal crosses the\nSusquehanna and enters the valley of the Juni-\nata, which it pursues mostly along its north or\nleft side, and passing Millerstown, Mexico, Mif-\nfintown, Lewistown, Huntingdon and Peters-\nburg; and through the counties of Lancaster,\nDigitized by Google\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n23\nDauphin, Perry, Juniata and Huntingdon, ter-\nminates at Hollidaysburg.\nLength 1714 miles; course W. N. W. ; look-\nage 7474 feet; 40 feet wide at top, 28 at bot-\ntom, 4 feet deep; 18 dams; 33 aquaducts; 111\nlocks, including guards-those between Colum-\nbia and Duncan's Island are each 90 by 17 feet,\nand those from Duncan's Island to Hollidays-\nburg, 90 by 15 feet in the chamber; 15.83\nmiles of this canal consists of slack water navi-\ngation.\nALLEGHENY PORTAGE RAIL ROAD.\nThis work commences at the termination of\nthe preceding, at Hollidaysburg, pursues a W.\nN. W. course to Blair's Gap, and thence turn-\ning to the S. W. enters and passes along the\nvalley of the Conemaugh to Johnstown, in Cam-\nbria county, having traversed in its course por-\ntions of Huntingdon, Bedford and Cambria\ncounties. This road is connected with the cen-\ntral and western divisions of the Pennsylvania\ncanal by two extensive basins, with which it\ncommunicates by slips and branch rail-wavs.\nLength 36.69 miles; rise and fall 2570.29\nfeet, of which 2007.02 are overcome by planes\nof various inclinations, and 563,27 feet by grad-\ning. With the exception of the ends, the grades\nnever exceed 21.12 feet, and are generally be-,\ntween 10 and 15 feet, per mile. Aggregate\nlength of the bases of the inclined planes, 4.37\nmiles, and that of the graded portion of the\nDigitized by Google\n24\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nroad, 32.32 miles. There are 4 extensive via-\nducts; one over the Conemaugh at the Horse\nShoe bend, one at the Ebensburg branch, one\nat the Mountain branch, and one across the Bea-\nver Dam branch of the Juniata; of culverts\nthere are 72, and several bridges. Width of the\nroad 25 feet exclusive of side drains. Distance\nbetween the rails, 4 feet ; between the tracks 5\nfeet, including the inner rail of each track. In its\ncourse from Hollidaysburg to Johnstown the\nroad attains an elevation of 2491 feet above\nthe Atlantic Ocean. At Johnstown the Portage\nRail Road joins the Western Division of the\nPennsylvania canal.\nWESTERN DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA\nCANAL.\nThis link in the grand chain traverses the\nvalleys of the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas and\nAllegheny rivers, to its termination at Pittsburg.\nAfter leaving Johnstown, it passes the towns of\nFairfield, Lockport, Blairsville, and Saltzburg\nin Indiana county, Warren and Leechburg in\nArmstrong, and, crossing the Allegheny above\nthe mouth of the Kiskiminetas, enters Butler\ncounty, and thence along the right bank of the\nAllegheny (which is crossed by a splendid aque-\nduct) enters and passes through the city of\nPittsburg, and terminates on the Monongahela\n'river. Length 104 miles; 40 feet wide at top,\n28 at bottom, 4 feet deep; lockage 471 feet ;\n64 locks (exclusive of four on a branch canal to\nDigitized by Google\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n25\nthe Allegheny) 90 by 15 feet within the cham-\nber; 10 dams; 21 ¥ miles of the above canal\nconsists of slackwater navigation; 2 tunnels; 16\naqueducts; 64 culverts; 39 waste wears; 152\nbridges. Cost, $3,000,000,\nEntire length of the preceding canals and\nrail roads from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 3944\nmiles.\nSTATIONARY DISTANCES\nFROM PHILADELPHIA TO PITTSBURG,\nCOMMENCING AT VINE AND BROAD STREET.\nNo. 1.\nNo. 2.\nFrom Philadelphia to Colum-\nbia, 812 miles.\nFrom Columbia to Hollidays-\nFair Mount Wa-\nburg, 1713 miles.\nter Works\n1\nColumbia as above\n812\nLemon Hill\n1 11\nViaduct over\nMarietta\n3\n842\nSchuylkill R. 1}\n3\nBainbridge\n61\n914\nBuck Tavern\n8 11\nFalmouth\n31\n942\nSpread Eagle\n5 16\n3 102\nColumbia Rail Road.\n41 201\nCentral Division of the Pennsylvania Canal.\nMiddletown\n41\n99\nPaoli\nHighspire\nWarren\n22\nHarrisburg\n6 108\nValley Creek\n7 29\nBlue Mt. Gap\n5 113\nDowningtown\n3 32\nPort Dauphin\n21\n1151\nCoatsville\n8 40\nDuncan's Isl.\n9\n1241\nBuck Run\n41\nBeelen's\n44}\n51 130\nGap Tavern\n7\n51\nNewport\n5 135\nMine Ridge\n]\n52/\nLower aque-\nMill Creek\n5 57\nduct\n6 141\n3 60\nThompsontown\n5\nSoudersburg\n146\nConnestoga Cr.\n7\n67,\nMexico\n7 153\nLancaster\n2\n69\nMifflintown\n4\n157\nMt. Pleasant\nLewistown\n14\n171\n7 761\nColumbia\n41 81₫\nWaynesburg 14 185\n3\nDigitized by Google\n26\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nFrom Philadelphia to Pittsburg,-continued.\nWaynesburg as above\n185\nP. P.R.\nEbensburg Br. 3 275\nAughwick\nStaple Bend 10 2851\nFalls\n12\n197\nJohnstown\n41 2904\nJack's Mt.\n6 203\nCentral Division.\nMill Creek\n6 209\nNo. 4.\nHuntingdon\n5 214\nFrom Johnstown to Pitts-\nPetersburg\n7 221\nburg, by the Western Divis\nAlexandria\n7 228\nsion of the Pennsylvania\nWilliamsburg\n12\n240\nCanal, 104 miles.\nFrankstown\n101\n250}\nJohnstown, as above\n290£\nHollidaysburg\n3\n253}\nLaurel Hill\n61 297\nLockport\n10\n307\nNo. 3.\nChesnut Hill\n5\n312\nFrom Hollidaysburg to Johns-\nWestern Division Penna. Canal.\nBlairsville\n8 320\ntown, by the Allegheny\nSaltzburg\n16 336\nPortage Rail Road, 36\nSalt Works\n7\n343\nmiles.\nWarrenton\n5 348\nHollidaysburg, as above 2531\nLeechburg\n10\n358\nWalker's Point 11 255\nAqueduct over\nPortage R. R.\nIn. Plane, No.\nAllegheny\n3\n361\n10\n21 2571\nFreeport\n2 363\nIn. Plane, No.\nLogan's Ferry\n13\n376\n6\n61 263\nPine Creek\n12\n388\nMountain Br.\n9\n2721\nPittsburg\n61\n3944\nSUSQUEHANNA DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA\nCANAL,\nCommences at the outlet lock on Duncan's\nIsland, where it joins the Central Division, cross-\nes the north outlet of the Juniata, and enters\nBuffalo township in Perry county ; thence it\npursues nearly a due north course through Per-\nry and Mifflin counties, along the right bank of\nthe Susquehanna in Union county, to the town\nDigitized by Google\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n27\nof Northumberland, where it intersects the ca-\nnals which extend along the north and west\nbranches of the Susquehanna. Length 39 miles;\ncost of construction $1,039,256 ; 11 locks.\nWEST BRANCH CANAL,\nLeaves the Susquehanna division at Northum-\nberland, and passes along the left bank of the\nwest branch of Susquehanna, through Northum-\nberland and Lycoming counties, to a point op-\nposite the mouth of Bald Eagle creek, near\nDunnstown. Length, including several sec-\ntions of pool navigation, 65.76 miles; lockage\n121 feet; 19 guard and lift locks; 8 dams,\nvarying from 4 to 10 feet in height; 4 aque-\nducts; cost $927,378.\nNORTH BRANCH DIVISION.\nCommencing at the basin which unites the\nSusquehanna and West Branch divisions at\nNorthumberland, this canal pursues a north-\neastern course through Northumberland, Colum-\nbia and Luzerne counties, and by the towns of\nDanville, Bloomsburg, Berwick, &c., and termi-\nnates in Wyoming valley, at a dam near Nanti-\ncoke falls. Length, including 5 miles of pool\nnavigation above Nanticoke dam, 601 miles ; 40\nfeet wide at top, 28 at bottom, 4 feet deep ; 7 lift\nand one guard locks, each 17 by 90 feet within\nthe chambers; rise 68.89 feet ; cost $1,096,178.\nAn extension of this canal 14.98 miles, to the\nmouth of the Lackawana, is now in progress.\nDigitized by Google\n28\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nLength 75.48 miles; pool navigation 13.91\nmiles; one aqueduct, 5 locks; rise 43 feet ;\ncost $220,594.\nDELAWARE DIVISION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA\nCANAL,\nCommences at Bristol in Bucks, county, 18\nmiles above Philadelphia.\nOn leaving the basin at Bristol, the canal\npasses in nearly a direct line to Morrisville, op-\nposite Trenton, leaving Tullytown on the right,\nand Tyburn on the left. On leaving Morrisville\nit pursues a course nearly at right angles with the\nsection from Bristol to Morrisville. Following\nthis direction, sometimes approaching within a\nshort distance of, and then receding from the\nDelaware, it successively passes the towns of\nYardleyville, Taylorsville, Brownsburg, New\nHope, Lumberville, Smithville and Monroe, and\nterminates at Easton, where it unites with the\nLehigh Company's works. Length 59,75 miles.\nRise 170 feet. Cost $1,275,715.\nPITTSBURG AND ERIE CANAL.\nThis canal is merely preparatory to a more\nextensive line of canals designed to connect Con-\nneaut lake in Crawford county with Lake Erie,\nand ultimately with the Ohio river at Pittsburg.\nAnother section of this work is just completed :\nit extends from Newcastle in Mercer county, to\nthe town of Beaver, on the Ohio, and is 24.75\nmiles in length. The\nimprovement of of rench\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n29\ncreek (25.70 miles in length) now in course of\nexecution, will be completed in a few months.\nRECAPITULATION.\nPennsylvania Canal, Central\ndivision\n171.75\n\"\n\"\nWestern\n\"\n104.00\n\"\n\"\nSusquehanna\n\"\n39.00\n\"\n\"\nWest branch\n\"\n65.75\n\"\n\"\nNorth branch\n\"\n75.48\n\"\n\"\nDelaware\n\"\n59.75\n\"\n\"\nPittsburg and\nErie*\n\"\n73.40\nTotal, canals\n589.18\nColumbia Rail Road\n81.60\nAllegheny Portage\n36.69\nTotal, Rail Road\n118.29\nCanals, as above\n589.18\nGrand total of Pennsylvania state works 707.47\nCanals and Rail Roads Constructed by Joint\nStock Companies.\nCANALS.\nSCHUYLKILL NAVIGATION.\nThis work extends from the dam at Fair-\nmount, near Philadelphia, to Port Carbon in\n# This includes the French Creek feeder, and all the\nother improvements in that section of the state.\n3*\nDigitized by Google\n30\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nSchuylkill county. It consists of a succession\nof canals and pools. The pool above Fairmount\ndam is entered by a short canal on the west side\nof the Schuylkill. This pool extends about six\nmiles to Flat Rock. About 11 miles from Flat\nRock dam, the Manayunk Canal leaves the last\nmentioned pool and rejoins the stream a short 2\ndistance above the dam, and thus enters the\nsecond pool. This extends 4 miles to an incon-\nsiderable canal, which connects it with the pool\nabove. Three miles farther, another small ca-\nnal conducts into the pool above Norristown, in\nMontgomery county, thence the stream is as-\ncended by several short canals and pools, to the\ncommencement of the Oaks Canal,\" 3} miles\nin length. The Oaks Canal commences half a\nmile above the outlet of Perkiomen creek, and\nextends along the north or left bank of the\nSchuylkill, to a dam about one mile above Phe-\nnixville, in Chester county, where it enters the\nriver. The pool formed by the dam just men-\ntioned, extends to the outlet of the Vincent Ca-\nnal, nearly five miles in length. About 1 mile\nabove the termination of the Vincent Canal,\ncommences the Girard Canal, one of the most\nextensive in the series. It is 22 miles in length,\nand extends along the right bank of the Schuyl-\nkill, from Pigeon creek five miles below Read-\ning in Berks county. In the space between\nthat point and Reading there are two dams\nand a small canal, which is connected with\nthat passing through Reading, where the Union\nCanal intersects the Schuylkill Company's\nDigitized by Google\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n31\nworks. The latter canal enters the Schuylkill\na short distance above Reading, and is on the\nleft bank of the stream. With the exception of\nthe Hamburg Canal, ten miles in length, and\nanother of three miles, the distance from Read-\ning to Hamburg is traversed by a succession of\nshort canals, mostly on the left bank of the\nSchuylkill this is also the case from Hamburg\nto Port Carbon, where the navigation ceases.\nThis work opens a direct communication be-\ntween Philadelphia and the anthracite coal re-\ngion, in Schuylkill county, whence immense\nquantities of it are transported to Philadelphia and\nother cities of the union. Length of canals 58,\nand of pools 50 miles. Entire length from Fair\nMount to Port Carbon, 108 miles. Canals 36\nfeet wide at top, 22 at bottom, 3 feet 6 inches\ndeep; 129 locks, each 80 by 17 feet ; 34 dams ;\n1 tunnel, 385 feet in length ; rise 610 feet ; cost\n$2,500,176.\nStationary distances from Fair Mount to Port Carbon.\nFish House\n1 Unionville\n3 46\nViaduct Col. R. R.\n11\n2\nBirdsboro\n6 52\nCanal at Falls\n2\n4\nReading\n12\n64\nWissahiccon Creek\n1\n5\nMaiden Creek\n11\n75\nManyunk\n2\n7\nHamburg\n12\n87\nFlat Rock\n1\n8\nPort Clinton\n4\n91\nSoap Stone Quarry\n11\n91\nBear Creek\n5 96\nFerry, Spring Mills\n1}\n11\nTunnel\n2\n98\nDam at Gulf Creek\n11 121\nSchuylkill Haven\n31 1011\nNorristown\n31\n16\nTumbling Run\n3,1 105\nPerkiomen Cr.\n81\n241\nMount Carbon\n105}\nPhoenixville\n3f\n28\nPottsville\n106\nPottstown\n15\n43\nPort Carbon\n2 108\nDigitized by Google\n32\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nUNION CANAL,\nExtends from a point a short distance below\nReading, to Middletown, on the Susquehanna,\nand passes through the counties of Berks, Leba-\nnon and Dauphin. If the pool near Reading be\nregarded as a part of the Union canal, that work\ncommences about 3 miles below Reading on the\nwest bank of the Schuylkill, and running nearly\ndue north enters the valley of Tulpehocken creek ;\nfollowing that stream chiefly along its left bank,\nthe canal gradually ascends to the summit, a dis-\ntance of 41.29 miles. The summit level is 6.97\nmiles, and the western section, including 4 of a\nmile of towing path, along the right bank of the\nSwatara, is 33.80 miles in length, making the en-\ntire length of the Union Canal, 82.08 miles.\nCourse W. S.W. Summit at Lebanon, 4981 feet\nabove tide water ; ascent 311, descent 2081 ; total\nlockage 5191 feet ; 36 feet wide at top, 24 at bot-\ntom, 4 feet deep; 93 lift and 2 guard locks, each\n75 by 81 feet ; 43 waste wears ; 49 culverts ; 135\nbridges 14 aqueducts ; 1 tunnel, 729 feet in\nlength. A navigable feeder from the Swatara,\n6.75 miles long, and a pool formed by a dam at\nthe head ofthe feeder, have also been constructed\nby the Union Canal Company. This improve-\nment affords a navigable communication from the\nmain trunk of the Union Canal to Pine Grove, a\ndistance of 23 miles, in a north-east direction.\nFrom Pine Grove the company have laid a rail\nroad through a gap in the Sharp Mountain, 4\nmiles in length, to the coal mines.\nDigitized by Google\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n33\nLEHIGH NAVIGATION.\nThe Lehigh works, like those on the Schuyl-\nkill, consist of several canals and slack water\npools; of the former there are eight, having an\naggregate length of 36.75 miles, and of the lat-\nter, 7 in number, ten miles. These works ex-\ntend from Easton to Mauch Chunk, in North-\nampton county. The improvements on the Le-\nhigh above Mauch Chunk are designed for a de-\nscending navigation only.\nLeaving the Lehigh immediately south of\nEaston, the line is conducted by locks, into the\nfirst canal, on the right bank of the river.\nAbout 4 miles above its point of outset, this sec-\ntion of the canal terminates at a dam one fourth\nmile below Smith's Island, and the pool thus\nformed, is entered. This pool is about two\nmiles in extent. At a distance of 6 miles from\nEaston, commences the most extensive section\nof canal. It leaves the river one mile below\nJack's mill, passes along the north or left bank,\nthrough Bethlehem, and re-enters the Lehigh\nat a dam not far from Allentown, in Lehigh\ncounty, thence by the river 11 miles, thence by\ncanal to a dam, 3 miles, thence to river 3 mile,\nthence by eanal to a dam 41 miles, thence by the\nriver 17, thence by canal 1 mile to a dam,\nthence by the river 21 miles, thence by the ca-\nnal 31 miles to the Lehigh water gap. Here the\ncanal passes the great Blue Mountain, and enters\nthe coal region. From the termination of the\nDigitized by Google\n34\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nlast mentioned canal, the river is used for one\nmile to a dam at the mouth of the Aquanshicola\ncreek, then occurs a canal 41 miles long to a\ndam, thence by the stream one mile, and then is\nentered the last section of canal, 6 miles ia\nlength, which terminates at Mauch Chunk.\nThis important work is completed by a rail road\nextending from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines,\n9 miles distant. Length of canais and pools,\n46.75 miles. Course N. W ; 60 feet wide at\ntop, 45 at bottom, 5 feet deep; 54 locks, each\n100 by 22 feet ; 9 dams ; ascent, 364 feet. Sum-\nmit at Mauch Chunk 529 feet above tide water.\nCost $1,558,000.\nStationary distances from Altitude of towns, &c. on the\nEaston to Mauch Chunk.\nLehigh Navigation.\nMiles.\nFeet above tide.\nSmith's Island\n4\nLevel of dam at Easton 165\nJack's Mill\n4 8\nJack's Mill\n215\nBethlehem\n4 12\nBethlehem\n235\nAllentown bridge\n5 17\nAllentown Br.\n245\nDiley's Creek\n3 20\nDiley's Cr.\n265\nBeil's Creek\n21 221\nBiels\n290\nLerch\n21\n25\nLerch\n300\nBerlin\n3\n28\nBerlin\n313\nBasin\n3 31\nBasin\n345\nKuntz .\n2\n33\nKuntz\n369\nCraigs' Cr.\n3\n36\nCraig's Cr.\n390\nBowmans\n3\n39\nBowmans\n425\nBig Creek\n1\n40\nBig Creek\n435\nFort Allen\n21 421 Fort Allen\n470\nLehighton\n1 43\nLehighton\n475\nFalls of Lehigh\n1\n44\nFalls of Lehigh\n485\nBeaver Creek\n1 45\nBeaver Creek\n500\nMauch Chunk\n11 46%\nMauch Chunk\n529\nDigitized by Google\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n35\nLACKAWAXEN CANAL.\nThat portion of the Hudson and Delaware ca-\nnal which follows the valley of the Lackawaxen\ncreek, in Pennsylvania, and sometimes called the\nLackawaxen canal, commences at M'Carty's\npoint on the Delaware, passes through Pike and\nWayne counties, and up the Lackawaxen valley\ntoHonesdale in the latter county, where it unites\nwith the rail road leading to Carbondale coal\nmines. Length 25 miles; course W. N. W. ;\nwidth varies from 32 to 36 feet at top, and 4\nfeet deep 37 locks, each 76 by 9 feet. Sum-\nmit at Honesdale 1000 feet above tide water.\nCost, including rail road, $2,000,000.\nFor Rail Road see page 38.\nCONESTOGA NAVIGATION,\nConsists of dams and locks. It commences at\nReigart's landing in the city of Lancaster, and\nterminates at Safe Harbour on the Susquehanna.\nLength 18 miles. Course S. W. 9 locks, each\n100 by 22 feet; 9 dams ; descent 62.\nCODORUS NAVIGATION.\nIs similar to the preceding, the improvement\nhaving been effected by means of canals and\npools. It extends from York to the Susqueban-\nna river and consists of 8 miles of slack water\npools, and 3 of canals; length 11 miles; course\nN. E. ; 9 locks.\nDigitized by Google\n36\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nWEST PHILADELPHIA CANAL,\nIs a small canal now constructing around the\nwestern abutment of the bridge over Schuylkill,\nnear Philadelphia.\nRECAPITULATION.\nMiles.\nSchuylkill Navigation\n108.00\nUnion Canal\n82.08\nLehigh Navigation\n36.75\nLackawaxen Canal\n25.00\nConnestoga Navigation\n18.00\nCodorus\n\"\n11.00\nWest Philadelphia Canal\n00 08\nTotal,\n280.91\nState Canals, as above\n589.18\nGrand total of canals in Penn-\n870.09\nsylvania\nRAIL ROADS.\nCOLUMBIA RAIL ROAD.\nSee page 21.\nALLEGHENY PORTAGE RAIL ROAD.\nSee page 23.\nMAUCH CHUNK RAIL ROAD,\nExtends from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines,\n9 miles, exclusive of branches which are nearly\nDigitized by Google\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n37\n5 miles in length ; constructed in 1827; eleva-\ntion of the mines above the Lehigh, 936 feet.\nROOM RUN RAIL ROAD,\nExtends from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines\non Room Run. Length 5.26 miles.\nMOUNT CARBON RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at the lower landings of Mount\nCarbon, passes through Pottsville, and thence\nup the valley of Norwegian creek. Length, in-\ncluding two branches, 7.24 miles.\nSCHUYLKILL VALLEY RAIL ROAD,\nExtends from Port Carbon, where the Schuyl-\nkill navigation terminates, and follows the valley\nof the Schuylkill to Tuscorora. Length 10 miles.\nIt has 20 branches extending from this road in\nvarious directions, the aggregate length of which\nis 15 miles. Cost of main line $5,500 per mile.\nSCHUYLKILL RAIL ROAD,\nThirteen miles in length ; cost $7,000 per\nmile.\nMILL CREEK RAIL ROAD,\nFrom Port Carbon to the coal mines near\nMill Creek. Length of main line 4, and of\nbranches 3 miles; cost $20,000.\nMINE HILL AND SCHUYLKILL HAVEN RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at Schuylkill Haven, extends\n4\nDigitized by Google\n38\nPHENSYLVANIA.\nalong 'the west branch of Schuylkill, through\nMine Hill gap, and terminates at the coal mines\nin that vicinity. Length, including two branch-\nes, 20 miles ; cost $160,000.\nPINE GROVE RAIL ROAD,\nFrom Pine Grove in Schuylkill county to the\ncoal mines, 4 miles above.\nLITTLE SCHUYLKILL RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at Port Clinton, and extends to\nthe mines at Tamaqua; length 23 miles.\nAn extension of this road from Port Clinton to\nReading is proposed, and surveys fixing its\nroute, have been made by Mr. Robinson. The\nline will commence at the lower coal shutes at\nPort Clinton, pass along the right bank of the\nSchuylkill, and by a tunnel, 620 yards long,\nthrough the Pulpit Rock Hill, thence to a point\nnear the mouth of Mill creek, thence over Irish\ncreek. A few miles below the latter creek, the\nroad will leave the valley of the Schuylkill and\npass near the Pennsylvania Farmer (tavern),\nthen verging towards the Schuylkill, that river\nwill be crossed about a third of a mile above the\nPeacock locks of the Schuylkill Navigation, and\nthence into the borough of Reading. Entire\nlength 19.75 miles. Estimated cost $746,880.\nLACKAWAXEN RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at the termination\nDigitized ofthegIacka-\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n39\nwaxen reanal at Henesdale, and extends to the\ncoal mines at Carbondale on the Lackawana\nriver; length 161 miles; 5-inclined planes, which\nsurmount an elevation of800 feet on the Moosic\nmountain; cost $100,000.\nWEST CHESTER RAIL ROAD,\nConnects the Columbia rail road with the vil-\nlage of West Chester; constructed in 1832;\nlength 9 miles; cost $90,000.\nPHILADELPHIA, GERMANTOWN AND NORRISTOWN\nRAIL ROAD.\nAbout 7 miles of this road from Philadelphia\nto Germantown, are completed. A new route\nto Norristown has been adopted. It leaves the\noriginal line, about 3 miles from Philadelphia,\npasses in a north-west direction, and enters the\nvalley of the Schuylkill, which it follows to Nor.\nristown, passing through Manayunk. The new\nsection is now in progress.\nLYKENS VALLEY RAIL ROAD,\nExtends from the Broad Mountain through\nBear Creek gap, and thence on the north side of\nBerry's Mountain to Millersburg on the Susque-\nhanna, in Dauphin county.\nPHILADELPHIA AND TRENTON RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at Philadelphia, passes through\nor near the towns of Frankford, Bristol, Tully-\ntown, &c. and terminates at Morrisville, Digitized by oppo-\n40\nPENNSYLVANIA.\nsite Trenton; length -26.25 miles. A single\ntrack of this road is now in use.\nCENTRAL RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at a point 21 miles N. W: of\nPottsville, passes into and along the valley of\nMill Creek until it reaches the first summit on\nthe Broad Mountain. Thence it proceeds and\ngains the summit between the Mahony and\nShamokin creeks, and terminates at Sunbury on\nthe Susquehanna; length 44.54 miles. A branch\n7 miles long, leaves the main line and extends\nto Danville; entire length 51.54 miles.\nThe eastern section of this road was opened\nfor use on the 24th of September, 1834. On\nthis section there are 1 large, and 4 inferior in-\nclined planes. The former, in Mahoney valley,\nis 1650 feet in length, and overcomes an eleva-\ntion of 345 feet, and the 4 latter 700 feet.\nThe coal tunnel on the Girard estate, which\nopens a communication between the Mahoney\nand Shenandoah valleys, is 2500 feet long.\nThe western section is rapidly advancing to-\nwards completion.\nOXFORD RAIL ROAD,\n(Now in progress,) leaves the Columbia Rail\nRoad about 40 miles west from Philadelphia;\npasses through Oxford and along the valley of\nOctararo, and joins the Susquehanna Rail Road\nat the state line. (See Maryland.)\nDigitized by Google\nPENNSYLVANIA.\n41\nPHILADELPHIA AND READING RAIL ROAD,\nIs designed as a connecting link in the great\nline of communication by rail roads between\nPhiladelphia and the anthracite coal region of\nSchuylkill county. Surveys and estimates of\ncost of the proposed road, have been made by\nMr. Robinson, by which its entire practicability\nis established.\nThe line, as recommended, commences at the\ntermination of the proposed Reading and Port\nClinton Rail Road, thence along the side of\nNeversink mountain, beyond which it leaves the\nriver for a short distance, and then again re-\nsumes the bank and traverses a course towards\nthe head of the Girard Canal, a section of the\nSchuylkill navigation, thence to the Red Shell\nBluffs, opposite Baumstown. Passing again\nover the river flats, it crosses the Monocacy\ncreek, and thence, near Molattin run, to Douglas-\nville. Pursuing its south-eastern course, over\nthe turnpike, intersecting the boundary between\nMontgomery and Berks counties, it passes over\nthe high table land above Pottstown, which is\nentered after crossing the Manatowney creek.\nFrom Pottstown the line is conducted by a\nstraight course to a bend in the river, and thence\nover Sprogle's run and Sanatoga and Mingo\ncreeks, it crosses the Schuylkill about 300 yards\nabove Black Rock, near the Vincent canal, and\nthence through a tunnel 1969 feet in length, it\nreaches Phoenixville. Curving here to the left,\nthe line passes along the Chester county canal to\n4*\nDigitized by Google\n42\nDELAWARE.\nits termination, crossing French creek ; thence\nover Pickering's creek and along the river bank\nit reaches the vicinity of Pawling's Bridge,\nwhere the grade commences descending towards\nValley creek, which is crossed. At a farther\ndistance of a few miles the line enters Norris-\ntown, beyond which an experimental line only\nhas been run.\nTwo other lines for a portion of the above\nread have been suggested by the engineer, with\na view to discover a more eligible route.\nEntire length of the proposed road from Read-\ning to Norristown, 40.44 miles. Estimated\ncost $947,425.\nDELAWARE.\nCHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL,\nCommences at Delaware city on the Delaware,\nabout 42 miles below Philadelphia, passes\nthrough St. George's meadows and along the ra-\nvine of Broad creek, and thence into that of\nBack creek, a tributary of Elk river, which falls\ninto Chesapeake Bay ; length 13.63 miles; 66\nfeet wide at top water line; 10 feet deep; 2 lift\nand 2 tide locks, 100 by 22 feet in the chamber ;\ncompleted in 1829; cost $2,200,000.\nNEW CASTLE AND FRENCHTOWN RAIL ROAD,\nExtends from New Castle to Frenchtown, on\nDigitized by Google\nMARYLAND.\n43\nElk river, Maryland ; length 16.19 miles ; radius\nof the largest curve 20,000 feet. The inclinations\n(with one exception of29 feet a mile,) vary from\n10} feet to 16} feet a mile; 4 viaducts, 29 cul-\nverts, completed in 1832 ; entire cost of road,\napparatus, &c. $400,000.\nA rail road to extend from Wilmington to\nDowningtown in Pennsylvania, is proposed.\nMARYLAND.\nCHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL,\nCommences at Georgetown on the Potomac,\npursues the left bank of that river, passes through\nthe towns of Harper's Ferry, Williamport, Han-\ncock, and Old town, to Cumberland, thence,\nleaving the Potomac, it follows valleys of Wills\ncreek, Cassilmans, Youghiogeny and Mononga-\nhela rivers, through Connelsville, and Mc. Kees-\nport to Pittsburg in Pennsylvania. Distance\nfrom Georgetown to the Pennsylvania state line\n189 miles. From that point to Pittsburg, 1521\nmiles ; whole length as proposed 341.38 miles ;\ngeneral course N. W. ; commenced in 1828 ;\n398 locks, each are of stone, 100 feet by 15 ;\nlockage on the entire work 3,215 feet ; one tun-\nnel through the Allegheny mountain, 4 miles and\n80 yards in length ; estimated cost $22,375,427 ;\nrecent estimate $9,347,408 ; $1,000,000 were\nsubscribed by the United States.\nDigitized by Google\n44\nMARYLAND.\nA section of this canal, extending from George-\ntown to Williamsport, a distance of 114.50 miles\nis now (Sept. 1834), open for use. In this sec-\ntion, there are 44 locks, each 100 by 15 feet,\nand 6 feet deep, in addition to several others.\nwhich communicate with the Potomac; 59 cul-\nverts between Georgetown and the Point of\nRocks, (48.07 miles,) 19 do. from the latter\nplace to Harper's Ferry, and 41 above; total\nculverts 119. 5 extensive aqueducts over the\nSeneca, Monocacy, Catoctin, Antietam and Con-\necocheagué, respectively ; 5 feeders, to wit, at\nLittle Falls 1, at Seneca creek 1, from the Poto-\nmac at Harper's Ferry falls 1, 1 above, and 1.\n8 miles above Williamsport; ascent 353 feet.\nFor 2 miles. above Georgetown, the canal is 70\nfeet wide, and 7 feet deep, next 2 miles, 80 feet\nand 7 deep ; cost of this section $3,650,000.\nA canal about 7 miles long, leading from\nAlexandria to intersect the Chesapeake and Ohio\ncanal at Georgetown, is now constructing.\n(See District of Columbia.)\nGHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL.\n(See Delaware.)\nPORT DEPOSIT CANAL,\nIs designed to overcome the rapids of the Sus-\nquehanna, above Port Deposit; length nearly 10\nmiles.\nDigitized by Google\nMARYLAND.\n45\nCANAL AT LITTLE FALLS OF POTOMAC.\n21 miles long; descent 37 feet; 4 locks of\nstone.\nCANAL AT GREAT FALLS,\nBuilt of stone, 1200 yards long ; descent 764\nfeet; 5 locks each 100 feet long, and from 10 to\n14 feet wide.\nBALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at the depot of the company in\nBaltimore, passes in a S. W. direction to Elke\nridge landing, and thence along the valley of the\nPatapsco, to Parr's spring, thence into and with\nthe ravine of Bush creek, which it follows to the\nMonocacy which is crossed about 31 miles from\nFrederick, thence along the Monocacy val-\nley to the Point of Rocks on the Potomac, and\nthence to Harper's ferry, 80.50 miles from Bal-\ntimore ; commenced in 1828 ; capital $5,000,000.\nThis road is to be continued to some point on\nthe Ohio river ; a road of a single track extends\nfrom the main line after crossing the Monocacy,\nto Frederick, 3} miles.\nBALTIMORE AND SUSQUEHANNA RAIL ROAD.\nCommenced in 1830 ; is to extend to York in\nPennsylvania; length when completed 76 miles.\nThe Maryland section of this road is now in pro-\ngress, several miles near Baltimore are com-\npleted, and in use.\nDigitized by Google\n46\nMARYLAND.\nBALTIMORE AND PORT DEPOSIT RAIL ROAD,\nTo extend from Baltimore to the Susquehanna\nat Port Deposit, and thence to unite with the\nOxford rail road of Pennsylvania, which inter-\nsects the Columbia rail road about 40 miles from\nPhiladelphia.\nBALTIMORE AND WASHINGTON RAIL ROAD.\nThis work is now constructing. It commenc-\nes on the N. E. boundary of the city of Wash-\nington, about 1 a mile west of the first toll-gate,\npasses over Duel ridge to Bladensburg, thence\nalong the valley of the N. E. branch of the Po-\ntomac, crosses the turnpike 7 miles from Bla-\ndensburg, and again at the Sandy spring road ;\ncrossing the Patuxent 17 miles from Washing-\nton, then curves towards the south and east, it\ncrosses Chandler's creek 11 miles south of Wa-\nterloo, thence into the valleys of Licking and\nDeep runs, anderossing the Patapsco at Elkridge\nHanding; is intersects the Baltimore and Ohio\nrail road at the Still house branch ; length 374\nmiles ; estimated cost $1,438,644.\nNEWCASTLE AND FRENCHTOWN RAIL ROAD.\n(See Delaware.)\nDigitized by Google\nDISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.\n47\nDISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.\nWASHINGTON BRANCH CANAL,\nConnects the Chesapeake and Ohio canal with\nthe Potomac in the city of Washington; length\n1.21 miles ; 1 tide lock ; cost $25,978.\nALEXANDRIA CANAL,\nExtends from the point of termination of the\nChesapeake and Ohio canal at Georgetown, to\nAlexandria 7.24 miles ; estimated cost $372,204\nfrom 18 to 60 feet wide, and from 5 to 6 deep ;\nPotomac aqueduct, 1714 feet long.\nCHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL.\n(See Maryland.)\nBALTIMORE AND WASHINGTON RAIL ROAD.\n(See Maryland.)\nVIRGINIA:\nJAMES RIVER CANAL,\nIs merely a series of 12 locks, which connect\nthe river with a*basin at Richmond, 880 feet\nabove tide water ; from this basin proceeds the\nRichmond canal, 25 feet wide and 4deep, for 21\nmiles, when it unites with the river. Three\nmiles further is a short canal, with 3 locks,\naround a fall of 34 feet.\n\"Digitized by Google\n48\nVIRGINIA.\nJAMES AND JACKSON RIVER CANAL AND NAVIGA-\nTION.\nCommences at the basin at Richmond and ex-\ntends to Maiden's Adventure falls, in Goochland\ncounty, 301 miles; 40 feet wide, 31 deep; com-\npleted in 1825 ; cost $623,295.\nBALOONY FALLS CANAL,'\nExtends along the bank of James river,\nthrough a gap of the Blue ridge; length 6.81\nmiles; 96 feet lockage; cost $340,000. An ex-\ntension of the James river canal is now in course\nof execution. The Roanoke improvements con-\nsist of a slack water navigation, and extends\nfrom the Weldon canal in N. Carolina to Salem\nin Virginia, 244 miles. The Dan, Chowan,\nSlate, Rappahannoc, Shenandoah, Potomac,\nMonongabela and Kanawha rivers have been\nsimilarly improved.\nDISMAL SWAMP CANAL.\nExtends. from Deep creek, a tributary of\nChesapeake Bay, to Joices creek a branch of\nPasquotank river of Albemarle sound ; length\n23 miles; 40 feet wide, 61 deep, at intervals of\na quarter of a mile, the canal is widened to 60,\nfor turn out stations; 6 locks 100 by 20 feet ;\nsummit level 16} feet above the Atlantic at mid\ntied. Two lateral canals, one from lake Drum-\nmond, 5 miles in length, which, in addition to\nits uses for the purposes of navigation, serves as\nDigitized by Google\nVIRGINIA.\n49\na feeder to the main trunk, and the other, 6 miles\nlong, opens a communication between the princi-\npal canal, and the head waters of North West\nriver.\nRAIL ROADS.\nMANCHESTER RAIL ROAD.\nExtends westwardly from Manchester to the\ncoal mines ; length 13 miles.\nWINCHESTER RAIL ROAD,\nExtends from Harper's ferry to Winchester,\nin Frederick county ; length 30 miles.\nPETERSBURG AND ROANOKE RAIL ROAD.\nExtends from Petersburg in Virginia to Blake-\nley at the foot of the Roanoke canal, in N. Care-\nlina; length 59.38 miles A branch from this\nroad leaves the main line about 10 miles from\nBlakely, which extends to the head ofthe rapids\nof Roanoke; length about 12 miles.\nPORTSMOUTH AND ROANOKE RAIL ROAD.\nCommences at Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk,\npasses in a direct course, intersects the Peters-\nbarg road, 6 miles from Blakely, and terminates\non the Roanoke, a short distance below the Pe-\ntersburg branch ; length 80 miles.\nRICHMOND AND PETERSBURG RAIL ROAD.\n(Now in progress,) length 21.50 milesgle\n5\n50\nNORTH CAROLINA.\nRICHMOND AND FREDERICKSBURG RAIL ROAD,\n(Now in progress,) length 64 miles.\nBELLEPLAIN RAIL ROAD,\nExtends from Fredericksburg to Belleplain,\nsituated on a branch of the Potomac, (in pro-\ngress,) length 11 miles.\nSeveral other rail roads are proposed.\nNORTH CAROLINA.\nDISMAL SWAMP CANAL,\n(See Virginia.)\nLAKE DRUMMOND CANAL,\nA navigable feeder of the preceding ; it ex-\ntends from lake Drummond to the summit level\nof the Dismal Swamp canal ; length 5 miles, 16\nfeet wide, 41 deep, with a guard gate near the\nlake.\nNORTH WEST CANAL,\nConnects North West river with the Dismal\nSwainp canal ; length 6 miles ; 24 feet wide, 4\nfeet deep.\nWELDON CANAL,\nForms the commencement of the Roanoke\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\n51\nnavigation. It extends around the falls of Ro-\nanoke, above the towns of Weldon and Blakely ;\nlength 12 miles ; lockage 100 feet.\nCLUBFOOT AND HARLOW CANAL,\nExtends from the head waters of Clubfoot,\nto those of Harlow creek, near Beaufort ;\nlength 11 miles.\nThe navigation of the Roanoke from the Wel-\ndon canal to the town of Salem in Virginia, a\ndistance of232 miles ; the Cape Fear; the Yad-\nkin, the Tar, New and Catawba rivers, have\nbeen greatly improved by joint stock companies.\nRAIL ROADS,\nAre projected to extend from Fayetteville to\nCape Fear river; from Wilmington through\nFayetteville and Salisbury, to Beatty's ford on\nthe Catawba, a distance of 250 miles; and sev-\neral others.\nFor an account of the rail road extending from\nBlakely to Petersburg and Norfolk respectively.\nSee Virginia.\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\nSOUTH CAROLINA RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at Charleston, pursues a N. W.\ncourse and crosses the head waters of Ashly\nriver, 28 miles from Charleston ; 7 miles far-\nDigitized by Google\n52\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\nther it crosses Four-holes swamp. At a distance\nof 65 miles from Charleston the Edisto is passed :\nthence by a direct course, 58 miles, it enters\nthe valley of Big Horse creek, which it pursues\nfor a few miles, then runs westward, and termi-\nnates in the town of Hamburg, opposite Augusta.\nEntire length, 135.75 miles. Several towns and\nvillages have been erected along the line of this\nroad ; among them are Beesville, Summerville,\nBranchville, Midway, Blacksville, Aken, &c.\nIt is proposed to construct'a branch to Orange-\nburg, and thence to Columbia, &c. and another\nto Barnwell C. H.\nSANTEE CANAL,\nConnects the harbour of Charleston with the\nSantee. It commences on the west branch of\nCooper river, and passing along Biggin Swamp,\nintersects Santee river at Black Oak island.\nLength, 22 miles ; course, N. N. W.; 32 feet\nwide at top, 20 at bottom ; 4 feet deep; rise\nand fall, 103; 13 locks, each 60 by ten feet ;\ncompleted in 1802 cost, $700,000. By means\nof this canal, and the Santee and Congaree riv-\ners, which have been improved, a navigable\ncommunication is afforded from Charleston to\nColumbia.\nWINYAW CANAL,\nExtends from Winyaw Bay to Kinlock creek,\na branch of Santee river. Length, 7.40 miles ;\ncourse, S. W.\nDigitized by Google\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\n53\nTHE NAVIGATION OF THE catawba,\nHas been improved by the construction of\nseveral small canals : 1. extends from Patton Is\nland to Davy's Ferry, 2 miles-2. from 11 miles\nbelow M'Donald's Ferry to Fishing creek, 21\nmiles-3. from Mountain Island to Rocky creek,\n14 miles-4. from Rocky creek to the Catawba,\n900 yards-5. from Jones's Mill to Elliot's, 4\nmiles, (this is styled the Wateree canal.)\nSALUDA CANAL,\nExtends from the head of Saluda Shoals to\nGranby Ferry, on the Congaree, passing through\nthe town of Columbia; 6.20 miles in length;\ndescent, 36 feet.\nDREHR'S CANAL,\nIs designed to overcome a fall of 120 feet\nin Saluda river. Length, 1} miles.\nLORICK'S CANAL,\nOn Broad river, 11 miles above Columbia; 1\nmile long.\nLOCKHART'S CANAL.\nIn Union District, around Lockhart's Shoals\nin Broad river, 24 miles long.\n5*\nDigitized by Google\n54\nGEORGIA. FLORIDA.\nGEORGIA.\nSAVANNAH AND OGECHEE CANAL,\nCommences at Savannah, and intersects the\nGreat Ogechee a short distance above the mouth\nof Cannouchee river. General course W. S.\nW.; length 16 miles: 5 feet deep, 33 wide at\nbottom; locks 90 by 18 feet ; cost $165,000.\nAn extension of this work of 60 miles to the\nAlatamaha is proposed.\nALATAMAHA AND BRUNSWICK RAIL ROAD,\nTwelve miles in length.\nSeveral other rail roads have been proposed.\nFLORIDA.\nWith the exception of some good common\nroade, nothing has yet been done in the way\nof internal improvement. Routes for proposed\ncanals to connect the Atlantic with the Gulf of\nMexico, have been traced, and will be complet-\ned before long. The route which will, proba-\nbly, be adopted, commences on the St. Mary's\nriver, about three miles above the town of that\nname; pursues a western course along the val-\nley of the St. Marys, and enters the marshes of\nOkefinokeswamp. On leaving the swamp, the line\nassumes a south-west direction, through Hamil-\nton county, and passes into the valley of Alapa-\nDigitized by Google\nALABAMA.\n55\nha, which it follows to the mouth of Withlacu-\nchee. From this point, it passes westward,\nparallel with and near to the great road from St.\nAugustine to Tallahassee, crosses Oscilla river,\nand intersects St. Marks river at the town of\nRock Haven. Thence along the valley of the\nSt. Marks, by the towns of Magnolio, &c. and\nterminates in Appalachicola Bay. Length 250\nmiles ; greatest altitude 217 feet ; general\ncourse south-west.\nThe three other routes, commence at the\nsame point, and terminate at the mouth of the\nSuwanee, and Tampa Bay, respectively.\nALABAMA.\nIts internal improvements consist of a Rail\nRoad now in progress from Decatur, in Morgan\ncounty, to a point 10 miles below Tuscumbia, on\nthe Tennessee. Length 62 miles.\nHUNTSVILLE CANAL,\nFrom Triana on the Tennessee, to the town\nof Huntsville, 16 miles in length.\nA canal has been commenced, extending from\nthe head of the Muscle Shoals to Florence.\nLength 37 miles. Otherimprovements are con-\ntemplated.\nDigitized by Google\n56\nMISSISSIPPI. LOUISIANA.\nMISSISSIPPI.\nST. FRANCISVILLE AND WOODVILLLE RAIL ROAD.\nTwenty-six miles in length.\nVICKSBURG AND CLINTON RAIL ROAD.\nLength 37 miles (proposed).\nLOUISIANA.\nLA FOURCHE CANAL,\nCommences on the Mississippi above New\nOrleans, passes to Duck Lake, thence into Quat-\nchas Lake, to Solet Lake, thence into the ra-\nvine of Grand Caillou, thence to the bank of\nBayou Black, and terminates in Berwick's Bay.\nEntire length, including the natural navigation,\n85 miles.\nL. VERET CANAL,\nExtends from a point on the La Fourche, to\nLake Veret. About 8 miles in length.\nNEW ORLEANS AND PONTCHARTRAIN CANAL,\nSix miles in length. Commences at the south-\nwest part of the city, and intersects Lake Pont-\nchartrain west of Fort St. John.\nSeveral unimportant canals exist in the neigh-\nbourhood of New Orleans, and in the parishes\nDigitized by Google\ni\nTENNESSEE.\nKENTUCKY.\n57\nbordering on the Mississippi. These have been\nconstructed by individuals, for private use.\nNEW ORLEANS AND PONTCHARTRAIN RAIL ROAD,\nFive miles long; cost, including Breakwater\non the lake, about $80,000.\nTENNESSEE.\nNo internal improvements yet completed.-\nNavigable communications between the waters\nof the Tennessee and those. of the Coosa, are\ncontemplated. A rail road from the town of\nRandolph on the Mississippi, to Jackson in Mad-\nison county, 65 miles in length, is proposed, and\nmeasures for insuring its early completion, have\nbeen adopted.\nKENTUCKY.\nLOUISVILLE AND PORTLAND CANAL,\nThe only canal in this state is the important\none around the falls in the Ohio at Louisville.\nLength about one and a half miles; 4 locks, suf-\nficiently capacious to admit steam-boats of the\nlargest class ; lockage 22 feet; 200 feet wide\nat the surface, 50 at the bottom; cost about\n$730,000.\nDigitized by Google\n58\nILLINOIS. INDIANA.\nLEXINGTON AND OHIO RAIL ROAD,\nCommences at Lexington, passes through\nFrankfort, and thence to Shippingport. Great-\nest inclination 30 feet per mile; smallest curva-\nture 1000 feet radius; estimated cost $1,000,000.\nILLINOIS.\nA canal about 100 miles in length, from Otto-\nwa, or perhaps from Hennepin lower down the\nIllinois, to Lake Michigan, has been long con-\ntemplated.\nINDIANA.\nThis state has undertaken to construct a ca-\nnal from the Wabash to the Maumee, called the\nWabash and Erie canal. This work is not yet\ncommenced. It is to commence on the Wabash,\nat or near the town of Lafayette, pass along the\nvalley of the Wabash to the entrance of Little\nRiver, thence up that river to the Aboite, across\nthat stream, thence over the summit to the Mau-\nmee at Wayne, thence with that river to the\neastern boundary of the state. Length 127\nmiles; estimated cost $1,081,970. Congress\nhas granted 355,200 acres of land (valued at\n$756,750) in the immediate vicinity of the pro-\nposed canal, in aid of the work.\nDigitized by Google\nOHIO.\n59\nOHIO.\nOHIO AND ERIE CANAL,\nExtending from Portsmouth, at the intersec-\ntion of the Scioto with the Ohio river, to Cleve-\nland on Lake Erie, is now completed. After\nleaving Portsmouth the canal crosses the Scioto,\nand pursues a course nearly due north, along\nthe right bank of that river ; passes Chillicothe\nand enters Circleville, where it recrosses the Sci-\noto, and continues its route along the valley of\nthe Scioto, to its intersection with the Columbus\nfeeder. Here the canal suddenly turns and pur-\nsues an eastern direction through the towns of\nHebron, Newark, Irville, and Coshocton into the\nvalley of Tuscarawas river, which it follows to\nthe summit, after passing through Newcomers-\ntown, Salem, Schoenbrun, New Philadelphia,\nBolivar, Massillon, Clinton, &c. On leaving\nAkron, at the Portage'summit, the canal descends\nthe valley of the Cuyahoga, which it follows and\nterminates at Cleveland: length from Ports-\nmouth to Cleveland, 307 miles; summit level\n499 feet above the Ohio at Portsmouth ; 305\nfeet above Lake Erie, and 973 feet above the\nAtlantic Ocean; general course, north east; 40\nfeet wide; 4 deep; lockage 1,185 feet; com-\nmenced in 1825, completed in 1832.\nDigitized by Google\n60\nOHIO.\nStationary distances along the Ohio and Erie canal, from\nCloveland to Portsmouth.\nAkron,\n38\nNewark,\n40 173\nNew Portage,\n9\n47\nBloomfield,\n52 225\nMassillon,\n21\n68\nCircleville,\n11 236\nBolivar,\n12\n80\nChillicothe,\n20 256\nNew Philadelphia,\n14\n94\nPiketon,\n24 280\nGnadenhutten,\n13\n107\nPortsmouth,\n27 307\nCoshocton,\n26 133\nLateral eanals extend from the preceding, to\nColumbus (10 miles) to Lancaster (9 miles), and\nto Zanesville, (14 miles.)\nMIAMI CANAL,\nNow in operation, extends from Cincinnati, on\nthe Ohio river, along the ravines of Mill creek\nand the Great Miami, to Dayton ; passing in its\ncourse the towns of Springfield, Hamilton, Mid-\ndletown, Franklin, and Miamisburg : length\nfrom Cincinnati to Dayton, 68 miles ; general\ncourse north north-east : summit level at Day-\nton, 175 feet above the Ohio at Cincinnati, and\n606 above the Atlantic; as deduced from a con-\ntinued series of levelling operations from tide\nwater on the Hudson to Lake Erie, and thence\nto the several points just mentioned. The di-\nmensions are the same as those of the Ohio and\nErie canal. Completed in 1830 ; cost $746,852.\nAn extension of this work is now in progress.\nIt is carried along the valleys of St. Mary's, Au\nGlaize, and Maumee rivers, to Lake Erie, an\nentire distance from Cincinnati of 265 miles.\nDigitized by Google\nOHIO.\n61\nThese great works are the property of the state.\nOther canals of an important character are pro-\njected. A mong them is one from the Portage\nsummit of the Ohio canal, along the valleys of Ma-\nhoning and Beaver rivers, to intersect the West-\nern division of the Pennsylvania canal, Works\nfor the improvement of the navigation of the\nMuskingum have been commenced, and are now\nprobably completed. The importance of the\nformer to the commerce of Pennsylvania, must\nbe apparent on an inspection of the map. Much\nof the produce of 'the interior which now passes\ninto Lake Erie, and thence into the Erie canal,\nwould find its way into the Pennsylvania canal,\nand thus at once augment the revenue of the\nstate, and the commerce of its -capital.\nRail reads are proposed, to extend from San-\ndusky to Dayton, a distance of 153 miles, and\nto pass through. the towns of Tiffin, Bellefon-\ntaine, Urhana, and Springfield. Estimated cost\n1,648,575.\nStationary distances along the Miami canal, from Cincin-\nnati to Dayton.\nReading,\n12\nFranklin,\n6 48\nHamilton,\n16 28 Miamisburg,\n6 54\nMiddletown,\n14 42 Dayton,\n14 68\n6\nDigitized by Google\n62\nCANADA.\nCANADA,\nRIDEAU CANAL,\nIs intended to unite the waters of Lake On-\ntario with Ottawa river. It commences at\nKingston on Lake Ontario, pursues a north-\neastern' direction, through a chain of lakes,\nwith most of which it becomes identified in its\ncourse, until fl intersects Rideau river. Con-\ntinuing its route along the banks, and sometimes\nin the bed of that river, it enters the Ottawa at.\nBytown, a short distance above the mouth of the\nformer, in north lat. 45° 23'. This highly im-\nportant work, the existence of which is scarcely\nknown in the United States, is now in active\nprogress, under the direction of a board of com-\nmissioners, assisted by a corps of the Royal Eat\ngineers. Length from Kingston to Bytown on\nthe Ottawa, including the natural navigable\ncourses, 1291 miles; 53 locks, each 33 feet\nwide and' 134 long. Ascent from Kingston to\nthe summit pond by 19 locks, 165 feet; descent\nfrom the summit pond to the Ottawa, by 34\nlocks, 290 feet; total lockage 355 feet. De-\npression of the Ottawa below Lake Ontario at\nKingston, 125.feet; general course, north-north-\neast.\nWELLAND CANAL,\nIs designed to open a navigable communica-\ntion between Lakes Erie and Ontario. It leaves\nDigitized by Google\nCANADA.\n63\nthe former at Port Maitland, near the mouth of\nGrand river, crosses the Wainfleet Marshes to\nChippewa river, and passes along its valley\nabout ten miles. On leaving the Chippewa, the\ncanal assumes a northern direction, traverses a\ndeep cut, of nearly two miles in extent, and of\nthe mean depth of 45 feet, and after a further\ncourse of 8 or 10 miles, enters Lake Ontario at\nPort Dalhousie, about nine miles west of Niag-\nara village. This splendid work, equalled in\ndepth by the, Chesapeake and Delaware canal\nonly, is rapidly verging towards its completion.\nIt admits the passage of the largest vessels that\nnavigate the lakes, the dimensions of the locks\nnorth of the mountain ridge, being 22 feet wide,\n100 long, and 8 feet deep; those on the south\nof the ridge, 45. feet in width and 120 in length.\nLength from Port Maitland to Port Dalhousie 36\nmiles: 34 locks, all descending. Descent, 334\nfeet ; general course north-east.\nDigitized by Google\nDigitized by Google\nDigitized by Google\nDigitized by Google\nDigitized by Google\n1\n14 DAY USE\nRETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED\nLOAN DEPT.\nRENEWALS ONLY-TEL. NO. 642-3405\nThis book is due on the last date stamped below, or\non the date to which renewed.\nRenewed books are subject to immediate recall.\n881969\n07\nRECEIVED\nMAR 20'69-7 PM\nLOAN DEPT.\nCoogle\nYA-03420\nYA 03421\nHE\n5013\n2751\nT2\nCALIFORNIA LIBRARY\nDigitized by Google\nYES"
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