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[Indian Affairs] - Final Report to the Governor and the Legislature by the State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
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[Indian Affairs] - Final Report to the Governor and the Legislature by the State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
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Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
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Collection: Reagan, Ronald: Gubernatorial Papers,
1966-74: Press Unit
Folder Title: [Indian Affairs] - Final Report to the
Governor and the Legislature by the
State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
Box: P37
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To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit:
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FINAL REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR AND THE LEGISLATURE
by the
STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
GREAT EUREKA OF THE
THE
OF
CALIFORNIA
Commission Members
Committee Members
Senator John L. Harmer, Chairman
Mrs. Eleanor Bethel
Senator Howard Way
Mr. Leo Calac
Assemblywoman Pauline L. Davis
Mrs. Jesse H. Parker
Assemblyman Eugene A. Chappie
Mr. Michael Harrison
Assemblyman Kent H. Stacey
Irvin Rautenberg alternate, Dr. Louis F. Saylor
Jack Erikson alternate, Dr. Max Rafferty
Bert Walters alternate, Mr. John C. Montgomery
Past Commission Members
Past Committee Members
Senator Stanley Arnold, Past Chairman
Mr. Erin Forrest
Senator Stephen P. Teale, Past Chairman
Mr. Bert D. Lane
Senator Paul Lunardi
Mrs. Waldo H. Pate
Senator Randolph Collier
Mr. Robert N. Davidson
Senator William E. Coombs, Past Chairman
Assemblyman Charles B. Garrigus
Assemblyman Newton R. Russell
Assemblyman Charles E. Chapel
Dr. Malcolm H. Merrill
Mr. J. M. Wedemeyer
Berenice Pate
Wayne H. Red-Horse
Norma Logan
Executive Secretary
Staff Analyst
Secretary
1969
FINAL REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR AND THE LEGISLATURE
by the
STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
OF
EUREKA
THE
GREAT
SIVIS
CALIFORNIA
Commission Members
Committee Members
Senator John L. Harmer, Chairman
Mrs. Eleanor Bethel
Senator Howard Way
Mr. Leo Calac
Assemblywoman Pauline L. Davis
Mrs. Jesse H. Parker
Assemblyman Eugene A. Chappie
Mr. Michael Harrison
Assemblyman Kent H. Stacey
Irvin Rautenberg alternate, Dr. Louis F. Saylor
Jack Erikson alternate, Dr. Max Rafferty
Bert Walters alternate, Mr. John C. Montgomery
Past Commission Members
Past Committee Members
Senator Stanley Arnold, Past Chairman
Mr. Erin Forrest
Senator Stephen P. Teale, Past Chairman
Mr. Bert D. Lane
Senator Paul Lunardi
Mrs. Waldo H. Pate
Senator Randolph Collier
Mr. Robert N. Davidson
Senator William E. Coombs, Past Chairman
Assemblyman Charles B. Garrigus
Assemblyman Newton R. Russell
Assemblyman Charles E. Chapel
Dr. Malcolm H. Merrill
Mr. J. M. Wedemeyer
Berenice Pate
Wayne H. Red-Horse
Norma Logan
Executive Secretary
Staff Analyst
Secretary
1969
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Letter of Transmittal
5
I. Introduction
7
II. History of Social and Economic Conditions of Indians in California
9
III. Summary of Findings and Recommendations-Rural
11
Summary
11
Recommendations
11
Education
11
Health, Water, Sanitation
12
Housing
12
Employment
12
IV. Summary of Findings and Recommendations-Urban
13
Summary
13
Recommendations
14
Education
14
Employment
15
Health
15
Social Welfare
16
V. Full Report
17
Rural
17
Urban
27
Addendum-Law Suit against the Commission
28
Appendices
29
A Assembly Joint Resolution No. 38, 6/15/53
31
B United States House Concurrent Resolution 108
31
C United States Public Law 280
31
D Senate Joint Resolution No. 4, 1954
32
E Senate Joint Resolution No. 32
33
F California Water Code, Section 1241.5
34
G Senate Bill No. 288
34
H Senate Joint Resolution No. 6
34
I Senate Joint Resolution No. 16
35
J Senate Bill No. 1397
35
K Senate Bill No. 1114
36
L Letter, Chairman's Recommendation
37
M Sampling of Letters
38
N Senate Joint Resolution No. 26
39
O Summary of Big Valley Rancheria Termination Analysis
39
P Racial and Ethnic Survey of California Public Schools, Fall 1966 and
Fall 1967
40
Q Model of an Educational Needs Assessment Program for California
Indian Children
40
R Senate Joint Resolution No. 3
42
S Letter, Federal Funds for Johnson-O'Malley Program
42
T Free or Reduced-Priced Meals for Needy Pupils
45
U California Rural Indian Health Demonstration Project Progress Report 46
V The Rancheria Act
50
W Labor Statistics
52
(3)
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(8)
of
STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
September 30, 1969
HONORABLE RONALD REAGAN, Governor
HONORABLE ED REINECKE, Lieutenant Governor
HONORABLE HOWARD Way, Senate President Pro Tempore
HONORABLE ROBERT MONAGAN, Speaker of the Assembly, and
Members of the Legislature
Gentlemen
It is with great pleasure and also a sense of deep regret that the State Ad-
visory Commission on Indian Affairs, created by Senate Bill 1007 (1961),
transmits to you its final report and recommendations regarding Indians in
California and some of their most urgent and continuing problems.
I am pleased to report that the commission has finished its most productive
and effective year. This report is the result of numerous interviews, public hear-
ings, research and analysis of the problems of the California Indians performed
under the direction of the commission during the past year. The members of
the commission have worked long and hard and have been most dedicated in
their efforts. Through the commission, a coordination of the activities of federal
and state agencies working on behalf of the Indian people has been achieved to a
degree never before experienced. In addition to that, numerous Indian people
have been given the opportunity to express their views directly to the commission
and to work with us cooperatively in developing new programs.
I regret to have to inform you that because of the opposition of what I con-
sider to be irresponsible and opportunistic individuals within the state, the
legislation which would have continued the commission's existence another five
years was defeated. We now face the creation of a dangerous vacuum in the area
of leadership with the Indian people and, if individuals such as those who led
the opposition to the commission's existence are allowed to rush into that vacuum,
a very serious and potentially disastrous deterioration of the progress we have
been making for the benefit of the Indian people will take place.
I urgently request the Governor and the members of the Legislature to con-
sider an alternate means of providing for a continuation of this very necessary
liaison between the Indian peoples of our state and their complex and unique
problems and those agencies of government, both state and federal, as well as the
resources of private enterprise which can be mobilized for their benefit. To do
less than this would be to conscionably ignore the demands of justice, equity, and
mercy for a people who have too long been the recipients of injustice, inequity,
and exploitation by those who had both the responsibility and the ability to deal
with them honorably.
Our recommendations are set forth in greater detail within the report. I
earnestly commend it to you for its consideration and the adoption of these
recommendations.
Yours very truly,
JOHN L. HARMER, Chairman
(5)
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2
PART I
INTRODUCTION
The California State Advisory Commission on In-
until September and October 1967. The future of the
dian Affairs was originated by Senate Bill No. 1007,
commission was uncertain; the staff sought other em-
July 20, 1961, and became operative January 1, 1964.
ployment, causing the commission office to be without
The commission will expire September 30, 1969.
a staff and closed during August and September 1967.
The commission consists of nine members: the Direc-
The Assembly Committee on Ways and Means,
tor of Social Welfare, the Director of Public Health,
California Legislature, appointed a Subcommittee on
the Director of Education, three Members of the Sen-
Indian Affairs in 1966. The study which was requested
ate appointed by the Senate Committee on Rules, and
had among its objectives: (1) determining whether
three Members of the Assembly appointed by the
there was sufficient participation and representation
Speaker, the chairman being designated by the Gover-
of Indians in the activities of the commission, and (2)
nor. Senator John L. Harmer is chairman of the
determining the desirability or need for Indians as
commission.
members of the commission. A public hearing was
The purpose of the commission is to "study the
conducted December 16, 1966, at San Diego. The sub-
problems of the American Indians residing in Cali-
committee recommendations included among others,
fornia, including, but not limited to, the problems
an all-Indian advisory committee and a strengthening
of the commission SO that the commission recommenda-
presented by the termination of federal control over
Indian affairs, the operation, effect, administration,
tions could be implemented.* The recommendations of
enforcement, and needed revision of any and all state
the subcommittee have been followed by the commis-
laws pertaining to the Indians and the three relocation
sion insofar as the State Constitution and funding
centers in California and shall report its findings, to-
would permit.
gether with any suggested legislation, to the Governor
Senator William E. Coombs was designated chair-
and to the Legislature
man of the commission by Governor Reagan in Sep-
tember 1967. The Senate Committee on Rules ap-
The commission has the power to appoint a secre-
pointed the Senate members in September 1967 and
tary and "an advisory committee of not more than
the Speaker of the Assembly appointed the three
seven members, three of whom shall be appointed from
Assembly members to the commission in October
among the recognized leaders of the California Indian
reservations in the northern, central, and southern
1967, thereby reestablishing a complete and operative
sections of the state, and four of whom shall be
commission. An executive secretary was appointed
October 2, 1967.
appointed from the public at large.'
The reactivated commission and committee held
Studies undertaken by the commission in 1964 on
Indians in reservation areas, the results of which were
their first joint meeting, November 15, 1967. Priori-
documented in the Progress Report to the Governor
ties, duties, activities, legislation, and program for the
and the Legislature, 1966, resulted in the commission
commission and advisory committee for the ensuing
making recommendations in the areas of health, educa-
year were discussed and determined. A goal was
tion, employment, and general welfare.
established by the commission "to implement some of
the investigation which had been done in prior years."
Some state departments and agencies responded by
instituting programs with Indian involvement to bet-
The commission became involved in helping the
ter conditions in the areas of Indian health, education,
Indian people as much as possible for a state advisory
and employment. The results have been gratifying,
commission. The commission (1) introduced legisla-
but very limited. Major Indian problems persist
tion, (2) instituted a legislative review program, (3)
unresolved in the rural areas. The urban Indians have
met with Indian groups throughout the state as time
unique and complex problems which also need atten-
would permit, (4) arranged meetings between appro-
tion and solution.
priate agency and state representatives with Indian
groups seeking specific information and services, (5)
The State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs,
visited areas and studied situations in order to recom-
following the November 1966 elections and subsequent
mend courses of action, and (6) became a resource
change in administration, consisted of four members:
agency on Indian affairs for federal, state, and local
one Senator and the Directors of the Departments of
groups working for and with the Indian people. The
Public Health, Education, and Social Welfare. Vacan-
commission cooperated with federal, state, and private
cies were created by reapportionment in the state;
agencies, organizations, individuals, and Indians
Assemblymen who were elected Senators being no
throughout the state.
longer eligible for membership as Assemblymen, and
one Senator who declined to run for reelection. The
Senator William E. Coombs resigned as chairman in
commission was inactive from October 31, 1966, to
February 1969, and on February 11, 1969, Senator
November 15, 1967, due to the lack of a quorum for
California Legislature-Report of the Subcommittee on Indian
conducting business as the vacancies were not filled
problems on the State Advisory Commission on Indian Af-
fairs: Volume 21, Number 21, 1967.
(7)
8
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
John L. Harmer was designated chairman by Gover-
Part III: Summary of Findings and Recommenda-
nor Reagan to carry on the progressive program.
tions-Rural presents the basic findings and recom-
Part I: Introduction is a brief statement on the
mendations of the commission.
origin and history of the State Advisory Commission
Part IV : Summary and Findings and Recommen-
on Indian Affairs.
dations-Urban presents the basic findings and recom-
Part II: History of Social and Economic Conditions
mendations of the commission.
of Indians in California presents a brief history of
Part V: Full Report presents in greater detail the
past legislation and governmental policies as they
findings and reasons for commission recommendations,
affected California Indians.
rural and urban.
PART II
HISTORY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF INDIANS IN CALIFORNIA
There are more Indians living in California than
fornia this defederalization was partially successful.
most people realize. Native California Indians number
On August 15, 1953, United States Public Law 2803
an estimated 70,000, and in addition there are approx-
was approved. In substance, this bill terminated fed-
imately 60,000 to 80,000 relocated urban Indians liv-
eral jurisdiction over Indian civil litigation and crimi-
ing in the state.
nal prosecution, and transferred this jurisdiction to
In California, Indians number approximately one-
the State of California.
half of one percent of the total population; neverthe-
Federal services to Indians which were in effect in
less, in the fields of health, education, employment,
California at the beginning of the termination process
and economic development, their needs far exceed
fell into three classes:
those of other segments of the population, and to date
(1) Direct services to individual Indians, bands, and
these needs have been largely unrecognized and there-
groups of Indians classified as wards, as follows:
fore unresolved.
(a) Education
Historically, native California Indians received
(b) Medical services and hospitalization through
much less consideration than Indians in other states.
contracts with counties and Indian Bureau hos-
No treaties with California Indians were ever ratified
pitals
by the United States. No appreciable land base was
(c) Law enforcement
ever authorized for Indian bands or tribes of the state.
(d) Relief (partial)
For some tribes and bands, reservations were estab-
lished and held in protective trust by the federal
(2) Expenditures for the development, protection,
government. This trust land is exempt from local
and effective use of the remaining Indian resources
taxation. Rancherias were later purchased by the fed-
held in trust and maintaining records of accountabil-
eral government at intervals for a few "homeless and
ity for individual Indian monies:
landless" Indians in California. These were also held
(a) Use, development, and protection of Indian
in protective trust by the United States. The rancheria
resources, especially land and water, and agricul-
system is unique to California, and these generally
tural extension and credit
isolated small acreages provide little other than home-
(b) Land and leasing work
sites, which are often without water or sanitary facili-
(c) Protection and management of forest and
ties. The majority of Indians received no land base at
range lands.
all.
(d) Operation and construction of irrigation and
Over the years governmental policies and attitudes
domestic water systems
have been markedly ambivalent-sometimes paternal-
(e) Soil and moisture conservation
istic, sometimes oppressive-consistent only in their
(f) Road construction and maintenance
lack of consistency. In the early 1950s, however, there
(g) Maintaining accountability records for in-
developed what appears to have been a concerted
dividual Indian monies
effort to terminate the special relationship between the
(3) Administration, budgetary accounting, and re-
Indians and the federal government, especially in
porting.
California.
Federal Indian schools had been phased out in the
In 1951, the State Senate memorialized the Presi-
early 1930s with the exception of Sherman Institute
dent and Congress to dispense with all restriction,
at Riverside.
whereby previously, the freedom of American Indians
As early as 1954, California was able to recognize
was curtailed with regard to government benefits, civil
that great hardships had befallen many California
rights, and personal conduct (SJR 29, May 18, 1951).
Indians due to premature withdrawal of federal serv-
In 1953, the State Assembly memorialized the Presi-
ices. Senate Joint Resolution No. 4 4 was passed in the
dent and Congress to terminate the authority of the
1954 California legislative session, seeking to have the
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), especially in Cali-
United States refrain from terminating federal con-
fornia (AJR 38,1 June 15, 1953) and U.S. House Con-
trol and protection of Indian reservations, but federal
current Resolution 108,2 the Senate concurring, was
policy for California termination had apparently been
passed August 1, 1953. House Concurrent Resolution
established and was not reversed. The special Johnson-
108 declared it to be the policy of Congress to end the
O'Malley funds for Indian education were withdrawn
status of American Indians as wards of the federal
over a five-year period, but other federal services to
government, and to abolish all Bureau of Indian
Indians were terminated by 1955.
Affairs offices in California, Florida, New York, and
Shortly after the termination of services, a serious
Texas. What has happened in Florida, New York, and
fault became apparent. Neither Indians nor depart-
Texas is not known by the commission, but in Cali-
mental personnel (federal, state, or local) were sure of
1 See Appendix A.
3 See Appendix C.
2 See Appendix B.
4 See Appendix D.
(9)
10
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
which agency had jurisdiction and responsibility for
tions in California was actually terminated (approxi-
the needed services to Indians in areas of health,
mately 5,000 of 500,000 acres).
education, law enforcement, housing, sanitation, em-
The Bureau of Indian Affairs was given the man-
ployment, etc. Indians needing services did not know
date to terminate federal administration of rancheria
what services were available to them in the state,
and reservation trust lands in California. The termi-
where to go, or how to apply to receive them. Most
nation bill included responsibilities for the develop-
agency personnel were unsure of which agency had
ment of domestic water supplies, sanitation facilities,
jurisdiction.
and roads before termination. Congress failed to
For many years this lack of knowledge was used as
appropriate sufficient money for the California termi-
justification for each of the several levels of govern-
nation program, and as a result domestic water sys-
ment to disclaim responsibility for Indian welfare;
*
tems and provisions for sanitation facilities were seri-
the resultant inaction has been a contributing factor
ously neglected.
to the deterioration of Indian health, education, em-
It was during this time of need that the State
ployment, and economy.
Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs was created
Although the federal government had already ended
by the California Legislature (in 1961). The State
direct services to Indians, during the years following
Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs accepted the
the passage of HCR 108, less than one percent of the
challenge to help rectify the situation by cooperating
total trust land acreage on rancherias and reserva-
with Indians in their efforts to solve their complicated
@
Acosta v. County of San Diego, 272 P.2d 92 (California 1954).
problems.
PART III
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS-RURAL
The State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
tion, employment, and general welfare, the level of
is the only agency which is an official state entity and
Indian economic development, housing, sanitation,
voice for Indians of California. It concerns itself
domestic water development, employment, health, and
solely with Indian affairs and is involved with Indians
education remains severely depressed.
and federal, state, and local entities in studying, re-
searching, and assisting Indians and others in finding
RECOMMENDATIONS
ways by which problems of the Indian people can be
resolved.
The State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
Indians and others active in Indian affairs in Cali-
recommends that:
fornia informed the commission of the current needs
Education
and problems of California Indians. Indians, along
with federal, state, local, and private agencies, con-
(1) Capable Indian students be encouraged to pur-
sulted with the commission concerning the continuing
sue higher education.
problems of California Indians and discussed recom-
(2) State funding be provided in fiscal 1970-71 to
mendations and measures necessary to correct the
meet the state commitment necessary for full federal
problems.
participation in the Johnson-O'Malley program for
Problems requiring further study in order to expe-
California. The federal government funds are commit-
dite solutions were brought to the attention of the
ted and available for a limited program, but state
funds have not been committed.
commission for investigation by the commission staff,
so that the commission could determine the course of
(3) Teacher in-service training programs be ex-
action to be pursued or recommended in each case.
panded and accelerated in the areas of American
When problems required new legislation for their
Indian history, Indian culture, and the historical and
ultimate solution, the commission introduced appro-
cultural contributions (past and present) of Indians
priate legislation and sought legislative support for its
to the American scene.
(4) Schools of higher education be encouraged to
passage.
Problems which could be resolved by other agencies
offer classes for the training of Indian teacher aides.
were referred by the commission to the proper agen-
(5) Indian teacher aides be used in the schools
cies for their solution.
wherever possible for services which they are capable
Numerous conferences were conducted and corre-
of rendering.
spondence was carried on with individuals, agencies,
(6) The State of California make serious attempts
and organizations regarding the status and current
to influence authors and book publishers in improving
needs of the Indian people.
school textbooks by presenting factual information
In addition, the State Advisory Commission on
concerning Indian history, Indian culture, and Indian
Indian Affairs conducted five public hearings through-
contributions to America and to the world.
out the state from May 24, 1969, through July 19,
(7) Contractual aid programs be reviewed to assure
1969, to give the commission a more up-to-date record
that they will provide long-range educational develop-
of the employment, health, education, and social wel-
ment and continuity. The individual Indians should
fare needs of Indian people in California.
be included in the arrangement.
It was the intention and desire of the commission
(8) State legislation be introduced to provide
that the data thus accumulated would become the
necessary matching funds for the dependents of Indi-
record from which a program format would be evolved
ans who are seeking higher education.
for making recommendations to various federal, state,
(9) Establishment of categorical financial aid be
and local agencies and other organizations working in
explored, rather than general aid, for dependents of
behalf of the Indian people; that this data would then
Indians seeking higher education.
constitute the basic material from which future legis-
(10) Ways and means be explored to provide more
lative programs would be created, and other programs
funds by way of scholarships for Indians who wish to
(coordinating the efforts of various federal, state, and
pursue higher education or advanced vocational edu-
local agencies which are generally concerned with
cation.
social welfare) would be coordinated in attempting
more realistically and directly to meet the needs of
(11) The State Department of Education assist
the Indian people.
and cooperate with recognized Indian organizations in
securing educational funding through the Department
As a result of the commission's 1966 recommenda-
of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), in order
tions and continuing work, a few agencies instituted
to meet some of the unique needs of Indians in the
some corrective programs. The results are commenda-
educational field.
ble, but the efforts and funds thus far expended on
(12) School districts not already doing SO be en-
these programs have been minimal.
couraged to take advantage of the Department of
Despite specific recommendations made in 1966 by
Agriculture's surplus food to provide free or low-
the commission to federal, state, and local agencies for
priced school lunch programs for all disadvantaged
the correction of deficiencies in Indian health, educa-
children including Indians.
(11)
12
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
Health
communities with such programs, but also to assist the
(1) The funding of the Indian health project be
various tribes in implementing housing projects.
continued on an expanded basis.
(3) The federal government establish an "Indian
(2) County welfare agencies employ as community
Desk" in the regional office of Housing and Urban
aides Indians who are indigenous to the community,
Development (HUD), Housing Administration Assist-
to assist the professionals in the provision of services.
ance (HAA), Economic Development Administration
As of July 1, 1969, aides are now required in every
(EDA), and other regional federal offices which are
public welfare agency nationwide. The purpose of the
involved in assisting people in economic development,
Aide Program is to enhance the effectiveness of Social
housing, home improvement, or other areas of need.
Welfare's commitment to provide services and to pro-
(4) Indian tribal councils be appraised of the
vide employment for low-income families on welfare.
feasibility of forming public housing authorities on
the tribal level to increase the opportunities available
(3) Federal, state, and local agencies providing
to them.
publicly funded health, education, welfare, and other
services make an extra effort to bring these services
Employment
to the attention of the Indian people.
(1) The State Department of Employment establish
Water
a full-time coordinator of Indian employment.
(2) A rural strategy be developed to obtain and
(1) The United States Public Health Service in-
make use of local Manpower Development Training
stall domestic water systems and sanitation facilities
Act (MDTA) programs.
without delay, on an emergency basis, where water
and sanitation facilities are needed on Indian ranch-
(3) Schools close to the trainees' homes be used for
eria and reservation lands held in trust by the federal
training when possible, thereby causing less disrup-
government in the State of California. All installations
tion of family life.
and improvements should meet state and local stand-
(4) Ways and means be explored to furnish trans-
ards. County sanitarians should be consulted and state
portation for trainees to and from training areas
and county health department approval should be
rather than relocating the trainees away from the
assured for the project before installation of the
reservations, which results in disruption of family
project is begun.
life.
(2) The Bureau of Indian Affairs reopen for
(5) The criteria for establishing eligibility to par-
consideration, at the request of the Indian residents
ticipate in MDTA programs be reviewed for the pur-
involved, each reservation and rancheria which has
pose of establishing more realistic levels of require-
been terminated, for the purpose of determining
ments for Indians to become eligible to participate.
whether water and sanitation facilities installed by the
(6) The income criteria in the MDTA program be
Bureau of Indian Affairs or the United States Public
reviewed periodically for the purpose of increasing
Health Service meet state and local standards. Each
the income allowance of the participants to enable
terminated rancheria or reservation be reviewed on its
them to meet increased costs of housing, food, trans-
own merits, and systems found to be substandard be
portation, and other necessities.
improved by the responsible agency to meet state and
(7) The Indian portion of the Human Resources
local standards. If statutory change is required, the
Development (HRD) program be expanded. The In-
commission recommends that immediate consideration
dian employment outreach workers have been singu-
be given to making necessary amendments for this
larly successful and the program should be expanded
purpose.
by the State Department of Employment to other
areas of the state.
(3) The State Department of Public Health, be-
cause of the extreme need, make every effort to find
(8) Ways and means be explored to provide assist-
funding for sanitation aide training as soon as possi-
ance for the development and operation of Indian-
ble.
owned businesses.
(4) The Governor, the California Legislature, and
(9) Economic development be encouraged on reser-
the congressional delegations take the initiative in
vations wherever possible to develop the greatest pos-
requesting Congress to appropriate sufficient funds to
sible employment opportunities and economic stability
assure installation without delay of water systems and
for the Indian community.
sanitation facilities for Indians living on federal
(10) Training slots be increased and special accom-
rancherias and reservation trust lands in California.
modations made for disadvantaged California Indians
in the Bureau of Indian Affairs vocational training
Housing
program.
(1) The State of California, Division of Housing,
(11) California Indians be declared eligible to par-
add an Indian unit to assist tribal groups create the
ticipate in all federally funded programs for Indians
legal entities required S0 that federal agencies with
on the same basis as Indians in other states (SJR 32) 5
federal funds could provide housing and home im-
Land status or land occupation should not be a deter-
provement projects for California Indians.
mining factor in establishing eligibility to participate.
(2) Various federal agencies having the responsi-
(12) Industries be encouraged to locate on Indian
bility to provide housing programs train sufficient
rancheria and reservation land wherever feasible.
numbers of Indians not only to acquaint Indian
5 See Appendix E.
PART IV
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS-URBAN
The State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
The commission determined that it had a responsi-
has a responsibility to urban Indians in the state. Sen-
bility as a state agency to assist the urban Indians
ate Bill 1007, Section 8116, reads: "The commission
in seeking the appropriate agencies with whom they
shall study the problems of the American Indians
could work and who could cooperate in finding solu-
residing in California, including, but not limited to,
tions to their problems. The commission also sought to
the problems presented by the termination of federal
stimulate agencies to become aware and responsive to
control over Indian affairs, the operation, effect, ad-
the Indian needs in the areas of health, education,
ministration, enforcement, and needed revision of any
employment, and social welfare.
and all state laws pertaining to the Indians and the
The Bureau of Indian Affairs, in an attempt to
three relocation centers in California and shall report
improve the Indians' economic status and to hasten
its findings, together with any suggested legislation, to
assimilation, instituted an employment assistance and
the Governor and the Legislature
job placement program which relocated Indians in
The Assembly Committee on Ways and Means,
certain cities where vocational training was provided
California Legislature, appointed a Subcommittee on
and where homes and jobs were found for them. The
Indian Affairs in 1966. The study, which was re-
Indians who volunteered were first screened at the
quested by the Legislature, had among its objectives:
reservations and those deemed to possess the best
(1) determining whether there was sufficient partici-
chance for adjustment were sent to the designated
pation and representation of Indians in the activities
cities. One such city was Los Angeles. In addition,
of the commission, and (2) determining the desirabil-
many Indians have self-relocated in an attempt to
ity or need for Indians as members of the commission.
improve their economic status.
A public hearing was conducted December 16, 1966, at
There are estimated to be approximately 60,000 to
San Diego. The subcommittee recommendations in-
80,000 relocated Indians living in California. They are
cluded, among others, an all-Indian advisory commit-
clustered primarily in Los Angeles, San Jose-Santa
tee and a strengthening of the commission SO that
Clara, San Francisco, and Oakland.
commission recommendations could be implemented.
The bureau's program has encountered limited suc-
It states in the subcommittee's final report,* * page
cess in its attempt to improve the Indians' economic
15, 111, under Comments (A). Defining the commis-
status. However, the program has been severly criti-
sion's purpose, "The committee believes that the State
cized. The bureau is said to have abandoned interest
Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs should be re-
in the "relocated" Indians after they have been in
vised and strengthened in line with the foregoing
the cities for a short time, in spite of the fact that the
recommendations. However, the commission's scope
Indians were typically unfamiliar with city existence,
should not be broadened to include program respon-
were usually without a high school education, were
sibilities toward urban Indians. Despite many requests
lacking in work experience, and brought with them
for representation of urban Indians on the advisory
many specific ethnic-cultural practices to the imper-
committee, it has not been satisfactorily demonstrated
sonal, competitive, costly living of the big city.
that the problems of urban Indians are different from
When the Indians lost their jobs or housing, they
the problems of other ethnic minorities. Consequently
tended to become stranded persons in an alien society.
urban Indians should be served by government on a
Some of them ended on "skid row", while others gravi-
basis of equality with all other citizens
tated for help to various church and Indian organiza-
"One major problem in Indian affairs is overcoming
tions. Some returned to the reservations. Psychologi-
the lack of coordination and poor utilization of exist-
cal, social, and ecomomic hardship were the end result
ing government programs. Agencies at all levels of
for a number of relocatees.
government have neglected their duties to these citi-
The State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
zens. The commission's major purpose should be to
was active in urban Indian affairs during 1968 and
advise agencies on better means of serving Indians,
1969, by providing information to federal, state, and
and to advise Indians on how to better utilize govern-
local governmental entities about urban Indian prob-
ment services and programs
lems, thereby assisting the various agencies in helping
The problems of urban Indians in California have
Indians to find solutions to their problems. Indian
neither been resolved nor have they disappeared. They
views were solicited and Indians were kept informed
by the commission staff through interviews, meetings,
must, therefore, be recognized by federal, state, and
and by correspondence regarding legislative and other
local agencies and be solved in a manner satisfactory
matters which pertained to Indian affairs.
to a majority of the Indian people.
Senator Harmer, chairman of the commission, met
California Legislature-Report of the Subcommittee on Indian
with Los Angeles Indians to discuss pending legisla-
problems on the State Advisory Commission on Indian Af-
fairs: Volume 21, Number 21, 1967.
tive matters. The staff met with urban Indians in Los
(13)
3-79734
14
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
Angeles, San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland on
of Los Angeles County, between Indians and agency
several occasions to discuss current issues and other
representatives concerning the same vexing but yet
subjects of concern to the Indian people.
unresolved problems.
The National Council on Indian Opportunity ap-
The public hearing of the State Advisory Commission
pointed a subcommittee on urban Indians to investi-
on Indian Affairs held in Los Angeles, July 12, 1969,
gate the problems and complaints of relocated urban
received testimony from Indians and others on the
Indians. The subcommittee held hearings in Los An-
needs of the urban Indians in the areas of education,
geles and San Francisco in 1968 and 1969. Indian
employment, public health, and social welfare. The
issues were reviewed and solutions sought concerning
purpose was to delineate the scope of the issues and
the many problems brought under discussion.
discuss some long-range solutions. The information
Mr. Bert Walters, member of the state commission,
provided by the witnesses, added to other relevant
and the executive secretary were consulted prior to
data, is the basis for the commission's recommenda-
the hearings and testified at those hearings. They also
tions which are designed to solve some of the more
took part in a meeting, arranged by Supervisor Debs
urgent urban Indian problems.
RECOMMENDATIONS-URBAN
The State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
(5) Indian counselors be utilized to work with
recommends that:
Indian students and adults to combat the student
dropout rate. Close liaison should exist between
Education
schools, attendance officers, counselors, and parents for
(1) Tutorial programs be established for Indian
prompt referral of potential dropout students or any
students. Tutoring for students who lack familiarity
student who needs added services to assure his enjoy-
with the English language, often accompanied by
ment of school and his opportunity for success.
inadequate reading and spelling skills, was deemed to
(6) New emphasis be placed upon Head Start,
be of the highest priority by all witnesses.
Upward Bound, and adult education programs (with
(a) Indian parents residing in the area should be
matching state funds).
utilized as tutors. Decentralized, out-of-school situa-
(7) Indians desiring to be relocated be screened
tions were envisioned as producing maximum benefits
more carefully by Bureau of Indian Affairs staff
for participants. Indian volunteers or paid teacher
before they are chosen for the program. Improved
aides would benefit by the program by improving
counseling with orientation programs be provided on
their social status.
the reservations concerning the problems of urban
(b) The Indian students' "self-image" be im-
living, costs of food and services, and allied subjects
proved by using teaching materials and textbooks
to better prepare the subject for survival. Improved
which present Indian history and culture in a factual
educational opportunities beyond the present skill
and unbiased manner.
training now offered by the bureau was cited as an
(2) The Bureau of Indian Affairs, upon finding a
urgent need of the Indian people.
home for a relocated Indian family, notify the school
district of the new arrivals. Better youth and adult
(8) A youth census be authorized by the State
education program planning would result, which could
Board of Education with adequate funding appro-
encourage adult involvement. Programs should be
priated by the State Legislature for the purpose. The
census should include:
planned in the schools to involve overly shy, new
Indian students. One witness testified concerning an
(a) all persons between 4 and 18 years of age, in-
ongoing successful program in one school whereby a
clusive
student host and hostess was appointed in each room.
(b) their names
Their duties included going to the office to greet the
(c) respective residences
new student, introducing him to other students, di-
(d) dates of birth
recting him, and making him feel welcome to the new
(e) school district, if any, in which they are in at-
school. This innovative approach to help overcome the
tendance
new student's shyness was commended by the commis-
(f) names of the parent or parents, guardian or
sion.
other person having control or charge of the child
(3) Teacher in-service training programs be in-
(g) such information relating to handicaps insofar
stituted whenever possible. Teacher in-service training
as they are known to the parents or guardians of the
should provide teachers with accurate knowledge of
minor, to illiteracy, to employment, and to the en-
Indian history and culture. One way to overcome the
forcement of the law relating to child labor and com-
high dropout rate of Indian students was determined
pulsory education. The data SO obtained should be
to be the improvement of the student's self-image by
a positive approach to his history and culture. A
made available to agencies and personnel authorized
development of pride in the Indian peoples' historical
to receive such data.
and cultural contributions to America should be
Eligibility to obtain federal or other funding for
stressed.
programs or projects is generally based upon accurate
(4) Indian consultants be utilized whenever possi-
statistics. No statistics are now available as state-
ble in Indian education studies.
mandated ethnic surveys are on a "visual" basis.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
15
Present records do not disclose where Indian students
problems would be reduced to the minimum when
are in the school system, how well they achieve, how
visitations to the home reservations are more easily
well they assimilate, how well they stay in the system,
attainable.
or what happens to them after they leave the school
(4) Vocational training programs be improved.
system.
Improved Bureau of Indian Affairs training pro-
Public school officials admittedly do not know the
grams in vocational skills was recommended by most
exact number of Indian children who are presently
Indians as the only means of reducing the rate of
attending the Los Angeles city schools nor do they
unemployment and making it possible for the Indian
have access to information on which to base projec-
people to raise their standards of living. Indians
tions of the future enrollments of Indian children or
complained that upon entering the labor market they
for purposes of advance planning to meet special
frequently found themselves underskilled and unable
educational needs. School officials in other urban areas
to compete with adequately trained workers. To pre-
which are impacted by Indian children are similarly
pare the trainee for gainful employment, many Indi-
hampered.
ans indicated that there should be a longer training
(9) Senate Joint Resolution No. 32 5 be imple-
program and careful choice made of training schools
mented. The use of Public Law 874 funds are now
with active, responsible supervision of the training
restricted in their use to schools close to reservations
program maintained. A contractual arrangement
impacted by Indian students or to schools impacted by
might be explored with various unions for supervision
students residing on federal property. Upon im-
of the training programs to assure their adequacy.
plementation by the federal government of SJR 32,
In order to be employed, some employees must
federal funds could be used in urban areas which are
provide their own tools of the trade. The tools neces-
impacted by Indian students, with the concurrence of
sary for employment are not presently provided under
the federal government.
the bureau's program and no provision has been made
(10) The free school lunch program be extended to
for their acquisition. This deficiency in the program
include all needy children, including Indian children.
should be rectified by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
(11) Ways and means be explored to provide more
When apprenticeship is required for membership
funding, by way of scholarships or other assistance,
the Indians believe that negotiations (between the
for Indians who wish to pursue higher education in
bureau and local unions for participants in the pro-
lieu of vocational education.
grams to serve as apprentices and become union mem-
Employment
bers) should be completed prior to relocating the
(1) The Bureau of Indian Affairs relocation and
Indian in an area.
job placement program for California be administered
To further improve the financial position of the
by the Sacramento area office, Bureau of Indian Af-
relocatee's family, training for wives and women in the
fairs. The Bureau of Indian Affairs should bring the
family should be a part of the total program. Training
program to the attention of the State Advisory Com-
in power sewing and other skills was voiced as a
mission on Indian Affairs and other agencies con-
means of overcoming some of the financial hardships
cerned with health, education, welfare, and em-
besetting the urban Indians.
ployment. The program and resultant benefits and
It was suggested that an arbitrary intelligence
deficiencies should be reviewed and approved by state
ceiling apparently has been placed on the Indian
agencies before further relocatees are brought into the
capabilities because of the limitations of the present
state. In addition, all agencies should review the
employment assistance and job placement program.
existing relocation and job placement program in
Indians who testified stressed a need for scholarships
California.
and other assistance for Indians who wish to pursue
(2) Improved screening and orientation procedures
an education outside the vocational skills field.
be implemented. An improved method should be devel-
(5) Federal, state, and local agencies and depart-
oped by the Bureau of Indian Affairs before approv-
ments actively recruit and train Indians for employ-
ing applicants to be relocated through the employment
ment in their departments. The scarcity of Indian
assistance and job placement program. An awareness
employees in present government offices was called to
of the unfamiliar problems to be faced in urban living,
the attention of commission members by many wit-
the location and extent of services to be found, and
nesses.
an acquaintance with transportation, buying, and
(6) Training slots be increased and special ac-
household facilities were all cited as necessary for the
commodations made for disadvantaged California
relocatee to be able to cope with the new and often
Indians.
alien situation.
A well planned and supervised orientation program
Public Health
at the new location should be a part of the program.
(1) The federal government take more responsibil-
Successful, relocated Indians should be recruited to
ity for the health services to relocated Indians. The
assist in the second phase of the program.
testimony presented to the commission in the area of
(3) The Bureau of Indian Affairs be encouraged
health and health services as it concerned urban Indi-
to relocate Indians in cities nearer the reservations
ans was indeed dismal. The present health services
from which they come. Loneliness and other cultural
appeared to be unknown by some Indians and poorly
5 See Appendix E.
utilized by most.
16
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
(2) Some type of dental program be included in
(3) A planned and assured Bureau of Indian
the health coverage. There are no dental services
Affairs responsibility be written into the pro-
included in the health coverage despite the fact Indi-
gram providing for the welfare of the recipient and
ans universally have serious dental problems.
his family, and for medical and dental care of the
(3) Some provision be made by the federal govern-
recipient and his family for a period of two years.
ment to continue health coverage for one year follow-
Statistics be kept by the bureau on each individual
ing initial employment. The federal government in-
and family for a two-year period for continuous
cludes in its relocation program a prepaid health plan,
evaluation of the program.
but the day the Indian person is employed the gov-
(4) The Bureau of Indian Affairs recognize
ernment discontinues premium payments.
the need for and assist in the development of social
(4) A limited amount of field outreach programs be
and recreational facilities for the Indians by assisting
developed to follow the relocatee as a followup service
in the rental of space, the rental of equipment, and
in assisting the relocatee to use available services.
the maintenance of both. Such facilities should be
(5) The Bureau of Indian Affairs maintain statis-
multipurpose and serve as an information center, pro-
tics on each relocatee for two years, including such
viding room for counseling and other types of needed
data as
services.
(a) present address
(5) The responsibility for the relocation and job
(b) size of family
placement program in California be vested in the
(c) present employer, and
Sacramento area office, Bureau of Indian Affairs.
(d) any major problems (social, health, employ-
In order to be sensitive to the needs of the Indians
ment, etc.)
and to respond promptly in meeting those needs, local
(6) An improved orientation program be developed
control is essential.
for relocatees and their families to familiarize them
(6) The county welfare departments be encouraged
with existing health services available in the area,
to employ Indians as aides to the staff, who would
such as family planning, prenatal clinics, post partum
help in the social services programs and assist in
services, visiting nursing associations, child develop-
counseling, interpretation, completion of forms, and
ment, and other allied services.
other stated work.
(7) The State Department of Social Welfare ac-
(7) Indians of California be covered by Medicaid
cept the responsibility of moving Indian welfare
categorically, for the next five years.
recipients within the state to facilitate their employ-
Social Welfare
ment, happiness, and maximum personal satisfaction.
(1) The prescreening process for intended relo-
(8) Indians be encouraged to use all the services
catees be more realistically presented. The pro-
of the welfare department, including
gram, including not only the advantages but the
(a) child care
disadvantages and limitations, should be discussed and
(b) family planning
understood by the intended participants.
(c) W.I.N.
The concept for training the Indian people for
(d) budget preparation, and
meaningful employment is admirable, particularly if
(e) all other services to strengthen individual
family life.
the training is provided in the immediate reservation
(9) Indians be encouraged to seek employment as
area. Moving and relocation should occur only after
staff members of social service agencies and to take ad-
skills are acquired and then only on a volunteer basis.
vantage of a scholarship program leading to a master
The relocation program has value in that concern is
of social work degree.
shown for the improvement of skills. Modern concepts
The State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
in the training program such as those developed by
has strong objections to the concept of the Bureau of
labor and welfare departments should be used, i.e.,
Indian Affairs job placement and relocation program.
prevocational training and work habit training. This
Serious questions are raised as to the advisability of
training should take place as a part of the screening
removing individuals long distances from their homes,
process prior to the trainee being accepted for reloca-
disrupting extended family life, removal of Indians
tion.
from the tribe, and separation of Indian families from
(2) The relocation and job placement program
parents and friends. The effects are too often unsatis-
provide a built-in guarantee for returning the
factory. Problems are created because of the inability
participant and his family to the reservation if they
of the average relocatee and family to adjust to an
wish it; this guarantee should be valid for a period
alien, crowded, impersonal, competitive, new environ-
of up to two years.
ment.
PART V
FULL REPORT-RURAL
Commission Activities
mend for the commission if the need was established.
The State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
A public hearing held in Sacramento, March 22, 1969,
instituted a legislative review program during the
was a further means of eliciting Indian opinion, pur-
1969 legislative session. In addition to its own review,
suant to proposed legislation.
the commission reviewed and analyzed bills submitted
The commission used all other means of communica-
by various individuals, groups, and agencies.
tion in order to determine whether or not the majority
Interested parties requested the commission to ana-
of Indians felt a need for the commission, a continua-
lyze bills for a variety of reasons. Some bills were felt
tion of its work, and an increase in its powers and
to be detrimental to Indian interests, some were felt
activities in behalf of the Indian people.
to be covered under existing law, and some were
Senate Bill No. 1114 would have extended the life
submitted for a fiscal analysis.
and changed the structure of the commission by reduc-
It was discovered that bills were submitted with
ing the legislative members to four, adding the Direc-
wording which excluded the Indian community from
tor of the Department of Employment, and adding
participating in various programs. It was also discov-
four Indian members appointed by the Governor. The
ered that this exclusion was not intentional, but was
commission would have had 12 members, with a seven-
due to a lack of knowledge of Indian tribal govern-
member all-Indian advisory committee. The proposal
ment and the Indian population centers. Legislative
by the commission to have the Indian members ap-
members were more than willing to correct weaknesses
pointed by the Governor was opposed by some Indians
in their bills and amended their measures to ensure
who did not understand constitutional requirements,
Indian participation. Over 4,000 measures were sub-
and who insisted that the appointive power of the
mitted during the 1969 legislative session, but the staff
Indian members be assigned to Indians rather than to
was able to review only the most significant of these
the Governor. For this reason, the bill became con-
troversial, was opposed, and died in committee. The
measures.
State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs, there-
The commission enlisted the help of other agencies
fore, ceases to exist on September 30, 1969.
in its legislative review program and invaluable serv-
The State Advisory Commission on Indian
ices were rendered by them. Special mention should
Affairs finds that there is a need for an Indian-
be made of an inquiry concerning the California
oriented legislative group to:
Water Code, Section 1241.5,6 regarding Indian water
(1) study current legislation for its potential effect
rights. Water rights are a valuable resource to the
California Indians and a very complicated and spe-
upon Indians;
cialized area. The commission analyst contacted the
(2) bring to the attention of the Indians any law
California Indian Legal Service in Berkeley and they
which may affect Indians in California; and
consented to handle the matter.
(3) follow the presentation of any bills by assist-
During the 1969 session legislative members of the
ing in mobilizing support for them. The commission
commission introduced five measures affecting Indians
therefore recommends that the Governor or the Legis-
in California. Four of the measures, Senate Bill No.
lature appoint an Indian advisory committee for this
288,7 and Senate Joint Resolutions Nos. 6,⁸ 16,ᵃ and
purpose.
13
32,10 were successfully guided through the legislative
Throughout the years many kinds of needs were
process. The commission also endorsed Senate Bill No.
brought to the commission's attention:
1397,11 which establishes within the State Department
(1) Requests from the Indian community for assist-
of Public Health a small Indian health core unit
ance in obtaining employment, job training, correction
comprised of a health program advisor, a field coor-
of past termination procedures, financial aid for
dinator, and a secretary. The bill was signed into law
schooling, help in obtaining project funding, and in
by Governor Reagan.
solving numerous other problems. 14
The fifth measure introduced during the 1969 ses-
(2) Requests from the Governor's Office, from
sion was Senate Bill No. 1114. 12
legislators, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Inter-
A questionnaire was circulated to Indians through-
Tribal Council, various other agencies and volunteer
out the state in order to determine the Indians' opin-
groups came for information, or for research and
ions as to the need for extending the life of the
analysis concerning problems affecting the Indian
commission, and the composition they would recom-
community.
6 See Appendix F.
(3) Requests for printed information and publica-
7 See Appendix G.
tions about Indians in California came from all types
8 See Appendix H.
9 See Appendix I.
of groups and individuals from in and out of state.
10 See Appendix E.
11 See Appendix J.
18 See Appendix L.
12 See Appendix K.
14 See Appendix M.
(17)
18
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
Action was instituted in connection with requests
(3) The Bureau of Indian Affairs requested the
for commission assistance in various ways:
California Inter-Tribal Council to appoint an educa-
(1) by referrals to other agencies;
tional advisory committee for Sherman Indian High
(2) by legislative action initiated by the commis-
School, a federal Indian school at Riverside, Cali-
sion; and
fornia. The purpose was to study problems existing
(3) by supplying pertinent information and data
at the school and make recommendations for over-
to those requesting it. The commission's contacts
coming the problems. Staff of the commission was in-
with a number of federal and state agencies and pri-
vited to participate in the studies and recommenda-
vate organizations have proven invaluable to its over-
tions of the educational advisory committee.
all effort in assisting Indians in California.
At the April 29, 1969, commission meeting, a resolu-
In order to answer some requests, it was necessary
tion on Sherman Indian High School was unani-
for commission, committee, and staff members to at-
mously approved. As a result, Senator Harmer intro-
tend meetings and programs, make speeches, and
duced Senate Joint Resolution No. 26,¹⁵ which was
appeal to and work with various agencies in initiating
adopted by both houses of the Legislature. The actions
and supporting programs for assisting the Indians.
requested by the resolution will improve the school.
A review of the commission's activities during 1968-
(4) Another area in which the commission and
69, as in previous years, shows that the commission
other interested parties have been active during the
has acquired more commitments and responsibilities
past year has been in the continued struggle to have
than could be handled readily with its minimal staff.
Johnson-O funds restored to California.
In order to achieve desirable results, the commission
The Johnson-O'Malley Act of April 16, 1934 (48
has had to depend upon other agencies' administrative
Stat. 596), as amended on June 4, 1936 (49 Stat.
decisions and upon legislative action. The overall im-
1458), provides for financial aid to states for imple-
pact has been an inability to effectively answer some
menting their educational programs to Indians resid-
requests for assistance. However, many effective serv-
ing on or near federal trust land. In 1935, California
ices have been rendered and mention should be made
became the first state to enter into a contract with the
of a few illustrative examples of activites during the
Bureau of Indian Affairs for financial assistance un-
past year.
der this act
In the area of education, several problems were
For years, California received $318,500 a year as its
brought to the commission's attention and action was
share of the funds. In 1953, an annual reduction of
taken, namely
$50,000 a year was started until in 1958 the program
(1) Commission assistance was requested on be-
was completely discontinued in California as a part of
half of Indian students at the University of Cali-
the termination program. It was the belief of the
fornia, Riverside, who had been declared nonresidents
Indian bureau at that time that, by the end of the
and were to be charged out-of-state tuition.
five-year period, the State of California would be in
a position to assume the educational responsibility for
The students' history of attendance at the Sherman
its Indian citizens just as it has for its citizens from
Indian High School and their stay in the state was
other ethnic groups. This, however, proved to be a
assembled. The Education Code was checked. All of
false belief.
the information gathered was presented to Mr. Jack
Erikson of the State Department of Education who, in
At long last, some very limited funds have been
turn, briefed Dr. Max Rafferty on the problem.
restored by the federal government. The State Depart-
ment of Education is entering into a contractual
The result was that the students were deemed to be
agreement with the Bureau of Indian Affairs to pro-
residents of the state, not subject to out-of-state fees.
vide educational services, funded by Johnson-O 'Malley
(2) The commission was asked to help resolve a
funds. These funds do not meet the needs, but at least
misunderstanding between Indian students and the
the door has been opened for future negotiations.
school administration at California State College,
(5) A major area of concern has been the plight of
Long Beach.
the Indians living on terminated rancherias and reser-
Indian students had been recruited to the campus
vations. During the past year, the commission received
under the Educational Opportunities Program. A
numerous complaints and requests for guidance or
combination of grant and loan assistance had been
assistance to correct problems concerning safe drink-
formulated, and the students were under the impres-
ing water, sanitation facilities, and other problems in
sion that all expenses were to be on a grant basis.
this particular area. Principal actions taken regarding
The commission staff contacted private and govern-
termination problems were:
mental agencies in an attempt to obtain financial aid
(a) A field trip to Table Bluff Rancheria in
for the students. Unfortunately, the problems were
Humboldt County disclosed that corrective steps
not resolved to the complete satisfaction of the stu-
should be taken by the federal government to sat-
dents, but students remained in school, with two
isfy the residents' complaints regarding the water
transferring to a different campus. A better awareness
system, sanitation facilities, rights-of-way, drive-
and understanding of this complex problem should
ways, and housing. A separate report on Table Bluff
benefit both the Indians and the school administrators.
Rancheria was prepared by the commission analyst
*
The commission's goals were not to solve individual Indian
and was reproduced in limited numbers.
problems, but in practice the commission had to answer re-
quests for help and information.
15 See Appendix N.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
19
(b) At the request of the Attorney General's
and Escondido. These hearings were designed to de-
office, a survey of the land transactions of Big
lineate more clearly and in more detail than had been
Valley Rancheria in Lake County was conducted.
done in the past the basic needs of the Indian people
Although the land survey was the prime purpose of
in the areas of education, public health, employment,
the final report, 16 other problem areas peculiar to
and social welfare. The substance of the hearings held
termination were incorporated into the paper to
by the commission and the information gained thereby
provide a better understanding and awareness of
added to information on file constitute the report and
the problems peculiar to termination. A separate
the recommendations to various federal, state, local,
report on Big Valley Rancheria was submitted by
and private agencies and organizations working in
the commission analyst.
behalf of the Indian people.
(6) Examples of other areas in which the commis-
The five public hearings were held for the purpose
sion was active are:
of taking testimony regarding the following items as
(a) The California Council on Criminal Jus-
they affect the Indian people living in the state
tice contacted the commission to determine Indian
(a) Educational needs
interest in their activities. The commission staff ar-
(b) Employment problems
ranged for a meeting between interested representa-
(c) Health needs
tives of Indian organizations and the California Coun-
Witnesses were asked to indicate ways in which
cil on Criminal Justice.
solutions to these problems could be proposed to vari-
(b) A VISTA volunteer assigned to the Santa
ous local, state, and federal agencies as well as private
Rosa Rancheria in Kings County called in regard to
organizations working in these areas. Anyone inter-
fire protection on that rancheria.
ested in presenting constructive ideas and suggestions
Investigation revealed that there were two pumper
for improving these conditions among the Indians was
firetrucks available and that both were radio-
welcomed by the commission. The transcript of the
equipped. The state was also in the process of estab-
hearings constitute a separate record. The following is
lishing another fire station. Commission staff sug-
a résumé of the testimony in the areas of concern.
gested that since the station was to have a volunteer
Education
department, Indians might be interested in assisting.
The local ranger assured the commission staff that he
Testimony presented by Indians and educators
would call on the Indians and VISTA volunteers with
working with Indians had many similarities. All
the purpose of improving both communications and
agreed that the dropout rate among Indian students
fire protection.
was higher than that for students of other ethnic
groups. 19 This phenomenon was examined in depth.
(c) A group from southern California requested
that the commission investigate inequities in connec-
It was the general consensus of those who presented
tion with Social Security claims. Confusion existed in
testimony that, while there are individual differences,
the recognition of Indian custom marriages which took
children of Indian parentage generally start out well
place prior to the state's assumption of civil jurisdic-
in school and progress well with seeming acceptance
tion in this area.
and a good self-image through the first three or four
grades. The Indian child, at about the fourth grade
The commission staff assisted in drafting Senate
level, becomes very conscious of the fact that indeed
Bill 288 17 (Coombs) introduced on February 11,
he is different, and some Indian children interpret
1969. The bill was signed by Governor Reagan May
that difference as probably an inferior rather than
28, 1969, which clarified Indian custom marriages.
superior difference and therefore mentally withdraws
(d) The Susanville Indian Rancheria was devel-
from school participation.
oping a much needed playground for the use of all
Some of the reasons mentioned for the child's with-
children in the Susanville area. It was in danger of
drawal at this time were:
failure due to lack of funds for purchasing gasoline
for the operation of heavy equipment operated by the
(1) The study of American history begins in the
National Guard unit of Susanville as a part of the
fourth grade and text books do not always present a
project. Senator John L. Harmer, chairman of the
fair image of Indians.
commission, was successful in obtaining gasoline for
(2) Children about this age normally begin to
the project.¹ 18
notice social differences; i.e., homes, clothing, etc.
This withdrawal is defensive and may be ac-
Hearings
celerated by the teasing of other children or a lack of
In addition to a public hearing held in Sacramento
understanding on the part of teachers. The Indian
for the purpose of discussing possible future legisla-
child loses the incentive and the motivation to stay
tion, the commission held five public hearings t
with his education.
throughout the state from May 24, 1969, through July
Records indicate that Indian children are in no way
19, 1969, in Lone Pine, Clovis, Arcata, Los Angeles,
less able academically than are other children.
10 See Appendix O.
*
The Big Valley Rancheria Analysis was reproduced in limited
To decrease the number of Indian dropouts, school
numbers.
programs should be designed to make education more
17 See Appendix G.
18 See Appendix M.
interesting and challenging for the students. This
t Transcripts of the public hearings are available in limited
numbers.
19 See Appendix P.
20
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
could be done in several ways. Some of the suggestions
In-service training for teacher education in the area
were:
of Indian culture and history was suggested as yet
(1) schoolbooks should be improved by presenting
another means of improving education for Indians
a more realistic account of Indian history and cul-
and non-Indians alike.
ture;
From the time of the release of the commission
(2) teachers should become informed concerning
report in 1966 up to and including the present, much
Indian culture and history;
time and effort has been spent in attempting to have
(3) capable students should be encouraged to pur-
Johnson-O 'Malley funds * restored to California. Mem-
sue higher education;
bers of the commission introduced Senate Joint Reso-
(4) courses should be offered at the adult education
lution No. 3 21 in the 1968 legislative session. Follow-
level or in regional occupational centers on the high
ing the passage of SJR 3, several members of the
school level in auto mechanics, plumbing, carpentry,
commission called upon the President, Congressmen,
sewing, home economics, and other vocational courses
and others in Washington, D.C., in order to explain
for two or three hours a day for those students who
the need for California Indians to be included as
have no desire to pursue higher education.
participants in all federally funded programs for
It was noted that the Indian student usually does
Indians. The importance of the restoration of John-
not drop out of school to take a job; he drops out of
son-O 'Malley funds to California was a major ob-
school because he has become apathetic about school. 20
jective of the delegation.
A major problem is one of guidance and counseling.
Our congressional delegation supported the request
Most counselors are not able to communicate with
of the California Legislature. To begin, however, the
troubled Indian students because they do not under-
Bureau of Indian Affairs feels that there should be
stand their unique problems. The Indian youth fre-
funds provided by the state to show the state's in-
quently remains on the reservation for two or three
terest.
years without working. The problem then becomes
The Department of Education has taken the neces-
motivation for either school or work.
sary steps in establishing a unit with the Division of
The schools are responsible for issuing work permits
Instruction to focus on the services related to Indian
for students 18 years of age or less. Witnesses stressed
education throughout the California public schools.
the importance of the work permit to the Indian
While Indians in any district are presumed to be
youth for purposes of insurance coverage, to meet the
eligible for the same services provided to other pupils,
requirements of the child labor law, but principally,
there appear to be wide differences in the quality of
to have the student dropout maintain contact with the
education between districts. Moreover, there are in-
school and to enhance the possibility of involving the
dividual and group differences between pupils, both
student in continuation education. Concern was ex-
advantaged and disadvantaged.
pressed for the apparent lack of diligent followup
A recent report by Mr. Wayne Pratt, consultant
efforts on the part of many schools on behalf of the
appointed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to survey
student dropout.
the educational problems of Indian children,
Indians and educators alike cited the need for
confirmed the previous findings as presented to repre-
changes in school textbooks. A factual presentation of
sentatives of the Indian Advisory Commission by
Indian history, Indian culture, and an appreciation of
Indian representatives.
the many valuable contributions made by Indian peo-
The negotiations by the State Department of Educa-
ple to the culture of America as a whole, would be a
tion 22 with the Bureau of Indian Affairs for reestab-
valid method of helping the Indian child develop a
lishment of a Johnson-O 'Malley program in California
positive self-image. It would also tend to teach the
were conducted on the assumption that the state
child that his being an Indian and his being different
would show good faith by approving matching funds
is a positive difference, not a negative one; something
for the educational program. This was not accom-
in which he can take pride; something which gives
plished in budget year 1969-70.
him reason to actually go on and excel.
The following activities have been initiated by the
The use of Indian teacher aides, Indian volunteers
Division of Instruction (Bureau of Elementary and
for tutorial purposes, and the use of Indians as
Secondary Education), State Department of Educa-
resource people in the schools were suggested as some
tion, with respect to Indian education:
of the ways by which the positive self-image of the
(a) The initiation of a contractual agreement with
child could be improved. Of crucial importance is the
the Bureau of Indian Affairs to provide educational
involvement of parents and other Indian adults in the
services for Indians, specifically the hiring of a con-
learning experience. A staff person such as the person
sultant with related offices expenses.
responsible for child welfare and attendance should be
(b) The preparation of specifications for the above
assigned this specific responsibility. The Indian stu-
position.
dent's interest in extracurricular activities and his
need to be involved were cited as important factors in
(c) The initiation of letters addressed to various
maintaining his interest in school and assuring regu-
Indian organizations and leaders soliciting their opin-
lar school attendance. The lack of personal transporta-
ions concerning the specifications, as well as possible
tion for after-school activities makes this difficult or
#
Publication. A Johnson-O'Malley Educational Program for
impossible for many Indian students.
California Indians. State Advisory Commission on Indian
Affairs, 1967.
21 See Appendix R.
20 See Appendix Q.
22 See Appendix S.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
21
names of candidates who meet the necessary educa-
media. Copies of the policy 23 statement shall be
tional requirements.
available at the district office of each school.
(d) Proposed guidelines for the functioning of an
Indian advisory committee.
Public Health
(e) Budget preparation forms for the 1970-71 year
The general health of Indians who live in the rural
at which time it is hoped that the state will match the
areas of California is of grave concern to the commis-
contribution of the federal government.
sion.
Great emphasis was placed upon the value of Head
Recent information derived from witnesses who
Start programs as a means of benefiting Indian and
testified at public hearings conducted by the commis-
other socially deprived children. The ability of the
sion and from the State of California vital statistics
student to learn to enjoy the educational experience
records representing urban as well as rural Indians,
at an early age was suggested as a prime factor in pre-
indicate that there has been little improvement in
venting student dropouts at a later date.
Indian health in the past decade.
A felt need in the field of education was for teachers
Indian children born in California today have a
to have a more accurate knowledge of Indian history
bleak future to look forward to
and culture. (Arizona State University has a six-week
(1) Since 1955, when the federal Indian health
summer session for this exact purpose.) The Indian
program was terminated in the state, the health of
people's historical and cultural contributions to
California Indians has deteriorated in communicable
America and the world are largely unknown, ignored,
diseases, as well as in chronic diseases. The preventive
or distorted. Teacher in-service training programs
health practices of the Indians are probably two
which would involve Indians and well-informed In-
generations behind those of the population as a whole.
dian educators would do much to alleviate this situa-
(2) Attack rates are high. The death rate from
tion. The advantage of getting diversified Indian in-
influenza and pneumonia is more than twice that of
volvement in order to obtain the widest possible
the total population; tuberculosis, six times; accidents,
knowledge and skill was advocated.
four times; and congenital malformations, 1.7 times.
Free school lunches for Indian children was a mat-
(3) Isolation plays a major role in Indians not
ter of grave concern to many people. Testimony was
obtaining medical care and this isolation is economic,
presented at all of the hearings on the inadequacy of
geographic, social, and cultural.
the free school lunch program available to Indian
(4) Housing and environmental conditions are un-
children or the inability of some Indian children to
believably bad. Ninety percent of homes need replace-
participate in a free lunch program in some areas.
ment or major repairs; 50 to 70 percent of sewage
There appeared to be a misunderstanding concerning
disposal facilities are unsanitary; 38 to 40 percent of
which agency or district was responsible for providing
homes use water from contaminated sources; 40 to 50
the program as well as a lack of understanding by
percent of all Indian families must haul water under
some departments concerning the rather obvious need
unsanitary conditions.
of the Indian children for the program. Basic policies
(5) Family conditions require improvement. Sev-
regarding school lunches are determined by the gov-
enty percent of Indian families earn less than $3,000
erning boards of local school districts.
annually. Families are large (average size, six per-
Following the hearing held in Lone Pine, the dis-
sons), and living quarters are crowded. Indian fathers
are unskilled or semiskilled and the work available
trict policies regarding free or reduced school lunches
were reviewed. Of the four school districts (in the
to them is generally seasonal or intermittent. Indian
Lone Pine area) participating in the program, three
mothers do not obtain adequate prenatal care. Life
districts had acceptable approved policies and one
expectancy is short. The average age at death for
(Bishop) did not.
Indians is 20 years less than the average for all
Californians. Eating habits are poor and diets un-
The guidelines for school lunches were developed in
balanced. Health care is not obtained on a timely basis
conjunction with the State Departments of Social Wel-
and little preventive medicine is practiced.
fare and Education. The weakness in the program
Physical, geographic, financial, and cultural isola-
appeared to be in the area of communications. With
tion are all problems which work against the Cali-
the publishing of the new requirements of the Depart-
fornia Indians in obtaining needed health care, and
ment of Agriculture, policies were improved SO as to
the delay in seeking or obtaining preventive care
state how the information regarding school lunches
and early treatment of sickness often result in second-
will be disseminated.
ary conditions and in acute and prolonged illnesses
The school lunch program policies in the four dis-
with more likelihood of fatality or permanent hand-
tricts are now approved and contain the following
icap. Because of this the Indian can expect an average
statements:
hospital stay of two and one-half times that of more
(a) Parents of pupils who are denied a request
affluent Californians.
for free or reduced price meals may appeal through
The health status of the American Indian in Cali-
regular administrative channels. The final decision
fornia is measurably worse than that of the average
rests with the board of trustees.
Californian, and the obvious implication of all avail-
(b) Parents shall be informed of the district's
able data is that Indians in California do not use or
free or reduced price meal policy through each
obtain health services or use existing health facilities
school's regular newsletter or through the news
See Appendix T.
22
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
in their respective communities to any degree approx-
Indians proposed that innovative educational ap-
imating that to which these services and facilities are
proaches be utilized to help the Indian people attain
used by the population as a whole. If they did
better health. Public health agency personnel should
increase use, the medical resources currently available
be encouraged to give lectures and seminars for In-
would be inadequate.
dian people on reservations on phases of health such
as diet, diet habits, sanitation, prenatal care, and other
Rural Health-Summary of Public Hearing Testimony
subjects of concern. By educational seminars it was
Detailed health statistics for the state's Indian pop-
thought that tribal councils could learn the value of
ulation are not obtainable because of the dearth of
establishing minimum standards for sanitation facili-
reliable information on the subject. Many witnesses
ties and be prepared to exert Tribal Council influence
appearing before the commission at the public hear-
for the health benefits of the Indians they represent.
ings presented testimony concerning the specific
The use of multiphasic screening units and mobile
health problems besetting individual Indians in the
X-ray clinics on the reservations throughout the state
areas in which they are familiar. The similarity of the
was one of the methods suggested for gathering infor-
health problems as discussed by witnesses from widely
mation on Indian health needs. For definitive health
separated areas created the impression that when an
programming for the future, the commission recom-
intensive study is finalized, health problems of rural
mends that the State Department of Public Health
Indians in California will be found to be similar to
investigate and initiate such a program if it is found
those previously reported.
feasible.
It was stated that Indians frequently are plagued
by chronic diseases, live remote from hospital and
It was recommended by some Indian witnesses that
clinic facilities, and are usually without reliable trans-
Indian students be recruited to enter the educational
portation. Patients needing treatment for these ail-
fields of medicine, nursing, nursing aides, dietetics,
ments are thus thwarted. Local clinics and nursing
sanitation, and allied health fields and that the federal
services, it was felt, should be provided for Indian
and state governments create health scholarships to
people.
encourage Indian students to take these courses.
An equal concern was expressed for the lack of
Testimony revealed that food distribution centers
dental care readily available for children and adults.
were difficult for poor Indians to reach. As one witness
The procedures and travel required just to determine
testified, 'Commodity programs are for the poor, but
eligibility for dental services frequently excludes In-
poor people are often too impoverished to get to the
dian people from participating in even "free" pro-
centers. The commission recommends that surplus
grams. Those who need the services are, too often, the
food distribution centers be located in the proximity
same people who cannot afford the means to travel to
of the intended recipient whenever possible.
the origin of the services. A permanent mobile dental
Between 1955 and the present no state funds were
clinic to provide services for rural Indians was sug-
made available to continue any of the federally ter-
gested as one means of overcoming this difficulty.
minated health services and the health of California's
Lack of domestic water and sanitation facilities in
Indians has deteriorated. The total federal appropria-
the homes was described as a major contributing
tion for Indian health programs in other states, how-
factor to poor health and poor health habits. Wit-
ever, has increased. The total of these moneys for the
nesses criticized the slow pace of the responsible agen-
current three-year period being:
cies in installing needed facilities. The development of
1967-68 fiscal year
$84,835,268
potable water for Indians residing on federal ran-
1968-69
fiscal
year
$94,282,171
cheria and reservation trust lands is the responsibility
1969-70 fiscal year
$99,581,000
of the United States Public Health Service, as is the
responsibility for the installation of sanitary facilities.
From a total United States Indian health budget for
The U.S. Public Health Service level of service in
fiscal 1965 of $24,549,125, the funds expended for
California is governed by federal funding provided to
California Indian health was $420,000. Using the same
meet these service needs. The need for prompt devel-
ratio, without taking into account the large increase
opment of potable water piped into the homes is SO
in the state's Indian population, California's share of
great as to be judged critical in most rural areas.
the 1969-70 appropriation should be $1,693,000. If the
Indoor sanitary facilities are often substandard or
distribution of these funds were on a per capita basis,
completely lacking. Indians of California stated that
California, with one-sixth of the nation's Indian popu-
they believe they should be eligible to participate in
lation, would be entitled to over $15,000,000.
all federally funded programs for Indians on the same
There are many services in the field of health,
basis as Indians in other parts of the United States.
education, and welfare, which are provided by state
Many of the critical environmental health needs of
and local tax-supported agencies and by voluntary
California Indians could be corrected promptly by an
agencies. These are available, on request, to Indians
affirmative federal response to this request. The neces-
as well as to other residents of the State of California.
sity of finding a means to provide efficient mainte-
Many of the governmental representatives who tes-
nance for water and sanitation facilities, once in-
tified at the hearings indicated a readiness to provide
stalled, was discussed and the conclusions reached are
some extra effort to help Indians participate in avail-
included in the discussion of the Indian Health
able programs in the areas of health, education and
Project report.
welfare.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
23
However, some special effort from within the Indian
Demonstration Health Project
community is apparently needed to assist the Indians
In 1967 the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health
in overcoming their conditioned reluctance to use
of the State Department of Public Health undertook
many of the available tax-supported programs. At
to initiate a pilot project specifically directed toward
least for an initial period, some concentrated field
the improvement of Indian health. A commitment of
outreach might be necessary, including Indian com-
$245,000 to the State Department of Public Health by
munity aides and related positions.
the United States Public Health Service, Indian
Indians are asking for the return of federal pro-
Health Service, was made to conduct a one-year rural
grams for Indians in education and health. However,
Indian demonstration health project 24 in nine rural
because they are also requesting full participation for
areas. Additional funds were received to continue the
Indians in determining the scope, content, and con-
project at the existing level for an additional six
duct of these programs, the request is not merely for
months, until June 30, 1969. These funds are subcon-
a return to the traditional federal programs which are
tracted to Indian tribal organizations who administer
available to Indians in other states. Rather, they are
the nine health projects.
requesting that a new methodology be developed
In the original application to the U.S. Public
which would utilize restored federal funds in specific
Health Service funds were requested for one employee
programs for Indians in which they can participate
at the state level who would be a field coordinator to
fully. Provision should be made to develop necessary
assist with the approved four projects. Nine projects
administrative and research skills S0 that Indian par-
were actually funded and consequently the field coor-
ticipants may become more involved in directing these
dinator has had to spread himself very thinly over all
programs. At the same time, efforts must be made to
nine projects because there were no additional funds
maintain the programs at high-level quality.
for additional state-level support personnel once the
Most federal programs in other states have, as a
nine projects were funded. Other state staff assisted,
matter of policy, insisted on the full participation of
but they also had full-time program commitments, and
Indians in the planning and implementing of services.
could not continue such support indefinitely.
Indians of other states who enjoy a wide variety of
The local projects supported by these demonstration
health programs because of their status as Indians
funds were of limited scope, stressing Indian partici-
have shown a marked improvement in their longevity
pation and control. Indian health aides, employed by
and environment.
their tribal organization, were used to provide com-
In order to achieve this type of program it would
munity health education and assistance for isolated
be necessary to spend some time and effort developing
rural Indians to obtain health services generally avail-
methods most acceptable to the Indians which would
able in each community. With the help of these aides,
allow for full Indian participation, and would provide
Indian communities have also been successful in devel-
high-standard programs.
oping new areas of direct services such as dental and
medical clinics staffed by volunteer doctors and den-
The health problems of California Indians have now
tists.
received the attention of the United States Public
Health Service in Washington, D.C. An Indian Health
In one area the project staff has transformed an old
Service Office was established in Sacramento in Au-
reservation jail into a dental clinic, where volunteers
gust 1969, and Mr. Robert C. Gillespie assumed the
from Loma Linda College of Medical Evangelists hold
responsibilities of director. A letter dated August 20,
a free monthly dental clinic, treating up to 50 patients
1969, signed by Charles S. McCammon, M.D., Medical
per session. Of the persons receiving this care, many
Director, contained the following information:
have never been to a dentist before.
"Until this newly created field office is fully staffed
On another reservation, the project staff decided to
and programmed, Mr. Gillispie will evaluate the
improve environmental sanitation conditions. In a
health status and health needs of California Indians
joint effort supported by the Tribal Council, the State
and coordinate the development of a plan to meet the
Department of Public Health, the Indian Health
health problems and needs of the Indian people of
Project, the Office of Economic Opportunity, and the
California. He will represent the Indian Health Ser-
State Department of Employment, a community
vice in meetings with the Indian people, the Bureau
cleanup campaign was initiated. Two dump trucks
of Indian Affairs and other official agencies. His
were donated; metal drums were donated for trash
cans and distributed to each home on the reservation
duties do not include the conduct of the Sanitary
Facilities Construction Program (PL 86-121), which
a dump site was located, and several pickups were
remains under the assistant area director for environ-
made. The result was a cleaner, healthier community
environment.
mental health, Phoenix. His geographic area of re-
sponsibility will correspond to that of the Bureau of
One project assisted 10 potential high school drop-
Indian Affairs, Sacramento area."
outs in transferring to the Sherman Indian High
School which is operated by the Bureau of Indian
An important consideration not yet mentioned is
Affairs in Riverside County. Nine of the 10 have now
that the state has a mandate under the federal Social
finished one year and have enrolled for 1969-70.
Security amendments to extend public health serv-
Several have won honors in sports, and several are
ices to all parts of the state by 1975, with special
considering going on to college.
emphasis on rural areas and poverty groups.
24 See Appendix U.
24
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
In another multiorganizational effort, staff of the
Legislature passed and the Governor signed SB 1397,
Bureau of Maternal and Child Health and of the rural
providing state funds to support a core unit in the
Indian Health Projects assisted the Inter-Tribal
Department of Public Health for continuing the effort
Council in conducting precamp physical examinations
started in the Indian Health Project. It is expected
for about 500 Indian boys from all over the state SO
that SB 1397 will serve the same purpose as similar
that they could spend a week at Boy Scout 'Camp
legislation in 1961 did in establishing a program in
Mataguay" in San Diego County this past summer.
the department for the promotion of health services
Members of the California Chapter of the American
for seasonal agricultural workers. Since 1961 the State
Academy of Pediatrics performed the physical ex-
Department of Public Health has received a small
aminations as volunteers.
state appropriation for this purpose. This appropria-
Overall the projects have been instrumental in sav-
tion averages around $100,000 per year; and this has
ing several lives by assisting people to obtain care on
served as "seed money" for much larger federal
a timely basis, from a newborn infant with a congeni-
funding. In 1968-69 the federal share amounted to
tal heart defect who is now receiving intensive care
approximately $1,000,000, and this amount was in-
in a San Francisco hospital to older people with
creased to $1,500,000 in 1969-70.
seriously acute or chronic conditions.
The passage of SB 1397 demonstrated the commit-
The projects have also been successful in conducting
ment of the state to improving Indian health and
community health education campaigns for the dis-
serves as a means to make federal health programs
semination of information to the Indian people on
available on a more permanent basis. The State
such topics as tuberculosis, diabetes, arthritis, family
Department of Public Health is at present the only
planning, personal hygiene, prenatal care, child care,
organization with the potential of serving as catalyst
and dental care.
for Indian health between the federal and state gov-
An application for federal 314(e) comprehensive
ernments.
health planning funds has been prepared, is being
SB 1397 provides the state with staff to give the
reviewed by the various participating Indian tribal
additional assistance requested by all the local proj-
organizations, and will be submitted to a national
ects over the past year. It also provides the staff time
review committee in November of this year. The proj-
required to call a meeting of the Departmental Rural
ect, if funded, will run for five years, creating em-
Indian Advisory Committee, which has not yet met
ployment for as many as 65 Indians, and providing
even though it is now in its second year. This commit-
comprehensive health services in nine rural Indian
tee is made up of the nine tribal chairmen of the
areas of the state.
projects and three California health leaders.
A separate proposal is under development which
will provide training and employment for Indian
Water
community sanitation aides to maintain water and
The availability of potable water is SO closely con-
sewage systems installed by the U.S. Public Health
nected with health and good health habits that in
Service. Over the past six to seven years almost a
order to attain either a safe, plentiful water supply
million dollars have been an spent for these systems,
in the home is a requirement. Having potable water
without any provision for organized maintenance pro-
piped into the home was a concern which vied in
gram being proposed until now.
importance with the Indian Health Project among
Indian witnesses for a first-priority concern of health.
Indian Health Project
Witnesses testifying at the hearings conducted by
Of all testimony given before the commission in the
the commission stated that many rural Indian homes
rural areas, the health project was of the highest
are without water, even at the present time. The water
priority. Training of health aides and sanitarian aides
for drinking and household use must be hand-carried
is included in the project proposal. It was suggested
in some areas and transported considerable distances
that the project proposal should include training for
by car in others. Even so, the source of water supply
the Tribal Council members who will be the local
is often unsafe.
administrators of the program. Permanent health and
At the time rancherias and reservations were ter-
dental clinics were deemed a necessity due to the
minated by the federal government under the provi-
poverty of the Indians in need of health services,
sions of the Rancheria Act, some areas had no water
condition of the roads in winter, and the distance
at all; some areas did not have safe drinking water,
from existing health centers. The project could be
and others had an insufficient supply of water. During
improved, in the estimation of many Indians, by the
the termination process the water systems, when in-
assurance of continuous funding and by some im-
stalled or improved by the United States Public
proved method for prompt payment of salaries.
Health Service, were usually not developed to the
With this goal in mind, the commission, on April
minimum standards recommended by local or state
29, 1969, voted to support Senate Bill 1397 introduced
departments of public health.
by Senator Moscone.
The newly installed or improved domestic water
One of the first steps required for the restoration
systems were then entrusted to a superficially in-
of federal funds to California for Indian health was
structed or totally untrained Indian people for com-
the demonstration of good faith on the part of the
plete maintenance. The result of not providing funds
state that it was interested in playing an active
for maintenance of the water systems was a "built-in"
role in the improvement of Indian health. The 1969
fault in the program for California Indians. Since
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
25
competent maintenance of any water system is essen-
helping them qualify for some of the existing pro-
tial, the failure to provide funds for proper mainte-
grams. Generally speaking, however, Indians are not
nance indicated that most of the systems would fail
familiar with the complexities of setting up a housing
in their purpose.
authority, and no meaningful effort has ever been
The installation of domestic water systems and
made to familiarize them with the process.
sanitation systems on Indian land held in trust by the
federal government is a responsibility of the United
Employment
States Public Health Service. The authorization was
Witnesses testifying at the public hearings on the
conferred upon the Surgeon General by Congress in
subject of employment remarked upon the difficulty
1959 by the Rancheria Act.
of obtaining demographic information. Information is
Some witnesses testified that they were encouraged
lacking because the law specifically prohibits the col-
to accept termination by some Bureau of Indian
lection of ethnic data on a job applicant. The wit-
Affairs personnel as the only way to get on the
nesses also testified to the high degree of unemploy-
priority list of the U.S. Public Health Service for the
ment among the Indian people. From the information
installation of vitally needed water systems.
which was accumulated it would seem that the Cali-
fornia Indian has made very little progress in the
Some terminated Indians had no understanding
areas of income and employment in the past few years.
when they agreed to terminate, and when they ac-
In response to a commission request for information
cepted title to their individual parcels of property
regarding unemployment from the Fair Employment
that they not only would be required to pay taxes,
Practice Commission, Mr. David Barkley, consultant,
(from the date the deed was recorded by the Bureau
Affirmative Action, wrote in part:
of Indian Affairs) but also would have their lands
"
As you are probably aware, it has been
subjected to the same codes, zoning, sanitation laws,
extremely difficult to obtain current information re-
and other environmental privileges and limitations
garding Indians in this state. The statistics noted in
which applied to similar land in the area. This unfor-
this letter will by no means reflect an accurate evalua-
tunate misunderstanding resulted in losses for many
Indians.
tion of the Indian community, but only the responses
of a portion of the community.
The greatest tragedy, however, was that in accept-
In the area of employment, of those responding to
ing termination, the adults responsible did in fact
our survey, 29.3% indicated they were employed full-
disinherit future generations of their families not only
time, while 44.8% stated they were employed part-
in land and federal services, but also in the identity
time or held seasonal jobs.
of their tribal affiliations, which is primarily land
based.
"Nearly 20% stated they were receiving either
county welfare, Social Security, disability insurance,
Housing
or some type of financial assistance. The county wel-
Indians and others testified at the commission hear-
fare director (Inyo) had indicated to me several
ings that rural Indian housing is generally substand-
months ago that although the Indian population
ard, and in many instances deplorable. In many fed-
represents only 10 percent of the total county popula-
eral programs for home improvement, or home
tion, they represented approximately 33% of the total
building, the Indian or the tribe is unable to qualify
welfare caseload. Apparently, there are no accurate
for assistance for many reasons; the trust status of the
statistics regarding the Indian unemployment rate,
land, the scattered home sites, and the poverty of the
but the office manager of the Bishop employment office
people being but a few. Indian veterans living on
has indicated the rate is considerably higher than for
reservations or rancherias are unable to obtain Cal-
Caucasians.
Vet loans for homes due to the trust status of the land.
" In the area of income, 63.7% of those responding
Indian health is affected by improper housing, im-
to our survey indicated they received less than $3,-
proper water and sanitation facilities, and improper
000.00 last year. Approximately 75% received less
protection from the elements.
than $5,000.00. These figures seem to coincide with the
The commission and staff have met with federal
statistics indicated in American Indians in Califor-
agency representatives in an attempt to solve some of
nia", wherein the large segment of Indians in this
these problems. An attempt is now being made in
state receive the lowest incomes. I would imagine this
Washington by some of the federal agencies to write
pattern is consistent throughout the state. It is inter-
more flexibility into the programs SO that Indians of
esting to note that 17.2% reported income over $6,-
California can qualify for some of the much needed
000.00, but no one indicated they earned over $10,-
federal programs.
000.00 a year.
Federal agencies, in order to provide funds for
All of these statistics seem to be consistent with
Indian housing, must provide funds and services
my findings in the area. Indians seem to have a con-
through a housing authority. A number of tribes have
siderably higher unemployment rate than Caucasians,
tribal councils which are legal entities and could
and those that are employed generally hold the most
therefore form housing authorities. Some tribes are
menial classifications. Initially, there were no Indians
not SO organized. A housing authority through which
employed in public-contact jobs, except one with the
the Indians could work would be of great assistance in
"American Indians in California," published by State of Call-
fornia, Dept. of Industrial Relations, Division of Fair Em-
25 See Appendix V.
ployment Practices, San Francisco, November 1965.
26
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
Department of Water and Power, but recently Safe-
convincing employers to locate businesses on or near
way Market and Bank of America both have hired
the reservations.
Indians in the City of Bishop. I have also been ad-
The statistics available for northwestern California
vised that the Bank of America recently hired an In-
are substantially the same. 26 Indians who testified
dian lady in their branch in Ukiah.
stated that they would agree with the statistics on
Again, I must emphasize that these statistics rep-
unemployment which were furnished by the commis-
resent only the responses of a small segment of the
sion.
community, although surprisingly, the results appear
The Bureau of Indian Affairs administers a Voca-
to closely approximate the statistics noted from the
tional Education Program in California, and a limited
1960 census. If this is true, the American Indian in
number of California Indians are eligible to partici-
California has made little progress in the areas of
pate depending upon available openings. A further
education, income, and employment, in spite of the
limitation is placed upon California Indian participa-
fact that this country and state is experiencing pros-
tion in this program since federal services are applica-
perity never before known."
ble only to those California Indians living on or
Mr. J. Royce Cooper of the State Department of
near" reservations.
Employment, Escondido office, furnished the follow-
The State Department of Employment initiated a
ing:
program in 1967 in which they recruited Indians for
We have the responsibility for serving all 14
an outreach, community employment program. Fif-
Indian reservations in the county, even though they
teen Indians employed by the Department of Employ-
are not all located within our area.
ment work out of district offices of the department
"Based on our most recent statistics, the total labor
as employment community workers assisting the Indi-
force in this area is approximately 22,000. The unem-
ans in obtaining training and meaningful work. The
ployment rate for the entire county is 3.5 percent.
MDTA (Manpower Development Training Act) has
There is no separate figure for the Escondido area, but
been used advantageously by these community work-
it is believed that this would not vary materially from
ers in order to secure training for some Indians.
the county figure.
"There are approximately 1,700 Indians living on
There is currently an MDTA project underway
the 14 reservations in San Diego county. Of this
which is being taught on-site on one reservation. This
number, approximately 424 are considered attached
project was undertaken at the request of several of
to the labor market. Three hundred forty-five are
the reservation chairmen in order to train Indians
employed and 79 are unemployed. Some of those who
residing there in construction, operation, and mainte-
are employed, however, are employed only part-time;
nance of recreational campsites. The program is
and some, of course, are underemployed. These figures
administered by Palomar Junior College, and it is
show, then, that 18.5% of those attached to the labor
hoped that the Indians who complete their training on
market are unemployed. We have no figures available
the reservations can be employed by the tribes. Their
on the precise number of Indians residing in the
plan, as outlined to the commission, was to have
urban communities, SO there are no unemployment
people trained SO that they could develop campsites
figures available on these.
on the reservations which would be properly built and
"The most serious problem that we have in placing
operated and would be appealing to the general pub-
these people on jobs is their lack of transportation and
lic. Public use of these campsites would result in
revenue for the tribes.
the distance that they live from the urban communi-
ties where the jobs are located. The major manufac-
A number of employment community workers tes-
turing industry in our area is electronics, with two
tified that they believe the criteria for establishing
very large firms and several smaller ones located in
eligibility to participate in the MDTA program was
the vicinity. All of these firms are presently expand-
unrealistic. They offered several other suggestions for
ing their work force and have plans to greatly in-
improving the program SO that more Indians could
crease their number of employees in the near future.
benefit. Some of their suggestions were (a) allow an
It is felt that many of these people on the reservations
adequate living allowance; (b) change the income
who need and want jobs could be utilized in this
criteria because the present standards are too low; (c)
industry. We feel that the major problem that we
make use of schools closer to the trainees' homes in
have is not a lack of jobs nor a lack of interested
order to avoid disruption of family life; (d) provide
applicants, but rather, how to get the two together.
more vocational training at the applicant's pace, in
Many of these people residing on the reservations
better vocational training schools; (e) allow funds for
would have to travel approximately 30 miles in order
buying tools which are needed for full employment in
to work in our industries. As they do not have suitable
a trade; and (f) provide a one- or two-week orienta-
transportation, it is obvious that this is our major
tion course and indoctrination at the new location for
problem.
trainees before starting their vocational training.
"We must conclude from the information that we
The key to the solution of the Indian problems,
have that the solution to getting the Indians in our
whether in the areas of education, welfare, health, or
community employed in meaningful employment that
living conditions, lies in the development of the em-
will bring them above the poverty level can only be
ployment potential of Indians and in the economic
done by (1) furnishing them with transportation; (2)
development of their land resources.
having them move to the urban communities; or, (3)
26 See Appendix W.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
27
FULL REPORT-URBAN
The Los Angeles Indian population has been guess-
would be independent of the bureau. The Indians
timated as being somewhere between a low of 20,000
believe that a center would be ineffective if it were
to a high of 50,000. Some sources have claimed a
operated by the bureau or other governmental agency,
population as high as 75,000 Indians in the Los
because the Indian people have become distrustful of
Angeles area. Bureau of Indian Affairs' statistics
governmental agencies, but primarily because the
show that more than one-half of all Indians relocated
Indian people want greater Indian involvement and
by the bureau program have been settled in Cali-
self-determination. They need assistance and funding,
fornia.
as well as professional and technical help.
In one interesting population comparison. using a
The envisioned center would provide health ser-
nationwide population figure of 600,000 Indians, of
vices, job referrals, job training, library services, cul-
which 400,000 live on reservations and 200,000 are
tural programs, and a multitude of other services. It
considered urban Indians, it was shown that 10 to 25
has been argued that these types of services are
percent of the total U.S. urban Indian population
already provided by various other agencies. However,
resides in Los Angeles. An additional 20,000 to
the record shows that the services are not effectively
30,000 Indians live in the San Francisco, San Jose,
utilized by the Indian community and a different
and Oakland areas. The impact of such a large Indian
approach is necessary. It is argued that the Indian
population. deficient in areas of education and job
who is in need of help needs a friendly face, but to
skills, is of serious consequence to the local resources.
an Indian a friendly face is an Indian face. For the
It is known that the Indians are relatively numer-
agencies to be effective, Indian aides should provide
ous in Los Angeles, but their actual count is unknown
all possible services. The Indians envision a center
and in developing programs it would be beneficial to
which would provide necessary services using Indian
know how many Indians there are in Los Angeles.
aides, with the assistance and cooperation of existing
Also, population figures are necessary for financial
federal, state, and local agencies.
assistance from the federal level. It can well be argued
Problems in the education of the urban Indian have
that problems relating to the relocated Indians are
some of their roots at the reservation level. Within the
federal problems.
urban setting the Indian students present no visual
There are numerous Indian organizations in the Los
academic problems, but the record shows that some-
Angeles area, one of which has been in existence since
thing is lacking within the system. The present state-
1935. Two of the organizations have meeting places
mandated ethnic surveys are "visual-basis" surveys
with permanent addresses. The other organizations
and the educators do not always recognize the Indian
meet at members' homes or at other convenient loca-
in the school. Therefore, how well he achieves in school,
tions. All organizational operations are handicapped
how well he assimilates, how well he stays in school,
by lack of funds which in turn results in inadequate
or what happens to him when he leaves school is often
staff, facilities, and programs for serving the Indian
unknown. When an Indian student needs help the
population.
school system may not be aware he is an Indian and
Although in several instances the Indians have been
needs a specialized type of counseling. After he has
criticized for lack of leadership, unity, and organiza-
become an unfavorable statistic, it is too late; the
tion, Indian groups have united in presenting their
damage has been done.
problems to various governmental officials and they
The Indian students coming to the Los Angeles
have testified at numerous hearings in attempting to
schools are entering into a completely new and strange
gain support for solving their problems.
situation, and their apprehension is understandable.
In December 1968 the National Council on Indian
Many of the students are weak in their usage of the
Opportunity held hearings in Los Angeles, and at that
English language. The fact that their cultural back-
time Los Angeles Indian leaders presented their prob-
ground may be in opposition to the new culture often
lems. After the hearings a number of the Indian
creates problems both in the home and in the school.
representatives met to discuss the possibility of form-
The cultural conflicts may cause problems in as-
ing a central organization of all the existing Indian
similating subject matter. One problem is that they
groups. Out of these discussions came the birth of the
are many times quiet and shy; their problems remain-
United American Indian Coordinating Council. The
ing under the surface and never being identified until
council is composed of one member from each of the
it is too late.
existing Indian organizations. It hopes to answer the
The adult student has many of the same problems.
criticisms of lack of unity, organization, and leader-
However, his education is vocationally oriented. Thou-
ship within the Indian community by presenting a
sands of Indians are said to have been trained as
united front.
welders when there is a limited demand for welders. It
By working together as one organization the council
has been suggested that an arbitrary intelligence ceil-
hopes to be more effective in obtaining programs and
ing apparently has been placed on the Indians' ability.
projects for the individual groups as well as providing
School officials see a need for closer cooperation
strength in their united position.
between the State Department of Education and local
The Indian leaders see the need for a multipurpose
schools in the field of Indian education. It has been
facility to house their activities; a center which could
indicated that the state should establish methods of
cooperate with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, but
exchanging information between the schools and the
28
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
State Department of Education for the development of
grams for them. In addition to lack of funds, another
programs and in-service training, for the selection of
handicap is that school officials do not have access to
textbooks and for solving problems in other areas.
information on which to base projections of future In-
School officials state that available resources are far
dian enrollments. State assistance is requested in this
from adequate to meet the special educational needs
area of concern.
of disadvantaged youngsters. Limited state and fed-
eral funds have helped, but have not been sufficient
Conclusion
to accomplish what needs to be done. Federal funds
The State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
from Public Law 874 are now restricted in their use
urges the various federal, state, and local agencies to
to schools close to reservations impacted by Indian
make every effort to take advantage of the extensive
students or to schools impacted by students residing
information in the final report of the State Advisory
on other federal property.
Commission on Indian Affairs, 1969.
There are no "visible" programs for Indians in the
The commission acknowledges with deep apprecia-
Los Angeles public school system, even though there
tion the interest which has been shown in its work by
is considerable federal moneys (i.e., millions of dol-
widely divergent groups many of whom testified at the
lars) allocated for the culturally and educationally
hearings. Many others, through correspondence and
disadvantaged.
supplementary reports, have greatly added to the
Indications are that there will be a steady increase
commission's knowledge of these most intricate prob-
in Indian students coming to the California urban
lems. The commission is also grateful for the whole-
areas. School officials indicate that advance planning
hearted cooperation it has received and is deeply
is vitally necessary to accommodate expected con-
indebted to officials of the various departments of the
tinued migration of Indian students to the urban
State of California who provided expert opinions and
areas, in order to develop proper educational pro-
assistance to the commission.
ADDENDUM
LAWSUIT FILED AGAINST THE STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
On April 25, 1969, the commission and its mem-
and was eventually settled by a decision of the Court
bers were sued by the California Indian Education
of Appeal, Third District. This decision, which has
Association and others (who had as their attorney
since been published, held that Legislators are immune
California Indian Legal Services) in an effort to
from civil process during the legislative session in
establish the applicability of the state's "open meet-
accordance with Article IV, Section 14, of the Cali-
ing" and 'public record" laws to the meetings of the
fornia Constitution.
commission. The commission agreed that these laws
applied to it, but denied that it had violated either
Meantime, the original suit in the Superior Court
of them in the past.
had been held in abeyance. Not long after the decision
During the initial legal maneuvering which fol-
of the Court of Appeal became final, the commission
lowed, a related issue developed concerning the im-
itself went out of existence. As a result, the Superior
munity of legislators from civil process. This issue
Court suit was dismissed as moot on November 24,
blossomed into a full-fledged lawsuit in its own right,
1969. No trial on the case ever took place.
APPENDICES
and
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
31
APPENDIX A
braska, and those members of the Chippewa Tribe who
are on the Turtle Mountain Reservation, N. Dak. It is
Assembly Joint Resolution No. 38
further declared to be the sense of Congress that, upon
Relative to the termination of authority of the Bureau of
the release of such tribes and individual members
Indian Affairs in California.
thereof from such disabilities and limitations, all
Filed with Secretary of State, June 15, 1953.
offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the States
WHEREAS, American Indians, who are citizens of the
of California, Florida, New York, and Texas and all
United States of America, generally remain subject to
other offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs whose
numerous restrictions on their activities, particularly
primary purpose was to serve any Indian tribe or
with respect to land transactions, promulgated and
individual Indian freed from Federal supervision
enforced by the Bureau of Indian Affairs; and
should be abolished. It is further declared to be the
WHEREAS, The Bureau of Indian Affairs has out-
sense of Congress that the Secretary of the Interior
lived its usefulness, though its employees, understand-
should examine all existing legislation dealing with
ably alarmed by the prospect of unemployment, regu-
such Indians, and treaties between the Government of
larly engage in strenuous efforts for self-perpetuation
the United States and each such tribe, and report to
in office; and
Congress at the earliest practicable date, but not later
WHEREAS, The State of California is able to provide
than January 1, 1954, his recommendations for such
for the well-being of American Indians, as it does for
legislation as, in his judgment, may be necessary to
other citizens, by laws of general applicability; now,
accomplish the purposes of this resolution.
therefore, be it
Attest:
LYLE O. SNADER,
Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of the State
Clerk of the House of Representatives.
of California, jointly, That the Legislature of the
Attest
J. MARK TRICE,
State of California respectfully memorializes the
Secretary of the Senate.
President and Congress of the United States to take
such steps as are necessary to effect a termination of
APPENDIX C
the authority of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, particu-
larly in the State of California and be it further
Public Law 280-83d Congress
Resolved, That the Chief Clerk of the Assembly is
Chapter 505-1st Session
hereby directed to transmit copies of this resolution
H. R. 1063
to the President and Vice President of the United
States, to the Speaker of the House of Representa-
AN ACT
tives, and to each Senator and Representative from
To confer jurisdiction on the States of California, Minnesota,
California in the Congress of the United States.
Nebraska, Oregon, and Wisconsin, with respect to criminal of-
fenses and civil causes of action committed or arising on Indian
reservations within such States, and for other purposes.
APPENDIX B
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represen-
tatives of the United States of America in Congress
House Concurrent Resolution 108,
assembled, That chapter 53 of title 18, United States
83d Congress, 1st Session
Code, is hereby amended by inserting at the end of
AUGUST 1, 1953.
the chapter analysis preceding section 1151 of such
Whereas it is the policy of Congress, as rapidly as
title the following new item:
possible, to make the Indians within the territorial
"1162. State jurisdiction over offenses committed
limits of the United States subject to the same laws
by or against Indians in the Indian country."
and entitled to the same privileges and responsibilities
as are applicable to other citizens of the United States,
SEC. 2. Title 18, United States Code, is hereby
to end their status as wards of the United States, and
amended by inserting in chapter 53 thereof immedi-
to grant them all of the rights and prerogatives
ately after section 1161 a new section, to be designated
pertaining to American citizenship; and
as section 1162, as follows:
Whereas the Indians within the territorial limits of
"§ 1162. State jurisdiction over offenses commit-
the United States should assume their full respon-
ted by or against Indians in the Indian country
sibilities as American citizens: Now, therefore, be it
(a) Each of the States listed in the following table
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the
shall have jurisdiction over offenses committed by or
Senate concurring), That it is declared to be the sense
against Indians in the areas of Indian country listed
of Congress that, at the earliest possible time, all of
opposite the name of the State to the same extent that
the Indian tribes and the individual members thereof
such State has jurisdiction over offenses committed
located within the States of California, Florida, New
elsewhere within the State, and the criminal laws of
York, and Texas, and all of the following named
such State shall have the same force and effect within
Indian tribes and individual members thereof, should
such Indian country as they have elsewhere within the
be freed from Federal supervision and control and
State:
from all disabilities and limitations specially applica-
"State of
Indian country affected
ble to Oregon, the Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin, the
California
All Indian country within the State
Potowatamie Tribe Indians: The Flathead Tribe of
Minnesota
All Indian country within the State,
Montana, the Klamath Tribe of Kansas and Ne-
except the Red Lake Reservation
32
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
Nebraska
All Indian country within the State
munity that is held in trust by the United States or
Oregon
All Indian country within the State,
is subject to a restriction against alienation imposed
except the Warm Springs Reser-
by the United States; or shall authorize regulation of
vation
the use of such property in a manner inconsistent with
Wisconsin
All Indian country within the State,
any Federal treaty, agreement, or statute or with any
except the Menominee Reservation
regulation made pursuant thereto; or shall confer
(b) Nothing in this section shall authorize the
jurisdiction upon the State to adjudicate, in probate
alienation, encumbrance, or taxation of any real or
proceedings or otherwise, the ownership or right to
personal property, including water rights, belonging
possession of such property or any interest therein.
to any Indian or any Indian tribe, band, or com-
(c) Any tribal ordinance or custom theretofore or
munity that is held in trust by the United States or
hereafter adopted by an Indian tribe, band, or com-
is subject to a restriction against alienation imposed
munity in the exercise of any authority which it may
by the United States; or shall authorize regulation of
possess shall, if not inconsistent with any applicable
the use of such property in a manner inconsistent with
civil law of the State, be given full force and effect
any Federal treaty, agreement, or statute or with any
in the determination of civil causes of action pursuant
regulation made pursuant thereto; or shall deprive
to this section.
any Indian or any Indian tribe, band, or community
SEC. 5. Section 1 of the Act of October 5, 1949 (63
of any right, privilege, or immunity afforded under
Stat. 705, ch. 604), is hereby repealed, but such repeal
Federal treaty, agreement, or statute with respect to
shall not affect any proceedings heretofore instituted
hunting, trapping, or fishing or the control, licensing,
under that section.
or regulation thereof.
SEC. 6. Notwithstanding the provisions of any
" (c) The provisions of sections 1152 and 1153 of
Enabling Act for the admission of a State, the consent
this chapter shall not be applicable within the areas
of the United States is hereby given to the people of
of Indian country listed in subsection (a) of this
any State to amend, where necessary, their State
section.'
constitution or existing statutes, as the case may be,
SEC. 3. Chapter 85 of title 28, United States Code,
to remove any legal impediment to the assumption of
is hereby amended by inserting at the end of the
civil and criminal jurisdiction in accordance with the
chapter analysis preceding section 1331 of such title
provisions of this Act: Provided, That the provisions
the following new item:
of this Act shall not become effective with respect to
"1360. State civil jurisdiction in actions to
such assumption of jurisdiction by any such State
which Indians are parties."
until the people thereof have appropriately amended
SEC. 4. Title 28, United States Code, is hereby
their State constitution or statutes as the case may be.
amended by inserting in chapter 85 thereof immedi-
SEC. 7. The consent of the United States is hereby
ately after section 1359 a new section, to be designated
given to any other State not having jurisdiction with
as section 1360, as follows:
respect to criminal offenses or civil causes of action,
or with respect to both, as provided for in this Act,
"§ 1360. State civil jurisdiction in actions to
to assume jurisdiction at such time and in such man-
which Indians are parties
ner as the people of the State shall, by affirmative
(a) Each of the States listed in the following table
legislative action, obligate and bind the State to as-
shall have jurisdiction over civil causes of action
sumption thereof.
between Indians or to which Indians are parties which
arise in the areas of Indian country listed opposite the
APPROVED AUGUST 15, 1953.
name of the State to the same extent that such State
has jurisdiction over other civil causes of action, and
APPENDIX D
those civil laws of such State that are of general
application to private persons or private property
Senate Joint Resolution No. 4
shall have the same force and effect within such
Memorializing Congress and the President of the United States
Indian country as they have elsewhere within the
to refrain from terminating federal control and protection of
Indian reservations.
State:
Adopted in the Assembly March 31, 1954 and
'State of
Indian country affected
in the Senate April, 1954.
California
All Indian country within the State
WHEREAS, There are presently before the Congress
Minnesota
All Indian country within the State,
of the United States three bills, S. 2749, S. 2515, and
except the Red Lake Reservation
H. R. 7322, which would affect Indian tribes, bands,
Nebraska
All Indian country within the State
groups, and individual members thereof in California
Oregon
All Indian country within the State,
by abolishing the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the
except the Warm Springs Reservation
Department of the Interior, by removing federal
Wisconsin
All Indian country within the State,
guardianship, and by terminating supervision over
except the Menominee Reservation
Indian property; and
(b) Nothing in this section shall authorize the
WHEREAS, The American Indians conveyed their
alienation, encumbrance, or taxation of any real or
property to the United States Government in ex-
personal property, including water rights, belonging
change for the promise of perpetual federal protection
to any Indian or any Indian tribe, band, or com-
and certain other benefits; and
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
33
WHEREAS, The Federal Government set aside cer-
in all federal programs and services available to Indi-
tain of the ancestral homelands of the American
ans of the United States and
Indians for their perpetual use and enjoyment; and
WHEREAS, The Congress of the United States in
WHEREAS, Federal control and protection of Indian
1953 adopted House Concurrent Resolution No. 108,
reservations has served to prepare the American In-
which became the basis for termination legislation and
dian for transition to a different way of life by
which expressed a sense of Congress that was imposed
continuing on the reservations a culture deeply cher-
upon the Indian people; and
ished by the Indians and at the same time permitting
WHEREAS, Some terminated Indian groups and
tribal members to leave a reservation when they SO
other California Indians wish to reestablish their trust
desire; and
relationship with the federal government; and
Whereas, There are 117 separate Indian reserva-
WHEREAS, The termination policy of House Concur-
tions in California upon which 40 tribes of American
rent Resolution No. 108 has since been abandoned by
Indians reside; and
Congress in favor of the Indian consent policy ex-
WHEREAS, These tribes vary widely in their educa-
pressed in revisions to Public Law 280 and Public
tional level, and social and economic development and
Law 85-671; and
many of them would suffer greatly if federal control
WHEREAS, House Concurrent Resolution No. 108 is
and protection of their reservations was terminated;
still interpreted as the guiding policy by some federal
and
agencies and officers in regard to services and pro-
WHEREAS, The State of California is not prepared
grams for California Indians; and
to take over control and protection of the Indians
WHEREAS, Many California tribal groups and In-
within its boundaries with the results that termination
dian organizations regard various federal programs
of federal protection will mean that many tribes that
and services as a valuable resource that should be
are not sufficiently developed economically to fend for
available to them; and
themselves will suffer greatly and
WHEREAS, The various federal agencies administer-
WHEREAS, Federal control and protection of the
ing Indian programs for Indians of California should
Indians should be gradually withdrawn as each tribe
be able to operate their programs in a flexible manner
reaches the proper cultural development to assume
in order to provide a sustained, positive and dynamic
responsibilities for its members; and
Indian policy with the necessary constructive pro-
WHEREAS, The Legislature of the State of Cali-
grams and services needed by California Indians; and
fornia has not and does not seek to terminate federal
WHEREAS, House Concurrent Resolution No. 245
control and protection of the Indians; now, therefore,
which has been introduced in the Congress of the
be it
United States states a new national Indian policy that
Resolved by the Senate and Assembly of the State
more clearly expresses the will of the California In-
of California, jointly, That the Legislature of the
dian people; and
State of California respectfully memorializes the
WHEREAS, The sense of House Concurrent Resolu-
President and the Congress of the United States to
tion No. 245 should be applicable to the Indians of
continue federal control and protection over the
California especially since California is emerging as
American Indians within California; and be it further
the state with the largest Indian population; now,
Resolved, That the Secretary of the Senate of the
therefore, be it
State of California is authorized to transmit copies of
Resolved by the Senate and Assembly of the State
this resolution to the President of the United States,
of California, jointly, That the Legislature of the
the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House
State of California respectfully memorializes the
of Representatives and to each Senator and Represent-
President and the Congress of the United States to
ative from California in the Congress of the United
establish a policy that insures that California Indians
States.
are included to the fullest extent in various federal
programs and services that are available to other
APPENDIX E
Indians of the United States; and be it further
Senate Joint Resolution No. 32
Resolved, That the Secretary of the Senate transmit
copies of this resolution to the President and Vice
RESOLUTION CHAPTER 374
President of the United States, to the Secretary of the
Senate Joint Resolution No. 32-Relative to federal
Interior, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to
policy in regard to Indians in California.
the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare,
[Filed with Secretary of State August 21, 1969.]
to the Director of the Division of Indian Health of
WHEREAS, The Indians of California are virtually
the United States Public Health Service, to each mem-
excluded from participation in various federal pro-
ber of the National Council on Indian Opportunity,
grams and services that are available to other Indians
to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, to
of the United States; and
each Senator and Representative from California, in
WHEREAS, The Legislature of the State of Cali-
the Congress of the United States, and to the chair-
fornia in 1968 adopted Senate Joint Resolution No.
men of the committees of the United States Congress
3 requesting full participation of California Indians
dealing with the subject of this resolution.
34
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
APPENDIX F
entered into prior to 1958, which, by custom of the
Indian tribe, band, or group of which the parties to
California Water Code
the alliance, or either of them, are members, is com-
Section 1241.5
monly recognized in such tribe, band, or group as
1241.5. The laws of this State with respect to loss
marriage, is deemed a valid marriage under the laws
of water rights by nonuse, abandonment, prescription,
of this state. In the case of such marriages and for
and lack of diligence shall not apply to water rights
such purpose a separation, which, by custom of the
appurtenant to or for use on any trust land for the
Indian tribe, band, or group of which the separating
period of five years following the conveyance by the
parties, or either of them, are members, is commonly
United States of an unrestricted title to the land and
recognized in such tribe, band, or group as a dissolu-
the water rights appurtenant to or for use on such
tion of marriage, is deemed a valid divorce under the
land.
laws of this state.
As used in this section, trust land" means any land
in this State (a) to which the United States holds title
APPENDIX H
in trust for any tribe, band, or other group of Indians,
or for any particular Indian; or (b) owned by a
AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY MAY 15, 1969
particular Indian or any tribe, band, or group of
AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 17, 1969
Indians subject to a restriction against alienation
imposed by the United States; or (c) held by the
SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION No. 6
United States for the use of Indians in California, but
Introduced by Senator Dymally
not for any particular tribe, band, or group of Indi-
January 28, 1969
ans, or any particular Indian, if any part of such land
is occupied by Indians or their families.
The Legislature hereby finds and declares that be-
REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL
cause of historical conditions, the Indians of Cali-
EFFICIENCY
fornia will not be in a position fully to utilize and to
Senate Joint Resolution No. 6-Relative to restoration
protect water rights owned by them when unrestricted
of California Indian lands.
title to trust land is conveyed to them by the United
States. A period is required during which the laws
WHEREAS, The federal government has caused cer-
with respect to loss of water rights by nonuse, aban-
tain reservation lands found within the State of
donment, prescription, and lack of diligence are sus-
Califorina to be removed from Indian use; and
pended with regard to such land and water rights SO
WHEREAS, The Indian people of California have
that they will not lose the benefit of the water rights
been grossly discriminated against as regards the
and the opportunity to make productive utilization of
establishment and preservation of reservations; and
their land. The Legislature further finds and declares
WHEREAS, Most California Indians suffer from ex-
that such a suspension of the laws of this State with
treme poverty; and
regard to such water rights is in the public interest
WHEREAS, In 1960, Indians constituted that portion
and will promote the public welfare since it will
of the California population with the lowest income,
promote the economic and social well-being of the
with 45.2 percent of Indian males earning less than
Indians and the communities in which they reside
$3,000 per year and 31.6 percent earning less than
and will encourage the self-sufficiency of the Indians.
$2,000 per year; and
This section shall become operative upon the enact-
WHEREAS, In 1960, Indians possessed the highest
ment of federal legislation authorizing the establish-
unemployment rates of any portion of the California
ment of a California Indian Water Affairs Commis-
population, with an unemployment rate of 15.1 per-
sion.
cent for Indian males (as compared with less than 5
percent for whites) ; and
APPENDIX G
WHEREAS, In 1960, 43.3 percent of California Indi-
ans 14 years and older had not gone beyond the eighth
Senate Bill No. 288
grade; and
CHAPTER 120
WHEREAS, The 1966 report of the California State
Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs revealed that
An act to amend Section 182 of the Civil Code,
most Indian communities suffer from severe problems
relating to marriage.
of substandard housing, unsanitary water, poor roads,
[Approved by Governor May 27, 1969. Filed with
and other symptoms of poverty and neglect; and
Secretary of State May 27, 1969.]
WHEREAS, National statistics indicate that Indian
The people of the State of California do enact
people suffer from the highest infant mortality rates,
as follows:
highest suicide rates, and shortest lifespans of any
SECTION 1. Section 182 of the Civil Code is
group in the United States; now, therefore, be it
amended to read
Resolved by the Senate and Assembly of the State
182. For the purpose of application of the laws of
of California, jointly, That the Legislature of the
succession set forth in the Probate Code to a decedent,
State of California requests the President and the
and for the purpose of determining the validity of a
Congress of the United States to provide that all land
marriage under the laws of this state, an alliance
set aside in former years for the use of native Cali-
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
35
fornia Indians, or promised in the several treaties
WHEREAS, The Board of Supervisors of the County
negotiated in former years, but never made available
of Alpine, State of California, on the third day of
for Indian use or removed from Indian use after the
September, 1968, passed and adopted a resolution in
passage of time, be restored to the native California
support of a land transfer and
Indian people forthwith if held by the federal govern-
WHEREAS, Legislation has been introduced in the
ment or, if not, be replaced by equivalent parcels of
Congress of the United States to declare that the
land from the public domain of the United States
United States holds in trust for the Washoe Indian
found within the State of California; and be it fur-
Tribe certain lands in Alpine County, California;
ther
now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the State of California requests that
Resolved by the Senate and Assembly of the State
the Public Land Law Review Commission carefully
of California, jointly, That the Legislature of the
consider Indian claims to land taken from the
State of California respectfully memorializes the
Indian people by the federal government and
President and the Congress of the United States to
that the commission study the feasibility of making
enact legislation pertaining to the lands for the
significant portions of the public lands of the United
Washoe Indian Tribe; and be it further
States available to American Indian people in order
Resolved, That the Secretary of the Senate transmit
to meet the needs of a growing population; and be it
copies of this resolution to the President and Vice
further
President of the United States, to the Speaker of the
Resolved, That the Secretary of the Senate transmit
House of Representatives, to each Senator and Repre-
copies of this resolution to the President and Vice
sentative from California in the Congress of the
President of the United States, to the Speaker of the
United States, to the chairmen of the committees of
House of Representatives, to each Senator and Repre-
the United States Congress dealing with the subject
sentative from California in the Congress of the
of this resolution, to the Secretary of the Interior, and
United States, to the chairman of the committees of
to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
the United States Congress dealing with the subject
of this resolution, to the Secretary of the Interior, to
APPENDIX J
the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and to the Public
Land Law Review Commission.
Senate Bill No. 1397
LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST
CHAPTER 1380
SJR 6, as amended, Dymally (Gov. Eff.). Restoration of
Indian lands.
An act to add Article 14 (commencing with Section
Requests federal government to restore land held by it to
California Indians, or that they be given equivalent parcels of
429.30) to Chapter 2 of Part 1 of Division 1 of the
land from lands held by U.S. Requests that Public Land Law
Review Commission consider Indian land claims and study
Health and Safety Code, relating to health services,
feasibility of making public lands available to them to meet
and making an appropriation therefor.
demands of growing population.
Sen. Fin.-No; W. & M.-No.
[Approved by Governor September 2, 1969. Filed with
Secretary of State September 2, 1969.]
APPENDIX I
The people of the State of California do enact
as follows:
Senate Joint Resolution No. 16
SECTION 1. Article 14 (commencing with Section
RESOLUTION CHAPTER 270
429.30) is added to Chapter 2 of Part 1 of Division
Senate Joint Resolution No. 16-Relative to lands
1 of the Health and Safety Code, to read
for the Washoe Indian Tribe.
Article 14. Indian Health Service
[Filed with Secretary of State August 2, 1969.]
429.30. The State Department of Public Health
WHEREAS, The Legislature is concerned with the
shall maintain a program for Indians and their fami-
public health, safety and welfare of all the citizens of
lies, consisting of
California; and
(a) Studies of the health and health services for
WHEREAS, The Washoe Indian Tribe residing in and
Indians and their families throughout the state.
around Woodfords, Alpine County, California, are
(b) Technical and financial assistance to local agen-
living in an overcrowded condition, in vastly sub-
cies concerned with the health of Indians and their
standard housing with inadequate water and sanita-
families.
tion facilities, on public and private land; and
(c) Coordination with similar programs of the fed-
WHEREAS, These existing conditions are matters
eral government, other states, and voluntary agencies.
affecting the Washoe Tribe's health, safety and wel-
429.31. The department may contract and cooper-
fare; and
ate with local governmental agencies and voluntary
WHEREAS, Under the existing conditions it is im-
nonprofit organizations in connection with the devel-
possible to make community improvements, or to par-
opment of local health programs for Indians and
ticipate in and develop community programs, particu-
their families.
larly housing; and
SEC. 2. The sum of thirty-two thousand one hun-
WHEREAS, The Washoe Tribe has expressed a united
dred seventeen dollars ($32,117) is hereby appro-
desire to acquire a land transfer from the public
priated from the General Fund to the State Depart-
domain where they can build a community and
ment of Public Health for expenditure by the
36
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
department during the 1969-1970 fiscal year pursuant
(e) Two Members of the Senate, appointed by the
to the provisions of Article 14 (commencing with Sec-
Senate Committee on Rules.
tion 429.30) of Chapter 2 of Part 1 of Division 1 of
(f) Two Members of the Assembly, appointed by
the Health and Safety Code, as enacted by Section 1
the Speaker of the Assembly.
of this act.
(g) Four representatives of the reservation or
rancheria Indian community, appointed by the Gov-
APPENDIX K
ernor pursuant to the provisions of Section 8118.
8114. The four Members of the Legislature ap-
SENATE BILL No. 1114
pointed to the commission pursuant to subdivisions
(e) and (f) of Section 8113 shall meet with, and par-
Introduced by Senators Harmer, Alquist, Beilenson,
ticipate in the activities of, the commission to the ex-
Bradley, Burgener, Carrell, Coombs, Danielson,
tent that such participation is not incompatible with
Deukmejian, Dolwig, Grunsky, Kennick, Lagomar-
their respective positions as Members of the Legisla-
sino, Petris, Richardson, Schmitz, Schrade, Sher-
ture. For the purposes of this chapter, such Members
of the Legislature shall constitute a joint interim
man, Stevens, Stiern, Way, and Whetmore
(Coauthors: Assemblymen Belotti, Brown, Burke,
investigating committee on the subject of this chap-
Chappie, Crandall, Davis, Duffy, Garcia, Gonsalves,
ter, and as such shall have the power and duties im-
Ray E. Johnson, Ketchum, MacGillivray, McGee,
posed upon such committees by the Joint Rules of the
Senate and Assembly.
Milias, Mobley, Monagan, Moorhead, Mulford,
8115. The Director of Social Welfare, the Director
Ralph, Roberti, Stacey, Unruh, Vasconcellos, Vey-
of Public Health, the Director of Education, the Di-
sey, Z'berg, and Zenovich)
rector of Employment and the four Members of the
April 8, 1969
Legislature shall meet together as soon as is practi-
cable upon their appointment to the commission in
REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL EFFICIENCY
order to appoint an advisory committee, hereinafter
referred to as the "committee," which shall consist
of seven members, all of whom shall be American
An act to add Chapter 2.5 (commencing with Section
Indians residing in California.
8110) to Division 1 of Title 2 of, and to repeal
8116. As its first order of business, the committee
Chapter 2.5 (commencing with Section 8110) of
shall select and prepare, and submit to the Governor
Division 1 of Title 2 of, the Government Code,
for his final selection and appointment to the com-
relating to Indian affairs.
mission pursuant to the provisions of Section 8118, a
The people of the State of California do enact as
list of names of eight or more persons who shall be
follows:
Indians residing on a reservation or rancheria in Cali-
SECTION 1. Chapter 2.5 (commencing with Section
fornia consisting of
8110) of Division 1 of Title 2 of the Government Code
(a) At least two such persons residing in the
is repealed.
northern section of the state;
(b) At least two such persons residing in the cen-
Sec. 2. Chapter 2.5 (commencing with Section
tral section of the state;
8110) is added to Division 1 of Title 2 of the Govern-
(c) At least two such persons residing in the
ment Code, to read
southern section of the state; and
CHAPTER 2.5. CALIFORNIA INDIAN AFFAIRS
(d) At least two such persons selected at large
COMMISSION
from the reservation and rancheria Indian communi-
ties in the state.
8110. The Legislature hereby finds and declares
8117. The committee shall advise the commission
that it is in the public interest to establish a state
with respect to any matter within the scope of this
agency which will be directly concerned with, and
chapter, and shall serve at the pleasure of the commis-
responsive to, the problems and needs of the American
sion. Section 11009 of the Government Code is appli-
Indians residing in California, and which will be par-
cable to the committee.
ticularly concerned with, and responsive to, the
8118. The Governor shall select four persons from
unique problems that confront the Indians who reside
the list of names submitted by the committee pursuant
on a reservation or rancheria in this state.
to Section 8116, one person from each of the four
8111. There is in the state government a Califor-
categories described in subdivisions (a), (b), (c), and
nia Indian Affairs Commission.
(d) of that section, and shall appoint such persons to
8112. As used in this chapter, "commission"
the commission.
means the California Indian Affairs Commission.
8119. Any vacancy on the commission shall be
8113. The commission shall consist of 12 members
filled by the appointing authority and, with respect to
appointed as follows:
filling those positions on the commission held by rep-
(a) The Director of Social Welfare.
resentatives of the Indian community, in the manner
prescribed in Sections 8116 and 8118.
(b) The Director of Public Health.
8120. Each member of the commission shall be en-
(c) The Director of Education.
titled to receive his actual necessary expenses while on
(d) The Director of Employment.
official business of the commission.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
37
8121. The chairman of the commission shall be
APPENDIX L
elected by the commission from among the commission
JOHN L. HARMER
members.
Twenty-First Senatorial District
8122. The commission shall appoint a secretary
CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE
and may employ such employees as it deems necessary
to carry out its functions under this chapter. It may
SENATE
also incur necessary expenses to effectuate its pur-
September 9, 1969
poses.
The Honorable Ronald Reagan
Governor's Office
8123. The commission shall carry on a continuing
State Capitol
study of the problems of the American Indians re-
siding in California, with particular emphasis on the
My Dear Governor:
unique problems that confront the Indians who reside
You may remember that on the morning of Thurs-
on a reservation or rancheria, and shall study such
day, August 7th, we met in your office to discuss the
other problems including, but not limited to, those
fact that the State Advisory Commission on Indian
presented by the termination of federal control over
Affairs would go out of existence as of October 1st of
Indian affairs, the operation, effect, administration,
this year. At that time I suggested to you the possibil-
ity of your appointing a Governor's Advisory Com-
enforcement, and needed revision of any and all state
mission on Indian Affairs to replace the commission
laws pertaining to the Indians and the three relocation
which is going out of existence.
centers in California and shall report its findings, to-
It was my hope that someone could be assigned from
gether with any suggested legislation, to the Governor
the Human Relations Agency to act on a full-time
and to the Legislature not later than the fifth legis-
staff position to work with your own Governor's Ad-
lative day of each regular session of the Legislature.
visory Commission on Indian Affairs.
The commission is further charged with the duty of
As the commission's life is now coming to a close,
actively seeking resolution under existing law of the
it becomes increasingly evident that there is a tremen-
problems which confront the American Indians resid-
dous need for some continuing liaison between the
ing in this state.
Indian citizens of California and various state and
8124. The commission has the following additional
federal agencies. There also is an extreme need for
someone to be able to act as spokesman for these
powers and duties:
Indian people. Ironically those who worked most
(a) To contract with such other agencies, public or
progressively to destroy the existence of the commis-
private, as it deems necessary for the rendition and
sion now realize the mistake they have made and are
affording of such services, facilities, studies, and re-
increasingly concerned about the fact that with the
ports to the commission as will best assist it to carry
disappearance of the commission there will be no one
out the purposes for which it is created.
to fulfill this function.
(b) To cooperate with and secure the cooperation
It would be my hope that by now a decision could
of county, city, city and county, and other local agen-
have been reached as to whether or not you could
appoint such a Governor's Advisory Commission with
cies in investigating any matter within the scope of
a full-time executive secretary who is a staff member
this chapter.
of the Human Relations Agency through whom the
(c) To reports its findings and recommendations to
increasing programs and concerns for the Indian peo-
the Governor, the Legislature, and to the people from
ple could be coordinated. As I mentioned in our
time to time and at any time, not later than provided
conversation, I am prepared to submit to you a num-
in Section 8116.
ber of names of qualified Indian people from through-
(d) To do any and all other things necessary or
out the state who could work effectively with you as
members of this commission.
convenient to enable it fully and adequately to exer-
cise its powers, perform its duties, and accomplish the
I can not over emphasize the importance of a
objects and purposes of this chapter.
decision on this matter as soon as is possible. The need
for this commission is critical and I have every hope
8125. This act shall be operative until October 1,
that you would be able to use your office to continue
1975, and shall thereafter be of no force or effect.
the liaison between the Indian people of the state and
various federal and state agencies. At your conven-
LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST
ience I would be pleased to discuss the matter with
SB 1114, as introduced, Harmer (Gov. Eff.). Indian affairs.
Adds Ch. 2.5 (commencing with Sec. 8110), Div. 1, Title 2,
you further or with Spencer Williams.
Gov.C., repeals Ch. 2.5 (commencing with Sec. 8110), Div. 1,
Title 2, Gov.C.
Yours very truly,
Abolishes State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs.
JOHN L. HARMER
Creates California Indian Affairs Commission and prescribes its
powers and duties. Provides for advisory committee of the com-
JLH :gy
mission.
cc:
Spencer Williams
Specifies that the act shall be operative until October 1, 1975.
Vote-Majority; Appropriation-No Sen. Fin.-Yes; W. & M.
Advisory Commission on
Yes.
Indian Affairs
38
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
APPENDIX M
Being aware that most standards are established by
utilizing statistics and all other information available
DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT
as well as the considered opinion of the medical
409 K St., P.O. Box 994, Eureka, Calif. 95501
examiner, the above described complaint, because of
July 23, 1969
its virtue and merit in this instance, appears to invite
SENATOR HARMER
reconsideration and review of the standards with the
State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
possibility of revision.
Rm. 425 Forum Bldg.
1107 Ninth St.
We solicit a review of the standards established in
Sacramento, Calif.
Humboldt County for the physical requirements of
law enforcement officers by the local governing agency
I am an Employment Community Worker with the
of Humboldt County.
California Department of Employment, working with
We request that a consideration of the Indians'
Indians in Humboldt County to improve their eco-
interest and capabilities be considered a part of the
nomic and general welfare. I am concerned with the
deliberations.
arbitrary physical requirements for law enforcement
positions which eliminate from competition the ma-
A report of your review and your recommendations
jority of Indians in Humboldt County.
would be appreciated. Please send to
The job specifications for Humboldt County Deputy
Senator JOHN L. HARMER
Sheriff specify that individuals must be between 5' 7"
Chairman
and 6' 4" in height, with a minimum weight of 150
State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
pounds, weight in proportion to height. The Cali-
State Capitol, Room 4081
fornia Highway Patrol has similar requirements.
Sacramento, California 95814
With few exceptions, Indian males are shorter than
Sincerely,
the prescribed minimum height or proportionately
BERENICE PATE
heavier. These requirements are based on physical
Executive Secretary
characteristics of ethnic groups other than Indians of
this area.
COUNTY OF HUMBOLDT
My point is, our local Indians face discriminatory
EUREKA, CALIFORNIA 95501
physical specifications, and as a result, a significant
September 3, 1969
portion of this vocational field is denied them.
Ms. BERENICE PATE
I feel this situation should be corrected with the
shortest possible delay and in any event, before more
Executive Secretary
State Advisory Comm. on Indian Affairs
openings in this vocational field are listed.
Room 425, Forum Building
LENA McCovey
1107 Ninth Street
Employment Community Worker
Sacramento, California 95814
cl
Dear Ms. Pate:
STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
In response to your letter of August 26, this will
Room 425 Forum Building, 1107 Ninth Street
Sacramento, California 95814
inform you that the Humboldt County Board of
August 26, 1969
Supervisors referred to the letter from Mrs. Lena
Mr. GORDON CRONENBERGER
McCovey to the Humboldt County Human Rights
Personnel Director
Commission on August 6, 1969.
Humboldt County Civil Service Commission
I will be happy to furnish you with a copy of the
County Offices
Human Rights Commission report upon their reaching
Eureka, California 95501
a decision on this matter.
Dear Mr. Cronenberger
Sincerely,
GORDON CRONENBERGER
Senator John L. Harmer, Chairman, State Advisory
Personnel Director
Commission on Indian Affairs, is in receipt of a letter
relating to the interest and welfare of Indians in
GC/nh
May 19, 1969
Humboldt County, concerning physical fitness require-
Same letter was sent to
ments in job specifications for Humboldt County
Deputy Sheriff positions.
1. Senator John L. Harmer, Rm. 4081, State Capi-
The Indians believe the present standards on physi-
tol Bldg., Sac. 95814 (for getting the gas for
cal requirements eliminate most Indians indigenous to
the National Guard)
the area and are, therefore, discriminatory to a par-
2. Mr. Frank Satica, Gold Run Road, Susanville
ticular ethnic group of people.
96130 (for the earth fill)
After consultation with the Commission on Peace
3. California National Guard, 112th Engr. Co.,
Officers Standards and Training, it is realized that the
Fairgrounds, Susanville 96130 (for the trans-
establishment of standards rests within the jurisdic-
portation of the earth fill)
tion of the Humboldt County Civil Service Commis-
4. Mr. Mario Vial, Director of Pub. Works, Susan-
sion.
ville 96130 (for the loader & leveler)
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
39
Please accept our appreciation for the help you ren-
Resolved by the Senate and Assembly of the State
dered in our park-playground project on the Susan-
of California, jointly, That the Legislature of the
ville Indian Rancheria. This project has been in the
State of California respectfully memorializes the
offing for SO long that it is encouraging to at least
President and the Congress of the United States to
accomplish what was done last weekend. The project
provide for an emergency appropriation to Sherman
will not only benefit the Indian children, but will
Institute to enable the school to bring its physical
benefit any child who SO desires to play there.
plant up to standards necessary for accreditation, to
Sincerely yours,
improve the school's library system, to obtain ade-
(Mrs.) FREDA C. OWENS, Chairwoman
quate personnel, and to provide adequate services
Susanville Indian Rancheria
and to budget funds on a continuing basis to insure
P. O. Box 754
Sherman Institute's ability to maintain its facilities,
Susanville, California 96130
curriculum, personnel and services at a level neces-
cc: BIA, Sac
sary to meet the Indian students' educational needs
and to establish an all-Indian school board to direct
APPENDIX N
the school's program; and be it further
Senate Joint Resolution No. 26
Resolved, That the Secretary of the Senate trans-
mit copies of this resolution to the President and
RESOLUTION CHAPTER 271
Vice President of the United States, to the Speaker
Senate Joint Resolution No. 26-Relative
of the House of Representatives, to each Senator
to Sherman Institute.
and Representative from California in the Congress
[Filed with Secretary of State August 5, 1969.]
of the United States, to the chairmen of the commit-
WHEREAS, The Legislature is concerned with the
tees of the United States Congress dealing with the
educational opportunities of California students;
subject of this resolution, to the Secretary of the
and
Interior and to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
WHEREAS, California Indians, as well as Indians
of other states, are students at Sherman Institute,
a Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding school, in
APPENDIX O
Riverside, California; and
WHEREAS, Indian students require, desire and are
SUMMARY
entitled to educational opportunities on a parity
BIG VALLEY RANCHERIA ANALYSIS
with other students throughout the State of Cali-
fornia; and
The analysis showed that almost one-half of the
WHEREAS, Equal educational opportunities, equal
Big Valley distributees had sold their land and a
educational facilities, curriculum, personnel, ser-
majority of the transactions concerning these sales
vices, and direction must be obtained; and
are being questioned in court. Nine other transac-
WHEREAS, The physical plant, curriculum, and
tions may result in the Indian owners eventually
faculty training of Sherman Institute do not meet
losing their land.
the minimum standards required in California for
The community property of the rancheria is held
accreditation; and
by the Big Valley Village Association, an associa-
WHEREAS, Sherman Institute's library is out-
tion formed for the purpose. Each of the original
dated and inadequate as a reference library in that
distributees received a ¹/₆₇ undivided interest in the
it is deficient in both number and quality of recom-
property. Because of the many distributees, their
mended books and other resource material necessary
unfamiliarity with associations and California cor-
to meet the students' educational needs; and
porate laws, there is serious question over the
WHEREAS, There is insufficient personnel at Sher-
adequacy of the association to hold or develop the
man Institute to provide the students with an equal
land. Problems have developed concerning: title
educational opportunity in the areas of instruction,
insurance, taxes, improvement, collection of assess-
counseling, coaching, and extracurricular activities
ments, and lack of funds for development.
at the school; and
WHEREAS, Funds for clothing and travel for
Admission to Sherman Indian High School was
needy Indian students are not available at Sherman
sought for some Big Valley Indian students, but
Institute, although funds are provided for this pur-
terminated Indians are no longer eligible for admis-
pose at other federal Indian schools; and
sion to federal Indian schools.
WHEREAS, The most effective schools are those
The Indians in accepting termination did in fact
which are governed by school boards that reflect the
end their status as Indians. This result not previ-
attitudes of the students' parent; now, therefore, be
ously understood by most of the Indians, is of grave
it
concern to those now terminated.
40
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
APPENDIX P
APPENDIX Q
MODEL OF AN EDUCATIONAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT
CALIFORNIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PROGRAM FOR CALIFORNIA INDIAN CHILDREN
OFFICE OF COMPENSATORY EDUCATION
By JOSEPH MIRCI, Principal
Hoffer Elementary School
BUREAU OF INTERGROUP RELATIONS
Banning Unified School District
721 Capitol Mall
161 West Williams Street
Sacramento
Banning, California 92220
Telephone 714-849-4786
AMERICAN INDIAN STUDENTS AND SCHOOL
J. Donald Dorough, Superintendent
PERSONNEL
Mrs. Jan Chittends, Project Director
Level of funding $10,000
(Racial and Ethnic Survey of California Public Schools,
Fall 1966 and Fall 1967)
The problem and its statewide significance were to
determine a better and more effective means for ed-
A. Students reported (other than adult and junior college), totals by county:
ucating the California Indian child.
The specific objectives of this project were:
COUNTY
-To assess the educational program for Indian
1966
1967
COUNTY
1966
1967
children in existence in the schools in the three
Counties of Riverside, San Diego and Imperial
Alameda
543
597
Placer
87
89
Alpine
68
58
Plumas
114
126
-To interpret the educational needs of the Indian
Amador
43
53
Riverside
520
513
children from the data derived from the assess-
Butte
200
227
Sacramento
237
266
Calaveras
41
32
San Benito
1
ment
Colusa
17
18
San Bernardine
335
641
Contra Costa
230
217
San Diego
685
731
-To develop guidelines for initiating and imple-
Del Norte
314
289
San Francisco
148
170
menting effective programs for educating the In-
El Dorado
28
53
San Joaquin
94
78
dian children
Fresno
395
424
San Luis Obispo
40
57
Glenn
60
54
San Mateo
116
162
-To determine the necessity for creating a position
Humboldt
1,014
1,011
Santa Barbara
78
68
Imperial
280
275
Santa Clara
305
388
in the state department for a consultant who
Inyo
399
398
Santa Cruz
38
47
would coordinate programs and funding of proj-
Kern
222
203
Shasta
333
384
Kings
70
66
Sierra
18
23
ects for the Indians
Lake
145
134
Siskiyou
304
315
Lassen
101
102
Solano
85
103
-To gain a closer working relationship between
Los Angeles
2,143
2,322
Sonoma
307
333
the Indian parents and the schools.
Madera
110
133
Stanislaus
98
166
Marin
36
45
Sutter
17
18
Procedures Followed
Mariposa
70
68
Tehama
45
60
Mendocino
409
477
Trinity
29
44
At the submission of the project, it was the inten-
Merced
40
46
Tulare
271
296
Modoc
49
78
Tuolumne
65
65
tion to involve the Indians as much as possible. After
Mono
56
52
Ventura
89
109
receiving notification of the acceptance of the project,
Monterey
131
111
Yolo
58
43
we were informed that the Ad Hoc Committee on
Napa
20
37
Yuba
62
44
Nevada
15
12
California Indian Education was meeting at the Uni-
Orange
320
360
TOTAL
12,138
13,292
versity of California at Riverside. Through one of the
local members of the Committee, permission was
granted to attend the conference and to meet with the
chairman of the organization, Mr. David Risling, Jr.
After conferring with Mr. Risling and explaining the
1966
1967
project, permission was given to present it to the ex-
ecutive committee who gave their support.
B. Adult students reported (other than junior col-
The Ad Hoc Committee then worked very closely
lege), state total
537
729
with the project in making recommendations for in-
dividual Indians to act as the advisors. These Indians
C. Junior college students reported, state totals:
Classes for adults
182
131
represented the various tribal councils from the res-
Graded classes
749
719
ervations within the three counties and cooperated in
TOTAL
931
850
helping select questions that would be appropriate.
They also selected the Indian interviewers who would
D. All students reported, state total:
13,606
14,871
be employed to conduct the survey on the reserva-
E. Certificated personnel reported, state totals:
tions. The parents who were selected to be interviewed
Teachers
184
205
Administrators
15
19
were chosen by securing the tribal roles and by taking
Other certificated
11
24
a random sampling of all parents who had children
TOTAL
210
248
attending public schools.
Meetings were scheduled with the committee and
from these evolved a list of specific items that were
contained in the questionnaire. After the basic organ-
ization, the pilot project was conducted on the Mo-
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
41
rongo Reservation by one of the Indian interviewers.
Information regarding scholarships and funds for
From this sampling came recommendations of im-
Indian students revealed that there was no central
provement that helped to simplify and to make
information source for the schools. The schools indi-
changes that appeared as the final instrument.
cated that they had to seek out the knowledge from
Training sessions were conducted at Pala and Que-
whatever source they could which resulted in its being
chan Reservations for the selected interviewers. The
varied and sporadic.
purpose of these sessions was to acquaint them with
the the questions and procedures for interviewing the
Project Success
parents.
The success of the project manifested itself in var-
In addition to the questionnaires for the reserva-
ious ways. Specific information was collected from the
tions, the chairman of the Indian Youth for Better
questions asked, but one outstanding result was the
Education was employed to interview counselors,
effect it had on the parents, the interviewers and the
teachers and administrators in all districts that edu-
educators. Prior to this procedure of having their own
cated Indian students.
people do the survey, the Indians were very reserved
The results were tabulated and put into a report
and withdrawn. Contact was at a minimum with both
form SO they could be presented at the regional con-
the Indians and the schools, but when confronted with
ferences which were conducted at Banning and Fall-
the questions from the assessment both became more
brook in early May. Indian leaders from the southern
aware that there were problems and that there were
part of California and the chairman of the Ad Hoc
measures that could be taken to resolve them. The
Committee on California Indian Education, Mr. Ris-
Indian parents began to visit the schools to discuss
ling, were in attendance and were informed of the
situations that had arisen; they also began to take
findings of the Indian research group. The conference
more interest in the operation and administration of
took the project findings which had been tabulated
schools by visiting the school boards and participating
in raw scores and percentage scores and presented
in their meetings.
them to the audience for their information and discus-
The Indians have voiced a desire in many locales
sion. Mr. Risling then spoke on the study at both con-
to select a liaison person to keep in contact with the
ferences.
schools to help better relationships and to help im-
prove the instructional program as it relates to the
Data Collected
Indian children.
The schools have taken avantage of the parents par-
Data collected from the project reflected the opin-
ticipating more actively in school affairs by improving
ions and attitudes of the Indians and educators as
the lines of communication. They are more cognizant
they related to Indian education. Probably for the
that they have an Indian population in the school and
first time Indian parents gave their views willingly
must give them consideration in the planning of the
which came about by using Indian interviewers whom
curriculum and creating good public relations.
the parents knew and trusted. The information di-
vulged that the Indian parents are interested in the
Statewide Benefits
education of their children and are aware that for the
This study has indicated that the Indians have the
most part they are underachieving. They desire that
desire and the ability to give positive direction for
extra instruction be given in those areas in which
improving education as it relates to the Indian. The
their children are having the most difficulty.
Indians are much aware of their educational needs,
Communication with the school is very poor. Most
and the educators should meet with them to discuss
Indian parents do not meet with school personnel nor
and to help resolve the problems.
do they attend school functions such as school board,
The enthusiasm and the determination to take posi-
P.T.A. or other school meetings.
tive action displayed by the Indian leaders and par-
There is a concern that the state texts do not give
ticipants in the project should be capitalized on. They
a true picture of the Indian as he is today. In most
have the rapport with the Indian population to aid in
school texts the historical aspects are given, and they
helping resolve situations which could arise.
are slanted depicting the Indian in an unfavorable
The results of this study should serve as an aid to
light.
help school districts in planning more effective pro-
A large percentage of parents also indicated that
grams for the Indian children through the cooperative
they are not familiar with the role of the school coun-
efforts of the Indian parents and the school districts.
selor. In a number of instances those that are familiar
expressed dissatisfaction upon having their children
Recommendations
programmed into a vocational field rather than to-
Recommendations from the project are directed to-
ward a college preparatory course.
ward the schools, counties and the State Department
The school personnel also voiced a concern in regard
of Education:
to Indian education. They are aware that Indian stu-
Schools should have teachers, counselors and admin-
dents are underachieving, but they are unable to give
istrators visit the reservations and homes of Indian
them more extra help than is offered at the school due
students; educate the parents on routine procedures,
to the lack of funds. They do not differentiate their
such as school policies, curriculum and procedures of
program for the Indian student, although some voiced
the school board; offer academic and vocational coun-
the opinion that changes should be made to compen-
seling; take field trips where Indian students can wit-
sate for cultural differences.
ness jobs in action; involve Indians in school and dis-
42
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
trict projects; encourage parents to visit schools and
WHEREAS, There is an actual demonstrated need for
see their children at work; and initiate programs on
the reactivation of the "Johnson-O 'Malley" program
the reservations to help students in areas of need.
in California, as evidenced by the fact that the State
Counties should include the designation of person
of California has not enacted adequate programs to
within the county to pass on information to the school
meet Indian needs and by the 1966 Report of the Cali-
districts regarding Indian education and through di-
fornia State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs
rect contact with liaison persons among the Indians.
which documents the appallingly high dropout rate
The State Department should create a state coordi-
for Indian students; and
nator post. There is a need for a person in this posi-
Whereas, Federal funds received by school districts
tion who is aware of the problems relating to the
in California under Public Law 81-874 (which author-
Indian. This job may be described as instituting
izes supplemental payments to school districts receiv-
channels of communications whereby problems, pro-
ing school children from nearby federal facilities) is
grams and procedures of various groups concerned
not an adequate substitute for "Johnson-O'Malley"
with Indian education could be discussed; there
funds because (1) funds received pursuant to Public
should be a correlating of studies that have been made
Law 81-874 become part of the local school district's
throughout the state to avoid duplication and to pre-
general fund and are not earmarked for special Indian
pare for more comprehensive studies.
programs; and (2) funds received pursuant to Public
The State Department should also prepare and sub-
Law 81-874 are tied to Indians in federally impacted
mit to all agencies on a continuing basis an annotated.
areas and thus do not benefit rural Indians; and
bibliography of books, films, and other media on In-
WHEREAS, There are many California Indian chil-
dian subjects to the county superintendents of schools
dren who might benefit from schools for Indians and
for distribution to schools and public libraries; and
who might qualify under the admission criteria pro-
direct communication to the schools informing them
mulgated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs; and
of all awards, grants and scholarships available to
WHEREAS, In 1955, responsibility for Indian health
students of Indian parentage.
passed from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the
Public Health Service, Department of Health, Educa-
APPENDIX R
tion, and Welfare; and
Senate Joint Resolution No. 3
WHEREAS, The Public Health Service succeeded to,
and continued, the policy of withdrawal embarked
RESOLUTION CHAPTER 49
upon by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Public
Senate Joint Resolution No. 3-Relative to the rein-
Health Service medical services programs were phased
stitution of federal services for California Indians.
out in the 1950's; and
[Filed with Secretary of State April 2, 1968.]
WHEREAS, Although the Public Health Service still
WHEREAS, The Indians of California have been
administers a health and sanitation program for Cali-
excluded from various federal programs and services
fornia Indians, it recognizes that unmet medical needs
available to all other Indians of the United States;
exist among the rural California Indians; and
and
WHEREAS, While the California State Department
WHEREAS, The Legislature of the State of Cali-
of Public Health recently received a United States
fornia in 1953 adopted Assembly Joint Resolution No.
Public Health Service contract grant to develop a
38 and is now clarifying its position with respect to
pilot Indian health aid training program, medical
the full participation of California Indians in all
"outreach" programs are urgently required for the
federal programs and services available to Indians of
California Indians; and
the United States; and
WHEREAS, Under Public Law 84-959, the Bureau of
WHEREAS, For many years the State of California
Indian Affairs operates a vocational training and
received three hundred eighteen thousand five hun-
relocation program for Indians in California, however,
dred dollars ($318,500) as its share of federal moneys
the funds received under such program primarily
allocated to Indian education under the "Johnson-
benefit out-of-state Indians whom the Bureau is relo-
O'Malley Act"; and
cating and training for jobs in California; and
WHEREAS, Congress, in the late 1950's, increased
WHEREAS, Under Public Law 84-959, eligibility is
federal programs and resources for Indian educa-
limited to those residing "on or near" reservations,
tion; and
and many California Indians, in need of vocational
WHEREAS, California Indians were precluded from
training services, are nonreservation and are thus in-
sharing in the increased federal moneys expended for
eligible for training; and
Indian education under the "Johnson-O 'Malley'' pro-
WHEREAS, Eligibility requirements under Public
gram nor have they, in fact, received any aid under
Law 84-959 achieve substantial fairness in other states
such program since 1958; and
which have large reservations; now, therefore, be it
WHEREAS, Congress appropriated for the 1967-1968
Resolved by the Senate and the Assembly of the
fiscal year nine million five hundred thousand dollars
State of California, jointly, That the Legislature of
($9,500,000) for "Johnson-O'Malley" programs, over
the State of California respectfully memorializes the
one million dollars ($1,000,000) of which would have
Congress of the United States to provide for the full
been received by the State of California had it re-
financial participation by California Indians in all
tained its previous percentage share of such funds;
federal programs, to require that all schools for Indi-
and
ans be made available to California Indians, that
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
43
"outreach" medical services programs be provided for
close of this fiscal year. The following budget (Item
the California Indians, that Public Law 84-959 be
B) has been developed for this purpose.
amended to remove the requirement of living "on or
B. Reduced Budget
near" a reservation, and thereby make available fed-
Personnel Services
eral vocational training services to all California
Salaries and Wages
Indians, and to reinstitute and expand the "Johnson-
Consultant
$17,700
Steno II
O'Malley" contract funds for the education of Cali-
3,421
fornia Indians; and be it further
Total Salaries and Wages
$21,121
Resolved, That the Secretary of the Senate trans-
Staff Benefits
2,396
mit copies of this resolution to the President and Vice
President of the United States, to the Speaker of the
Total, Personnel Services
$23,517
Operating Expenses
11,483
House of Representatives, to each Senator and Rep-
resentative from California in the Congress of the
TOTAL, Reduced Budget for Indian Education
United States, to the Secretary of Health, Education,
Unit
$35,000
and Welfare, and to the Director of the Bureau of
It is our intent to seek funds from other sources to
Indian Affairs.
expand the reduced budget to that represented in
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
Item A for 1970-71 SO that the program may be fully
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
implemented as originally intended in future years.
State Education Building, 721 Capitol Mall, Sacramento 95814
In responding to this request for the release of $35,-
August 11, 1969
000, the following activities (Item C), which are cur-
MR. WILLIAM E. FINALE
rently provided, deserve consideration as state con-
tributions and/or effort.
Director, Sacramento Area Office
Bureau of Indian Affairs
C. Current Related Department of Education
2800 Cottage Way
Activities
Sacramento, California 95825
Division of Compensatory Education
Dear Mr. Finale:
1. Consultant in Intergroup Relations
The Department of Education has given due con-
No specific duties in program budget related to In-
sideration to the establishment of a unit within the
dian education. However, 5-7 per cent of working time
Division of Instruction for providing a necessary
is devoted to consultation with school districts, agen-
focus on services particularly related to Indian edu-
cies, and individuals concerned with Indian education
cation throughout the California public schools.
and related activities such as the racial and ethnic
On June 6, the following budget (Item A) for this
survey of American Indian pupil enrollment.
program was developed. It was considered as a mini-
$1,300.00
mum adequate budget for the functions the interested
2. Bureau of Professional Development
parties and groups have desired for some time.
This bureau has established a teacher aide preserv-
A. Proposed Budget
ice education program for 20 Indian teacher aides to
Personnel Services
work with teachers in Humboldt and Del Norte Count-
Salaries and Wages
Director (assistant bureau chief) $21,004
ies where classes have a high percentage of Indian
Consultant (program develop-
children enrolled.
ment)
17,700
$35,052.00
Steno II
6,842
Division of Public School Administration
Total Salaries and Wages
$45,546
Consultant in Child Welfare and Attendance
Staff Benefits
4,765
No specific duties in program budget related to In-
Total, Personnel Services
$50,311
dians. About 5 per cent of time devoted to represent-
Operating Expenses
ing Dr. Rafferty, Superintendent of Public Instruc-
Total, Operating Expenses and Equipment 19,598
tion, in activities related to the Advisory Commission
on Indian Affairs, answering inquiries about Indians
TOTAL, Proposed Budget for Indian Education
Unit
$69,909
to interested persons and agencies interested in Indian
education.
As you will recall, the Department of Education
$1,000.00
has been unable to assure that the funds would be
Division of Instruction
available to finance this complete unit, either for
No single person assigned to instructional programs
1969-70 or succeeding years. Recent state administra-
in Indian education. Division personnel have been
tive directives requiring as much as a 20 per cent
active in reviewing proposed projects specifically ori-
reduction in state-funded positions for the department
ented to Indian education.
have created further barriers.
We are proposing, therefore, that the $35,000 of
a. ESEA, Title V
federal funds mentioned in your letter to me dated
(2 projects proposed, 1 of which was approved)
April 18, 1969, be released to the Department of Edu-
"Educational Needs Assessment Program For
cation immediately S0 that a beginning may be made
California Indian Children"-Banning Unified
on this urgent matter on a reduced basis prior to the
School District
44
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
The purpose of this project was to assess existing
In view of the plans and activities outlined above,
education programs for Indian children, interpret
I hope you will be able to secure prompt action to
educational needs, develop guidelines for implement-
release the $35,000 at this time. Future contact relat-
ing and initiating programs, and to determine the
ing to any contract or other procedures may be made
necessity for a consultant in Indian Education in the
with Mr. Eugene Gonzales, Chief, Division of Instruc-
State Department of Education to coordinate pro-
tion, who will be administering the proposed unit.
grams for Indians and to gain a closer relationship
with Indian parents and the schools.
Sincerely,
$10,000.00
MAX RAFFERTY
b. ESEA, Title III
RHJ :ms
"Supplemental Education for Indians in Rural
CC: Dr. Everett Calvert
and Reservation Areas"-Bishop, California.
Mr. Ray Johnson
Inyo County Superintendent of Schools
Dr. Wilson Riles
Mr. Eugene Gonzales
The purpose of this project was to establish a study
Mr. Jack Erikson
center on the Bishop Indian Reservation to supple-
Mr. Peter Mysing
ment the formal education program. It provided an
Mr. Wes Barker
environment in the Indian community available to
students and adults where they could receive help with
personal and educational problems from professional
APPENDIX S
personnel.
$68,190.00
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
c. ESEA, Title III
BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
Project to Rebuild Academic and Leadership
Sacramento Area Office, 2800 Cottage Way
Skills"-Ukiah Unified School District
Sacramento, California 95825
The prime objective of the program is to increase
August 22, 1969
student interest in attending and completing high
HON. MAX RAFFERTY
school, with emphasis being placed on involvement of
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Indian students. Other objectives sought are Greater
721 Capitol Mall
acceptance of the values and culture of minority
Sacramento, California 95814
youth; greater involvement of the students in school
functions and closer identification of students with
Dear Mr. Rafferty:
schools; reduction of student tendencies to isolation;
Following your letter of August 11, 1969 and sub-
assistance of elementary school teachers and students
sequent telephone conversations with your office and
by high school students acting as teacher aides; and
my Washington Office, I have been able to arrange
greater parent interest and participation in school
for the $35,000 requested to initiate an Indian Educa-
affairs.
tion Unit under the Johnson-O 'Malley program.
$27,131.00
d. ESEA, Title VII
I share your disappointment that the State of Cali-
"Ukiah Indian, Mexican-American Bilingual-
fornia will not be able to provide any financial support
Bicultural Program"-Ukiah Unified School
during F.Y. 1970. The Indian people of California
District
are long past the stage where they would accept a
permanent go-it-alone effort by the Federal Govern-
The philosophical principle underlying this project
ment on their behalf.
is that intelligent and orderly progress toward eco-
nomic self-sufficiency and participation in the main-
However, I agree that we should make the best of
stream of the American economic and social system
the situation and proceed under the reduced budget
must rest on education and self-confidence born from
proposed as outlined in your letter of August 11. Your
education, and on the realization by both minority and
commitment to seek matching state funds SO that the
majority cultures of the attitudes, mores and prob-
unit can be adequately staffed starting next July is
lems inherent in every segment of our society. The
a significant factor in arriving at this decision.
purpose of the project is to develop a bilingual-bicul-
Since time is short and the project is SO small this
tural curriculum available to Mexican-American, In-
first year, I suggest that we proceed under a simple
dian (Pomo), and Anglo children, grades K-6; to
contract form, rather than wait until a comprehensive
recruit, train and utilize teacher aides; to stimulate
state plan can be developed. If this is acceptable to
community interest in Indian and Mexican-American
you, I will have my staff contact Mr. Gonzales imme-
culture.
diately to work it out.
$54,096.00
e. ESEA, Title V
Sincerely yours,
Project in Alpine County
Wesley L. Barker
The purpose of this project was to provide counsel-
Acting Area Director
ing and testing to the students in Alpine Unified
CC: Mr. Eugene Gonzales, Chief, Div. of
School District.
Instruction, State Dept. Educ., Sacramento,
$3,500.00
Calif.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
45
Mr. Jack T. Erikson, State Dept. Educ.,
possible to meet all requests for free or reduced-price
Sacramento, Calif.
meals from pupils of low income families. Under these
State Advisory Commission on Indian
circumstances priority shall be given to those pupils
Affairs, Sacramento, Calif.
from families whose income is lowest on the scale
Mr. Glenn Lundeen, Br. Public School
regardless of source of income. The Social Welfare
Relations, Albuquerque, N.M.
scale for potential applicants, Exhibit A, shall be used
as a guide.
II. Procedures
APPENDIX T
A. The principal or nurse at each school shall be
ARTICLE THIRTEEN
responsible for initiating the screening process in
accordance with district policy.
Section 657. FREE OR REDUCED-PRICE MEALS
B. Verification of need shall be made in all cases.
FOR NEEDY PUPILS. (This section, adopted
This verification shall be secured by a parent-school
April 9, 1969, supersedes the last three paragraphs
contact in the form of a note of request or telephone
of Section 653.)
call. In some cases, a home visit may be necessary. The
I. General Policies and Rules
school nurse may be asked to make a home call if she
A. All pupils who are determined by school district
is working with the pupil and his family on a health
authorities to be in need of free or reduced-price
problem. Otherwise, the child welfare and attendance
meals shall be furnished them.
consultant may be asked to make the call.
B. There shall be no discrimination in the furnish-
C. The form "Pupil Free Meal Program, Exhibit
ing of free or reduced-price meals because of race,
B, shall be used for all pupils being considered for
religion, source of family income, or for any other
free or reduced-price meals on an extended basis. Upon
reason.
approval by the superintendent, a copy of this form
C. The names of pupils determined to be eligible
shall be filed in the principal's office and a copy of
for free or reduced price meals will not be published,
the form "Free Meal Authorization, Exhibit C, shall
posted, or announced in any manner to other children
be sent to the school service manager to authorize
and children receiving free or reduced-price meals
free or reduced-price meals.
shall not be required, as a condition of receiving such
D. The form "Financial Need Statement, Exhibit
meals, to: use a separate lunchroom; go through a
D, is available for optional uses when it is deemed nec-
separate serving line; enter the lunchroom through a
essary to obtain a definitive written statement of fi-
separate entrance; eat lunch at a different time; use
nancial need from families whose children are being
a different medium of exchange or eat a different meal
considered for the free meal program.
than paying pupils.
E. In order to protect the anonymity of those
D. The system in each of the various schools for
pupils receiving free or reduced-price meals the fol-
collecting from paying pupils and accounting for free
Iowing system shall be used (check one or more
and/or reduced-price meals shall be such that the
items) :
anonymity of pupils receiving free or reduced-price
( ) 1. The same method of exchange shall be
meals will be protected in the lunchroom, classroom,
used by both paying and non-paying pupils.
or other environ of the attendance unit.
( ) 2. A weekly or monthly meal ticket shall be
E. Wherever possible and practicable needy pupils
made available to all pupils. Nonpaying pupils shall
shall be provided an opportunity to earn their meals.
be issued one of these tickets with coding which can be
However, assignments shall be appropriate for the age
identified only by authorized personnel.
and sex of each pupil, shall not exceed one half hour
each day, and in no case shall be a condition of
( ) 3. A charge slip shall be issued to those pupils
receiving such meals.
who have lost or forgotten their meal money. Nonpay-
F. All forms of grants-in-aid shall be kept as a
ing pupils shall be issued one of these charge slips
matter of record and be subject to audit.
with coding which can be identified only by authorized
G. In determining the relative needs of pupils to
personnel.
receive free or reduced-price meals consideration
( ) 4. Pupils who perform services in the school
shall be given to the following principles:
shall be issued a meal ticket for these services. Needy
1. The importance of meeting emergency situa-
pupils shall be issued the same ticket with coding
tions. Family emergencies such as sudden unemploy-
which can be identified only by authorized personnel.
ment, illness, death, desertion, delay in receipt of pay,
Work shall not be required as a condition of receiving
etc., sometimes result in a pupil coming to school
free meals.
without lunch and without funds with which to pur-
( ) 5. Other. (Explain)
chase it. A child's statement of his need should be
accepted at face value, with an immediate follow-up
by family contact to determine whether free or re-
duced-price meals should be continued and, if so, for
F. Parents of pupils who are denied a request for
how long.
free or reduced-price meals may appeal through regu-
2. The importance of giving priority to the neediest
lar administrative channels. The final decision rests
families. For a variety of reasons it may not always be
with the board of trustees.
46
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
G. Parents shall be informed of the district's free
The report is limited to ascertaining, as instructed,
or reduced-price meal policy through each school's
the interest or lack of interest of these Indian groups
regular newsletter or through the news media. Copies
in participating in the demonstration project. Our
of the policy statement shall be available at the
department team gathered such suggestions and infor-
district office and at each school.
mation on Indian health as was possible during these
(Approved by the Board of Trustees and adopted
short visits, in order to assist in selecting the four
April 9, 1969)
communities with whom our department should pro-
EXHIBIT A
ceed to negotiate contracts to transfer the available
SOCIAL WELFARE SCALE FOR POTENTIAL APPLICANTS
United States Public Health Service funds, $31,700, to
each of four groups.
Maximum monthly amount which
Our staff was deeply impressed and moved by the
family can count on under state
Average income
acute health problems of all nine Indian communities.
Family
law when AFDC is only source
of AFDC families
size
of income
from all sources*
As the Indians clearly stated, there are urgent needs
in all of these areas for assistance in improving water
and sewage disposal systems, in obtaining funds for
(One parent
(Two parent
families)
families)
the purchase of needed medical and dental services,
2
148
216
for transportation to services, and for health educa-
3
172
166
258
tion, particularly in utilizing such services as are now
4
221
191
300
available. Although all nine of the groups clearly
5
263
239
341
6
300
282
383
understood that within the present budget only four
7
330
318
425
projects could be funded, all nine groups advised our
8
355
349
466
department that they sincerely hope that a way could
9
373
373
508
10
386
392
550
be found to give their particular group an oppor-
tunity, through this modest mechanism, to improve
their health and health services.
These figures represent the average income received by AFDC
families in the state from all sources plus 25 per cent. Average
income at or below these amounts over an extended period of
Our department was SO impressed by the interest of
time reduces the chances of a family weathering interruptions
the Indian groups in helping themselves, and by their
of income without recourse to financial assistance. Thus, it is
a strong indicator that the family is a "potential applicant for
shocking health needs that we explored the possibility
aid."
These figures are considerably above the standards and legal
of obtaining an additional $92,000 from the Division
maxima which govern the payment of aid. For instance, the
of Indian Health of the United States Public Health
statewide standards for basic needs (food, clothing, rent, utili-
ties and personal incidentals) for a mother and three children
Service. Doctor Rabeau, Division Chief, assured our
is approximately $235. If this family had outside income, the
net amount would be deducted from this standard in arriving
department that these additional funds were available.
at the grant. If AFDC were the only source of income for this
Thus, all nine of the selected Indian communities will
family, the most they could count on receiving under the law
would be $221. Payments over this amount would be at the
be able to participate and have been apprised of the
option of the county welfare department and would be fi-
availability of funds.
nanced out of county funds.
Contracts will be negotiated in the next few weeks,
and the department's training course for project staff
APPENDIX U
is scheduled to begin January 2, 1968.
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
HEALTH AND WELFARE AGENCY
CALIFORNIA RURAL INDIAN HEALTH DEMONSTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
PROJECT: SUMMARY REPORT
CALIFORNIA RURAL INDIAN HEALTH DEMONSTRATION
I. Background
PROJECT: PROGRESS REPORT
For years the health of rural California Indian
The enclosed report and recommendations were sub-
families has been a source of serious concern not only
mitted in response to a request of the Governor's office
to the Indians of the state but to private physicians,
to the State Department of Public Health in August
public health workers, and informed Californians in
of this year. As the Governor's staff and a group of
many private and public groups. Studies and papers
California Indians who were called together in-
by various writers have documented the fact that
structed, our department staff sought and reported on
rural Indians have a most difficult time, isolated as
the interest of selected groups of Indians in applying
they are geographically, culturally, and in most cases
to participate in the California Rural Indian Health
economically, from the mainstream of both environ-
Demonstration Project. The communities that were
mental and general health services, in providing for
designated were: Modoc County Indians, Hoopa Res-
their families' health care comparable to that of even
ervation in Humboldt County, Round Valley Reserva-
comparable rural non-Indian Californians. For the
tion in Mendocino County, the Clear Lake groups in
average non-Indian Californian over the past 15 years
Lake County, the Tule River Reservation group in
there has been an improvement in both general health
Tulare County, Owens Valley group in Inyo County,
and availability of health services, yet reports indicate
the Soboda and Morongo Indians in Riverside County,
that for rural California Indians the opposite is true.
the Pala and surrounding reservations in northern
In view of this situation, the California State De-
San Diego County, and the small group of Indians in
partment of Public Health, at the request of Cali-
Tuolumne County.
fornia Indian leaders and with the concurrence of the
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
47
California Health and Welfare Agency, applied in
III. Findings
March 1967 for fiscal support from the Division of
The members of the department staff were shocked
Indian Health in Washington, D.C., for initiating a
by the living conditions seen during site visits, and by
small California Rural Indian Health Demonstration
the difficulties that many Indian families are having
Project.
in obtaining adequate health care. All nine groups are
The purpose of the original proposal was to demon-
constantly having problems and wish assistance with
strate that four selected Indian groups could substan-
their water systems as well as sewage and refuse
tially improve their environmental and general level
disposal. They listed this area as their greatest health
of health within one year by utilizing funds to hire
need. Among other high priority health problems they
a public health nurse, two community health aides,
called attention to were lack of sufficient funds to
and constructing water and sewage disposal systems.
purchase medical and dental care from local practi-
In June 1967 the Division of Indian Health provided
tioners, the hardships in the last few weeks that their
the State Department of Public Health with $152,000
families are suffering due to recent changes in Medi-
in pass-through funds to be subcontracted to the
Cal, difficulty in getting to distant public and private
Indian groups for the health aide program. Because
hospitals and health services, and lack of information
the United States Public Health Service is currently
about fragmented tax-supported medical services.
within its own jurisdiction dealing with environmen-
All of the nine groups believed that even the modest
tal sanitation problems, that portion of the proposal
Indian Health Project could demonstrate in one year
was not funded.
the Indian communities' capability of helping them-
In July and August a group of Indian advisors was
selves through improved utilization of existing serv-
convened by Mr. Michael Deaver in the Governor's
ices and improved understanding of health problems
and services. With this in mind all nine asked that the
office and there decided to consider on a priority basis
the following 9 of the 78 federally recognized rural
department transmit to the Governor's office their
Indian groups in the state Hoopa Reservation, Modoc
interest in being provided funds to conduct a one-year
County, Round Valley Reservation, Lake County,
Indian Demonstration Project in their community.
Tuolumne County, Tule River Reservation, Owens
As a consequence of the observations made and
Valley group, Soboba-Morongo Reservations, and the
information given by the nine Indian groups con-
Pala Reservation area group. The State Health De-
tacted, the task force explored with the Division of
partment staff was instructed to explore with these
Indian Health the possibility of amending the grant
nine groups their respective interest in participating
upward from $153,000 to $245,000 to expand the
in the project, and their needs for the project. The de-
program to all nine areas. This request was approved
partment was asked to report their findings by
by Doctor E. S. Rabeau, Chief of the Division of
Indian Health.
October 1967.
The following is a brief summary of the information
II. Method
gathered:
A department task force of four members was
NOTES ON HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES OF NINE
assigned: Mr. Anthony Brown, Indian Health Con-
SELECTED RURAL CALIFORNIA INDIAN GROUPS
sultant; Mr. Irvin E. Rautenberg, Assistant Chief,
(Additional available information is not detailed in this summary report)
Administrative, Bureau of Maternal and Child
Health Mr. Douglas Taylor, Sanitation Engineer; and
HOOPA RESERVATION (Humboldt County)
Doctor Bruce Jessup, Chief, Family Health and Popu-
Indian representative consulted Mr. Charles Moon,
lation. Before this group began its work an ad hoc
Chairman, Hoopa Business Council.
committee composed of department staff, representa-
The reservation is located in eastern Humboldt
tives of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the California
County. There are presently some 3,000 residents of
State Departments of Education and of Employment,
the Hoopa Valley of whom an estimated 1,000 are
and the Division of Indian Health of the United States
Indians. The other residents are non-Indians, among
Public Health Service convened to discuss the most
whom the majority are the employees and families of
effective procedures in carrying out their charge. Cri-
private logging firms operating in the valley, the
teria for site priority such as health needs, size of
Bureau of Indian Affairs, et al.
population, geographical area representation, availa-
In 1960 when the Klamath Trinity Hospital in
bility of public health nurses and community aides,
Hoopa Valley opened, the old Division of Indian
were all discussed. Following the meeting, six of the
Health Hospital, originally built by the BIA, closed.
sites were visited by the department task force. Discus-
For health services which can be offered by the one
sions were held with the elected representatives of the
physician, and in their own hospital, the Indians have
Indian communities, with local health department
this excellent facility. The Humboldt County Health
staff, and with others recommended or invited by the
Department in the last few months has obtained the
Indians. Among the latter were anthropologists,
services of a full-time public health nurse for the
O.E.O. directors, private physicians, BIA representa-
western portion of the county including the Hoopa
tives, private citizens and church representatives. In
Valley.
the cases of Modoc, Hoopa and Tuolumne groups
The two dentists who formerly provided dental
where previous site visits had been made, the contacts
services in the hospital on an intermittent basis no
were by telephone.
longer find it possible to fly in.
48
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
Among priority needs noted by the Indians are:
for the numerous county and state fragmented medi-
water and sanitation needs in their homes; emergency
cal care programs; and transportation. They are confi-
and routine dental care; difficulties in transportation
dent that they can recruit a qualified nurse and two
to Redding and to Eureka; nutritional educational
aides from among the Indians in Round Valley. They
problems; and among specific disorders, a manage-
pointed out that the Division of Indian Health of the
ment of a large number of Hoopas' tuberculosis and
U.S. Public Health Service is scheduled to make
diabetes.
certain improvements in their water and sewage dis-
The Hoopas, the largest group of California Indi-
posal systems this year and that the proposed Round
ans, recognizes their unique position because they have
Valley Indian Health Project Team could assist in
a community hospital on the reservation. They also
coordinating Tribal Council efforts with this environ-
recognize many community health problems and hope
mental health project as well as assist the Indians in
for an opportunity to improve their own health
better utilization of such health service resources that
through the work of a single Indian health aide they
are or hopefully will be available.
would like to employ. This aide would work in
LAKE COUNTY INDIANS
association with and give full-time assistance to the
Indian representative consulted: Mr. Dewey Barnes,
Humboldt County Health Department nurse who
Chairman, Lake County Pomo Council.
serves the area.
The majority of some 500 Lake County Indians are
MODOC COUNTY INDIANS
located around the southwestern and southern area
Indian representative consulted Mr. Erin Forrest.
surrounding Clear Lake. All communities are mem-
There are an estimated 400 Modoc County Indians,
bers of the Lake County Pomo Council. All groups
200 Paiutes living in the area of Fort Bidwell near
have environmental health needs, but the Sulphur
Cedarville east of the mountains, and some 200 Pit
Bank Indians at the extreme southeastern end of
River Indians living near Alturas.
Clear Lake have no water or sewage disposal systems.
The two available hospitals are in Cedarville and
These Indians' needs are shocking.
Alturas. There are eight physicians and three dentists
The Lake County Indians depend on the overtaxed
practicing in Alturas, and one physician in Cedarville.
private and public resources at either Lakeport or
Modoc County has a total population of 8,000. The
Lucerne or in distant Ukiah and Santa Rosa. The
Modoc County Health Department has one full-time
Clear Lake area population of some 11,000 has in-
public health nurse recently recruited and one sani-
creased to over 100,000 by the tourist immigration
tarian.
during certain weeks of the vacation seasons.
Among priority needs of Modoc County Indian
Eligibility for, knowledge of, and transportation to
families are: assistance with meeting environmental
various private and public health resources are all
sanitation needs; housing; health education; transpor-
problems to the Indians. They believe that an Indian
tation to better utilize existing health resources, and
health program with a nurse and two aides could
dental services.
greatly assist them in more effective utilization of the
A representative of the Modoc group expressed the
various health resources. A number of the Pomo Indi-
hope that although there are relatively few Indians in
ans have obtained health training and have worked as
the county, two Indian health aides, one to work
health aides in Lakeside Community Hospital in Lake-
full-time with the Paiutes and one with the Pit River
port.
group could vastly improve health conditions. Both
TUOLUMNE COUNTY INDIANS
would be backstopped by the public health nurse and
Indian representative consulted: Mr. George Wes-
would endeavor to extend the services now offered by
sell, Chairman, Business Committee, Tuolumne Ran-
the private physicians and dentists and the health
cheria.
department staff, and school nurses. It is felt that they
Fifty of the estimated 200 Indians in the county
would be of particular assistance in transporting Indi-
live on the Tuolumne Rancheria, a few miles from
ans to these resources.
Tuolumne. Hospital services are available at Tuo-
ROUND VALLEY RESERVATION (Mendocino County)
lumne County Hospital in Sonora. The Indians de-
Indian representatives consulted Mr. Warren Lin-
pend for health services on a variety of sources:
coln, Chairman, Tribal Council, and Mr. Art Tuttle,
private physicians and dentists in Tuolumne, Sonora,
Council Member.
and adjacent valley cities, and the county health
It is estimated that there are 1,200 Indians living
department staff. For meeting the cost of these ser-
at Round Valley. The only doctor at Covelo moved to
vices they depend on their own personal financial
Oregon in September of this year, leaving the Indian
resources and funds eligible from such programs as
community without a physician. The nearest medical
Medicare, Medi-Cal, CCS, and other private and pub-
care now is at Willits, a 40-mile drive through moun-
lic programs.
tain roads. The Mendocino County Hospital at Ukiah
The Indians have problems with transportation,
is nearly an hour's drive from the reservation. Twice
knowledge of eligibility for various programs, obtain-
a month a county public health department nurse
ing dental care, obtaining individual assistance in
visits and conducts clinics at Round Valley.
carrying out programs prescribed for them by health
Some of the health problems noted by the Indians
professionals. They need assistance in mobilizing
are: difficulties with their water and sewage disposal
efforts of the whole Tuolumne group to obtain help
systems; dental care; information on the eligibility
with their environmental health problems.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
49
TULE RIVER RESERVATION (Tulare County)
community, for funds for glasses for the children,
Indian representatives consulted: Mr. Robert San-
elective surgery, and for care not funded by tax-
tos, Chairman of the Tribal Council; Mrs. Freida
supported programs
Carothers; Mrs. Crispina Sierra.
The Owens Valley Indians agreed in asking for a
There are approximately 350 Indians on the reser-
public health nurse-health aide project to provide
vation at Tule River. They are the most numerous
them with the opportunity of mobilizing to improve
Indians in Tulare County although a large number
their environmental health and health services them-
also live in Visalia, Porterville, and other towns in the
selves.
area.
SOBOBA AND MORONGO RESERVATIONS (Riverside County)
The Indians advised that the major problem at the
reservation is the lack of adequate water and sewage
Indian representatives consulted Mr. William Soza,
disposal systems. Some of the homes do not have water
Spokesman for Soboba; Mrs. Marion Chacon; Mr.
at any time of the year; most lack water during the
William Meza; Mr. Emmett St. Marie, Spokesman for
summer. Transportation to Porterville where private
Morongo; Mr. Roy Waite.
physicians, dentists, and the Tulare County Health
The Soboba and Morongo Reservations are nine
Department branch office is located is an important
miles apart near the towns of Banning and San
health problem. It is 55 miles from the reservation to
Jacinto. Together they have a population of some 500
the county hospital in the City of Tulare. The geo-
Indians. They depend for health services on the assist-
graphical isolation of the Indians was dramatically
ance of private physicians and dentists, a satellite
demonstrated during the floods last winter when all
health department staff at Banning. The county hospi-
automobile transportation was cut off and a physician
tal is in the distant City of Riverside.
had to be brought to the reservation by helicopter to
Though the environmental health needs of the
meet the emergency.
Morongo group are important, those at the Soboba
Community action work by a full-time O.E.O.
Reservation are appalling.
field representative has, in just the last few months,
In asking for an Indian health team representatives
demonstrated the Tule River Indians ability to mobil-
of both reservations called the attention to their geo-
ize to help themselves. The Indians are confident that
graphical isolation, their lack of sophistication in
an Indian health team could assist the Tribal Council
dealing with the fragmented private and public health
and the families on the reservation to more fully
programs, and their need for individual family assist-
utilize the private and public health resources in
ance in carrying out the health instructions of various
Porterville, Visalia, and Tulare, and in measurably
professionals.
improving their health within one year. Of special
Notable in just the last few months has been the
concern to the Indians is dental care, need for immu-
demonstrated effectiveness of O.E.O. general com-
uization programs on the reservation, better utiliza-
munity action Indian aides, one in each of the two
tion of tuberculosis followup programs, and health
tribal communities, and the cooperation these aides
education efforts needed for the individual families.
have received from Soboba and Morongo families,
particularly in the educational and recreational fields.
OWENS VALLEY INDIANS (Inyo County)
The representatives from both groups indicated that
Indian representatives consulted: Mr. Gerald Kane,
they would work together; that their needs are great.
Chairman, Owens Valley Board of Trustees; Mr. Mi-
They expressed confidence in their ability to, in one
chael Rogers; Mr. Robert Cromwell.
year, demonstrate the effectiveness of their own health
There are an estimated 1,000 Indians in Inyo
project if given the opportunity.
County. Some 500 are located on the large reservation
in Bishop and the remainder divided between the
PALA RESERVATION (San Diego County)
Lone Pine, Big Pine, and Fort Independence areas.
Indian representatives consulted: Mr. Robert
The Indians represent close to 10 percent of the total
Lavato, Chairman, Tribal Council; Mrs. Bernyce S.
Inyo County population at the present time. Ninety-
Ponchetti; Mr. John Chutnicut; Mr. Henry Smith, Jr.
eight percent of the county's land is owned by the
There are 235 Pala Indians presently living in 72
federal government or the City of Los Angeles.
homes at the reservation. The Rincon, Pauma, and La
The Indians receive their inpatient health services
Jolla Reservations, with an additional population of
at the one acute and the one convalescent hospital in
296, are within a radius of 20 miles from Pala.
Bishop and at Big Pine, and on some occasions from
The nearest health care is at the town of Fallbrook.
the Division of Indian Health Hospital in Nevada.
The San Diego County Hospital is 55 miles from Pala.
Depending on their financial status and eligibility
All three groups have problems with environmental
criteria, they seek outpatient services from the private
sanitation, all have housing problems affecting par-
physicians and dentists or from the very fine county
ticularly the health of the Indian children. Adequate
physician. There are two public health nurses and one
knowledge of health resources, funds to meet the cost
sanitarian on the staff of the Inyo County Health
of and transportation to existing private and public
Department.
health agencies, locally and in the City of San Diego,
The Indian representative stated that their highest
were subjects of serious concern to the Indian repre-
priority health needs are for assistance to improve
sentatives consulted. All believed that an Indian
their inadequate water and sewage disposal systems,
health team centered in Pala would be of great assist-
for funds to purchase emergency dental care in the
ance in improving their health.
50
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
APPENDIX V
(c) Any grantee under the provisions of this section
shall receive an unrestricted title to the property
THE RANCHERIA ACT
conveyed, and the conveyance shall be recorded in the
Public Law 85-671 as amended by Public Law 88-419
appropriate county office.
(d) No property distributed under the provisions
AN ACT
of this Act shall at the time of distribution be subject
To provide for the distribution of the land and
to any Federal or State income tax. Following any
assets of certain Indian rancherias and reservations in
distribution of property made under the provisions of
California, and for other purposes.
this Act, such property and any income derived there-
from by the distributee shall be subject to the same
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
taxes, State and Federal, as in the case of non-Indi-
Representatives of the United States of America in
ans: Provided, That for the purpose of capital gains
Congress assembled, That the lands, including miner-
or losses the base value of the property shall be the
als, water rights, and improvements located on the
value of the property when distributed to the indi-
lands, and other assets of the rancherias and reserva-
vidual, corporation, or other legal entity.
tions lying wholly within the State of California shall
be distributed in accordance with the provisions of
SECTION 3. Before making the conveyances au-
this Act when such distribution is requested by a
thorized by this Act on any rancheria or reservation,
majority vote of the adult Indians of a rancheria or
the Secretary of the Interior is directed:
reservation or of the adult Indians who hold formal
(a) To cause surveys to be made of the exterior or
or informal assignments on the rancheria or reserva-
interior boundaries of the lands to the extent that
tion, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior.
such surveys are necessary or appropriate for the
The requirement for a majority vote shall not apply
conveyance of marketable and recordable titles to the
to the rancherias and reservations that were at any
lands.
time named in this section.
(b) To complete any construction or improvement
SECTION 2. (a) When the Indians of a rancheria
required to bring Indian Bureau roads serving the
or reservation request a distribution of assets in ac-
rancherias or reservations up to adequate standards
cordance with the provisions of this Act, they, or the
comparable to standards for similar roads of the State
Secretary of the Interior after consultation with them,
or subdivision thereof. The Secretary is authorized to
shall prepare a plan for distributing to individual
contract with the State of California or political
Indians the assets of the reservation or rancheria,
subdivisions thereof for the construction or improve-
including the assigned and the unassigned lands, or
ment of such roads and to expend under such con-
for selling such assets and distributing the proceeds
tracts moneys appropriated by Congress for the In-
of sale, or for conveying such assets to a corporation
dian road system. When such roads are transferred to
or other legal entity organized or designated by the
the State or local government the Secretary is author-
group, or for conveying such assets to the group as
ized to convey rights-of-way for such roads, including
tenants in common: Provided, That the provisions of
any improvements thereon.
this section with respect to a request for distribution
(c) To construct, improve, install, extend, or other-
of assets shall not apply to any case in which the
wise provide, by contract or otherwise, sanitation
requirement for such request is waived by section 1
facilities (including domestic and community water
of this Act, and in any such case the plan shall be
supplies and facilities, drainage facilities, and sewage-
prepared as though request therefor had been made.
and waste-disposal facilities, together with necessary
The Secretary shall provide such assistance to the
appurtenances and fixtures) and irrigation facilities
Indians as is necessary to organize a corporation or
for Indian homes, communities, and lands, as he and
other legal entity for the purposes of this Act.
the Indians agree, within a reasonable time, should be
(b) General notice shall be given of the contents of
completed by the United States Provided, That with
a plan prepared pursuant to subsection (a) of this
respect to sanitation facilities, as hereinbefore de-
section and approved by the Secretary, and any In-
scribed, the functions specified in this paragraph,
dian who feels that he is unfairly treated in the
including agreements with Indians with respect to
proposed distribution of the property shall be given
such facilities, shall be performed by the Secretary of
an opportunity to present his views and arguments for
Health, Education, and Welfare in accordance with
the consideration of the Secretary. After such consid-
the provisions of section 7 of the Act of August 4,
eration, the plan or a revision thereof shall be submit-
1954 (58 Stat. 674), as amended (42 U.S.C. 2004a).
ted for the approval of the adult Indians who will
(d) To cancel all reimbursable indebtedness owing
participate in the distribution of the property, and if
to the United States on account of unpaid construc-
the plan is approved by a majority of such Indians
tion, operation and maintenance charges for water
who vote in a referendum called for that purpose by
facilities on the reservation or rancheria.
the Secretary the plan shall be carried out Provided,
(e) To exchange any lands within the rancheria or
That the provisions of such plan may be modified with
reservation that are held by the United States for the
the approval of the Secretary and consent of the
use of Indians which the Secretary and the Indians
majority of the distributees. It is the intention of
affected agree should be exchanged before the termina-
Congress that such plan shall be completed not more
tion of the Federal trust for lands and improvements
than three years after it is approved.
of approximately equal value.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
51
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall abrogate any
SECTION 8. Before conveying or distributing prop-
water right that exists by virtue of the laws of the
erty pursuant to this Act, the Secretary of the In-
United States. To the extent that the laws of the State
terior shall protect the rights of individual Indians
of California are not now applicable to any water
who are minors, non compos mentis, or in the opinion
right appurtenant to any lands involved herein they
of the Secretary in need of assistance in conducting
shall continue to be inapplicable while the water right
their affairs, by causing the appointment of guardians
is in Indian ownership for a period not to exceed
for such Indians in courts of competent jurisdiction,
fifteen years after the conveyance pursuant to this Act
or by such other means as he may deem adequate,
of an unrestricted title thereto, and thereafter the
without application from such Indians, including but
applicability of such laws shall be without prejudice
not limited to the creation of a trust for such Indians'
to the priority of any such right not theretofore based
property with a trustee selected by the Secretary, or
upon State law. During the time such State law is not
the purchase by the Secretary of annuities for such
applicable the Attorney General shall represent the
Indians.
Indian owner in all legal proceedings, including pro-
SECTION 9. Prior to the termination of the Federal
ceedings before administrative bodies, involving such
trust relationship in accordance with the provisions of
water right, and in any necessary affirmative action to
this Act, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized
prevent adverse appropriation of water which would
to undertake, within the limits of available appropria-
encroach upon the Indian water right.
tions, a special program of education and training
SECTION 5. (a) The Secretary of the Interior is
designed to help the Indians to earn a livelihood, to
authorized to convey without consideration to Indians
conduct their own affairs, and to assume their respon-
who receive conveyances of land pursuant to this Act,
sibilities as citizens without special services because
or to a corporation or other legal entity organized by
of their status as Indians. Such program may include
such Indians, or to a public or nonprofit body, any
language training, orientation in non-Indian com-
federally owned property on the reservations or
munity customs and living standards, vocational train-
rancherias subject to this Act that is not needed for
ing and related subjects, transportation to the place
the administration of Indian affairs in California.
of training or instruction, and subsistence during the
(b) For the purposes of this Act, the assets of the
course of training or instruction. For the purposes of
Upper Lake Rancheria and the Robinson Rancheria
such program, the Secretary is authorized to enter
shall include the one-hundred-and-sixty acre tract set
into contracts or agreements, with any Federal, State,
aside as a wood reserve for the Upper Lake Indians
or local governmental agency, corporation, association,
by secretarial order dated February 15, 1907.
or person. Nothing in this section shall preclude any
Federal agency from undertaking any other program
(c) The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to
for the education and training of Indians with funds
sell the five hundred and sixty acres of land, more or
appropriated to it.,
less, which were withdrawn from entry, sale, or other
disposition, and set aside for the Indians of Indian
SECTION 10. (a) The plan for the distribution of
Ranch, Inyo County, California, by the Act of March
the assets of a rancheria or reservation, when ap-
3, 1928 (45 Stat. 162), and to distribute the proceeds
proved by the Secretary and by the Indians in a
of sale among the heirs of George Hanson.
referendum vote as provided in subsection 2(b) of this
Act, shall be final, and the distribution of assets
(d) Any rancheria or reservation lying wholly
pursuant to such plan shall not be the basis for any
within the State of California that is held by the
claim against the United States by an Indian who
United States for the use of Indians of California and
receives or is denied a part of the assets distributed.
that was not occupied on January 1, 1964, by Indians
under a formal or informal assignment shall be sold
(b) After the assets of a rancheria or reservation
by the Secretary of the Interior and the proceeds of
have been distributed pursuant to this Act, the Indi-
the sale shall be deposited in the Treasury of the
ans who receive any part of such assets, and the
United States to the credit of the Indians of Califor-
dependent members of their immediate families who
nia. Any rancheria or reservation lying wholly within
are not members of any other tribe or band of Indians,
the State of California that is held by the United
shall not be entitled to any of the services performed
States for a named tribe, band, or group that was not
by the United States for Indians because of their
occupied on January 1, 1964, may be sold by the
status as Indians, all restrictions and tax exemptions
Secretary of the Interior and the proceeds shall be de-
applicable to trust or restricted land or interests
posited to the credit of the tribe, band, or group.
therein owned by them are terminated, all statutes of
the United States which affect Indians because of their
SECTION 6. The Secretary of the Interior shall
status as Indians shall be inapplicable to them, and
disburse to the Indians of the rancherias and reserva-
the laws of the several States shall apply to them in
tions that are subject to this Act all funds of such
the same manner as they apply to other citizens or
Indians that are in the custody of the United States.
persons within their jurisdiction. Nothing in this Act,
SECTION 7. Nothing in this Act shall affect any
however, shall affect the status of such persons as
claim filed before the Indian Claims Commission, or
citizens of the United States. The provisions of this
the right, if any, of the Indians subject to this Act
subsection, as amended, shall apply in the case of a
to share in any judgment recovered against the United
distribution of assets made either before or after the
States on behalf of the Indians of California.
amendment of the subsection.
52
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
SECTION 11. The constitution and corporate charter
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
adopted pursuant to the Act of June 18, 1934 (48
MEMORANDUM
Stat. 984), as amended, or any other authority, by any
TO: Area Director, Sacramento Area Office
rancheria or reservation subject to this Act shall be
May 2, 1969
revoked by the Secretary of the Interior when a plan
Attention: Area Tribal Operations Officer
is approved by a majority of the adult Indians therof
FROM: Area Field Representative, Hoopa Area
pursuant to subsection 2(b) of this Act.
Field Office
SECTION 12. The Secretary of the Interior is au-
SUBJECT: Semi-Annual Labor Force Report for
thorized to issue such rules and regulations and to
the period March 17, 1969
execute or approve such conveyancing instruments as
he deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this
The attached subject report is submitted in response
Act.
to your memorandum request of February 26, 1969.
SECTION 13. There is authorized to be appro-
It was delayed, with your approval, to permit tribal
priated such sums as may be necessary to carry out
participation in its preparation and in view of the
the provisions of this Act.
forthcoming survey by representatives of the Cali-
fornia Department of Employment. This survey has
APPENDIX W
been conducted and the resultant statistics are re-
REPORT OF LABOR FORCE
flected in the subject report.
It is noted that the total resident Indian population
March, 1969
increased to 1,258 from our last reporting total of 801
HOOPA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA
-an increase of 457. It is believed the recent survey
included many Indian residents who are not enrolled
(Semi-annual report of employment
locally.
and unemployment)
Total
Male
Female
In summary, we believe this report presents a rea-
sonable picture of the current employment situation
A
Total Resident Indian Population (b + c).
1,258
688
570
and we will endeavor to work with responsible tribal
b
Within the reservation
1,258
688
570
members to improve this picture during forthcoming
reporting periods.
c
Adjacent to the reservation
0
0
0
VINCENT LITTLE
Above total includes persons away from
reservation:
Area Field Representative
No. at school
14
No. (incl. all family members) for
Report of Labor Force, Payment and Unemploy-
seasonal work
0
ment as of March 1969"
d
Total under 16 years of age included on
Area: Sacramento
line "a"
665
366
299
Reservation: Hoopa Valley
RESIDENT INDIAN POPULATION
Methods and sources. Few Superintendents are in
OF WORKING AGE
(16 years old and over)
position to provide an actual count of the population
or labor force every six months. Where an actual
E
Total 16 Years and Over (a minus d)
593
322
271
count has not been made, please described briefly your
f
16-19 years
121
66
55
method of estimating. Where studies from an earlier
g
20-24 years
55
24
31
period have been drawn upon, identify each by title,
h
25-34 years
131
77
54
i
35-44 years
81
47
34
author, and date and indicate how the data have been
i
45-64 years
145
81
64
updated.
k
65 years and over
60
27
33
As noted at the bottom of Form 5-1521, the statis-
M
Not in Labor Force (16 Years and Over),
tics reported herein were compiled by Mr. Wilfred
Total (n + 0 ÷ p + q)
290
105
185
Colegrove, employment community worker for the
n
Students (16 years and over, including
California State Employment Service, and as assisted
those away at school)
101
53
48
O
Men, physically or mentally disabled,
by Carol L. Sundahl, assistant economic analyst,
retired, institutionalized, etc
52
52
coastal area office, Research and Statistics Section,
p
Women for whom no child-care substi-
tutes are available
37
California Department of Employment. (See copy of
37
q
Women, housewives, physically or
letter attached.) It is understood that these records
mentally disabled, institutionalized,
are the result of a recent survey of the local area.
etc.
100
100
R
Available Labor Force (16 Years and Over)
SUPERINTENDENT'S EVALUATION OF DATA
(e minus m)
303
217
86
With respect to accuracy of the data in this report,
S
Employed, Total (t + u)
229
163
66
the indicated items are rated as follows:
Reasonably accurate.
t
Permanent (more than 12 months)
153
91
62
Temporary (including persons away on
VINCENT LITTLE
u
seasonal work)
76
72
4
Area Field Representative
y
Unemployed (r minus s)
74
54
20
Date, May 2, 1969
Notes and comments.
W
Of these, persons actively seeking work
74
54
20
It is believed that this Labor Force Report reflects a more
realistic picture of labor statistics than previous reports due
to the recent survey and cooperative efforts by the Department
Prepared by Wilfred Colegrove, Employment Community Worker, Hoopa
of Employment.
FINAL REPORT OF STATE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INDIAN AFFAIRS
53
BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS LABOR FORCE REPORT
ing the last week of April were counted as unem-
Bureau of Indian Affairs-Hoopa
ployed. (These persons either had an active work ap-
Attn. Mr. Little
plication on file with the ECW, an active application
Hoopa, California 95546
at a local employer, or were known to be actively
seeking work.)
Data for the items labelled "r" through "V" were
The resident Indian labor force of Hoopa was found
obtained from records maintained by the Department
to have an unemployment rate of 24.4 percent.
of Employment's employment community worker,
Wilfred Colegrove. His records were reviewed and
No attempt was made to provide figures as to how
evaluated on April 30 and May 1, 1969, by Carol A.
many persons have totally abandoned the search for
Sundahl, assistant economic analyst, coastal area
work, in accordance with the bureau of Labor Statis-
office, Research and Statistics Section, Department of
tics' definition of "a fourth group of persons who
Employment.
are not in the labor force
they may believe that
Persons were classified as "employed", "unem-
no employment is available for workers with their ex-
ployed" and not in the labor force according to the
perience or training." If such persons were counted
standard definitions of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
as unemployed, the employment rate might well be
U.S. Department of Labor. All persons 16 years of age
doubled.
and over who were working during the last week of
CAROL A. SUNDAHL
April were counted as employed. All persons 16 years
Assistant Economic Analyst, Coastal Area Office
of age and over who were actively seeking work dur-
Research and Statistics Section, Dept. of Employment.
printed in CALIFORNIA OFFICE OF STATE PRINTING
79734-969 12-69 4M