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Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
Digital Library Collections
This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections.
Collection: Blackwell, Morton: Files
Folder Title: Reserve Officers Association
Box: 46
To see more digitized collections visit:
https://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library
To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit:
https://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection
Contact a reference archivist at: [email protected]
Citation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing
National Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/
STRAIGHT WIRE
-
JUNE 21, 1983
Major General Milnor Roberts, AUS, Ret.
Reserve Officers Association
Hotel Utah
Main and South Temple
Salt Lake City, Utah 84111
I am delighted to send my warm greetings to the Reserve
Officers Association on the occasion of your 1983 Convention
in Salt Lake City.
The ROA's history of achievement and service by its citizen
soldiers is well-recorded and deservedly acclaimed. The concern
and continuing action of your organization and its ladies
auxiliary toward the preservation of the peace and security of
this nation have earned the esteem of all Americans.
Looking forward to the difficult challenges which lie ahead,
I am confident that the ROA will continue to advance and support
the principle of allegiance to our country. Your convention serves
as an ideal time to recount with pride your accomplishments of the
past and to build for the challenges of the future.
As Commander-in-Chief I look to your continuing leadership
and dedicated service as I wish you a most enjoyable and
memorable meeting.
RONALD REAGAN
RR: Livingston:pt
cc: K.Osborne/D.Livingston/E.Hickey?M.Blackwell7D.Jepsen/CE
EVENT: JUNE 23
Draft information provided by DOD.
*
Reserve Officers Association of the United States
DESERVE
RES
OFFICERS
National Headquarters
MINUTE MAN MEMORIAL BUILDING
1 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.E., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20002
SSV
TELEPHONE 202/479-2200
ARMY
NAVY
AIR FORCE
MARINE CORPS
COAST GUARD
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
NOAA
25 February 1983
fileNAE
Mr. Morton Blackwell
The White House
Washington, D. C.
Dear Morton:
I have just received your letter of 16 February with regard
to the proposed Conference on the Church and Peacemaking in
the Nuclear Age. I agree that it seems to be heavily weighted
to the left and has at least one member I know, Jim Wallis,
who admits he would rather be red than dead. He favors un-
ilateral disarmament -- by us.
The Eagle Forum will hold a seminar on our fifth floor on
Monday morning, 7 March, from 9:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. They
will feature highly qualified spokesmen from the major demon-
strations who will discuss the morality of warfare, and I think
you could recommend their names to the California Conference
Group. You might also recommend the authors of Justice and
War in the Nuclear Age, published by the American Catholic
Committee, 127 East 35th Street, New York, New York 10016.
Their names are Robert R. Reilly; Rev. James V. Schall, S.J.;
Thomas F. Payne; Angelo Codevilla; Philip F. Lawler, editor.
I think this would be a good meeting for you to avoid.
With best regards, I am
Cordially yours,
efficient J. Milnor Roberts
Major General, AUS (Ret.)
Executive Director
JMR/gw
60th ANNIVERSARY *** 1922 1982
file ROA
Reserve Officers Association of the United States
MISSERVE RES * OFFICERS
*
National Headquarters
MINUTE MAN MEMORIAL BUILDING
1 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.E., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20002
SSV
OCIATION
TELEPHONE 202/479-2200
ARMY
NAVY
AIR FORCE
MARINE CORPS
COAST GUARD
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
NOAA
7 February 1983
Dear Editor:
Enclosed is a copy of the newly published pilot edition
of the "ROA Washington Report," a new project of the Defense
Education Fund of the Reserve Officers Association of the
United States. A press release on this premiere edition also
is enclosed.
Several years ago ROA considered a proposal that we
establish a Defense Education Fund. This would be supported
by contributions from the members with the objectives of
informing the members about national security matters and
passing ROA's positions on these issues to the policy makers
on Capitol Hill, in the White House, and at the Pentagon.
The program will be in accordance with our Congressional
charter "to support an adequate national security and the
execution thereof." The orientation will be national security,
not just the reserve aspects although obviously we consider
them as important integral parts of it. Our first step will
be this newsletter.
This pilot issue has just been published. This is merely
a prototype. Everything, including the name, is only tentative.
We hope to start regular publication in the summer. Fre-
quency initially will be bi-monthly with the plan to go to.
monthly as soon as funding permits.
It may be that you have a message that you think would be
appropriate for publication in a future issue of the ROA
Washington Report. If so, please let me know.
Sincerely,
Hundred
Herbert M. Hart
Colonel, USMC (Ret.)
Director of Public Affairs
HMH/jbh
encls
60th ANNIVERSARY *** 1922 1982
RESERVE OFFICERS UNVEIL NATIONAL SECURITY NEWSLETTER
r
a
EWS RELEASE
DEPARTMENT OTHER
1 Constitution Avenue, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002
(202) 479-2200
OCIALION
Contact: Herbert M. Hart
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
(202) 479-2258
February 3, 1983
RESERVE OFFICERS UNVEIL
NATIONAL SECURITY NEWSLETTER
WASHINGTON, Feb. 3. -- A new national security newsletter premiered here
this week through the efforts of the Reserve Officers Association of the
United States.
Tentatively named the "ROA Washington Report," the 8-page publication
is a project of the new Defense Education Fund of the ROA.
The issue includes a response by President Reagan to ROA's stands on
countering the Soviet buildup and on the POW/MIA issue.
Other articles are by Army General John W. Vessey, Jr., chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, on the Central Command, new U. S. joint headquarters
and force for the Middle East; Air Force General James R. Allen, commander-
in-chief of the Military Sealift Command, on the shortage of shipping to
project U. S. influence overseas.
Rep. Stewart B. McKinney, R-Conn., writes on his bill to upgrade America's
industrial base to meet mobilization needs and David J. Trachtenberg, defense
analyst with the Committee on the Present Danger, discusses the dangers of a
unilateral nuclear freeze.
The issue of the newsletter is bound within the February edition of ROA's
monthly magazine, "The Officer." Bimonthly publication, separate from the
magazine, is planned to start this summer with the publication to go to a
monthly frequency ultimately.
The newsletter will be supported by contributions to the ROA Defense
Education Fund. It will be distributed to ROA members and Capitol Hill and
Pentagon leaders. Non-member subscription details have yet to be determined.
A sample copy of the pilot edition can be obtained by writing ROA,
1 Constitution Ave., N.E., Washington, D.C., 20002.
Capitol Hill-based ROA was founded in 1922 and chartered by Congress in 1950
to support an adequate national security. Its members include officers of all
branches of service, reserve and regular.
ROA
WASHINGTON
REPORT
The National Security Newsletter of the Reserve Officers Association of the United States.
Pilot Issue, February 1983
A Cold Shoulder
TO EDUCATE,
TO INFORM
for the Freeze
This is the first edition of the
ROA Washington Report, a news-
By David J. Trachtenberg
letter designed to educate the
126,000 members of the Reserve
Officers Association of the United
The idea of a nuclear freeze leaves
etc.) the Soviet Union commands a
States and to inform policy makers
me cold.
substantial advantage.
of ROA's position on national
The fundamental problem with a
The implications of Soviet strategic
security.
nuclear freeze is that it seeks to do
superiority are ominous, yet they are
ROA Washington Report is
what it can not (decrease the likeli-
commonly ignored by advocates of a
funded by the ROA Defense Edu-
hood of nuclear war) by actually do-
cation Fund which is supported by
ing what it should not (reducing our
contributions from the members of
ability to prevent nuclear war).
ROA.
Preventing nuclear war is what de-
This is a preliminary edition. Its
terrence is all about. And deterrence
format, contents, and name all are
can only be effective if the United
tentative, and suggestions for im-
States is committed to the mainte-
provement are invited.
nance of a strong, secure and credible
Although this issue is being dis-
second-strike capability. However,
tributed as an insert in The Officer
two decades of Soviet action and rela-
magazine, future issues will be sent
tive American inaction have resulted
separately, usually two weeks after
in an erosion of the credibility of our
The Officer. Bi-monthly publica-
strategic nuclear deterrent and a
tion is tentatively planned to begin
situation of rough nuclear equiva-
in summer, 1983.
lency has given way to one of clear-
cut Soviet nuclear superiority.
The existence of enormous Soviet
In This Issue
advantages in strategic and interme-
nuclear freeze. The strategic deterrent
diate-range nuclear forces is a well-
is the high ground which overshad-
A Cold Shoulder for the Freeze
1
documented fact. One need only look
ows all other use of military force. If
at the trends in the nuclear balance
Soviet dominance of the strategic
ROA Washington
over the last two decades to appreci-
nuclear level is allowed to persist,
Report Wrap-up
2
ate this fully. In virtually every sig-
Soviet policymakers may-and al-
President Reagan Responds
nificant category (missile throw-
most certainly will- freer to use
weight, equivalent megatonnage,
force at lower levels, confident that
to ROA Resolutions
2
prompt hard-target kill capability,
the United States will shy away from
Reserve Components
the threat of escalation. A nuclear
Critical to MAC
3
freeze would sanction the existing
strategic nuclear imbalance, increas-
Sealift Lacking to Project
ing the risk of Soviet aggression and
U.S. Power Overseas
4
undermining global stability. By do-
Upgraded Industrial Base
David J. Tractenberg is
ing so, it would violate the basic goals
a defense analyst with
Critical for Defense
6
the Committee on the
of arms control. After all, what kind
Present Danger. He ex-
of arms control is it that sanctions in-
Newest Unified Command
presses his own'views in
stability?
Watches U.S. Interests in
this piece written for
ROA.
continued on page 8
the Middle East
7
WASHINGTON
REPORT
ROA Washington
President Reagan
Report Wrap-up
Responds to ROA
The eight pages that you have just
read are samples of what the Defense
Resolutions
Education Fund Committee hopes to
publish regularly in a few months.
Readers are asked to consider them
Informed of ROA's resolutions on
ronmental monitoring, warning, sur-
and to pass along their thoughts,
America's strategic capabilities,
veillance and space defense. At the
especially constructive criticism, to
space exploration, and the
same time, we remain open to mea-
the committee at the Minute Man
POW/MIA issue, President Reagan
sures for verifiable and equitable
Memorial Building, 1 Constitution
sent these comments.
arms control in space.
Avenue, N.E., Washington, D.C.
In addition to these matters, I am
20002.
THE WHITE HOUSE
aware of the particular concern that
Publication of this issue is the cul-
WASHINGTON
so many have expressed regarding
mination of at least four years of ef-
I regret the delay in responding to
the situation of Americans still miss-
fort by many members of the Reserve
your letter of September 16, but I
ing in Indochina and Korea. I can
Officers Association. The records fill
wanted to thank you personally for
assure you that we are actively and
several file folders as they recount
your kind words. You were good to
consistently pursuing the fullest
discussions at a number of places and
possible accounting of our missing
by many members. The final decision
servicemen. We are pleased that in
to establish the fund was delayed sev-
September the Vietnamese govern-
eral years so that details could be
ment agreed to a long-standing U.S.
worked out. The national convention
proposal that both sides meet regu-
at San Juan last June settled the mat-
larly to discuss resolution of the
ter and the ROA Defense Education
POW/MIA issue.
Fund was born.
The Vietnamese and Lao govern-
Working by committee often has
ments have stated that they accept
its hazards and it is said that such an
in principle the humanitarian obliga-
arrangement came up with a camel
tion to account as fully as possible
when a horse was the original objec-
for missing Americans, and we are
tive. It is hoped that the Defense Edu-
convinced that they have sufficient
cation committee had better luck and
information to resolve the status of
that the readers will consider this
many cases. In addition to our
product as a thoroughbred rather
diplomatic efforts, we are seeking
than a denizen of the desert.
information from Indochinese refu-
The committee considered many
share with me the resolutions
gees and other sources that might
formats and objectives in determining
adopted by the National Convention
shed light on the fate of Americans
what would be the first product. The
of the Reserve Officers Association
lost in connection with the Vietnam
extremes ranged from a five-column
of the United States.
War. Although we have thus far
newspaper to an annual single-topic
As I outlined in my Address to
been unable to substantiate any
oriented book. The final recommen-
the Nation on November 22, re-
reports of Americans being held
dation to the executive committee was
building the defenses of this nation
against their will in Indochina, we
the newsletter that now has been pro-
and improving our strategic capabil-
are proceeding on the assumption
duced. The committee gave its ap-
ity are absolutely necessary if we are
that at least some Americans are
proval in December and this pilot edi-
to counter the massive Soviet build-
still held captive.
tion is the result.
up. Unless we pursue this path, the
Achieving a full account, and se-
This newsletter will have two objec-
parallel path of negotiations and
curing the return of any Americans
tives. The first will be to educate the
arms reductions will elude us. I am
now being held, are matters of the
members of ROA so that they will be
pleased to know that the members
highest national priority. Knowing
able to keep abreast of the status of
of the Reserve Officers Association
of your deep concern helps strength-
America's national security. The sec-
understand this issue so well.
en our unity of resolve in this
ond will be to inform the decision
My Administration is committed
regard, and I am grateful for your
makers in Washington, both on Cap-
to a policy of space exploration in
encouragement. Please extend my
itol Hill and in the Pentagon, the
support of our national well-being.
best wishes and thanks to all of the
positions that ROA is taking on these
We retain as goals the use of space
members of the Reserve Officers
important issues.
to strengthen the security of our na-
Association of the United States.
These dual missions are in accor-
tion and to support our right of
May God bless you.
dance with ROA's Congressional
self-defense. This approach includes
charter to "support an adequate na-
the development of an anti-satellite
Sincerely,
tional security and the execution
capability and measures to enhance
continued on page 8
communications, navigation, envi-
Ronald Reagan
EMENT TO THE OFFICER MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 1983
2
WASHINGTON
REPORT
Reserve
Components
Critical to MAC
By General James R. Allen, USAF
plete confidence in their ability to
which consists of flight crews and
M
embers of the Air Force
Reserve and the Air Nation-
make an immediate contribution to
support personnel who operate and
al Guard make substantial
our overall airlift capability.
maintain those aircraft right along
contributions to the national defense.
Last spring MAC took part in exer-
with the active duty people.
For example, in the Military Airlift
cise Gallant Eagle in the California
These Reservists are highly experi-
Command (MAC), there are not
desert. A highlight of that exercise
enced and skilled, some even more so
enough active duty people to perform
was one of the biggest airdrop opera-
than those on active duty. Thus the
all of our many and varied missions.
Air Force Reserves provide almost
We rely on Reserve and Guard mem-
"These Reservists are highly
one half of our inter-theater airlift
bers to help, and they do a magnifi-
cent job. They are so thoroughly inte-
experienced and skilled, some
capability.
Concurrently, almost 60 percent of
grated into the command on a daily
even more so than those on
our tactical, or intra-theater, airlift
basis that they virtually are indistin-
active duty."
capability is in the Air National
guishable from their active duty
Guard and Air Force Reserve. In
counterparts. That is the way it
tions since World War II. Out of 90
peacetime, these components operate
should be because we truly are a total
planned MAC aircraft, 88 dropped
their own C-7s, C-123s and C-130s.
force in peacetime just as we would
on the drop zone, all within 30 sec-
They also provide augmentation for
be in a national emergency.
onds of the scheduled time over tar-
MAC's Air Weather Service, the
During the early stages of a con-
get. The Air Force Reserve and the
aeromedical evacuation mission, the
tingency, the President would have
Air National Guard played essential
rescue and recovery forces, aerial
the authority to call up to 100,000
roles in the success of that exercise.
port squadrons and medical service
reserve personnel prior to a declara-
squadrons, as well as a hospital and
tion of national emergency. Of that
ithin MAC we have six ac-
three clinics.
total, up to approximately 40,000
would join MAC, and I have com-
W
tive duty strategic airlift
Overall, MAC-gained Reserve
wings which are comprised
Component personnel number 18,000
of 77 C-5s and 268 C-141s, all of
in the Air Force Reserve and 37,000
which have intercontinental range. In
in the Air National Guard. The crit-
time of crisis, they would be used to
ical importance of those Reserve
deploy combat forces to overseas
forces is recognized throughout the
theaters. Each of those wings has an
Military Airlift Command. We sim-
Air Force Reserve affiliated wing
ply could not do our job without
General James R. Allen,
USAF, is the
them.
Commander-in-Chief of
the Military Airlift Com-
mand.
3
SUPPLEMENT TO THE OFFICER MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 1983
WASHINGTON
REPORT
Sealift Lacking
to Project
U.S. Power Overseas
By Vice Admiral Kent J. Carroll, USN
It's no exaggeration
means transporting the
to say our country's
combat support and
merchant marine is
combat service support
floundering in the
they need which can
worst shipping slump in
weigh more than
50 years. I am worried.
100,000 tons per ar-
The more I see our mer-
mored division.
chant fleet decline, the
That means the suc-
more I see a blueprint
cessful employment and
for chaos develop, es-
sustainability of
pecially if this country
ground combat power
faces a national emer-
is transportation de-
gency which requires
pendent-and the
deployment of our
transportation mode
combat power.
We called again upon our merchant
that must convey more than 90 per
Does it really matter if the United
fleet to support us during the Korean
cent of that lift is SEALIFT! To air-
States has no merchant marine? You
and Vietnam conflicts. U.S. flag
lift one armored division would take
bet it does. If the whistle blew today,
ships brought almost all the fuel and
the all out effort of the entire airlift
our own sea lines of communication
supplies consumed by our fighting
fleet over a period of at least a month
might have to be filled largely by
troops.
to deploy to the Persian Gulf.
foreign flag ships. That doesn't make
It wouldn't be any different today.
To put it simply: sealift in mer-
sense to me. A strong merchant
We will need every U.S. ship we
chant type vessels will bring about 95
marine, just as much as a strong
can lay hands on if we ever face a ma-
per cent of all dry cargo and more
Navy, is the basis of any nation's
jor overseas conflict again on the
than 99 per cent of fuel shipments.
seapower.
magnitude of a Korea or Vietnam.
Fuel shipments will outweigh all
We needed our merchant ships in
U.S. flag merchant shipping is a key-
categories of dry cargo combined,
World War II. About 1,700 merchant
stone to our military conventional
whether delivered by sea or air.
ships were called into service to sup-
strategy.
This reliance on merchant shipping
port the U.S. Navy; and more than
to support combat operations isn't
700 went to the bottom in that con-
peculiar to this country. When Brit-
flict. That's more, by the way, than
A
but two of our allies are
ain put together her naval task force
the number of U.S. Navy warships
located overseas, and to
which sailed to the Falkland Islands,
sunk in that war-and more than the
meet alliance commitments,
the majority of participating ships
number of U.S. merchant ships in our
the United States maintains 1/4 of
were U.K. merchant ships.
entire U.S. flag fleet today.
our ground combat power outside the
Merchant shipping also supports
continental United States. In time of
combat operations in another way.
war, these allies and our own overseas
We need at least 22 imported strategic
troops are going to have to be rein-
materials to produce equipment for
Vice Admiral Kent J.
Carroll, USN, Com-
forced and resupplied. In addition,
defense purposes - and these materi-
mander, Military Sealift
the remaining 3/4's of our ground
als are so bulky they move in ship
Command, provided this
combat power is stationed within the
bottoms. If we have to rely on foreign
material to ROA after a
speech to the New
continental United States. If these
flag vessels, there's a chance they
Orleans chapter of the
troops are to fight in time of war,
might not reach our shores in times of
National Defense
they must be transported overseas.
heightened international tension.
Transportation Associa-
tion on Dec. 16, 1982.
This means more than personnel, it
We must restore our merchant ma-
EMENT TO THE OFFICER MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 1983
4
WASHINGTON
REPORT
"(Sealift) will play a vital part
in deploying and sustaining our
combat troops abroad and the
very start of operations."
rine to health. It's a
our combat troops
sinking industry. Just
abroad from the very
consider that:
start of operations. I
Less than 4 per
think this nation's con-
cent of this na-
cern over what would
tion's oceanborne
happen if we had to
foreign commerce
deploy troops to the
is carried by this
Persian Gulf has played
country's merchant
a larger part in this em-
marine compared
phasis on sealift.
to nearly 35 per
In a Persian Gulf
cent in 1952.
scenario, we are very
Thirty years ago,
far from home-over
we had more than
8,000 miles away, and
1,400 privately owned ocean-
For example, we now have a Near
face fighting in an area where we
going ships employed. Today,
Term Prepositioning Force (NTPF)
can't be sure of allies. Prepositioning
we barely have 500. The Na-
in place in the Indian Ocean, ready to
sealift is one answer. Ships can be in
tional Defense Reserve Fleet has
help out if we should ever have to
place already loaded with cargo.
declined similarly. In 1952, we
deploy combat power to Southwest
Where political decisions are likely
had 1,853 ships in the reserve
Asia. A little over two years ago, we
to be delayed, there is no real substi-
fleet. Today, we have less than
had no ships positioned in the Indian
tute for forces on station in or near a
200 and most of them are nearly
Ocean; today we have 17 on station.
threatened region to make a rapid re-
40 years old.
All of these ships are chartered mer-
sponse feasible like our maritime pre-
The number of seagoing jobs in
chant ships manned by civilians and
positioned forces and Naval battle
the U.S. private maritime in-
all of these ships carry cargo for our
groups. Navy and the U.S. Merchant
dustry continues to decline.
troops. By this program alone we
Marine are working together to make
There are now less than 18,000
have more than doubled our ability to
sure this country has the sealift it
deepsea billets compared to over
deploy combat power to Southwest
needs.
70,000 thirty years ago.
Asia in the first 30 days.
Various Navy sealift enhancement
Despite these depressing words,
programs will pump more than $15
there are some bright spots.
W
e will have more than
billion into the maritime economy
The Reagan Administration has
tripled our ability to de-
over the next five years. This includes
made a firm commitment to stop the
ploy combat power to that
money paid out directly to the in-
decline of the U.S. Merchant Marine
part of the world when our two new
dustry by Navy which includes opera-
and is acting with the support of
programs-the expanded maritime
tion of MSC's controlled fleet and
maritime labor.
prepositioning and fast sealift pro-
business generated by Navy programs
We are making some progress.
grams-are complete. Contracts have
such as ship building and charter pro-
The President and the Department
been awarded to start these programs.
grams.
of Defense recognize the importance
These three programs mark the
Navy programs will help industry,
of sealift to this nation's strategic
start of a renaissance in military sea-
but it must become commercially vi-
mobility. Not only is more emphasis
lift. No longer is sealift relegated to
able on its own again. If not, our
being put on existing sealift programs
playing a minor supporting role in the
declining American merchant marine
than all the years since WWII, but a
long-term reinforcement of troops
might well turn out to be the "stra-
number of entirely new programs are
deployed overseas. It now will play a
tegic missing link" rather than our
underway.
vital part in deploying and sustaining
"fourth arm of defense."
5
SUPPLEMENT TO THE OFFICER MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 1983
WASHINGTON
REPORT
Upgraded
Industrial Base
Critical for Defense
By Stewart B. McKinney, M.C.
hen the 97th Congress re-
W
convened in November for
a "lame duck" session, the
pressing issue was the unac-
ceptably high level of unemployment
facing our nation. Sadly, this belated-
ly had become the overriding concern
of the leadership of both chambers
when there was the least possibility of
drafting legislation to put people to
work in a productive and cost-effec-
tive manner. However, in the best
band-aid tradition, Congress devel-
oped a cosmetic, make-work solu-
tion.
The sudden enlightenment of my
colleagues was disheartening.
The Economic Stabilization Sub-
committee of the House Banking
Committee, on which I am senior Re-
publican, had explored the problems
of unemployment for much of the
Greek tanker was last ship to be
look at these problems, provides a
past two years. But this subcommittee
repaired in Bethlehem Steel Shipyard,
much more basic and meaningful way
looked well beyond the mere unem-
Baltimore, Md. (USA Today photo by
ployment statistics. What we found
H. Darr Beiser.)
to put U.S. citizenry back to work
than the broom pushing schemes de-
was a series of critical problems-
To be more specific, we are more
bated (and rejected) by the lame duck
declining number of firms, a growing
than 50 percent dependent on foreign
Congress. The four-pronged proposal
shortage of skilled personnel, obso-
sources for 23 of the 40 materials con-
would provide financial assistance to
lete equipment, little investment in
sidered critical by the defense in-
small and medium-sized firms for
research, and the resulting difficulties.
dustry. By contrast, the Soviet Union
modernizing projects; spur the expan-
in meeting national defense.
is self-sufficient on 35 of the 40
sion of domestic production and pro-
Too many people fail to make the
critical materials and meets half of its
cessing of strategic minerals, metal
connection between the first four
needs for the remaining five domes-
and materials; establish educational
items and the vital fifth. But the real-
tically. Or, looking at manpower, the
programs for needed technical jobs,
ity is that currently the U.S. must buy
Pentagon lists 73 skills as currently in
and provide grants to higher educa-
many of its bullets, missiles and sub-
short supply. The tooling and preci-
tion institutions for the modern
marines abroad. Obviously, that
sion machine industry would hire
equipment needed to train modern
doesn't help domestic unemployment.
60,000 journeymen today if they were
workers.
Just as worrisome, though, is what a
available. Schools, not able to afford
This approach has been endorsed
deteriorated U.S. industrial base
new equipment, are training students
by a unanimous vote of the National
means to meeting national defense
with technology of the 1960's. Only
Executive Committee of the Reserve
needs from domestic resources in
two 50,000-ton presses, on which all
Officers Association. It is also sup-
time of emergency.
large aircraft and M-1 tank parts are
ported by a coalition of military,
forged, exist in the United States and
business, labor and educational
both are 30-years old. Probably most
groups. However, the bill was lost in
symptomatic, the "lead time" (the
the last-minute look for easy answers.
time it takes to fill an order) for many
It is my hope that the 98th Congress
Congressman Stewart B.
McKinney represents the
defense items has doubled and tripled
will exercise more foresight when the
4th district of Connec-
since 1978.
bill is re-introduced in 1983. Prompt
ticut in the U.S. House
The Defense Industrial Base Revi-
passage will move us towards a
of Representatives. He
prepared this articie for
talization Act, drafted after the sub-
stronger America-economically and
ROA.
committee took a long and detailed
defensively.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE OFFICER MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 1983
6
WASHINGTON
REPORT
Newest Unified Command
Watches U.S. Interests
in the Middle East
By General John W. Vessey, Jr., USA
B
Unfortunately, at this moment the
region is not totally at peace: there
y law, the Joint Chiefs of Staff
M
are wars and rumors of war. That's
ost importantly, the command
have the mission to establish unified
not unusual; that's part of that world.
mand will make its contribution to
and specified commands in strategic
For the United States the region is
that fundamental element of United
areas.
truly a strategic area. It is indeed fit-
States strategy, the prevention of
On Jan. 1, 1983, by order of the
ting that this command be estab-
war, and do it in the same way that
President, the Joint Chiefs of Staff
lished.
the other unified and specified com-
established the United States Central
It is important for the world to
mands do. The command will be
Command - USCENTCOM - and
know why it has been created. The
ready to carry out its directed war-
Lieutenant General Robert C. Kings-
command is to represent the United
time missions in the region as cir-
ton was designated as Commander.
States militarily in the region. The
cumstances should require.
Forces were assigned and repre-
command will be the U.S. vehicle for
There are several things the com-
sented at the activation ceremony on
military cooperation with friendly
mand will not become. It is not a
Jan. 5, 1983. CENTCOM now joins
governments in the region when the
force built to meddle in the affairs of
eight other unified and specified com-
governments concerned, our own and
countries in the region. It is not a
mands worldwide helping the U.S. in
those of our friends, agree that mili-
force built to acquire territory for the
maintaining the peace.
tary cooperation is necessary.
United States.
CENTCOM's area of responsibility
The command will administer the
I have known and worked with
is large geographically. It extends
U.S. security assistance program in
General Kingston for some years. He
from Egypt west to Pakistan; from
the region. It will control U.S. mili-
is an officer with great talent as a
Jordan south to Kenya. It includes
tary forces that may be in the region
planner and trainer, but it is his repu-
vast land areas on two continents.
for exercises or peacetime operations.
tation for audacity and success on the
The region has great historical sig-
It will plan for other peacetime func-
battlefield for which he is most widely
nificance. It is the birthplace of west-
tions that our unified commands
known. The Soldiers, Sailors, Ma-
ern civilization; the genesis of three of
perform, such as noncombatant evac-
rines, and Airmen who will work for
the world's great religions; it has been
uation and emergency disaster assis-
continued on page 8
the historic land-bridge for trade be-
tance to nations in the region.
tween Europe and the East. It has
been the scene of battles, conquests
and empires whose numbers alone
U.S. Central Command
stagger the imagination.
Area of Responsibility
AFGHANISTAN
Most important for the United
IRAQ
IRAN
States, the region has great contem-
JORDAN
porary importance. It is comprised of
PAKISTAN
KUWAIT
diverse, proud peoples who love free-
dom and share a common hope for
BAHRAIN
EGYPT
SAUDI
QATAR
peace. It continues to encompass im-
ARABIA
UNITED ARAB
portant trade routes. The area con-
EMIRATES
tains mineral wealth that is absolutely
vital to the world's economic well-
OMAN
being. It contains 19 independent na-
PEOPLES
tions with a variety of governmental
YEMEN
DEM. REP
SUDAN
OF YEMEN
forms and political leanings.
DJIBOUTI
ETHIOPIA
General John W.
Vessey, Jr., USA, Chair-
man of the Joint Chiefs
SOMALIA
of Staff, provided these
comments to ROA,
KENYA
drawing on his talk upon
the commissioning of the
U.S. Central Command
on Jan. 5, 1983.
7
SUPPLEMENT TO THE OFFICER MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 1983
WASHINGTON
REPORT
THE FREEZE
our most pressing strategic prob-
ROA WASHINGTON REPORT
continued from page 1
closing the window of vulner-
continued from page 2
ability. The current vulnerability of
Furthermore, á freeze would re-
our ICBM force has dangerous impli-
thereof." And the positions taken in
duce our ability to deter nuclear war
cations for global stability. The
the newsletter will reflect the same
by forcing the cancellation of neces-
Soviet Union now has the ability to
guidance plus that provided by the
sary U.S. strategic systems which are
destroy virtually all our land-based
resolutions passed by the national
crucial to securing a strong and credi-
missiles with only a fraction of their
conventions.
ble second-strike capability. All of
own. This capability radiates intimi-
The committee has provided some
our long-overdue strategic modern-
dating power throughout the Western
additional parameters. The contents
ization programs such as the MX, the
world. It is a situation which the
of this newsletter will not be service
B-1, the TRIDENT submarine and
United States can not afford to ac-
parochial but instead will address is-
TRIDENT 11 missile, as well as cruise
cept.
sues which are significant elements of
missiles, would be canceled. The ac-
The timely deployment of a surviv-
the national security picture. The
celerated production and deployment
ability based ICBM would alleviate
newsletter will not look to the "give
of these systems, and the implementa-
the problems associated with the win-
me" concerns which are important
tion of various quick fixes to our
dow of vulnerability. A nuclear freeze
from the aspect of morale and per-
current strategic nuclear forces, is
would simply perpetuate them.
sonal security but which are not ne-
essential if we are to enhance the sur-
For all these reasons, the idea of a
cessarily those affecting the future of
vivability of our strategic nuclear
nuclear freeze is an idea which de-
the country. Finally, the product will
deterrent and preserve credible op-
serves to be put in cold storage.
not be an in-house newsletter with
tions for retaliation should deterrence
chit-chat about the members.
fail. The irony of the situation is that
Here's what the committee decided,
these systems have been designed par-
ROA WASHINGTON REPORT
as reflected in the minutes of its fall
tially to offset the vulnerabilities of
meeting: "The objective of the pub-
our current strategic forces brought
A project of the Defense Education Fund
lication will be as a forum of the vital
about by the very Soviet buildup
of the Reserve Officers Association of the
issues that affect our national de-
which a nuclear freeze would legit-
United States, 1 Constitution Ave., N.E.,
fense. It should avoid service and Re-
Washington, D.C. 20002. This is a pilot
imize. By allowing the Soviets to
edition distributed as a supplement to The
serve parochialism and be devoted as
maintain their existing nuclear pre-
Officer magazine of the ROA.
objectively as possible to broad nation-
ponderance, a nuclear freeze would
Telephone: 202-479-2258
al defense concerns."
actually reward the Soviet Union for
Captain Bennett S. Sparks, USCGR
It is hoped that this sample issue
its successful effort to make our
President, Reserve Officers Association
fulfills that description. Funding per-
strategic forces vulnerable while
of the U.S.
mitting, the plan is to start a regular
penalizing the United States for its
Major General J. Milnor Roberts,
publication schedule this summer, in-
previous strategic restraint by pro-
AUS (Ret)
itially on a bi-monthly frequency and
Executive Director, Reserve Officers
hibiting us from modernizing our sys-
Association of the U.S.
ultimately monthly. The issues will be
tems and reducing their vulnerabil-
completely separate from The Officer
Defense Education Fund Committee
ities caused by the Soviet buildup.
magazine and mailed to the member-
Major General Earl O. Anderson, USAF
The logic of allowing such a situation
(Ret), chairman; Brigadier General Phillip
ship in the middle of the month.
to persist is incomprehensible.
J. Zeller, Jr., USAR, vice chairman; Cap-
Meanwhile, your comments and
Further complicating our ability to
tain Philip A. Whitacre, USNR; Major
suggestions would be appreciated.
maintain an effective deterrent is the
General John E. Lacy, USAFR; Captain
And, of course, your financial sup-
fact that a nuclear freeze would leave
Robert L. Pendleton, USCGR; Colonel
Donald D. Smith, USAR; Captain David
port.
- HMH
unscathed a number of Soviet pro-
L. Woods, USNR, liaison officer, Rear Ad-
grams which could increasingly
miral Paul W. Rohrer, USNR (Ret), ex of-
threaten the effectiveness of our cur-
ficio.
UNIFIED COMMAND
rent strategic arsenal. For example,
Ways and Means Subcommittee
continued from page 7
while a freeze would force cancella-
Captain Philip A. Whitacre, USNR, chair-
tion of our plans to deploy newer
man; Major General Richard Mulberry,
him need to know that they have a
nuclear submarines less susceptible to
Jr., USMCR; Lieutenant Colonel Frank A.
top-notch commander in whom the
Droms, Jr., USAR; Major Edward T. Tait,
detection and destruction, it would
USAR.
President, the Secretary of Defense
do nothing to impede development of
and the JCS have great confidence.
Publications Subcommittee
the impressive Soviet anti-submarine
The command is a signal to every-
Rear Admiral Paul E. Rohrer, USNR (Ret),
warfare (ASW) program.
chairman; Lieutenant Colonel Roy B.
one concerned, friends and possible
Likewise, a freeze would force us
Root, USA (Ret); Captain John P. Lynker,
foes, that the United States has a
to rely on an aging fleet of B-52
USCGR; Captain David L. Woods, USNR;
great interest in the region, that we
bombers increasingly incapable of
Colonel Milton E. Mitler, USAFR (Ret);
stand ready to defend those interests
Colonel Norman Burzynski, USAFR.
penetrating Soviet air defenses which
and to help promote peace and stabil-
could be extensively upgraded outside
COLONEL HERBERT M. HART,
ity in cooperation with our friends in
USMC (Ret)
the constraints of a nuclear freeze.
the region. The command will be a
EDITOR
Most disturbing, however, is the
force for peace by being ready for
Copyright 1983, Reserve Officers Association of the U.S.
impact of a nuclear freeze on solving
war.
FERRUA 1082
8
Reserve Officers Association of the United States
DESERVE OFFICIAL
National Headquarters
MINUTE MAN MEMORIAL BUILDING
1 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.E., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20002
SSOCIATION
TELEPHONE 202/479-2200
ARMY
NAVY
AIR FORCE
MARINE CORPS
COAST GUARD
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
*
NOAA
10 February 1983
Mr. Morton Blackwell
Special Assistant to the President
Office of Public Liaison
Old Executive Office Building
Room 191, The White House
Washington, D. C. 20500
Dear Mr. Blackwell: Morton
Enclosed is a copy of the newly published pilot edition of the "ROA Washington
Report," a new project of the Defense Education Fund of the Reserve Officers
Association of the United States.
Several years ago ROA considered a proposal that we establish a Defense Education
Fund. This would be supported by contributions from the members with the objectives
of informing the members about national security matters and passing ROA's positions
on these issues to the policy makers on Capitol Hill, in the White House, and at the
Pentagon.
The program will be in accordance with our Congressional charter "to support an
adequate national security and the execution thereof." The orientation will be national
security, not just the reserve aspects although obviously we consider them as important
integral parts of it. Our first step will be this newsletter.
This pilot issue has just been published. This is merely a prototype. Everything,
including the name, is only tentative.
We hope to start regular publication in the summer. Frequency initially will be bi-
monthly with the plan to go to monthly as soon as funding permits.
It may be that you have a message that you think would be appropriate for publication
in a future issue of the ROA Washington Report. If so, please let me know.
Sincerely,
J. Milnor Roberts
Major General, AUS (Ret.)
Executive Director
JMR:ba
Enclosure
60th ANNIVERSARY *** 1922 1982
ROA
WASHINGTON
REPORT
The National Security Newsletter of the Reserve Officers Association of the United States.
Pliot Issue, February 1983
A Cold Shoulder
TO EDUCATE,
TO INFORM
for the Freeze
This is the first edition of the
ROA Washington Report, a news-
By David J. Trachtenberg
letter designed to educate the
126,000 members of the Reserve
Officers Association of the United
The idea of a nuclear freeze leaves
etc.) the Soviet Union commands a
States and to inform policy makers
me cold.
substantial advantage.
of ROA's position on national
The fundamental problem with a
The implications of Soviet strategic
security.
nuclear freeze is that it seeks to do
superiority are ominous, yet they are
ROA Washington Report is
what it can not (decrease the likeli-
commonly ignored by advocates of a
funded by the ROA Defense Edu-
hood of nuclear war) by actually do-
cation Fund which is supported by
ing what it should not (reducing our
contributions from the members of
ability to prevent nuclear war).
ROA.
Preventing nuclear war is what de-
This is a preliminary edition. Its
terrence is all about. And deterrence
format, contents, and name all are
can only be effective if the United
tentative, and suggestions for im-
States is committed to the mainte-
provement are invited.
nance of a strong, secure and credible
Although this issue is being dis-
second-strike capability. However,
tributed as an insert in The Officer
two decades of Soviet action and rela-
magazine, future issues will be sent
tive American inaction have resulted
separately, usually two weeks after
in an erosion of the credibility of our
The Officer. Bi-monthly publica-
strategic nuclear deterrent and a
tion is tentatively planned to begin
situation of rough nuclear equiva-
in summer, 1983.
lency has given way to one of clear-
cut Soviet nuclear superiority.
The existence of enormous Soviet
In This Issue
advantages in strategic and interme-
nuclear freeze. The strategic deterrent
diate-range nuclear forces is a well-
is the high ground which overshad-
A Cold Shoulder for the Freeze 1
documented fact. One need only look
OWS all other use of military force. If
at the trends in the nuclear balance
Soviet dominance of the strategic
ROA Washington
over the last two decades to appreci-
nuclear level is allowed to persist,
Report Wrap-up
2
ate this fully. In virtually every sig-
Soviet policymakers may-and al-
President Reagan Responds
nificant category (missile throw-
most certainly will-feel freer to use
weight, equivalent megatonnage,
force at lower levels, confident that
to ROA Resolutions
2
prompt hard-target kill capability,
the United States will shy away from
Reserve Components
the threat of escalation. A nuclear
Critical to MAC
3
freeze would sanction the existing
strategic nuclear imbalance, increas-
Sealift Lacking to Project
ing the risk of Soviet aggression and
U.S. Power Overseas
4
undermining global stability. By do-
Upgraded Industrial Base
David J. Tractenberg is
ing so, it would violate the basic goals
a defense analyst with
Critical for Defense
6
the Committee on the
of arms control. After all, what kind
Present Danger. He ex-
of arms control is it that sanctions in-
Newest Unified Command
presses his own views in
stability?
Watches U.S. Interests in
this piece written for
ROA.
continued on page 8
the Middle East
7
WASHINGTON
REPORT
ROA Washington
President Reagan
Report Wrap-up
Responds to ROA
The eight pages that you have just
read are samples of what the Defense
Resolutions
Education Fund Committee hopes to
publish regularly in a few months.
Readers are asked to consider them
Informed of ROA's resolutions on
ronmental monitoring, warning, sur-
and to pass along their thoughts,
America's strategic capabilities,
veillance and space defense. At the
especially constructive criticism, to
space exploration, and the
same time, we remain open to mea-
the committee at the Minute Man
POW/MIA issue, President Reagan
sures for verifiable and equitable
Memorial Building, 1 Constitution
sent these comments.
arms control in space.
Avenue, N.E., Washington, D.C.
In addition to these matters, 1 am
20002.
THE WHITE HOUSE
aware of the particular concern that
Publication of this issue is the cul-
WASHINGTON
so many have expressed regarding
mination of at least four years of ef-
I regret the delay in responding to
the situation of Americans still miss-
fort by many members of the Reserve
your letter of September 16, but I
ing in Indochina and Korea. I can
Officers Association. The records fill
wanted to thank you personally for
assure you that we are actively and
several file folders as they recount
your kind words. You were good to
consistently pursuing the fullest
discussions at a number of places and
possible accounting of our missing
by many members. The final decision
servicemen. We are pleased that in
to establish the fund was delayed sev-
September the Vietnamese govern-
eral years so that details could be
ment agreed to a long-standing U.S.
worked out. The national convention
proposal that both sides meet regu-
at San Juan last June settled the mat-
larly to discuss resolution of the
ter and the ROA Defense Education
POW/MIA issue.
Fund was born.
The Vietnamese and Lao govern-
Working by committee often has
ments have stated that they accept
its hazards and it is said that such an
in principle the humanitarian obliga-
arrangement came up with a camel
tion to account as fully as possible
when a horse was the original objec-
for missing Americans, and we are
tive. It is hoped that the Defense Edu-
convinced that they have sufficient
cation committee had better luck and
information to resolve the status of
that the readers will consider this
many cases. In addition to our
product as a thoroughbred rather
diplomatic efforts, we are seeking
than a denizen of the desert.
information from Indochinese refu-
The committee considered many
share with me the resolutions
gees and other sources that might
formats and objectives in determining
adopted by the National Convention
shed light on the fate of Americans
what would be the first product. The
of the Reserve Officers Association
lost in connection with the Vietnam
extremes ranged from a five-column
of the United States.
War. Although we have thus far
newspaper to an annual single-topic
As I outlined in my Address to
been unable to substantiate any
oriented book. The final recommen-
the Nation on November 22, re-
reports of Americans being held
dation to the executive committee was
building the defenses of this nation
against their will in Indochina, we
the newsletter that now has been pro-
and improving our strategic capabil-
are proceeding on the assumption
duced. The committee gave its ap-
ity are absolutely necessary if we are
that at least some Americans are
proval in December and this pilot edi-
to counter the massive Soviet build-
still held captive.
tion is the result.
up. Unless we pursue this path, the
Achieving a full account, and se-
This newsletter will have two objec-
parallel path of negotiations and
curing the return of any Americans
tives. The first will be to educate the
arms reductions will elude us. I am
now being held, are matters of the
members of ROA so that they will be
pleased to know that the members
highest national priority. Knowing
able to keep abreast of the status of
of the Reserve Officers Association
of your deep concern helps strength-
America's national security. The sec-
understand this issue so well.
en our unity of resolve in this
ond will be to inform the decision
My Administration is committed
regard, and I am grateful for your
makers in Washington, both on Cap-
to a policy of space exploration in
encouragement. Please extend my
itol Hill and in the Pentagon, the
support of our national well-being.
best wishes and thanks to all of the
positions that ROA is taking on these
We retain as goals the use of space
members of the Reserve Officers
important issues.
to strengthen the security of our na-
Association of the United States.
These dual missions are in accor-
tion and to support our right of
May God bless you.
dance with ROA's Congressional
self-defense. This approach includes
charter to "support an adequate na-
the development of an anti-satellite
Sincerely,
tional security and the execution
capability and measures to enhance
continued on page 8
communications, navigation, envi-
Ronald Reagan
WASHINGTON
REPORT
Reserve
Components
Critical to MAC
By General James R. Allen, USAF
plete confidence in their ability to
which consists of flight crews and
M
embers of the Air Force
Reserve and the Air Nation-
make an immediate contribution to
support personnel who operate and
al Guard make substantial
our overall airlift capability.
maintain those aircraft right along
contributions to the national defense.
Last spring MAC took part in exer-
with the active duty people.
For example, in the Military Airlift
cise Gallant Eagle in the California
These Reservists are highly experi-
Command (MAC), there are not
desert. A highlight of that exercise
enced and skilled, some even more so
enough active duty people to perform
was one of the biggest airdrop opera-
than those on active duty. Thus the
all of our many and varied missions.
Air Force Reserves provide almost
We rely on Reserve and Guard mem-
"These Reservists are highly
one half of our inter-theater airlift
bers to help, and they do a magnifi-
cent job. They are so thoroughly inte-
experienced and skilled, some
capability.
Concurrently, almost 60 percent of
grated into the command on a daily
even more so than those on
our tactical, or intra-theater, airlift
basis that they virtually are indistin-
active duty."
capability is in the Air National
guishable from their active duty
Guard and Air Force Reserve. In
counterparts. That is the way it
tions since World War II. Out of 90
peacetime, these components operate
should be because we truly are a total
planned MAC aircraft, 88 dropped
their own C-7s, C-123s and C-130s.
force in peacetime just as we would
on the drop zone, all within 30 sec-
They also provide augmentation for
be in a national emergency.
onds of the scheduled time over tar-
MAC's Air Weather Service, the
During the early stages of a con-
get. The Air Force Reserve and the
aeromedical evacuation mission, the
tingency, the President would have
Air National Guard played essential
rescue and recovery forces, aerial
the authority to call up to 100,000
roles in the success of that exercise.
port squadrons and medical service
reserve personnel prior to a declara-
squadrons, as well as a hospital and
tion of national emergency. Of that
ithin MAC we have six ac-
three clinics.
total, up to approximately 40,000
would join MAC, and I have com-
W
tive duty strategic airlift
Overall, MAC-gained Reserve
wings which are comprised
Component personnel number 18,000
of 77 C-5s and 268 C-141s, all of
in the Air Force Reserve and 37,000
which have intercontinental range. In
in the Air National Guard. The crit-
time of crisis, they would be used to
ical importance of those Reserve
deploy combat forces to overseas
forces is recognized throughout the
theaters. Each of those wings has an
Military Airlift Command. We sim-
Air Force Reserve affiliated wing
ply could not do our job without
General James R. Allen,
USAF, Is the
them.
Commander-in-Chief of
the Military Airlift Com-
mand.
3
SUPPL EMENT TO THE OFFICER MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 1983
WASHINGTON
REPORT
Sealift Lacking
to Project
U.S. Power Overseas
By Vice Admiral Kent J. Carroll, USN
It's no exaggeration
means transporting the
to say our country's
combat support and
merchant marine is
combat service support
floundering in the
they need which can
worst shipping slump in
weigh more than
50 years. I am worried.
100,000 tons per ar-
The more I see our mer-
mored division.
chant fleet decline, the
That means the suc-
more I see a blueprint
cessful employment and
for chaos develop, es-
sustainability of
pecially if this country
ground combat power
faces a national emer-
is transportation de-
gency which requires
pendent-and the
deployment of our
transportation mode
combat power.
We called again upon our merchant
that must convey more than 90 per
Does it really matter if the United
fleet to support us during the Korean
cent of that lift is SEALIFT! To air-
States has no merchant marine? You
and Vietnam conflicts. U.S. flag
lift one armored division would take
bet it does. If the whistle blew today,
ships brought almost all the fuel and
the all out effort of the entire airlift
our own sea lines of communication
supplies consumed by our fighting
fleet over a period of at least a month
might have to be filled largely by
troops.
to deploy to the Persian Gulf.
foreign flag ships. That doesn't make
It wouldn't be any different today.
To put it simply: sealift in mer-
sense to me. A strong merchant
We will need every U.S. ship we
chant type vessels will bring about 95
marine, just as much as a strong
can lay hands on if we ever face a ma-
per cent of all dry cargo and more
Navy, is the basis of any nation's
jor overseas conflict again on the
than 99 per cent of fuel shipments.
seapower.
magnitude of a Korea or Vietnam.
Fuel shipments will outweigh all
We needed our merchant ships in
U.S. flag merchant shipping is a key-
categories of dry cargo combined,
World War II. About 1,700 merchant
stone to our military conventional
whether delivered by sea or air.
ships were called into service to sup-
strategy.
This reliance on merchant shipping
port the U.S. Navy; and more than
to support combat operations isn't
700 went to the bottom in that con-
peculiar to this country. When Brit-
flict. That's more, by the way, than
A
but two of our allies are
ain put together her naval task force
the number of U.S. Navy warships
located overseas, and to
which sailed to the Falkland Islands,
sunk in that war-and more than the
meet alliance commitments,
the majority of participating ships
number of U.S. merchant ships in our
the United States maintains 1/4 of
were U.K. merchant ships.
entire U.S. flag fleet today.
our ground combat power outside the
Merchant shipping also supports
continental United States. In time of
combat operations in another way.
war, these allies and our own overseas
We need at least 22 imported strategic
troops are going to have to be rein-
materials to produce equipment for
Vice Admiral Kent J.
Carroll, USN, Com-
forced and resupplied. In addition,
defense purposes-and these materi-
mander, Military Sealift
the remaining 3/4's of our ground
als are so bulky they move in ship
Command, provided this
combat power is stationed within the
bottoms. If we have to rely on foreign
material to ROA after a
speech to the New
continental United States. If these
flag vessels, there's a chance they
Orleans chapter of the
troops are to fight in time of war,
might not reach our shores in times of
National Defense
they must be transported overseas.
heightened international tension.
Transportation Associa-
tion on Dec. 16, 1982.
This means more than personnel, it
We must restore our merchant ma-
EMENT TO THE OFFICER MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 1983
4
WASHINGTON
REPORT
"(Sealift) will play a vital part
in deploying and sustaining our
combat troops abroad and the
very start of operations."
rine to health. It's a
our combat troops
sinking industry. Just
abroad from the very
consider that:
start of operations. I
Less than 4 per
think this nation's con-
cent of this na-
cern over what would
tion's oceanborne
happen if we had to
foreign commerce
deploy. troops to the
is carried by this
Persian Gulf has played
country's merchant
a larger part in this em-
marine compared
phasis on sealift.
to nearly 35 per
In a Persian Gulf
cent in 1952.
scenario, we are very
Thirty years ago,
far from home-over
we had more than
8,000 miles away, and
1,400 privately owned ocean-
For example, we now have a Near
face fighting in an area where we
going ships employed. Today,
Term Prepositioning Force (NTPF)
can't be sure of allies. Prepositioning
we barely have 500. The Na-
in place in the Indian Ocean, ready to
sealift is one answer. Ships can be in
tional Defense Reserve Fleet has
help out if we should ever have to
place already loaded with cargo.
declined similarly. In 1952, we
deploy combat power to Southwest
Where political decisions are likely
had 1,853 ships in the reserve
Asia. A little over two years ago, we
to be delayed, there is no real substi-
fleet. Today, we have less than
had no ships positioned in the Indian
tute for forces on station in or near a
200 and most of them are nearly
Ocean; today we have 17 on station.
threatened region to make a rapid re-
40 years old.
All of these ships are chartered mer-
sponse feasible like our maritime pre-
The number of seagoing jobs in
chant ships manned by civilians and
positioned forces and Naval battle
the U.S. private maritime in-
all of these ships carry cargo for our
groups. Navy and the U.S. Merchant
dustry continues to decline.
troops. By this program alone we
Marine are working together to make
There are now less than 18,000
have more than doubled our ability to
sure this country has the sealift it
deepsea billets compared to over
deploy combat power to Southwest
needs.
70,000 thirty years ago.
Asia in the first 30 days.
Various Navy sealift enhancement
Despite these depressing words,
programs will pump more than $15
there are some bright spots.
W
e will have more than
billion into the maritime economy
The Reagan Administration has
tripled our ability to de-
over the next five years. This includes
made a firm commitment to stop the
ploy combat power to that
money paid out directly to the in-
decline of the U.S. Merchant Marine
part of the world when our two new
dustry by Navy which includes opera-
and is acting with the support of
programs-the expanded maritime
tion of MSC's controlled fleet and
maritime labor.
prepositioning and fast sealift pro-
business generated by Navy programs
We are making some progress.
grams-are complete. Contracts have
such as ship building and charter pro-
The President and the Department
been awarded to start these programs.
grams.
of Defense recognize the importance
These three programs mark the
Navy programs will help industry,
of sealift to this nation's strategic
start of a renaissance in military sea-
but it must become commercially vi-
mobility. Not only is more emphasis
lift. No longer is sealift relegated to
able on its own again. If not, our
being put on existing sealift programs
playing a minor supporting role in the
declining American merchant marine
than all the years since WWII, but a
long-term reinforcement of troops
might well turn out to be the "stra-
number of entirely new programs are
deployed overseas. It now will play a
tegic missing link" rather than our
underway.
vital part in deploying and sustaining
"fourth arm of defense."
WASHINGTON
REPORT
Upgraded
Industrial Base
Critical for Defense
By Stewart B. McKinney, M.C.
hen the 97th Congress re-
W
convened in November for
a "lame duck" session, the
pressing issue was the unac-
ceptably high level of unemployment
facing our nation. Sadly, this belated-
#
ly had become the overriding concern
of the leadership of both chambers
when there was the least possibility of
drafting legislation to put people to
work in a productive and cost-effec-
tive manner. However, in the best
band-aid tradition, Congress devel-
oped a cosmetic, make-work solu-
tion.
The sudden enlightenment of my
colleagues was disheartening.
The Economic Stabilization Sub-
committee of the House Banking
Committee, on which I am senior Re-
publican, had explored the problems
of unemployment for much of the
Greek tanker was last ship to be
look at these problems, provides a
past two years. But this subcommittee
repaired in Bethlehem Steel Shipyard,
looked well beyond the mere unem-
Baltimore, Md. (USA Today photo by
much more basic and meaningful way
ployment statistics. What we found
H. Darr Beiser.)
to put U.S. citizenry back to work
than the broom pushing schemes de-
was a series of critical problems -
To be more specific, we are more
bated (and rejected) by the lame duck
declining number of firms, a growing
than 50 percent dependent on foreign
Congress. The four-pronged proposal
shortage of skilled personnel, obso-
sources for 23 of the 40 materials con-
would provide financial assistance to
lete equipment, little investment in
sidered critical by the defense in-
small and medium-sized firms for
research, and the resulting difficulties.
dustry. By contrast, the Soviet Union
modernizing projects; spur the expan-
in meeting national defense.
is self-sufficient on 35 of the 40
sion of domestic production and pro-
Too many people fail to make the
critical materials and meets half of its
cessing of strategic minerals, metal
connection between the first four
needs for the remaining five domes-
and materials; establish educational
items and the vital fifth. But the real-
tically. Or, looking at manpower, the
programs for needed technical jobs,
ity is that currently the U.S. must buy
Pentagon lists 73 skills as currently in
and provide grants to higher educa-
many of its bullets, missiles and sub-
short supply. The tooling and preci-
tion institutions for the modern
marines abroad. Obviously, that
sion machine industry would hire
equipment needed to train modern
doesn't help domestic unemployment.
60,000 journeymen today if they were
workers.
Just as worrisome, though, is what a
available. Schools, not able to afford
This approach has been endorsed
deteriorated U.S. industrial base
new equipment, are training students
by a unanimous vote of the National
means to meeting national defense
with technology of the 1960's. Only
Executive Committee of the Reserve
needs from domestic resources in
two 50,000-ton presses, on which all
Officers Association. It is also sup-
time of emergency.
large aircraft and M-1 tank parts are
ported by a coalition of military,
forged, exist in the United States and
business, labor and educational
both are 30-years old. Probably most
groups. However, the bill was lost in
symptomatic, the "lead time" (the
the last-minute look for easy answers.
time it takes to fill an order) for many
It is my hope that the 98th Congress
Congressman Stewart B.
McKinney represents the
defense items has doubled and tripled
will exercise more foresight when the
4th district of Connec-
since 1978.
bill is re-introduced in 1983. Prompt
ticut in the U.S. House
The Defense Industrial Base Revi-
passage will move us towards a
of Representatives. He
prepared this article for
talization Act, drafted after the sub-
stronger America-economically and
ROA.
committee took a long and detailed
defensively.
6
WASHINGTON
REPORT
Newest Unified Command
Watches U.S. Interests
in the Middle East
By General John W. Vessey, Jr., USA
By
Unfortunately, at this moment the
region is not totally at peace: there
y law, the Joint Chiefs of Staff
M
are wars and rumors of war. That's
ost importantly, the command
have the mission to establish unified
not unusual; that's part of that world.
mand will make its contribution to
and specified commands in strategic
For the United States the region is
that fundamental element of United
areas.
truly a strategic area. It is indeed fit-
States strategy, the prevention of
On Jan. 1, 1983, by order of the
ting that this command be estab-
war, and do it in the same way that
President, the Joint Chiefs of Staff
lished.
the other unified and specified com-
established the United States Central
It is important for the world to
mands do. The command will be
Command - USCENTCOM - and
know why it has been created. The
ready to carry out its directed war-
Lieutenant General Robert C. Kings-
command is to represent the United
time missions in the region as cir-
ton was designated as Commander.
States militarily in the region. The
cumstances should require.
Forces were assigned and repre-
command will be the U.S. vehicle for
There are several things the com-
sented at the activation ceremony on
military cooperation with friendly
mand will not become. It is not a
Jan. 5, 1983. CENTCOM now joins
governments in the region when the
force built to meddle in the affairs of
eight other unified and specified com-
governments concerned, our own and
countries in the region. It is not a
mands worldwide helping the U.S. in
those of our friends, agree that mili-
force built to acquire territory for the
maintaining the peace.
tary cooperation is necessary.
United States.
CENTCOM's area of responsibility
The command will administer the
I have known and worked with
is large geographically. It extends
U.S. security assistance program in
General Kingston for some years. He
from Egypt west to Pakistan; from
the region. It will control U.S. mili-
is an officer with great talent as a
Jordan south to Kenya. It includes
tary forces that may be in the region
planner and trainer, but it is his repu-
vast land areas on two continents.
for exercises or peacetime operations.
tation for audacity and success on the
The region has great historical sig-
It will plan for other peacetime func-
battlefield for which he is most widely
nificance. It is the birthplace of west-
tions that our unified commands
known. The Soldiers, Sailors, Ma-
ern civilization; the genesis of three of
perform, such as noncombatant evac-
rines, and Airmen who will work for
the world's great religions; it has been
uation and emergency disaster assis-
continued on page 8
the historic land-bridge for trade be-
tance to nations in the region.
tween Europe and the East. It has
been the scene of battles, conquests
and empires whose numbers alone
U.S. Central Command
stagger the imagination.
Area of Responsibility
AFGHANISTAN
Most important for the United
1RAQ
IRAN
States, the region has great contem-
JORDAN
porary importance. It is comprised of
PAKISTAN
KUWAIT
diverse, proud peoples who love free-
dom and share a common hope for
BAHRAIN
EGYPT
SAUDI
QATAR
peace. It continues to encompass im-
ARABIA
UNITED ARAB
portant trade routes. The area con-
EMIRATES
tains mineral wealth that is absolutely
vital to the world's economic well-
OMAN
being. It contains 19 independent na-
PEOPLES
tions with a variety of governmental
SUDAN
YEMEN
DEM.REP.
OF TEMEN
forms and political leanings.
DJIBOUTI
ETHIOPIA
General John W.
Vessey, Jr., USA, Chair-
man of the Joint Chiefs
SOMALIA
of Staff, provided these
comments to ROA,
KENYA
drawing on his talk upon
the commissioning of the
U.S. Central Command
on Jan. 5, 1983.
7
SUPPL EMENT THE OFFICER MAGAZINE FEBRUAR 1983
WASHINGTON
REPORT
THE FREEZE
our most pressing strategic prob-
ROA WASHINGTON REPORT
continued from page 1
closing the window of vulner-
continued from page 2
ability. The current vulnerability of
Furthermore, a freeze would re-
our ICBM force has dangerous impli-
thereof." And the positions taken in
duce our ability to deter nuclear war
cations for global stability. The
the newsletter will reflect the same
by forcing the cancellation of neces-
Soviet Union now has the ability to
guidance plus that provided by the
sary U.S. strategic systems which are
destroy virtually all our land-based
resolutions passed by the national
crucial to securing a strong and credi-
missiles with only a fraction of their
conventions.
ble second-strike capability. All of
own. This capability radiates intimi-
The committee has provided some
our long-overdue strategic modern-
dating power throughout the Western
additional parameters. The contents
ization programs such as the MX, the
world. It is a situation which the
of this newsletter will not be service
B-1, the TRIDENT submarine and
United States can not afford to ac-
parochial but instead will address is-
TRIDENT II missile, as well as cruise
cept.
sues which are significant elements of
missiles, would be canceled. The ac-
The timely deployment of a surviv-
the national security picture. The
celerated production and deployment
ability based ICBM would alleviate
newsletter will not look to the "give
of these systems, and the implementa-
the problems associated with the win-
me" concerns which are important
tion of various quick fixes to our
dow of vulnerability. A nuclear freeze
from the aspect of morale and per-
current strategic nuclear forces, is
would simply perpetuate them.
sonal security but which are not ne-
essential if we are to enhance the sur-
For all these reasons, the idea of a
cessarily those affecting the future of
vivability of our strategic nuclear
nuclear freeze is an idea which de-
the country. Finally, the product will
deterrent and preserve credible op-
serves to be put in cold storage.
not be an in-house newsletter with
tions for retaliation should deterrence
chit-chat about the members.
fail. The irony of the situation is that
Here's what the committee decided,
these systems have been designed par-
ROA WASHINGTON REPORT
as reflected in the minutes of its fall
tially to offset the vulnerabilities of
meeting: "The objective of the pub-
our current strategic forces brought
A project of the Defense Education Fund
lication will be as a forum of the vital
about by the very Soviet buildup
of the Reserve Officers Association of the
issues that affect our national de-
which a nuclear freeze would legit-
United States, 1 Constitution Ave., N.E.,
fense. It should avoid service and Re-
Washington, D.C. 20002. This is a pilot
imize. By allowing the Soviets to
edition distributed as a supplement to The
serve parochialism and be devoted as
maintain their existing nuclear pre-
Officer magazine of the ROA.
objectively as possible to broad nation-
ponderance, a nuclear freeze would
Telephone: 202-479-2258
al defense concerns."
actually reward the Soviet Union for
Captain Bennett S. Sparks, USCGR
It is hoped that this sample issue
its successful effort to make our
President, Reserve Officers Association
fulfills that description. Funding per-
strategic forces vulnerable while
of the U.S.
mitting, the plan is to start a regular
penalizing the United States for its
Major General J. Milnor Roberts,
publication schedule this summer, in-
previous strategic restraint by pro-
AUS (Ret)
itially on a bi-monthly frequency and
Executive Director, Reserve Officers
hibiting us from modernizing our sys-
Association of the U.S.
ultimately monthly. The issues will be
tems and reducing their vulnerabil-
completely separate from The Officer
Defense Education Fund Committee
ities caused by the Soviet buildup.
magazine and mailed to the member-
The logic of allowing such a situation
Major General Earl O. Anderson, USAF
(Ret), chairman; Brigadier General Phillip
ship in the middle of the month.
to persist is incomprehensible.
J. Zeller, Jr., USAR, vice chairman; Cap-
Meanwhile, your comments and
Further complicating our ability to
tain Philip A. Whitacre, USNR; Major
suggestions would be appreciated.
maintain an effective deterrent is the
General John E. Lacy, USAFR; Captain
And, of course, your financial sup-
fact that a nuclear freeze would leave
Robert L. Pendleton, USCGR; Colonel
Donald D. Smith, USAR; Captain David
port.
- HMH
unscathed a number of Soviet pro-
L. Woods, USNR, liaison officer; Rear Ad-
grams which could increasingly
miral Paul W. Rohrer, USNR (Ret), ex of-
threaten the effectiveness of our cur-
ficio.
UNIFIED COMMAND
rent strategic arsenal. For example,
Ways and Means Subcommittee
continued from page 7
while a freeze would force cancella-
Captain Philip A. Whitacre, USNR, chair-
tion of our plans to deploy newer
man; Major General Richard Mulberry,
him need to know that they have a
nuclear submarines less susceptible to
Jr., USMCR; Lieutenant Colonel Frank A.
top-notch commander in whom the
detection and destruction, it would
Droms, Jr., USAR; Major Edward T. Tait,
USAŘ.
President, the Secretary of Defense
do nothing to impede development of
and the JCS have great confidence.
Publications Subcommittee
the impressive Soviet anti-submarine
The command is a signal to every-
Rear Admiral Paul E. Rohrer, USNR (Ret),
warfare (ASW) program.
chairman; Lieutenant Colonel Roy B.
one concerned, friends and possible
Likewise, a freeze would force us
-Root, USA (Ret); Captain John P. Lynker,
foes, that the United States has a
to rely on an aging fleet of B-52
USCGR; Captain David L. Woods, USNR;
great interest in the region, that we
bombers increasingly incapable of
Colonel Milton E. Mitler, USAFR (Ret);
stand ready to defend those interests
Colonel Norman Burzynski, USAFR.
penetrating Soviet air defenses which
and to help promote peace and stabil-
could be extensively upgraded outside
COLONEL HERBERT M. HART,
ity in cooperation with our friends in
USMC (Ret)
the constraints of a nuclear freeze.
EDITOR
the region. The command will be a
Most disturbing, however, is the
force for peace by being ready for
Copyright 1983, Reserve Officers Association of the U.S.
impact of a nuclear freeze on solving
war.
*
Reserve Officers Association of the United States
OFFICERS
National Headquarters
MINUTE MAN MEMORIAL BUILDING
1 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.E., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20002
SSV
SOCIATION
TELEPHONE 202/479-2200
ARMY
NAVY
AIR FORCE
MARINE CORPS
COAST GUARD
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
*
NOAA
14 January 1983
Mr. Morton C. Blackwell
Office of Public Liaison
Room 191, OEOB
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mr. Blackwell:
Our Association's 1983 Mid-Winter Conference will be held
on 21-23 February at the Washington Hilton Hotel, bringing together
Regular and Reserve Officers of all Military Services from
throughout the United States.
Our Annual Mid-Winter Banquet on Wednesday, 23 February, will
be the climax of our Conference. At that time we will honor our
Commander-in-Chief, President Ronald Reagan, who will be given
ROA's Minute Man of the Year Award as "the citizen who has
contributed most to National Security. "
This is a most cordial invitation to you and your lady
to join us in honoring President Reagan. The Banquet will be
held in the Ballroom of the Washington Hilton Hotel, with a
cocktail reception at 6:45 p.m. and dinner at 7:30 p.m.
We hope very much that you can be with us for this occasion.
Cordially yours,
Roberts
J/.
Milnor Roberts
Major General, AUS (Ret.)
Executive Director
JMR/gw
Dress: Black Tie
Winter Mess Dress
R.S.V.P. l Constitution Avenue, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20002
Or: Grace White (202) 479-2200
60th ANNIVERSARY *** 1922 - 1982
Reserve Officers Association of the United States
RESERVE COLUMBIA
#
#
National Headquarters
MINUTE MAN MEMORIAL BUILDING
1 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.E., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20002
SSV
OCIATION
TELEPHONE 202/479-2200
ARMY
*
NAVY
*
AIR FORCE
*
MARINE CORPS
*
COAST GUARD
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
NOAA
5 July 1983
The President
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
send will
Dear Mr. President:
us 6.
Enclosed are a half dozen copies of the newly published
"ROA National Security Report" with your piece on page 2.
Thank you for permitting ROA to use your work. It is a
significant contribution to this issue and particularly
important at this time in demonstrating to our members the
nature of articles planned for future editions.
This issue has been distributed to the 126,000 members
of ROA; U. S. general and flag officers of all seven uniformed
services, reserve, guard, and regular; the members of the
Congress and key staff members of appropriate committees;
and our media list of more than 1,000 publications, including
all service post, station, ship, and base newspapers.
Again, thank you for your support. Please keep ROA in
mind if you have another message that we could use in our
defense education newsletter.
Sincerely,
General, (Ret.)
Executive Director
JMR /ibh
bcc: Mr. Morton Blackwell
encls
60th ANNIVERSARY *** 1922 - 1982
" advance copy"
Col Minter L. Wilson, Jr., USA-Ret.
Editor
201 N. Washington St.
The Retired Officer
Alexandria, VA 22314
Magazine
(703) 549-2311
File: ROA
EDITORIAL
By Col Minter L. Wilson Jr., USA-Ret., Editor
building our military forces, there is
tem be kept abreast of the times and
A Word of Caution
renewed esprit in our truly profes-
attuned to the key management func-
sional armed services. My recent visits
tion it must perform. But the signals
with each of the service chiefs of staff
coming from your PPSSCC are the
As we go to press, TROA's president
were tremendously reassuring. I found
wrong ones. Those signals say, in effect,
has dispatched an important letter to
a great upbeat feeling in terms of in-
"We're going to slash your compensa-
President Reagan. It is printed below
creasing capabilities to meet our re-
tion drastically by reducing retired pay
in its entirety, changed only to insert
sponsibilities. In the words of one chief,
and health benefits and eliminating
subheads for ease of reading.
"We were a country overexposed and
the commissaries in the United
Anyone who has served in the mili-
underinsured. We were in a downward
States." Talk of cuts always creates con-
tary realizes that there is little com-
spiral toward inferiority." Presidential
cern among the troops and hurts mo-
parison between military and civilian
support is correcting that and it's being
rale. So, it is unfortunate that the
careers. Part and parcel of the military
reflected by the sergeants in the field.
PPSSCC focused primarily on cost re-
are the greatly misunderstood bene-
ductions with too little study of the im-
SCARE HEADLINES
fits. The need for superior weapons is
pact on the forces. Premature presi-
appreciated by all. Less understood is
At the same time, Mr. President, an-
dential endorsement would be even
the need for those things which make
other of your initiatives has the poten-
more counterproductive.
the military community unique: com-
tial of destroying the outstanding de-
There is a statutory requirement for
missaries, post exchanges, medical
fense progress made to date. I refer to
the Department of Defense to review
care, clubs, athletic facilities, space
the President's Private Sector Survey
the military compensation system and
available travel-all have a symbolic
on Cost Control (PPSSCC). Reports of
recommend appropriate changes to
significance that overrides their dollar
the various Task Forces are promi-
the President and Congress. The mech-
value many times. They help create an
nently displayed in this nation's press
anism for this is the Quadrennial Re-
all-important sense of community
despite the fact that their recommen-
view of Military Compensation
without which it would be difficult to
dations are tentative and you have not
(QRMC). The fifth such review of all
sustain the total faith and support of
endorsed them. Nevertheless, the scare
aspects of military compensation has
the military family.
headlines and tentative conclusions
been underway for many months. And,
Most importantly, retired pay is
are causing considerable concern
in fact, you have charged the Fifth
again under attack and "this is no
among the men and women of the Uni-
QRMC to review the retirement system
drill." As noted below and in Washing-
formed Services.
in relation to its contribution to our
ton Scene on pages 8-9, the assault this
As you know, the military compensa-
national defense. The results are ex-
time comes from the President's Pri-
tion system, to include retirement, has
pected by October 1983.
vate Sector Survey on Cost Control.
been developed over the past century,
WITHHOLD ENDORSEMENT
Every concerned citizen should care
not to meet civilian-like pension and
about the outcome. A vigorous, vital,
other objectives, but to fulfill the essen-
We urge, Mr. President, that you
quality military force may not be sus-
tial management requirement of shap-
withhold your endorsement of any
tainable if the proposed slashes ignore
ing and sizing an effective and combat-
changes to the military compensation
the present and future impact on the
ready military force.
system until the QRMC report has
military institution.
From time to time, critics suggest
been considered. Since people are the
that the military compensation system
most important component of military
Dear Mr. President:
should be more in line with the Civil
readiness, we must ensure that their
Our Association has applauded and
Service, Congressional or systems used
compensation system remains one
supported your emphasis on military
by private industry. Such is the case
which supports dedicated, trained,
preparedness. A key TROA goal
with the PPSSCC. What they seem to
military forces in a highly competitive
through the years has been "advocacy
forget is that the management require-
environment.
of military forces adequate to the de-
ments of the Armed Services are totally
fense of our country." We believe, as
different, orienting as they do toward
Respectfully,
you do, that previous administrations
preparing for and engaging the enemy
during the decade of the 1970s, given
in combat, should deterrence fail.
the deadly purposes of our potential
George s Blauchard
NOT AGAINST CHANGE
enemy, did not do enough for military
GEORGE S. BLANCHARD
preparedness.
We do not argue against changes. To
General, USA, Retired
As a result of your emphasis on re-
the contrary, it is essential that the sys-
President
4
THE RETIRED OFFICER
AUGUST 1983