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2. Electrons, negatively charged particles equal in number to the Protons in the nucleus. The number of Protons and Neutrons is constant for the atoms of any given element, determines the characteristics of the element and any change in this number or in the ratio of Neutrons to Protons produces a new element. The emission of charged particles from a radioactive element takes place from the nucleus of the atom and the atom from which the particle is emitted, therefore, becomes an atom of a new element differing in characteristics and properties from the parent element. An alpha particle, for example, is itself the nucleus of the helium atom carrying a double charge and consists of two Protons and two Neutrons. Its emission from the nucleus of an atom produces a new atoms having two less Protons and two less Neutrons in the nucleus, and, therefore, also two less electrons in the orbits. The emission of a beta particle, which is a negatively charged particle or electron, from the nucleus results in an increase in positive charges in the nucleus and again an atom of a new element is produced. When a radioactive element changes by emission of a particle to another element which in turn changes by another particle emission and such a series of emissions and changes continues to produce a series of new elements, we have a so-called "disintegration series". In such a series each element is the parent of the one which follows and the daughter of the one which precedes it. Starting with the element Radium, such a "disintegration series" through nine successive changes ultimately results in a non-radioactive element Lead. Radium is in the so=called Uranium-Radium-Lead series, Uranium being the parent of the entire series, and radium being the sixth nember. The immediate parent of radium is Ionium and its daughter Radon, a radioactive gas. The entire series may be represented as follows:

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    "ocrText": "2.\nElectrons, negatively charged particles equal in number to the Protons in the\nnucleus. The number of Protons and Neutrons is constant for the atoms of any\ngiven element, determines the characteristics of the element and any change in\nthis number or in the ratio of Neutrons to Protons produces a new element. The\nemission of charged particles from a radioactive element takes place from the\nnucleus of the atom and the atom from which the particle is emitted, therefore,\nbecomes an atom of a new element differing in characteristics and properties from\nthe parent element. An alpha particle, for example, is itself the nucleus of the\nhelium atom carrying a double charge and consists of two Protons and two Neutrons.\nIts emission from the nucleus of an atom produces a new atoms having two less\nProtons and two less Neutrons in the nucleus, and, therefore, also two less electrons\nin the orbits. The emission of a beta particle, which is a negatively charged\nparticle or electron, from the nucleus results in an increase in positive charges\nin the nucleus and again an atom of a new element is produced.\nWhen a radioactive element changes by emission of a particle to another\nelement which in turn changes by another particle emission and such a series of\nemissions and changes continues to produce a series of new elements, we have a\nso-called \"disintegration series\". In such a series each element is the parent of\nthe one which follows and the daughter of the one which precedes it. Starting\nwith the element Radium, such a \"disintegration series\" through nine successive\nchanges ultimately results in a non-radioactive element Lead.\nRadium is in the so=called Uranium-Radium-Lead series, Uranium being\nthe parent of the entire series, and radium being the sixth nember. The immediate\nparent of radium is Ionium and its daughter Radon, a radioactive gas. The entire\nseries may be represented as follows:"
}