Ask the Scholar
Document scope · 1 page
Scholar
Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory.
For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.
Scholar Source Context
Document identity
localId
118564968
label
[Employment Practices] - Californiaäó»s Black Workers
core
doc
dtoType
document
citationUrl
pageCount
1
Source metadata
id
118564968
contentType
document
title
[Employment Practices] - Californiaäó»s Black Workers
citationUrl
identifierLocal
840
collections
Ronald Reagan's Governor's Papers of the Press Unit
Reports
thumbnailUrl
largeImageUrl
imageCount
1
hasImages
yes
source
import
hasTranscription
no
Source extras
naId
118564968
coverageEndDate
logicalDate
1975-12-31
year
1975
coverageStartDate
logicalDate
1967-01-01
year
1967
levelOfDescription
fileUnit
recordType
description
ocrSource
nara-archive
Single page context
seq
1
pageIndex
0
type
document
mediaId
362ae81baa31a450
ocrText
Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
Digital Library Collections
This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections.
Collection: Reagan, Ronald: Gubernatorial Papers,
1966-74: Press Unit
Folder Title: [Employment Practices] -
California's Black Workers
Box: P35
To see more digitized collections visit:
https://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library
To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit:
https://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection
Contact a reference archivist at: [email protected]
Citation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing
National Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/
NEWS from FEPC
fair Employment Practice Commission
State of California
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
DIVISION OF FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES
State and Northern California Office: 455 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco 557-2011
Southern California Office: 322 West First Street, Los Angeles 620-2610
IR-
74-82
FOR RELEASE: upon receipt
CALIFORNIA'S BLACK WORKERS--A TEN YEAR REPORT FROM FEPC
California's black workers moved into more highly skilled and better
jobs in the decade between 1960 and 1970, but a wide gap still remains
between median earnings of blacks and whites; and as far as black women
workers are concerned, this is due in part to Job discrimination which
frequently appears as sex discrimination rather than race discrimination.
These facts emerge from a comprehensive analysis of 1970 census data
regarding California's black residents released this week by the State
Fair Employment Practice Commission. The 56-page book, "Black
Californians," contains statistical information prepared by the State
Division of Labor Statistics and Research regarding the State's black
population, its employment, education and income.
In reviewing black population trends, the FEPC report showed that in
the 1960 decade the number of blacks in California increased by 58 per-
cent, the greatest percentage increase of any state with a large black
population. The total of 1.4 million black residents placed California
third in number of black residents, following New York and Illinois,
compared to a ninth place ranking in 1960. It raised the total percent-
age of black Californians from 5.6 percent of the State population in
1960, to 7 percent in 1970.
Among positive gains for California's blacks in the decade of the
'60's, according to the report, were a tripling of black males in pro-
fessional and technical jobs, and an increase of over two-and-a-half
times in numbers of black men employed as managers, administrators and
sales workers. At the same time the percentage of California black men
employed in the less prestigious service, labor or farm jobs dropped
from 42 percent in 1960 to 32 percent in 1970.
Black women in domestic service dropped by nearly a third, the FEPC
report showed, while they tripled their numbers in professional, tech-
nical and sales jobs, and increased their representation four-fold in
clerical jobs.
The report revealed that California's black male workers earned
only 77 percent of all male worker's median earnings in 1969; but for
black women median earnings approached the median of all women. Note-
worthy, however, is that this was achieved partly because black women
were more likely to be full-time employees, and because they worked
longer hours on the average than white women workers.
8
- 2 -
However, for both black and white women workers in California, sex
discrimination was a serious impediment to job advancement. This was
indicated by the fact that median earnings for black women were 93 per-
cent of the median for all women in 1969; but the median for all women
was only half the median for all men. In light of this the report
concludes that "the inferior labor market status of black women is due
more to discrimination because of sex than race."
Among other points of interest in the statistical findings for
California were the following:
--Seventy percent of all black adult males--278,000--were in the
labor force, compared to 77 percent of white adult males.
--Forty-nine percent of black women--224,000--were in the labor
force, compared to about 41 percent of white women.
--Two-thirds of all California blacks live in the state's central
cities, while only one-third of all whites live there.
--Median age for California's black population is considerably
younger than for whites--22.2 years for males and 23.7 for females,
compared to 27.5 for white males and 29.7 for white females.
--While number of families headed by women increased for both white
and black, black families were more likely to be headed by women. Of
314,000 black families in California, 87,000 had female heads. This
was 28 percent compared to 10 percent of white families headed by
females.
The high proportion of families with female heads also helped ac-
count for a large income disparity between black and white families--a
median of $7,482 for California's 314,000 black families, and $11,093
for the State's 4.5 million white families.
"Black Californians" is available in limited supplies from Education
Officer, FEPC, Box 603, San Francisco, Cal. 94101.
The Fair Employment Practice Commission is the State agency charged
with administering the State law prohibiting discrimination in employ-
ment based on race, color, creed, national origin, ancestry, sex, age
or physical handicap; and in housing, for reasons of race, color, creed,
national origin or ancestry.
Offices are located in San Francisco at 455 Golden Gate Avenue; Los
Angeles at 322 West First Street; Sacramento at 926 J St., Room 211;
Fresno at 2550 Mariposa; San Bernardino at 303 W. 3rd St., Room 315; and
San Diego at 1350 Front St.
8/21/74
PRESS
BLACK
CALIFORNIANS
POPULATION EDUCATION
INCOME EMPLOYMENT
STATE OF CALIFORNIA . AGRICULTURE & SERVICES AGENCY
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
DIVISION OF FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
AGRICULTURE AND SERVICES AGENCY
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
BLACK CALIFORNIANS
Population
Education
Income
Employment
FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE COMMISSION
Division of Fair Employment Practices
455 Golden Gate Avenue
San Francisco, California 94101
June 1974
Statistical Tables and Analysis by
DIVISION OF LABOR STATISTICS AND RESEARCH
Margaret R. O'Grady, Chief
Contents prepared by
Leo G. Connolly and Ben Williams
with the assistance of Mrs. Ruth Mark
Cover design by Marjolaine O'Neill
BLACK CALIFORNIANS
Contents
Page
Introduction
5
Population
5
In-migration
5
Urban concentration
6
Age distribution and family characteristics
6
Educational Attainment
7
Employment
7
Labor force participation
7
Chart 1--Occupational change from 1960 to 1970, by sex
8
Chart 2--Median 1969 earnings, by occupation and sex, blacks as a percent of total
9
Full-time and part-time employment
10
Occupational upgrading
10
Income
12
Family income
12
Income of persons
13
Technical Note
52
BLACK CALIFORNIANS
Guide to Tables in Report
Page
POPULATION
Table 1--United States, California, and selected states, 1960 and 1970
14
"
2--Race, 1910-1970
15
"
--Metropolitan areas, 1960 and 1970
16
"
4--County, 1970
17
"
5-In-migration since 1965, metropolitan areas
18
"
6--In-migration from other states since 1965, selected cities
19
"
7--Urban or rural residence, 1960 and 1970
20
"
8--Age and sex, 1970
21
"
9-Size of family, 1970
22
EDUCATION
Table 10--Percent of population enrolled in schools, by age and sex, 1970
23
"
11-School level completed, by sex, 1970
24
"
12-Median school years completed, by sex and metropolitan area, 1970
25
LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
Table 13--Civilian labor force participation rates, by age and sex, 1970
26
"
14--Employed persons by full-time or part-time status and sex, 1970
26
"
15-Occupation, by sex, 1970
27
"
Employed black persons as a percent of total, by occupation and sex, 1970
28
"
17-Occupation, by sex, selected metropolitan areas, 1970
29-36
"
18-Median earnings, by occupation and sex, 1969
37
"
19 -Employed persons, by industry and sex, 1970
38
"
20--Employed black persons as a percent of total, by industry and sex, 1970
39
"
21--Employed persons by industry and sex, selected metropolitan areas., 1970
40-48
INCOME
Table 22-Annual income in 1969 of families and unrelated individuals
49
"
23-Mean income in 1969 of families and unrelated individuals, by source of income
50
"
24-Mean income in 1969 of families and unrelated individuals, metropolitan areas
51
BLACK CALIFORNIANS
Ten years ago, the Fair Employment Practices Commission published a statistical report 1 on the black
population of California, based on the 1960 Census of Population, which emphasized the social, educational, and
economic status of California's largest nonwhite minority group. This follow-up report, based on the 1970 Census
of Population, contains detailed tables on employment by occupation and industry and other demographic and
economic statistics characterizing the State's black population in 1970.
As a result of public and private efforts to bring blacks into the mainstream of the State's economic life--
and a favorable economic climate--a considerable movement of black workers into more highly skilled and better
paid jobs took place in the 1960s. Nevertheless, average black family income amounted to only two-thirds of
average white family income in 1969, and the effects of continuing or past discrimination based on race and sex
were still evident in the scarcity of black men and both black and white women in certain occupations and indus-
tries. Those continuing inequities, as well as the expansion of equal opportunity, are emphasized in the following
review of some changes that have occurred in the social and economic status of blacks in California during the
decade of the 60's.
POPULATION
California's black population totalled 1.4 million in 1970, which placed it third among the states compared
with its ninth place ranking in 1960. Only New York and Illinois had more black residents.
Between 1960 and 1970, the State's black population increased 58 percent, the greatest percentage increase
recorded by the 15 states with the largest black populations. During this period, the State's total population rose
only 27 percent. Consequently, the black share of the total jumped from 5.6 percent in 1960 to 7.0 percent in
1970. Higher birth rates for blacks were a major contributor to their faster rate of growth.
However, the 1960's rate of growth was less than in preceding decades. In the 1940s, the number of blacks
increased nearly fourfold; in the 1950s, it almost doubled. A decline in birth rates and in the relative importance
of net in-migration for blacks explains this change. The growth rate of the white population also fell for the same
reasons.
CALIFORNIA POPULATION INCREASES
(Percent)
19 40 -50
1950-60
1960-70
Total population
53.3
48.5
27.0
White
50.3
45.8
22.9
Black
271.8
91.2
58.4
Other nonwhite
12.1
81.0
109.5
The black population of the United States also grew faster than the Nation's white population during the
1960-70 decade. The increase for blacks was 20 percent; for whites, 12 percent-both well below the percent
gains in California. Blacks were about 11 percent of the total population in 1970, little changed since 1960.
In-migration
About 136,000 black California residents over 5 years of age in 1970 lived outside the State in 1965. Of
these new arrivals, nearly 122,000 came from other states, more than half from the South, and 14,300 from other
countries. Comparable in-migration figures for the half decade ending in 1960 were 115,000 blacks from other
states and 7,400 from other countries.
1 Negro Californians, 1960, issued June 1963, one of a series of reports on minority racial and ethnic groups based on the
1960 Census. Also Supplement to Negro Californians, 1960, December 1965.
5
Although recent black in-migrants were more numerous in 1970 than in 1960, the relative importance of net
in-migration as a factor in black population growth has declined. This has other significance; new arrivals, parti-
cularly from the South, tend to be somewhat deficient on the average in the basic education, job skills, and social
skills needed to compete in California labor markets. Consequently, this decline in their relative numbers was
one of the many factors contributing to the occupational upgrading of black workers.
Urban concentration
California's black population is overwhelmingly urban, and still concentrated in the larger cities. Two-
thirds of all blacks in California lived in the State's 26 central cities 1 in 1970, while only one-third of all whites
lived in these cities. In contrast, about 46 percent of all whites lived in the less congested but closely settled
urban fringe areas surrounding these central cities, compared with only 28 percent of all blacks.
There are indications of greater geographic dispersion of California's black population since 1960, however.
One such indicator is that the percentage of all blacks living in the four cities with the largest number of blacks
--Los Angeles, Oakland, San Francisco, and San Diego--declined from 60 percent in 1960 to 55 percent in
1970. The black population of all four of these cities rose, but proportionally less than the black population of
the State as a whole. These four cities accounted for 20 percent of the white population in 1970, down from 24
percent in 1960, with San Francisco and Oakland both sustaining large numerical losses of white population.
Age distribution and family characteristics
California's black population is considerably younger than its white population. The median age for white
males was 27.5 years in 1970. (This means that approximately half of the white males were younger than that age
and the rest were older.) For black males, the median age was 22.2 years, more than 5 years lower. For females,
who live longer on the average, the median ages were 29.7 for whites and 23.7 for blacks.
One major reason for these age differences was that a large number of blacks had migrated to California
since 1950 and a majority of them were probably young people of childbearing age seeking greater economic
opportunities. Another major factor was a higher birth rate for blacks.
Blacks comprised about 9.1 percent of the total California population under age 5, and 8.8 percent of the
total population under age 15, in 1970. This, coupled with the consistently higher birth rates of blacks, seems to
guarantee that the California black population will rise in coming years above its 1970 level of 7.0 percent.
Black men and women were somewhat less likely than whites to be married. About 55 percent of all black
adults (age 14 and over) were married in 1970, compared with 63 percent of white adults. Part of this difference
was due to the fact that relatively more blacks were young people, and many were in social and economic circum-
stances that made marriage impracticable.
The proportion of black adult men and women who were in a divorced status in 1970 was small, although
high compared with the white percentage. Nearly 22 percent of all married black females reported themselves
living in households without husbands.
Because of the higher incidence of divorce and separation among blacks, black families were more likely
than white families to be headed by a woman, although the percentage of both white and black families headed by
women increased over the decade. A family, as defined in the 1970 Census, is a group of persons living together
who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption. There were approximately 314,000 black families in California in
1970 and, of these, 87,000 had female heads.
1 For identification of the State's urban areas and central cities, see footnotes to table 7 and technical note.
6
Black families tend to be somewhat larger than white families, averaging 3.87 persons in 1970 compared
with 3.44 persons for white families. The great majority of both black and white families-69 percent and 78
percent respectively--had from two to four members. However, in comparison with whites, blacks had a slightly
smaller percentage with two members and a considerably greater proportion with six or more members, which
accounts for the difference in average family size.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
About 485,000 blacks age three and over-nearly 35 percent of the total State black population of 1.4
million-were enrolled in schools in 1970. For the white population the proportion was lower, about 30 percent,
principally because a smaller proportion of whites were of school age.
In the decade preceding the 1970 Census there occurred a gradual change in the median number of school
years completed by adults over age 25, most of whom have completed their formal education. For blacks in that
age group, the median rose from 10.1 to 11.9 years; for whites, it increased very little, from 12.1 to 12.4 years.
Consequently, the difference between white and black adults in median number of school years completed dimin-
ished from two years to one-half year.
Nearly half of all black Californians over 25 had completed four years of high school by 1970, as opposed
to slightly more than one-third in 1960. The proportion of whites finishing four years of high school was consi-
derably higher in both census years, rising from 52 percent to 64 percent over the decade.
Since a wide range of professional, technical, and managerial jobs are closed to persons with no formal
education beyond high school, it is noteworthy that the percentage of blacks 25 years old and over who have
completed at least one year of college rose from less than 14 percent in 1960 to 20 percent in 1970. Nearly 6
percent of black adults over 25 had completed four years of college in 1970. Comparable percentages for white
adults in 1970 were 30 percent with some college and nearly 14 percent with four years completed.
Because figures for the black population include many older people from the rural South, they show that as
late as 1970 one out of every four black adults over age 25 had no schooling beyond the 8th grade, and one in
two had not completed high school. A different picture is presented for the younger population. Among persons in
California 18 to 24 years old in 1970, some of whom were still attending high school when the census was taken,
68 percent of all blacks (compared with 71 percent of all whites) had completed four years of high school. About
27 percent of all blacks in this age group, which includes the prime years of college attendance, were enrolled
in school--in most instances, in a college.
EMPLOYMENT
Labor force participation
There were about 397,000 black males 16 years old and over in the California civilian population in 1970.
Of this total, 70 percent (278,000) were in the labor force. This means they had a job, or were looking for a job
and available for work, or were expecting to be called back to work after a temporary layoff. The comparable
civilian labor force participation rate for white males was much higher-77 percent.
For both white and black males, labor force participation rates varied greatly by age group. They were
lowest among teenagers and peaked at ages 35-44, reaching 95 percent for white males and 86 percent for black
males. In all age groups, but particularly among teenagers, black rates were lower than white rates.
The difference in the overall participation rates for black and white males is largely accounted for by the
greater proportions of black than of white males in three categories excluded from the labor force: the disabled
under 65, inmates of institutions, and those enrolled in school without even a part-time job. It also seems likely,
although the census provided no information on this point, that proportionately more blacks than whites--espe-
cially among teenagers-were discouraged job seekers who had stopped looking, particularly since the census
was taken during a period of economic slowdown.
7
CHART 1--CHANGES IN EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED⁰ OCCUPATIONS
FROM 1960 TO 1970, BY RACE AND SEX
California
MEN
Percent change
Percent
in number employed by occupation from 1960 to 1970
distribution of employment by occupation, 1970
-25
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
0
5
10.
15
20
25
Professional and
197
technical
Managers and
administrators,
except farm
Sales
BLACK
BLACK
C
Clerical
WHITE
WHITE
Craftsmen and
foremen
Operatives
b
Nonfarm laborers
Farm laborers and
farm foremen
Service workers,
except private
household
WOMEN
Percent change
Percent
in number employed by occupation from 1960 to 1970
distribution of employment by occupation, 1970
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Professional and
technical
Managers and
administrators,
except farm
Sales
39.6
Clerical
BLACK
Craftsmen and
BLACK
C
WHITE
foremen
WHITE
Operatives
Service workers,
except private
household
Private household
workers
a Does not include occupations which employ less than 1 percent of all employed black men or women.
b) Change from 1960 to 1970 was less than 1/2 of 1 percent for black males.
c Percent of total black male or female employment.
d
Percent of total white male or female employment.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
8
CHART 2 MEDIAN 1969 EARNINGS OF BLACKS AS A PERCENT
OF MEDIAN FOR ALL EARNERS, BY SEX
Selected a Occupations of Persons in California's Experienced Civilian Labor Force
MEN
PERCENT
b
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Professional and technical
Managers and administrators,
except farm
Sales
Clerical
Craftsmen and foremen
Operatives
Nonfarm laborers
Farm laborers and farm
foremen
Service workers, except
private household
WOMEN
PERCENT
C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Professional and technical
Managers and administrators,
except farm
Sales
Clerical
Craftsmen and foremen
Operatives
125.7
Service workers, except
private household
140.9
Private household workers
a
Does not include occupations which employ less than 1 percent of all employed black men or women.
b, Median earnings of black men as a percent of median for all men.
C, Median earnings of black women as a percent of median for all women.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
9
Black women 16 years old or over included in the civilian population of the State in 1970 numbered 457,000.
Nearly half of this total, some 224,000, were classified as in the labor force, a considerably higher proportion
than for white women. The overall labor force participation rate was 49 percent for black women, compared with
about 41 percent for white women, and black rates were higher for all age groups except among teenagers.
The comparatively high labor force participation rates for black women is not surprising, since they are
generally more pressed than white women to contribute to family income. As has already been pointed out, a far
larger share of black families have female heads. Furthermore, black husbands, on the average, earn less than
their white counterparts and tend to have somewhat larger families to support, so that the income of a working
wife is more urgently needed.
Full-time and part-time employment
The 278,000 black males 16 years old and over in the California civilian labor force in 1970 included
248,000 who were classified as employed when the census was taken. Of those who not only had a job but were
actually at work in the week preceding the census, 86 percent worked full time (35 hours a week or more) and 14
percent worked part time. The corresponding percentages for white males were identical.
Black employed women were somewhat more likely to be employed full time than their white counterparts.
Some 202,000 black females 16 years old and over, of the total in the civilian labor force of 224,000, were em-
ployed at the time of the census. Of those actually at work, 75 percent worked full time and 25 percent worked
part time. The corresponding percentages for employed white women were 71 percent and 29 percent, respectively.
Occupational upgrading
In the decade preceding the 1970 Census, anincreasing proportion of California workers came to be employed
in higher-paying and white collar jobs. But upward mobility in the occupational scale was more dramatic for
blacks than for whites. A heightened demand throughout the 1960s for professional and technical workers and the
mushrooming of public and private training programs enabled many blacks and other disadvantaged workers to
obtain better jobs. Other factors contributing to this occupational upgrading were a more rapid rise over the
decade in the level of educational attainment of black workers than of white workers, and the increased effective-
ness of anti-discrimination agencies.
The number of black males over age 15 employed in California rose 44 percent between 1960 and 1970, to
a total of 248,000. Yet their numbers nearly tripled among professional and technical workers, increased over
two and one-half times among managers and administrators and sales workers, and more than doubled among
clerical workers. As Chart 1 shows graphically, the percentage gains in the number of white males employed in
these same broad occupational categories were much less dramatic.
Despite years of occupational upgrading, 32 percent of all black male workers remained in service, labor,
or farm occupations in 1970. While this was much greater than the 16 percent of white males in these occupations,
it does show the changing status of black workers since 1960, when 42 percent of black men were in such jobs.
As Chart 2 depicts, the median annual earnings of black males over age 15 in the experienced civilian labor
force were substantially less in 1969 than the median for all male wage earners in each broad occupational group
except nonfarm laborers. The black male median for all occupations combined was $6,626, or about 77 percent of
the all male workers' median of $8,552.
The earnings gap between black men and white men was greatest in the higher paid professional, technical,
and managerial occupations and in sales work. Perhaps the main reason for these gaps is the tendency of black
men to be somewhat heavily concentrated on the lower tiers of the occupational scale within each broad category.
In the professional and technical group for example, 38 percent of all male workers in the experienced civilian
labor force, but only 19 percent of black male workers, were classified as accountants; lawyers and judges;
10
engineers; and health professionals. On the other hand, 25 percent of black male workers, contrasted with 13
percent of all male workers, were classified as social and recreation workers; writers, artists and entertainers; or
health technicians. In sales work 37 percent of black males compared with 24 percent for all males were in the
retail sales clerk category, and blacks were underrepresented among real estate agents, brokers, and sales
representatives in manufacturing and wholesale trade.
Employed black women I6 years of age or older numbered 202,000 in California at the time of the 1970
Census, up 75 percent from 1960 compared with a 44 percent increase in employment of black male workers. The
labor force participation rate increased for black women over the decade but decreased somewhat for black men.
As Chart 1 shows, occupational upgrading was greater over the 1960-70 decade for black women than it was
for black men. However, they tended to start farther down the occupational ladder and their movement up tended
to be into the lower paying and subordinate traditional "women's jobs."
In 1960, more than half of all California black women were employed in service, labor or farm occupations,
with about half of these classified as private household workers. Between 1960 and 1970, there was a nearly
four-fold increase in the number of black women employed as clerical workers and the number employed in pro-
fessional and technical and sales occupations more than tripled. Although the number in service work (except in
private households) nearly doubled, the number working as household domestics dropped 31 percent.
As a net result of these shifts, the proportion of black women classified in service, labor, or farm occupa-
tions declined from 55 percent in 1960 to 35 percent in 1970, while the proportion working as professional and
technical workers or as nonfarm managers and administrators increased from 10 percent to 16 percent. Significant
too was that nearly half of the net gain in jobs for black women over the decade occurred in office occupations.
As a consequence, the proportion who were clerical and kindred workers increased from about 14 percent in 1960
to 32 percent in 1970.
The distribution of employed black females by broad occupational groups was quite similar to that of white
females in 1970, although it remained true that a somewhat larger proportion of black women were in operative
and service worker classifications. Furthermore, as Chart 2 makes evident, the median earnings of black women
in the various occupational classifications approached those of all women, and even exceeded the medians for
all women in the service worker categories. The fact that black women were more likely to be full-time employees
and to work longer hours on the average partly explains why their earnings closely approximate those of white
women.
Compared with men, both black women and white women occupy an inferior position in the labor market.
This is clear from the tabulation below which compares the 1969 median earnings of different classes of experi-
enced California workers 16 years old and over.
Median earnings in 1969
Black women
$3,928
All women
4,237
Black men
6,626
All men
8,552
The median earnings figure for black women was 93 percent of the median for all women, but the median for
all women was only half the median for all men. It is apparent that the inferior labor market status of black women
is due more to discrimination because of sex than race.
11
INCOME
Family income
The average California black family had an income about two-thirds as large as that of the average white
family in 1969. The median annual income reported was $7,482 for 314,000 black families and $11,093 for 4.5
million white families.
To a considerable extent, the large income disparity between black and white families is accounted for by
the relatively high proportion of black families that have female heads. The majority of these families have in-
comes well below the median for all black families. They numbered 87,000 in 1970 and their median income in
1969 was only $3,905.
If the more typical husband-wife families, comprising 68 percent of all black families and 87 percent of all
white families, are compared, the difference in income is much less. In black families where both husband and
wife were present, the median was $9,119 in 1969, 22 percent higher than the median for all black families and 77
percent as large as the $11,768 median for similar white families.
Among husband-wife families, 52 percent of the wives in black families compared with only 38 percent of
the wives in white families were labor force participants in 1970. The median income of black wives who con-
tributed income to husband-wife families was $3,293 as opposed to $2,887 for white wives. Besides being abso-
lutely larger, this also represents a considerably greater proportion of the smaller black family income.
Income differentials between black and white families almost vanish for the younger husband-wife families
with working wives. In 1969, the median income of black families with a male head under 35 and a wife in the
labor force exceeded 90 percent of the median for white families similarly classified. Younger blacks no doubt
benefited most from improvements in education and occupational upgrading in the 1960s. However, the income of
both white and black families with young male heads is low in any case. The family income gap widens with age
of the male head, primarily because the incomes of black mentend to increase with age more slowly than the
incomes of white men and peak at an earlier period of life.
Family income is derived from several sources, among which wages and salaries is of course the most
important. In 1969, black families were somewhat more dependent on wages and salaries and public assistance
than were white families, whereas white families derived proportionally more income from self-employment and
such other sources as interest, dividends, rents, and private retirement benefits than did black families.
Percent of aggregate family income
from source
Source of family income
White families
Black families
All sources
100.0
100.0
Wages and salaries
78.5
85.3
Self-employment
9.7
4.1
Social security
2.4
2.4
Public assistance
0.8
4.8
Other sources
8.6
3.4
Although statistics on black family income in California are not available for 1959, there are indications
that their economic position relative to white families improved during the 1959-69 decade. The median family
income of nonwhites, most of whom are blacks, increased 68 percent during the period, compared with a 62 percent
increase for white families. Concurrently, consumer prices rose about 26 percent, so that the purchasing power
of both white and nonwhite families rose substantially.
12
Income of persons
One measure of the improvement in the economic status of black Californians, as they became better edu-
cated and found more rewarding jobs in the 1960s, is the rise in the median incomes of black men and women. The
improvements for black women, both absolutely and relative to white women, were particularly significant.
Median income of black
Black median income as
females with income
percent of white
Age group
1959
1969
1959
1969
All ages
$1,596
$2,750
88.1
100.4
20 24
1,302
2,717
69.8
100.2
25 34
1,947
3,871
84.0
101.8
35 44
2,040
3,833
77.0
97.7
45 64
1,543
2,722
60.6
67.5
65 and over
1,204
1,705
100.2
94.3
The tabulation below illustrates how the income gap between black and white males widens with advancing
age. It also shows an impressive narrowing of the income gap between 1959 and 1969 in the younger age groups.
At the same time, there was a widening of the differential for older men, apparently because retired black men
have thus far benefited less from the development of private pension plans since 1950 than have white men.
Median income of black
Black median income as
males with income
percent of white
Age group
1959
1969
1959
1969
All ages
$3,553
$5,331
69.5
71.4
20 24
2,180
3,077
76.0
90.3
25 34
3,872
6,566
68.5
75.6
35 44
4,374
7,104
66.6
66.3
45 64
3,938
6,387
66.9
65.0
65 and over
1,619
2,234
80.9
67.5
The narrowing of the income differential between black and white men under age 35 confirms that young
black men are competing on more equal terms with young white men than were their elders for the jobs available
to the young and inexperienced- an auspicious sign for the 1970's.
13
TABLE 1--BLACK POPULATION
United States, California, and Selected States
1960 and 1970
1960
1970
State
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
United States
18,871,831
100.0
22,580,289
100.0
New York
1,417,511
7.5
2,168,949
9.6
Illinois
1,037,470
5.5
1,425,674
6.3
California
883,861
4.7
1,400,143
6.2
Texas
1,187,125
6.3
1,399,005
6.2
Georgia
1,122,596
5.9
1,187,149
5.3
North Carolina
1,116,021
5.9
1,126,478
5.0
Louisiana
1,039,207
5.5
1,086,832
4.8
Florida
880,186
4.7
1,041,651
4.6
Pennsylvania
852,750
4.5
1,016,514
4.5
Michigan
717,581
3.8
991,066
4.4
Ohio
786,097
4.2
970,477
4.3
Alabama
980,271
5.2
903,467
4.0
Virginia
816,258
4.3
861,368
3.8
Mississippi
915,743
4.9
815,770
3.6
South Carolina
829,291
4.4
789,041
3.5
Other states
4,289,863
22.7
5,396,705
23.9
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
14
TABLE 2--POPULATION, BY RACEᵃ
California, 1910-70
Race
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
Total
2,377,549
3,426,861
5,677,251
6,907,387
10,586,223
15,717,204
19,953,134
White
2,259,672
3,264,711
5,408,260
6,596,763
9,915,173
14,455,230
17,761,032
Nonwhite
117,877
162,150
268,991
310,624
671,050
1,261,974
2,192,102
Black
21,645
38,763
81,048
124,306
462,172
883,861
1,400,143
Percent of
total
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.8
4.4
5.6
7.0
Percent of
nonwhite
18.4
23.9
30.1
40.0
68.9
70.0
63.9
Indian
16,371
17,360
19,212
18,675
19,947
39,014
91,018
Japanese
41,356
71,952
97,456
93,717
84,956
157,317
213,280
Chinese
36,248
28,812
37,361
39,556
58,324
95,600
170,131
Filipino
5
2,674
30,470
31,408
40,424
65,459
138,859
All otherᵇ
2,252
2,589
3,444
2,962
5,227
20,723
178,671b
a
See the technical note on page 52 for an explanation of how the data on race and color were derived by the
Census Bureau.
b
All other includes persons who reported their race as Hawaiian, Korean, Aleut, Eskimo, Malayan, Polyne-
sian, etc. Beginning in 1960, self-enumeration was substituted for the traditional enumerator's obser-
vation and this change of procedures may account for some of the proportionally large increase in this
category.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
15
TABLE 3--TOTAL AND BLACK POPULATION
California Metropolitan Areas, 1960 and 1970
Black
Black
Total in
Total in
Metropolitan area
Percent
Percent
1960
Number
1970
Number
of total
of total
in 1960
in 1970
in 1960
in 1970
Total State
15,717,204
883,861
5.6
19,953,134
1,400,143
7.0
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove
703,925
3,171
0.4
1,420,386
10,179
0.7
Bakersfield
291,984
16,740
5.7
329,162
18,637
5.7
Fresno
365,945
17,392
4.8
413,053
20,370
4.9
Los Angeles-Long Beach
6,038,771
461,546
7.6
7,032,075
762,844
10.8
Modesto
157,294
1,141
0.7
194,506
1,938
1.0
Oxnard-Ventura
199,138
3,598
1.8
376,430
6,354
1.7
Sacramento
625,503
20,797
3.3
800,592
37,911
4.7
Salinas-Monterey
198,351
7,918
4.0
250,071
12,148
4.9
San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontaric
809,782
29,720
3.7
1,143,146
50,474
4.4
San Diego
1,033,011
39,397
3.8
1,357,854
62,028
4.6
San Francisco-Oakland
2,648,762
226,013
8.5
3,109,519
330,107
10.6
San Jose
642,315
4,187
0.7
1,064,714
18,090
1.7
Santa Barbara
168,962
2,681
1.6
264,324
6,426
2.4
Santa Rosa
147,375
918
0.6
204,885
2,108
1.0
Stockton
249,989
11,684
4.7
290,208
15,783
5.4
Vallejo-Napa
200,487
13,293
6.6
249,081
17,172
6.9
Remainder of State
1,235,610
23,665
1.9
1,453,128
27,574
1.9
Note: For counties included in each Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area in 1970 see technical note, page 53.
Figures for 1960 were compiled using 1970 definitions, which differ in some cases from definitions used
in the earlier census.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
16
TABLE 4--BLACK POPULATION BY COUNTY
California, 1970
Black
Black
County
Total
County
Total
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total State
19,953,134
1,400,143
7.0
Nevada
26,346
37
0.1
Orange
1,420,386
10,179
0.7
Alameda
1,073,184
161,282
15.0
Placer
77,306
348
0.5
Alpine
484
1
0.2
Plumas
11,707
200
1.7
Amador
11,821
325
2.7
Riverside
459,074
21,224
4.6
Butte
101,969
1,595
1.6
Sacramento
631,498
36,418
5.8
Calaveras
13,585
139
1.0
San Benito
18,226
63
0.3
Colusa
12,430
86
0.7
San Bernardino
684,072
29,250
4.3
Contra Costa
558,389
41,620
7.5
San Diego
1,357,854
62,028
4.6
Del Norte
14,580
34
0.2
San Francisco
715,674
96,078
13.4
El Dorado
43,833
60
0.1
San Joaquin
290,208
15,783
5.4
17
Fresno
413,053
20,370
4.9
San Luis Obispo
105,690
2,285
2.2
Glenn
17,521
61
0.3
San Mateo
556,234
26,085
4.7
Humboldt
99,692
461
0.5
Santa Barbara
264,324
6,426
2.4
Imperial
74,492
2,586
3.5
Santa Clara
1,064,714
18,090
1.7
Inyo
15,571
24
0.2
Santa Cruz
123,790
823
0.7
Kern
329,162
18,637
5.7
Shasta
77,640
638
0.8
Kings
64,610
3,353
5.2
Sierra
2,365
5
0.2
Lake
19,548
42
0.2
Siskiyou
33,225
701
2.1
Lassen
14,960
334
2.2
Solano
169,941
16,656
9.8
Los Angeles
7,032,075
762,844
10.8
Sonoma
204,885
2,108
1.0
Madera
41,519
1,973
4.8
Stanislaus
194,506
1,938
1.0
Marin
206,038
5,042
2.4
Sutter
41,935
196
0.5
Mariposa
6,015
30
0.5
Tehama
29,517
99
0.3
Mendocino
51,101
291
0.6
Trinity
7,615
4
0.1
Merced
104,629
5,497
5.3
Tulare
188,322
3,199
1.7
Modoc
7,469
20
0.3
Tuolumne
22,169
257
1.2
Mono
4,016
-
-
Ventura
376,430
6,354
1.7
Monterey
250,071
12,148
4.9
Yolo
91,788
1,145
1.2
Napa
79,140
516
0.7
Yuba
44,736
2,155
4.8
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
TABLE 5--RESIDENCE IN 1965 OF POPULATION 5 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN 1970
California Metropolitan Areas, 1970
White
Black
Residence in 1965
Residence in 1965
Metropolitan area
Total
Total
Other states
Other countries
Other states
Other countries
population
population
in 1970
in 1970
Percent
Percent
Percent
Percent
aNumber
aNumber
aNumber
ᵃNumber
of total
of total
of total
of total
Total State, 5 years old and over
16,427,404
1,528,819
9.3
373,208
2.3
1,249,061
121,719
9.7
14,278
1.1
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove
1,263,126
144,378
11.4
21,162
1.7
9,075
1,788
19.7
416
4.6
Bakersfield
278,367
21,894
7.9
3,687
1.3
16,736
1,225
7.3
187
1.1
Fresno
348,086
14,972
4.3
4,037
1.2
17,845
547
3.1
96
0.5
Los Angeles-Long Beach
5,553,222
427,237
7.7
156,219
2.8
678,807
60,514
8.9
4,760
0.7
Modesto
174,582
8,853
5.1*
1,963
1.1
1,624
108
6.7
6
0.4
Oxnard-Ventura
327,739
35,830
10.9
7,541
2.3
5,816
885
15.2
173
3.0
Sacramento
674,262
56,496
8.4
11,451
1.7
33,279
4,814
14.5
857
2.6
Salinas-Monterey
204,713
31,126
15.2
8,205
4.0
11,069
2,301
20.8
793
7.2
San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario
984,540
104,367
10.6
17,937
1.8
44,679
6,446
14.4
1,246
2.8
San Diego
1,159,480
208,374
18.0
27,044
2.3
55,052
9,818
17.8
774
1.4
San Francisco-Oakland
2,399,020
209,700
8.7
56,158
2.3
297,185
22,985
7.7
2,830
1.0
San Jose
916,339
96,873
10.6
19,858
2.2
15,780
2,601
16.5
396
2.5
Santa Barbara
233,346
29,905
12.8
6,282
2.7
5,304
1,599
30.1
355
6.7
Santa Rosa
183,419
10,118
5.5
2,486
1.4
1,720
124
7.2
43
2.5
Stockton
236,763
12,690
5.4
3,574
1.5
13,950
772
5.5
85
0.6
Vallejo-Napa
205,363
29,500
14.4
5,961
2.9
15,538
2,426
15.6
716
4.6
Remainder of State
1,285,037
86,506
6.7
19,643
1.5
25,602
2,766
10.8
545
2.1
a
Some residents 5 years old and over in 1970 (5.4 percent of whites and 9.0 percent of blacks statewide) were classified by the
Census Bureau as "moved, 1965 residence not reported" and may have resided in other states or countries in 1965.
Source: Summary Manpower Indicators, Manpower Administration, U. S. Department of Labor. Data obtained from U. S. Bureau of the
Census.
18
TABLE 6 REGION OF RESIDENCE IN 1965 OF BLACK POPULATION
THEN RESIDING IN OTHER STATES
California and Selected Cities, 1970
Number residing in other states in 1965
Percent
City of residence
Region of 1965 residence
Region of 1965 residence
in 1970
Total
Total
North-
North
North-
North
South
West
South
West
east
Central
east
Central
the
19
Total State, 5
years old and over
121,719
13,501
27,270
68,765
12,183
100.0
11.1
22.4
56.5
10.0
Los Angeles
40,705
4,468
9,557
23,631
3,049
100.0
11.0
23.5
58.0
7.5
Oakland
8,010
511
1,637
5,046
816
100.0
6.4
20.4
63.0
10.2
San Diego
6,666
968
1,469
3,497
732
100.0
14.5
22.0
52.5
11.0
San Francisco
7,071
896
1,425
4,251
499
100.0
12.7
20.1
60.1
7.1
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
TABLE 7--URBAN OR RURAL RESIDENCE BY RACE
California, 1960 and 1970
White
Black
Area of Residence
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 1960
14,455,230
100.0
883,861
100.0
Urban
12,419,806
85.9
834,642
94.4
Urbanized areasᵃ
10,849,717
75.0
803,902
90.9
Central citiesᵇ
4,732,553
32.7
591,830
66.9
Urban fringeᶜ
6,117,164
42.3
212,072
24.0
Other urban
1,570,089
10.9
30,740
3.5
Rural
2,035,424
14.1
49,219
5.6
Total, 1970
17,761,032
100.0
1,400,143
100.0
Urban
16,046,438
90.3
1,364,601
97.5
Urbanized areasᵃ
14,167,222
79.8
1,316,456
94.0
Central citiesᵇ
5,939,913
33.5
928,892
66.3
Urban fringeᶜ
8,227,309
46.3
387,564
27.7
Other urban
1,879,216
10.5
48,145
3.5
Rural
1,714,594
9.7
35,542
2.5
a An urbanized area consists of a central city, or "twin cities," which has a
population of at least 50,000, and the surrounding closely settled territory.
California's urbanized areas are--Bakersfield, Fresno, Los Angeles-Long Beach,
Modesto, Oxnard-Ventura-Thousand Oaks, Sacramento, Salinas, San Bernardino-
Riverside, San Diego, San Francisco-Oakland, San Jose, Santa Barbara, Santa
Rosa, Seaside-Monterey, Simi Valley, and Stockton. Urbanized areas in 1960
were--Bakersfield, Fresno, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Pomona-Ontario, Sacramento,
San Bernardino-Riverside, San Diego, San Francisco-Oakland, San Jose, Santa
b
Barbara, and Stockton.
Central cities" refers to the entire population of the cities named in the
titles of the urbanized areas given in footnote a, with the addition in 1970
of Anaheim, Santa Ana, and Garden Grove in the Los Angeles-Long Beach urbanized
area and Vallejo in the San Francisco-Oakland urbanized area.
C The urban fringe is the closely settled territory outside the central city or
cities, comprising the remainder of the urbanized area.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
20
TABLE 8--POPULATION, BY RACE, AGE, AND SEX
California, 1970
Number
Percent
Age and sex
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, all ages
8,731,367
683,026
402,292
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under 5 years
724,778
75,233
37,292
8.3
11.0
9.3
5 - 9 years
849,037
86,601
40,343
9.7
12.7
10.0
10 - 14 years
875,932
83,354
39,250
10.0
12.2
9.8
15 - 19 years
822,070
70,073
38,741
9.4
10.3
9.6
20 - 24 years
773,309
59,054
39,893
8.9
8.6
9.9
25 - 34 years
1,182,503
95,433
60,270
13.6
13.9
15.0
35 - 44 years
1,039,158
77,662
50,736
11.9
11.4
12.6
45 - 54 years
1,033,514
64,906
38,675
11.8
9.5
9.6
55 - 64 years
744,943
41,492
28,664
8.5
6.1
7.1
65 years old
and over
686,123
29,218
28,428
7.9
4.3
7.1
Median age
27.5
22.2
Female, all ages
9,029,665
717,117
389,667
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under 5 years
695,574
74,306
35,500
7.7
10.4
9.1
5 - 9 years
817,578
85,664
38,904
9.1
11.9
10.0
10 - 14 years
843,074
83,728
38,343
9.3
11.7
9.8
15 - 19 years
782,335
68,102
36,058
8.7
9.5
9.3
20 - 24 years
766,316
62,954
39,440
8.5
8.8
10.1
25 - 34 years
1,172,987
102,102
63,708
13.0
14.2
16.3
35 - 44 years
1,047,874
83,219
59,900
11.6
11.6
15.4
45 - 54 years
1,084,207
70,252
38,201
12.0
9.8
9.8
55 - 64 years
822,687
47,238
18,990
9.1
6.6
4.9
65 years old
and over
997,033
39,552
20,623
11.0
5.5
5.3
Median age
29.7
23.7
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
21
TABLE 9--SIZE OF FAMILY BY RACE, ALL FAMILIES AND FAMILIES WITH FEMALE HEAD
California, 1970
White
Black
Other
Size of family
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total families
4,532,512
100.0
313,501
100.0
155,242
100.0
2 persons
1,720,509
38.0
95,805
30.6
39,811
25.6
3 persons
929,472
20.5
67,395
21.5
31,608
20.4
4 persons
875,341
19.3
53,870
17.2
33,320
21.5
5 persons
528,859
11.7
38,065
12.1
23,488
15.1
22
6 persons
268,932
5.9
25,039
8.0
13,904
9.0
7 or more persons
209,399
4.6
33,327
10.6
13,111
8.4
Average per family
3.44
3.87
a
Families with female head
471,437
100.0
86,952
100.0
16,547
100.0
2 persons
219,049
46.5
27,364
31.5
6,502
39.3
3 persons
120,025
25.4
20,421
23.5
4,142
25.0
4 persons
68,177
14.5
14,113
16.2
2,833
17.1
5 persons
34,250
7.3
9,789
11.2
1,567
9.5
6 persons
16,208
3.4
6,675
7.7
693
4.2
7 or more persons
13,728
2.9
8,590
9.9
810
4.9
Average per family
3.06
3.79
a
a
Average per family not available for combined grouping of other nonwhite races.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
TABLE 10--PERCENT OF PERSONS 3 to 34 YEARS OLD
ENROLLED IN SCHOOL, BY AGE, RACE, AND SEX
California, 1970
Total
White
Black
Age
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Total, 3 to 34 years old
57.5
53.2
57.4
53.1
57.2
54.3
3 years
14.0
14.2
14.3
14.5
12.0
11.3
4 years
26.4
25.8
26.3
25.5
27.1
28.4
5 years
70.2
71.7
70.2
72.0
70.6
68.4
6 years
96.0
96.1
96.1
96.1
95.1
95.5
7 years
97.2
97.4
97.3
97.4
96.3
97.1
8 years
97.7
97.9
97.8
98.0
97.1
97.1
9 years
97.9
97.9
98.1
98.0
96.6
97.9
10 years
97.6
97.5
97.7
97.6
96.7
96.9
11 years
98.0
98.2
98.1
98.3
97.3
97.6
12 years
98.1
98.1
98.2
98.2
97.8
97.2
13 years
98.0
98.0
98.1
98.0
97.4
97.7
14 years
97.1
96.9
97.2
97.0
96.2
96.8
15 years
97.2
96.5
97.3
96.5
96.1
95.4
16 years
95.8
94.1
95.9
94.3
94.0
92.3
17 years
88.9
87.7
88.9
87.7
87.0
86.0
18 years
69.1
61.7
69.4
61.5
60.3
57.9
19 years
48.0
44.5
47.8
43.8
41.4
40.7
20 years
36.2
30.5
36.3
30.1
23.2
22.6
21 years
32.4
24.2
32.3
23.8
20.0
17.3
22 years
28.0
18.1
28.2
17.9
16.5
13.3
23 years
25.7
13.3
25.7
13.2
16.9
11.3
24 years
23.3
10.3
23.5
10.0
16.2
10.4
25 to 29 years
16.5
7.5
16.6
7.3
12.4
7.9
30 to 34 years
9.6
5.7
9.4
5.6
9.8
7.1
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
23
TABLE --SCHOOL LEVEL COMPLETED BY PERSONS
25 YEARS OLD AND OVER, BY RACE
California, 1960 and 1970
(Percent)
1960
1970
Years of school completed
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Total, 25 years old and over
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
No school years completed
1.7
1.9
8.6
1.4
1.4
5.3
Elementary:
1 to 4 years
3.5
8.4
7.0
2.6
5.2
4.4
5 to 6 years
4.4
9.9
6.2
3.7
6.9
6.0
7 years
4.1
7.5
3.4
2.6
4.5
2.6
8 years
13.8
13.2
10.2
8.9
8.2
6.4
High school:
1 to 3 years
20.1
24.5
13.9
17.3
24.4
13.5
4 years
28.7
20.7
29.1
33.1
29.4
29.3
College:
1 to 3 years
13.6
9.9
12.1
16.6
14.2
15.8
4 years or more
10.1
4.0
9.5
13.8
5.8
16.7
Median school years completed
12.1
10.1
12.0
12.4
11.9
12.4
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
24
TABLE 12--MEDIANᵃ SCHOOL YEARS COMPLETED BY PERSONS
25 YEARS OLD AND OVER, BY RACE AND SEX
California Metropolitan Areas, 1970
Male
Female
Metropolitan area
Total
Black
Total
Black
Total State, 25 years old and over
12.4
11.9
12.3
12.0
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove
12.7
12.1
12.5
12.1
Bakersfield
12.1
9.1
12.1
9.9
Fresno
12.1
8.8
12.1
9.8
Los Angeles-Long Beach
12.5
12.1
12.3
12.1
Modesto
11.9
8.8
12.0
9.2
Oxnard-Ventura
12.5
11.3
12.4
12.0
Sacramento
12.5
11.9
12.4
12.1
Salinas-Monterey
12.4
12.3
12.4
12.1
San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario
12.2
11.9
12.2
11.8
San Diego
12.5
12.1
12.4
12.0
San Francisco-Oakland
12.6
11.5
12.4
11.8
San Jose
12.8
12.5
12.5
12.4
Santa Barbara
12.7
12.4
12.6
12.2
Santa Rosa
12.4
11.0
12.4
11.6
Stockton
11.5
9.8
12.0
10.3
Vallejo-Napa
12.4
12.0
12.3
12.0
a
For those persons 25 years old and over, the median represents the
value which divides the population group into two equal parts--
one-half completing more school years than the median and one-half
less.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
25
TABLE 13--CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES, BY RACE, AGE AND SEX
California, 1970
(Civilian labor force as a percent of civilian population, 16 years old
and over)
Male
Female
Age
White
Black
White
Black
Total, 16 years old and over
76.9
69.9
41.4
49.1
16 - 19 years
48.4
32.8
35.0
26.5
20 - 24 years
78.6
72.0
56.9
58.6
25 - 34 years
92.9
85.0
45.9
59.3
35 - 44 years
95.0
86.0
49.9
59.2
45 - 54 years
93.1
82.8
51.8
56.4
55 - 64 years
79.6
70.3
40.8
43.8
65 years and over
21.5
19.9
8.6
11.3
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
TABLE 14--FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS OF EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD
AND OVER IN THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE, BY RACE, AND SEX
California, 1970
White
Black
Weekly hours worked a
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Male, 16 years old and over
4,234,065
100.0
248,108
100.0
35 hours or more (full time)
3,526,788
83.3
204,811
82.6
Less than 35 hours (part time)
572,830
13.5
33,595
13.5
With a job but not at work
134,447
3.2
9,702
3.9
Female, 16 years old and over
2,519,594
100.0
202,018
100.0
35 hours or more (full time)
1,689,685
67.1
142,045
70.3
Less than 35 hours (part time)
693,792
27.5
47,676
23.6
With a job but not at work
136,117
5.4
12,297
6.1
a
Refers to hours worked at all jobs held in the census reference week only, and may
not be indicative of a typical work week.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
26
TABLE 15--OCCUPATION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER
IN THE EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE,ᵃ BY RACE AND SEX
California, 1970
Number
Percent
Occupation and sex
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
4,479,595
274,850
176,190
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
796,494
24,050
34,942
17.8
8.8
19.8
Managers and administrators, except farm
553,114
10,778
13,889
12.3
3.9
7.9
Sales workers
367,918
8,977
7,805
8.2
3.3
4.4
Clerical and kindred workers
346,203
29,751
17,811
7.7
10.8
10.1
Craftsmen and kindred workers
920,336
45,457
21,914
20.5
16.6
12.4
Operatives, except transport
480,950
45,176
19,169
10.7
16.4
10.9
Transport equipment operatives
232,012
21,188
5,137
5.2
7.7
2.9
Laborers, except farm
269,009
35,456
17,399
6.0
12.9
9.9
Farmers and farm managers
38,416
536
3,422
0.9
0.2
2.0
Farm laborers and farm foremen
96,588
3,380
8,249
2.2
1.2
4.7
Service workers, except private household
375,914
49,239
25,726
8.4
17.9
14.6
Private household
2,641
862
727
0.1
0.3
0.4
Female, 16 years old and over
2,681,297
221,134
118,371
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
447,115
28,530
18,458
16.7
12.9
15.6
Managers and administrators, except farm
128,072
4,325
3,327
4.8
2.0
2.8
Sales workers
227,839
7,878
5,757
8.5
3.6
4.9
Clerical and kindred workers
1,051,011
69,921
42,855
39.2
31.6
36.2
Craftsmen and kindred workers
45,137
3,064
1,785
1.7
1.4
1.5
Operatives, except transport
267,507
29,683
20,484
10.0
13.4
17.3
Transport equipment operatives
10,967
510
146
0.4
0.2
0.1
Laborers, except farm
19,769
2,332
1,091
0.7
1.0
0.9
Farmers and farm managers
2,786
169
462
0.1
0.1
0.4
Farm laborers and farm foremen
19,983
753
1,737
0.7
0.3
1.5
Service workers, except private household
397,781
50,791
17,324
14.8
23.0
14.6
Private household
63,330
23,178
4,945
2.4
10.5
4.2
a
Excluding unemployed persons not working since 1959.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
27
TABLE 16--EMPLOYED BLACK PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER
AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL IN OCCUPATION FOR EACH SEX
California, 1970
Occupation
Male
Female
Total, 16 years old and over
5.3
7.1
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
2.7
5.7
Managers and administrators, except farm
1.8
3.2
Sales workers
2.2
3.1
Clerical and kindred workers
7.4
5.9
Craftsmen and kindred workers
4.4
5.8
Operatives, except transport
7.9
8.9
Transport equipment operatives
8.1
4.2
Laborers, except farm
10.7
9.5
Farmers and farm managers
1.1
4.8
Farm laborers and farm foremen
2.9
3.1
Service workers, except private household
10.6
10.7
Private household
20.9
25.3
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
28
TABLE 17-OCCUPATION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN THE
EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE,ᵃ BY RACE AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970
Bakersfield
Occupation and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
72,224
2,758
1,328
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
8,805
130
118
12.2
4.7
8.9
Managers and administrators, except farm
7,346
64
131
10.2
2.3
9.9
Sales workers
4,498
81
28
6.2
2.9
2.1
Clerical and kindred workers
3,554
61
35
4.9
2.2
2.6
Craftsmen and kindred workers
15,566
280
77
21.6
10.2
5.8
Operatives, except transport
8,072
328
124
11.2
11.9
9.3
Transport equipment operatives
4,437
195
33
6.1
7.1
2.5
Laborers, except farm
4,625
593
86
6.4
21.5
6.5
Farmers and farm managers
1,550
21
23
2.1
0.8
1.7
Farm laborers and farm foremen
7,801
569
526
10.8
20.6
39.6
Service workers, except private household
5,936
428
138
8.2
15.5
10.4
Private household
34
8
9
0.1
0.3
0.7
Female, 16 years old and over
37,840
1,976
602
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
6,111
241
97
16.2
12.2
16.1
Managers and administrators, except farm
1,966
21
18
5.2
1.1
3.0
Sales workers
3,442
82
27
9.1
4.1
4.5
Clerical and kindred workers
13,094
340
168
34.6
17.2
27.9
Craftsmen and kindred workers
533
5
4
1.4
0.2
0.7
Operatives, except transport
1,675
102
34
4.4
5.2
5.6
Transport equipment operatives
179
-
5
0.5
-
0.8
Laborers, except farm
319
44
5
0.9
2.2
0.8
Farmers and farm managers
51
15
-
0.1
0.8
I
Farm laborers and farm foremen
2,088
122
69
5.5
6.2
11.5
Service workers, except private household
7,240
470
151
19.1
23.8
25.1
Private household
1,142
534
24
3.0
27.0
4.0
29
TABLE 17-OCCUPATION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN THE
EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE,ᵃ BY RACE AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
Fresno
Occupation and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
90,107
3,117
3,103
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
10,420
215
391
11.6
6.9
12.6
Managers and administrators, except farm
10,620
94
262
11.8
3.0
8.4
Sales workers
7,309
79
135
8.1
2.5
4.4
Clerical and kindred workers
5,516
219
182
6.1
7.0
5.9
Craftsmen and kindred workers
15,703
404
341
17.4
13.0
11.0
Operatives, except transport
8,375
362
244
9.3
11.6
7.9
Transport equipment operatives
6,308
213
100
7.0
6.8
3.2
Laborers, except farm
5,503
510
262
6.1
16.4
8.4
Farmers and farm managers
3,440
42
445
3.8
1.4
14.3
Farm laborers and farm foremen
9,724
465
383
10.8
14.9
12.4
Service workers, except private household
7,156
507
355
8.0
16.3
11.4
Private household
33
7
3
b
0.2
0.1
Female, 16 years old and over
49,702
2,268
1,658
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
7,815
243
260
15.7
10.7
15.7
Managers and administrators, except farm
1,986
55
68
4.0
2.4
4.1
Sales workers
4,310
53
93
8.7
2.3
5.6
Clerical and kindred workers
17,733
493
490
35.7
21.7
29.5
Craftsmen and kindred workers
789
18
13
1.6
0.8
0.8
Operatives, except transport
4,643
161
201
9.3
7.1
12.1
Transport equipment operatives
237
6
-
0.5
0.3
-
Laborers, except farm
356
12
25
0.7
0.5
1.5
Farmers and farm managers
174
15
23
0.3
0.7
1.4
Farm laborers and farm foremen
1,501
45
124
3.0
2.0
7.5
Service workers, except private household
8,342
551
283
16.8
24.3
17.1
Private household
1,816
616
78
3.7
27.2
4.7
30
TABLE 17--OCCUPATION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN THE
EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE,ᵃ BY RACE AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
Los Angeles-Long Beach
Occupation and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
1,610,790
156,905
65,157
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
297,030
14,010
14,934
18.4
8.9
22.9
Managers and administrators, except farm
201,815
6,488
5,664
12.5
4.1
8.7
Sales workers
136,853
5,565
3,311
8.5
3.6
5.1
Clerical and kindred workers
139,812
17,891
6,793
8.7
11.4
10.4
Craftsmen and kindred workers
330,563
25,704
8,900
20.5
16.4
13.7
Operatives, except transport
207,849
29,044
8,143
12.9
18.5
12.5
Transport equipment operatives
77,980
12,389
1,940
4.8
7.9
3.0
Laborers, except farm
88,109
16,976
7,603
5.5
10.8
11.7
Farmers and farm managers
1,501
148
470
0.1
0.1
0.7
Farm laborers and farm foremen
4,081
290
333
0.3
0.2
0.5
Service workers, except private household
124,188
27,923
6,875
7.7
17.8
10.5
Private household
1,009
477
191
0.1
0.3
0.3
Female, 16 years old and over
994,345
127,625
45,316
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
153,900
16,780
8,033
15.5
13.1
17.7
Managers and administrators, except farm
48,867
2,499
1,367
4.9
2.0
3.0
Sales workers
79,635
4,313
2,166
8.0
3.4
4.8
Clerical and kindred workers
407,808
40,782
17,174
41.0
31.9
37.9
Craftsmen and kindred workers
18,685
2,051
650
1.9
1.6
1.4
Operatives, except transport
128,118
20,539
8,473
12.9
16.1
18.7
Transport equipment operatives
2,993
267
43
0.3
0.2
0.1
Laborers, except farm
6,912
1,271
431
0.7
1.0
1.0
Farmers and farm managers
419
76
49
b
0.1
0.1
Farm laborers and farm foremen
1,084
118
154
0.1
0.1
0.4
Service workers, except private household
127,955
26,808
5,360
12.9
21.0
11.8
Private household
17,969
12,121
1,416
1.8
9.5
3.1
31
TABLE 17--OCCUPATION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN THE
EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE, a BY RACE AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
Sacramento
Occupation and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
174,729
6,212
8,048
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
30,826
651
1,673
17.6
10.5
20.8
Managers and administrators, except farm
20,951
249
685
12.0
4.0
8.5
Sales workers
14,994
187
343
8.6
3.0
4.3
Clerical and kindred workers
15,029
773
846
8.6
12.4
10.5
Craftsmen and kindred workers
37,787
1,111
925
21.6
17.9
11.5
Operatives, except transport
13,071
492
547
7.5
7.9
6.8
Transport equipment operatives
9,620
488
288
5.5
7.9
3.6
Laborers, except farm
11,137
895
858
6.4
14.4
10.6
Farmers and farm managers
1,680
49
266
1.0
0.8
3.3
Farm laborers and farm foremen
3,113
126
597
1.8
2.0
7.4
Service workers, except private household
16,450
1,184
1,007
9.4
19.1
12.5
Private household
71
7
13
b
0.1
0.2
Female, 16 years old and over
108,080
5,229
4,846
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
19,081
772
569
17.6
14.8
11.7
Managers and administrators, except farm
4,803
94
119
4.4
1.8
2.5
Sales workers
8,941
186
289
8.3
3.6
6.0
Clerical and kindred workers
47,546
1,848
2,056
44.0
35.3
42.4
Craftsmen and kindred workers
1,723
80
38
1.6
1.5
0.8
Operatives, except transport
4,630
289
566
4.3
5.5
11.7
Transport equipment operatives
643
17
16
0.6
0.3
0.3
Laborers, except farm
736
65
54
0.7
1.3
1.1
Farmers and farm managers
117
-
61
0.1
-
1.3
Farm laborers and farm foremen
604
23
94
0.6
0.4
1.9
Service workers, except private household
16,207
1,268
687
15.0
24.3
14.2
Private household
3,049
587
297
2.8
11.2
6.1
32
TABLE 17--OCCUPATION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN THE
EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE, a BY RACE AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario
Occupation and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
239,360
7,790
3,603
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
32,835
763
495
13.7
9.8
13.7
Managers and administrators, except farm
26,439
323
103
11.0
4.1
2.9
Sales workers
17,161
214
99
7.2
2.8
2.7
Clerical and kindred workers
14,290
510
132
6.0
6.5
3.7
Craftsmen and kindred workers
56,786
1,306
593
23.7
16.8
16.5
Operatives, except transport
27,881
1,042
377
11.7
13.4
10.5
Transport equipment operatives
13,674
389
121
5.7
5.0
3.3
Laborers, except farm
17,484
1,369
383
7.3
17.6
10.6
Farmers and farm managers
2,487
42
120
1.0
0.5
3.3
Farm laborers and farm foremen
8,134
298
543
3.4
3.8
15.1
Service workers, except private household
22,018
1,499
619
9.2
19.2
17.2
Private household
171
35
18
0.1
0.5
0.5
Female, 16 years old and over
137,746
5,885
2,087
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
21,798
809
355
15.8
13.7
17.0
Managers and administrators, except farm
6,419
126
116
4.7
2.1
5.6
Sales workers
12,539
318
85
9.1
5.4
4.1
Clerical and kindred workers
48,199
1,204
493
35.0
20.5
23.6
Craftsmen and kindred workers
2,194
111
49
1.6
1.9
2.3
Operatives, except transport
12,150
536
221
8.8
9.1
10.6
Transport equipment operatives
867
18
-
0.6
0.3
-
Laborers, except farm
1,205
74
31
0.9
1.3
1.5
Farmers and farm managers
287
-
21
0.2
-
1.0
Farm laborers and farm foremen
1,941
36
61
1.4
0.6
2.9
Service workers, except private household
26,280
1,681
527
19.1
28.6
25.3
Private household
3,867
972
128
2.8
16.5
6.1
33
TABLE 17-OCCUPATION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN THE
EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE,ᵃ BY RACE AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
San Diego
Occupation and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
265,784
9,408
5,826
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
50,772
734
992
19.1
7.8
17.0
Managers and administrators, except farm
31,639
345
337
11.9
3.7
5.8
Sales workers
22,982
252
230
8.6
2.7
3.9
Clerical and kindred workers
21,339
896
376
8.0
9.5
6.4
Craftsmen and kindred workers
57,315
1,955
774
21.6
20.8
13.3
Operatives, except transport
23,615
1,326
529
8.9
14.1
9.1
Transport equipment operatives
11,755
565
271
4.4
6.0
4.6
Laborers, except farm
16,832
1,187
720
6.3
12.6
12.4
Farmers and farm managers
1,552
22
114
0.6
0.2
2.0
Farm laborers and farm foremen
2,817
115
174
1.1
1.2
3.0
Service workers, except private household
24,986
1,988
1,285
9.4
21.1
22.1
Private household
180
23
24
0.1
0.3
0.4
Female, 16 years old and over
163,588
7,793
4,712
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
29,174
985
686
17.8
12.6
14.6
Managers and administrators, except farm
8,409
113
97
5.1
1.5
2.1
Sales workers
16,102
401
230
9.9
5.1
4.9
Clerical and kindred workers
60,923
2,202
1,197
37.2
28.3
25.4
Craftsmen and kindred workers
2,550
108
84
1.6
1.4
1.8
Operatives, except transport
11,496
861
953
7.0
11.1
20.2
Transport equipment operatives
579
10
I
0.4
0.1
I
Laborers, except farm
1,107
73
45
0.7
0.9
0.9
Farmers and farm managers
227
10
6
0.1
0.1
0.1
Farm laborers and farm foremen
639
33
145
0.4
0.4
3.1
Service workers, except private household
27,948
2,165
1,097
17.1
27.8
23.3
Private household
4,434
832
172
2.7
10.7
3.6
34
TABLE 17--OCCUPATION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN THE
EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE,a BY RACE AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
San Francisco-Oakland
Occupation and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
692,932
69,594
50,184
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
131,536
5,458
8,976
19.0
7.8
17.9
Managers and administrators, except farm
92,211
2,574
4,155
13.3
3.7
8.3
Sales workers
62,834
2,073
2,315
9.1
3.0
4.6
Clerical and kindred workers
64,548
7,905
7,219
9.3
11.4
14.4
Craftsmen and kindred workers
141,646
11,867
5,901
20.4
17.1
11.8
Operatives, except transport
59,530
9,814
5,209
8.6
14.1
10.4
Transport equipment operatives
37,684
5,616
1,161
5.4
8.1
2.3
Laborers, except farm
37,758
11,136
3,264
5.4
16.0
6.5
Farmers and farm managers
1,363
104
276
0.2
0.1
0.5
Farm laborers and farm foremen
2,646
503
387
0.4
0.7
0.8
Service workers, except private household
60,742
12,277
10,947
8.8
17.6
21.8
Private household
434
267
374
0.1
0.4
0.7
Female, 16 years old and over
431,942
55,373
37,396
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
79,302
6,530
4,884
18.4
11.8
13.1
Managers and administrators, except farm
21,186
1,190
1,060
4.9
2.2
2.8
Sales workers
37,392
2,115
1,807
8.6
3.8
4.8
Clerical and kindred workers
191,743
19,323
15,368
44.4
34.9
41.1
Craftsmen and kindred workers
6,339
509
645
1.5
0.9
1.7
Operatives, except transport
28,474
4,987
6,173
6.6
9.0
16.5
Transport equipment operatives
1,437
109
48
0.3
0.2
0.1
Laborers, except farm
2,436
608
206
0.6
1.1
0.6
Farmers and farm managers
155
48
36
b
0.1
0.1
Farm laborers and farm foremen
737
192
216
0.2
0.3
0.6
Service workers, except private household
53,423
14,073
5,264
12.4
25.4
14.1
Private household
9,318
5,689
1,689
2.1
10.3
4.5
35
TABLE 17--OCCUPATION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN THE
EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE, a BY RACE AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
San Jose
Occupation and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
259,230
3,822
10,572
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
64,762
807
3,353
25.0
21.1
31.7
Managers and administrators, except farm
31,764
200
748
12.3
5.2
7.1
Sales workers
20,246
97
458
7.8
2.6
4.3
Clerical and kindred workers
18,595
356
794
7.2
9.3
7.5
Craftsmen and kindred workers
49,804
649
1,158
19.2
17.0
11.0
Operatives, except transport
26,294
652
1,100
10.1
17.1
10.4
Transport equipment operatives
11,273
226
214
4.3
5.9
2.0
Laborers, except farm
13,258
312
960
5.1
8.2
9.1
Farmers and farm managers
873
-
381
0.3
-
3.6
Farm laborers and farm foremen
1,710
35
323
0.7
0.9
3.1
Service workers, except private household
20,510
483
1,052
7.9
12.6
9.9
Private household
141
5
31
0.1
0.1
0.3
Female, 16 years old and over
149,447
3,016
6,472
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
29,162
561
1,336
19.5
18.6
20.6
Managers and administrators, except farm
5,718
31
172
3.8
1.0
2.7
Sales workers
12,074
84
262
8.1
2.8
4.0
Clerical and kindred workers
55,807
824
1,980
37.3
27.3
30.6
Craftsmen and kindred workers
2,389
50
111
1.6
1.7
1.7
Operatives, except transport
18,170
716
1,109
12.2
23.7
17.1
Transport equipment operatives
638
'12
6
0.4
0.4
0.1
Laborers, except farm
1,006
23
30
0.7
0.8
0.5
Farmers and farm managers
124
-
120
0.1
-
1.9
Farm laborers and farm foremen
548
12
254
0.4
0.4
3.9
Service workers, except private household
20,505
538
751
13.7
17.8
11.6
Private household
3,306
165
341
2.2
5.5
5.3
a
b Excluding unemployed persons not working since 1959.
Less than .05 of 1 percent.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
36
TABLE 18--MEDIANᵃ EARNINGS IN 1969 OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER
IN THE EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE, b BY OCCUPATION AND SEX
California
Black
as a
Occupation and sex
Total
Black
percent
of total
Male, 16 years old and over
$8,552
$6,626
77.5
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
11,946
8,730
73.1
Managers and administrators, except farm
12,340
8,505
68.9
Sales workers
8,816
5,929
67.3
Clerical and kindred workers
7,527
6,729
89.4
Craftsmen and kindred workers
9,112
7,430
81.5
Operatives, except transport
7,149
6,578
92.0
Transport equipment operatives
7,913
6,982
88.2
Laborers, except farm
5,654
6,218
110.0
Farmers and farm managers
6,788
3,371
49.7
Farm laborers and farm foremen
3,737
2,582
69.1
Service workers, except private household
5,572
5,463
98.0
Private household workers
2,383
2,983
125.2
Female, 16 years old and over
4,237
3,928
92.7
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
6,890
6,620
96.1
Managers and administrators, except farm
6,093
6,067
99.6
Sales workers
2,635
2,644
100.3
Clerical and kindred workers
4,837
4,612
95.3
Craftsmen and kindred workers
5,213
4,681
89.8
Operatives, except transport
3,720
3,703
99.5
Transport equipment operatives
3,330
4,041
121.4
Laborers, except farm
2,959
3,589
121.3
Farmers and farm managers
2,408
1,679
69.7
Farm laborers and farm foremen
1,538
1,313
85.4
Service workers, except private household
2,830
3,556
125.7
Private household workers
1,141
1,608
140.9
a
The median divides the population into two equal parts--one-half with annual
b
earnings above and one-half with annual earnings below the median.
Excludes persons without earnings in 1969.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
37
TABLE 19--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
California, 1970
Number
Percent
Industry and sex
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
4,234,065
248,108
167,861
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
173,844
5,730
19,072
4.1
2.3
11.4
Mining
29,636
530
584
0.7
0.2
0.3
Construction
348,799
19,129
6,748
8.2
7.7
4.0
Manufacturing
1,091,712
59,502
32,870
25.8
24.0
19.6
Durable goods
786,159
42,596
24,412
18.6
17.2
14.6
Nondurable goodsa
305,553
16,906
8,458
7.2
6.8
5.0
Transportation, communications, and other public
utilities
360,090
27,648
10,413
8.5
11.1
6.2
Wholesale and retail trade
875,423
39,793
42,953
20.7
16.0
25.6
Wholesale
229,858
9,397
7,714
5.4
3.8
4.6
Retail
645,565
30,396
35,239
15.3
12.2
21.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate
202,216
6,899
6,449
4.8
2.8
3.8
Services
857,456
57,010
36,399
20.2
23.0
21.7
Business and repair
205,576
14,925
6,663
4.8
6.0
4.0
Personal
94,757
7,690
6,833
2.2
3.1
4.1
Entertainment and recreation
66,262
3,410
2,089
1.6
1.4
1.2
Professional and related
490,861
30,985
20,814
11.6
12.5
12.4
Health
102,483
10,324
6,644
2.4
4.2
4.0
Education
224,826
12,471
7,467
5.3
5.0
4.4
Other
163,552
8,190
6,703
3.9
3.3
4.0
Public administration
294,889
31,867
12,373
7.0
12.9
7.4
Female, 16 years old and over
2,519,594
202,018
113,044
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
31,575
984
2,645
1.3
0.5
2.3
Mining
3,392
112
125
0.1
0.1
0.1
Construction
28,000
855
819
1.1
0.4
0.7
Manufacturing
384,485
25,614
20,504
15.3
12.7
18.2
Durable goods
230,131
14,177
7,767
9.2
7.0
6.9
Nondurable goodsa
154,354
11,437
12,737
6.1
5.7
11.3
Transportation, communications, and other public
utilities
121,139
9,365
4,464
4.8
4.6
4.0
Wholesale and retail trade
572,651
22,477
22,424
22.7
11.1
19.8
Wholesale
78,148
2,731
3,962
3.1
1.3
3.5
Retail
494,503
19,746
18,462
19.6
9.8
16.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate
206,419
10,987
10,195
8.2
5.4
9.0
Services
1,051,840
111,729
45,532
41.7
55.3
40.3
Business and repair
81,721
5,675
2,829
3.2
2.8
2.5
Personal
184,073
34,792
11,169
7.3
17.2
9.9
Entertainment and recreation
34,395
1,101
979
1.4
0.6
0.9
Professional and related
751,651
70,161
30,555
29.8
34.7
27.0
Health
269,124
32,294
13,359
10.7
16.0
11.8
Education
329,900
23,616
11,268
13.1
11.7
10.0
Other
152,627
14,251
5,928
6.0
7.0
5.2
Public administration
120,093
19,895
6,336
4.8
9.9
5.6
a
Includes not specified manufacturing industries.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
38
TABLE 20--EMPLOYED BLACK PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER
AS A PERCENT OF INDUSTRY TOTAL FOR EACH SEX
California, 1970
Industry
Male
Female
Total, 16 years old and over
5.3
7.1
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
2.9
2.8
Mining
1.7
3.1
Construction
5.1
2.9
Manufacturing
5.0
5.9
Durable goods
5.0
5.6
Nondurable goodsa
5.1
6.4
Transportation, communications, and other
public utilities
6.9
6.9
Wholesale and retail trade
4.2
3.6
Wholesale
3.8
3.2
Retail
4.3
3.7
Finance, insurance, and real estate
3.2
4.8
Services
6.0
9.2
Business and repair
6.6
6.3
Personal
7.0
15.1
Entertainment and recreation
4.8
3.0
Professional and related
5.7
8.2
Health
8.6
10.3
Education
5.0
6.5
Other
4.7
8.2
Public administration
9.4
13.6
a
Includes not specified manufacturing industries.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
39
TABLE 21--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970
Bakersfield
Industry and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
68,399
2,396
1,196
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
10,091
568
495
14.7
23.7
41.4
Mining
6,506
76
36
9.5
3.2
3.0
Construction
6,364
346
52
9.3
14.4
4.3
Manufacturing
6,832
188
76
10.0
7.9
6.4
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
5,801
194
34
8.5
8.1
2.8
Wholesale trade
3,111
51
43
4.6
2.1
3.6
Retail trade
10,272
299
227
15.0
12.5
19.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate
2,061
56
11
3.0
2.3
0.9
Services
10,095
447
153
14.8
18.7
12.8
Business and repair
2,619
102
19
3.8
4.3
1.6
Personal
1,253
66
33
1.9
2.8
2.8
Health
1,006
45
67
1.5
1.9
5.6
Education
3,021
135
19
4.4
5.6
1.6
Other
2,196
99
15
3.2
4.1
1.2
Public administration
7,266
171
69
10.6
7.1
5.8
Female, 16 years old and over
35,254
1,751
543
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
2,123
103
46
6.0
5.9
8.5
Mining
506
4
11
1.5
0.2
2.0
Construction
348
6
5
1.0
0.4
0.9
Manufacturing
1,198
30
28
3.4
1.7
5.2
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
1,528
46
12
4.3
2.6
2.2
Wholesale trade
810
11
5
2.3
0.6
0.9
Retail trade
8,646
159
104
24.5
9.1
19.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate
2,031
26
25
5.8
1.5
4.6
Services
15,589
1,300
293
44.2
74.2
53.9
Business and repair
710
39
10
2.0
2.2
1.8
Personal
3,047
639
75
8.6
36.5
13.8
Health
3,496
258
88
9.9
14.7
16.2
Education
5,904
248
66
16.8
14.2
12.2
Other
2,432
116
54
6.9
6.6
9.9
Public administration
2,475
66
14
7.0
3.8
2.6
40
TABLE 21--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
Fresno
Industry and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
84,185
2,577
2,963
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
13,768
416
916
16.4
16.1
30.9
Mining
501
-
4
0.6
-
0.1
Construction
6,368
210
80
7.6
8.2
2.7
Manufacturing
11,746
324
266
14.0
12.6
9.0
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
7,616
266
101
9.0
10.3
3.4
Wholesale trade
6,579
127
122
7.8
4.9
4.1
Retail trade
13,814
385
659
16.4
14.9
22.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate
3,365
59
76
4.0
2.3
2.6
Services
15,771
612
594
18.7
23.8
20.1
Business and repair
3,392
162
120
4.0
6.3
4.1
Personal
1,777
120
53
2.1
4.7
1.8
Health
1,914
78
97
2.3
3.0
3.3
Education
5,408
137
169
6.4
5.3
5.7
Other
3,280
115
155
3.9
4.5
5.2
Public administration
4,657
178
145
5.5
6.9
4.9
Female, 16 years old and over
45,470
2,044
1,490
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
1,616
43
134
3.6
2.1
9.0
Mining
29
-
-
0.1
i
-
Construction
451
3
8
1.0
0.1
0.5
Manufacturing
3,424
59
95
7.5
2.9
6.4
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
1,815
51
12
4.0
2.5
0.8
Wholesale trade
2,006
12
30
4.4
0.6
2.0
Retail trade
9,517
188
410
20.9
9.2
27.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate
3,634
60
76
8.0
2.9
5.1
Services
21,302
1,541
669
46.8
75.4
44.9
Business and repair
992
18
9
2.2
0.9
0.6
Personal
4,534
780
192
10.0
38.2
12.9
Health
5,133
268
218
11.3
13.1
14.6
Education
7,475
285
193
16.4
13.9
13.0
Other
3,168
190
57
6.9
9.3
3.8
Public administration
1,676
87
56
3.7
4.3
3.8
41
TABLE 21--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
Los Angeles-Long Beach
Industry and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
1,522,436
142,081
62,737
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
16,085
1,685
5,132
1.1
1.2
8.2
Mining
7,388
208
137
0.5
0.1
0.2
Construction
106,373
9,552
2,281
7.0
6.7
3.6
Manufacturing
487,636
39,173
15,662
32.0
27.6
25.0
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
121,486
14,568
3,873
8.0
10.3
6.2
Wholesale trade
90,129
6,236
3,752
5.9
4.4
6.0
Retail trade
226,381
18,505
13,360
14.9
13.0
21.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate
75,466
4,278
2,424
4.9
3.0
3.8
Services
316,614
32,983
13,357
20.8
23.2
21.3
Business and repair
84,280
9,675
3,205
5.5
6.8
5.1
Personal
32,909
4,222
1,901
2.2
3.0
3.0
Health
37,281
5,841
2,370
2.4
4.1
3.8
Education
65,311
6,726
2,439
4.3
4.7
3.9
Other
96,833
6,519
3,442
6.4
4.6
5.5
Public administration
74,878
14,893
2,759
4.9
10.5
4.4
Female, 16 years old and over
938,416
117,012
43,883
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
3,420
283
402
0.4
0.2
0.9
Mining
1,575
81
50
0.2
0.1
0.1
Construction
9,480
424
321
1.0
0.4
0.7
Manufacturing
199,852
18,899
9,682
21.3
16.2
22.1
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
46,383
5,465
1,636
4.9
4.7
3.7
Wholesale trade
33,379
1,757
1,812
3.6
1.5
4.1
Retail trade
173,021
11,396
6,539
18.4
9.7
14.9
Finance, insurance, and real estate
84,343
6,681
4,406
9.0
5.7
10.1
Services
357,863
61,832
17,391
38.1
52.8
39.6
Business and repair
36,304
3,899
1,457
3.9
3.3
3.3
Personal
56,753
18,244
3,405
6.0
15.6
7.7
Health
90,200
17,780
5,477
9.6
15.2
12.5
Education
103,752
13,213
4,244
11.1
11.3
9.7
Other
70,854
8,696
2,808
7.5
7.4
6.4
Public administration
29,100
10,194
1,644
3.1
8.7
3.8
42
TABLE 21--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
Sacramento
Industry and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
163,494
5,489
7,727
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
6,052
201
1,164
3.7
3.7
15.0
Mining
432
-
-
0.3
-
-
Construction
15,378
370
429
9.4
6.7
5.5
Manufacturing
19,965
576
540
12.2
10.5
7.0
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
16,890
469
291
10.3
8.5
3.8
Wholesale trade
8,512
101
245
5.2
1.8
3.2
Retail trade
25,933
699
2,054
15.9
12.7
26.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate
7,535
103
122
4.6
1.9
1.6
Services
32,769
1,057
1,330
20.0
19.3
17.2
Business and repair
6,176
206
186
3.8
3.7
2.4
Personal
3,303
108
209
2.0
2.0
2.7
Health
3,913
170
205
2.4
3.1
2.7
Education
12,372
327
456
7.5
6.0
5.9
Other
7,005
246
274
4.3
4.5
3.5
Public administration
30,028
1,913
1,552
18.4
34.9
20.1
Female, 16 years old and over
101,239
4,733
4,566
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
1,022
23
147
1.0
0.5
3.2
Mining
15
-
-
a
-
-
Construction
1,497
26
33
1.5
0.5
0.7
Manufacturing
4,706
159
336
4.7
3.4
7.4
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
4,945
204
147
4.9
4.3
3.2
Wholesale trade
2,197
30
34
2.2
0.6
0.7
Retail trade
18,844
393
751
18.6
8.3
16.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate
6,514
134
163
6.4
2.8
3.6
Services
44,284
2,706
1,837
43.7
57.2
40.2
Business and repair
2,209
124
81
2.2
2.6
1.8
Personal
8,141
808
600
8.0
17.1
13.1
Health
10,668
861
328
10.5
18.2
7.2
Education
15,867
510
572
15.7
10.8
12.5
Other
7,399
403
256
7.3
8.5
5.6
Public administration
17,215
1,058
1,118
17.0
22.4
24.5
43
TABLE 21--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario
Industry and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
227,487
7,068
3,465
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
13,919
566
775
6.1
8.0
22.4
Mining
2,434
49
38
1.1
0.7
1.1
Construction
22,840
740
225
10.0
10.5
6.5
Manufacturing
50,615
1,455
469
22.2
20.6
13.5
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
20,494
498
226
9.0
7.0
6.5
Wholesale trade
9,482
120
75
4.2
1.7
2.2
Retail trade
36,584
883
562
16.1
12.5
16.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate
8,250
137
53
3.6
1.9
1.5
Services
44,048
1,648
807
19.4
23.3
23.3
Business and repair
9,877
290
101
4.3
4.1
2.9
Personal
6,025
271
163
2.7
3.8
4.7
Health
5,088
250
160
2.2
3.5
4.6
Education
13,762
492
260
6.1
7.0
7.5
Other
9,296
345
123
4.1
4.9
3.6
Public administration
18,821
972
235
8.3
13.8
6.8
Female, 16 years old and over
129,697
5,355
1,951
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
2,941
48
110
2.3
0.9
5.6
Mining
118
-
-
0.1
-
-
Construction
1,503
37
5
1.2
0.7
0.3
Manufacturing
13,412
436
213
10.3
8.2
10.9
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
5,111
177
37
3.9
3.3
1.9
Wholesale trade
2,974
28
29
2.3
0.5
1.5
Retail trade
29,361
591
341
22.6
11.0
17.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate
7,896
143
63
6.1
2.7
3.2
Services
58,844
3,498
1,053
45.4
65.3
54.0
Business and repair
3,008
56
16
2.3
1.0
0.9
Personal
11,603
1,347
276
8.9
25.1
14.1
Health
15,548
941
276
12.0
17.6
14.1
Education
19,906
872
359
15.4
16.3
18.4
Other
8,779
282
126
6.8
5.3
6.5
Public administration
7,537
397
100
5.8
7.4
5.1
44
TABLE 21--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
San Diego
Industry and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
251,392
8,558
5,465
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
7,642
188
591
3.0
2.2
10.8
Mining
463
6
19
0.2
0.1
0.3
Construction
25,293
794
331
10.1
9.3
6.1
Manufacturing
54,844
1,689
885
21.8
19.7
16.2
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
16,237
756
181
6.4
8.8
3.3
Wholesale trade
10,641
107
98
4.2
1.3
1.8
Retail trade
42,932
993
1,217
17.1
11.6
22.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate
12,271
276
56
4.9
3.2
1.0
Services
55,481
2,085
1,410
22.1
24.4
25.8
Business and repair
10,666
497
209
4.2
5.8
3.8
Personal
7,440
323
302
3.0
3.8
5.5
Health
6,097
293
231
2.4
3.4
4.2
Education
16,823
488
278
6.7
5.7
5.1
Other
14,455
484
390
5.8
5.7
7.2
Public administration
25,588
1,664
677
10.2
19.4
12.4
Female, 16 years old and over
153,509
7,195
4,376
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
1,549
57
182
1.0
0.8
4.2
Mining
45
-
-
a
-
-
Construction
1,814
28
19
1.2
0.4
0.4
Manufacturing
16,516
721
809
10.8
10.0
18.5
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
5,977
321
99
3.9
4.5
2.3
Wholesale trade
3,281
77
55
2.1
1.1
1.2
Retail trade
33,265
915
806
21.7
12.7
18.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate
11,251
270
132
7.3
3.7
3.0
Services
71,030
4,177
1,982
46.3
58.1
45.3
Business and repair
4,431
147
86
2.9
2.0
2.0
Personal
14,777
1,284
540
9.6
17.9
12.3
Health
17,260
1,251
629
11.3
17.4
14.4
Education
22,454
965
400
14.6
13.4
9.1
Other
12,108
530
327
7.9
7.4
7.5
Public administration
8,781
629
292
5.7
8.7
6.7
45
TABLE 21--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
San Francisco-Oakland
Industry and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
659,543
62,764
47,929
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
8,284
909
1,605
1.3
1.5
3.3
Mining
1,850
109
149
0.3
0.2
0.3
Construction
54,367
5,865
1,882
8.2
9.3
3.9
Manufacturing
138,300
11,775
6,596
21.0
18.8
13.8
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
79,807
9,678
4,363
12.1
15.4
9.1
Wholesale trade
43,113
2,158
2,150
6.5
3.4
4.5
Retail trade
94,466
6,668
11,177
14.3
10.6
23.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate
43,262
1,700
3,115
6.6
2.7
6.5
Services
147,319
14,121
12,300
22.3
22.5
25.7
Business and repair
35,276
3,226
1,750
5.4
5.1
3.7
Personal
14,713
2,079
3,135
2.2
3.3
6.6
Health
18,429
2,891
2,261
2.8
4.6
4.7
Education
36,470
2,869
2,070
5.5
4.6
4.3
Other
42,431
3,056
3,084
6.4
4.9
6.4
Public administration
48,775
9,781
4,592
7.4
15.6
9.6
Female, 16 years old and over
410,709
50,666
36,032
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
2,181
305
318
0.5
0.6
0.9
Mining
472
22
64
0.1
0.1
0.2
Construction
5,549
269
278
1.3
0.5
0.8
Manufacturing
45,189
3,442
5,978
11.0
6.8
16.6
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
28,905
2,554
2,095
7.0
5.0
5.8
Wholesale trade
15,439
655
1,273
3.8
1.3
3.5
Retail trade
75,425
4,884
5,925
18.4
9.6
16.4
Finance, insurance, and real estate
44,987
3,259
4,522
11.0
6.4
12.6
Services
171,944
28,761
13,406
41.9
56.8
37.2
Business and repair
15,776
1,155
795
3.9
2.3
2.2
Personal
26,349
9,194
3,794
6.4
18.2
10.5
Health
43,673
8,500
3,920
10.6
16.8
10.9
Education
52,227
5,695
2,793
12.7
11.2
7.8
Other
33,919
4,217
2,104
8.3
8.3
5.8
Public administration
20,618
6,515
2,173
5.0
12.9
6.0
46
TABLE 21--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
San Jose
Industry and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
246,750
3,563
10,151
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
3,988
64
1,172
1.6
1.8
11.6
Mining
331
-
16
0.1
I
0.2
Construction
20,519
248
358
8.3
6.9
3.5
Manufacturing
87,567
1,376
3,527
35.5
38.6
34.7
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
17,998
191
445
7.3
5.4
4.4
Wholesale trade
11,584
149
346
4.7
4.2
3.4
Retail trade
33,733
385
1,281
13.7
10.8
12.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate
10,527
81
215
4.3
2.3
2.1
Services
48,772
827
2,277
19.8
23.2
22.4
Business and repair
12,801
186
483
5.2
5.2
4.8
Personal
4,325
57
294
1.8
1.6
2.9
Health
5,512
94
368
2.2
2.7
3.6
Education
15,165
343
645
6.2
9.6
6.3
Other
10,969
147
487
4.4
4.1
4.8
Public administration
11,731
242
514
4.7
6.8
5.1
Female, 16 years old and over
139,736
2,739
6,138
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
1,007
12
398
0.7
0.4
6.5
Mining
21
-
-
a
-
-
Construction
1,288
23
44
0.9
0.8
0.7
Manufacturing
30,470
739
1,418
21.8
27.0
23.1
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
5,490
135
132
3.9
4.9
2.1
Wholesale trade
3,133
31
140
2.3
1.1
2.3
Retail trade
23,846
185
766
17.1
6.8
12.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate
9,502
70
247
6.8
2.6
4.0
Services
60,451
1,400
2,775
43.3
51.1
45.2
Business and repair
4,881
93
154
3.5
3.4
2.5
Personal
8,786
272
667
6.3
9.9
10.9
Health
15,662
457
734
11.2
16.7
12.0
Education
21,227
398
898
15.2
14.5
14.6
Other
9,895
180
322
7.1
6.6
5.2
Public administration
4,528
144
218
3.2
5.3
3.6
47
TABLE 21--EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX
Selected California Metropolitan Areas, 1970--Continued
Vallejo-Napa
Industry and sex
Number
Percent
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Male, 16 years old and over
45,312
2,474
1,471
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
2,418
21
150
5.3
0.9
10.2
Mining
304
3
-
0.7
0.1
I
Construction
3,779
112
44
8.3
4.5
3.0
Manufacturing
11,986
701
385
26.5
28.3
26.2
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
3,376
144
39
7.5
5.8
2.7
Wholesale trade
1,287
73
12
2.8
3.0
0.8
Retail trade
6,815
321
269
15.0
13.0
18.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate
1,354
34
6
3.0
1.4
0.4
Services
8,412
483
339
18.6
19.5
23.0
Business and repair
1,388
109
18
3.1
4.4
1.2
Personal
912
32
76
2.0
1.3
5.2
Health
1,762
142
91
3.9
5.7
6.2
Education
2,664
115
98
5.9
4.7
6.6
Other
1,686
85
56
3.7
3.4
3.8
Public administration
5,581
582
227
12.3
23.5
15.4
Female, 16 years old and over
26,749
2,006
872
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
249
7
9
0.9
0.4
1.0
Mining
9
-
-
a
-
1
Construction
236
-
15
0.9
-
1.7
Manufacturing
2,477
205
84
9.3
10.2
9.7
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities
1,208
74
41
4.5
3.7
4.7
Wholesale trade
277
21
-
1.0
1.0
-
Retail trade
6,057
132
192
22.6
6.6
22.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate
1,459
64
41
5.5
3.2
4.7
Services
12,837
1,306
427
48.0
65.1
49.0
Business and repair
358
33
11
1.3
1.6
1.3
Personal
2,391
423
68
8.9
21.1
7.8
Health
4,459
464
163
16.7
23.1
18.7
Education
3,932
204
129
14.7
10.2
14.8
Other
1,697
182
56
6.4
9.1
6.4
Public administration
1,940
197
63
7.3
9.8
7.2
a Less than .05 of 1 percent.
Source: Summary Manpower Indicators, Manpower Administration, U. S. Department of Labor. Data obtained from U. S. Bureau
of the Census.
48
TABLE 22--INCOME IN 1969 OF ALL FAMILIES, FAMILIES WITH
FEMALE HEADS, AND UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS, BY RACE
California
Number
Percent
Income in 1969
Total
White
Black
Total
White
Black
All families
5,001,255
4,532,512
313,501
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than $2,000a
227,678
188,364
30,360
4.5
4.1
9.7
$2,000 to 2,999
176,888
149,382
22,363
3.5
3.3
7.1
3,000 to 3,999
215,243
185,665
23,129
4.3
4.1
7.4
4,000 to 5,999
465,407
404,858
45,070
9.3
8.9
14.4
6,000 to 7,999
558,795
492,094
48,157
11.2
10.9
15.4
8,000 to 9,999
624,788
563,831
40,814
12.5
12.4
13.0
10,000 to 14,999
1,399,577
1,289,925
67,112
28.0
28.5
21.4
15,000 and over
1,332,879
1,258,393
36,496
26.7
27.8
11.6
Families with female
heads
574,936
471,437
86,952
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than $2,000a
98,735
76,110
19,221
17.2
16.1
22.1
$2,000 to 2,999
58,563
43,603
13,448
10.2
9.3
15.5
3,000 to 3,999
57,556
44,030
11,941
10.0
9.3
13.7
4,000 to 5,999
102,511
82,468
17,307
17.8
17.5
19.9
6,000 to 7,999
89,201
75,365
11,629
15.5
16.0
13.4
8,000 to 9,999
60,017
52,510
5,886
10.4
11.1
6.8
10,000 to 14,999
71,306
63,657
5,501
12.4
13.5
6.3
15,000 and over
37,047
33,694
2,019
6.5
7.2
2.3
Unrelated individuals b
2,327,499
2,077,239
164,986
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than $2,000a
773,576
674,238
63,352
33.2
32.5
38.4
$2,000 to 2,999
343,295
305,639
25,810
14.7
14.7
15.7
3,000 to 3,999
213,147
189,771
15,407
9.2
9.1
9.3
4,000 to 5,999
316,379
281,276
23,885
13.6
13.5
14.5
6,000 to 7,999
260,888
234,059
18,772
11.2
11.3
11.4
8,000 to 9,999
166,544
152,159
9,806
7.2
7.3
5.9
10,000 to 14,999
175,152
164,273
6,465
7.5
7.9
3.9
15,000 and over
78,518
75,824
1,489
3.4
3.7
0.9
a
Includes no income and loss.
b
Persons 14 years old and over living alone or with nonrelatives.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
49
TABLE 23--MEAN INCOME IN 1969 BY SOURCE OF INCOME
AND RACE OF FAMILIES AND UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS
Percent a of families or
Mean b income of families
unrelated individuals
and unrelated individuals
Source of income
Total
White
Black
Total
White
Black
All families
100.0
100.0
100.0
$12,167
$12,460
$8,335
With income from--
Wages or salaries
86.4
86.4
85.5
11,099
11,323
8,323
Nonfarm self-employment
12.2
12.4
5.9
9,019
9,171
5,603
Farm self-employment
1.6
1.6
0.3
4,132
4,029
2,170
Social Security
17.2
17.5
13.7
1,678
1,697
1,469
Public assistance or welfare
7.9
7.0
22.4
1,465
1,395
1,788
Other source
40.3
42.0
17.4
2,499
2,558
1,614
All unrelated individualsᶜ
100.0
100.0
100.0
4,719
4,850
3,632
With income from--
Wages or salaries
65.0
64.7
65.9
5,185
5,287
4,477
Nonfarm self-employment
4.6
4.7
3.1
5,315
5,414
3,770
Farm self-employment
0.4
0.5
0.2
2,704
2,750
1,878
Social Security
24.2
25.2
16.6
1,099
1,105
1,036
Public assistance or welfare
8.7
8.2
16.6
1,103
1,089
1,207
Other source
33.3
35.3
13.4
2,190
2,245
1,382
a
b
Percentages add to more than 100 since income may be received from more than one source.
The mean income was calculated by dividing total income from a particular source by the
number of families, or families with female heads, or unrelated individuals with income
from that source.
C
Persons 14 years old and over living alone or with nonrelatives.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
50
TABLE 24--MEANᵃ INCOME IN 1969 OF ALL FAMILIES, FAMILIES WITH
FEMALE HEADS, AND UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS, BY RACE
California Metropolitan Areas
Families with
All families
Unrelated individuals b
female heads
Metropolitan area
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
White
Black
Other
Total State
$12,519
$8,372
$11,469
$6,839
$4,760
$6,917
$4,867
$3,645
$3,631
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove
13,715
8,774
12,981
7,157
4,490
6,441
5,489
3,290
4,477
Bakersfield
10,198
5,623
8,114
5,507
3,359
4,298
3,975
2,625
3,762
Fresno
10,068
5,840
10,407
5,428
3,614
5,067
3,663
2,442
2,317
Los Angeles-Long Beach
13,298
8,495
12,047
7,223
4,905
7,270
5,449
3,920
4,164
Modesto
10,121
6,704
8,822
5,446
5,525
125%
6,586
3,759
3,827
2,946
Oxnard-Ventura
12,112
8,628
11,416
6,309
4,930
4,580
4,480
3,496
4,716
51
Sacramento
11,678
8,011
11,321
6,395
4,660
6,188
4,265
3,243
3,210
Salinas-Monterey
11,141
7,680
9,888
6,404
3,613
5,557
3,798
2,521
2,714
San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontaric
10,615
7,207
9,274
5,654
3,946
4,859
3,962
2,814
2,473
San Diego
11,629
8,095
8,919
6,241
4,253
3,874
3,878
2,780
2,493
San Francisco-Oakland
14,068
8,742
11,889
7,826
4,797
8,774
5,472
3,812
3,765
San Jose
13,692
10,723
13,521
7,267
5,866
8,428
5,293
3,670
4,455
Santa Barbara
11,803
7,472
10,602
6,605
3,869
5,513
3,668
2,927
2,822
Santa Rosa
10,923
6,812
9,101
5,968
5,218
5,078
3,575
2,187
2,766
Stockton
10,912
7,052
9,922
5,817
4,022
7,162
3,743
2,499
2,673
Vallejo-Napa
11,109
8,611
9,735
5,828
4,581
4,056
3,917
3,322
3,553
a The mean income was calculated by dividing the sum of all family incomes, incomes of families with female heads, or incomes
of unrelated individuals in the State or Metropolitan Area by the number of families, families with female heads, or un-
related individuals in the State or particular Metropolitan Area.
b
Persons 14 years old and over living alone or with nonrelatives.
Source: Summary Manpower Indicators, Manpower Administration, U. S. Department of Labor. Data obtained from U. S. Bureau of
the Census.
TECHNICAL NOTE
This report on social and economic characteristics of California's black population was compiled chiefly
from the data collected by the U. S. Bureau of the Census in the 1970 Census of Population taken as of April 1,
1970. Unless otherwise indicated in the definitions below or in the table titles or headings, information relates
to that date.
Brief explanations of some census terms are given here to help the reader interpret the tables. For a full
technical discussion of these terms, as well as facsimiles of all population questions the reader should consult
the Appendixes of the 1970 Census volumes listed below under "Sources of Data."
DEFINITIONS
Race and color
All persons were asked to classify themselves in one of nine categories, which appeared on the 1970
Census Questionnaire as follows:
White
Filipino
Negro or Black
Hawaiian
Indian (American) - Print tribe
Korean
Japanese
Other - Print race
Chinese
Consequently, the 1970 information on race is based essentially on self-classification by people according
to the race with which they identify themselves, not on clear-cut scientific definitions of biological stock. Self-
enumeration was also used in the 1960 Census, but in earlier censuses data on race and other characteristics
was collected by direct interview. According to the Bureau of the Census, there is little evidence that the switch
to self-identification had a major effect on the count of the black population.
For persons of mixed parentage who were in doubt as to their classification, the race of the person's father
was used in 1970. In 1960, persons who reported mixed parentage of white and any other race were classified
according to the other race; mixtures of races other than white were classified according to the race of the father.
Except for table 2, the tables in this report include data only for the following race or color categories:
White-Includes persons who indicated their race as white, as well as persons who did not classify them-
selves in one of the specific race categories on the questionnaire, but entered Mexican, Puerto Rican, or a
response suggesting Indo-European stock. Nearly all persons of Spanish language or surname or of Mexican or
other Spanish origin, classified themselves as white.
Black-Includes persons who indicated their race as Negro or Black, as well as persons who did not
classify themselves in one of the specific race categories but who had such entries as Jamaican, Trinidadian,
West Indian, Haitian, and Ethiopian.
Nonwhite--Includes persons of all races other than white.
Other (nonwhite)-- As used in certain. tables in this report, this category includes all nonwhite persons
except blacks.
Residence
Each person was counted as an inhabitant of his usual place of residence, construed to mean the place
where he lives and sleeps most of the time, regardless of where he happened to be when enumerated.
52
Urban-The urban population is comprised of all persons living in places of 2,500 or more persons, but
excluding the rural portions of extended incorporated cities. It is further divided into those living in "urbanized
areas" as defined below and persons living in other urban areas.
Urbanized areas--An urbanized area consists of a central city, or "twin cities," which has a population of
at least 50,000, and the surrounding closely settled territory. California's urbanized areas are listed in footnote a
of table 7.
Central cities The central city population consists of that part of the population living in urbanized areas
who inhabit the 26 central cities named in footnotes a and b of table 7.
Urban fringe--The urban fringe population comprises persons living in urbanized areas but outside the
central cities.
Standard metropolitan statistical areas--A standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) consists of a
county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one city of 50,000 or more inhabitants, or "twin
cities" with a combined population of at least 50,000. Other adjoining counties are included if, according to
certain established criteria, they are socially and economically integrated with the central city. Since the entire
population of the county or counties is included in the SMSA population, a SMSA may have both urban and rural
residents.
California standard metropolitan statistical areas in 1970 were:
Metropolitan area
Counties included
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove
Orange
Bakersfield
Kern
Fresno
Fresno
Los Angeles-Long Beach
Los Angeles
Modesto
Stanislaus
Oxnard-Ventura
Ventura
Sacramento
Placer, Sacramento, and Yolo
Salinas-Monterey
Monterey
San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario
Riverside and San Bernardino
San Diego
San Diego
San Francisco-Oakland
Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin,
San Francisco, and San Mateo
San Jose
Santa Clara
Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara
Santa Rosa
Sonoma
Stockton
San Joaquin
Vallejo-Napa
Napa and Solano
53
Families and unrelated individuals
All non-institutionalized persons were classified as members of families or as unrelated individuals,
according to their living arrangements.
Family--A family consists of a household head and one or more other persons residing at the same place
who are related to the head by blood, marriage, or adoption.
Family head--The household head is the person regarded as the head by the household members. However,
if a married woman living with her husband was reported as the head, her husband was considered to be the head
for the purpose of simplifying the tabulations. Families classified as having female heads include only those
where no husband is present.
Race of family Families were classified by race according to the race of the household head.
Unrelated individuals--Includes single persons living alone, persons living in a household but not related
by blood, marriage, or adoption to any other persons residing in the same household, and all persons living in
group quarters except inmates of institutions. Income statistics shown in tables 22, 23, and 24 were compiled
only for unrelated individuals 14 years of age or older; furthermore, in determining the number of unrelated indi-
viduals 14 years of age or older with incomes below the established poverty levels, college students living in
dormitories and Armed Forces personnel living in barracks were excluded.
Education
Data on school enrollment and highest year of school completed is for persons 3 years old and over.
Enrolled in school--Enrolled in a regular school or college at any time between February 1, 1970 and
April 1, 1970, meaning in public and private nursery schools, kindergartens, elementary, and secondary schools,
colleges, universities, or professional schools, whether day or night school, and whether attendance was full
time or part time. Enrollment in nursery schools which simply provide custodial day care, or in specialized voca-
tional, trade, or business schools, on-the-job training, and correspondence courses not giving credits transferable
to a school in the regular school system was not regarded as enrollment in a regular school.
Employment
The tables in this report and most tables in the 1970 Census volumes relating to employment and earnings
from employment show data only for persons 16 years old and over.
Employed-Includes persons who, in the week preceding the census week, did any work at all as paid
employees, or in their own business or profession, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers on a family
farm or in a family business. Also included are persons who did not work but had jobs from which they were
temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, industrial dispute, vacation, or other personal reasons. Excluded
were persons whose only activity consisted of work around the house or volunteer work.
Unemployed--Includes persons not classified as "employed" but who were looking for work during the four
weeks preceding the census week and were available to accept a job.
Experienced unemployed--Includes unemployed persons who have worked at any time in the past.
Civilian labor force-Includes persons not in the Armed Forces who were classified as employed or unem-
ployed. (Labor force participation rates in this report were calculated by dividing all civilians in a particular age,
race, and sex category into the total in that category who were classified as in the civilian labor force.)
54
Experienced civilian labor force-Includes the employed and the experienced unemployed. (Experienced
unemployed persons who had not worked in the preceding 10 years are excluded, however, from tables in this
report showing the distribution of the experienced civilian labor force by occupation, race, and sex.)
Occupation and industry of workers-Employed persons were classified on the basis of the job held in the
week preceding the week in which they completed the questionnaire. Experienced workers not employed were
classified with reference to the last job they had held. Employed persons with two jobs were classified accord-
ing to the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week, and were enumerated
as employed where they resided regardless of where they actually worked.
Income
Income includes money income from any source, including those sources specified in table 23, but not to
value of income "in kind" such as food produced and consumed in the home or free living quarters. Receipts
from the following sources were not included as income: money received from the sale of property (unless the
recipient was engaged in the business of selling such property); withdrawal of bank deposits; money borrowed;
tax refunds; exchange of money between relatives living in the same household; gifts and lump-sum inheritances,
insurance payments, and other types of lump-sum receipts.
Family Incomes in 1969 of all family members as of April 1970 who were 14 years old and over,
summed and treated as a single amount. (Family income does not include amounts received by persons who were
members of the family during all or part of 1969 but no longer resided with family in April 1970, but does include
family income amounts reported by related persons who did not reside with the family during 1969 but did in
April 1970.)
Income of unrelated individuals Income in 1969 of persons 14 years old or over classified as unrelated
individuals in April 1970.
No 1969 income-The income tables for both families and unrelated individuals include in the lowest
income group (less than $1,000) those that were classified as having no 1969 income as defined in the census.
Many of these were living on income "in kind," savings, or gifts; were newly created families; or were families
in which the sole bread winner had recently died or left the household.
Sampling
All tables in this report-containing information on characteristics other than age, sex, race, marital status,
and household relationship are based on ratio estimates derived from samples. Employment questions, in particu-
lar, were asked of 20 percent of all persons 14 years old and over. Standard metropolitan statistical areas with
fewer than 4,000 blacks employed or in the experienced work force were omitted from tables 17 and 21, which
show the distribution of black workers by occupation and industry, because possible sampling errors were felt to
be too large to make the estimates useful. Approximations of the sampling error in any table may be obtained from
a table in an appendix to the 1970 Census volumes cited below.
55
Sources of data
Information in this report was derived from the following sources:
1970 Census of Population
U.S. Department of Commerce
Bureau of the Census
PC (1)-B6, General Population Characteristics, California
PC (1)-C6, General Social and Economic Characteristics, California
PC (1)-D6, Detailed Characteristics, California
PC (1)-B1, General Population Characteristics, United States Summary
PC (2)-1B, Subject Reports, Negro Population
1960 Census of Population
U.S. Department of Commerce
Bureau of the Census
PC (1)-6B, General Population Characteristics, California
PC (1)-6C, General Social and Economic Characteristics, California
PC (1)-6D, Detailed Characteristics, California
PC (1)-1B, General Population Characteristics, United States Summary
PC (2)-1C, Nonwhite Population By Race
Summary Manpower Indicators for State of California, June 1972
U.S. Department of Labor
Manpower Administration, Region IX
Negro Californians, 1960, June 1963
California Department of Industrial Relations
Division of Fair Employment Practices
86491-501 6/74 10M
56