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Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
Digital Library Collections
This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections.
Collection: Blackwell, Morton: Files
Folder Title: Nuclear Freeze (13 of 16)
Box: 15
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National Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/
The I.E.A. Report
The Institute for Educational Affairs
Summer, 1981
No. 6
Educating Teachers
Defending Capitalism-With New Ideas
A
significant number of America's teachers received a lesson
this summer on the roots and nature of our national char-
"T
he New Defenders of Capitalism" is the title of a recent
article which appeared in the Harvard Business Review
acter, the "why" and "how" of teaching democratic values in
(March-April, 1981), written by Commentary editor and author
the classroom, and the pressing need for citizenship education.
Norman Podhoretz. The article stresses the importance of ideas
The lesson came in the form of the summer issue of American
about capitalism to the future of economic and personal liberty,
Educator (circ. 600,000 or more) which is the professional jour-
and is a valuable explanation of the basis for bringing the
nal of the American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO. The
academic and business communities together through the ef-
issue, entitled "The Reawakening of America's Ideals," con-
forts of private philanthropy.
tains several articles written by past or present grantees of
In the article, Mr. Podhoretz describes the history of intellec-
I.E.A., and a book review by I.E.A. Executive Director, Philip
tual perspectives on capitalism and socialism-showing that the
N. Marcus.
critics of capitalism traditionally have been the majority party in
In "The Founders and our National Character," John Agres-
the world of ideas-and clearly demonstrates that today the
to, Project Director at the National Humanities Center in North
most dynamic political thinkers in the West are also convincing
Carolina, notes the American Founders' recognition of the im-
defenders of the principles and practice of democratic cap-
portance of the individual in society, his liberty and self-interest,
italism. He names a number of these intellectuals (some of
and the formation of his good character by private, non-polit-
whom are on the Board of I.E.A., and others its friends) who
ical institutions. The Founders, Mr. Agresto writes, devised our
are leading the philosophical debate: Irving Kristol, William E.
form of government on the basis that "the self-concerned ac-
Simon, Michael Novak, Peter L. Berger, Seymour Martin
tions of free men would have to be moderated not by law or
Lipset, William Barrett, Sidney Hook, and others.
command but by the moral suasions of economic, familial, edu-
Businessmen should pay great attention to this small, but
cational, and religious institutions. It was the power of these
growing, cadre of thinkers because, Mr. Podhoretz writes, "the
social forces that would help deflect the desire for gain from be-
very survival of private enterprise in the United States may de-
coming mere avarice, prevent independence from becom-
pend on whether this newly sympathetic view of capitalism ul-
ing
the narrow love of self, and turn the love of individual lib-
timately prevails in the world of ideas over the traditional hos-
erty into a defense of the liberties of all one's fellows."
tility." The first step which businessmen must take to help their
In exploring the roots of our national character, in order to
own-and the country's-cause is to reach an understanding of
understand the character of the American people today, Mr.
the force of ideas working against them. It is for this reason he
Agresto contrasts the American polity with the ancient republics
reminds them that "socialism coexists more comfortably with
of Greece and Rome. The Founders, he argues, believed that a
tyranny and totalitarianism than with liberty and democracy. It
vast, commercial republic with many small, competing factions
does so," he writes, " because the more control the state ex-
would provide the liberty and stability necessary for a free
ercises over the means by which people make a living, the more
regime with limited government. In the end, he suggests, we can
power it has over their lives and the less room there is for indi-
see that
vidual freedom."
many of our present problems stem from the very type of
While the debate among intellectuals over economic efficien-
society the Founders were both compelled to create and
cy and productivity has been won in principle by the advocates
wanted to create-a society founded on the primacy of the
of capitalism, the debate still ensues over the issue of redis-
individual and not the community, on self-interest, not en-
tributing wealth by public action. Here, according to Mr. Pod-
forced virtue, on liberty, privacy, mobility, and the protec-
horetz, the issue of equality in society comes alive, and the new
tion of rights. If we now feel the limitations of these prin-
ciples, it is partly because we are the victims of our great
defenders of capitalism are clear on their own point of view:
"(E)ven in realizing the value of equality-the central value of
success.
the political culture of socialism-capitalism does a better job."
Mr. Agresto received a grant from the Institute in 1979 to
Western society, he explains, does not promise to produce an
research the contemporary relevance of the Federalist Papers.
equal standard of living for all, but does strive to guarantee
Sanford Lakoff, a research fellow at the National Humanities
equality of opportunity; it just so happens that in the distribu-
Center-and also a grantee of I.E.A.-confronts the challenge
tion of wealth, the socialist countries fare worse than the
of giving young people a good education in values while avoid-
capitalist.
ing indoctrination. Mr. Lakoff, in "Schools and Democratic
While the new defenders of capitalism single out income
Values," points to the basic consensus on values among the
inequality in socialist countries as evidence of the failure of
American
people: Compared to the ideological discord
socialism on its own terms, they do not believe that the ideal
continued on page 4
continued on page 4
New Grants Announced
The Executive Committee of I.E.A.'s Board of Directors met
ment of social goals. The book as a whole will confront the pe-
in New York City on April 29, 1981, and approved nine new
jorative misconceptions surrounding the term
grants. This brings to a total of 93 the number of grants that
"fundamentalist." ($8,000)
after nine meetings have been approved by the Institute. Below
Professor Marvin Meyers of Brandeis University will ex-
is a list of the most recent recipients and their projects:
pand his highly-regarded work on the American Founders dur-
Counterpoint magazine, a student publication at the
ing a sabbatical year at the National Humanities Center. Pro-
University of Chicago-edited by Mr. John Podhoretz and Mr.
fessor Meyers will study the works of James Madison and John
Tod Lindberg-will continue to be published in the course of the
Adams in order to compare their views with those of the "Jack-
next academic year as a forum for responsible student debate.
sonians," their immediate successors. ($15,000)
($5,000)
Mr. Arch Puddington of the League for Industrial
Professor Joseph Bishop of Yale University Law School
Democracy will plan a quarterly publication on the oppression
will write a book, entitled The Fallacies of the Left, that will,
of working people in the Soviet bloc. The publication will
from an historical perspective, address such matters as the char-
analyze the problems confronting the Soviet Union as an im-
acter of leftist intellectual anti-Americanism, modern concepts
perialist power, and the plight of its citizens. ($4,500)
of rights and duties, the constellation of "issues" now sur-
rounding human sexuality, and terrorism. ($10,000)
Mr. Gil Sewall, education editor at Newsweek magazine,
will write a book on "Basic Education: Its Past, Present, and
Future." The work will evaluate the impact of the present liberal
orthodoxies on educational achievement, analyze the validity of
I.E.A. Board Member Nominated
the critique of American education made by school reformers of
the 1960s, and explore egalitarian social trends which have af-
I.E.A. Board member Christopher C. DeMuth has been
fected education in the United States. ($6,000)
called by President Reagan to serve in the White House
Professor Gary McDowell of Dickinson College will write a
working on de-regulation of commerce and society. Mr.
book entitled Constitutional Restraints to Judicial Activism
DeMuth, who is currently a Lecturer in Public Policy at
while a visiting fellow at Harvard Law School. The work will ex-
the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University,
amine appropriate responses to the "sociological
will become Administrator of Information and Regula-
jurisprudence" currently holding sway over the American judi-
tory Affairs at the Office of Management and Budget, and
Executive Director of the Presidential Task Force on
ciary: a jurisprudence that has led to excessive court decrees ap-
plied nationally. Professor McDowell will contrast this judicial
Regulatory Relief.
activism with jurisprudence derived from a proper under-
Mr. DeMuth is the author of Regulatory Costs and the
standing of the separation of powers in the Constitution.
Regulatory Budget, published in 1979 by the Harvard
($17,800)
Faculty Project on Regulation, of which he is Director.
Professor James Piereson of the University of Pennsylvania
will write a book about the debate over American political par-
ties and the contemporary relevance of the issues involved in it.
Business Magazine Critiqued
He will investigate the point of view held by the American
Founders on the party system and apply that point of view to
such issues as intra-party representation, federalism and the par-
S
teven Lagerfeld, a Washington, D.C. writer and editor, is the
ty system, and the role of parties in maintaining democracy.
author of "An Anti-Business Business Magazine," which
($15,500)
appeared in the Heritage Foundation's Policy Review (Summer
1981). The article, exposing the views presented in the editorial
Mr. Stephen Miller, a free-lance writer, will write a book ex-
sections of Business Week magazine, was researched and written
amining the historic debate about the morality of commerce. A
under a grant from I.E.A.
study of this debate-whether commerce undermined or stabi-
lized societies devoted to liberty in the past-will clarify many of
Mr. Lagerfeld surveyed several years of back issues of the
the issues concerning capitalist society and alternative systems
magazine, and begins his analysis with an overview:
today. ($20,000)
Where objective reporting shades over into editorializing,
whether in the news sections, book reviews, or commen-
Professor Timothy Smith of The Johns Hopkins University
taries, Business Week takes on a very unbusinesslike char-
will complete a book on evangelical religion in America by pre-
acter. It is hostile to the market, oblivious to communism
paring a study of black Baptists and Methodists, evangelical
and other threats to freedom, and unfriendly to the spirit
groups who remain uninfluenced by modernist trends, and of
of a free society. These traits emerge not so much in the ex-
the black Pentacostals who identify their religion with attain-
plicit positions the magazine takes but through its im-
plicit polemicizing for a package of values, standards, and
The I.E.A. Report is published quarterly by the Institute for Educa-
outlooks inimical to American society. Business Week has
tional Affairs and is distributed free of charge.
brought the "adversary culture" to the business world.
The Report is intended to provide a useful service to corporate and
Business Week seems to have fallen victim to the doubtful
private philanthropy. Readers are encouraged to write with ideas
theory of Lestor Thurow's "zero-sum society," according to
and suggestions as to how it might better serve them.
Mr. Lagerfeld. He cites, for instance, the magazine's treatment
Philip N. Marcus, Executive Director; Art Kaufman, Editor
continued on page 5
2
D
espite the election of Ronald Reagan
and a new conservative majority in
A New Majority?
tural majority. In order to understand
the cultural basis of the new majority, he
the U.S. Congress, the issue widely de-
said, it is necessary to identify the values
bated in the intellectual world is whether
an assumption in the 1960s and 1970s.
of the historic bourgeoisie, for these val-
a "new majority"-of cultural and po-
Therefore, there is a recognition of a
ues all "reappear virtually unchanged in
litical values-now exists in American
need for authority and for account-
the world view and political program of
society. This issue is of great interest to
ability-accountability from teachers
the new conservative coalition."
private philanthropy due to the need to
and from students." This trend back to
The primary motif for the new cul-
judge among applicants and to the effect
basics in education, he said, is a sure sign
tural coalition, he said, is recognition of
on private giving of intellectual, cultural,
of the emergence of a new cultural
the nuclear family as "an emotional
and political trends. For these reasons,
majority.
haven, a symbol of personal responsibil-
I.E.A.'s Foundation Officers Forum
Another sign, he said, is the dramatic
ity, and the bedrock of the modern social
convened recently to consider the values
shift in church membership away from
order." He cited the characteristics that
of American cultural and political society.
mainline Protestant churches and to
always have been central to a healthy
Held in Philadelphia in May, preceed-
evangelical movements. The new ma-
social structure, including the "primacy
ing the annual meeting of the Council on
jority is disenchanted with "trendiness"
of conjugal family attachments," "the
Foundations, the Forum addressed the
in church services, including editorializ-
expectation of children," and "the ac-
issue of "The Future of American Cul-
ing on social issues-rather than ser-
ceptance of a sex-determined division of
ture," with commentary from Burton
monizing on questions of Scripture-
labor within the family tied to economic
Pines, a senior writer and an Associate
and a fear of offending church-goers by
security for women and children."
Editor at Time magazine (currently com-
talking about sinful activities. According
These values, Professor Carlson said,
pleting his book, Back from the Brink,
to Mr. Pines, "the message from this
"inherited from the nineteenth century
with I.E.A. support); Penn Kemble, a
kind of mainline theology certainly has
and, until recent decades, deeply in-
TV writer and producer working on the
been: 'Finding God is easy.' But, as in
grained in our national customs, tradi-
Ben Wattenberg PBS series; Professor
education," he said, "as with views
tions, laws, and culture, are the same
Allan C. Carlson, an historian-so-
towards the economy, as in security mat-
family values defended today by the New
ciologist and Assistant to the President
ters, this theology just wasn't working.
of the Rockford Institute in Illinois; and
The faithful, apparently, were leaving
Right. They are viewed by the movement
Richard M. Scammon, a noted expert on
their services feeling hollow, feeling
as natural, normal, and necessary for the
survival of our free society."
voting behavior and demographics, and
spiritually empty." Mr. Pines concluded
Director of the Elections Research Cen-
that when it comes to social, religious,
Mr. Scammon related a different per-
ter in Washington, D.C.
educational, even foreign policy issues,
spective: "Somebody once said that pol-
In answer to the specific question-
the new majority believes that the tradi-
itics was the science of who got what,
whether there is, in fact, a new majority
tional values and institutions of our cul-
where, when, why, and how," he chided;
in America-Mr. Pines, Mr. Kemble,
ture still provide the best guides to
"it is rarely the politics of moral judg-
and Professor Carlson agreed that, for
action.
ments. In the present," he said, "it is not
different reasons, a new majority now
While Mr. Pines sees a resurgence of
the politics of a new majority. The ma-
exists, based more on a common rejec-
traditional values among the new ma-
jorities really never change. The majori-
tion of recent reforms, however, than on
jority in American society, Mr. Kemble
ty was always there. Our attention span
the general adoption of new cultural val-
argued that there has been a new recogni-
changed a little. The red light on the
ues. Mr. Scammon disagreed, contend-
tion by the media of majority values:
television camera went after the pro-
ing that the national cultural majority
"My own sense is that there has not been
testers and the dissidents, but the great
has never really changed, but that finally
so great a revolution in American values,
mass of people never really changed very
it had a political spokesman. While a
but instead a great revolution in the
much at all. They haven't changed now,
new, more conservative political coali-
media's description of the country
with Mr. Reagan in the White House."
tion has come to power, there is in fact no
based on the political shift that took
Mr. Scammon did recognize the po-
new changes in the majority's cultural
place in the last election." Mr. Kemble
tential effects of two major technolog-
norms or attitudes.
reminded the audience that "American
ical developments on the nation: satel-
Mr. Pines opened the discussion by
liberalism has been almost oblivious to
lite-cable TV and the microchip. Both of
identifying some of the cultural devel-
the conditions that enable our economy
these, he said, have contributed greatly
opments that the new majority seeks to
to produce its considerable abundance.
to the possibility of what he called the
reverse. In the area of education policy,
It has neglected," he said, "those who
"third option": "The first option in
for instance, open classrooms, "rele-
still have to be described as 'the
American life was moving off the farm
vance" in curriculum, and a general lack
workers" as well as the role of business.
into the city. The second option was
of emphasis on discipline and course re-
Mr. Kemble called upon the "new
moving out of the cities into the suburbs.
quirements, all have contributed to de-
conservatism" to take advantage of the
And the third option, which will affect
clines in SAT scores, literacy, and scien-
current openness in society which, he
political work as well, is the the possibili-
tific and mathematical skills. The new
said, "might lead to the development of
ty of moving out of the suburbs into
majority, therefore, has come to reject
a widely shared and lasting appreciation
small cities."
the liberalization rooted in the 1960s
for the role of the private sector in a
"The opportunities in the 1980s and
reform movements.
modern and humane society. Such a new
1990s for the build-up of this kind of
"Implicit in this rejection is a cry for
consensus would enable Americans to
American life is very real," he con-
more structure, more discipline, and
speak with a strong voice in the great in-
tinued. "And if you can build this kind
more authority," Mr. Pines said. "It ac-
ternational debate over statist socialism
of economic life, you're going to build a
cepts, as a working assumption, that the
versus the open economy."
new kind of political life, which will tend
teacher knows more than seventh grad-
Professor Carlson returned to the
to be measurably more conservative than
ers-something which wasn't necessarily
theme of values underlying the new cul-
that of the big cities."
3
Educating Teachers continued
Defending Capitalism continued
that often separates people in other countries into warring
society is one in which inequalities are reduced to a minimum.
camps, controversies among Americans tend to be contained
"On the contrary," Mr. Podhoretz writes,
within a more encompassing and unifying commitment to the
they all take the position that, while a market system can-
democratic process."
not function properly without equality of opportunity,
Given this consensus, why should inculcating democratic val-
neither can it function without inequality of result.
ues be a significant part of students' education? Mr. Lakoff sug-
Rewards for innovation and productivity must be freely avail-
gests three reasons: the powerful force of the media (which re-
able in a free society, and, consequently, distribution of wealth
place political and patriotic heroes with celebrities from the en-
will be unequal.
tertainment world), the loss of confidence in the political insti-
tutions of the country among adults, and the rise of moral rela-
The new defenders of capitalism, many of whom were, at one
tivism. In light of this, he outlines the direction an education in
time, supporters of a variety of socialism, are still "a minority
democratic values ought to take to educate, not indoctrinate:
within the intellectual community, (but) they are also in the
ascendent," according to Mr. Podhoretz. "Their writings ex-
Good teaching must begin with the same deeply felt
hibit energy, freshness, and dynamism-qualities notably ab-
vocation that led Socrates to seek to open the minds of the
sent from the work of socialist intellectuals who have become
young to a richer reality than they could possibly ap-
more and more strident in tone as their arguments have grown
preciate from their own experience. It must proceed with
respect for their independence of mind
It
must
aim
to
less and less persuasive in substance.
give them the tools for reading and expression with which
We can therefore expect that the influence of the new
they can appease their curiosity and deepen their under-
defenders of capitalism, already considerable, will con-
standing long after they have completed their schooling. It
tinue to spread within the intellectual community. But will
must introduce them to the most serious moral issues by ex-
it make itself felt outside the intellectual community? More
plaining what is meant by such values as integrity, courage,
specifically, can it make itself felt in the business world?
responsibility, and compassion, and by such democratic
beliefs as those guaranteeing individual rights, self-
Answering this last question, of course, points to the role that
government, and due process of law.
private philanthropy can play in bringing new-but, in a sense,
Philip Marcus reviewed two books on citizenship education:
very old-ideas to bear on the long-term well-being of free in-
stitutions. As Mr. Podhoretz writes in his conclusion:
Education and the Democratic Ideal by Steven M. Cahn and
The Revival of Civic Learning by R. Freeman Butts.
An indifference to ideas means in practice that one in-
evitably becomes the slave of yesterday's ideas. And by
In the review, entitled "Educating the Young for
now, yesterday's ideas about capitalism are hostile to a sys-
Citizenship," Dr. Marcus writes: "What the books have in com-
tem that they represent as structurally unsound, morally
mon is a faith, demonstrated in patient detail, that the values
unjust, and spiritually conducive to a crass quality of life.
and practices that caused our past successes remain the best
This is why the contemporary variants of such ideas meet
guides for our future well-being." And, students must be taught
with so little resistance in the minds of businessmen
basic citizenship values to make the rest of their education
themselves.
worthwhile:
But this is also why today's ideas about capitalism-that
it is a necessary, if not sufficient, condition of freedom;
that it is both a necessary and a sufficient condition of
Can students today be taught Shakespeare's Julius Caesar
wealth; and that it provides a better chance than any
unless they already know that assassination is evil? How
known alternative for the most widespread sharing in the
can students understand the tragedy of Melville's Billy
wealth it produces-might have as their most consequen-
Budd unless they possess a sense of justice? Neither liberal
tial result the conversion of businessmen to an active belief
education nor decent politics-especially democratic pol-
in the legitimacy and the social value of what they do.
itics-exists without a foundation in moral and political
At the very least, the resurgence of this belief could lead
principles. Yet, there is a reluctance (today) to see how far
to greater cooperation by businessmen with the new in-
relativism has changed the intrinsic nature of education.
tellectual defenders of capitalism, who have thus far pro-
Dr. Marcus concludes: "Unless there is sound reason to
ceeded with remarkably little help from the business com-
believe that civic virtue and individual excellence will exist and
munity in struggling against 'a creed hostile to its very
existence.'
will gain public recognition, there is no sure defense for educa-
tion and public schools-or the preservation of society itself."
The issue of American Educator also includes articles by sev-
Clippings
eral other prominent observers of education: Edwin J. Delattre
(President of St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland), Ed-
An article on I.E.A. appeared in The Financial Post of
ward A. Wynne (Editor of Character magazine and professor of
Canada (August 29, 1981). The article, by Arnold Beich-
education at the University of Illinois), Peter Mitchell (Director
man, was entitled "Countering the Adversary Culture."
of the AFT international education project), and Jay Sommer
Mention was also made of the Institute's work in For-
(National Teacher of the Year). In all, the issue is a ringing state-
tune magazine (September 21, 1981; page 129) in an article
ment on the need to re-invigorate American education with tra-
on philanthropy entitled "The Unsentimental Corporate
ditional values and civic learning. The editors and writers are to
Giver."
be congratulated.
4
Business Magazine continued
Intellectual Capital
The impact of a great teacher on a student's character
of oil company profits as an example of applying such a theory
and education can scarcely be exaggerated. All of us recall
to economic reality:
at least one good teacher that we encountered as students
In an article on "the implications of oil company profits"
who not only influenced our thinking but also shaped our
(August 18, 1980), it (Business Week) looked at the "mind
aspirations about the higher things in life. Some of us can
numbing" growth of the industry's profits. "What seems
even claim the good fortune of having learned from a great
to be happening is something like a zero-sum game in
teacher. While a generation's intellectual contributions to
which the process that brings wealth to the oil companies
posterity begin in, and are fashioned by, the dedication
takes it away from other sectors of the economy." This
and competence of a few great teachers, little is ever writ-
"maldistribution," Business Week worried, might have all
ten about the qualities and character of academic masters.
kinds of dire effects, including higher inflation, reduced ef-
It is for this reason that great rewards are gained in read-
ficiency, and generally slower economic growth as the oil
companies sopped up much of the capital available for in-
ing Masters: Portraits of Great Teachers, edited by Joseph
vestment. Predictably, the oil companies' bonanza is now
Epstein (Basic Books, 1981; $14.95).
over, and Business Week and the rest of the media can no
This book is a collection of essays about great teachers
longer blame them for the economy's ills.
in various disciplines written by former students. The es-
says originally appeared in The American Scholar, of
In the area of economic theory, Mr. Lagerfeld points out,
which Mr. Epstein is editor, and the authors are themselves
Business Week responded to the ascent of the supply-side school
well-known at least in the academy for their intellectual
in a way suprising for a business magazine:
achievements. A virtue of this collection is that each
Markets, corporations, capitalism-anyone with such lit-
author explores, in part, the ways in which he himself was
tle faith in these things could scarcely be expected to exult
influenced by his teacher-a revealing and penetrating
over supply-side economics. As it did with so many of the
exercise. The essays are at once biographical and autobio-
other ideas that have won wide support among the public
graphical; they point to the qualities of the student and the
-and in the brow-beaten business community-Business
teacher.
Week opposed supply-side economics to the bitter end.
Among the 16 essays are: "Christian Gauss," by Ed-
Moreover, reports Mr. Lagerfeld, Business Week has treated
mund Wilson; "Morris R. Cohen," by Sidney Hook;
the ideas and advocates of conservatism-especially neocon-
"Frederick J. Teggart," by Robert Nisbet; "Hannah
servatism-with the scorn and vilification of a "new left"
Arendt," by Peter Stern and Jean Yarbrough; "C.S.
publication. In economic theory, economic policy, general
Lewis," by John Wain; and "Leo Strauss," by Werner J.
policy questions, and even in the area of foreign policy, the
Dannhauser.
critics of capitalism have received careful attention and treat-
Each essay tells much about the subject that was taught,
ment by Business Week, while those who have joined in a moral
about the author himself, and especially about the great
defense of capitalism are either ignored or attacked, often ad
teacher who, as Mr. Epstein notes in his Introduction, is
hominem. He concludes:
like a performing artist: "Not only must the teacher get up
his subject, but he must get it across
What all the great
Business Week has been performing a tremendous disser-
teachers appear to have in common is love of their subject,
vice to its readers in undermining and attacking the very
an obvious satisfaction in arousing this love in their stu-
ideas and values that give their work meaning and moral
status. But its moral blindness-its failure to subject the
dents, and an ability to convince them that what they are
foes of the free society to the same kind of withering
being taught is deadly serious."
scrutiny it turns on its friends-is a deeper and more
In sum, these essays are as important for what they
troubling flaw. Business Week has a legacy of intellectual
teach us to expect of ordinary teachers as for what they
bankruptcy that a few post-election gestures alone cannot
teach us about excellent teachers.
possibly redeem.
sure the right to register to vote, to one which seeks to maximize
the electoral effectiveness of minority groups.
Defining Voting Rights
In view of this possible distortion of our politics, Dr. Thern-
strom draws attention to the important questions concerning
T
he Voting Rights Act of 1965, which will expire August,
"electoral discrimination": "We talk of the 'dilution' of the
1982, is the cause of much heated debate over what provi-
sions, if any, ought to be extended or changed. In light of the
minority vote," she writes, "but in fact we don't know what a
passions generated by the debate, a welcome contribution of
'full' vote is." Then she asks: "To what, precisely, are minorities
entitled?
reason is an editorial by I.E.A. grantee, Dr. Abigail M. Thern-
Is an integrated political process the aim (of the
strom, "Voting Rights: To What Are Minorities Entitled?"
Act)-a process in which minorities have electoral opportunities
(Washington Post, August 4, 1981).
equal to those of whites, but are guaranteed no particular re-
sults? Or is the goal (minority) political power with (legislative)
The article, drawn from her original research, reviews the var-
seats in proportion to the minority population?"
ious interpretations of what the Act originally was to accom-
plish. At issue is the necessity of defining "electoral discrimina-
According to Dr. Thernstrom, who is writing a book on
tion" properly, and those questions central to the debate.
minority voting rights, these basic questions must be addressed
objectively and thoroughly before concluding whether measures
Dr. Thernstrom's research shows that while the impact of the
of the Act, involving intervention by the Justice Department in-
Voting Rights Act increased the registration of black voters,
to local electoral affairs, should be extended, modified, or left to
there has been no recognition of the extent to which the law has
expire next year. As in most other areas of public policy, the pro-
been put to new uses its framers never intended. The law, she
per answers can only be gained by first properly defining the
contends, has been transformed from one which sought to as-
questions.
5
The Exchange
A
mong recent, important developments is a nonprofit, bipar-
Included on the organization's Board of Directors are: A.
tisan organization, "dedicated to advancing the social and
Lawrence Chickering of the Institute for Contemporary
economic interests of black Americans," newly formed in San
Studies, Professor Nathan Glazer of Harvard University, musi-
Francisco under the leadershp of Dr. Henry Lucas, Jr.
cian Lionel Hampton, and the Hon. Laurence H. Silberman.
Among its founders are Professors Thomas Sowell and Walter
The New Coalition for Economic and Social Change believes,
Williams.
in Dr. Lucas' words, that "all too often well-intentioned social
welfare programs have created a self-perpetuating cycle of pov-
The organization, which will be a national membership or-
erty and dependence, and one generation after another is dic-
ganization with local chapters in all major cities, intends to pro-
tated to by government bureaucrats
An ill-considered gen-
vide a permanent forum on the local and national levels for new
erosity which ultimately harms people, these social welfare pro-
ideas and diverse views. The New Coalition, as part of its work,
grams constitute neither progress nor advancement. This is
will develop, publish, and disseminate articles and public policy
waste
a waste the nation can ill afford."
studies, sponsor seminars and conferences, and thereby "gal-
As an alternative, the New Coalition seeks to promote and
vanize the growing constituency committed to real economic
take advantage of real economic growth for all Americans in
and social growth for black Americans."
realizing real economic growth and social change for black
Americans. It hopes to inspire leadership, independence, diver-
Additional information on The New Coalition for Economic
sity, and pluralism within the black community across the
and Social Change is available through the I.E.A. Clearing-
nation.
house.
Permit No. 2303
New York, N.Y.
Paid
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017
U.S. Postage
310 MADISON AVENUE
Non-Profit Org.
INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS
Internal Revenue Service
Dr
rtment of the Treasury
District Director
Date:
JUL 2 0 1978
Employer Identification Number:
13-2943020
Accounting Period Ending:
October 31
Foundation Status Classification:
(1) (A)
Advance Ruling Period Ends:
Institute For Educational Affairs
114 East 32nd Street Suite-1101
October 31, 1983
Person to Contact:
New York, N. Y. 10016
Attn: Mr. L. Lankowsky
A. McKeveny
Contact Telephone Number:
212-264-3248
#13816504EO
- M-78-E0-604
EO:7201
Dear Applicant:
Based on information supplied, and assuming your operations will be as stated
in your application for recognition of exemption, we have determined you are exempt
from Federal income tax under section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
Because you are a newly created organization, we are not now making a final
determination of your foundation status under section 509(a) of the Code. However,
we have determined that you can reasonably be expected to be a publicly supported
organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(vi)and509(a)(1).
Accordingly, you will be treated as a publicly supported organization, and not
as a private foundation, during an advance ruling period. This advance ruling period
begins on the date of your inception and ends on the date shown above.
Within 90 days after the end of your advance ruling period, you must submit to
us information needed to determine whether you have met the requirements of the
applicable support test during the advance ruling period. If you establish that you
have been a publicly supported organization, you will be classified as a section
509 (a) (1) or 509(a)(2) organization as long as you continue to meet the requirements
of the applicable support test. If you do not meet the public support requirements
during the advance ruling period, you will be classified as a private foundation for
future periods. Also, if you are classified as a private foundation, you will be
treated as a private foundation from the date of your inception for purposes of
sections 507 (d) and 4940.
Grantors and donors may rely on the determination that you are not a private
foundation until 90 days after the end of your advance ruling period. If you submit
the required information within the 90 days, grantors and donors may continue to
rely on the advance determination until the Service makes a final determination of
your foundation status. However, if notice that you will no longer be treated as a
section ***
organization is published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin,
grantors and donors may not rely on this determination after the date of such
publication. Also, a grantor or donor may not rely on this determination if he or
she was in part responsible for, or was aware of, the act or failure to act that
resulted in your loss of section ***
status, or acquired knowledge that
the Internal Revenue Service had given notice that you would be removed from
classification as a section ***
organization.
***170(b)(1)(A)(vi)and509(a)(1)
District Director, Manhattan District
(over) See Attachment
Letter 1045(DO) (6-77)
If your sources of port, or your purposes, charac or method of operation
change, please let us know so we can consider the effect of the change on your
exempt status and foundation status. Also, you should inform us of all changes in
your name or address.
Generally, you are not liable for social security (FICA) taxes unless you file
a waiver of exemption certificate as provided in the Federal Insurance Contributions
Act. If you have paid FICA taxes without filing the waiver, you should call us. You
are not liable for the tax imposed under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA).
Organizations that are not private foundations are not subject to the excise
taxes under Chapter 42 of the Code. However, you are not automatically exempt from
other Federal excise taxes. If you have any questions about excise, employment, or
other Federal taxes, please let us know.
Donors may deduct contributions to you as provided in section 170 of the Code.
Bequests, legacies, devises, transfers, or gifts to you or for your use are
deductible for Federal estate and gift tax purposes if they meet the applicable
provisions of sections 2055, 2106, and 2522 of the Code.
You are required to file Form 990, Return of Organization Exempt from Income
Tax, only if your gross receipts each year are normally more than $10,000. If a
return is required, it must be filed by the 15th day of the fifth month after the
end of your annual accounting period. The law imposes a penalty of $10 a day, up to
a maximum of $5,000, when a return is filed late, unless there is reasonable cause
for the delay.
You are not required to file Federal income tax returns unless you are subject
to the tax on unrelated business income under section 511 of the Code. If you are
subject to this tax, you must file an income tax return on Form 990-T. In this
letter, we are not determining whether any of your present or proposed activities
are unrelated trade or business as defined in section 513 of the Code.
You need an employer identification number even if you have no employees. If
an employer identification number was not entered on your application, a number will
be assigned to you and you will be advised of it. Please use that number on all
returns you file and in all correspondence with the Internal Revenue Service.
Because this letter could help resolve any questions about your exempt status
and foundation status, you should keep it in your permanent records.
If you have any questions, please contact the person whose name and telephone
number are shown in the heading of this letter.
Sincerely yours,
Charles H. Brennan
District Director
CC: George J. Gillespie, III
Messrs. Cravath, Swaine & Moore
One Chase Manhattan Plaza
New York, New York 10005
Letter 1045(DO) (6-77)
Institute for Educational Affairs
As an organization making grants or scholarships to individuals, you
must maintain adequate records and case histories to show the name and
address of each recipient of aid; the amount distributed to each; the
purpose for which the aid was given; the manner in which the recipient
was selected and the relationship, if any, between the recipient and
(1) members, officers, or trustees of the organization, (2) a grantor or
substantial contributor to the organization or a member of the family
of either, and (3) a corporation controlled by a grantor or substantial
contributor, in order that any or all distributions made to individuals
can be substantiated upon request by the Internal Revenue Service (See
Rev. Rul. 56-304, 1956-2 C. B. 306).
Rosanne Haggerty
Pat Lilly (Counterpoint)
Editor-in-chief
1164 E. 58 St.
Box 642, Amherst College
Apt. 302
Station #2
Chicago, IL 60637
Amherst, MA 01002
Linda Valpert
Mr. Randall Shew
The Amherst Student
Cornell Chronicle
1021 Park Avenue
Cornell University
New York, NY 10028
110 Day Hall
Ithaca, NY 14853
Joseph Ravitch
The Amherst Student
National News Editor and Editor
Dartmouth Review
1021 Park Avenue
Box 343
New York, NY 10028
Hanover, NH 03755
603-643-4370
Brown University
William Cattan
The Naked Eye
Editor
Box 1930
Box 343
Brown University
(same)
Providence, RI 02912
Dinesh D'Souza
Editor-in-chief
George A. Forsyth
(same)
Claremont Review of Books
Editor and Writer
Keeney Jones
125 W. Seventh St.
Chairman
Claremont, CA 91711
William J. Flannery
George Washington Sequient
Claremont Review of Books
J. Michael Waller
Editor
802 New Hampshire Ave. NW
402 Oakdale Ave.
Washington, DC 20037
Claremont, CA 91711
202-965-4683
202-224-0748
Chris Perry
Scott Trendell
Morningside Review
2034 G St. NW
542 W. 114 St.
Washington, DC 20006
New York, NY 10025
202-296-8548
California Review
Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
Eric Young: Editor
233 Langdell Hall
Student Organizations
Cambridge, MA 02138
B-023
LaJolla, CA 92093
Harvard Salient
40 Mather House
Harvard College
Tod Lindberg
Cambridge, MA 02138
Counterpoint Magazine
Editor: Ben Cooper 516-223-9392
Editor
617-498-4401
Founder & Sr. Editor
John Podhoretz
Terry Quist
Couterpoint Magazine
278 Beacon St. Apt #55
Editor
Somerville, MA 02143
Hillsdale Review
Lawrence Delaney, Jr.
10809 Balantre Lane
Hillsdale College 225 Hillsdale St.
Hillsdale, Michigan 9242
Potomac, MD 20854
Hogan Foreign Review
The Madison Report
Dan Kelley
Roger Brooks, Editor
A 371 PIC
Contributing Editor
Princeton U.
Holy Cross College
Box 1102
Princeton, NJ 08544
Worcester, MA 01610
The Madison Report
John Goodwin
Dan Mahoney, Co-editor
609-452-7081
28 Carter Drive
609-734-7002
Framingham, MA 01701
A Blair Hall
Douglas Ovian
Princeton, NJ 18540
Economics Editor
Box 1761
Lumen
Holy Cross College
Vic Wolski
Worcester, MA 01610
Room 1004, 3901 Locust Walk
Jack Fowler
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Co-editor
Box 830
College of Holy Cross
Texas Forum
408 Linda Lane
Worcester, MA 01610
Alvin, Tx 77511
Mark Elam
The Louisville Scholar
713-486-8583
Dean of Students
713-333-2566
University Of Louisville
Louisville, KY 40292
Thomas Frazer II
Washington Review
Box 359
Glenn Carbon, IL 62034
Northwest Review
(Washington U., St. Louis)
Michael George
Campus Activities Bldg.
1999 Sheraton Rd.
Michael Karnavas, Editor
The Gavel
Evanston, IL 60201
312-492-5560
1736 E. 33 St.
Cleveland, OH 44114
Michigan Review
Box 1842
Yale Literary Magazine
Peter Sim II
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Box 243-A
Tom Faus
Yale Station
New Haven, CT 06520
Carolina Free Press
Box 3343
Yale Political Monthly
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
A. Michael Froomkin, Editor
Box 6727
Yale Station
Daniel Blatt
New Haven, CT 06520
SU Box 2661 Williams College
Williamstown, MA 01267
David Corn
Jan Van Eck Williams College
435 E. 12 St. #7-8
SU Box 3094
(same)
NV
TEXAS
Texas Forum
408 Linda Lane
Alvin, TX 77511
Mark Elam
713-486-8583
713-333-2566
WASHINGTON
Washington Review
P.O. Box 359
Genn Carbon, Ill 62034
(Wash. U., St. Louis)
OHIO
Michael Karnavas, Ed
The Gavel
1736 East 33rd St.
Cleveland, OH 44114
YALE
Yale Literary Magazine
Peter Sim 11
Box 243-A
Yale Station
New Haven, CT 06520
Yale Political Monthly
A. Michael Froomkin, Ed
P.O. Box 6727
Yale Station
New Haven, CT 06520
NEW YORK
David Corn
435 E. 12th St. #7-8
New York, NY 10009
WILLAIMS COLLEGE
Daniel Blatt
SU Box 2661
Williams College
Williamstown, MA 01267
Jan Van Eck
SU Box 3094
Willaism ollege
Willaimstown, MA 01267
EN
INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS
WHAT IS I.E.A.?
I.E.A. is an educational foundation established in 1978 by William E. Simon and Irving
Kristol. Based on a partnership between the business community and scholars, its goal is to
develop an intellectual defense of the ideals and principles of democratic capitalism.
WHY I.E.A.?
In the face of a unique cultural hostility toward our own economic system, public policy and
economic analyses, though necessary, are not enough. "Experts" invariably disagree about
policies and programs.
What is most needed is a strengthening of the case for democratic capitalism as fairer and freer
than competing systems. In short, our very way of life requires a moral and intellectual
defense.
Only with such a defense at hand will opinion leaders, teachers, and students be persuaded to
view our system-and present it to others-in a positive and healthy context.
WHAT DOES
I.E.A. supports the research and writing of scholars and journalists whose work fosters, pro-
I.E.A. DO?
motes, and increases an understanding of democratic capitalism.
The I.E.A. Grant Program has funded research into such issues as:
the political character of the money supply;
the politics of the anti-nuclear movement;
the relationship of Marxism and nationalism in the "Third World."
In addition, the I.E.A. Clearinghouse is designed to increase the effectiveness of corporate giv-
ing. The Clearinghouse provides information and advice about organizations and individuals
seeking corporate support, and publishes the Guide to Public Policy Research Organizations,
and other educational materials.
THE I.E.A.
I.E.A.'s governing body is a Board of Directors equally divided between businessmen and
BOARD:
academics.
The businessmen are there to ensure that I.E.A. money is spent sensibly.
The academics are there because of their knowledge of who's who in academia.
SUPPORT:
I.E.A.'s current budget is $883,150. More than 74 corporations, foundations, and individuals
have become contributors to I.E.A.'s work.
STAFF:
The I.E.A. staff consists of the Executive Director, Dr. Philip N. Marcus, and two Program
Officers.
EN
INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS
THE FOUNDATION OFFICERS FORUM
The Foundation Officers Forum is an integral part of I.E.A.'s effort to in-
crease the effectiveness of corporate and other private philanthropy. The aim of
the Forum is to keep corporate and foundation contributions officers abreast of
the most recent thinking and research in areas of pressing public concern.
The Forum meets throughout the year to discuss topical issues in depth, and
to permit an exchange of views about promising activities and initiatives in the
field. The Forum is made up of over 160 participants.
Each session centers on presentations by a panel of experts who give Forum
members the benefit of their work. The presentations are followed by a general
discussion of the issue, including practical ideas for the implementation of new
projects.
Some of the subjects addressed at recent Forums have been:
Economics and Economic Education
The Politicization of Religion
Science, Environmentalism, and Public Policy
Business and its Critics
Perspectives on Public Interest Law
Among the many experts who have addressed the Forum meetings have
been: Edith Efron (University of Rochester), Irving Kristol (The Public Interest
magazine), Robert Nisbet and Michael Novak (American Enterprise Institute),
Alan Reynolds (First National Bank of Chicago), Hon. Laurence H. Silberman
(Crocker National Bank, San Francisco), William Tucker (Harper's magazine),
Paul Weaver (Fortune magazine), and Ralph Winter (Yale University Law
School).
Owing to a widespread interest in the discussions of our panelists, the Insti-
tute has begun to publish the proceedings of Forums in booklet form; Economics
and Economic Education and Perspectives on Public Interest Law are now
available upon request.
EN
INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS
THE I.E.A. CLEARINGHOUSE
The I.E.A. Clearinghouse keeps track of literally hundreds of non-profit
organizations, and provides information to corporations and foundations when
those organizations apply for support. In addition, the Clearinghouse responds to
a variety of other requests for assistance, from identifying all the effective
organizations in a particular field to meeting specialized research needs. The
unique character of the Institute enables us to offer this service quickly and
professionally.
The Clearinghouse functions are based on our ability to draw upon in-house
expertise, our contacts and consultants in the academic community, and the
resources of our Board members to help in the assessment of proposals or
organizations that may be seeking support.
In addition to answering many individual requests from corporations and
foundations for advice and information in making grants, we have begun a pro-
gram of publications to reach a wider audience. We have reprinted Irving Kristol's
important speech, "Foundations and the Sin of Pride: The Myth of the Third Sec-
tor," and mailed it to 5,000 corporate and foundation executives. We have since
received requests for an additional 1,000 copies. Also, we have published a Guide
to Public Policy Research Organizations, which lists those organizations the
Institute has assessed as worthy of private financial support. Our purpose here is
to help philanthropy take an active, informed part in the development of ideas.
The response has been quite favorable, and the publication of new, revised guides
is being contemplated for the future.
In sum, the I.E.A. Clearinghouse is an invaluable asset in the Institute's
continuing effort to increase the dialogue between the corporate and academic
communities.
EN
INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS
STATEMENT BY MILTON FRIEDMAN
The theme of inhumanity has been the central element of anti-capitalist
rhetoric for two hundred years. The theme is repeated today, and is still the most
effective element in the armory of those who are opposed to the free market
system. Capitalism, they declare, is inhumane. Of course, that is completely con-
tradicted by experience. Yet the theme, the idea, retains much of its power.
We must make people understand that the basic idea of a free society is fun-
damentally a humane idea. It is fundamentally the idea that people as individuals
have responsibility to themselves and to one another, that those responsibilities
cannot be met by turning them over to somebody else, by electing a governmental
official who will take money out of your pocket in order to spend it on supposedly
good objectives. It can only be met by us as individuals. In spreading that basic
philosophy, we must go beyond the kind of economic studies that I've spent my
life on, that even the best public policy think tanks produce. Changing fundamen-
tal attitudes requires action on all levels. It must go beyond economics. It must go
beyond philosophy. It must go to the core of our culture, where the values and
beliefs that shape our actions are formed.
We must move on a broad front. That cannot be done by business executives
in their capacity as representatives of their business. The actions needed can be
provided only by people in their private capacity, not as representatives of a
business, but as citizens of the United States. The main effort will have to be by
individuals who are not engaged in business, but who are scholars, writers and
people from all walks of life. It will have to be done and organized through
universities and through foundations. It will require the support of the commun-
ity of businessmen and of many other individuals.
The successes we've achieved so far certainly cause all of us, I think, to be
optimistic. The tide of opinion in the world is changing and not only in America.
It's been happening in Great Britain. It's been happening even in Sweden. It's been
happening around the world. Now is the time to keep it moving and see if we can't
really achieve a breakthrough.
*Excerpted and adapted from a talk given under the auspices of the Heritage Foundation on May 14, 1980.
FOUNDATIONS
AND
THE SIN OF PRIDE:
The Myth of The "Third Sector"
By
Irving Kristol
A speech before the
Annual Conference of the
Council on Foundations,
May 30, 1980
Published By
The Institute for Educational Affairs
Today, I want to talk about the foundation world and the
sin of pride-what the Greeks called hubris, what the church
fathers called superbia, namely the desire to do more good
than anyone can do, a desire to do good which ends up be-
ing a form of the will to power. I think the foundation world
today is suffering from the sin of pride.
Let me give you a very clear and specific instance. It is now
generally said and widely thought that the foundation world
(the non-profit world, as we say), constitutes a "third sector"
in American society. There is, it is said, the private sector,
consisting of business enterprise; the public sector, consist-
ing of government; and then we have the third, not-for-profit
sector, of which the foundations are the animating core. I
would like to suggest to you that there is no third seçtor.
Foundations are part and parcel of the private sector. They
are flesh of the flesh, bone of the bone, blood of the blood of
the private sector. The notion that foundations in some way
constitute a sector of their own, different from, above, and
superior to the other two sectors is an act of pride which will
only go before a fall. That fall may consist in the fact that
foundations will end up depriving themselves of their sus-
tenance, which comes from the various parts of the private
sector. Foundations are creations of the private sector.
In fact, there are only two sectors in our society: the pri-
vate sector and the governmental sector. The voluntary asso-
ciations in our nation do not make up a third sector; they are
part of the private sector. Churches are part of the private
sector. Fraternal organizations are part of the private sector.
Even political parties are part of the private sector. There is
no high ground which foundations can occupy and from
which they can look down upon the other sectors and then
try to think up policies, methods of improving the world,
which are somehow disinterested in a way that those of the
other two sectors are not.
The sin of pride to which I refer shows itself in many other
ways. For instance, we hear it said that foundations should
be setting the national agenda. But it is politics that sets the
national agenda. If foundations want to get into politics, that
is their privilege, but they ought to know that what they are
then doing is getting into politics. They are not acting in
some disinterested way; they are not representing
something called "the public interest." In politics everyone
represents the public interest, or rather everyone represents
some conception of the public interest, for politics consists
of conflicts among different conceptions of the public in-
terest. There is no one conception of the public interest
which is right as against all others. I want to emphasize that if
foundations are inclined to get involved in politics this way, I
think that's perfectly proper-but they ought to know what
they are doing. They ought not to think that somehow they
are above the political battle. They ought not to think they
will not end up bearing the scars of the political battle. They
ought not to think that they will be immune to political
attack. Shaping the national agenda is part of the political
activity of a democracy.
We also hear it said that foundations should stimulate
social change, or, to use one of the favorite cliches, be on
"the cutting edge" of social change. That, too, is politics.
And foundations have no more perception of what is right or
presumption in thinking that it knew what should be taught
wrong in social change, of what is effective or what is
in the universities, that it knew exactly what it should im-
desirable, than anyone else who is involved in politics.
pose on universities within the social sciences, has been
Foundation people are almost certainly better educated-
enormous. Because professors don't die young. Tens of
or at least better schooled-than most people who are in-
thousands of professors, with tenure, are now sitting in uni-
volved in politics. But that does not mean that they have a
versities, trained in the behavioral sciences, teaching
superior understanding of what society needs, in what direc-
students who find them all (or most of them) thoroughly un-
tions society ought to go, or in what direction society can go.
satisfying.
Acts of Arrogance
The other, more famous instance, of course, was the
school decentralization fight in New York City. Being a New
There is an implicit arrogance in the notion, in the very
Yorker, that was something that came very close to the bone.
rhetoric, that a foundation should be on "the cutting edge"
There the act of arrogance was evident, because if there's
of social change. First of all, it assumes you know what the
one law of New York City politics it is: "Thou shalt not polar-
cutting edge is, and you know that it cuts this way, not that
ize racial and ethnic groups." That has been the overriding
way. Secondly, to be on the cutting edge of social change
political law of New York City for 150 years now, but the Ford
you have to have a complete, comprehensive, theoretical
Foundation blithely went ahead and polarized the city,
understanding of the social order-of how change is brought
inflicting enormous damage on the public school system,
about and how you bring about the changes you wish as
and on the political system of the city. My impression is that
against the changes you don't wish. There is no such
having caused that damage, it has now lost interest in the
comprehensive theory-never has been, never will be. We
subject and has gone on to something else.
do not understand ourselves that well, and we do not under-
stand our neighbors that well. The reason we have politics at
Grand Designs, Sad Results
all is because the world is full of other people. Other people
are never quite like us. That's the way it's always been, and
Now, I don't want to be misunderstood. It is possible to do
that's the way it's always going to be. The notion, therefore,
good. It really is possible to do good. Doing good isn't even
that any foundation or any group of scholars or any group of
hard. It's just doing a lot of good that is very hard. If your aims
thinkers can have a "disinterested" conception of where
are modest, you can accomplish an awful lot. When your
society should go, one that is not open to political conflict
aims become elevated beyond a reasonable level, you not
and political argument, is an act of intellectual arrogance
only don't accomplish much, but you can cause a great deal
which can only end up creating damage to foundations. For
of damage. And, in fact, I think that foundations in this coun-
not only can't we control social change in a disinterested
try have passed up enormous opportunities to do good,
way, in the end we can't control it at all. We really cannot
simply because they have found them not sufficiently
control social change. We can try. It's very important to try.
ambitious.
But the notion that you can come up with a master plan for
In my own experience, I spent several years on the Coun-
social change and institute that plan and get the results that
cil of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH),
you really intended is to over-look the fact that the basic law
and it was an organization that I was very much in favor of. In
of politics is that unanticipated consequences are always
fact, I even helped persuade some of my conservative
more important than the anticipated consequences of your
friends in Congress to vote its appropriation against their in-
actions.
clination. I have avoided speaking to them since. I don't
There have been a number of such instances of intellec-
know what I would now say to them. Basically, NEH did a
tual arrogance over the past 25 or 30 years, some of which I
good job; in all fairness, I think it still does half a good job. At
have been involved in, some of which I have just witnessed.
the beginning, what NEH did was quite simple and obvious.
I'll mention two of them, both, as it happens, involving the
We supported archaeological expeditions in Turkey. Some-
Ford Foundation. Back in the 1950's, the Ford Foundation
one has to support them; they' re worth doing. They might
decided that the behavioral sciences were the key to the
discover something interesting; it seems right that NEH
future, that the behavioral sciences, like sociology and pol-
should do it. We supported critical editions of major texts.
itical science, would really give us a way of controlling
Again, every expensive. Again, someone has to do it, and it
human destiny. They would bring about the "politics of the
seems right that the National Endowment for the Humani-
future," and create a better society at the least cost. And so
ties should do it. We went on doing all these very colorless
the Ford Foundation devoted tens of millions of dollars to
and rather boring, but good things.
advancing the behavioral sciences in the universities, with
But in the end it didn't satisfy a great many people, includ-
great success. Unfortunately, 15 years later it turned out that
ing people in Congress, including some of the present
the behavioral sciences were in a condition, and to this day
leaders of foundations. The result is that, when you propos-
are in a condition, of intellectual crisis; the younger scholars,
ed something along those lines, the reaction became, "Oh
whether conservative or radical, are all in rebellion against
goodness, come on, we don't want another edition of classi-
the behavioral sciences, which they find very boring, very
cal texts. Let's do something more interesting, let's do some-
tedious, and on the whole ineffectual. But the damage that
thing that has an effect on the world." As a consequence,
has been done to our universities by the Ford Foundation's
the emphasis at NEH, over these past years, has shifted. A lot
of the money is now simply wasted, in my view, on all sorts
of dubious "community and cultural activities." I do think
ships. Why don't you help them?" the answer to that is: "We
that the National Endowment for the Humanities should
want to help those who are really down at the bottom. That's
support excellent museums. I don't think it ought to support
the problem." Indeed that is the problem. Only, helping
third-rate museums. But, of course, it's now in the business
those at the bottom is not easy, whereas helping those who
of supporting third-rate ballet troupes, third-rate, fourth-rate
are at the top, or are moving up, is feasible. It works. If you
museums, spreading the money around state-by-state,
suggest such a program you are accused of something called
county-by-county; it has been quite politicized. It still does
"creaming," namely, taking the most able, the most intelli-
some good-I'd say half of what it does is still perfectly good.
gent, the most ambitious, and moving them up while neg-
But it just could not be satisfied to do the good things which
lecting the rest. But that is the normal way in which all
were not intellectually exciting. They were quite routine but
groups move into the mainstream of American life. This is
worth doing, and now unfortunately very few foundations
true for all groups, all immigrant groups, all ethnic groups,
are doing them.
all racial groups. You begin by moving up those who can be
I take a more dramatic instance. Everyone is concerned
moved up. Their brothers, sisters, cousins, friends, see them
about youth unemployment in the ghetto, as I am, and I
moving up and begin to foresee that it's possible. They begin
have been involved with various foundations and govern-
to shape their lives and their habits to follow them. The no-
ment as well, over the years, in trying to do something about
tion that you go directly to the hard-core unemployable, the
it. It's astonishing how little has been accomplished. The
high-school dropouts, who are "hard core" for a reason, is
reason so little has been accomplished is that no one was
utopian. They' not easy to cope with. The notion that you
satisfied with doing a little; everyone wanted to do a lot. For
can cope with these people directly, and transform them
instance, it is a scandal in this country that vocational educa-
overnight into willing and eager students, is childish. I'm not
tion is in the condition it's in. It is absolutely absurd. Can you
saying you can't do it in the case of certain individuals. And if
imagine a United States of America where there is a shortage
a foundation wanted to focus enormous resources on a few
of automobile mechanics, and yet there are "unemploy-
such individuals, it would probably work. But it would be
able" kids in the ghetto who can strip an automobile in four
enormously expensive, and in the end you would just be
minutes flat? It just doesn't make sense. But when you try to
helping a few individuals. The more sensible approach is to
get a program of vocational education going-and I've tried
do what you can do-help those who wish to be helped,
very hard with various foundations to get a simple program
who can be helped, who are already motivated, and hope
of vocational education going-they say, "No! No! We don't
that others will follow in their path. It is, on the basis of expe-
want to train these kids to be automobile mechanics. We
rience, a realistic hope.
want to train them to be doctors, to be surgeons."
I'll never forget my first job, working for a fine mechanic,
Let's be reasonable. Not everyone can be a doctor or a
who was an illiterate and who owned his own factory. After
surgeon. Some people are going to end up as automobile
I'd been there a few days, he took me aside and said, "Irv-
mechanics. Automobile mechanics have a pretty good
ing, I want you to remember two things: First, a thing worth
career. They make a great deal of money, most of it honestly.
doing is worth doing cheaply. And second, if something is
But the fact is that it has been impossible to get the resources
too hard to do, find something easier to do." On the whole, I
for so limited a goal.
think that's good advice. When things get terribly hard and
Foundations talk a great deal about education, and pro-
terribly expensive, it's a sign that-for reasons which you
pose grand theories about education. Whenever a founda-
may never understand-it's not going to be doable. Peter
tion comes to me with grand theories about education, I say:
Drucker-many years later I read Peter Drucker on manage-
"Fine, start a school." Why not? If you have grand and novel
ment-ends up saying the same thing as my little machine
theories about education, start a school. But it turns out that
shop owner did, namely, you pour your resources into things
those people don't want to start a school. They want to
that work. You don't spend all your time and energy and
reform the whole public education system, or whatever. But
money on things that don't work. Do what is doable, and
it's very hard to reform the public education system, which is
when you do what is doable, it will affect everything else,
populated by people with interests, ideas, and habits of their
and you then get the kind of progress in education, or in the
own. It's not in their interest to be reformed. So they will
economy, or what have you, which brings everyone into the
take your program and twist it in all sorts of ways. Whereas, a
system and from which everyone benefits.
foundation can always start a school. Thus it seems reason-
There is a passion for doing good. It is a noble passion, but
able to insist: if you have any good ideas about education,
it is a passion. And all passions have to be controlled. All pas-
whether it be in the ghetto or elsewhere, start a school. But I
sions are dangerous unless they are controlled. We have had
have never heard of any foundation that started a school,
long experience in the history of Western civilization with
one that would put its theories into effect. A hundred years
people who spend their lives doing good. Nuns, members of
ago that was assumed to be a very promising way to reform
religious orders, working in hospitals, in schools. All of them
education. These days it is regarded as insufficiently am-
were under a discipline where they were on regular occa-
bitious, too modest in its intent.
sions humiliated by their institutions. That is, if you wanted
Again, turning to the youth of the ghetto, if you say to a
to do good in the old days, say in a hospital, at some point,
foundation: "Look, there are many bright kids in the ghetto
you emptied bedpans. Now, I'm not saying that all the pro-
who need help, who need scholarships, who need fellow-
fessionals at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation should
spend one day a month emptying bedpans. On the other
are being either liberal, conservative, or radical, not some-
hand, it is useful to have an occasion for humility. It is very
how representing something called "the common good,"
easy to sit down and devise a new health delivery service,
which they alone are in a position to define. But I do want to
but cleaning bedpans gives you an insight into some of the
emphasize, in closing, that all of those activities, whether
problems inherent in health delivery service. The passion
radical, liberal, or conservative, emerge from the private
for doing good, when it was restricted to religious orders,
sector, and are a distinctive aspect of our pluralist society. To
had a self-correcting mechanism in it. We have no such
the degree that our society becomes more centralized, to
system of self-discipline and self-humiliation, so that the
the degree that government becomes more intrusive in all
tendency toward pride and arrogance in doing good, the
the affairs of our lives, to that degree, foundations are going
tendency toward an excess of passion and self-righteousness
to end up in fact being adjuncts of government or being
in doing good, is unchecked.
assimilated into government.
Even now it is said-and I have heard foundation execu-
Pluralism and Private Initiative
tives say it, and I think most people here would probably say
it-that the money you people spend is public money, and
I want to make one final point, which is really my original
therefore you have a public responsibility. Now, in what
point. Foundations came into existence originally to do all
sense is the money you spend public? Under the tax laws,
the things that needed to be done that the government did
the contributions made to foundations are deductible from
not do in the 19th and early 20th centuries. That was the
income. If you say that that money is public money, you are
right thing for foundations to do at that time. However, the
saying: "Well, the government has the right to all our
situation has changed today. We have had a reversal. There
money, but it doesn't exercise this right at all times or in all
is almost nothing you can suggest which government is not
respects. It leaves some of that governmental money for us
eager to do. And it seems to me that foundations, therefore,
to spend, and therefore we have a public responsibility
have a special responsibility to be wary of government and
attached to that money." I think that is socializing money in
to be a lot more solicitous of their own sector, which, I
rhetoric prior to socializing it in fact. The money you people
repeat, is the private sector. You' not above the private sec-
spend is private money. It is not public money. Money that
tor, by God, you're in it. I really am a little sorry, with all due
the government does not take is ours. You can have what-
respect to Landrum Bolling and the city of Washington, that
ever public responsiblities you wish to assume with that
the Council on Foundations has decided to set up head-
private money. But it is private money. It is the life blood of
quarters in Washington. I think that's the wrong signal to the
your organizations, and I think it is time foundations gave a
foundation world. Foundations should not be an adjunct to
little more thought to the source of that life blood and to
government. Foundations should be an adjunct to their
what might be done to making that life blood a little more
own, private sector. There is a tendency these days for every-
abundant and, shall we say, healthier in composition.
thing to become an adjunct to government, just as there is a
tendency, when foundations have a good idea, for govern-
ment to take it and run away with it. My favorite example of
Irving Kristol is a Director of the Institute for Educational
the latter is the Meals on Wheels program. This was a
Affairs, Co-Editor of The Public Interest magazine, and a
marvellous program, a community program, where people
member of The Wall Street Journal's Board of Contributors.
got together and delivered meals to elderly people who
were either house-bound or confined to their beds. And
Congress heard about this and said, "That's a great idea;
we'll do it." So it passed the Meals on Wheels legislation,
but with all sorts of new regulations, so that the community
organizations that had been delivering meals for years were
all disqualified because they didn't have enough profes-
sional nutritionists, they didn't have the right number of this
or enough of that, they didn't have the right inspection of
their facilities, etc. So you end up with another government
agency doing, in its bureaucratic and, I am convinced, in the
end not very humane way, what neighbors were doing in a
very pleasant and humane way.
There is clearly a tendency of government, in the name of
the welfare state, to expand the conception of the welfare
state so far as to be bureaucratically paternalistic. I think
foundations should combat this tendency, not encourage it.
In sum, foundations should rethink their situations and
their conditions. We live in a pluralistic society. Some
foundations are going to be liberal, some are going to be
radical, some are going to be conservative, and that's fine.
That's the way it should be, as long as they realize that they
The Institute For Educational Affairs is a non-
profit, tax-exempt organization. Founded in
1978, it aims to bring together the business
and academic communities in a common
pursuit. The Institute conducts a grant pro-
gram and provides services to the philan-
thropic community.
Institute for Educational Affairs
310 Madison Avenue - Room 1629
New York, N.Y. 10017
Project Inform
THE
TO INFORM STUDENTS ABOUT POLITICAL INFLUENCES WITHIN STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS
Project Inform was established in May, 1982 to serve as
a clearinghouse for information regarding the promotion
of conservative viewpoints on American campuses.
The primary functions of Project Inform can be broken down
into these five categories:
1) To attack manditory fee abuse on the campuses by
leftist student governments; to attack improper
funding mechanisms used by groups such as Palph
Nader's Public Interest Research Group (PIRG),
especially the advent of the negative check-off
system.
2) To expose and defund groups proporting to re-
present American students when in reality are
far-left and represent only a small minority.
The United States Student Association (USSA) is
the major target in this case.
3) To encourage non-leftist students to run and
win student governments elections and provide
technology manuals to this end.
4) To serve as a middleman between students wishing
to resort to legal action in regards to funding
violations, and conservative legal foundations
willing to take up cases. For example, students
have resorted to legal action against PIRG in
New Jersey and against fee abuse at Berkeley.
5). To assist in the founding of conservative news-
papers and provide technology manuals for this
purpose.
Project inform will be looking into all radical organi-
zations that have organized networks of campus chapters
such as Mobilization for Survival, American Friends Ser-
vice Committee, Progressive Student Alliance, Progressive
Student Union, etc.
A monthly newsletter will be published that will have the
latest news on legal fights against fee abuse and negative
check-off systems as well as articles dealing with conser-
vative newspapers, USSA, and student government elections.
If you like more info or can help in any way, contact Steve Baldwin
at 1-202-484-6530.
Project Inform
TO INFORM STUDENTS ABOUT POLITICAL INFLUENCES WITHIN STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS
STARTING A CONSERVATIVE CAMPUS NEWSPAPER
The conservative movement on campus has recently added on
another weapon to its arsenal to fight the ideological war
that has been dominated by the left for so many years.
The alternative campus newspaper is the perfect way to counter
the liberal arguments. They are compact, readable, short,
informative, and usually controversial. Across the nation
they have attracted the attention of the media as the left,
radical adminisrations, and "official" campus newspapers howl
at the newcomers as if freedom of speech did not apply to
people not holding a liberal viewpoint.
Besides balancing the political views offered on campuses,
conservative newspaper staffs will learn invaluable lessons
in the fine arts of editing, reporting, composition, adver-
tising, and the like. Since the conservative movement needs
people in the communication media, the benefits here are ob-
vious.
Conservative newspapers are fantastic for espirit de corps and
can be used to promote conservative speakers, events, issues,
etc. However, before you decide that you want to join the
40 or so conservative newspapers already established, read the
following information and then think about it. It is a very
big project.
FUNDING
Start-up costs usually range from 20,000 to $50,000 dollars,
especially if you plan to publish a 12 page or more weekly
and maintain off-campus office space.
Per-issue costs run from $1500 to $2000 but there will be
supply costs, office space costs, utility bills, and possibly
even legal costs.
The three primary sources of funding are advertising, subscript-
tions/donations, and through foundations. There are at least
six foundations that have in the past granted funding to conserv-
ative newspapers usually amounting from $2000 to $5000 dollars.
Most papers do not charge but do send the paper to alumni and
simultaneously ask them for a donation. Advertisementsncan
result in recovering up to 80% of your publishing costs.
STAFF
You'll need a least three hard-core dedicated people to
start a conservative newspaper and once it is started,
another 5 or 6 more to gaurantee its continuity. Key people
may have to have light class schedules. Everybody will have
to put 2 to 5 hours a day in if it's a weekly. You will
need an artist, a photographer, reporters, copy readers,
a advertising manager, a distribution manager, and more.
PRINTING & LAYOUT
Very few conservative newspapers lay-out or print themselves.
A few have made arrangements with the school and pay a fee
to typeset and lay-out using the campus newspaper facilities.
Otherwise, the typesetting and lay-out work is contracted out.
The printing is always contracted out. The staff is responsible
for producing copy, providing photographs and artwork, and,
using dummy sheets, sketching out how the lay-out should look
(to serve as a guide to the lay-out people).
LEGAL
Hopefully, the only major legal activity that you may engage in
is the incorporation of the newspaper and the creation of tax
exempt status. This all depends upon the relationship the paper
will have with the school.
At some schools where liberals dominate, the administration and
faculty are very left, and the paper intends to attack, it is
advisable to stay completely separate. This means an off-campus
office, an off-campus box, and most likely no arrangements re-
garding using the school's typesetting and lay-out facilities.
Not being an "official" extension of the school, you will want
to apply for your own tax exempt status. Without this status,
foundations will be relunctant to grant funds to your paper.
If you don't have any legal "connections," you may have to pay
up to $3000 to have this taken care of.
If your school is not liberal and won't be a major focus of
your attacks, arrangements can be made to have on-campus office
space and use campus facilities.
FOR MORE INFO
There are many factors to consider when starting a conservative
newspaper and Project Inform is currently in the process of
completing a technology manual that will hit on all aspects in
detail. Foundations will be listed, fundraising strategies,
organization of staff, etc. If you are seriously considering
starting a conservative newspaper, contact Project Inform
Director Steve Baldwin at 202-484-6530.
OCKL / LI.I LR /MILY FUND
290 AVENUE or THE AMERICAS
NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10104
Office of the Director
June 4, 1982
deftist
Informal Meeting of Foundations and Individual Funders
Concerned With Nuclear Arms Control and Peace Issues
Date: July 7, 1982
Time: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Place: 777 UN Plaza - Dag Hammarskjold Lounge
Lunch Served at 12:45. Dutch Treat for Funders.
AGENDA
Special Focus on US-USSR Relations
1. Marshal D. Shulman, director of the Russian Institute and Adlai
Stevenson Professor of International Relations at Columbia Uni- 4
versity, and former Adviser to the Secretary of State for Soviet
Affairs in the Carter Administration, will comment on current,
US-USSR relations, and how funding sources; might help improve
the picture.
2. Arthur Macy Cox, author of the recently-published book Russian
Roulette: The Superpower Game will give his views on this ques-
tion and discuss his proposals for. avoiding World War III
3. John Mack, professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, and
author: of "What About the Russians?" will discuss mutual percep-
tions by adversaries and the need for new terminology to describe
conflict in the nuclear age
4 John Stremlau, :sssociate director. for international relationa of
the Rockefeller Foundation, will report on his survey+of the state,
of Russian studies. in. the US
5
Jeanne Mattison and Carl Marcy, co-directors of the American Com-
mitteer for East West Accord, will report on current activities
and plans of the Committee
6. Roger. Molander executive director of, Ground Zero, will discuss
plans for Ground. Zero: Phase II, which will emphasize education
concerning the USSR
2
7. Marcus Raskin, co-director of the Institute for Policy Studies
will discuss the conference scheduled for Minnespolis next winter,
to be sponsored by his institute and by the USSR's Institute of
USA and Canada Studies.
B. Jim Hickman, recently back from a visit to the USSR, will comment
on contacts established through the Esalen Institute, including
the planned conference of US astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts,
Conveners for this meeting: Bob Scrivner
John Steiner
PLEASE RSVP TO: (212) 397-4844. Some recent articles by the scheduled
resource people will be sent in advance of the meeting to those who
indicate they are planning to attend.
To:
Bob Allen - Kendall Foundation
Anne Bartley - Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation
Dick Boone - Field Foundation
Joel Brooke - Fund for Peace
Fred Crossland - W. Alton Jones Foundation
Joan Davidson - J.M. Kaplan Fund
Jane Lee Eddy - Taconic Foundation
Helen Edey - Scherman Foundation
Brad Edgerton - W. Alton Jones Foundation
David Freeman - Scherman Foundation
Meg Gage - Peace Development Fund
Wade Greene - Rockefeller Family Associates
Colin Greer - New World Foundation
Carol Guyer - James C. Penney Foundation
Steve Haft - Bydale Foundation
Jay Harris
Patricia Hewitt - Joint Foundation Support
David Hunter - Stern Fund
Jim Kettler - Ruth Mott Fund
Geraldine Kunstadter - Albert Kunstadter Family Foundation
Ed Lawrence - Veatch Program
Jane Lawrence - Grantmakers International
Sally Lilienthal - Ploughshares Fund
Bob Mazer - Peace Development Fund
Scott McVay - Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation
Joshua Melman
Bill Moody - Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Stewart Mott - Stewart R. Mott & Associates
Dr. Josephine Murray
Martha Muse - Tinker Foundation
Karen Paget - The Youth Project
Ililary Palmer - Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Jeffrey Puryear - The Ford Foundation
David Ramage - New World Foundation
Erwin A. Salk
Enid Schoettle - The Ford Foundation
Stanley Sheinbaum
Hildy Simmons - Norman Foundation
Jack Smith - The Stanley Foundation
Karl Stauber - The Needmor Fund
Marty Teitel - C.S. Fund
Joan Warburg - Bydale Foundation
Cora Weiss - Samuel Rubin Foundation
Stanley Weiss
Bob Worth - HKH Foundation
Dorian Yates
Anne Zill - Stewart R. Mott & Associates
Vernon Andrews - Veatch Program
Carol & Ping Ferry
Rita Goodman - Johnson Foundation
Frances Hart - Public Research Foundation
John Hunting
Mrs. Madeleine H. Russell - Columbia Foundation
Wendy Schwartz - A.J. Muste Memorial Foundation
Sidney Shapiro - Max and Anna Levinson Foundation
Susan Silk - Columbia Foundation
Sam Wiener
David Fenton - David Fenton Communications
Polly Howells
Richard Pollack - David Fenton Communications
Brenda Brimmer - Ploughsares Fund
Informal Meeting of Foundations and
Individual leaders Concerned with
Nuclear Arms Control and Peace Issues
777 U.N. Plaza, Dag Hammerskjold Lounge
July 7, 1982
Anticipated Attendance
Ms. Ruth Adams
Ms. Gloria Duffy
MacArthur Fpundation
Ms. Sally Lilienthal
140 South Dearborn St.
Ploughshares Fund
Chicago, Illinois 60603
Port Mason
San Francisco, CA 94123
Mr. Robert L. Allen
The Henry P. Kendall Foundation
Mrs. Jane Lee Eddy
One Boston Place
Taconic Foundation, Inc.
Boston, Massachusetts 02108
745 Fifth Ave.
New York, NY 10022
Ms. Anne Bartley
Mr. Jack Ciric
Dr. Helen Edey
Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation
The Scherman Foundation, Inc.
317 Ninth St., SE
250 West 57th St. Suite 2122
Washington, DC 20003
New York, NY 10019
Mrs. June Bingham
Ms. Marion Edey
5000 Independence Ave.
620 Butternut St., NW
Bronx, New York 10471
Washington, DC 20012
Ms. Brenda Brimmer
Mr. David Fenton
Ploughshares Fund
Mr. Richard Pollack
American Express 9th Floor
David Fenten Communications
708 Third Ave
250 West 57th St. Suite 1132
New York, NY 10017
New York, NY 10107
Mr. Arthur Macy Cox
Ping and Carol Ferry
335 31st St., NW
Box 697
Washington, DC 20008
Scarsdale, NY 10583
Frederick Crossland
Mr. David F. Freeman
Alton Jones Foundation
The Scherman Foundation, Inc.
Enterprise Ave.
250 West 57th St. Suite 2122
? New Jersey 07607
New York, NY 10019
Scott McVay
Ms. Tricia Ruhacky
Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation
The Youth Project
063 Madison Ave
1555Connecticut Ave NW
Post Office Box 2132K
Washington, DC 20036
Morristown, New Jersey 07900
Mrs. Madeleine H. Russel
Ms. Monica Melamid
Columbia Foundation
Joint Foundation Support
1805 Mills Tower
275 Madison Ave.
770 Rush St.
New York, NY 10016
San Francisco, CA 94104
Dr. Roger Molander
Mr. Erwin A. Salk
Ground Zero
Salk, Ward, & Walk
806 15th St. NW
11 South LaSalle St.
Washington, DC 20005
Chicago, Ill. 60603
Mr. Stewart R. Mott
Dr. Marshall D. Shulman
1133 Fifth Ave
Russian Institute
New York, NY 10028
Columbia University
420 West 118th St.
Mr. John Mroz
New York, NY 10027
Mr. Michael Neiditch
Instftute for East-West Security Studies Ms. Wendy Schartz
304 East 45th St.
A. J. Muste Memorial Foundatio
New York, NY 10017
339 Lafayetter St.
New York, NY 10012
Mrs. Hilary Palmer
Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Mr. Robert W. Scrivner
1290 Ave of the Americas
Rockefeller Family Fund
New York, NY 10104
1290 Ave of the Americas
New York, NY 10104
Mr. Jeffrey Pryear
The Ford Foundation
Mr. Sidney Shapiro
320 East 43rd St.
Max and Anna Levinson Found.
New York, NY 10017
95 State St.
Springfield, Mass 01103
Mr. David Ramage
New World Foundation
Ms. Susan C. Silk
100 East 85th St.
Columbia Foundation
New York, NY 10028
1805 Mills Tower
220 Bush St.
Marcus Raskin
San Francisco, CA 94104
Institute for Policy Studies
1901 Que St. NW
Ms. Hildy Simmons
Washington, DC 20009
Norman Foundation, Inc.
215 East 62nd St.
New York, NY 10021
Peace Development Fund
Mr. James Kettler
P.O. Box 270
Ruth Mott Fund
Amhurst, Mass 01004
1800 Genesee Towers
Flint, Michigan 48402
Mr. Jarobin Gilbert, Jr.
NBC Television Network
Ms. Geraldine S. Kunstadter
30 Rockefeller Plaza
The Albert Kunstadter Family Found.
New York, NY 10112
1035 Fifth Ave.
New York, NY 10028
Mr. Wade Greene
Rockefeller Family Associates
Mr. Edward A. Lawrence
30 Rockefeller Plaza
Veatch Program
New York, NY 10112
Noth Shore Unitarian Society
Plandome Rd.
Mr. Colin Greer
Plandome, NY 11030
New World Foundation
100 East 85th St.
Ms. Jane Lawrence
New York, NY 10028
Grantmaking International
777 United Nations Plaza 5th Floor
Mr. Steven Haft
New York, NY 10017
Bydale Foundation
60 East 42nd St.
Ms. Estelle Linzer
New York, NY 10165
The Johnson Foundation
Racine, Wisconsin 53401
Mr. Jay Harris
2801 Barker St.
Professor John Mack
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
Harvard Medical School
25 Shattuck St.
Ms. Frances Hart
Boston, Mass 02115
2430 Terrace Way
Columbia, South Carolina 29205
Mr. Joshua Mailman
713 Madison Ave
Mr. James Hickman
New York, NY 10021
Esalen Institute
P.O. Box 67
Mr. Carl Marcy
Mill Valley, CA 94942
Ms. Jeanne Vaughn Mattison
American Committee on East-West Accord
Mr. Louis Harris
227 Massachusetts Ave, NE
Louis Harris and Associates, Inc
Washington, DC 20002
630 Fifth Ave.
New York, NY 10111
Mr. David R. Hunter
Stern Fund
? Lexington Ave, Rm 1601
New York, NY 10017
?
David Rockefeller & Dirge
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York, NY 10112
Mr. Rob Stein
The Field Foundation
100 East 85th St.
New York, NY 10028
Dr. John Stremlau
Rockefeller Foundation
1133 Ave. of the Americas
New York, NY 10036
Ms. Betsy Taylor
Nuclear Information and Resource Service
536 16th St. NW
Washington, DC 20036
Ms. Leslie Van Derzee
David Rockefller's Office
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York, NY 10112
Cora Weiss
Sameul Rubin Foundation, Inc.
777 United Nations Plaza
New York, NY 10017
Stanley Weiss
? Connedticut Ave, NW
Washington, DC 20009
Harold Williams
? South Bristol
Los Angeles, CA 20009
Dorian Yates
? Roberts' Office
? Ave of the Americas- Room 3425
New York, NY 10104
Anne Zill
Stuart R. Mott & Associates
Maryland Ave NE
Washington, DC 20002
Mr. John Steiner
6857 Midgewood Dr.
Oakland, CA 94611
Mr. Leo Harris
Cleveland, Ohio
NOTES ON ROCKEFELLER FUND LETTER
American Committee for East West Accord (ACEWA) Co-directors are
Carl Marcy and Jeanne Mattison. Marcy if on the Board of Center
for International Policy (CIP) which is a spinoff of the Marxist
think tank Institute of Policy Studies (IPS). The Co-chairman is
Seymore Melman who is also co-chair of SANE and works with the
Soviet front Woild Peace Council (WPC) and the Communist Party, USA
(CPUSA) in organizing WPC speaking engagements and the 1975 Chicago
National Conference to Slash Military Spending
Fund for Peace. Works with theSoviet frontWorld Peace Council
(WPC) in regards to funding peace movements. IPS spinoff
CIP operates under the taz exempt umbrella of the Fund
for Peace. CIP's former director Robert Borosage is the
former director of IPS. FFP's principle backer is Stewart
Mott (also in attendance) who operates two houses at 120
Maryland Ave involving numerous far-left organizations
such as CIP, the Marxist Womens Strike for Peace, etc.
Mott works very closely with the WPC.
Institute for Policy Studies. Rasken (an attendee) is a
IPS founder. Principal funding comes from the Sam Rubin
Foundation. Has many contacts with violence-prone domestic
revolutionary organizations including the Weathermen and
also supports Soviet-backed revolutionary terrorist groups
in Asia, Latin America, Western Europe, and the Middle East.
Last April, IPS visited Moscow and met with Soviet dis-
information experts in regards to the peace movement. IPS
always follows the Soviet line on all issues. It has never
varied.
YOUTH PROJECT. This organization is a funding group formerly
headed by Marge Tabankin, a known communist who visited
Hanoi in 1972 to support the North propaganda-wise. She
was elected to the ruling Council of the Soviet-Organized
World Peace Assembly. She was also Director of Vista under
Carter.
Markus Raskin A former founder and direcotr of IPS and was
involved in the Counterspy publication and Covert Action
Information Bulletin.
Ground Zero Headed by Roger Molander, Ground Zero portrays
itself as an education, non-partisian organization. However,
a simple survey of their literature shows they are in favor
of disarming.
Stanley Sheinbaum A member of the California State Higher
Education Board. Was an advisor to Counterspy magazine.
Works with the South African Communist Party. Sheinbaum
is also a member of the Committee for Public Justice which
was founded by famed communist Lillian Hellman.
Field Foundation. Described as one of the major financiers
of the anti-intelligence movement and has worked before with
Lillian Hellman. Has funded IPS.
Stanley Foundation. Has financed media projects for the
Peace movement, other radical groups, and works with the
United Nations NGO gorups.
Stuart Mott. Radical backer of the Fund for Peace, Women's
International League for Peace & Freedom, Women's Strike
for Peace, etc.
Institute of the USA A major propaganda front for the
Soviet Union. Is under the jurisdiction of the KGB
They specialize in studying American media and tailoring
Soviet propaganda for American audineces.
Ploughshares Fund. May be a Berrigan Brothers organization.
If so, they are responsible for breaking into several
nuclear energy plants and have been convicted.
Cora Weiss A well know communist, she works with the
Samuel Rubin Foundation and also director of the radical
Riverside Church Disarmament Program which works with
Svoiet Embassy Counselor Yuri Kapralov to promote the
"Soveit side" of the arms race. Cora is formerly with
the Marxist Women's Strike for Peace and the U.S. Communist
Party controlled People's Coalition for Peace and Justice.
During the Vietnam war she received lots of media attention
for her meetings with the Vietcong and rounded up "aid"
for them. Her husband Peter Weiss is on the IPS board.
Rubin Foundation Founded by Samual Rubin who was a confirmed
socialist. Rubin worked with the communist during World
War 11 to smuggle out perfune (rare varieties) from Spain
which enable him to become a multimillionaire. His
Company was Faberge. He sold Faberge and now funds radical
movements and is a major backer of Breira, INC., a Jewish
organization which opposes the existence of Isreal. His
daughter is Cora Weiss heads it.
The STern Fund Funds IPS, the radical national lawyers
GUILD (NLG), Campaign to Stop Government Spying (CSGS),
and many others. Philip Stern is an IPS Trustee.
Ann Zill Worked for Nader groups such as Congress Watch
and Fund for a Constitutional Government. She is known
as a professional organizer of radicals and recently
circulated a memo to all peace movement leaders decribing
in detial how they most easily manupulate the media into
covering them. She is now employed by the S. Mott organization.
Cox Former CIA and OSS officer. Is a visiting fellow at
IPS's radical Washington School (teaches Marxist viewpoints)
Was a delgate to a meeting in Russia in 1979 for the American
Friends Service Committee.
Mack A signer of a full page ad that recently appeared in
wht Wshington POst supporting the PLO (called the "Ad Hoc
Committee in defence of the Palistinian and Lebanese People)
Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
Digital Collections
This is not a presidential record. This marker is used as
an administrative marker by the Ronald W. Reagan
Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies that
there was an object in this folder that could not be
scanned due to its size.
Nuclear
Call 71
Fruze
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 6, 1982
MEMORANDUM FOR SVEN KRAEMER
FROM:
MORTON C. BLACKWELL M
SUBJECT:
National Day of Prayer for
Nuclear Disarmament
Attached is correspondence I have received
from Dr. Ralph A. Bohlmann, President of
the Missouri Synod Lutheran Church.
I would very much appreciate your suggesting
a draft response for me to Dr. Bohlmann, a
very constructive and supportive individual.
Attachment
don't sporior-
go
suen will talk to him
THE LUTHERAN CHURCH - MISSOURI SYNOD
LUTHERAN CHURCH
SOLA
FIDE
500 NORTH BROADWAY
SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI 63102
THE
any
OF
OFFICE OF THE
231-6969
PRESIDENT
AREA CODE 314
July 1, 1982
Mr. Morton C. Blackwell
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Washington, D. C. 20000
Dear Morton:
Enclosed is an invitation I received to join a number of
religious leaders in sponsoring a national day of prayer for
nuclear disarmament.
I will delay responding to this invitation until I have received
your counsel. Does the president find the proposal here outlined
to be supportive of our best national interests or not? In your
judgment, would I be more helpful by joining with this group or
by kindly declining the invitation?
As you know, The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod is not known
for its public espousal of such causes. Nevertheless, on the
surface of it the proposal appears to have considerable merit.
However, I do not know many of the people whose names are listed
here nor what motivates this proposal.
Thanks for whatever counsel you can give me on behalf of Mr. Reagan.
Sincerely,
Ralph
Ralph A. Bohlmann
President
RAB/mh
NATIONAL DAY OF PRAYER FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
2027 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036
June 29, 1982
Dr. Ralph Buhlman
President
Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod
500 North Broadway
St. Louis, MO 63102
Dear Dr. Buhlman:
On October 17 there will be a mass religious convocation in Washington, D.C.,
the focus of a National Day of Prayer for Nuclear Disarmament. We are writing
to urge you to join us as Sponsors for this event, and to invite you to a
meeting on July 22, from 12:00 to 4:00 p.m., at which time plans for the convo-
cation will be discussed.
This invitation is being sent to one hundred religious and scientific leaders
nationally. The Sponsors will constitute the governing body for the convoca-
tion, and we hope you will be able to attend July 22 and participate directly in
planning it. If your schedule does not allow you to be present, we still hope
you will support this effort by adding your name to the list of Sponsors.
We have enclosed a copy of the proposal which outlines plans for October 17.
If you have any questions or suggestions about the proposal, please contact us
directly or through Rabbi David Saperstein, 2027 Massachusetts Avenue, NW,
Washington, D.C., 20036, (202) 387-2800, or Dr. Ira Helfand, 19 North Main
Street, Bellingham, MA, (617) 966-0972.
The meeting on July 22 will be at the office of the Union of American Hebrew
Congregations, 838 Fifth Avenue (corner of 65th Street), New York.
We hope that you will join us in this important effort to end the nuclear arms
-
race.
Sincerely,
Bishop John Hurst Adams
Bishop Thomas Gumbleton
Second Episcopal District
Auxiliary Bishop of Detroit*
African Methodist Episcopal Church*
Dr. Alexander Leaf
Bishop James Armstrong
Chairman, Dept. of Preventive
President, National Council of Churches*
Harvard Medical School*
Bishop George Bashore
Rabbi Alexander Schindler
Boston Area Methodist Church*
President, Union of American
Hebrew Congregations*
Dr. Hans A. Bethe
Professor of Physics
Dr. Jerome Wiesner
Cornell University*
President Emeritus
Mass. Institute of Technology*
Dr. Helen Caldicott
President
*Affiliations for
Physicians for Social Responsibility*
identification purposes only
NATIONAL DAY OF PRAYER FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
Background: During the last several months we have been discussing the
need for a large national event to bring together the huge grass roots
movement for nuclear disarmament which has developed in this country. We
have been concerned that such an event should accurately reflect the
broad-based, middle of the road nature of this movement, which cuts across
traditional political lines.
A National Day of Prayer: The event that we would like to propose is a
national mass religious convocation in Washington. We feel that it is
critical that this be an essentially religious event. Such a format would
demonstrate powerfully how this issue transcends usual political distinctions.
More importantly, it would speak to the spiritual despair which so many feel
when we confront the real possibility of nuclear destruction, a despair which
has, historically, held so many of us back from working on this problem.
Within the context of a religious program, it would be appropriate to
have a number of short talks about various specific aspects of the current
danger. Perhaps Dr. H. Jack Geiger could describe the effects of a nuclear
attack on Washington, a military leader might speak on the current state of
the arms race, and there could be a talk about the current state of the
disarmament movement. But these talks should be clearly part of an essentially
religious program, and we should avoid the usual list of twenty speeches from
representatives of every group connected with the event. The music for the
program would be drawn from the liturgical music related to peace. Perhaps
one of the major national orchestras would be willing to participate in the
program.
Local events around the country could be coordinated with the national
gathering. There could be church programs in every community in the country
2
that day about the threat of nuclear war. Perhaps all the church bells in
the country could ring for one minute at noon time, accompanied by a
national minute of silent prayer such as we used to observe on Veterans Day.
Sponsorship: In keeping with the religious nature of the event, it should
be convened and governed by leaders of the religious community, and if
possible, formally sponsored by the national church organizations. It is
appropriate to include also medical and scientific organizations among the
sponsors because of the special role that the medical and scientific communities
have in explaining the consequences of the nuclear arms race to the general
public.
Date: We have discussed the question of timing extensively and would
suggest that this event take place before the election, probably on Sunday,
October 17, which is the first weekend after the Jewish High Holy Days.
It is our belief that a major religious convocation of this sort will
have the same effects on the disarmament movement that the 1963 Civil Rights
March had on the struggle against segregation. It will define nuclear
disarmament as the central item on the national agenda and make opposition
to real efforts at disarmament as morally unacceptable as continued support
for segregation.
We feel that it is critically important for the religious and scientific
communities to continue to provide leadership to this movement, and we hope
you will join us in sponsoring this event.
Nuclear
Freeze
Memorandum
RUSH!
The
Heritage Foundation
513 C Street N.E. Washington, D.C. 20002 (202) 546-4400
7/28/82
3
Number
A FREEZE MAKES NO SENSE
The rhetorical appeal of "nuclear freeze" is almost irresist-
ible. Congress is now being tempted by this alluring--but poten-
tially destructive--siren. It takes the form of the Zablocki-
Bingham Resolution calling for a mutual and verifiable freeze on
and reductions in nuclear weapons and for approval of the SALT II
agreement. This was introduced in the House of Representatives
on June 23, 1982, and was referred to the Committee on Foreign
Affairs. It may soon be debated on the House Floor as H.J. Res.
521.
Although the Resolution's seven findings vary in importance,
two are worth close examination. The first asserts that "the
increasing stockpiles of nuclear weapons and nuclear delivery
systems by both the United States and the Soviet Union have not
strengthened international peace and security but in fact [have]
enhance [d] the prospect of mutual destruction." Actually, whatever
else one may say about it, strategic nuclear deterrence over the
past 37 years has prevented war between the two superpowers, and
this in a century which has been wracked by two World Wars and
numerous smaller regional conflicts.
The second finding worth studying lists the benefits which
the Resolution's sponsors feel accrue from the SALT II Treaty.
These include SALT II's mandating of "the prompt reduction of
Soviet strategic forces by 254 deployable strategic nuclear
delivery systems" and the imposition of "significant restrictions
on Soviet multiple-warhead deployable intercontinental ballistic
missiles, and on warheads for these missiles, in terms of numbers
and throwweight." The clear implication of this finding is that
ratification of the SALT II Treaty would benefit the United
States.
This view, however, is based upon an extremely selective
reading of the Treaty. For example, while SALT II would require
Soviet dismantling of some 250 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles,
it does not specify which systems are to be dismantled. Experience
shows that the Soviet Union almost certainly would make reductions
from among its older and less-capable systems--those nuclear
delivery systems in its current arsenal that are least worrisome
to the United States and thus least important to reduce.
The Resolution's listing of SALT II provisions, moreover,
simply ignores such negative aspects of the Treaty as its failure
to constrain the Soviet Union's modern large ballistic missiles
(the SS-18s), which directly threaten the survivability of the
U.S. land-based ICBM force and its exclusion of the Soviet inter-
continental-range Backfire bomber from its ceilings.
Note: Nothing written here is to be construed as necessarily reflecting the views of The Heritage Foundation or as an
attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any bill before Congress.
2
According to the language of the Resolution, the United
States and the Soviet Union "should immediately begin the strategic
arms reduction talks" (they began June 29), and these talks
should pursue objectives including "pursuing a complete halt to
the nuclear arms race, "deciding when and how to achieve a
mutual and verifiable freeze" on nuclear weapons testing, produc-
tion and deployment, and "giving special attention to destabiliz-
ing weapons whose deployment would make such a freeze more diffi-
cult to achieve." These points would pose great difficulties in
the current U.S.-Soviet arms negotiations. A nuclear freeze is
simply incompatible with serious arms reduction talks. Given the
Soviet Union's advantages in such areas as heavy missiles, a
freeze solidifying this supremacy would give the U.S.S.R. little
reason to negotiate reductions seriously.
Further complicating this picture is the Resolution's recom-
mendation that the intermediate-range nuclear force talks (INF)_
be subsumed under START, since despite an additional recommendation
to "make every effort to reach a common position" with our NATO
allies on elements of such an agreement inconsistent with our
NATO commitments, such a merging of the two negotiations would
immeasurably increase the possibility that no worthwhile arms
agreement could ever be reached.
Finally, the Zablocki-Bingham Resolution's recommendation
that the United States "promptly approve the SALT II agreement
provided adequate verification capabilities are maintained" is a
call for ratifying a treaty which the Senate, by its actions in
failing to ratify it earlier despite intense pressure from the
Carter Administration, obviously found disadvantageous to U.S.
national interests.
In sum, House Joint Resolution 521 is replete with language
reflecting an extreme position--language which fails to appraise
realistically either the SALT II Treaty or the problems for
serious U.S.-Soviet attempts to reduce nuclear weapons. It makes
no sense to impose a nuclear freeze when the U.S.S.R. maintains
critical strategic force advantages. Arms reductions are very
desirable. But they must occur in a way consistent with the
needs of U.S. national security. The resolution now before
Congress fails to do this.
Jeffrey G. Barlow, Ph.D.
Policy Analyst
For further information, see: "The Flawed Premises Behind a Nuclear
Freeze," National Security Record (The Heritage Foundation), April 1982;
"Soviet Violations of Arms Agreements," National Security Record, May 1982;
and Jeffrey G. Barlow, "Moscow and The Peace Offensive," Heritage Foundation
Backgrounder #184, May 14, 1982. See also, Edward L. Rowny, "A Nuclear Freeze--
Or a Cut?" Washington Post, March 21, 1982, p. A13.
A222
Nuclear
UI BYLBYLBYL A0597
Hisarmoned
AM-DISARMAMENT:: 630
Freeze
UN SESSION WINDS UP IN FAILURE
BY O.C. DOELLING
ASSOCIATED PRESS WRITER
UNITED NATIONS (AP) - THE U.N. GENERAL ASSEMBLY WOUND DOWN ITS
SECOND SPECIAL SESSION ON DISARMAMENT SATURDAY, A SESSION THAT FAILED
TO PRODUCE A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR ENDING THE WORLDWIDE ARMS RACE,
THE FINAL MEETING BECAME A PLATFORM FOR THE KIND OF EAST-WEST DEBATE
WHICH SOME DELEGATES BLAMED FOR THE FAILURE OF THE SESSION TO PRODUCE
A MORE SUBSTANTIVE DISARMAMENT PROGRAM.
'WASHINGTON PREFERS TO CONTINUE TO ESCALATE THE ARMS RACE,'' SAID
SOVIET AMBASSADOR OLEG TROYANOVKSY.
'THE UNITED STATES IS PROUD OF ITS RECORD ON DISARMAMENTS SAID
AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN FEULNER JR., WHO ATTACKED THE SOVIETS
FOR ITS INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN, THE VIETNAMESE OCCUPATION OF
CAMBODIA, SUBVERSION IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE SUPPRESSION OF
FREEDOM IN EASTERN EUROPE.
THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THE FIVE-WEEK SESSION WAS A DOCUMENT THAT
EXPRESSED THE MEMBERS' ''PROFOUND PREOCCUPATION OVER THE BANGER OF
WAR: IN PARTICULAR NUCLEAR HAR, THE PREVENTION OF WHICH REMAINS THE
MOST ACUTE AND URGENT TASK OF THE PRESENT DAY.22
THE ASSEMBLY ALSO STRESSED ''THE NEED FOR STRENGTHENING THE CENTRAL
ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN THE FIELD OF DISARMAMENT AND
RECOMMENDED CONSIDERATION OF ENLARGEMENT OF THE 40-MEMBER GENEVA
DISARMAMENT COMMISSION 'CONSISTENT WITH THE NEED TO ENHANCE ITS
EFFECTIVENESS.¹
DISARMAMENT ADVOCATES AT THE SESSION HAD HOPED TO WIN CONSENSUS
APPROVAL FOR A MORE SWEEPING DOCUMENT CONTAINING A DISARMAMENT
TIMETABLE: STARTING WITH A NUCLEAR TEST BAN AND CONCLUDING WITH
ELIMINATION OF NUCLEAR AND CONVENTIONAL HEAPONS.
BUT IN A CLIMATE OF EAST-WEST TENSIONs THE UNNIELDY, 157-MEMBER
ASSEMBLY COULD AGREE ON PRACTICALLY NOTHING. THE UNITED STATES AND THE
SOVIETS CONTINUED TO DO THEIR SERIOUS ARMS CONTROL NEGOTIATIONS IN
PRIVATE: BILATERAL TALKS IN GENEVA.
EXPRESSING THE FRUSTRATION OF MANY DELEGATES, SWEDISH UNDERSECRETARY
OF STATE INGA THORSSON, CHAIRMAN OF HER COUNTRY'S DELEGATION: SAID IT
WAS ''REGRETTABLE THAT MOST OF THE LEADING POWERS' AND ESPECIALLY THE
SUPERPOWERS: AGAIN HAVE NOT SHOWN THEMSELVES PREPARED TO MAKE USE OF
UNITED NATIONS AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR GENUINE DISARMAMENT EFFORTS.
"THIS IS A FACT WHICH THE OVERWELMING MAJORITY OF COUNTRIES DEPLORE
TODAY. THE LEADING MILITARY POWERS WILL THEMSELVES DEPLORE IT
TOMORROW: SHE SAID.
'WE MUST ADMIT THE SESSION HAS NOT BEEN A SUCCESS ASSEMBLY
PRESIDENT ISMAT T. KITTANI OF IRAQ TOLD THE FINAL MEETING.
THE REASON: HE SAID: WAS ''THE SAD STATE OF THE WORLD IN WHICH WE
LIVE." THE SESSION COINCIDED WITH WARS IN THE FALKLAND ISLANDS,
LEBANON AND IN KITTANI'S NATIVE IRAQ.
TROYANOVSKY SAID THE UNITED STATES AND ITS NATO ALLIES CAME TO THE
SESSION ''VIRTUALLY EMPTY-HANDED.¹¹ THE SOVIET UNIONS BY CONTRAST HAD
PLEDGED AT THE SESSION NOT TO BE THE FIRST TO USE NUCLEAR HEAPONS:
TROYANOVSKY RECALLED,
FEULNER, PRESIDENT OF THE CONSERVATIVE HERITAGE FOUNDATION OF
WASHINGTON D.C., COUNTERED THE SOVIET STATEMENT BY REMINDING THE
ASSEMBLY THAT PRESIDENT REAGAN HAD MADE A NUMBER OF DISARMAMENT
PROPOSALS: CALLING AMONG OTHER THINGS: FOR A ONE-THIRD REDUCTION IN
NUCLEAR WARHEADS ON STRATEGIC MISSILES AND FOR AN INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON MILITARY EXPENDITURES.
''THE UNITED STATES IS PROUD OF ITS RECORD IN DISARMAMENT HE
SAID. ''No COUNTRY IS MORE ACTIVELY PURSUING PROGRESS IN THIS FIELD.
FEULNER NOTED THAT SINCE THE FIRST SPECIAL SESSION ON DISARMAMENT
FOUR YEARS AGO, THE SOVIET UNION HAD INTRRVENED IN AFGHANISTAN,
SOVIET-BACKED VIETNAMESE TROOPS OCCUPIED CAMBODIA AND 'SUBVERSION IS
BEING EXPORTED TO CENTRAL AMERICA: AFRICA, AND OTHER AREAS: AND THE
QUEST FOR FREEDOM IS STILL SUPPRESSED IN EASTERN EUROPE.
HE INDICATED THAT THE UNITED STATES HAD HANTED ITS CHARGES AGAINST
THE SOVIETS INCLUDED IN THE DRAFT OF ANY COMPREHENSIVE STATEMENT:
WHICH THE SOVIETS OPPOSED.
FUELNER SAID THAT IN VIEW OF SOVIET BLOC ''TRANSGRESSIONS'' IT HAS
'NOT SURPRISING THAT SOME NATIONS ARGUED AGAINST LANGUAGE RECOUNTING
THE HISTORY OF THE PAST FOUR YEARS.''
WHILE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ANTI-NUCLEAR PROTESTERS DEMONSTRATED
FREELY IN NEW YORK AND OTHER CITIES IN THE WORLD: FEULNER RECALLED,
SEVEN DISARMAMENT DEMONSTRATORS HERE ARRESTED IN Moscow.
AP-NY-07-10 1523EDT
Reprinted from Reader's Digest
The False Promise
of Nuclear Peace
BY FRANK CHAPPLE
A distinguished trade union leader demonstrates
how unilateral disarmers are being misled
AST October some 150,000
demonstrator dressed as a skeleton
L
people marched to London's
cycled round demanding, "Who's the
Hyde Park for Britain's largest
really bad guy?" Chanted the crowd,
ever "peace" demonstration. From
"Ronald Reagan." Other protestors
every corner of the British Isles
carried an effigy of an apparently
flocked housewives, students, dockers,
power-crazed American President
doctors, economists, ecologists.
Reagan, cowboy hat perched reck-
But while the rally organizers-the
lessly on the side of his head-and
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
next to it, a 19-foot long, inflatable
-were keen to stress that participants
PVC model of a Cruise missile.
came from all parties and all
Placards declared, "No to Nato."
churches, the overwhelming tone of
That day and the next, a further
banners, placards and chants was
350,000 nuclear arms protestors took
anti-Nato and anti-American. One
to the streets of Paris, Rome, Brus-
sels, Oslo. And again their anger was
FRANK CHAPPLE, 60, has been general secretary
directed at Nato "warmongering."
of the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunication
Coincidence? Hardly, for reactivated
and Plumbing Union since 1966, serving on the
General Council of the Trades Union Congress for
"peace" groups now mushrooming
the past ten years. Last November he became a
round Europe have either been
founder member of The Council for Arms Control. a
created or are being manipulated by
non-government organization to promote negotiated
nuclear arms reductions while avoiding the dangers
pro-Soviet apologists in one of
of unilateral disarmament.
the most brilliantly orchestrated
propaganda offensives since the call
environmentalists, conscientious ob-
in the mid-1930s for a Popular Front
jectors and other non-Communists
of Communists and European social-
to launch a nation-wide nuclear-arms
ist parties.
protest campaign called the "Krefeld
Coordinated by the Communist-
Appeal."
front World Peace Council in Hel-
Their target: a million signatures on
sinki and master-minded by the
their petition by November 1981,
Kremlin, many of these allegedly
when Soviet President Leonid Brezh-
"non-political" groups have received
nev would visit the West German
rather more than moral support. For
capital, Bonn. But of the 1.5 million
an anti-nuclear campaign waged over
West Germans who eventually
three years on the Continent, Western
signed, few had. any inkling of
intelligence sources believe that the
Weber's political allegiances or
Soviets have devoted more than
that his support group, the German
£50 million. Their goal: to cajole and
Peace Union, was a Soviet-front
frighten West Europeans down a road
organization.
leading from unilateral disarmament
In Britain, too, the Campaign for
to isolationism and ultimate de-
Nuclear Disarmament has shown it-
fencelessness against a potential
self no less eager to support Soviet
aggressor.
policy. Last November, when Presi-
Sent Packing. Last November,
dent Reagan proposed cancelling
the Danish Government expelled a
American plans for installing Cruise
minor Soviet diplomat, Vladimir
and Pershing 2 missiles in Europe if
Merkoulov, for channelling funds to
the Russians would dismantle their
"peace" groups. Seven months earlier,
equivalent medium-range SS-4, SS-5
the Dutch had got rid of a rather
and SS-20 missiles, many saw this
larger fish: Vadim Leonov. While sup-
offer as a possible breakthrough in
posedly a Tass news agency corres-
disarmament talks.
pondent, he was in fact a KGB agent
But not CND. Almost at once
and link man with "peace" activists.
a spokesman was denouncing the
During an unguarded talk with one,
proposal as a "public relations
he had confided, "If Moscow
exercise," and a "propaganda ploy."
decides that 50,000 demonstrators
Comments novelist John Braine,
must take to the streets in Holland,
an original CND member who be-
they will take to the streets."
came disillusioned and left the move-
The long arm of the Kremlin has
ment, "The CND reaction to the
also been at work in West Germany.
Reagan initiative once again gave the
There, in November 1980, vet-
game away. Despite its great protesta-
eran Communist Josef Weber hired a
tions of political impartiality, CND is
hall in Krefeld, near Cologne, and
about as independent of the Soviet
gathered several hundred assorted
line as a ventriloquist's dummy.
Indeed, it provides a textbook
a movement which draws in large
example of the way in which
numbers of non-political people by
Communists involved in any move-
playing on their legitimate
ment will take it over."
anxieties."
Fellow Travellers. This point was
The CND revival has been bril-
tacitly admitted at the British Com-
liantly engineered. Started in 1958,
munist Party's national congress last
the campaign organized a series of
November, when an official resolu-
highly publicized Easter marches to
tion exulted, "The Communist Party
London from the atomic weapons
has made a substantial contribution
research station at Aldermaston in
and many of our members have for
Berkshire. Then, following the 1963
years played active roles in organiza-
international nuclear test ban treaty,
tions which make up the broad move-
the movement hibernated for 16
ment for peace. CND with its mass
years with a membership of less
campaigning base is especially
than a thousand but stayed alive
important."
with the open support of the British
So assiduous have these "peace"
Communist Party.
activists been that the Labour Party
Plot Thickens. When European
and trade union movement have
peace groups were recently kis-
passed resolutions in favour of uni-
sed back to life by the Kremlin-as
lateral disarmament. And even the
a distraction from growing Soviet
Liberal Party, at last September's
militarism-CND leaders were so
annual conference, voted against the
confident of their recruiting skills that
deployment of American Cruise
they boldly booked London's Trafal-
missiles in Britain.
gar Square for a rally that in October
Obviously, not all those who have
1980 attracted 70,000. For months
helped vote through such resolutions
beforehand, they had brought nuclear
or marched with CND are Marxists-
disarmament back to the centre of the
or are even necessarily aware of the
political stage through meetings, film
extent to which their yearning for
shows, petitions, student union de-
peace is being exploited by political
bates, resolutions put forward at trade
activists. Indeed, I have no doubt
union branches and constituency
that the overwhelming majority are
Labour Parties.
genuinely concerned above all else
There were several issues to. hand
to avert the risk that they, their
that could be whipped up to spread
children and grandchildren will be
nuclear alarm. In Britain, the Con-
wiped out in a nuclear conflagration.
servative Government had just chosen
But as Defence Minister Geoffrey
Trident to replace our ageing Polaris
Pattie recently put it, "The skill of the
nuclear submarine force. Throughout
Communists and the Far Left lies in
Europe, other Nato powers had to
their ability to foster and support
consider the need to install American
Cruise and Pershing 2 missiles to
membership by spawning a mass of
counter the growing array of Soviet
sub-groups: Labour CND, Liberal
SS-20 rockets targeted on European
CND, Trade Union CND, Ecology
sites.
CND. There are also Poets Against the
Powerful Arsenal. Spending al-
Bomb, Teachers for Peace, Scientists
most three times as much of their
Against Nuclear Arms, Journalists
gross national product on arms as the
Against Nuclear Extermination,
Nato partners, the Russians have
Medical Campaign Against Nuclear
been "unilaterally" deploying these
Weapons.
weapons at the rate of one a week
Key figure in this recent welter of
since 1978; at least 175 SS-20s
activity is a 52-year-old Roman
now threaten Western Europe.
Catholic priest: Monsignor Bruce
The Americans do not propose
Kent. Relieved of normal parish
even to start installing Cruise and
duties, he subsists on his £6,000-a-
Pershing 2 missiles until 1983, and
year salary as general secretary of
then only if arms-control agreement
CND. Ably assisted by 11 other full-
has not been reached, but unilateral-
time staff, two of whom are Com-
ists have nevertheless accused them
munist Party members, he says, "The
of escalating the arms race. Indeed,
churches are handicapped by pro-
while Europeans themselves original-
found anti-Communism at variance
ly asked for these American weapons
with Christian teaching."
as an extra guarantee of European
Taking the Cloth. Helping church-
safety, unilateralists have stood this
men overcome this traditional anti-
fact neatly on its head and argued that
Communism has probably been one
Americans want to fight a nuclear war
of the unilateralists' key achieve-
in Europe that will leave their own
ments in attracting recruits. For while
country unharmed.
none of the major churches has given
So persistently have these charges
"peace" groups backing, individual
been made that thousands have
clergy have become crucial allies.
flocked to the "peace" movements.
In West Germany, Protestant
Running its burgeoning operations
leaders have organized "peace
from a cramped, three-storey building
weeks" and marches; in the Nether-
in north London, Britain's CND has
lands, nine Protestant churches have
recently had to invest in a £14,000
coordinated their anti-nuclear protests
computer to keep track of an annual
through the Inter-Church Peace
budget that in two years has leapt
Council, which now has 400 local
from £25,000 to £300,000 and a
branches. In Britain, a quarter of the
membership that has soared from less
Church of Scotland's 1,600 ministers
than 5,000 to nearly 350,000.
have already signed a personal
The movement has gained maxi-
statement opposing nuclear arms.
mum benefit from this far-flung
Needless to say, not all churchmen
are happy with these trends. Recently,
best means of avoiding such a war.
the Rev Dr William Oddie, Chaplain to
Some take the view that those
Oxford University's graduate students
without nuclear weapons are less
and Fellow of St Cross College, de-
likely to be nuclear targets. But the
clared, "The easy moral indignation
recent experience of "nuclear-free"
and strident calls by some church
Sweden has not been encouraging.
leaders to abandon nuclear weapons
A nation that has kept out of Nato
unilaterally are not only dangerously
and possesses no nuclear weapons,
naïve but can even constitute a form of
it nevertheless last October found
spiritual escapism.
a nuclear-armed Soviet submarine
"By closing their eyes to the suffer-
grounded well inside its territorial
ing of millions in the Soviet bloc, they
waters near its most secret naval base.
demonstrate a lack of contact with
A surprise? It shouldn't have been.
reality which will make any Christian
Ever since grabbing power in 1917,
contribution towards the practical
Soviet leaders have proclaimed not
problem of genuine disarmament
simply their ambition but duty to fight
impossible."
for the eventual worldwide triumph of
What unilateralists fail to acknow-
Communism. A clearer example of
ledge is that peace in Europe over the
these unchanging goals could hardly
past 35 years has been kept only by
have been provided than the 1979
the existence of the balance of nuclear
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan-fol-
weapons. Despite people's idealistic
lowed by the slaughter of tens of
yearning for a Utopian world in which
thousands of men, women and
all can live in happiness and peace,
children.
the sad fact is that throughout history
Few issues have shown the CND
communities unwilling to defend
ideologues in truer colours. For as
themselves have not survived. As
free world leaders expressed horror
William Inge, a former Dean of St
at what was happening, Dr Michael
Paul's Cathedral, once put it, "There
Pentz, CND national councillor,
is not much use in the sheep passing
castigated President Carter and Mrs
resolutions in favour of vegetarianism
Thatcher for "reviving the cold war
while there are still wolves who like
by cynically exploiting the Afghanis-
mutton.'
tan crisis." A CND pamphlet written
But possibly the unilateralists'
by Communist Party member Betty
most offensive suggestion is that
England explained that the invasion
those who do not support their views
now termed "intervention".
are either indifferent to or in some
may well have been caused "partly by
way relish the prospect of nuclear
the Soviet Union's fear of growing
war. Since all sane people share an
encirclement."
equal horror at its very prospect, our
The key question that I believe all
differences can only be over the
unilateralists must face is this: would
Britons fare better if we got rid of
ventional weapons, we would still
nuclear arms? Despite the despairing,
be at risk. For no nation on earth can
last-ditch cry of some nuclear dis-
be guaranteed safety from a nuclear
armers, "Better red than dead," since
mis-hit or the drift of radio-activity.
1917 around 25 million people have
Clearly, the current level of nuclear
died as a result of repression inside the
arms is far too high. While we cannot
Soviet Union and its satellite states.
disinvent such weapons, we must do
Even if we escaped the worst miseries
our utmost to reduce stocks-multi-
suffered by the Afghans, Poles,
laterally. Negotiations will be tough,
Czechs, Hungarians, Latvians,
frustrating and seemingly endless, but
Lithuanians, it would be virtually
we must never give up. The Soviets
inconceivable that there would not be
do occasionally reach and keep agree-
other territorial or trading demands.
ments, but only with those strong
The Soviet threat apart, how would
enough and determined enough to
we stand up to the likes of the Libyan
defend their own interests. Certainly
leader Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi
the Russians will do little serious
or any future nuclear-armed bully-
negotiations with powers that,
boy? Unilateralists must surely spell
weakened or divided by "peace"
out an alternative defence policy.
movements, unilaterally throw in
Even if we relied on massive con-
their nuclear hand.
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