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June 1984 Incoming (5)
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66328334
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June 1984 Incoming (5)
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Records of the White House Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff (Reagan Administration)
Michael K. Deaver's Correspondence Files
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THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
May 18, 1984
MEMORANDUM FOR MARGIE CRAWFORD
FROM:
GAIL LEDWIG
SUBJECT:
ATTACHED MEMO
We have called the office of the Consulate
General Boggs in Hamilton, Bermuda and
spoken with his secretary, Mary Jane. She
has informed us that the guest cottage
would be available for Michael McManus and
guest from June 14th through June 19th
if it is not being occupied by Maureen
Reagan. As soon as they have any confirma-
tion from Maureen or any more information
they will let us know and we will keep you
posted.
809/295-1342
many Jone
Ins. Stere Seiss
632-2622
THE WHITE HOUSE
DB
WASHINGTON
May 16, 1984
tetscall
MEMORANDUM FOR MIKE DEAVER
moe
FROM:
MIKE McMANUS
for
I am planning a trip to Bermuda departing
on Thursday, June 14th and returning to
Washington on Tuesday, June 19th.
I am wondering if it would be possible
for you to see if the Consulate General's
guest cottage is available on those dates.
I would really appreciate it
Thank you.
Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee
Los Angeles, California 90084 USA
Telephone (213) 209-1984
Telex: 194694 (Int'l) 4720482
4
Reply To:
1015 15th Street, N.W.
Suite 905
Washington, D.C. 20005
Bul
6/29
Telephone (202) 682-1984
Mike . Here is a great PSI stay which
you might have missed I must advint and
I ful a part of chi Movement
my wish I could do More
Had good meetings in DK enterly
Schully was very slamp and did
much to classers Surramch that
the US government is doing everyding parable
That really helps-
Bust regards
Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles July 28 to August 12, 1984
Bigger Budgets
The change began in the early 1970s,
when a burgeoning economy and a height-
ened sense of social responsibility (caused,
in some measure, by the anti-business atti-
tudes of the 1960s) led to increased corpo-
rate budgets for charitable endeavors. A
decade later, therefore, when federal fund-
ing for numerous nonprofit organizations
was cut back by the Reagan administration,
it was only natural that many of the victims
swarmed to the Fortune 500 to pick up the
slack. But by that time, recession was
pinching corporate resources. The situation
Helping Hands
was a powerful incentive for corporations to
overhaul their giving programs by such
means as hiring professional charity-admin-
Companies Change
istration staffs, more carefully selecting re-
cipients and finding alternatives to cash
The Ways They Make
gifts.
The new approach is creating corres-
ponding upheaval in the offices of potential
Charitable Donations
beneficiaries. To attract the more discrimi-
nating donors, nonprofit organizations are
polishing their images, honing their man-
Enlightened Self-Interest' Is
agement skills and, in some cases, altering
their very missions.
Used in Selecting Donees;
Those charities that adjust adroitly to the
new era may reap a bonanza, experts in the
Eyeing Cash Substitutes
field say, but those who don't may be out of
luck and, eventually, out of money. "There
will be organizations that just don't make
Failure of a Worthy Cause
it," says Amy Rome, executive director of
the Metropolitan Association for Philan-
By WENDY L. WALL
Corporate and
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
With deep gratitude, the Statue of Lib-
Individual Giving
erty-Ellis Island Foundation recently ac-
1007
(In billions of dollars)
WALL ST. JOURNAL
cepted two special traveler's checks totaling
more than $1.7 million from American Ex-
90
Individuals
6-21-84
press Co.
80
Others
The gift, along with contributions from
Corporations
others, meant the grande dame of New York
70
Harbor could be restored to past glory,
Americans could gaze upon it with renewed
60
pride and the donor could be hailed a corpo-
rate patriot.
50
Moreover, by doing good, American Ex-
press managed to do well. It generated the
40-
gift money by promising in a national ad
30
campaign in last year's fourth quarter to do-
nate a penny to the statue for each use of its
20
charge card and a dollar for most new cards
issued in the U.S. The result: Card usage in-
10
creased 28% during the quarter over the
same period in 1982; before the campaign
0
'80
'81
'82
'83
'84
'85
'86
'87
'88
was devised, the company had forecast a
Forecast
card-usage increase of 18% for last year's
Sources: American Association of Fund-Raising
fourth quarter. New card holders rose more
Counsel Inc. and Chemical Bank
than 45% during the campaign, and the com-
thropy in St. Louis. "A number have already
pany's card business had its best fourth
had to close their doors, because they
quarter ever.
weren't able to market themselves effec-
"The wave of the future isn't checkbook
tively."
philanthropy," says Jerry C. Welsh, an
One of the changes in corporate giving in-
American Express marketing executive.
volves new meaning for an old term; en-
"It's a marriage of corporate marketing and
lightened self-interest. That has actually
social responsibility."
been a watchword of corporate philanthropy
Certainly, it seems to be a time of great
to some degree ever since the 19th century,
change for corporate philanthropy. For dec-
when railroads supported the Young Men's
ades, big business more often than not han-
Christian Association, which provided cheap
dled charity in an unbusinesslike way; phil-
housing for their workers. But now compa-
anthropic budgets were generally small, and
nies have begun applying the principle with
contributions were frequently based on the
greatly heightened sophistication.
whims of top officers, on country-club con-
American Express, for one, is tying char-
nections and on tradition.
itable outlays to business income far beyond
the shores of Liberty Island. In 31 markets
around the country, it has supported every-
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
Thursday, June 21, 1984
thing from the Cape Hatteras lighthouse to
the San Jose Symphony with the same for-
mula: an ad blitz pledging a contribution to
a local institution for each American Ex-
press card use or application. In the case of
the San Jose Symphony, the company di-
rectly generated-$30,000 for the ensemble,
raised-another $205,000 for it out of the pub-
licity, and raised card usage and new appli-
Please Turn to Page 29, Column 1
up their donations to food banks; companies
raising $1 million to construct a new head-
Youngblood, who used to run a marketing
Helping Hands: Companies Change
increasingly lend executives to nonprofit or-
quarters building. The conclusion: It
business, now is helping to organize a two-
couldn't possibly win needed corporate sup-
ganizations. A Los Angeles agency recently
day "parenting fair" to generate interest in
found itself in stylish new quarters when
port for the fund-raising effort because the
times. Quaker Oats Co. reviews all hospital
the subject of family relations and to gener-
Crocker National Bank moved its office with
capital's few major corporations were inun-
donation requests with its employee-benefits
Ways They Make Charitable Gifts
ate fees from participants. Three companies
dated with applications, and the YWCA had
department, with an eye toward rewarding
18 months left on the lease and donated the
have pledged to underwrite the fair's costs,
never received any corporate support.
those that seem to be working to curb
space.
drawn by the attendant publicity value and
In a Conference Board survey of 286
But they hired a consultant, as nonprofit
health-care costs (a recent winner: Chi-
the booth space they will get.
Continued From First Page
grants to nonprofit organizations that exem-
organizations are wont to do these days, and
cago's Northwestern Memorial Hospital)
cations in that city by 25%. American Ex-
firms, such donations accounted for 29% of
Kids in the Middle's ability to generate
plified management improvement and
put together a business plan: It would sell
and rejecting those that don't (a loser: Law-
achievement.
total giving in 1982. Even if the surge to that
80% of its revenue from client fees and fund-
press calls it "cause-related marketing."
its old building, use the proceeds to build ex-
rence, Kan., Memorial Hospital).
level can be laid in large part to recession-
raising events has made it easier to ask cor-
At Carter Hawley Hale Stores Inc., en-
"What the management sector has to
tra stories on its proposed new building and
And some nonprofits have dropped by the
induced cash conservation. the proportion
porations for. the remainder, thereby helping
lightened self-interest has steered the Los
rent out office space on those floors to gen-
wayside. The Christian Women's Benevolent
give the nonprofits is management exper-
may well remain high even in better times.
the agency expand its budget and services
Angeles retailer to contribute for the most
tise, not money," says Lizabeth Sode, execu-
Association Youth Home took care of ne-
erate income.
part only to the visual and performing arts
As with their manufacturing operations,
by leaps and bounds, Miss Youngblood
tive director of Esmark's philanthropic arm.
glected and abused children in St. Louis
and only in major cities. Until recently, Car-
companies have been "learning to orches-
Hardheaded Approach
says.
"We've been throwing money at them for
since the turn of the century. But as the gov-
trate everything they've got," says Kathryn
Corporations were Impressed with the
Other nonprofit organizations have
ter Hawley had a potpourri of charitable in-
ernment and church funds it relied upon
years."
terests; its decision to narrow its approach
But others suggest that in the name of
Troy, a Conference Board researcher.
hardheaded approach and the attention to
changed their focus outright, in part to ap-
dried up in recent years. it had to turn to
was based on bringing its name, in connec-
In the face of all the change in corporate
cash flow, according to Susan Scribner, the
peal more to corporate donors. Chicago
self-help, companies could stray too far
area companies for help.
tion with its charities, to the attention of the
attitudes and practices, the nonprofit agen-
campaign's fund-raising coordinator, and
Youth Centers, which works with children
from old-fashioned philanthropy. Many
The home got some nibbles of interest,
people who really count in its business-the
small grass-roots community organizations
cies themselves have learned a thing or two
they came through with $150,000, enough to
from poor families, is shifting from offering
according to Mildred Volkmann, a trustee,
about orchestrating. The Midwest Women's
put the drive over the top and get the build-
mainly recreational programs to stressing
decidedly upscale.
may be particularly ill-served by the new
but she says potential donors were clearly
Center, a Chicago service and advocacy
ing built. Now Miss Scribner is herself a
education, job skills and counseling. Those
"There's been a real determination to
trend, fears Pablo Eisenberg, president of
wary of its management. The Youth Home
bring the contributions program in concert
the National Committee for Responsive Phil-
group, spent more than 100 hours filling out
consultant, showing other nonprofit agencies
purposes seem to play better in the execu-
carried heavy real-estate debt, didn't gener-
how to apply such techniques.
tive suites, says agency director Victor
with corporate goals," says Jeanette McEl-
anthropy. By their nature, such organiza-
its winning application for Esmark's "Excel-
ate any of its own funds and was run by
tions can't wow donors with an aura of slick-
lence Award." The money it received was
The advice can pay off. "Corporations
Peterson, and that is vital. "Over the next
wee, Carter Hawley's corporate contribu-
board members who had no professional
ness, nor can they very well use words of
are more attracted to an agency that has a
four or five years, there will be agencies
tions manager. "You have to look at the sec-
nice, an official says, but more important
training and were of advancing years, like
ond layer: Is this good for Broadway? Is it
spirit of entrepreneurism," says Linda
that go out of business," he says. "We feel
advice as currency. "The emphasis on man-
was the stamp of approval for the center's
the 72-year-old Mrs. Volkmann.
Youngblood, executive director of Kids in
the moves we have made will make us more
good for Neiman-Marcus?" (Both are Car-
agement is fine," Mr. Eisenberg says, "but
management that will help attract other cor-
"I'd be in meetings with five or six men.
ter Hawley units.)
porate funds.
the Middle, a St. Louis concern that counsels
competitive."
what they really need is money."
and they'd ask me, 'What training do you
Still, the trend toward cash alternatives
Some organizations have learned how to
children of divorced parents.
As a result of companies' more tough-
have for this job?' she recalls. "I'd tell
Gaining recognition for one's good works
continues apace. A St. Louis utility has
get businesslike in a hurry. In 1981, the
In that spirit, she has persuaded a super-
minded targeting, some losers are already
them we were just instruments of God."
also helps explain another trend: compa-
nies' growing insistence that nonprofit agen-
given some of its discarded furniture to lo-
Young Women's Christian Association of
market to let Kids in the Middle advertise
beginning to show up. Hospitals, long a phil-
Corporations gave the Youth Home the cold
cal charities; food companies have stepped
Washington, D.C., studied the feasibility of
its services on grocery bags. And Miss
anthropic pet, have come upon harder
shoulder. It closed in December.
cles be soundly managed and have strong
prospects for survival before the companies
make donations. "Corporations don't want
to put money behind an organization that's
going to go under in a year," says Sheila
Leahy of the Chicago Donors Forum, coop-
erative association of grant makers.
Management Skills
In many cases, therefore, companies are
putting more emphasis on contributing to
agencies' management skills than on just
contributing a bundle of cash, as in the old
days. For example, Los Angeles-based
Times-Mirror Co. hosted a five-day manage-
ment and fund-raising seminar for officials
from 14 Independent Living Centers, which
advise the disabled on living alone. Atlantic
Richfield Co. recently gave Para los Ninos,
a Los Angeles child-care program for skid-
row youngsters, a $42,000 grant, with the
proviso the money be used to hire a profes-
sional development director.
In the last two years, Esmark Inc. has
earmarked about 6% of its philanthropic
budget to go to nonprofits for the express
purpose of obtaining management consul-
tants and business training. Last year, the
Chicago-based holding company created
"Excellence Awards," offering three $10,000
(English) Penthouse vol. 19, no.6
File
CRISIS
MACHINE
When US troops invaded Commonwealth Grenada, Margaret Thatcher
may well have been locked out of the action by a computer. That
computer is America's new crisis machine, a system so powerful and
quick to respond that it could be set in motion without consulting even
the President. Field tested for the first time in the Caribbean conflict, this
computer will now orchestrate all military operations involving the US
and probably NATO. As the much-vaunted safeguard of consultation
with Downing Street becomes little more than a joke, Penthouse talks to
the man behind the machine that could create global war: a convinced
Mormon who converses with deceased relatives and firmly believes that
the end of the world is at hand.
BY ROLAND PERRY
ILLUSTRATION BY PAUL TUPLING
he Old Executive Office Building on
nal conflict, the most important aspect of the
11
the corner of Pennsylvania Avenue
Presidency in the nuclear age.
and 17th Street in Washington DC is a
The system - based on six Digital com-
colonial style antiquity with surface-to-air
puters - enables the US President and his
missiles on its roof to protect the President
aides to respond so quickly to potential
next door in the White House. Security in the
danger in any world trol. lespot that it begs
OEB itself is tight, for many of the US's top
the question of whether there would be any
administrators, including vice-president
consultation at all, with say a British Prime
George Bush, have offices there. Tucked
Minister, in the fast build to a nuclear crisis on
away quietty in one corner of the second
European soil. Beal's Crisis Management
floor is Room 200, a splendid suite of offices
Center - in an even larger suite along the
with plush carpeting and high ceilings, in
corridor from his office - had its first major
which is found Dr Richard Smith Beal, whose
test in October 1983, when US troops
title is Special Assistant to the President,
demonstrated that President Reagan's ad-
Crisis Management and Planning. Beal, 38,
ministration was willing and able to use force
is like a tranquilised young Mickey Rooney:
for the first time in history to impose its will on
short, chubby, outgoing and confident. Yet
that part of the British Empire now known as
his benign appearance and manner mask
the Commonwealth Caribbean. The opera-
his real, increasing power and importance.
tion had been nursed in secret at the CIA, the
This devout Mormon and former academic
State Department and the Pentagon in
is responsible for setting up a system to con-
Washington where for four and a half years
trol and computerise international and inter-
officials had been seeking ways of putting an
CRISIS
and again in March 1983. When asked about
dent, US Army Colonel Jose Muratti, the per-
events which could lead to World War III he
son carrying the black attache case known
made it clear that the speed and advance of
as the 'Football', was separated from the
CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE
technology had taken decision-making out of
President. The 'Football' contained the top
the hands of elected and traditional authority
secret 'Gold Codes' and the President's in-
end to the left-wing government of Grenada.
and placed it in the memory banks of
structions to communicate with the US Na-
One feature of Beal's new network was that
sophisticated machines.
tional Command Authority. Members of this
it would synthesise all the data from these
For instance, in the event of Soviet forces
body would have had the power to release
various departments, so that the director of
attacking West Germany, the President of
nuclear weapons and execute American
the National Security Council, Robert 'Bud'
the US might not be in a position to stop the
war plans if the assassination attempt had
McFarlane, would be able to fulfil his true role
introduction of nuclear weapons. Decision
proved to be part of a Russian plot to destroy
as the President's National Security Advisor.
on their use, according to Beal, would
the US.
The co-ordination of vital intelligence by the
already be in the field of battle with the NATO
'That incident was misunderstood,' Beal
network facilitated the US invasion of
Commander. There would be no time for
said. 'The "Football" was one of four ways
Grenada at a moment when other crises,
consultation, except possibly to inform
the President could communicate with the
such as the horrific Beirut massacre of US
Washington of a fait accompli.
National Command. If he is incapacitated, he
and French troops, may otherwise have
'The President would have that kind of
and all the others in the chain of command
seen it abandoned. The success of the
situation already defined for him by the
have successors. There are many
Grenada attack, which was in effect a trial
Defence Department,' Beal said. 'He would
back-ups.
run for other possibly bigger operations,
know what the priorities and options were.'
When asked what would happen if Soviet
ensured that the NSC's computer network
Decisions are made in advance to save
forces had attacked NATO forces in Europe
would be institutionalised. From that fateful
time. All possible scenarios have been con-
at the same time as the attempted
week in October 1983, every conflict would
sidered in wargames on the computer where
assassination, Beal said, 'Again, as in all
be increasingly monitored and managed by
possible developments are simulated' to
cases, the President does not have his finger
machines. For better or for worse, this vital
prepare a plan of action. If such plans were
on the button. Commanders in the field have
operation of the Presidency was now being
to fit what was happening in the field, the
the authority to take the necessary opera-
greatly influenced and manipulated by com-
Commanders - not just in Europe, but
tional decisions.'
puter.
wherever in the world an incident escalated
This development makes a mockery of
Further evidence that the Crisis Manage-
very quickly could, under extreme cir-
the claim by our own Government that it has
ment Center has catapulted the US into a
cumstances, start firing nuclear weapons.
the right of veto over the firing of American-
new era of crisis decision-making - that
Beal reiterated the President's position when
could even preclude its allies under certain
he played down the chaos which ensued
Dr Richard Smith Beal (right) explains the
circumstances - was given by Beal in a
after the attempted assassination of Presi-
strategic plan to Director Jack Grossman
lengthy filmed interview in October 1981,
dent Reagan on March 30. 1981. In that inci-
(standing) and journalist Roland Perry.
46
PENTHOUSE
controlled Cruise missiles from British soil. If,
and revelator' has been passed on from
sity, Brigham Young, Beal learned the basis
on specified occasions, not even the US
Joseph Smith to successive Mormon
for the NSC system while doing his PhD at
President has to be consulted before the
Presidents. He had a record 112 revelations.
the University of Southern California. He had
plans for war are executed, it is out of the
Pertinent to Beal's position in the Reagan
a burning interest in international relations
question that a US commander in the field of
administration is the fact that he firmly
- how nations related and reactedto each
battle would bother to contact a British Prime
believes we are in the latter days of the Latter
other, especially in times of political tension.
Minister and ask permission to fire Cruise or
Days. In other words. the apocalypse and
Those who worked with him, such as fellow
any other nuclear weapon. And without a
the Millenium — when Christ is expected to
students Nancy Wilshausen and Frederick
dual-key system, there would be nothing to
return to Earth and rule for a thousand years
Rothe. found him very ambitious and 'in-
stop the weapons being used.
- are upon us. Did Beal think that such
credibly bright'. 'He was easy to get along
This is a crucial point in the nuclear argu-
momentous events could be precipitated by
with and always patient and helpful,'
ment that currently rages between our own
one of the many scenarios of conflict he has
Wilshausen said, 'but he worked so hard and
political parties. Pointers to the fact that a
'wargamed' on computer as part of the
put on SO much weight that I worried about
British Prime Minister would have no control
development of his crisis system?
his health.'
over the weapons that are sunk deep in
'Oh yes, he said with conviction, 'it could.'
Beal quickly taught himself to program
British soil have been ignored, discredited
This is another indication of quite how far
computers at USC because he became
and ridiculed by many involved in the debate.
apart the US and UK political scenes are. It's
aware early of the advantages of technology
The offhand remarks of US generals concer-
difficult to see any British senior defence civil
in his field. Computers were tailor-made for
ning our almost complete lack of control over
servant openly predicting the imminent end
this modern clean-cut Mormon. His mind
Cruise and Pershing have gone unpublished,
of the world. It's also difficult for us to com-
had been trained, indeed indoctrinated, to be.
and the missiles tour the roads in the
prehend how someone who thinks that Ar-
ordered and structured. He eschewed what
Berkshire night.
mageddon - just around the corner,
he saw as the common vices of society
But the development of the crisis machine
remember may be brought about by
alcohol, drugs, sex before marriage anc
has altered the chain of command ir-
anything else which he felt could possibly
revocably. No-one who knows of its ex-
mar his efficiency in his private or working
istence — and one wonders quite how many
life. To him and other Mormons of the 1980s.
Westminster politicians do can now claim
computers were objects of utter perfection,
that we will know anything about the missiles
machines of infallible logic and discipline. If
leaving their silos in time to do anything about
used properly, they promised to speed the
it. It's more likely that the first we'll hear
march of Mormon progress in life and
about it is the enemy missiles arriving at our
business, and thus expand Mormonism. Its
own population centres.
Again, as in all cases, the
members, for example, have built a vast
Beal's crisis computer set-up has thus fur-
President does not have his finger
computerised genealogical library in the side
ther enhanced America's isolation from its
of a Utah mountain to enable them to trace
on the button.
allies in decision-making. Just as in the
dead ancestors whom they can baptise into
Grenada invasion, the new network's in-
the Church.
volvement in a European conflict would most
Once master of the modern metal beasts.
likely preclude consultation for reasons of
Beal went on to make a science of interna-
secrecy, speed and the necessity to avoid
tional relations. Tantalised by being able to
disagreement which could delay a pre-
predict world crises, Beal applied computers
planned computer operation. Quarrels over
to WEIS (World Event/Interaction Survey). Its
the Falklands operation, and Grenada,
aim was to gather information and turn it into
demonstrated clearly that the US
nuclear war could be put in charge of the
a graph on a computer terminal screen. The
and the UK have major differences in their
technology that would be responsible for
idea was that the graph's peaks and troughs
geopolitical outlook. In both those wars there
starting it.
represented heights and depths of activity
was time for consultation. In the case of the
Religious fanatics in the Whitehouse, the
between nations. Too much talking between
Falklands conflict, arguments were heard
President programmed by backstage string-
diplomats or even too little could mean, for
but not resolved. Where Grenada was con-
pullers — this is the scenario we are used to
example, that a war was brewing
cerned, the British were ignored at key
laughing at on satirical comedy shows. In the
somewhere in the world. In short, Beal aim-
moments. In a nuclear war crisis, where
quiet countenance, the religious fervour and
ed to be a soothsayer of war. While others on
argument would be just as likely, consulta-
the technological expertise of Richard Smith
the campus were getting their kicks from
tion in the quick lead up to conflict would
Beal, all this has become a reality. When
grass, he was getting high on the possibility
again be unlikely. Once a superpower had its
men like Beal - committed, honest and ex-
of seeing coming conflict in his computeris-
computer system set on a war path there
tremely frightening - are in charge,
ed crystal ball. At first the information or 'in-
would be little chance of human intervention.
perhaps these really are the latter days of the
telligence' for his experimental system was
What then is the background of Richard
Latter Days.
restricted to collecting clippings from the
Smith Beal, the person who has pushed the
Perhaps significantly Beal's position in
Times and the New York Times, and filing
US war machine into such an important new
charge of crisis means he is one of the few
them under different headings. These show-
operational dimension? First and foremost
people in US Government who would be part
ed whether nations were talking, fighting or
he is an extremely religious member of the
of a secret survival plan in a nuclear war in an
cooperating. While on face value the basic
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
attempt to keep the administration function-
data seemed flimsy, the two newspapers,
- the Mormons. His great, great grand-
ing when the missiles start firing.
particularly the London Times, had a great
father was shot with Joseph Smith (hence
Beal is also convinced that the US
tradition of covering events sometimes with
Beal's middle name) the founder of the faith,
Government will almost collapse (according
greater depth and accuracy than govern-
and Beal, like other Mormons. claims to be in
to Church doctrine, 'the US Constitution will
ment intelligence agencies, for reporters
contact with dead ancestors. He sees and
hang as if by a thread'), but will be saved by
could often go where MI6 and the CIA could
speaks with them in the middle of the night.
the Mormons. Would Beal be one of the
not. The scores of categories were collected
Such visions are accepted as not unusual by
saviours?
from these papers and then programmed in-
many in the Mormon church. Its President,
If I am not,' he said with quiet certainty,
to the computer where they could be seen as
Spencer W. Kimball, claims to have revela-
'those I teach, will.'
trends on a graph. By linking all the
tions from God. The power of 'prophet, seer
After studying at the main Mormon univer-
categories such as 'force', 'request', 'deny',
47
main issues. Beal's dedication caused him
anywhere in the world, whether they be the
to become precipitately involved in trying to
China-Vietnam border, the Iran-Iraq war,
see that some of Reagan's more extreme
Beirut or Belfast. The strategist hoped that by
CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE
aims were achieved, and this brought him in-
the second half of 1983 the President would
to conflict with some of the more moderate
not just be relying on data coming individual-
'demand', 'warn', 'threaten', which showed
staff in the White House.
ly from the military, the CIA, or the NSA. The
the relationship between certain nations
At the depth of his trouble, Beal seriously
National Security Council would have the
over several years, it was possible to learn
considered returning to teach at Brigham
capability to integrate and sift all the data
something from the peaks and troughs.
Young, but in October 1982, William Clark,
coming into the White House - in keeping
When the bumps on the graph were spotted.
then Reagan's security advisor, asked him to
with the NSC's true role - so that the
the theory went, potential areas of trouble
join the National Security Council (NSC).
Commander-in-Chief (Reagan) could press a
could be isolated. This was about as far as it
Clark knew of Beal's expertise in crisis
button and see the options at his disposal in a
could go in the university computer room.
management, and he encouraged him to
crisis. Beal in fact did not want the system to
However, some useful indications emerged
create a computer system which could be
produce just summaries. He was determin-
from those basic patterns. For example,
relied on to give Reagan answers and op-
ed to introduce computerised maps of the
Beal was excited by the fact that if the US
tions in times of international, and even inter-
trouble spots which would allow the Presi-
Government had been using such a system,
nal strife.
dent to make an instant decision on, for in-
it may well have been able to predict the sur-
Clark was what the White House
stance, where an invasion force might be
prise attack on Israel by Egypt in the Yom
described as a 'passive' administrator,
landed. This visual data would be sup-
Kippur War of October 1973. He saw the
which was a euphemism used to hide his
plemented by satellite photos and other data
possibility of taking the WEIS concept to a
ignorance of international politics. At the
which could make or break a mission. Beal
highly sophisticated level so that coming
time of his appointment to the Reagan ad-,
was particularly concerned with the failure of
wars could be accurately predicted and
ministration, Clark candidly admitted: 'I
the US military to free the hostages in Iran. In
acted on. This became Beal's academic
his opinion, if some of the top level decision-
speciality, and he spent much of the 1970s
makers had had a better understanding of
developing his ideas about predicting and
the distances, the soil topography and condi-
'managing' crisis, especially as a Professor
tions in general, the rescue mission might
at Brigham Young.
have been successful. Yet the strategist's
Then a major break came in 1980 when
Dr Richard Wirthlin asked him to join a select
It's difficult for us to comprehend
ambitious project was not merely aimed at
presenting military options to the President.
squad of Mormons who were secretly pro-
how someone who thinks that
He wanted the Commander-in-Chief to push
gramming Ronald Reagan's bid for the
Armageddon may be brought
one button and see the problem, and then be
Presidency. Wirthlin, a close friend of the
about by nuclear war could be put
able to push another and see all the
former actor and Governor of California, was
economic, cultural and political conditions
in charge of the Republican campaign's
in charge of the technology
connected with the troublespot.
planning and strategy from February until
for starting it.
Suppose the President was thinking of in-
November. As such he was the person most
vading a country near the US border
responsible for Reagan becoming President.
because he believed it posed a threat to
The pay-off for this success was the appoint-
America's national interest. The computer
ment of many campaign supporters to im-
system would be able to present the Presi-
portant jobs in the White House. Wirthlin
dent with instant details of actions which
himself remained happily outside govern-
could put economic pressures on the coun-
ment with a more than one million dollar a
don't know any more about the subject (of
try rather than invading it. He could also see
year contract to advise the President and the
foreign affairs) than any casual reader of
the political ramifications of a decision to in-
Republican Party, and it was he who asked
Time and Newsweek.' Emphasis should be
vade, such as the effect diplomatically on
that Beal be given a special place inside the
placed on 'casual', to understand the sud-
allies and enemies. Beal's aim was to avoid
White House. Reagan agreed, and a totally
den elevation of Beal to a position of pro-
the President being backed into a corner and
new office Planning and Evaluation -
mirience in foreign policy concerning crisis.
left thinking he had just one military option
was set up. It put the young academic very
By May 1983 the system, using the six
open to him in the event of a crisis requiring
close to the seat of power as a special ad-
computers, scores of terminals, General
immediate decisions. The strategist's idea
viser to the President. This began well for
Electric scanners and processors, was in
was to provide quick diplomatic and trade
Beal and he took part in some of the major
place within a short walk from Beal's office.
options which could possibly avoid confron-
planning by the White House including the
The scanners could 'read' and electronically
tation and military risks.
US's confrontation with Libya in the Bay of
edit intelligence coming, in standard form,
The same principles were to apply to inter-
Sitre in August, 1981, in which two Libyan
from all US Government sources worldwide.
nal US crisis, and Beal has been asked to
jets were shot down.
The CIA, the NSA, the military and State
monitor the potential troublespot of the 1984
After a year, however, Beal's over-
Department would be sending input to the
Olympics. In 1983, those in charge of securi-
zealous activity and inexperience in govern-
system. WEIS had come a long way since
were preparing for it as if they were certain
ment saw him in conflict with others around
the primitive days of newspaper cuttings,
of a terrorist attack. The Olympic Law En-
Reagan such as White House Chief of Staff,
although reliable information from journalists
forcement Coordinating Council began
James Baker. Beal's problems were, in part,
would still be used in the new advanced
cooperating with Beal and the President. 27
attributable to his faith: he took his role in
system. When the huge amount of data ar-
subcommittees in charge of everything from
government very seriously and adhered
rived daily the processors and scanners
intelligence to communications were set up.
strictly to the Mormon Church's Doctrine of
would strip away excess words to the bare
If the worst happens, as it did in Munich in
the Covenants, which dictated that 'All men
essentials and store the information on com-
1972 when Israeli athletes were taken
should uphold their govern-
puter. A message would appear on TV ter-
hostage, Reagan will be better prepared
ments governments were instituted of
minal screens telling the users that filing had
than any previous leader of a nation hosting
God for the benefit of men.' Inextricably
taken place. The detail could be flashed up
an Olympics.
bound to this was his total, almost blind
instantly if requested.
When Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was
dedication to Reagan, who happened to be
Beal aimed to link and synthesise informa-
murdered in Grenada last year, the Crisis
well disposed to the Church's views in all
tion so he could monitor trouble spots
Management Center had been running for
48
PENTHOUSE
just a few months. It had been monitoring
that this 'drunken gunman' was not. accor-
President and his country, that was worship
developments on the tiny Caribbean island
ding to the crisis system, part of a wider
to his God at the gleaming white Mormon
ever since becoming operational, and the
plot or disturbance. The President still had
Washington Temple. Beal intended to pray
system was ready for its first big test. Beal
a green light for Grenada if he wanted to
hard for the good judgment of himself and his
was summoned back to the OEB on the night
make the final decision to invade.
President, and the smooth operation of the
of October 19 by NSC boss McFarlane as
Everyone at the clubhouse breathed a sigh
computer system.
the US considered plans for invasion. No-
of relief.
As more timely data filtered through from
one in the computer crisis team except Beal
'As if we didn't have enough on our
the Crisis Center during Sunday, Reagan
knew action was likely and he kept it to
hands,' Reagan said to McFarlane.
firmed on a final decision. At six pm he sign-
himself, for secrecy was vital for a suc-
Early the next morning a far more serious
ed an order which put the invasion plan into
cessful attack on the island. Through the
event occurred when a Mercedes pick-up
action. Operation 'Urgent Fury' was under-
night and well into Thursday 20, data
truck packed with explosives was driven into
way. Once the American forces were on the
started building up in the crisis system
the US Marine HQ building, in Beirut. The col-
island early on Tuesday 25 October, the
from terminals linked to other areas of
lision at the front entrance killed 250
computer again played an important role as
government such as the CIA, State and
marines. Within minutes the horror story was
intelligence from Grenada and all over the
Defence Departments, which in turn
flashed to the Crisis Center. Beal, who like
world flowed into the system, and succinct
gathered data from satellite links to
the President was having little or no sleep,
summaries were passed to the President.
military, diplomatic and CIA sources, par-
was again on his way into the OEB in the mid-
The speed and precision of the system
die of the night. The next few hours were
and the breadth of data, which included
ticularly in the Caribbean. The crisis com-
puters distilled pertinent details about
spent in urgent telephone conversations
reaction from allies and enemies, allowed
Grenada, including information concerning
with Beirut, Paris, London and Washington.
Reagan to stay on top of events which rang-
its armed forces, constitution, economic and
Reagan now had second thoughts about the
ed from military to diplomatic and public rela-
trade conditions, culture and most impor-
Grenada invasion. 'Could we be in danger of
tions decisions. Just two days after the inva-
tant to the President the number and loca-
sion, the President was able to go on TV in
tion of American citizens. Late in the day
prime time to the nation and the world and do
Reagan asked Vice President Bush to con-
his familiar and effective 'selling' of the
E
vene a Special Situation Group which was to
operation. Reagan kept it simple. 'Grenada,'
meet in the OEB. Based on the intelligence at
he said, 'was a Soviet Cuban colony being
hand, the decision was made to prepare for
readied as a major military bastion to export
invasion and it was agreed that the US
terror and undermine democracy.' Then he
should let the Organisation of Eastern Carib-
added theatrically, 'We got there just in time.'
bean States (OECS) know that it was willing
Could we be in danger
Polling surveys quickly indicated that
to use force to restore order and protect
of having too much
Reagan had great support for his action and
American citizens. All these states were con-
on Friday 28 October, McFarlane visited the
blood on our hands?
cerned that the new extreme-leftist regime
Crisis Center to thank Beal on behalf of the
that had taken over in Grenada posed a
President for the 'timely and vital data' that
threat to them. It was not difficult therefore to
had come to him at the most critical times in
get them to 'ask' the US to invade Grenada,
the week of high pressure. Shaking hands
and also to supply a token force to accom-
with Beal, the National Security Advisor said,
pany the Americans on their mission. The in-
'That's the first time in American history that
vitation from OECS came in the early hours
a crisis has been truly managed. Traditional-
of Saturday 22 October and was received by
ly all the heads of departments such as the
Secretary of State George Shultz at Augusta
having too much blood on our hands?' an
CIA, Defence and State had jealously guard-
National Golf Club in Georgia. Reagan was
aide asked him.
ed their intelligence and data from one
informed and pictures of the Commander-in-
McFarlane could see no logical reason for
another. Now for the first time all information
Chief in his pyjamas being briefed by Shultz
not going ahead with Grenada unless the
had been channelled to the National Security
were taken to authenticate the well-staged
Crisis Center found some new piece of in-
Advisor, allowing him to monitor - via the
moment. They had ostensibly been at the
telligence which would deter action. By 9am
system - the whole spectrum of events on
Golf Club for a relaxing weekend.
on Sunday 23 October, when Reagan, Shultz
the President's behalf. This significantly in-
Beal was awakened at 4am by a call from
and McFarlane were back in Washington for
creased the control and speed of the inva-
Bush's office and was asked to report in per-
a special meeting of the NSC - this time in
sion and its aftermath.
son immediately. He found the OEB a hive of
the Situation (or War) Room in the White
Although unaware of the secret
activity as pressure built for action in the
House basement - the intelligence from
technology behind the decision, sections of
Caribbean. The vice president and
Beal indicated that world conditions had
the stunned and surprised world press were
McFarlane wanted a wide range of in-
been stable since the Beirut Massacre. The
unconvinced when they came to review the
telligence regularly supplied to them.
military was prepared for the Caribbean
speedily executed affair. Some saw it as too
McFarlane had been in the top NSC job only
assault. All through the night, the computer
hasty, others saw it as unnecessary. The
a week after Reagan had posted Clark to the
system had read, rejected, sifted and syn-
Cuban missile crisis of 1962 (when the Soviet
Department of the Interior, and the 45-year-
thesised intelligence from innumerable
Union tried to place their nuclear warheads
old former marine Colonel was concerned to
sources worldwide, and McFarlane was
on Cuba aimed at the US) was cited warily as
cover all contingencies, and not let the focus
confidently able to tell Reagan that events
a conflict where decisions made too fast
on Grenada neglect potential problems
were 'under control and manageable.
could have led to a deadly confrontation with
elsewhere. He was well aware that an inade-
At midday during the height of the tension,
the Soviet Union.
quate performance now could finish his pro-
Beal was in the Cordell Hull Conference
Commenting on that crisis, the then
mising career.
Room next door to the computer suite when
Secretary of State, George Ball, wrote: 'Had
The first test came when a gunman took
he suddenly announced to two of the crisis
we fixed on a response during the first 48
hostages at the Gold Club's pro shop, a
group: 'I've got to be away for three hours,
hours we almost certainly would have made
half mile from where the President was
and no-one will be able to contact me.' When
the wrong decision. Crisis planners, he said,
playing a game with Shultz. Reagan was
asked where he was going, Beal replied,
must
carefully examine all the conse-
informed that the man wanted to speak
'Church with my family. Being Sunday, only
quences and look far beyond the initial ac-
with him. McFarlane quickly ascertained
one thing came above his commitment to his
tion.' At first, the planners in 1962 assumed
CONTINUED ON PAGE 146
49
CRISIS
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 49
the US would have to take direct military ac-
tion. in the early moments of that 13 day af-
fair, President Kennedy described an air
strike on the missiles already on Cuba as
something 'we're certainly going to do.' But
as time, diplomacy and discussion took their
course, other options emerged which placed
military action down the list.
Yet despite this justified and inevitable
press skepticism, the crisis computer
system, which in this case significantly
helped facilitate the operation from invasion
to diplomacy afterwards. is here to stay. The
success of the Grenada exercise in the eyes
of the key White House planners has
ushered in a new era in world international
politics. O+
Copyright © Roland Perry, 1984.
(Roland Perry's book, The Programming of
the President, was published in May, by
Aurum press. It chronicles the dramatic
rise to prominence of America's new
power brokers, focussing on the titanic
struggle between the key strategist behind
Ronald Reagan - Dr Richard Wirthlin -
and the mastermind behind the rise from
obscurity of Jimmy Carter and Gary Hart
- Patrick Caddell.)
Doctor Beal and Roland Perry go into detail
OIFIG AN CHINN CHOMHAIRLE
(OFFICE OF CHAIRMAN OF DÁIL EIREANN)
<<<<
TIGH LAIGHEAN
(Leinster House)
BAILE ATHA CLIATH 2
(Dublin 2)
18th June, 1984
The Honourable Michael Deaver,
Deputy Chief of Staff and
not
Assistant to the President of
the United States of America,
White House,
Washington D.C.
Dear Mr. Deaver,
I wish to thank the President for his kindness in presenting
gifts to our Parliament and to myself. They will be
treasured by us as reminders of a memorable occasion long
after the excitement of the visit has died down.
I would ask you to convey to the President and Mrs. Reagan
our kindest regards and best wishes.
Yours sincerely,
Jon
Tom Fitzpatrick
Chairman of Dail Eireann.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
dell
June 28, 1984
MEMORANDUM FOR MICHAEL K. DEAVER
FROM:
J. DOUGLAS HOLLADAY
SUBJECT:
The Relationship of Religion to Politics
in America
Boston sociologist Peter Burger claimed that for most
Americans religion was " privately engaging yet
socially irrelevant." A decade ago this statement was
a fairly accurate assessment of Christian activism in
America. The following seeks to explore the important
relationship of Americans with religious faith to the
contemporary political environment. This data was
assembled for the purpose of better understanding the
Christian world's emerging political and social
consciousness and strength, a new phenomenon of the
last ten years.
1
I.
How religious are the American people?
Historically, religion has been an important force in the
public and private lives of Americans. Toqueville's
observations in the 1830's are equally valid today: "The
religious atmosphere of the country was the first thing that
struck me on arrival " Or more recently, the Connecticut
Mutual Study of 1981 noted: "We are not so much a nation of
rich or poor, male or female, of even liberal or
conservative. Rather, we are increasingly a nation with
different levels of religious commitment, " We are
indeed a religious people.
Consider the following:
-- 45 million Americans (26% of the 174 million Americans
14 and older) describe themselves as "intensely
religious" (Connecticut Mutual Life 1981)
-- 3 out of 4 adults describe themselves as religious
(Connecticut Mutual Life 1981).
-- 3 in 5 Americans say that religion is important in their
lives (Gallup 1982).
-- 1 in 6 adults read the Bible daily (Gallup 1982).
-- 51% of adults think religion will be more important in
their lives 5 years hence (Gallup 1982).
--
69% of Americans state that religious faith is the most
important influence in their lives (Gallup 1982).
-- 9 out of 10 Americans state a religious preference (59%-
Protestant, 28%-Catholics, and 2%-Jews), , (Gallup 1982).
-- The Baptist denomination is the largest protestant
affiliation -- 19% of the total adult populace -- The
Methodists are second with 10% (Gallup 1982).
-- Number of Evangelicals
- 30-65 million evangelical Christians in America
(Newsweek 9/15/80).
- 17% of our adult populace identify themselves as
evangelicals (27 million adults), (Gallup 1982). .
- 60-80 million evangelical Christians in America
(Christian Voice 1983).
-- 1/4 of adult populace claim to lead a "highly Christian
life" (Gallup 1982).
2
-- Amount of money given to churches in 1981
$24.85
billion (Gallup 1982) .
-- There are 336,281 churches in America, consisting of
134, 816, 943 members, (7 of 10 Americans claim membership
in a Church or Synagogue), (Gallup 1982).
-- 41% of the Church members attend services each week
(Gallup 1982). .
-- 40% of Americans participate in a regular religious
meeting outside of formal worship (Gallup 1982).
-- 13.3. million Americans watch religious programs (1984
University of Pennsylvania School of Communications
Poll).
-- 32% (1/3) of Americans say they have watched religious
programs on television within the last 7 days (Gallup
1982) .
-- There are 1300 Christian television and radio networks
and stations.
- - 83% of adults favor religious instruction for youth
(Gallup December 1981).
-- Half of all teens attend church weekly (Gallup Youth
Survey 1981)
--
Breakouts:
174 million American adults
135 million church members
50-80 million evangelicals
- - Less than half the public (44%) attend church
frequently, yet 3/4 (74%) consider themselves to be
religious.
-- Southerners are twice as likely as Northerners to be
highly religious (35% versus 17%), while people from the
Midwest and the West fall between these 2 extremes (28%
and 22% respectively).
-- Blacks are far more likely to be highly religious than
whites (42% versus 25%).
-- Women are more inclined than men to be highly religious
(34% versus 19%).
-- Those with lower, rather than higher incomes are more
likely to be highly religious (33% versus 19%).
3
-- Those with lower, rather than higher, levels of
education are more likely to be highly religious (32%
versus 18%)
-- Moral Majority - 2 million members (1980)
II. Reasons for the re-emergence of Religious America
(Connecticut Mutual Survey)
--
"Owes itself.
to the uncertainties and dilemmas of
modern existence in a society saturated with choices. "
-- Desire for order and roots.
-- Reaction to the permissiveness of the 60's.
-- "Bewildered by the confusion of the present, large
numbers of citizens now find solace in the firm
convictions of their ancestors.' "
III. Where evangelicals stand on the issues.
1. Traditional Values
"In the end, however, the nation saw an overwhelming
victory for President Reagan -- a candidate who, our
survey suggests, was not elected for his known and
admired qualities, but rather, it would appear, because
he was successful in sounding a 'call to faith' in
traditional American values" (Connecticut Mutual
Survey).
"
most religious citizens demonstrate that a return
to traditional certainties is one way to forge a sense
of community" (Connecticut Mutual Survey).
64% favor excluding homosexuals from teaching in public
schools (Gallup).
"It is this special combination of political turmoil
and economic decline that makes the swelling support
for traditional values
so compelling as a
contemporary concern" (Connecticut Mutual Survey).
"Most of our people voted for traditional family
values" (Jerry Falwell, U.S. News and World, 11/17/80).
2. The Family
The most religious are far more likely than the least
religious to say it is very important to do things as a
family group (93% versus 58%), (Connecticut Mutual
Survey).
4
9 in 10 (92%) Americans say they would welcome "more
emphasis on traditional family ties" (Gallup 1982).
The figure for evangelicals is even higher: 96%.
"This report clearly demonstrates that it is via
religious commitment that some Americans have been able
to retain their faith in family, community, work, and
in the American political process" (Gallup 1982).
A majority of Americans feel that is it is very
important to do things as a family unit (74%). Those
identified as religious are even higher: 93%.
3. Tuition Tax Credits
A clear 52.8% - 37.1% of the Torrance sample support
tuition tax credits for parents who "chose to send
their children to private or parochial schools"
(Torrance Survey 1983).
White evangelicals showed a strong 53.9% - 36.2%
preference for tax credits while black respondents
opposed those credits by a margin of 7 percentage
points (48.5% against, 41.2% in favor), (Torrance
Survey 1983).
The more important religion is in a respondent's life,
the more likely he or she was to support tuition tax
credits.
Tuition Tax Credits
Evangelicals
Fundamentalists
Strongly favor
37.6
44.7
Favor
15.2
11.2
4. Equal Rights Amendment
Evangelicals generally support the ERA by a margin of
two-to-one (55.5% - 26.2%), (Torrance Survey 1983).
5. Abortion
Should be illegal, all circumstances
27.3%
Should be illegal, some circumstances
39.1%
Those respondents who favored outlawing abortion
completely tended to be older and have less formal
education. They also tended to have a lower family
income. While evangelicals are split on the legality
of abortion, there is general agreement that government
funds should not be used to pay for abortions for those
5
who cannot afford them.
While 47% of all evangelicals favor a ban on abortions,
52% oppose any limitation on abortions (Gallup 1982). .
Abortion
Evangelicals
Fundamentalists
Oppose under all circumstances
23.8
23.9
Abortion should be allowed
50.0
53.8
6. The "Work Ethic"
Americans frequently feel that they do their jobs well
(91%) , (Connecticut Mutual Survey).
Americans find their work interesting (73%)
Americans believe their work contributes to society
(68%) .
Americans feel a dedication to their jobs (76%)
(Demographic factors do not distinguish the most
satisfied worker from the unsatisfied. Men and women,
those with lower or higher levels of education and
income, blacks and whites, old and young, and
blue-collar and white-collar workers all show striking
similarities in their feelings toward their work.)
The most religious Americans are more likely to feel a
sense of dedication to their work (97% versus 66%).
66% of the populace would welcome more emphasis on
working hard (Gallup).
7. Increased Spending for Social Programs
The nation is divided over this issue, yet among
evangelicals 50% oppose increased government spending
on social programs (Gallup 1982).
8. Pornography
86% of all evangelicals favored tougher pornography
laws (Gallup 1982). .
77% of the general populace favor tougher
pornography laws (Gallup 1982).
6
The most religious are much more likely to find
pornographic movies immoral (87% versus 46%),
(Connecticut Mutual Survey).
9. School Prayer
The evangelical sample was in almost total agreement on
the subject of school prayer. A huge 91.4% of the
sample thought that "voluntary prayer should be allowed
in the public schools," while only 5.8% disagreed. In
July, a 1983 Gallup Poll found that 81% of the adult
population, irrespective of any religious affiliations,
favored prayer in schools. Interestingly, 79% of
whites and 91% of non-whites supported the amendment.
Voluntary Prayer in Public Schools
Evangelicals
Fundamentalists
Strongly favor
76.9%
78.7
Favor
14.8
14.2
10. Nuclear Freeze
The total evangelical sample was split almost evenly
between those favoring a freeze on Soviet and American
nuclear weapons "even if that means the U.S. has
slightly fewer weapons" (Torrance Survey 1983).
11. Defense Spending
When evangelicals were asked whether the United States
should increase or decrease the amount of money spent
on defense, a narrow 39.3%-33.4% plurality supported
greater defense spending. Support was greatest
throughout the South. The differences between the
sexes is relatively moderate. (Torrance Survey 1983).
Defense Spending
Evangelicals
Fundamentalists
Strongly increase
27.2
35.5
Increase
12.1
9.1
Unsure
27.3
27.4
Decrease
11.2
8.6
Decrease Strongly
22.2
19.3
7
12. El Salvador and Central America
Evangelicals showed surprising levels of support for
the sending of military support or foreign aid and
advisors "to El Salvador and other Central American
countries in order to stop the spread of communism".
Evangelical respondents opposed sending American troops
by a surprisingly narrow margin (44.0%-39.4%) (Torrance
Survey 1983), but one third of those opposing troops
indicated that they would support military aid and
military advisors to Central America.
IV. Priorities for Evangelicals
Most Important Things to Change (Specific Issues)
1. Prayer in School
9.7%
2. Help Unemployed
7.4%
3. Abortion
6.3%
4. Taxation
6.0%
5. Moral/Social Issues
3.6%
6. Nuclear Arms/War
3.3%
7. Economy
8. Education/Schools
2.9%
9. Reform Welfare
2.7%
10. Religious Influence
2.6%
Most Important Things to Change (General Categories)
1. Social Issues
23.9%
2. Economy
19.2%
3. Foreign Policy
8.0%
4. Crime
4.1%
5.
Help Needy
6. Honesty/Integrity/
3.8%
Clean up D.C.
7. Schools/Education
3.7%
8. Reform Welfare
2.7%
9. Environment
0.6%
10. Don't Know/Nothing
21.3%
11. Other
8.6%
V.
Party Affiliation of Evangelicals (Torrance Survey 1983)
Registered Democrats
52.9%
Registered Republicans
33.3%
Independent
11.4%
Party registration is not directly related to
religiousness. The traditionally important variables
of education, occupation, income and race explained the
partisan division of evangelicals.
How evangelicals voted in the 1980 Election
8
44.1%
Reagan
32.7%
Carter
Democratic candidates draw support from evangelical
voters and from the various categories of highly
religious Christian voters. These voters have long
identified themselves as Democrats, and the Republican
Party must provide them with an important reason to
crossover and vote Republican, or else many Christian
voters will continue to vote according to their
tradition and history.
VI. Evangelical Religion's Bearing upon Politics
Evangelicals are a good deal more conservative in their
religious ideology than they are in their political
philosophy (Gallup).
Evangelicals
Religion
Politics
Total Right
69%
58%
Far Right
42%
20%
Moderate Right
27%
38%
Political Philosophy (Gallup)
Far Right
Substantially Right
Mainline Protestants
4%
9%
Evangelical
3%
10%
Moderately
Slightly Right
Right
23%
17%
25%
18%
Center
Slightly Left
10%
11%
10%
11%
Moderately
Substantially
Left
Left
9%
3%
10%
2%
Far Left
Don't Know
3%
11%
2%
9%
While 36% of the American people consider it important
to work for the betterment of American society, 61% of
evangelicals place extreme importance on this role
(Gallup 1982) .
Evangelicals: 1984 voter survey (Survey by V. Lance
9
Torrance & Associates, June 1983)
Ronald Reagan
47.0%
Undecided
19.2%
Walter Mondale
33.8%
VII. 1984 Election Projections
Fundamentalists (Sample: N=197) Lance Torrance
Reagan
52.28%
Mondale
31.98%
Undecided
15.74%
Evangelicals
Reagan
47.0%
Mondale
33.8%
Undecided
19.2%
Among Biblical Literalists
(N=405)
Reagan
40.99%
Mondale
36.54%
Undecided
22.47%
Reagan
35.80%
Glenn
41.73%
Undecided
22.47%
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
1. Those in the work force who earn less than $20,000
annually are attracted to Ronald Reagan because of his
emphasis upon traditional values, (family, school
prayer, belief in God, etc.), even though their natural
inclinations and cultural identification are
Democratic. If the President de-emphasizes such
concerns, they will invariably vote their pocketbook
and tradition as Democrats. The religious route
provides access into groups which historically have
opposed the Republican Party.
2. Christians are not a monolithic block. Even
evangelical Christians lack such uniformity. There are
many subgroups and affiliations in the Christian world.
Thus, there is little consensus on the issues. Yet
there are several themes that would provide a rallying
10
point for the entire Christian world (135 million) --
the family, child pornography, school prayer, and
belief in God to name only a few. A sizeable
proportion (20%-25%) of the adult population are
evangelical Christians. This constitutes a potential
voting bloc much larger than blacks, hispanics or
Jewish voters combined.
3. Conservative Christians are more prone to
grassroots activism than any other group in the nation.
While they will likely vote for Reagan, it is an open
question as to whether they will actively work for him.
(21.8% of the evangelicals who were registered
volunteered time for a political candidate), (Torrance
and Associates 1983). The most religious are far more
likely to do volunteer work for a local organization
(38% versus 6%), (Connecticut Mutual Survey).
4. An untapped source of support for Ronald Reagan is
evangelicals within mainline protestant denominations.
Many of them see themselves as moderates and therefore
identify with Mondale rather than Reagan.
Reagan
Undecided
Mondale
Evangelical
56%
20%
25%
Conservatives
Evangelical
32%
24%
46%
Moderates
(Torrance Survey 1983)
This is an important target group: evangelicals within
the mainline denominations.
5. The most religious Americans are far more likely
than the least to believe that the vote is the
main thing that determines how the country is run
(64% versus 32%), (Connecticut Mutual Survey).
The most religious Americans are distinctly more
likely than the least religious to vote in local
elections (77% versus 49%).
6.
Who elected Ronald Reagan
"I don't think any group can take credit. The
religious community and the group which has become
the 'new right' had a profound impact. The people
that put Jimmy in, put Jimmy out. He ignored
these people -- the conservatives and conservative
Christians who put him in -- and they abandoned
him. They turned the tide against him" (James
Robison, television evangelist 11/17/80 U.S. News
and World).
11
Who elected Ronald Reagan (cont.)
Post-election analysis 1980:
Harris
said that the key to the election
(1980) rested in the hands of the 28% of the
white voters who are "followers of the so-called
moral majority TV producers".
CBN News -- New York Times Election Day surveys:
white "born-again" Christians voted for Reagan
over Carter by a 64 to 72 percent margin.
Christian Voice -- Registration Drive
1980 -- Christian Voice registered 2 million
evangelicals.
1984 -- Goal is 5 million evangelicals.
"President Reagan had relatively little formal
contact with religion until he came to public
life, but he considers himself an
"evangelical"
that community supported him in
1980, but is unclear how they will vote this year
because they have been unhappy with the lack of
legislative progress on a number of key
evangelical issues such as school prayer, an
anti-abortion amendment to the U.S. Constitution
and tuition tax credits
"
(Charles Austin,
Religious News Service 2/17/84).
7. The President should continue to address
religious gatherings but use such occasions to
discuss related themes that appeal to a wider
range of Americans, e.g. the importance of the
family, child pornography, traditional values,
how curbing inflation has helped the poor, etc.
NA
OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION Washington, D. C. 20527
CRAIG A. NALEN
President and
Chief Executive Officer
June 25, 1984
Honorable Michael K. Deaver
Deputy Chief of Staff
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mike:
As the enclosed letter indicates, the National
Hispanic Scholarship Fund has apparently con-
tacted your office to see if President Reagan
could keynote their annual dinner in Los Angeles
on September 25.
I simply wanted to let you know that Cliff
Whitehill (who wrote the enclosed letter), is
the General Counsel for General Mills in
Minneapolis. Besides being a principal spokes-
man for Hispanic issues, he is a very highly
respected businessman and attorney on a national
level. He is also a close friend and business
associate of many years.
Obviously, Hispanic issues are receiving a lot
of attention these days, and if the President's
schedule permits, this function could be an
important one. I simply wanted to assure you
that this particular organization (and Cliff
Whitehill) are both very much on the level.
Regards,
Stip Nolen
Craig A. Nalen
Enclosure
II29 20TH STREET, N.W. . WASHINGTON, D.C. 20527 . TELEX-440227 OPIC UI. (202) 653-2900
GENERAL MILLS, INC.
EXECUTIVE OFFICES
9200 Wayzata Boulevard
Minneapolis, Minnesota
C. L. WHITEHILL
Senior Vice President
General Counsel and Secretary
June 19, 1984
Tel. (612) 540-3862
Mr. C. A. Nalen
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
1129 20th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20527
Dear Skip:
At a recent meeting of the National Hispanic Scholarship Fund,
the Executive Director, Ernest Robles, informed the Board that
President Reagan had received an invitation to be the keynote
speaker at our annual dinner in Los Angeles on September 25, 1984.
His office has advised us that the invitation will be seriously
considered and there is a good likelihood of a favorable response
if his schedule allows for a trip to California.
For your private information, at this time we are considering
the nomination of the Chairman of the Board of Coca-Cola to receive
the Hispanic of the Year Award. As I mentioned to you, this dinner
is probably the most important recognition in California (and
elsewhere) of the need for support of Hispanic college education
and the success of the National Hispanic Scholarship Fund.
To give you further information on the Fund, I'm enclosing a
copy of a draft of our first newsletter which will soon go to
press.
Anything you can do to assist the President's office in
reaching a favorable decision to our request will be sincerely
appreciated.
Best regards,
JUN2 1 1984
CLW:gjk
O.P.I.C.
Enclosure
119,
543
Mailing Address: P.O. Box III3, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
NATIONALISPANIC
SCHOLARSHIP PUND
Volume 1
Number 1
Newsletter
1984
NHSF 1983 Scholarships Reach $400,000
The applications have been reviewed,
NHSF Awards Dinner at the Century
Anderson, President, General
the checks have been mailed, and by
Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California.
Telephone of California, served as
now, 652 outstanding Hispanic
In addition to raising scholarship funds,
Honorary Dinner Chair.
American Scholars representing every
the NHSF Awards Dinner traditionally
NHSF is pleased to announce that Mr.
major field of study have directed the
recognizes and honors selected
Manny Caldera, President of AMEX
much-needed scholarship awards they
individuals who through their
Systems, Inc. and longtime NHSF
received from NHSF toward meeting
leadership have made major
supporter will serve as Honorary
their academic goals.
contributions to the Hispanic
Dinner Chair for this year's awards
Like the scholars it works to support,
community. 1983 award recipients
dinner.
NHSF is consistently striving to
included the Honorable Toney Anaya,
Encouraged by last year's generous
improve its performance and judging by
Governor of New Mexico; the
contributions, the NHSF Board of
the awards made in 1983-84, this
Honorable Grace Montanez-Davis,
Directors looks forward to supporting
performance deserves a standing
Deputy Mayor of Los Angeles; and Mr.
the academic endeavors of even more
ovation. Through its generous
George F. Moody, President, Security
outstanding Hispanic students in 1984-
contributors, NHSF was able to present
Pacific National Bank. Mr. David E. 85.
$400,000 in scholarships, a significant
increase over 1982-83 awards which
400.000
totalled $350,000.
Significant growth has become a
familiar pattern at NHSF. Dedicated to
350,000
the single purpose of ráising and
awarding scholarships to outstanding
Hispanic American students from every
300.000
segment of the national Hispanic
American community, NHSF has
inspired the confidence of the major
Scholarship Funds Awarded
1976-1983
245.000
corporations of American business and
Cumulative Total: $1,626.000
industry. Not only has it inspired them
to increase their support year after year,
but it has broadened its base of core
159,000
supporters to include a wide variety of
corporations. Its varied support is in
turn reflected in the awards made to
students in a variety of disciplines where
86,000
Hispanic students have been
traditionally underrepresented.
56,000
On September 25, 1984 NHSF
30.000
1981
1979
1980
supporters will attend the Fifth Annual
1976
1977
1978
Post Office Box 748
San Francisco, CA 94101
400.000
350,000
300,000
Scholarship Funds Awarded
1976-1983
245,000
Cumulative Total: $1,626,000
159,000
86,000
56,000
30,000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
NHSF Scholar Named
time. They were understanding and they
supported me."
Rhodes Scholar
Define Goals Early
Catherine Kissee Sandoval, NHSF
straight course from high school
scholarship recipient for two
through college graduation; that she left
Based on her experience, Cathy advises
consecutive years, was among 31
college for a while but returned to
students, "to understand as soon as
American students named to the
complete her studies with renewed
possible why you are in college and
prestigious Rhodes Scholarship
commitment and rewarding results.
what you expect to get out of the
Program. She was selected from
Personal Quest
experience. Then look for bases of
approximately 1,200 applicants in the
In the second semester of her freshman
support, but know that your support is
United States competing to participate
year at Yale, Cathy made the decision to
really always within you."
in the scholarship program which
leave college to recuperate from some
provides transportation, academic and
serious medical problems and to re-
Cathy thanks NHSF for designating her
living expenses during two years of
evaluate her academic and personal
an NHSF Scholar during her last two
study at Oxford University in England.
goals. Once at home in Montebello,
years at Yale. Says Cathy, "I am very
California, the 17 year old college
grateful to NHSF for the scholarship
Since it was first announced that she
freshman began to regain her health.
awards and I would like to help in any
holds the distinction of being the first
Cathy's personal quest led her to work
way that I can to support other
Mexican American woman to be named
in a Los Angeles law firm for the
Hispanic students in their academic
a Rhodes Scholar, Cathy's life has been
endeavors."
summer. In September she traveled to
a whirlwind of receptions, interviews,
Cuernavaca, Mexico for the first time.
and speaking engagements. Even so, she
It was there that she became fascinated
managed to complete her senior year at
with the study of ancient cultures. She
Yale as a Scholar of the House earning
remembers this period of her life as one
straight A's in her course work. On May
of deep introspection but not
28, 1984 she was graduated Magna Cum
Laude and her project on Hispanic
depression. At first there were more
education was being considered for
questions than answers, but her
distinction in the major and for the
exposure to new experiences helped
William Clyde DeVane Prize for the
develop her sense of confidence.
Outstanding Scholars of the House
Parents' Support Important
Project.
Successful Return to College
Cathy credits her parents' supportive
Along with holding these two
attitude during these critical months
prestigious and elite distinctions, Cathy
with helping her to more clearly define
proudly speaks of another major
her goals and to regain the confidence
accomplishment in her life which she
which led her to return tò Yale.
wishes to share with Hispanic students.
"They never told me I was a failure
Cathy would like students to know that
because I had left at the second
her academic success did not follow a
semester. They never said I was wasting
NHSF Award Recipient Makes Her Own
Contribution
1983 NHSF award recipient Margaret
earned her many honors and
Lemell of Northridge, California was
scholarships in addition to those she has
recently honored for making a
received from NHSF. They include: a
significant contribution of her own.
CSUN Honor and Achievement Medal,
a 1983 Sepulveda VA Pre-Med
A biology major attending California
scholarship. and an Academic
State University, Northridge, Margaret
Achievement Scholarship from the
was honored by the Veteran's
Associated Students, Inc. of CSUN.
Administration Medical Center in
Named to the Dean's List in the Fall of
nearby Sepulveda for contributing in
1982 and 1980. Margaret is currently a
excess of 10.000 volunteer hours of
member of the Golden Key National
service through the center's Pre-Med
Honor Society and Official Advisor to
Club. She was elected president of the
the Sepulveda Pre-Med Club.
club in 1983.
Margaret is married and is the mother
Margaret Lemell (center) recieves
This dedicated young woman's
of one child. Upon graduation in 1985.
volunteer award
academic achievements have also
Margaret plans to enter medical school.
NHSF Scholars
East
West
Dear NHSF:
Midwest
I am now attending the University of
Dear NHSF:
Utah, and have recently been notified of
my acceptance to the University of
I thought you might enjoy knowing
Chicago to finish my undergraduate
that as of this date, I have been accepted
Dear NHSF:
career. I have also applied to Harvard
to the following law schools for the
and Yale After securing my BA (major
1984-85 academic year:
I would like to thank you for having
philosophy) in June of 1986, I plan on
Harvard Law School
selected me as an award recipient. I have
continuing to law school.
New York University Law School
since started by senior year in medical
Boston University
school and your funding came at a very
With Gratitude,
George Washington University
opportune time. Your support and
Cornell University
assistance have been greatly
Carlos M. Henry
Tulane University
appreciated. Thank you.
S.L.C., Utah
I'm sure you can understand my
excitement over (being able) to choose
Sincerely,
Dear NHSF:
between Harvard and New York
University.
Edward P. Montanez
I am very proud to receive a scholarship
Thank you again for your time and
Omaha, Nebraska
from NHSF; the money could not have
consideration.
come at a more opportune time.
Very Sincerely,
In December I was awarded the
Dear NHSF:
Bachelor of Science degree in
Carmen Hernandez
Engineering (Agricultural Engineering)
New York, New York
This money comes at a very needed
and began work on mu graduate degree.
time in my academic career. I sincerely
I expect to complete the Master of
appreciate your assistance in helping me
Engineering degree in September 1984.
attain my goal of a medical doctor.
Much thanks to NHSF for making it
Southeast
Recently I was able to secure a residency
possible for me to continue my
in obstetrics and gynecology at
education.
Maricopa Medical Center in Phoenix.
Dear NHSF:
Arizona. The hospital primarily serves
Debora Maria Moran
an indigent population of Hispanics.
San Francisco, California
I would like to thank you for selecting
me as a 1984 NHSF Scholar. Your
I will keep in contact with your
recognition is truly appreciated and the
organization so as to help assist others
as you have helped me.
Southwest
award money will be used to pay for
my fees during the coming academic
year. I just finished my junior year at
Gerardo Carvos
Florida Atlantic University in Boca
Wanwatosa, Wisconsin
Dear NHSF:
Raton with the help of your previous
I wish you could have seen my surprise
award. Again, thank you very much for
and joy at receiving a scholarship check
helping me to achieve my goals.
from NHSF! Since I continue to work
half-time at the University of New
Sincerely,
Mexico Press the check could not
have arrived at a more propitious time.
Ino Moraquez
Work on my dissertation entitled
Miramar, Florida
"Hispanic Weavers of North Central
New Mexico: Social, Historical and
Educational Dimensions of a
Continuing Artistic Tradition"
progresses well.
Sincerely,
Helen R. Lucero
Albuquerque, New Mexico
NATIONAL HISPANIC SCHOLARSHIP FUND CONTRIBUTORS
ABBOTT LABORATORIES
THE DUN & BRADSTREET CORP. FOUNDATION
ADOLPH COORS COMPANY
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
AETNA LIFE & CASUALTY FOUNDATION
ENVIROTECH FOUNDATION
AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS. INC.
EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY
ALCOA FOUNDATION
ESMARK, INC. FOUNDATION
EX-CELL-O CORPORATION
ALUMAX, INC.
AMAX FOUNDATION, INC.
EXXON EDUCATION FOUNDATION
FIRST BANK SYSTEM FOUNDATION
AMDAHL CORPORATION
AMERICAN BROADCASTING COMPANIES, INC.
FIRST INTERSTATE BANK OF CALIF FOUNDATION
AMERICAN EXPRESS FOUNDATION
FLUOR FOUNDATION
AMERICAN GENERAL COMPANIES
FOREMOST-McKESSON FOUNDATION. INC.
AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH COMPANY
H. B. FULLER COMPANY
AMPEX CORPORATION
GENERAL ELECTRIC FOUNDATION
ANHEUSER-BUSCH COMPANIES, INC.
GENERAL MILLS FOUNDATION
THE ARIZONA BANK CHARITABLE FUND
GETTY OIL COMPANY
ATLANTIC RICHFIELD FOUNDATION
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY FUND
AT&T BELL LABORATORIES
GOULD FOUNDATION, INC.
AVON PRODUCTS FOUNDATION, INC.
GRACE FOUNDATION, INC.
BANKAMERICA FOUNDATION
GTE FOUNDATION
BECTON, DICKINSON FOUNDATION
W.T. GRANT FOUNDATION
THE BENDIX CORPORATION
GULF + WESTERN FOUNDATION
THE BOEING COMPANY
THE HERSHEY FUND
THE BRISTOL-MYERS FUND
HEUBLEIN FOUNDATION. INC.
BURROUGHS WELCOME COMPANY
HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY FOUNDATION
CAMPBELL SOUP FUND
HOFFMAN-LaROCHE, INC.
CARNATION COMPANY
HONEYWELL FUND
CASTLE & COOK. INC.
W.R. HOTCHKISS FOUNDATION
CATERPILLAR FOUNDATION
IBM CORPORATION
CBS FOUNDATION
INGERSOLL-RAND COMPANY
CELANESE CORPORATION
INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY FOUNDATION
CHEESEBROUGH-POND'S INC.
JOHNSON & JOHNSON ASSOC. INDUSTRIES FUND
CHICAGO BRIDGE AND IRON FOUNDATION
THE JOHNSON'S WAX FUND. INC.
CITIBANK, N.A.
KEMPER GROUP
CLOROX COMPANY
KIMBERLY-CLARK FOUNDATION. INC
THE COCA-COLA COMPANY
THE KNUDSEN COMPANY
CONOCO. INC.
THE LEAR SIEGLER FOUNDATION
CONSOLIDATED EDISON COMPANY OF N.Y., INC.
LEVER BROTHERS COMPANY FOUNDATION
CONSOLIDATED FREIGHTWAYS. INC.
levi STRAUSS FOUNDATION
CONTAINER CORPORATION FOUNDATION
LIGGETT GROUP, INC.
CONTROL DATA CORPORATION
LOCKHEED LEADERSHIP FUND
CPC NORTH AMERICA
MARRIOTT CORPORATION
DART & KRAFT, INC.
MCA, INC.
DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION
MERCK COMPANY FOUNDATION
DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION
METROPOLITAN LIFE FOUNDATION
DISNEY FOUNDATION
MOBIL OIL FOUNDATION
DOW CHEMICAL
MONOGRAM FOUNDATION
MUTUAL BENEFIT LIFE CHARITABLE TRUST
THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS FOUNDATION
NATOMAS COMPANY
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS COMPANY
THE NCR FOUNDATION
SQUIBB CORPORATION
NEW YORK LIFE FOUNDATION
THE STARNDARD OIL COMPANY (OHIO)
THE NL INDUSTRIES FOUNDATION. INC.
ST. JOE MINERALS CORPORATION
NORTHROP CORPORATION
ELBRIDGE & MARY STUART FOUNDATION
NORTON SIMON, INC.
SUN COMPANY, INC.
OLIN CORP. CHARITABLE TRUST
SYNTEX CORPORATION
PACIFIC SOUTHWEST AIRLINES
TEXACO PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATION
THE DAVID AND LUCILE PACKARD FOUNDATION
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. INC.
PENNZOIL COMPANY
TICOR FOUNDATION
PEPSICO FOUNDATION
TIME INCORPORATED
PFIZER, INC.
TIMES MIRROR FOUNDATION
PHILLIPS PETROLEUM FOUNDATION, INC.
TOSCO CORPORATION
POLAROID FOUNDATION, INC.
THE TRAVELERS INSURANCE COMPANIES
PPG INDUSTRIES FOUNDATION
TRW FOUNDATION
THE PRUDENTIAL FOUNDATION
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
THE QUAKER OATS COMPANY
UNION OIL COMPANY OF CALIF FOUNDATION
RCA
UNION PACIFIC FOUNDATION
R.J. REYNOLDS INDUSTRIES. INC.
UNITED AIRLINES FOUNDATION
ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
UOP FOUNDATION
SAFECO INSURANCE COMPANIES
THE UPJOHN COMPANY
SAFEWAY STORES
THE UPS FOUNDATION
SCOTT PAPER COMPANY FOUNDATION
WALGREEN BENEFIT FUND
SECURITY PACIFIC CHARITABLE FOUNDATION
WARNER COMMUNICATIONS. INC.
SFN COMPANIES. INC.
WELLS FARGO FOUNDATION
WESTINGHOUSE EDUCATION FOUNDATION
IN MEMORIUM
Dr. Tomas Rivera
The National Hispanic Scholarship Fund and the academic community
lost an esteemed and beloved colleague on May 16, 1984, when Dr.
Tomas Rivera, Chancellor of the University of California at
Riverside, died of a heart attack at 48 years of age.
Dr. Rivera held the distinction of becoming the first Hispanic
chancellor of a UC university and also the youngestperson
ever to that position in the UC system.
Born in Crystal City, Texas, Dr. Rivera received his bachelor's
degree in education from Southwest Texas State University and a
doctorate in romance languages and literature in 1969 at the
University of Oklahoma. He began his career in education as a
teacher in Texas secondary schools while studying for his
advanced degree.
Dedicated throughout his life to promoting the highest standards
of academic performance, Dr. Rivera joined the NHSF Board of
Directors in 1980 to help develop more educational opportunities
for Hispanic Americans scholars across the nation. An award-
winning novelist, poet and distinguished scholar himself, Dr.
Rivera strongly advocated the development of the scholar concept
for Hispanic American students.
Dr. Rivera's legacy of dedication to excellence in education
will live in the hearts and minds of Hispanic American scholars
forever.
GTE Awards NHSF
$35,000 Foundation Grant
NHSF is pleased to announce that it has received a special
$35,000 GTE Foundation Grant to launch an "NHSF/GTE Foundation
Scholars" Program for outstanding Hispanic students in electrical
engineering, mathematics, science, and business. The grant
represents the largest single gift ever received by NHSF.
This program will focus national attention on Hispanic scholars
excelling in fields of study where Hispanics continue to be
underrepresented. Statistics reveal that in 1982 for example,
Hispanics accounted for only 1.5 percent of all engineering
graduates. The GTE grant will help significantly to improve these
disparities and increase Hispanic participation in our ever
advancing technological society.
Using NHSF criteria of academic achievement, leadership, personal
strengths, and financial need, the program will award
scholarships to engineering, math, science and business students
at the following institutions:
University of Conneticut, Storrs
University of Florida, Gainesville
University of Illinois, Urbana
Unversity of Texas, El Paso
University of California, Santa Barbara
The NHSF Board of Directors applauds the GTE Foundation for
having the vision to be in the vanguard of the future. NHSF is
proud to be working hand in hand with GTE to expand opportunities
in higher education.
NOVATO, CA
PERMIT NO. 147
BULK RATE
ORGANIZATION
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94101
NON-PROFIT
P.O.BOX 748
NATIONAL HISPANIC SCHOLARSHIP FUND
NATIONAL HISPANIC SCHOLARSHIP FUND
Your Support Is The Key To Our Success
YES, I want to help NHSF increase scholarship support for outstanding
Hispanic American students.
Please accept my gift of:
$
$15
$25
$50
$100
$500
$1,000
THANK YOU : Your support has helped increase the total annual NHSF
scholarship awards from $30,000 in 1976 to $400,000 in 1984.
Please make checks payable to: NHSF Annual Fund
NATIONAL HISPANIC SCHOLARSHIP FUND
P.O.BOX 748
SAN FRANCISCO. CA 94101