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135839958
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Chron File (07/19/1985-07/28/1985)
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135839958
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Chron File (07/19/1985-07/28/1985)
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Records of the Office of Counsel to the President (Reagan Administration)
John Roberts' Chronological Files
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1986-12-31
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Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
Digital Library Collections
This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections.
Collection: Roberts, John G.: Files
Folder Title: Chron File (07/19/1985-07/28/1985)
Box: 65
To see more digitized collections visit:
https://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library
To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit:
https://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection
Contact a reference archivist at: [email protected]
Citation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing
National Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/
WITHDRAWAL SHEET
Ronald Reagan Library
Collection Name
Withdrawer
DLB
8/6/2005
File Folder
CHRON FILE - (07/19/1985-07/28/1985)
FOIA
F05-139/01
Box Number
65
COOK
13DLB
DOC Doc Type
Document Description
No of Doc Date Restrictions
NO
Pages
1
MEMO
ROBERTS TO FRED FIELDING, RE: GAO
2 7/24/1985 B6
898
HOTLINE REFERRAL (PARTIAL)
2 LETTER
FIELDING TO GARY CARBONE
2 7/24/1985 B6
899
(PARTIAL)
3
MEMO
ROBERTS TO RICHARD HAUSER, RE:
3 7/23/1985 B6
900
APPOINTMENTS TO THE NAITONAL
HIGHWAY SAFETY ADVISORY
COMMITTEE (PARTIAL)
COPY - Reagan Presidential Record
Freedom of Information Act . [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
B-1 National security classified information ((b)(1) of the FOIA]
B-2 Release would disclose Internal personnel rules and practices of an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
B-3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
B-4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
B-6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted Invasion of personal privacy [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
B-7 Release would disclose Information compiled for law enforcement purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
B-8 Release would disclose Information concerning the regulation of financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
B-9 Release would disclose geological or geophysical information concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
E.O. 13233
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed of gift.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 19, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR FRED F. FIELDING
FROM:
JOHN G. ROBERTS 828
SUBJECT:
Request for Presidential Endorsement
to Build Richard Nixon Library
Ken Khachigian has written Anne Higgins, asking for a brief
letter from the President endorsing the effort to raise
funds to build the Richard Nixon Presidential Library. The
letter would be addressed to Maurice Stans.
As Khachigian notes in his request, the President recently
participated in a fundraiser for the Kennedy library, so I
do not think we can object on any principled basis to his
providing a letter of support for the Nixon library. I
would simply tone down Khachigian's suggested text by
changing "efforts to raise funds for" to "efforts on behalf
of."
Attachment
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 22, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR ANNE HIGGINS
SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT
DIRECTOR OF CORRESPONDENCE
FROM:
FRED F. FIELDING
COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT
SUBJECT:
Request for Presidential Endorsement
to Build Richard Nixon Library
I have reviewed the request from Ken Khachigian for a brief
message from the President supporting fundraising efforts
for the Richard Nixon Presidential Library. As you know,
we generally avoid involving the President in particular
fundraising projects. Presidential libraries are a special
case, however, and the President has participated in fund-
raising projects for other Presidential libraries. Accord-
ingly, I have no objection to providing the requested
letter.
In the text submitted by Khachigian, however, "efforts to
raise funds for" should be changed to "efforts on behalf
of."
FFF:JGR:aea 7/19/85
cc: FFFielding
JGRoberts
subj
Chron
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 19, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR FRED F. FIELDING
FROM:
JOHN G. ROBERTS 1361
SUBJECT:
Aviation Decisions
As we discussed. Revision of the Executive Order at
Transportation was derailed as the pertinent officials
became involved in implementing the various policy initia-
tives with respect to the airports at Athens and Beirut.
The process should be back on track now.
Attachment
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 22, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR WHITE HOUSE STAFF
FROM:
FRED F. FIELDING
COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT
SUBJECT:
Aviation Decisions
Executive Order 11920 (June 10, 1976) established procedures
for Presidential review of international aviation decisions
pursuant to Section 801 of the Federal Aviation Act,
49 U.S.C. § 1461. That order is in the process of being
revised, in light of the sunset of the Civil Aeronautics
Board. Section 4 of the Executive Order prohibits indivi-
duals within the Executive Office of the President from
discussing Section 801 cases -- those involving international
aviation -- with outside parties, and requires such indivi-
duals to refer written communications on Section 801 cases
from outside parties to the appropriate office outside the
Executive Office of the President. These restrictions are
still in effect. You should refuse to discuss cases subject
to the President's approval under Section 801 with interested
private parties, and you should refer any written communications
you receive on such cases to this office for appropriate
referral.
I would also remind you that purely domestic aviation
decisions not subject to Presidential approval under Section
801 would typically implicate our general policy against
White House interference in particular matters pending
before agencies with adjudicative responsibilities. You
should consult with this office before discussing such cases
with interested private parties or Government agencies.
FFF: JGR:aea 7/19/85
CC: FFFielding
JGRoberts
Subj
Chron
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 22, 1985
Dear Mr. Dales:
I am writing in response to your letter of June 14 to the
President. In that letter you requested that the President
and First Lady serve as "Honorary Chairpersons" of a fund-
raising campaign by the Motion Picture and Television Fund,
to raise $50 million to double the capacity of the Country
House and Hospital. You also requested that they host a
reception at the White House in the Spring of 1986 for
benefactors of the Fund.
I have discussed these matters with the President and I am
happy to advise you that he wishes to grant both requests.
The President and First Lady have agreed to serve as Honorary
Chairpersons of your fundraising campaign, and have agreed
to host a reception for benefactors of the Fund in the
Spring of 1986.
You should know that it is highly unusual for the President
and First Lady to lend their names to a particular fundrais-
ing project. As a matter of general policy we routinely
decline such requests, but the President desired to make an
exception in the case of the Fund. It will be necessary for
you to obtain the approval of this office concerning the
particulars of any contemplated use of the names of the
President and First Lady as Honorary Chairpersons on mail-
ings, solicitations, and the like. I look forward to
working with you on these questions.
You should work directly with Frederick J. Ryan, Jr., Deputy
Assistant to the President for Scheduling, on the reception.
I have advised Mr. Ryan of the President's decision to host
such a reception; you should be hearing from Mr. Ryan in the
near future.
- 2 -
I am confident that the fundraising campaign will be a great
success, enabling the Fund to continue and expand its
important work.
Sincerely,
Fred F. Fielding
Counsel to the President
Mr. John L. Dales
President, Motion Picture
and Television Fund
23450 Calabasas Road
Woodland Hills, CA 91364
bcc: Frederick J. Ryan, Jr.
FFF:JGR:aea 7/16/85
bcc: FFFielding
JGRoberts
Subj
Chron
898
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 24, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR FRED F. FIELDING
FROM:
JOHN G. ROBERTS SDDR
COPY - Reagan Presidential Record
SUBJECT:
GAO Hotline Referral
On July 11 the Director of the GAO Fraud Referral and
Investigations Group transmitted to our office an anonymous
allegation received over the fraud and abuse hotline con-
cerning
6-6
809
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 24, 1985
Dear MI. Carbone:
COPY - Reagan Presidential Record
You received an anonymous allegation
to the effect that
66
"is managing a retail
business from
office on government time. " You referred
the allegation to this office for appropriate disposition.
A member of my staff interviewed
concerning the
allegations.
b6
This office has admonished
not to make private
long distance telephone calls on the Government system, and
- 2 1
not to use the photocopier for private purposes. Aside from
these transgressions, it does not appear that
is
violating any laws, regulations, or policies.
outside
business does not present a conflict of interest, and, based
66
on
representations to us,
cannot be said to be
running the business on Government time. In addition to the
specific admonitions referred to above, this office reminded
COPY - Reagan Presidential Record
of the need to keep
outside business interests
fully separate from Government employment. We believe
that
is sensitive to the need to do SO.
Thank you for referring this matter to us.
Sincerely,
Fred F. Fielding
Counsel to the President
Mr. Gary W. Carbone
Director, Fraud Referral and
Investigations Group
U.S. General Accounting Office
Washington, D.C. 20548
FFF: JGR:aea 7/24/85
bcc: FFFielding
JGRoberts
Subj
Chron
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 24, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR FRED F. FIELDING
FROM:
JOHN G. ROBERTS JOR
SUBJECT:
Mickey Mouse
You asked on my previous memorandum on the subject of
commercial anniversary messages if the President had not
recently appeared at a Disney World/EPCOT anniversary
celebration. So far as I can tell, no. On May 27, 1985 the
President visited EPCOT for a parade of many of the units
that were scheduled to participate in the Inaugural Parade.
There is no indication in the President's remarks that the
occasion was any sort of EPCOT anniversary. The President
also visited EPCOT on March 8, 1983, but again his remarks
contain no suggestion that the occasion was an EPCOT
anniversary.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 18, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR FRED F. FIELDING
FROM:
JOHN G. ROBERTS 022R
SUBJECT:
Mickey Mouse
Anne Higgins exploded in righteous indignation when we
declined, pursuant to usual policy, to approve a Presi-
dential message on the occasion of Disneyland's 30th
anniversary. She prepared a memorandum questioning the
commercial messages policy. I have prepared a reply for
SPOOT
your signature.
Attachment
appear annivery the oN him Orlando last
with
900
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 23, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR RICHARD A. HAUSER
FROM:
JOHN G. ROBERTS 8202
COPY Reagan Presidential Record
SUBJECT:
Appointments to the National
Highway Safety Advisory Committee
The National Highway Safety Advisory Committee consists of
ex officio members and 35 members appointed by the President,
no more than four of whom may be Federal officers or employees.
The appointed members
shall be selected from among representatives of
various State and local governments, including
State legislatures, of public and private interests
contributing to, affected by, or concerned with
highway safety, including the national organiza-
tions of passenger car, bus, and truck owners, and
of other public and private agencies, organizations,
or groups demonstrating an active interest in high-
way safety, as well as research scientists and
other individuals who are expert in this field.
23 U.S.C. § 404 (a) (1).
No member who has served a three-year term is eligible for
reappointment within one year following the end of his term.
23 U.S.C. $ 404 (a) (2) (A). The purpose of the Committee is
to advise the Secretary of Transportation on highway safety.
23 U.S.C. $ 404(b).
The following prospective appointees satisfy the statutory
criteria, and their Personal Data Statements present no
difficulties (their qualifications for service are noted in
parentheses) : Frank Raper (packaging corporation; active in
drunken driving awareness campaign and legislative efforts
in California), Fritz Hitchcock (automobile dealer), Cynthia
Bros (automobile dealer), William Taylor (insurance), Thomas
McGuire (insurance; former chairman of California Traffic
Safety Committee), Eric Jostrom (former advisor to Massachu-
setts governors on transportation issues), Candy Lightner
(founder, president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving;
previously cleared for President's Commission on Drunk
Driving), Thom Holmes (active in mass transportation issues),
Edward Reilly (insurance; state senator), A. Starke Taylor
(mayor), and Andrew Natsios (state representative).
- 2 -
John Sammons is mayor of Temple, Texas, and thereby
qualifies for service on the Committee.
6
Oswaldo Rodriguez owns a financial services company, Comput
Income, Inc.
66
Vern McCarthy is eligible for service on this Committee as a
former owner and director of a container and industrial
packaging corporation, businesses closely involved in truck
transportation issues.
b6
COPY - Reagan Presidential Record
Francis Morse is qualified for service on the Committee
because he is the owner of a trucking company, Adams Truck-
ing of New Bedford, Massachusetts. He is also a member of
the American Trucking Association.
b6
- 3 -
CUPT - 39 Keagan Presidential Record
b6
The Personal Data Statements of Joseph Ambrose, Hae Park,
and Robert Ling present no problems. Ambrose is in the oil
and gas and real estate business in Texas. He lists three
civil actions against him. I talked with his son (Ambrose
himself was not available) and determined that the suits
were standard business litigation, and one probate dispute.
Hae Park owns & real estate consulting, investment, and
sales company. Robert Ling is a former mayor and current
president of a cable television corporation. He describes
himself as experienced in banking, food processing, communi-
cations, defense issues, and environmental issues.
66
Finally, I have received no Personal Data Statements from
Diarmuid O'Scannlain or James Crawford.
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 23, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR FRED F. FIELDING
FROM:
JOHN G. ROBERTS 202
SUBJECT:
Draft of President's Column
for ABA Journal on Terrorism
You have asked for a draft reply as soon as possible to the
attached letter from new ABA President William Falsgraf,
transmitting an advance copy of an upcoming column responding
to the President's call for ABA action against terrorism. A
draft is attached. The column reviews past action of the
ABA, and announces a national conference on legal responses
to terrorism. It is supportive of the President's speech,
but also stresses that responses to terrorism cannot make
unacceptable inroads on civil liberties.
Attachment
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 23, 1985
Dear Bill:
Thank you for your letter of June 16 to the President.
Enclosed with that letter was an advance copy of your
upcoming "President's Column" on the Bar response to
terrorism. The column represents a prompt response to the
President's call for action by the American Bar Association
to confront the basic challenge to the rule of law posed by
international terrorism.
I know I do not need to stress the seriousness of the
problem posed by terrorism, or the sincerity of the Presi-
dent's call for assistance from the Bar in meeting that
problem. The active involvement of the ABA will help
mobilize not only the profession but the Nation as a whole
in defending our free society and the rule of law from
terrorists. I appreciate your personal involvement, which
indicates the importance the Bar attaches to the issue, and
look forward to working with you in ensuring that our
profession will effectively meet the challenge of terrorism.
Sincerely,
Fred F. Fielding
Counsel to the President
William W. Falsgraf, Esquire
American Bar Center
750 North Lake Shore Drive
Chicago, IL 60611
FFF: JGR:aea 7/23/85
bcc: FFFielding
JGRoberts
Subj
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THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 26, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR FRED F. FIELDING
FROM:
JOHN G. ROBERTS
8702
SUBJECT:
Check for Reagan Library Submitted
as Fee for Reproducing White House
Photograph
The Gift Unit has asked for our advice on handling a check
for $100 payable to the Reagan Library from the Ansel Adams
Publishing Rights Trust. The check was enclosed with a
letter from the editor of the forthcoming posthumous auto-
biography of Adams, thanking Carol Greenawalt of the Photo
Office for permission to reprint a photograph of Adams with
the President. The editor, Mary Alinder, described the
donation as "the agreed upon reproduction fee."
I contacted both Carol Greenawalt and Michael Evans, the
only people at the White House with whom Alinder talked.
Neither requested any reproduction fee, and neither sug-
gested a donation to the Reagan Library. Evans told Alinder
she needed permission from the Photo Office, and Greenawalt
granted that permission. Both advised Alinder that there
was no charge for reprinting the photograph in the book.
The donation seems to have been Alinder's own idea.
I recommend returning the check to Alinder, advising her
once again that no fee is necessary (and that none was
"agreed upon"). A draft is attached.
Attachment
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 26, 1985
Dear Ms. Alinder:
You sent to the White House Photo Office a check in the
amount of $100, payable to the President Reagan Library,
from the Ansel Adams Publishing Rights Trust. Your letter
to Carol Greenawalt accompanying that check described the
check as "the agreed upon reproduction fee" for permission
to include a White House photograph of Mr. Adams meeting
with the President in the forthcoming autobiography of Mr.
Adams.
As you were advised at the time, there is no fee for
reprinting White House photographs, nor is there any charge
for permission to use White House photographs. A donation
to the Reagan Library was not "agreed upon" as a reproduction
fee; indeed, it would have been highly inappropriate for
anyone at the White House to suggest a donation to such a
private entity in exchange for services we are happy to
provide free of charge. I am, accordingly, returning the
check to you.
Sincerely,
Fred F. Fielding
Counsel to the President
Ms. Mary Alinder
Ansel Adams
Route 1, Box 181
Carmel, CA 93923
FFF: JGR:aea 7/26/85
bcc: John E. Hilboldt
bcc: FFFielding
Carol Greenawalt
JGRoberts
Subj
Chron
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 29, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR FRED F. FIELDING
FROM:
JOHN G. ROBERTS 082
SUBJECT:
Productivity Improvement Program
David Chew has asked for comments by 3:00 p.m. today on the
attached memorandum to the Cabinet on the proposed produc-
tivity improvement program. On two prior occasions the
accompanying message to Congress was staffed to me for
direct reply; it has been extensively revised. The message
to Congress announces the President's intention to issue an
Executive Order on productivity improvement, and calls for
legislation needed to improve productivity in the management
of Government.
The proposed memorandum to the Cabinet reviews the message
to Congress, asks Cabinet officers to identify prospective
productivity improvement initiatives in their agency, and
advises them that the Executive Order will require them to
designate a department "productivity chief" to help implement
the program.
I have no objections.
Attachment
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 29, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR DAVID L. CHEW
STAFF SECRETARY
FROM:
FRED F. FIELDING
COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT
SUBJECT:
Productivity Improvement Program
Counsel's Office has reviewed the above-referenced memorandum
perspective. to the Cabinet, and finds no objection to it from a legal
FFF: JGR:aea 7/29/85
cc: FFFielding
JGRoberts
Subj
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THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 26, 1985
MEMORANDUM FOR MICHAEL J. HOROWITZ
COUNSEL TO THE DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
FROM:
ASSOCIATE COUNSEL J76 TO THE PRESIDENT
JOHN G. ROBERTS
SUBJECT:
Background on Nixon Papers
The following provides background information that may be
helpful to OMB in considering the proposed regulations on
access to Nixon Administration materials submitted by the
National Archives and Records Administration pursuant to
Executive Order 12291.
In 1974 Congress enacted the Presidential Recordings and
Materials Preservation Act, note following 44 U.S.C. § 2111,
a law applicable only to the Nixon White House files, which
directed the Administrator of GSA to take control of all
such files. The Administrator was directed by the Act to
issue regulations, subject to legislative veto, governing
public access to the files. President Nixon challenged the
constitutionality of the Act on numerous grounds, most
prominently separation of powers and executive privilege. A
splintered Supreme Court upheld the Act, Nixon V. Adminis-
trator of General Services, 433 U.S. 425 (1977), essentially
avoiding the privilege issue by noting that any privilege
claims could be raised prior to disclosure under the regu-
lations to be issued by GSA.
In the meantime, GSA was encountering difficulty promulgating
the regulations mandated by the Act. Between 1975 and 1976
three sets were proposed by GSA and rejected by Congress
pursuant to the legislative veto clause. The fourth and
final set -- allegedly prepared with substantial Congres-
sional input -- was not disapproved and became effective in
August 1977.
Under the regulations the Archivist is to review the Nixon
files, returning private and personal material and removing
material that falls into six specified categories, including
classified material, law enforcement investigatory material,
trade secrets, and material the disclosure of which would
constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy. After
this has been done the Archivist is to announce his intent
to release publicly the remainder of the material, subject
- 2 -
only to an opportunity for interested parties to assert any
legal or constitutional right or privilege that would
prevent or limit disclosure.
On August 12, 1983, the Archivist announced that he had
completed his review of and proposed to release to the
public 628 cubic feet (1.5 million pages) of material from
the "Special Files Unit" of the Nixon files. According to
the notice, the Special Files Unit "was established in 1972
to provide a central storage location for materials per-
ceived as sensitive." The Special Files Unit includes files
from Nixon's office and the offices of high-ranking advisors
such as Henry Kissinger, H.R. Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman,
and other files that would normally have gone to Central
Files but were for various reasons considered more sensitive
than routine files. Pursuant to the regulations, President
Reagan was notified of the material proposed to be released,
as were President Nixon and certain members of the Nixon
White House staff.
Representatives of the Department of Justice (Office of
Legal Counsel) and the White House Counsel's office met with
Archivist officials to consider whether and how the Adminis-
tration would review the files to determine whether to
assert possible claims of privilege. At the same time, a
group of former Nixon White House staff members filed suit
to block release of the files. The suit alleged that the
regulations pursuant to which the files would be released
were invalid because they were tainted by the unconstitu-
tional legislative veto. The Department of Justice (Civil
Division) defended the Archivist, conceding that the legis-
lative veto provision in the Nixon Records Act was unconsti-
tutional, but arguing that the regulations were nonetheless
valid. In a decision issued on December 30, 1983, Allen V.
Carmen, 578 F. Supp. 951 (D.D.C.) (Hogan, J.) the district
court agreed with the plaintiffs and struck down the regu-
lations. A decision was made not to appeal.
The Archivist thereupon set up a Nixon Materials Regulations
Review Group to develop new regulations. Proposed regu-
lations were published for comment on March 29, 1985,
50 F.R. 12575. The proposed regulations were substantially
similar to those struck down in Allen V. Carmen, though
without the taint of the statutory legislative veto pro-
vision. Archives now proposes to issue the regulations in
final. Since Archives has already reviewed the Nixon
Special Files Unit under previous regulations essentially
identical to the proposed regulations, it can be expected
that notice to release those files to the public would
quickly follow the effective date of the proposed regulations.
- 3 -
Former President Nixon and various former Nixon White House
staff members object to the proposed regulations on a wide
variety of grounds. They contend that the Archivist has not
adequately segregated personal from Presidential historical
material, and that the definition of "Presidential
historical material" employed in the reviewing process is
too broad. They contend that the 30-day notice provided
prior to disclosure of files is inadequate given the volume
involved, and they object to the absence of any means of
notifying third parties discussed in the files who were not
on the White House staff. Under the regulations, notice of
disclosure is sent only to the President, former President
Nixon, the staff member whose files are to be disclosed, and
any individual who has submitted his name to be included on
a "Nixon Materials Registry" maintained by the Archivist.
Individuals on the registry are to be notified when file
segments containing references about them are to be re-
leased. The Nixon parties also object to the fact that
there is no adequate locator system to permit meaningful
review of the massive files.
In our previous discussions with Archives and Department of
Justice officials, our main concern has been the possible
need to assert executive privilege. In reviewing the files,
the archivists did not segregate material possibly privileged
on deliberative process or other grounds. Presumably
someone in the Administration -- perhaps Justice attorneys
-- will have an obligation to review these Presidential
materials before disclosure for privileged items. As the
regulations are written, we would have only 30 days to do
SO. Even more problematic, it would seem that claims of
privilege by the President are to be presented to the
Archivist for a decision, even though the Archivist is
within the executive branch, subject to Presidential control
and subject to legal guidance from the Justice Department.
If the President and the Attorney General decide to assert
privilege with respect to a document in the control of the
executive branch, that decision should not be subject to
adjudication by the Archivist.
We have also raised concerns with the Archivist on proposed
handling of the documents. There are no copies. The
Archivist proposes to provide originals to members of the
media and public for review. This scheme raises serious
security questions (many of the documents are quite valuable)
and questions about the integrity of the documents (dangers
of alteration, destruction, etc.).
CC: Richard A. Hauser