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V.P. Agnew's Trip NEPAL December 1969-January 1970 [1 of 2]
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V.P. Agnew's Trip NEPAL December 1969-January 1970 [1 of 2]
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DOCUMENT WITHDRAWAL RECORD [NIXON PROJECT]
DOCUMENT
DOCUMENT
NUMBER
TYPE
SUBJECT/TITLE OR CORRESPONDENTS
DATE
RESTRICTION
1
reports
Biographies
n.d.
B
PER RAC REVIEW
SANITIZED
10/14/2008
FILE GROUP TITLE
BOX NUMBER
HAK
82
FOLDER TITLE
3
RESTRICTION CODES
A. Release would violate a Federal statute or Agency Policy.
E. Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
B. National security classified information.
financial information.
C. Pending or approved claim that release would violate an individual's
F. Release would disclose investigatory information compiled for law
rights,
enforcement purposes.
D. Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted Invasion of privacy
G. Withdrawn and return private and personal material.
or a libel of a living person.
H. Withdrawn and returned non-historical material.
Reproduced.at.th Richard Nixon Presidential-Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassified
This xeroxed binder cover contains the following information:
TOP SECRET/EXDIS
VICE PRESIDENT AGNEW'S TRIP
December 1969 - January 1970
NEPAL
THE VICE PRESIDENT
TOP SECRET/EXDIS
Reproduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassified
PRESERVATION COPY
Reproduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECL ASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant
to
ad has been-determined to be declass
Secret
VP Nopal Brietbook
January 5, 1970
TO:
The Ambassador
FROM:
SA
SUBJECT: The Remote Areas Problem
1. The area concerned comprises the northern districts
along the Himalayan chain. The population of this region is
about 200,000 and the people are mostly Buddhists of the Temang,
Sherpa and Tami tribes.
2. Traditionally these groups traded with Tibet, and were
accustomed to taking their flocks across the border for winter
grazing. Since about 1959, the border has been virtually
closed and the peoples of this area have suffered substantial
loss of income from trade and animal husbandry. Resumption of
normal border relations has been complicated by the presence
of several hundred warlike Khamba tribesmen who fled Tibet
several years ago. The Nepal government has little control over
this band which is armed with modern weapons and is capable of
harassing actions against Chinese forces along the Tibetan border.
3. Due mainly to communication difficulties, Kathmandu's
control over this area has always been somewhat tenuous.
4. As the Nepalese government has been concerned about the
vulnerability of this area to Chinese subversion, they have
drawn up proposals for economic development, for improvement of
road and other communications and for development of capability
to control subversion. Shortly before the state visit to the
U.S. in 1967, the King asked for U.S. assistance in coping with
the problems of the area. The U.S. at that time agreed to con-
sider what it might do but has continuously sought definitions
of His Majesty's Government strategy and tactics with little
results. We have declined to do the task for them considering it
the responsibility of His Majesty's Government. However, we did
Secret
roduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassif
Secret
Remote Areas Problem
Page 2
indicate the relevance of the Malaysian program for training
purposes and provided covert assistance for training of 10
Nepalese in the techniques of counter-subversion and rural develop-
ment. This training was completed in March 1969 but we have
received no report that the trainees are being used in the northern
areas.
5. Through USAID we have agreed to provide funds for econo-
mic development in the northern regions and for the current
year have agreed to make available $5,000,000 for this purpose.
This money, however, will be appropriated only on the basis of
approved projects. So far, no such projects have been submitted.
6. Progress on this program came to a virtual halt when
in April 1969 Prime Ministers were changed and we were specifi-
cally told that the counter-subversion aspects of the program
would be held in abeyance. Presumably the economic development
aspects could move ahead except that this too would be handled
within the Government of Nepal on such a highly confidential
basis that no one is sure how to proceed. In the meantime, the
collection of essential information on the area is underway.
7. We have no information suggesting that the Chinese are
engaged in an active program to subvert the people of this
area or that the security situation has deteriorated. But
reports are scanty and we cannot be confident that we are informed
of the true situation.
Secret
roduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassif
MEMORANDUM
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
INFORMATION
SECRET
December 17, 1969
MEMORANDUM FOR THE VICE PRESIDENT
FROM:
Henry A. Kissinger K
SUBJECT:
Your Visit to Nepal
I.
Setting
A.
International: The Himalayan mountain range on the
northern border of Nepal forms a natural barrier for
the strategic defense of the Indian subcontinent.
Communist Chinese domination of Nepal, either military
or political, would advance Chinese power across the
Himalayas to the edge of the populous Indian plains and
pose a threat to all of South Asia. As a small, under-
developed country, wedged between Asia's two giants,
Nepal's primary foreign policy interests and problems
center on India and Communist China. India and
Communist China actively compete to secure their
interests in Nepal. The Nepalese- in the role of a
classic buffer state-seek to maintain relations with
each which are tolerable to the other. Nepal looks to
other countries, particularly to the U.S., and to inter-
national organizations for support of its independence
and assistance with economic development.
B.
U.S. - Nepal Relations. Our interest in Nepal stems
basically from a strategic interest in supporting, insofar
as we can, the integrity and stability of the Indian sub-
continent. U.S. objectives in Nepal are to: support the
country's independence; build up its internal strength
through support to its development effort; and prevent
rivalry between India and China from damaging Nepal's
(and India's) security. At present there are no trouble-
some bilateral issues between the U.S. and Nepal.
SECRET
roduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassif
SECRET
- 2 -
The Nepalese welcomed the President's Asian policy
that the U.S. will support the development of Asian
states which take initiatives to help themselves. They
are concerned, however, that our support may waver.
The Nepalese seek a symbolic relationship and actual
assistance from the U.S. to help them withstand con-
flicting pressures from India and China.
C.
Economic. Nepal is an isolated, backward country cut
up by mountains, with a subsistence economy and a
burgeoning population. Because of its relatively
primitive political and economic structure Nepal's
development performance is at best only fair and its
progress slow. Foreign aid, especially from the U.S.,
India, China and the Soviet Union, plays a very large
role in Nepal's development effort. Except for the
U.S., however, the donors pay little attention to fitting
their projects into an integrated development strategy.
D.
Political. Nepal is officially a constitutional monarchy,
but the King rules as well as reigns. His early tentative
moves toward political reform have slackened as external
and internal pressures have continued to threaten his
predominant position. King Mahendra today maintains
near-absolute control. He has proven himself a skilled
political tactician in consolidating his own power and
controlling opposition elements, who lack cohesion.
II.
What the Nepalese Will Want to Talk About.
A.
Aid. They will thank you for what the U.S. has done and
may ask for more. You should express appropriate sympathy
with their problems, but avoid giving any indication that we
will be able to increase our aid program above the current
level.
B.
Nepal-India Relations. The Nepalese may well seek our
support in their differences with India which recently have
increased. Our general policy is to remain on the sidelines
SECRET
roduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassif
SECRET
- 3 -
of this problem. You may want to stress the importance,
however, that we place on the Nepalese working out their
own understandings with the Indians. The essential point
to be made is that both India and Nepal are our friends
and it upsets us to see differences between them.
C.
Military supply. They may inquire about obtaining military
equipment from us. [Our very limited program with Nepal
is finished and we have an understanding with India to
consult prior to providing military supplies. Your best
reply would be that, given the attitudes of Congress and
the shortage of funds, it is very unlikely that we could
assist Nepal.
D.
Vietnam. The Nepalese may express some concern over
the war in Vietnam. Their reaction to the President's
November 3rd speech has been guardedly favorable, and
a suitable response would be to discuss the President's
plans for ending the Vietnam war. This would also be a
good opening for you to elaborate on the President's general
Asian policy, stressing the importance we place on the
small independent states of Asia being able to determine
their own futures.
III.
Points to Stress.
A.
Our Asian Policy. The Nepalese seek reassurance on how
our Asian policy applies to the small nations like Nepal and
will be anxious to hear you personally explain it. Discussion
of the President's policy as described at Guam and during his
Asian trip last summer could provide the centerpiece for your
discussions. The following themes would seem most appro-
priate:
:
We do not want to get out of Asia and plan to maintain
existing commitments.
--
We believe that the responsibility for security and
development rests primarily with the Asian countries
themselves, although we remain willing to help when
we can.
SECRET
roduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassif
SECRET
- 4 -
--
We consider cooperation among the Asian countries
to be of great importance to their security and
well-being.
In accordance with this policy, we value Nepal's independence
and economic progress and this is why we are assisting them.
This is also why we respect and understand Nepal's non-
alignment in international affairs and hope that they can find
ways of living with their powerful neighbors consistent with
their own security.
B.
The Nepalese have a psychological need to feel that we are
interested in them. You may want to express the President's
regret that he was unable to accept the King's invitation to
visit Nepal last summer [the schedule was already too tight]
and indicate your interest and his in their long and successful
struggle to maintain independence and appreciation of the
great problems they face in trying to develop modern political
and economic institutions.
IV.
Subjects to Avoid.
A.
Increased U.S. Aid. You will want to avoid any implication
that your visit means that Nepal may get an increased aid
commitment from us. They will probably be listening to
your words on this subject very carefully.
B.
Nepal-India Relations. It would be best to let the Nepalese
raise this subject and if they do simply avoid any suggestion
that we will back Nepal in its disputes with India.
C.
Regional Cooperation. To the Nepalese "regional cooperation"
means moving away from their traditional posture of non-
alignment between India and China toward alignment with
India alone. They, of course, have no intention of doing this
unless they are gravely threatened by China and would resent
any indication from us that we favored such a move at this
time. Emphasis on "regional cooperation" could be under-
stood by the Nepalese as our taking sides with India against
Nepalese interests. In view of this, the term "regional
cooperation" should be used, if at all, with great care.
SECRET
roduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassit
Rev. 1
SECRET
NEPAL
TAB
I. Scope and Objectives
II. Talking Points
Subjects the Nepalese Officials May Raise
Page
U.S. Aid
1
Nepal-India Relations
1
Viet-Nam
2
Military Supply
2
Subjects the Vice President Should Stress
Impressions of Nepal
3
President Nixon's Asian Policy
4
China
5
Subjects the Vice President Should Avoid
Increased U.S. Aid
5
Military Supply
6
Nepal-India Relations
6
Gurkhas
6
Continued Use of US-Owned Indian
Currency for U.S. Aid
6
III. Biographic Data
Mahendra, King of Nepal
Queen Ratna, Queen of Nepal
Crown Prince Birendra
Kirti Nidhi Bista, Prime Minister
Mrs. Bodh Kumari Bista
Gehendra B. Rajbhandari, Minister
of Foreign Affairs
Mrs. Arya Lakshmi Rajbhandari
Bhekh Bahadur Rhapa, Secretary,
Ministry of Finance
Yadu Nath Khanal, Foreign Secretary
SECRET
roduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassit
SECRET
- 2 -
IV.
Background Papers
Tab
Suggestions on Approaching the Nepalese.
A
Political Situation.
B
Nepal's Development Problem and
Foreign Aid.
C
Foreign Relations.
D
Hinduism
E
V.
Public Statements
Arrival Statement.
A
Departure Statement
B
Toast.
C
roduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassit
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES
Reproduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassified
CONFIDENTIAL
S0-5
December 8, 1969
NEPAL
Scope and Objectives
I.
Pertinent Background
The Vice President's visit, the first by any senior U.S.
official, will be a truly major event for the Government of Nepal.
It has long sought some symbolic indication of U.S. interest in
the form of such a visit by a high U.S. Government figure. The
Nepalese are likely to see such a visit as a new departure in U.S.
policy. It will raise Nepalese expectations of future moral and
material U.S. support.
Nepal is an isolated, backward nation cut up by mountains, with
a subsistence economy and a burgeoning population. It is ruled by
a shrewd monarch who has established a constitutional structure, but
nevertheless, rules by virtue of his pervasive personal influence.
There are growing demands for broader political participation, which
threaten long-run stability.
Nepal's two giant neighbors, China and India, compete with one
another in their efforts to secure their interests in the small nation
between them. Nepal seeks to maintain relations with each which are
tolerable to the other; to do otherwise would invite intervention.
Nepal also looks beyond, particularly to the U.S., for support to its
independence.
II. Outstanding Issues
1.
Development
Nepal welcomes the President's Asian policy that the U.S.
will support the development of Asian nations which take initiatives
to help themselves. But it is concerned that the U.S. may not stand
fast in its support to Nepal and its development in the face of
external pressures on Nepal. Because of its primitive political and
economic structure Nepal's development performance is only fair and
its progress slow. Nepal seeks continued U.S. aid at current levels
because such aid is important for its development program and helps
maintain its sense of independence of its two giant neighbors.
2.
Regional Cooperation
Our interest in Nepal is derived from our larger interest
in the security of India from the threat from China. This security
CONFIDENTIAL
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S0-5
CONFIDENTIAL
-2-
can be enhanced by close India-Nepal cooperation. The Nepalese
believe, however, that India demands security cooperation on its
terms as a price for cooperation in trade and aid matters which are
of vital importance to Nepalese development. The Nepalese also believe
that India is not really interested in Nepal's economic welfare.
Our presence and aid help build Nepalese internal strength and con-
fidence. They help Nepal stand up to China and try to work out a
healthy relationship with India.
3. U.S. Aid
Six of the eight million dollars annual U.S. aid for Nepal
is financed from Indian resources through use of surplus US-owned
Indian rupees. The Indians have reservations about this call on their
resources to support U.S. aid to Nepal. We have, however, always been
able to work out satisfactory arrangements on this with India. Our
aid program would have to be much smaller without the Indian rupees.
4.
Bilateral Issues
There are at present no troublesome bilateral issues between
the U.S. and Nepal.
III. Our Objectives
Our reason for being in Nepal is to contribute to the security
and stability of all South Asia. Our objectives in Nepal are to:
-- support the country's independence
-- build its internal strength through support to its
development effort and
-- prevent the rivalry between India and China in
Nepal from damaging Nepal's (and India's) security.
By his presence and in his conversations the Vice President
should:
--
seek to bolster Nepal's confidence in its ability
to maintain its independence in cooperation with
both the U.S. and India
CONFIDENTIAL
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S0-5
CONFIDENTIAL
-3-
-- do this by elaborating on the themes of
President Nixon's Asian policy that the U.S.
will provide economic support to those nations
which help themselves and that the U.S.
encourages regional cooperation
-- offer no encouragement to Nepalese expecta-
tions of a U.S. relationship with Nepal which
goes beyond that which now exists
-- avoid any suggestion that we wish to displace
the Indians from their predominant role
in Nepal. (The Indians will be watching the
Vice President's visit very closely).
The Vice President should leave the impression that:
-- the U.S. is concerned about Nepalese indepen-
dence and development but these are things the
Nepalese must, in the first instance, seek for
themselves
-- while the U.S. supports Nepal's independence,
the Nepalese should continue to be aware that
their security and well-being are primarily
dependent upon their relationship with India.
IV. Their Objectives
The Nepalese seek a symbolic relationship and actual assistance
from the U.S. in order to assist them to withstand pressures from
India and China which might force alteration of the relatively neutral
status Nepal has enjoyed in the past.
They may explicitly seek a U.S. pledge of continued or increased
aid or they may consider the fact of the Vice President's visit an
implicit pledge for such aid. Privately they may seek the Vice
President's support for their position regarding India.
CONFIDENTIAL
duced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declas
TALKING POINTS
uced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassifiel
CONFIDENTIAL
TP-5
December 8, 1969
NEPAL
TALKING POINTS
Subjects the Nepalese Officials May Raise
1. Aid - They will thank the Vice President for what the
US has already done and may ask for more.
-- We suggest that you say we are pleased we could
help and gratified at the opportunity to work together
with Nepal.
-- We are encouraged by Nepalese improvement in planning
and carrying out development. We hope this improvement
will continue and in particular that they will be able
to tap more of their own resources.
-- We hope that we will be able to continue our aid
at about current levels; there are always uncertainties,
however, regarding availability of funds.
-- It is quite unlikely that we will be able to increase
our aid program for Nepal.
2.
Nepal-India Relations - The Nepalese may seek our support
in regard to their differences with India.
-- We suggest you reply by emphasizing the value we
place on Nepalese independence and the importance we attach
to the Nepalese working out their own understandings with
the Indians.
CONFIDENTIAL
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TP-5
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-- Both India and Nepal are good friends of the U.S.
It grieves us to see differences exist between them.
-- We hope understandings can be reached which
recognize the independence of each nation and provide
a basis for the kind of cooperation which is essential
for the prosperity and security of both.
3. Viet-Nam - The Nepalese may express concern over prospects
for peace in Viet-Nam.
-- We suggest you reply that the U.S. seeks a conclusion
of the war in Viet-Nam which will enable the small
independent nations of Asia to determine their own future
in peace.
-- The Nepalese will be interested in hearing from you
of President Nixon's plans for ending the war as outlined
in his November 3 speech. Their reaction has been guardedly
favorable.
-- If the Nepalese raise Viet-Nam, you may wish at this
point to elaborate on President Nixon's Asian policy (see
below).
4. Military Supply - It is possible that the Nepalese may inquire
about obtaining military equipment from the U.S. We have provided
limited amounts of communications and hospital equipment for Nepal
CONFIDENTIAL
duced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declas
TP-5
CONFIDENTIAL
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but our program, worked out in coordination with the Indians, is
finished. We have an understanding with the Indians to consult. with
them prior to providing military supplies. We believe India should be
the major supplier for Nepal.
-- We suggest that you reply that you are pleased
that the U.S. has been able to be of some assistance in
the past.
-- Given attitudes in Congress and the shortage of
funds it is very unlikely that we could assist Nepal.
-- You might inquire what Nepal is doing to secure
needed equipment from other nations (the Indians have
told us confidentially that Nepal has abrogated its
agreement with India to obtain most of its arms from
that source).
Subjects the Vice President Should Stress
1. Impressions of Nepal - The Nepalese will want to hear from
you of your impressions of Nepal, its history and traditions, its
efforts at modernization, its long and successful struggle to maintain
its independence.
-- You might mention your awareness that Nepal was never
colonized, that its history, traditions and independence
date back for hundreds of years.
CONFIDENTIAL
duced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declas
TP-5
CONFIDENTIAL
-4-
- - You have seen for yourself the great problems which
Nepal, cut up into plains, hills and mountains, faces as
it tries to develop modern political and economic institutions.
You have been impressed by the signs of progress you have seen
and learned about.
-- You might inquire regarding the views of Nepalese
officials regarding their approach to the development of
new political and economic institutions.
--- If an appropriate occasion presents itself, express
your interest in Nepal's "Panchayat" form of government
and your hope that it will bring fuller realization of
popular participation in Nepalese national development.
2. President Nixon's Asian Policy - As a small isolated country
Nepal will want reassurance regarding how our Asian policy applies to
it. Nepalese leaders will be anxious to hear the Vice President himself
explain the policy.
-- We suggest that the Vice President stress four general
themes:
(a) The U.S. does not intend to get out of Asia. It
will maintain existing commitments.
(b) That responsibility for security and development
rests first and foremost with the Asian nations
themselves.
CONFIDENTIAL
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TP-5
CONFIDENTIAL
-5-
(c) That the U.S. is prepared to support Asian
economic initiatives designed to improve the
well-being of the people of Asia.
(d) That we consider cooperation among the people
and nations of Asia to be of great importance
to their security and well-being.
-- In accordance with this policy, we value the
independence and well-being of Nepal. This is why
we are assisting in Nepal's development.
-- We hope that Nepal can continue to work out
ways of living with its neighbors which are consistent
with Nepal's independence and well-being.
3.
China - The Nepalese may not themselves raise the subject of
China because of their desire to avoid any possible offense to their
northern neighbor.
-- You might wish to ask regarding their estimate
of conditions inside China and of China's policy
with regard to Nepal.
-- You might wish to review the modest steps we
have taken to develop limited contacts with China and
indicate the lack of Chinese response.
Subjects the Vice President Should Avoid
1.
Increased U.S. Aid - You will want to avoid any implication
that your visit means there will be an increased aid commitment to
Nepal.
CONFIDENTIAL
duced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declas
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CONFIDENTIAL
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2. Military Supply - You should not raise this subject but
if they raise it insure that they understand that it is very unlikely
that the U.S. could supply arms.
3. Nepal-India Relations - You should not raise this subject.
If they do you should support the concept of Nepalese independence
but avoid any suggestion that the U.S. will back Nepal in its disputes
with India. Use the term "regional cooperation" with care; it means
cooperation with India to the Nepalese.
4. Gurkhas - Avoid mentioning the Gurkha soldiers. Although
we look on them as brave men who have fought well in two wars, modern
Nepalis are sometimes embarrassed by their mercenary character which
seems out of keeping with the present day world.
5. Continued use of US-Owned Indian Currency for U.S. Aid -
Should Nepal raise this issue you should say that it is a matter which
we will work out in New Delhi.
CONFIDENTIAL
duced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declas
BIOGRAPHIC DATA
eproduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassified
No Objection To Declassification 2008/10/14 NLN-HAK-82-3-1-6
CONFIDENTIAL
NEPAL
Mahendra
King of Nepal
Pronounced:
Mah-hen-drah
Addressed:
Your Majesty
NEPAL
1967
MAHENORA UIR MIKRAM SHAH SEVE
25X1
Personality, Influence and Views
The King of Nepal is a complicated person with the complex job
of leading Nepal from the feudal age into the twentieth century.
He experimented with parliamentary democracy for a brief period
but since 1960 has ruled as well as reigned. He has inaugurated
what is called panchayat democracy, consisting of an indirectly
elected national council at the apex of a system of village and
district councils. He is dedicated to the preservation of Nepal's
independence under the rule of his family.
The King is quiet and modest in appearance and manner. This
leads some to underestimate his intelligence and political shrewdness.
The latter is demonstrated by the considerable talents he employs
in political intrigue and expediencies deemed necessary for preserva-
tion of the monarchy. His power extends through all ranks of govern-
ment society. No person or institution is competitive in terms of
influence exerted over the national scene. He works for economic
development at home and practices a genuinely neutral and discreet
foreign policy. The King looks to the UN and to major western
powers, especially the United States, to support Nepal's indepen-
dence by their interest and their presence.
King Mahendra can be somewhat formal and stiff with visitors
especially if he must use a foreign language in his conversation
with them. With those whom he knows better he can be quite talkative,
even in a foreign language such as English. The King is basically
a combination of a modern ruler and an oriental potentate, a bewilder-
ing contrast to some western visitors.
The King is a man of simple tastes and austere habits which
match his somewhat reserved manner. He is not well educated in a
western sense. His major hobbies are hunting large game, poetry and
interior decorating, another illustration of his many-sided personality.
CONFIDENTIAL
State Dept. review completed
No. Objection To Declassification 2008/10/14 NLN-HAK-82-3-1-6
Reproduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassified
No Objection To Declassification 2008/10/14 : NLN-HAK-82-3-1-6
CONFIDENTIAL
55
NEPAL
Oueen Ratna
Queen of Nepal
NEPAL
25X1
RATNA,
AJYA
Pronounced: Rut-nah (no stress)
QUEEN.
Addressed: Your Majesty
Personality, Influence and Views
Queen Ratna is the King's second wife and there
is much evidence that the union has been a happy one.
She complements the King with her quiet warmth and
graciousness. Apparently her relations with the King's
children by his first marriage, including Crown Prince
Birendra, are good and she has created a happy and
united household for her husband.
The Queen is popular in Nepal because of her per-
sonality and her dedication to her duties. She accom-
panies the King everywhere and has shown a special inter-
est in the education of Nepalese women.
There are signs that she exerts considerable influ-
ence on the King. This has led to one observation that
she is "the steel hand in a velvet glove."
Queen Ratna's other interests include music, liter-
ature, sports and social welfare activities. She speaks
excellent English.
CONFIDENTIAL
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NEPAL
Crown Prince Birendra
Crown Prince and Chairman of
the Regency Council
Pronounced:
Beer-en-drah
NEWAL
1568
DIRENDRA, OTR BIKRAM SHAR DEVA
CROWN PRINCE
Addressed:
Your Highness
25X1
Personality, Influence and Views
The Crown Prince is only twenty-four but has evidenced a growing
maturity and seriousness which matches a gradual but increasing
influence in the government. The generation gap with his father is
wider because of his studies abroad (including one academic year at
Harvard). Prince Bihendra has more modern ideas than his father
about Nepal's development. Although he is better informed about
modern development techniques than the King, he has much to learn
about the art of politics and survival in Nepal. He has thus far shown
an interest in cultural matters as well as developmental issues and
has sought to identify himself with the Army.
He is being groomed for assumption of authority without any
particular buildup of his national role by the Palace. This may
change in connection with the elaborate wedding celebrations planned
for early in 1970 when he marries the daughter of a Nepalese General.
Birendra is pleasant and polite, more outgoing than his father
and gifted with a sense of humor. He was markedly informal and
friendly during his year in the United States. He speaks excellent
English and Americans have found the Prince an easy and comfortable
person with whom to be.
Birendra has three sisters and two younger brothers. His own
mother died in 1950.
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
NEPAL
Kirti Nidhi Bista
Prime Minister
Pronounced: Bih-stah (no stress)
NEPAL
1966
BIRTA, KIPT) 5:001. .120 CHAIRMAN,
Addressed: Mr. Prime Minister or
25X1
Your Excellency
Personality, Influence and Views
Bista has been Prime Minister since 1969. His
appointment was controversial in that many thought him
indiscreet, poor at administration, and not particularly
industrious. He has improved this unfavorable image
over recent months and several senior civil servants
have termed him a decisive administrator who is willing
to delegate authority and responsibility.
Bista, like other senior officials, owes his position
to the King and has little influence of his own. He does
have a marked sense of national pride which has led at
times to resentment of Indian influence in Nepal. This
plus the fact that he has often served as the King's
agent in dealing with the Communist Chinese has led
Indians to characterize him as pro-Peking. We have no
evidence to support this characterization. American offi-
cials have been able to work with Bista despite his some-
times critical attitude on Viet-Nam and U.S. aid policies
in Nepal. The latter stems from his feeling that the
U.S. is unduly influenced by Indian policy towards Nepal.
Bista is forty-two, six feet tall and a Brahmin.
He speaks excellent English and is pleasant and sociable
with visitors.
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NEPAL
Mrs. Bodh Kumari Bista
Wife of the Prime Minister
25X1
NEBAL
1967
Pronounced: Bih-stah (no stress)
MRS
KIRTI
DHI
25X1
Addressed: Mrs. Bista
Personality, Influence and Views
Mrs. Bista is the mother of five children, three
sons and two daughters. The oldest daughter is married
to Govind Dev Pant, Second Secretary at the Nepalese
Embassy in Washington. She is friendly and smiling
but speaks no English and is a bit hard of hearing.
She has accompanied her husband twice to the United
States on trips. Mrs. Bista has had no formal
schooling.
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CONFIDENTIAL
NEPAL
Gehendra B. Rajbhandari
25X1
Minister of Foreign Affairs
MIAL
25X1
SAMMANDA
Pronounced: Raj-bahn-dar-ee
MINISTER FOREIGN
Addressed: Mr. Minister or
Your Excellency
Personality, Influence and Views
The Foreign Minister is young (41) and controversial.
He is amiable, ambitious and opportunistic. He now holds
the job (he was previously Minister of Education) which
he reportedly wanted. He speaks good English, in addi-
tion to Hindi and Nepali, and has broad if somewhat
superficial interests. On balance, his performance
thus far has been satisfactory, if not brilliant. Offi-
cials in Nepal often wear several hats and Rajbhandari
is concurrently Minister of Health.
As is the case with all ranking Nepalese officials,
Rajbhandari's authority stems from King Mahendra. He has
not been a shaper of policy and has at times been ex-
cluded from major foreign policy actions. His influence
is limited.
Indian sources are critical - they are generally
critical of Nepalese officialdom these days - and some
allege that the Foreign Minister is a Communist or at
least has Communist sympathies. These charges apparently
go back to the 1967-68 period when he was Home Minister,
and have not been borne out by his performance as Foreign
Minister. There is evidence that he is more of an oppor-
tunist than an ideologue of any persuasion.
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CONFIDENTIAL
2.
The Foreign Minister has traveled fairly widely
abroad, including trips to the U.S. in 1956, 1958 and 1969
and Communist China in 1963. Americans find him
friendly with a sense of humor.
Rajbhandari is five feet eight inches, good height
for a Nepalese. He is married (see biographic sketch
on Mrs. Rajbhandari).
CONF IDENTIAL
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NEPAL
Mrs. Arya Lakshmi Rajbhandari
Wife of the Foreign Minister
Pronounced: Raj-bahn-dar-ee
Addressed: Mrs. Rajbhandari
Personality, Influence and Views
Like her husband, Mrs. Rajbhandari is a member
of a prominent Nepalese family. In contrast, however,
she has traveled only to India. The Rajbhandaris have
three children, all of whom are in school in Kathmandu.
Mrs. Rajbhandari speaks some English. She has had no
formal education.
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CONFIDENTIAL
NEPAL
Bhekh Bahadur Thapa
Secretary, Ministry of Finance
Pronounced: Thah-pah (no stress)
25X1
Addressed: Mr. Secretary
NEPAL
PRIOR TO 1964
THAPA BEXH BAHANUR
ECONOMIC
SECRETARY
25X1
Personality, Influence and Views
Like Khanal, Thapa is one of the best of Nepal's
civil servants. Educated in economics in the U.S. he
has become almost indispensable as number two in the
Ministry of Finance. His rise in the Nepalese Govern-
ment has bordered on the meteoric since he is only
32 years old. This success has helped temper the
frustrations which an intelligent and dedicated man
experiences in a country in which progress is achieved
so slowly.
Thapa has a well-developed ego and his ambition
and ability combine at times to make him something of
an autocrat in the office. He can also show irritation
and impatience to the point of rudeness.
Thapa is a small man who enjoys social affairs and
dislikes stuffiness. He has a good sense of humor to
accompany his informality.
Thapa has traveled widely and speaks excellent
English. He would be impressive in any country.
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CONFIDENTIAL
NEPAL
Yadu Nath Khanal
Foreign Secretary (Number two in
the Nepalese Foreign Ministry)
NEPAL
1960
KHANAL, PROF. YADU NATH.
Pronounced: Kah-Nahl (no stress)
DELEGATE, UNITED NATIONS
25X1
Addressed: Mr. Secretary
Personality, Influence and Views
Khanal is one of the most able and trusted
Nepalese civil servants and appears to have the King's
respect and confidence. He is the foremost interpreter
of Nepalese foreign policy, a policy designed to
balance Nepal between its two large neighbors while
increasing the world's interest in the preservation of
Nepalese sovereignty. He is widely respected for his
integrity in politics and his incorruptability as a
public official.
Khanal has a first class philosopher turn of mind
gained through his interest in academic matters and his
knowledge of the world through extensive travel abroad.
He knows the Indians well having served in New Delhi as
Nepalese Ambassador.
Khanal is short, somewhat stout and balding. He
is pleasant, friendly and has a good sense of humor.
He is articulate in several languages, including a
flawless command of English.
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CONFIDENTIAL
BP- 57
December 10, 1969
NEPAL
Suggestions on Approaching the Nepalese
A quiet, charming people, the Nepalese display a
sense of politeness and good manners at all levels of
society. It is a rare visitor who has an unpleasant
personal experience with the Nepalese.
The self-confidence generated by the fact that
Nepal was never colonized is tempered by the realiza-
tion that Nepal is a very poor country. Because of the
backwardness of the country the Nepalese will be reluc-
tant to expose deficiencies, real or imagined, and the
foreign visitor may have to keep the conversational
ball rolling. An exception to this general diffidence
is found in those Nepalese who studied in Europe or the
U.S. and are more self-assured.
When a Nepalese is talking about things he is sure
of, however, he can be quite voluble. Good topics in-
clude what the visitor has seen in Nepal, economic
development, and the workings of the Panchayat System
of government.
Topics to be avoided include those presuming
intimate knowledge of the western world, which most
Nepalese have not visited, and the poverty and ignorance
of Nepal.
There are few social taboos in Nepal. Beef is not
eaten and most Nepalese do not drink alcoholic beverages.
However drinks will be offered for those Nepalese and
foreigners who drink and may be consumed without offense
in the presence of non-drinking Nepalese.
Nepalese are accustomed to shaking hands with for-
eigners when they meet.
CONFIDENTIAL
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Above all the Nepalese are tolerant of the social
customs of foreigners even when they are quite different
from those of Nepal.
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December 8, 1969
NEPAL
Background - Political Situation
Summary
Although Nepal is a Constitutional monarchy, the King
rules as well as reigns. He rules through Nepal's
"Panchayat" system of government which is largely based
upon indirect elections and can be controlled from the top.
The King's early tentative moves toward reform have slack-
ened as external and internal pressures have combined to
threaten his position. His personal rule is being ques-
tioned by elements which favor broader political partici-
pation and a more modern approach to economic development.
While there is consequently a long-term threat to political
stability, the King's rule appears to be secure for the
present. Furthermore, the institution of the monarchy
still provides the best vehicle for evolutionary change in
Nepal.
Ever since they regained power in 1950, the Kings of
Nepal have groped for means to bring Nepal politically and
economically into the 20th Century without bringing about
their own overthrow. King Mahendra gave Nepal a constitu-
tion in 1958, and a popularly-elected Parliamentary
Government held office for eighteen months. In December
1960 the King dissolved the Parliament and jailed many
political leaders, although most have been released, some
recently. The King abolished political parties, and in
1962, in a new Constitution, he gave Nepal a "Panchayat"
Democracy. King Mahendra today maintains near-absolute
control. He has proven himself a skillful tactician in
consolidating his political position and controlling poten-
tial opposition elements.
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Under the Panchayat System of government each village
has a Panchayat (council) chosen by direct election.
Successive levels of District, Zonal and National Panchayats
are chosen by indirect election and appointment. The Coun-
cil of Ministers is the executive arm of the Government and
is presided over by a Prime Minister, an office now held by
Kirti Nidhi Bista. All ministers are appointed by the King
from the membership of the National Panchayat. They serve
at the pleasure of the King.
The Panchayat System has not worked effectively.
Western observers had hoped that it would provide Nepal's
government with the sort of two-way communication necessary
for long-term stability. It had been hoped that the system
would insure that the government was informed of the
people's wishes and the people of the government's. In
practice, however, it has largely served only to communicate
the Government's desires.
Much current liberal opposition centers around B. P.
Koirala, leader of the Nepali Congress and former Prime
Minister. Released last year after eight years imprison-
ment he is now in India. He has openly called for the
violent overthrow of the King and a return to democracy.
The Communists in Nepal are split between Russian and
Chinese factions and are not a significant threat to the
King.
The Crown Prince, the heir to the Throne, apparently
takes a more modern view of Nepal's political and economic
development. Twenty-five years old, educated (at Eton and
Harvard), capable (he devotes much of his time to the army),
and apparently well liked, he is becoming more active in
national affairs.
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Despite its imperfections, the monarchy at present
appears to be the only institution capable of coping with
the immensely difficult task of delivering a medieval
country into the 20th Century without a chaotic upheaval.
For the long run, however, the prospects are for
greater instability. Nepalese society is divided into a
number of often antagonistic ethnic, social, and lin-
guistic groupings which are unevenly represented in the
bureaucracy and the army. Egalitarian ideas from the West
and from Communist sources are beginning to stir a con-
sciousness and resentment of social and economic disparities
among the people which should eventually generate pressure
for social change.
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December 8, 1969
NEPAL
Background on Nepal's Development Problem and
Foreign Aid
Summary
Nepal faces formidable obstacles, mainly on
account of its geography, in its efforts toward
development and modernization, but nevertheless
some movement is now under way. The economy is so
inter-related with the Indian economy that Indian
policy has an overwhelming effect on Nepal's
development prospects. Because of its neutral
policy and strategic location, Nepal is offered
aid from a wide variety of foreign sources but,
except for the United States, the donors pay little
attention to how their projects fit into an inte-
grated development strategy.
Discussion
Obstacles to Development - Nepal's incipient
efforts toward modernization and economic develop-
ment face formidable obstacles, the most pervasive
of which is geography. The terrain consists, for
the most part, of the most rugged heavily populated
area in the world, and most of Nepal's population
is dispersed among hills and mountains, linked
only by footpaths. Nepal's problems of communications
and transportation thus require as much effort and
expense as those of much larger and more wealthy
countries. National integration, another pre-
requisite of a successful development effort, is
still a distant goal: the farmers of the Terai
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declassified.
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(southwestern plain) have the strongest economic and
cultural links with neighboring India, while the
scattered mountain valleys, where most of the popu-
lation lives, might best be described as a series
of mini-economies, culturally and ethnically distinct
and self-sufficient at a pitiful level of subsistence.
First Steps Toward Modernization - Nevertheless,
development and modernization have begun. Whereas
only twenty years- ago, Nepal was an isolated,
feudal kingdom, the overthrow of the Ranas by
King Tribhuvan in 1950 started a process under
which higher education has begun within the country,
selected young Nepalis have gone abroad for training
and returned with new ideas and skills from the out-
side world and a series of five-year plans has
been launched, the fourth of which is scheduled to
start in 1970. New economic, administrative and
political institutions are beginning to permeate
Nepal's traditional society. The new national
interest in modernization, at first expressed
mainly in government policies, has begun to affect
the attitudes and aspirations of Nepal's citizens
and is, therefore, on the way to becoming an
irreversible process.
Close Link with India - Nepal's economy is so
closely linked with that of India that the success
of her development effort is decisively affected by
the policy framework within which these two economies
interact. India is the major source of manufactured
goods for Nepal, and Nepal's industrialization efforts
depend largely on Indian agreement to accept Nepali
products. Trade potential with countries other
than India is determined largely by Indian policy
with regard to Nepal's transit rights through
Calcutta's port. Indo-Nepali economic relations
are governed by a treaty which is due for renegotia-
tion in 1970. Nepal has learned to its sorrow that
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Indian policies affecting this critical economic inter-
action can be at the same time appropriate for India but
damaging to Nepal. As the smaller and weaker country,
Nepal is concerned to develop whatever pressures it can
to offset this disadvantage.
Role of Foreign Aid - Foreign aid is playing an
extraordinarily large role in Nepal's development efforts.
For the current year, for instance, aid is budgeted at
about 40 percent of Nepal's total budget. The varied
source of aid is part of a deliberate policy which
Nepal has adopted because of its role of a buffer between
giant neighbors.
While in an enviable position of having a number
of willing aid donors, Nepal also suffers some dis-
advantages in the process: Extensive aid is a burden
on the nation's administrative skills. Much aid from
countries other than the U.S. is politically motivated
and consists of unrelated projects.
The U.S. program is running at about $8 million,
financed to large extent with US-owned Indian rupees.
Ours is the only bilateral aid program in Nepal which
incorporates an attempt to define and contribute to a
coherent and integrated development strategy. We have
concentrated on technical assistance in various key
fields, especially agriculture, education and public
administration, to the relative exclusion of capital
projects. The Peace Corps is active in Nepal, with
173 volunteers mostly working in agricultural and
educational projects. The Ford Foundation, although
not a part of official U.S. aid, has been most influ-
ential in the development of such planning skills as
are now present in this still backward country.
India has the largest aid program, currently
amounting to about $17 million. The program is con-
centrated mainly on turnkey capital projects picked
without consideration of how they fit into Nepal's
overall development plan and designed more than anything
else to generate goodwill between the two countries.
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4
Communist China is the third largest aid donor,
with a level just under that of the United States.
Its aid has been concentrated on two major roads (one
of which connects Kathmandu with Tibet) and a hydro-
electric station in northern Nepal. All three are of
strategic importance to the donor country. The Chinese
also further their own propaganda ends by the manner of
their financing of local costs (sale of Chinese consumer
goods at subsidized prices in local shops) and by in-
sisting on Chinese overseers for Nepalese road gangs.
The USSR, while it has not launched any new pro-
jects in Nepal for a number of years, is continuing
to finance existing projects at the rate of around one-
half million dollars in order to court goodwill in this
strategic part of Asia.
In addition, the UN group of agencies is operating
in Nepal in various fields under the administration of
a UN resident representative, and international finan-
cing institutions (IBRD, IDA and the Asian Development
Bank) have surveyed various aspects of the economy and
are considering projects for lending.
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Dec. 8, 1969
NEPAL
Background - Foreign Relations
Summary
Surrounded by India and China, Nepal has one overwhelming objec-
tive in foreign policy -- to retain its independence by playing the
role of a neutral buffer between the two. To this end Nepal tries to
maintain relations with each country which are tolerable to the other.
It cannot permit either to gain disproportionate influence as this
would invite counter-action by the other. Its intimate geographic
and economic ties with India, however, give that country predominent
influence and are responsible for SO many of Nepal's foreign relations
problems being related to India. Nepal looks to other nations and
international agencies for symbolic support of Nepalese independence
and assistance to Nepalese internal development.
India-Nepal Relations
Since the Himalayas on the northern border of Nepal form the
natural barrier for the strategic defense of the Subcontinent, India
sees Nepal as an important link in its security vis-a-vis China.
Furthermore, because of cultural, religious, linguistic, commercial
and even family ties, Nepal's closest relations have traditionally
been with India. After India's independence these intimate relations
were formalized. India took on the role of protector of Nepalese
independence and established a special military and economic relation-
ship with Nepal.
During the Chinese attack on India in 1962 it became obvious to
Nepal that India could not be counted on to defend its borders. As
a result of this and a rising tide of nationalism, Nepal sought a
change in its relationship with India in favor of a non-aligned stance
between India and China.
India's attitude toward this shift in Nepalese policy is unclear.
The Nepalese fear that India will continue to use its political and
economic influence to retain some special relationship with Nepal.
The Indians are ambivalent, at one time threatening Nepal with economic
pressures- if it does not bend to India's security interests and at
another seeming to compromise differences.
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Trade is another point at issue between India and Nepal. The
Indians claim that the free flow of goods across the border results
in a loss of foreign exchange to India. Nepal claims that India
delays transit of goods through Indian ports to Nepal.
Nepal-China Relations
The 1962 war between India and China showed Nepal that China was
prepared to advance its interests in the Himalayas by military means
and that India could not be counted on for Nepal's defense. Nepal,
as a result, clarified its policy of non-alignment -- it stressed to
both China and India that it was a friend to both. The Chinese re-
sponded with an economic assistance program which is now running at
an annual rate just below that of the U.S. program. One of the major
Chinese projects has been a road from Kathmandu to Kodari on the
Tibetan border. From the border a road leads directly to Lasha, the
capital of Tibet. This road, completed in May 1967, permits truck
travel from Tibet to Kathmandu.
Relations with China were outwardly cordial until the summer of
1967 when Maoist demonstrations occurred in Kathmandu. The GON
blamed these demonstrations (the demonstrators were Nepalese) on China.
Recriminations followed but as the Cultural Revolution cooled down
China-Nepal relations resumed their more normal level.
U.S.-Nepal Relations
The U.S. interest in Nepal derives from our major strategic
interest in maintaining the integrity of the South Asian subcontinent.
Chinese domination of Nepal, either military or political, would
advance Chinese power across the Himalayan barrier to the edge of the
Indian plains and pose a major threat to India and the subcontinent.
Our primary objective in Nepal is therefore to support and strengthen
Nepal's continued independence and territorial integrity. We never-
theless recognize that India has the major concern for Nepalese security
and that it has the major role to play in Nepal.
The U.S. role in Nepal aims to develop Nepalese capacity for
self-government and to contribute to the self-confidence necessary to
sustain a cooperative relationship with India. Our presence operates
as a stabilizing force. While our object is to prevent increased
Chinese influence, the character of our activities has so far been
tolerable to the other powers, although the Indian attitude is ambi-
valent. India at times appears to view the U.S. as a competing
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rather than as a supporting power in Nepal.
In carrying out this role we have been engaged in an assistance
program and we also have completed a small military assistance program
(communications and hospital equipment) in cooperation with the Indians,
whom we prefer to be the primary suppliers of the Nepalese army.
Beyond actual U.S. programs in Nepal the fact of our presence
there indicates a symbolic U.S. interest in Nepalese independence
which the Government of Nepal values. We have, of course, no security
commitment to Nepal and our support to that country at present consists
entirely of development-related assistance.
Relations with Other Countries and International Organizations
After the U.S., India and China, Nepal's most important relations
are with the U.K. and the U.S.S.R. The U.K. provides economic assistance,
has supplied arms to the army and, although it is now running this
down, has been the most important source of foreign (non-Indian) ex-
change through payments to Nepalese Gurkha troops serving in the
British army. Russia's interest in Nepal is in some regards similar
to our own -- it wants to see Nepal on close and friendly terms with
India in view of the threat from the Chinese on the other side of
the Himalayas.
A member of the United Nations since 1955 Nepal has voted rather
consistently with the Afro-Asian bloc. It has generally abstained
on major East-West issues, but has consistently opposed the U.S.
position on the question of representation of Communist China in the
United Nations. Nepal is currently serving as a member of the Security
Council.
CONFIDENTIAL
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Dec. 15, 1969
HINDUISM
Summary
Hinduism is a complex and diverse religion, but central to most
Hindus is the belief in an Absolute or Brahma and in the transmigra-
tion of souls. Nepal is officially a Hindu Kingdom. However, fusion
of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs is characteristic for its religion.
Buddhism predominates in Northern Nepal and Hinduism in the South.
Balinese Hinduism follows the main outlines of its Indian parent, but
there are many peculiarities in theology and ritual.
Discussion
Although Hinduism allows for a wide range of metaphysical systems
and viewpoints, Hindus are united on certain basic concepts. Theologi-
cally, most Hindus believe in the unity of all things in a Absolute or
Brahma and in the transmigration of souls (samsara). Man's ultimate
goal is reunion with the Absolute. To achieve this, man must overcome
the force of illusion (maya) that holds him captive to an otherwise
endless cycle of rebirth. Rebirth is the consequence of human failings
in one life which cannot be expiated after death but must be rectified
in the next incarnation. Virtually all Hindus believe that liberation
from illusion is preferable to worldly life. The concept of moral duty
or virtue (dharma), though not essential to philosophical Hinduism,
bears important social implications for it maintains that every person
is born into a particular caste and must adhere to the social and re-
ligious obligations it imposes.
Nepal's constitution recognizes and protects Hinduism as the state
religion. Attempts to convert a Hindu to Islam, Christianity, or any
other faith is a legal offense punishable by 3 years' imprisonment;
conversion leads to 6 years' imprisonment; and self-conversion, 1 year.
While high-caste Nepalese families tend to adhere fairly closely
to orthodox Hinduism, the majority of Nepalese are primarily concerned
with placating the powerful, and often fickle, supernatural forces be-
lieved to be in control of fate. Patron deities vary with village and
sect, but they most frequently represent famine, flood, drought, birth,
disease, and death. Worship is commonly motivated by fear of divine
wrath rather than love, and neglect of worship is thought to result in
misfortune and calamity. Thus, for highly practical motives, the ordi-
nary villager is urged to incorporate deity worship into his daily activi-
ties.
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In Nepal a peaceful relationship exists between Hinduism and
Buddhism and an amalgam of both religions prevails in the center of
the country. Religion has rarely been a significant factor in the
internal politics of Nepal.
Hinduism was brought to Indonesia from India about 2000 years
ago and was the dominant religion of the entire area until it was
supplented by Islam in the 15th century. It disappeared almost complete-
ly everywhere in Indonesia, except in the island of Bali.
Balinese Hinduism follows the main outlines of Indian Hinduism,
but centuries of isolation have caused many changes. For example,
caste, so important in Indian Hinduism, exists in Bali only in a very
modified form. In addition, many features of the old animistic, pre-
Hindu religion of the Balinese people-spirits, ghosts, witches , etc.-
have been absorbed into Balinese Hinduism and have added to its unique-
ness. The Balinese also worship their own versions of the gods in the
Hindu pantheon but have other gods as well which are known only in
Bali.
One aspect of the Balinese religion is its close identification
with the cultural and artistic life of the people. The extraordinary
richness of Bali's music, dance, sculpture and painting reflect not
only the genius of the people but their spirtual heritage as well.
at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be decla
PUBLIC STATEMENTS
produced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declassified
LIMITED OFFICIAL USE
PS-16
NEPAL
December 8, 1969
Arrival Statement
I. Themes
A. Visit to Nepal is Fulfillment of Life-long
Dream
B. Mount Everest - Symbol of Strength and
Traditions of Nepal
C. Nepalese Devel opment Efforts - View from
Aircraft
D. U.S. Aid to Free, Independent Self-reliant
People
II. Text
Your Excellency,
, Madame Ambassador,
Ladies and Gentlemen: I am happy to be in Nepal.
President Nixon has asked me to tell you that
he wishes that he himself could be here to meet with
and talk to the people and leaders of Nepal and to see
this beautiful country. But his loss is my gain.
Visiting Nepal is the fulfillment of a life-long
dream. From boyhood I have wanted to see Mount Everest,
which over the years has been such a challenging test
of man's abilities.
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I flew by Mount Everest just a few minutes ago.
Rising above the valleys it is an eternal symbol of
the strength and traditions of Nepal.
In a sense Nepal and the U.S. are participants in
the most dramatic and daring adventure of modern explora-
tion. Nepal -- its brave Sherpas -- have helped put
the first man, a Nepali, on the highest point on earth.
We have reached the moon.
But Nepal is more than a courageous people and a
dramatic countryside. It is a country which I know is
dedicated to improving the lives of its citizens. I
have heard and read of the impressive work you are doing
here to develop the economy of Nepal. Only a short
while ago I flew close to Biratnagar where modern industry
is growing in Nepal. I also flew over the wide plains of
Nepal, where agriculture is flourishing under the impact
of your efforts to increase production. I have also
seen valley after valley, each with its terraced fields,
and realized the hard work the Nepalese farmer devotes
to his profession.
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I understand that many foreign countries are
privileged to assist this great Nepalese effort. I
am proud of the American help. It is freely given --
there are no strings. It is assistance given to a free,
independent and self-reliant people.
I want to tell you again how happy Mrs. Agnew and
I are to be here today in Nepal. We are looking forward
with great interest to our visit.
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LOU
PS-18
Dec. 8, 1969
NEPAL
Toast for Vice President Agnew in Kathmandu
I. Themes
A. Rugged Beauty of Nepalese Countryside
B. First Vice President to Visit Nepal
C. Recognition and Encouragement of Nepalese
Development Efforts
D. Value U.S. Attaches to Independence of
Free Asian Nations
E. U.S. Economic Aid Supports Nepalese Inde-
pendence
II. Text
Mr. Prime Minister, Madame Ambassador, Distinguished
Guests: Thank you for your warm welcome to Mrs. Agnew
and myself. Our visit to Kathmandu is the fulfillment
of a dream. The rugged beauty of your country and the
grandeur of your mountains have attracted us for many
years.
For all Americans the Himalayas have a profound
fascination. In the stories of the conquest of Everest
and Annapurna we see the working out, in the struggle
against nature, of man's constant battle to achieve
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PS-18
Dec. 8, 1969
NEPAL
Toast for Vice President Agnew in Kathmandu
I. Themes
A. Rugged Beauty of Nepalese Countryside
B. First Vice President to Visit Nepal
C. Recognition and Encouragement of Nepalese
Development Efforts
D. Value U.S. Attaches to Independence of
Free Asian Nations
E. U.S. Economic Aid Supports Nepalese Inde-
pendence
II. Text your Royal Highness,
Excellences
Mr. Prime Minister, Madame Ambassador, Distinguished
Guests: Thank you for your warm welcome to Mrs. Agnew
to me
and
myself. Our visit to Kathmandu is the fulfillment
we are pleased to have the opportunity to see
of a dream. The rugged beauty of your country and the
for ourselves.
grandeur of your mountains have attracted us for many
years.
For all Americans the Himalayas have a profound
fascination. In the stories of the conquest of Everest
victory
and Annapurna we see the working out, in the struggle
and triumph in
against nature, of man's constant battle to achieve
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2
succeed
success in the face of difficulty and hardship. To be
here in the midst of these very Himalayas, in one of the
world's most beautiful valleys within sight of Mount
Everest is for use an experience we shall never forget.
This visit is also a source of great pride to me
personally, for I consider it a privilege and honor to
be the first American Vice President to come to Nepal.
In coming to Nepal I bring not only my own personal
greetings, but also those of President Nixon and his hope
that he too will be able to visit Nepal at some time in
the future.
your Royal Highness
Mr. Prime Minister, I spoke a moment ago of man's
continual struggle to surmount difficulties. In our
generation these are primarily social and economic.
The United States has grown over the years, but we often
look back with nostalgia to the days when we were a small
country, little larger than Nepal, with a continent still
to explore and economic development still to achieve.
We know from our own experience that economic development
can be achieved, though it is a slow and laborious pro-
burdens as well as blessings.
cess, bringing many problems in its train. We believe
that with the support and cooperation of friends, develop-
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3
ment is possible and can truly contribute to the
betterment of the nation.
We, too, place high value on the independence of
the free nations of Asia. The preservation of a
nation's independence is a task primarily for the
citizens of that nation and, from what I have seen today
of the vigor and devotion of the people of Nepal, I have
no doubt regarding the future of Nepal.
His Majesty also stressed to me his intention of
pushing forward the tasks of development in Nepal. The
United States stands ready to assist those efforts in
the future as it has in the past. In this way the U.S.
can help Nepal maintain its integrity and independence.
But, as President Nixon has made clear, the primary
impetus for development must come from the developing
country itself. Today I have been pleased to see and
learn about the efforts which Nepal itself is making to
improve the lot of its people. We also recognize that
development cannot be achieved in a vacuum, that it needs
the support of friends. We stand ready to join with
assure progress
others to continue working with Nepal to improve the
and prosperity for
Lot of its people.
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4
gratified
We are also happy to see that Nepal is playing a
proud
greater role in the world. We are happy to be associ-
ated with Nepal in the important work of the Security
Council. As more and more smaller countries like Nepal
begin to shoulder the responsibilities for international
decision-making, the day will be advanced when that
peace for which we are all working will be achieved
and when the problems of the international community
will be brought closer to solution.
In conclusion let me say again how pleased I am to
be in Nepal. I hope that my visit will symbolize for
you the continuing interest of the people and Government
of the United States in your problems and our willingness
to help contribute to your development, prosperity and
freedom.
I ask you in the spirit of our common commitment to
peace and a better life for the peoples of our two
countries to rise and join me in a toast to His Majesty,
the King of Nepal.
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2
success in the face of difficulty and hardship. To be
here in the midst of these very Himalayas in one of the
world's most beautiful valleys within sight of Mount
Everest is, for us, an experience we shall never forget.
This visit is also a source of great pride to me
personally, for I consider it a privilege and honor to
be the first American Vice President to come to Nepal.
In coming to Nepal I bring not only my own personal
greetings but also those of President Nixon and his hope
that he too will be able to visit Nepal at some time in
the future.
Mr. Prime Minister, I spoke a moment ago of man's
continual struggle to surmount difficulties. In our
generation these are primarily social and economic.
The United States has grown over the years, but we often
look back with nostalgia to the days when we were a small
country, little larger than Nepal, with a continent still
to explore and economic development still to achieve.
We know from our own experience that economic development
can be achieved, though it is a slow and laborious pro-
cess, bringing many problems in its train. We believe
that with the support and cooperation of friends, develop-
LIMITED OFFICIAL USE
oduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declass
PS-18
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3
ment is possible and can truly contribute to the
betterment of the nation.
We, too, place high value on the independence of
the free nations of Asia. The preservation of a
nation's independence is a task primarily for the
citizens of that nation and, from what I have seen today
of the vigor and devotion of the people of Nepal, I have
no doubt regarding the future of Nepal.
His Majesty also stressed to me his intention of
pushing forward the tasks of development in Nepal. The
United States stands ready to assist those efforts in
the future as it has in the past. In this way the U.S.
can help Nepal maintain its integrity and independence.
But, as President Nixon has made clear, the primary
impetus for development must come from the developing
country itself. Today I have been pleased to see and
learn about the efforts which Nepal itself is making to
improve the lot of its people. We also recognize that
development cannot be achieved in a vacuum, that it needs
the support of friends. We stand ready to join with
others to continue working with Nepal to improve the
lot of its people.
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oduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declass
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4
We are also happy to see that Nepal is playing a
greater role in the world. We are happy to be associ-
ated with Nepal in the important work of the Security
Council. As more and more smaller countries like Nepal
begin to shoulder the responsibilities for international
decision-making, the day will be advanced when that
peace for which we are all working will be achieved
and when the problems of the international community
will be brought closer to solution.
In conclusion let me say again how pleased I am to
be in Nepal. I hope that my visit will symbolize for
you the continuing interest of the people and Government
of the United States in your problems and our willingness
to help contribute to your development, prosperity and
freedom.
I ask you in the spirit of our common commitment to
peace and a better life for the peoples of our two
countries to rise and join me in a toast to His Majesty,
the King of Nepal.
LIMITED OFFICIAL USE
oduced at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library DECLASSIFIED This document has been reviewed pursuant to E.O. 13526 and has been determined to be declass