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[04/18/1999 – 08/04/1999]
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231562563
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[04/18/1999 – 08/04/1999]
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Presidential Electronic Mail from the Automated Records Management System (ARMS)
Automated Records Management System (ARMS) Email from the White House Office (WHO) Bucket
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42-t-26444785-20190153F-003-001-2020
[Panama Canal]
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Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. email
From Gayleen Dalsimer to [email protected] Re: (no subject) (1
05/07/1999
Personal Misfile
page)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System [Email]
WHO ([Panama Canal])
OA/Box Number: 500000
FOLDER TITLE:
[04/18/1999 - 08/04/1999]
2019-0153-F
jn627
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - |44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
PI National Security Classified Information |(a)(1) of the PRAJ
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRAJ
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute |(a)(3) of the PRA|
an agency |(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRA|
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors la)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRAJ
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions |(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: John A. Koskinen (CN=John A. Koskinen/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:18-APR-1999 10:31:39.00
SUBJECT: International Y2K Review - April 9-15, 1999
TO: Howard_Rubin (Howard_Rubin @ compuserve.com@inet UNKNOWN ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Many thanks. This is a very thorough clipping service. Keep me on the
distribution list.
All the best.
Forwarded by John A. Koskinen/WHO/EOP on 04/18/99
10:31 AM
Howard Rubin <Howard_Rubin @ compuserve.com>
04/18/99 08:15:15 AM
Record Type: Record
To: See the distribution list at the bottom of this message
cc:
Subject: International Y2K Review - April 9-15, 1999
Forwarded Message
From: "DesRosiers, Christine: TF2000",
INTERNET:[email protected]
TO: CAREY Michael -WSHDC -GR
INTERNET:IMCEAX400-C=ca+3BA=teleom+2Ecanada+3BP=gc2Beaic+2Eaecec3B=wslh
[email protected]
"[email protected]",
INTERNET:[email protected]
- Task Force 2000, INTERNET:[email protected]
CC: "[email protected]", INTERNET:[email protected]
""[email protected]",
INTERNET:[email protected]
""[email protected]", Howard Rubin
"[email protected]", [101464,664]
DATE: 4/16/99 9:15 AM
RE: International Y2K Review - April 9-15, 1999
> International Y2K News Summary
>
> International
>
> * Y2K meetings between the U.S. and Russia will commence next week in
>
Moscow after the original gathering was delayed over NATO bombing in
>
Yugoslavia. According to Marvin Langston, Deputy Chief Information
>
Officer for the Department of Defense (DOD), the two countries will
>
discuss Y2K at Russia's request. They may discuss building a strategic
>
stability center together, in which both countries will observe an early
>
warning system tracking any missile threats on Jan. 1. Internal talks at
>
DOD have considered the expansion of the center to include other
countries
> and to make the cooperative effort permanent, if Russia supports the
>
initiative. (Source: Techweb)
>
> * The International Air Transport Association's (IATA) Y2K programme
head,
> Kevin Dobby recently announced, "There will be no compromise on safety,"
> as a result of Y2K. Dobby concedes that the only question will be how
> many inconveniences will arise with the possibility of airport escalators
> and baggage carousels malfunctioning. According to a Reuters News Agency
> report all but one of the IATA's 262 members will be flying on December
> 31, 1999. El Al, the Israeli airline, will not be in the air because of
> the Jewish Sabbath. (Source: Reuters)
>
>
> * U.S. Secretary of Commerce William Daley announced a campaign designed
> to educate businesses throughout the world to successfully deal with Y2K.
> The campaign includes a series of Y2K conferences which will be used to
> distribute materials such as the "Y2K Self Help Tool", two Y2K videos,
and
> a tape designed for U.S. public TV, all of which have been translated
into
> 8 languages. "We live in a global economy and all companies along the
> supply chain must be Y2K ready. Multinationals and mom-and-pop stores
all
> depend on the reliable delivery of parts and products: one weak link can
>
break the chain, causing havoc all along the line," stated Daley. SMEs
>
constitute over 98% of the total enterprises in most countries.
>
Currently, the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) has several upcoming
>
International Y2K Conferences scheduled in such countries as Saudi
Arabia,
>
Indonesia, Brazil, Taiwan, Argentina and Russia.
>
>
The first in the series of conferences was held in China on March 31.
>
Madame Zhang Qi, China's Y2K Coordinator for China and the Director of
Y2K
> Outreach for the DOC co-hosted the event. It was attended by 250
business
> professionals representing corporations, associations and national, local
> and municipal government entities. Speakers included U.S. experts from
V
various critical sectors (shipping and ports, electric utilities,
> municipal government, and embedded systems) who discussed their
V
experiences in dealing with the Y2K problem. (Source: www.doc.gov/y2k)
> * According to an Associated Press report, Latin American governments
were
> late in grasping the severity of Y2K, with Mexico and Chile among the
> exceptions. World Bank experts and independent analysts are advising
>
Latin and Caribbean governments to focus on contingency planning, AP
>
reported. GartnerGroup analysts predict half of all Latin American
>
companies and state agencies will see at least one critical failure in
>
Argentina, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Panama,
>
Puerto Rico and Venezuela. Even worse off are Costa Rica, Ecuador, El
>
Salvador and Uruguay, they say. "I don't want to be an alarmist, but we
>
do want to prepare the people for reasonable precautions. There could be
a
>
run on banks, real bad, and declared bank holidays," said Jim Cassell of
>
the GartnerGroup.
>
> * The European electric power industry expects "business as usual" when
> 2000 arrives, and it is working to address any remaining Y2K problems,
the
>
Eurelectric Lobby reported. "The majority of fundamental electricity
>
generation, transmission and distribution processes are based on classic
>
electro-mechanical technology and as such are not threatened by the 'Y2K
>
computer problem'," it said. The two lobbies have set up a working group
> of national Y2K project coordinators to monitor progress and exchange
>
information on efforts in at least 23 countries, including external
>
auditing and certification of systems. (Source: VNU Business
> Publications)
>
>
> * Moody's Investors Service believes mainland Chinese and Indonesian
banks
> are the least prepared in Asia for Y2K. Moody's attributed the
>
difficulties in mainland Chinese banks to a lack of financial and
>
technical resources, widely differing hardware and software standards and
>
the size of mainland branch networks. The agency said some Mainland
V
Chinese bankers believed since they were less reliant on IT, Y2K was not
a
V
big issue. In the case of Indonesian banks, Moody's said the financial,
> political and social turmoil there had limited the resources needed to
>
address Y2K. Moody's believes Indonesia's payment systems will likely
>
experience some disruption. (Source: South China Morning Post)
>
V
* Microsoft's Bill Gates says Y2K should prove to be no more than "a
minor
>
inconvenience" for most people. Reuters News Agency reported that Gates
V
stated, "It won't be as catastrophic as some people suggest. Some
V
countries will have more problems than others with the arrival of the
year
> 2000, but for most of us it will only be a minor inconvenience. The most
V
important thing is that people in the area of information technology
V
should remember that there's still time to solve the problem. But the
V
time to start-if you haven't already done so-is now." (Source: Reuters)
V
>
* Officials at the Panama Canal Authority have announced plans to check
>
the Y2K compliance of all ships' on board computer systems before they
>
will be allowed to enter the canal on Jan. 1, 2000. Miguel Rodriguez,
> Chair of the Canal's Board of Inspectors stated that ships would be
forced
>
to use costly tug escorts if computer controlled steering, propulsion and
> power systems do not function properly in the new millennium.
>
(Silicon.com/Financial Times)
>
>
United States
>
* In recent hearings of the Senate Special Committee on Y2K, Chair,
Robert
> Bennett, and Democrat Christopher Dodd, warned that the "federal
> government must not lose its focus, because serious Y2K concerns continue
> to linger." Despite the government's recent report stating that 92% of
> mission critical systems are prepared for Y2K, Bennett pointed out that
"8
> percent means that nearly 500 mission-critical systems missed the Mar. 31
> deadline." Deirdre Lee, of the Office of Management and Budget, assured,
> "We are confident that every mission-critical system will be ready for
the
> Year 2000. However, a General Accounting Office official warned that
much
> work still remained and that, in some cases, the agencies may have
> exaggerated their progress.
>
Four agencies previously identified as being behind in their Y2K
>
programs-the departments of Health and Human Services, Transportation,
>
Defense (DOD), and the Agency for International Development-assured the
>
Committee that their systems would all be Y2K-ready well before the end
of
> the year. Dr. Marvin Langston, Deputy CIO for DOD, said that the armed
> conflict in Kosovo was deflecting resources from DOD's Y2K testing
effort,
> and that if this trend continued, some "rescoping" of DOD's testing
> methodology may be necessary. (Source: Newsbytes, Y2K Today)
>
>
V
Also testifying before the Senate Special Committee on the Year 2000
>
Technology Problem, John Koskinen, Chair of the President's Y2K Council,
V
explained why the number of mission critical systems has been decreasing.
>
"Naturally and understandably, the first inclination of employees was to
>
declare the systems they used 'mission critical.' Further review and
>
consideration has separated out those systems that are supportive but not
> critical for basic operations," Koskinen told the Senate. Koskinen
>
answered recent media reports which posited that the reason for the
>
decrease was to cover up lagging systems. "Thus far, there have been no
>
major disagreements among the multiple overseers of this process - OMB,
>
GAO (General Accounting Office), agency inspectors general and
> congressional committees as to the agencies' classification of
>
mission-critical systems," Koskinen stated.
>
> The U.S. Federal Reserve System is nearly ready for Y2K, according to
> report by the General Accounting Office (GAO). As of February, 98% of
its
> computer systems were compliant, the GAO reported. But the Fed still has
> a way to go, the report continued, "before it is fully ready, such as
>
completing validation and implementation of its internal systems and
> completing its contingency plans." Meanwhile, the Federal Reserve said
it
> will provide U.S. banks with an additional $200 billion in cash to cover
> any surge of year-end withdrawals by customers worried about Y2K.
> (Source: Reuters)
>
>
> * Elsewhere, Federal Reserve Governor Edward Kelley told the House of
> Representatives Banking Committee that U.S. banks are making good
progress
> on Y2K and the public should not panic. "The most likely outcome is that
> Y2K technical issues will cause no more than inconveniences in the
>
financial sector of the United States," stated Kelley. Regulators urged
> consumers not to rush to withdraw money. A study released Tuesday by the
>
National Association of Federal Credit Unions found 72% of consumers
>
surveyed were not worried about the safety of their accounts at financial
>
institutions, while 22% were worried enough to consider withdrawing some
>
funds before the end of 1999. (Source: Reuters)
>
>
> * The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reported that a Y2K test last
> weekend was successful. Back-up systems, making up a large portion of
the
> American air traffic control system appeared to function smoothly early
>
Sunday as the clocks in radar centres around Colorado rolled over from
> Dec. 31, 1999, to Jan. 1, 2000. FAA Administrator said the test showed
> that the system "worked as it should, smoothly, efficiently and safely."
> All airline flights in the region were handled by the usual computer
> systems running the actual date. Additionally, an FAA plane was under
the
> guidance of an air traffic controller whose radios and radar screens were
> controlled by the system that rolled over to 2000. (Source: New York
> Times, Associated Press)
>
>
> * In the latest series of Y2K tests in the securities industry, almost
400
> securities firms, securities markets, and utilities turned the clocks
>
ahead to January 3, 2000. Contingency plans had to come into play prior
>
to the test when a communications hardware failure affected the data
V
circuits that a small number of participants had planned to use.
V
Alternate communications routes were established and all affected
> participants were able to carry out their tests. Testing of mutual funds
> and options will be completed over the next two weekends, and a final
> report on the test will be released by the Securities Industry
Association
> on April 29.
>
(Source: CMP Media, Press release http://www.sia.com/html/pr781.html]
>
>
> United Kingdom
> * Margaret Beckett, President of the Y2K Council and Leader of the House
> of Commons has announced the launch of a new Scheme designed for small
and
> medium sized businesses to share their experiences about tackling the Y2K
>
Bug. The initiative, dubbed the Action 2000 National Mentoring Scheme,
>
will provide 500 free workshops in the hope of attracting 10,000 company
>
managers of small and medium sized businesses. The workshops will cover
>
the impact of Y2K on general business matters, program implementation,
>
trading partners, equipment, contingency planning, and legal issues.
>
Gwynneth Flower, Managing Director of Action 2000 explained the reasoning
>
behind the initiative, "Many companies that have started getting ready
for
>
the Millennium Bug have already discovered that the problem is far
greater
> than they originally thought, as well as taking more time and money than
> they originally anticipated. These workshops offer an opportunity to
> share experiences and solutions with other companies to reduce program
>
time-scales and to make best use of resources." (Source:
>
www.bug2000.co.uk)
> * The Bug Park Study, another Action 2000 initiative, has revealed that
>
businesses need to maintain the momentum of their Y2K projects throughout
> the testing phase. Bug Park was established to track the Y2K activities
>
of 15 companies through the millennium date change. "Testing takes up to
> 75 per cent of the total project time. Companies think, excellent, we're
> up to the testing stage - it's almost over. But once you start testing,
> things go wrong and you have to go back to the beginning," explained a
>
spokesperson for Action 2000. The study also revealed that contingency
>
planning must be a major focus as only so much can be fixed in the time
>
remaining. (Silicon.com)
>
>
Japan
>
* Japan's key industries are stepping up efforts to protect themselves
> from Y2K, according to a government report. But many local governments
V
are falling behind, Kyodo news agency quoted the report as saying.
>
According to the report, companies in five key industries-finance,
energy,
V
transportation, medicine and telecommunications-were making notable
>
progress. In the finance sector, 73% of financial institutions had
V
completed Y2K work by the end of December 1998, and by the end of June
>
virtually all will have finished running simulation tests, the report
> said. But only 54% of local governments said they had achieved 80%
> progress, and only 30% said they had run simulation tests. (Source:
> Reuters)
>
> Malaysia
V
* National Securities Regulators said the nation's capital market is on
> track for Y2K, but some companies need to speed up. Computer systems at
>
the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE), the country's two share-issuing
> houses, two futures exchanges and the derivatives clearing house will be
> Y2K ready by May, said Nik Ramlah Mahmood, a director at the Securities
> Commission. A central bank official said that 95% of all financial
> institutions in the country are Y2K ready. Finance Minister Daim
Zainuddin
> said the government is drawing up a Y2K contingency plan, which will be
> ready by June. Despite assurances, Chan Guan Seng, Deputy Chairman of the
> KLSE, noted that as at April 5, only 18.6% of 398 companies listed on the
> main board of the exchange were Y2K compliant. (Source: Reuters)
>
> North Korea
> * A recent Reuters News Agency report has brought into question the Y2K
> readiness of North Korea "formidable array of weapons." Reuters pointed
> out that the question has been brought up at regular meeting with the
U.S.
> and South Korea. The report also specified that South Korea has
requested
> Moscow to ensure that the weapons supplied to North Korea by the former
>
Soviet Union are ready for the millennium date change. An unnamed
Defense
> Ministry official stated, "Taking into account the result of (the)
>
investigation into our weapon systems we don't think there will be a
>
serious situation of an emergency case happening. We are in close contact
>
with Russia on the issue and Russia has also said publicly that there was
> no computer bug problem with weapons in North Korea."
>
> Philippines
> * A bill that requires Y2K readiness disclosure in the Philippines'
>
business sector is reportedly being rushed past lawmakers. Karim
>
Bangcola, Director of the Presidential Commission on Y2K, said the bill
>
was expected to become law by the first week of May. Among its
> provisions, the bill requires all business sectors to state their Y2K
>
preparedness in all advertisements. While the bill does not impose
> sanctions, it will make those who do not abide by it liable to lawsuits
> when adverse effects resulting from the computer bug occur, Bangcola
said.
> The bill also requires businesses to disclose which of their services and
> products are compliant, and to label them as such. (Source: Reuters)
>
> Taiwan
> * According to a recent survey carried out by Lin Chih-Chia, a Taiwanese
> legislator, only 18% of respondents recognized the Year 2000 as a
computer
> problem. 38% of those polled thought it was a brand of cosmetics while
> another 15% responded that it was a cleaning product. Chin-Chia used the
> survey results to support his call for an increase in government
> communications aimed at increasing public awareness of the problem.
> (Silicon.com)
>
Christine DesRosiers
Recherche /Research
Taskforce Year 2000 Secretariat
Secretariat du groupe de travail de l' An 2000
Industry Canada/ Industrie Canada
(613) 993-6825
>
>
>
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From: "DesRosiers, Christine: TF2000" <[email protected]>
To: - Task Force 2000 <[email protected]>,
"[email protected]"
<[email protected]>,
CAREY Michael -WSHDC -GR -INT
<IMCEAX400-C=ca+3BA=telecom+2EcanadaH3BP=gc+2Beaitc+2Eaecect3BO=wshdc+2E02+
[email protected]>
Cc: "[email protected]" <[email protected]>,
"[email protected]" <[email protected]>,
"[email protected]"
<[email protected]>,
"[email protected]" <[email protected]>
Subject: International Y2K Review - April 9-15, 1999
Date: Fri, 16 Apr 1999 10:06:51 -0400
MIME-Version: 1.0
X-Mailer: Internet Mail Service (5.5.2448.0)
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Message Sent
To:
Janet B. Abrams/WHO/EOP
Gary Beach <gbeach @ cio.com>
Roslyn Docktor <rdocktor @ mailserver.peacecorps.gov>
Laurin Kaess <Laurin.Kaess @ metagroup.com>
Leon Kappelman <kapp @ unt.edu>
John A. Koskinen/WHO/EOP
Lyn Logatto <lyn.logatto @ metagroup.com>
"Howard A. Rubin" <71031.377 @ compuserve.com>
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Marty J. Hoffmann ( CN=Marty J. Hoffmann/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:21-APR-1999 16:47:28.00
SUBJECT: RE: BLL Clips 4/21/99
TO: [email protected] ( [email protected] [ UNKNOWN ])
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TO: [email protected] ( [email protected] [ UNKNOWN 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Virginia N. Rustique ( CN=Virginia N. Rustique/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Samuel O. Spencer ( CN=Samuel O. Spencer/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Dorian V. Weaver ( CN=Dorian V. Weaver/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP WHO ])
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TO: Marjorie Tarmey ( CN=Marjorie Tarmey/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
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TO: Richard Socarides ( CN=Richard Socarides/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
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TO: Sara M. Latham ( CN=Sara M. Latham/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
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TO: Mark Childress ( CN=Mark Childress/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
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TO: Caroline R. Fredrickson ( CN=Caroline R. Fredrickson/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP. [ WHO )
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Tracey E. Thornton ( CN=Tracey E. Thornton/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
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TO: [email protected] ( [[email protected] [ UNKNOWN 1)
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TO: James E. Kennedy ( CN=James E. Kennedy/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Walker F. Bass (CN=Walker F. Bass/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO )
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Jon P. Jennings (CN=Jon P. Jennings/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP UNKNOWN]
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TO: Heather M. Marabeti ( CN=Heather M. Marabeti/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP WHO 1)
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TO: Victoria A. Lynch ( CN=Victoria A. Lynch/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP WHO )
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Ruby Shamir (CN=Ruby Shamir/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP UNKNOWN
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TO: Janelle E. Erickson ( CN=Janelle E. Erickson/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOF [ WHO )
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Edward W. Correia ( CN=Edward W. Correia/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP WHO
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Broderick Johnson ( CN=Broderick Johnson/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Scott-Finan Nancy <[email protected]> (Scott-Finan Nancy <[email protected]> [
UNKNOWN 1)
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TEXT:
The Following is a resend of the BLL clips in case you were unable to read
the Word file:
Thomson Corporation Company;
ASAP
Copyright 1999 National Review Inc.
National Review
May 3, 1999
SECTION: No. 8, Vol. 51; Pg. 24; ISSN: 0028-0038
IAC-ACC-NO: 54391005
LENGTH: 1222 words
HEADLINE: Intern Problem; cases involving interned Japanese during WWII
BYLINE: Miller, John J.
BODY:
The Justice Department couldn't lose. In April 1998, department
litigators had moved to dismiss a class-action suit against the
government, filed on behalf of Latin Americans of Japanese descent
interned during World War II. "There was no way we were going to go down,"
recalls a Justice official. "We had an airtight case, and the lawsuit
would have been dismissed." Enter deputy attorney general Eric Holder,
civil-rights-division chief Bill Lann Lee, and other Justice officials who
had different ideas. They concocted a strategy, in effect, to throw the
case, defying the will of Congress and costing the government millions of
dollars. It is a story of racial politics, bureaucratic subterfuge, and,
most of all, Clinton-administration contempt for the law.
After Pearl Harbor, the United States feared that Japan might attack
Central and South America next, especially the critical Panama Canal. In
this atmosphere, 16 Latin American governments detained at least 8,500
Axis nationals, many of them consular officers representing Japan,
Germany, and Italy, plus their families. More than 3,000 were eventually
transported to the United States for use in prisoner swaps. About 2,300 of
these were Japanese, mostly from Peru. The Roosevelt administration was
eager to exchange them for some of the 3,300 American civilians held in
China by Japan. Many were traded, but some Axis nationals remained in
American camps throughout the war.
Half a century later, the American Civil Liberties Union decided
that these Japanese nationals deserved reparations from the federal
government, and filed a class-action lawsuit, Mochizuki V. United States.
They compared the plight of their plaintiffs to that of the 120,000
Japanese Americans who were removed from their homes and sent to
internment camps during the war. In 1988, following a lengthy debate,
Congress passed a law to pay $20,000 each to the Japanese- American
victims of internment, two-thirds of whom were U.S. citizens at the time
of their confinement. The ACLU argued that the Japanese Latin Americans
deserved the same treatment and that the courts should broaden the meaning
of the law to include them.
Congress, though, didn't agree. The Japanese Latin Americans were
deliberately excluded from the restitution pact. They had been, after all,
predominantly the citizens of enemy nations during the war. To the extent
that they suffered hardship, they were no different from millions of
others in the 20th century's greatest conflict-and who never thought the
United States owed them compensation. The congressionally mandated
Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, which drove
the reparations debate, had considered these Japanese Latin Americans in a
detailed appendix to its long report. It chose not to recommend any sort
of redress.
At a 1987 hearing, Rep. Howard Berman asked whether the law would
cover Japanese Latin Americans. His fellow California Democrat, Rep.
Norman Mineta, who was crucial in the deliberations, replied: "First of
all, this bill is really to benefit U.S. citizens who have been wronged by
the actions of their own government. So I would think that this bill would
not extend to, let's say, the act of the Peruvian government, which, at
that time, sent them to the United States." Rep. Barney Frank then
suggested, "We can always take an amendment." Nobody offered one.
But in October 1997, 65 members of Congress, almost all of them
Democrats, wrote to President Clinton urging him to pay $20,000 to each of
several hundred formerly interned Japanese Latin Americans. Clinton's
reply came on January 27, 1998. He regretted that it wasn't "within my
authority" to include these persons under the law. Two days later, the
Justice Department filed a statement with the federal court of claims:
"The plain language of the Act leaves no room for doubt that [ACLU]
plaintiffs are ineligible for redress payments." Chief judge Loren A.
Smith seemed to agree. He said the court had a "duty to take the course of
action the law requires," regardless of whether this led to a "right and
moral resolution" from the perspective of those favoring restitution.
Wheels then started to turn at the Justice Department, where Bill Lann
Lee had just arrived as acting head of the civil-rights division. "Isn't
there anything we can do?" asked Richard Jerome, a deputy associate
attorney general, at a series of meetings. Lee echoed this sentiment, and
their words became a refrain at Justice. Lawyers in the civil division
argued that the government should continue to defend itself against the
lawsuit, but found it tough going when so many Clinton appointees were
equating foreign nationals with American citizens. "It's hard to make
these distinctions very aggressively," says a department attorney. "You
wonder if your colleagues will start thinking you're a racist."
A settlement didn't seem to make sense: The law was crystal clear, and
the judge had hinted broadly that he was prepared to dismiss. When Jerome
circulated a memo outlining a proposed settlement-he suggested awarding
$5,000 to each plaintiff-Stuart Frisch, general counsel of the Justice
Management Division, shot back in a memo of his own: "I see virtually no
litigative risk. Accordingly, I cannot advise an accountable officer to
certify the settlement payments you propose to make." The Immigration and
Naturalization Service also opposed the settlement.
But Eric Holder, Reno's top deputy, ended up rubber-stamping Jerome's
proposal. The plaintiffs accepted. On June 11, 1998, Judge Smith granted
preliminary approval to the settlement and again noted the plaintiffs'
flimsy legal position. "Absent unusual circumstances, it would seem
directly contrary to the statute's purpose and moral intent to include
either citizens of the Empire of Japan at the time of war or employees of
the Empire of Japan during the same period," he said.
Then came a new wrinkle. The Justice Department didn't have enough
money to pay every participant in the class-action suit-even though those
pushing for the settlement had assured everyone that the money was
available. The agreement had said plaintiffs would be paid from the fund
established by Congress for making restitution payments to Japanese
Americans. By last February, however, this fund had been drained of its
last dollar. The Mochizuki class still had $4.3 million coming to it.
So the Justice Department went to Congress. Buried deep inside the
supplemental appropriations bill approved by the House and Senate in
March, the attorney general is granted permission to transfer $4.3 million
out of existing department programs, such as the FBI, to pay the remainder
of the settlement.
Few in Congress are aware of this. "These are obscene dollars, going
to enemy aliens traded for American POWs," says one top Senate Republican
staffer. The handful of senators who have been informed about these
developments are irritated, but apparently unwilling to reconsider an item
they already approved. "The only thing that might change that," admits a
leadership aide, "is if the veterans groups decided to get involved. But
all they ever do is lobby for benefits."
And everyone in Washington, it seems, is in favor of benefits-the law,
and common sense, be damned.
Copyright 1999 The Crimson White via U-Wire
University Wire
April 20, 1999
LENGTH: 439 words
HEADLINE: Alabama attorney general pushes for language law
BYLINE: By Julle Foster, The Crimson White
SOURCE: U. Alabama
DATELINE: Tuscaloosa, Ala.
BODY:
Alabama currently does not have an official language, but if one state
leader gets his way that will change.
On March 25 Alabama Attorney General Bill Pryor went before the U.S.
1 1th Circuit Court of Appeals in Atlanta. Pryor was defending the state's
right to require English in the administration of its drivers' license
examinations.
Bob Park is the president of English Language Advocates. He said the
court case shows the insecurity of English as the common language of
Alabama. Park is leading the fight for English in Alabama. He also helped
Arizonans push their English language initiative.
A decision in the case has not yet been reached.
In 1990 Alabama voters adopted a Constitutional Amendment declaring
English as the state's official language by a 9 to 1 majority. After
English was adopted, drivers' license test procedures were changed to
require drivers to take the test in English.
Martha Sandoval, a permanent resident alien from Mexico, filed a class
action challenge in late 1996. She believed Alabama's insistence on the
use of English in drivers' tests infringed on her rights. Sandoval also
sued the Department of Public Safety and L.N. Hagan, its director,
claiming the English policy discriminated against her and others who do
not know English, on the basis of their national origin.
U.S. Judge Ira DeMent received Sandoval's case. Initially he dismissed
the claim of intentional discrimination. Later, in June 1998, Judge DeMent
issued a decision in Sandoval's favor. The decision affirmed that Sandoval
could sue and that Alabama's English language policy discriminated on the
basis of national origin.
Many feel the use of English is a vital part of being a citizen of the
United States as well as in Alabama.
"In order to be a productive, successful citizen in the state of
Alabama you have to speak English," said Crystal Day, a junior in Foreign
Language Education. "If you don't know English how can you read the road
signs?"
Bill Lann Lee, acting head of the Civil Rights Division of the U.S.
Department of Justice, intervened on behalf of Sandoval. Lee declared that
all states are on notice that they cannot deny services to people in
languages other than English.
Park is still hopeful about the fight. He fought for English in Arizona
for 11 years.
"Fortunately, the state of Alabama is not intimidated by either the
Federal Court's dictates nor the Justice Department's spin," Park said.
"While the whole nation watches, it is forging ahead with a spirited
defense of its rights - and of the primacy of our common language."
Copyright 1999 American Lawyer Newspapers Group Inc.
Legal Times
April 19, 1999, Monday
SECTION: Pg. 1
LENGTH: 1078 words
HEADLINE: CLINTON TO FILL AGENCY'S TOP LEGISLATIVE POST
BYLINE: SAM SKOLNIK
BODY:
After an interregnum of more than a year, the Justice Department
office that coordinates the attorney general's legislative policies and
runs interference on Capitol Hill is finally getting a new chief.
This week, President Bill Clinton will nominate House staffer Robert
Raben to head the department's Office of Legislative Affairs, according to
White House and DOJ officials.
The appointment of Raben, a key aide on the Judiciary Committee, is
crucial to Attorney General Janet Reno's efforts to strike up new criminal
and civil justice initiatives and maintain constructive relations with a
hostile Congress in the final years of the Clinton administration.
The office has been significantly weakened since the March 1998 departure
of the highly regarded Andrew Fois. It has been a rocky 13 months, marked
by lobbying miscues, three acting chiefs, and the continuation of strict
congressional budget restraints, say five current and former DOJ
officials.
Adding to the lobbying unit's woes: The acting chief of the office,
Dennis Burke, and his top two deputies all will have left the office by
the end of this month.
To replace Fois, now a partner at the D.C. office of Venable, Baetjer,
Howard & Civiletti, Justice and White House officials have considered
dozens of names. Several prominent figures, including at least two former
members of Congress, have turned them down.
"With very key positions, it sometimes takes a period of time to identify
the right person for the job, says James Kennedy, spokesman for the
White House counsel's office.
It's unclear how the Senate will react to Raben's nomination. He
currently is minority counsel to the House Judiciary Courts and
Intellectual Property Subcommittee and legal counsel to Rep. Barney Frank
(D-Mass.).
With Raben's nomination as assistant attorney general for legislative
affairs apparently in the offing, the administration has tapped Jon
Jennings, a staffer at the White House Office of Cabinet Affairs, as
acting OLA director while Raben goes through the confirmation process. If
Raben is confirmed, Jennings would become his principal deputy, Justice
officials say.
Some prominent Republican staffers say they hope Raben gets the job.
"He's a very capable guy, says Thomas Mooney, chief counsel to
Judiciary Chairman Henry Hyde (R-III.). "We'd like to see him in there.
He's a professional."
But Raben won't get a free ride.
Some Senate Republicans have quietly expressed concerns over a 1997
newspaper article in which Raben belittled the idea of drug testing for
House members and staffers.
In response to a proposed House rule requiring drug testing, Raben wrote
in a Jan. 20, 1997, guest column in Roll Call that the measure was not
only likely unconstitutional, but also "humiliating" and "silly."
Raben wrote: "Those who lose sleep knowing that someone else has taken a
hit from a joint on a Saturday night are on a roll with this drug testing
program, and for entertainment's sake I hope this is just a first step."
Raben declined to comment; Jennings could not be reached.
Clinton's Crime Package
Over the next year, the OLA will in large measure be given the task of
selling President Clinton's soon-to-be-announced crime legislation, which
will include proposals for tens of thousands more police officers around
the country and an extension of the Violence Against Women Act, among
other things.
The office, which has a staff of 25, including 12 lawyers, and a budget
of $3 million, lobbies Congress and responds to requests from lawmakers.
For the last decade, the office has been the target of bipartisan
political gamesmanship. Some lawmakers have tried to punish the office for
pushing Justice Department policies they didn't like. During the Bush
administration, Sen. Ernest Hollings (D-S.C.) slashed the OLA's budget.
Three years ago, Rep. Harold Rogers (R-Ky.) again cut into the OLA,
shrinking the number of lawyers who could lobby on behalf of the
department.
And congressional appropriators have not let up. During the last two
fiscal years, they have capped the OLA budget--and have even prohibited
the department from transferring staffers from other units into it.
As a result of staff cutbacks, OLA lawyers are now working on two or
three major issues instead of one, say current and former DOJ officials.
"It can't help but be a fairly crisis-driven workload, says former
acting OLA chief L. Anthony Sutin, who left the office in January.
Free-Lance Lobbying
The vacuum at the OLA has also led officials from other DOJ divisions to
lobby Capitol Hill directly, according to current and former DOJ
officials. This burgeoning practice of free-lance lobbying runs contrary
to internal DOJ rules and can muddy the department's central message on an
issue. Without a permanent leader for the office, the problem has been
exacerbated.
"It's almost laughable, says one department lawyer. "When there's not
someone here to shake the stick, the place goes crazy."
Burke, the outgoing acting OLA chief, says the office has generally
performed well despite budgetary hardships. The backlog of unanswered
congressional correspondence has been shrunk from the hundreds to fewer
than 10 letters, he notes. And he disagrees with the assessment that
free-lancing has been on the rise.
"Do we fight these battles? Yes, Burke says. "All the time. Are we
getting rolled more than usual? I don't think so."
Still, a host of important Justice Department campaigns have suffered
because of the troubles at the OLA, current and former DOJ officials say.
They cite, among other measures, last year's failed attempts to enact
expanded federal hate crimes legislation and juvenile justice reform. In
addition, they say the lack of permanent leadership at the OLA has
hampered the continuing struggle to win confirmation for acting civil
rights chief Bill Lann Lee.
It's clear that Raben, if confirmed, and Jennings have a daunting task
ahead of them. One high-ranking Justice official remains optimistic.
"At the end of the day, there is a huge benefit to a coordinated
legislative policy. That is what OLA should provide, says the official.
"The reality is, we have a fix coming in Raben and Jennings."
Copyright 1999 Bergen Record Corp.
The Record (Bergen County, NJ)
April 19, 1999; MONDAY; ALL EDITIONS
SECTION: OPINION; Pg. L02
LENGTH: 403 words
HEADLINE: HELP FOR HISPANIC VOTERS ;
FEDERAL PRESSURE ON THE CITY OF PASSAIC
BYLINE: The Record
BODY:
NOW that the U.S. Department of Justice has identified barriers
that hinder Hispanic voters in the city of Passaic, the decision of city
and county election officials to work with the federal government to
remove those obstacles quickly is the right one.
Bill Lann Lee, acting director of the Justice Department's Civil
Rights Division, said the city's Hispanic voters are denied equal
opportunity in the political process. In a recent letter to city,
county, and state lawyers, Mr. Lee said city and county election
officials have not hired enough Spanish-speaking poll workers or
provided adequate materials written in Spanish.
In last November's elections, 30 percent of eligible voters
citywide cast votes, compared with 24 percent of eligible voters in
Passaic's predominately Hispanic 1st Ward. Activists complain that
Hispanic voters are turned away at the polls because election places do
not have enough Spanish-speaking workers or materials.
Mr. Lee also said Passaic's method of electing City Council and
school board members hurts Hispanic candidates. Candidates are elected
at large, with voters from all over the city casting ballots, rather
than from wards.
For years, civil rights advocates have argued that at-large systems
dilute the political power of minorities by denying them political
control of areas where they are in the majority. In Passaic, although
Hispanics represent nearly half of the city's eligible voters, only one
of seven council members and two of nine school board members are
Hispanic.
The Justice Department is prepared to go to court to force change
in Passaic, and rightly so. However, the agency is also willing to
negotiate a consent decree, in which city, county, and state officials
would agree to make necessary changes. There are indications these
officials want to avoid going to court.
The city, for example, has volunteered to increase advertising for
poll workers and about upcoming elections in Spanish-language
publications. It will also consider extra training for poll workers and
reach out to local churches to solicit Spanish-speaking parishioners who
can work the polls in the May 11 City Council election.
That's a good start. One of the bedrock principles of democracy is
the ability to vote, absent barriers that make it difficult for
citizens voices to be heard.
Copyright 1999 LRP Publications
Disability Compliance Bulletin
April 8, 1999
SECTION: Vol. 14, No. 6
LENGTH: 177 words
HEADLINE: Clinton Nominates Lee For DOJ Position
BODY:
President Clinton has nominated Bill Lann Lee for the position of
Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division at the Department
of Justice. The DOJ's Civil Rights Division handles, among other things,
administrative complaints of disability discrimination under Titles II and
III of the ADA.
Lee was described in a White House release announcing the nomination as
"one of the country's leading civil rights attorneys."
Lee was appointed Acting Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division
in December 1997.
That appointment, said Ken Weine of the Brennan Center for Justice in New
York City, resulted from the
Senate Judiciary Committee's indication that it would not support Lee's
nomination for the position of
Assistant Attorney General. Weine said that this most recent nomination
followed Senate Judiciary
Committee Chair Orrin Hatch's challenge to the legality of Lee's continued
appointment as Acting Attorney
General. Lee will now be subjected to the confirmation process.
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System
[EMAIL] and Tape Restoration Project [Email]
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Collection: 2019-0154-F
Bucket: WHO
Creation Date: 1999-04-21
Subject: ABC Nightline, March 25, 1999
Creator: Rajiv Y. Mody CN=Rajiv Y. Mody/OU=WHO/O=EOP
[WHO]
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Kimberly A. Boissiere ( CN=Kimberly A. Boissiere/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:30-APR-1999 17:42:56.00
SUBJECT: Start Memo for C. Thomas Hendrickson
TO: Kristina L. Gordon ( CN=Kristina L. Gordon/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Phu D. Huynh ( CN=Phu D. Huynh/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHC ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Charles N. Duncan ( CN=Charles N. Duncan/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Kristina,
Would you please prepare the start memo for C. Thomas Hendrickson
US Representative, Panama Canal Joint Commission on the Environment,
i:data\cis\ctherndr.cis.
Thanks!
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. email
From Gayleen Dalsimer to [email protected] Re: (no subject) (1
05/07/1999
Personal Misfile
page)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System [Email]
WHO ([Panama Canal])
OA/Box Number: 500000
FOLDER TITLE:
[04/18/1999 - 08/04/1999]
2019-0153-F
jn627
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - 144 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - 15 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information |(a)(1) of the PRA|
b(1) National security classified information |(b)(1) of the FOIA|
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRAJ
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute |(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA|
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA|
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRAJ
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy |(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRAJ
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes |(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions I(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells |(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Samuel O. Spencer ( CN=Samuel O. Spencer/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO
CREATION DATE/TIME: 7-MAY-1999 14:30:53.00
SUBJECT: Federal Services Impasses Panel
TO: Kimberly A. Boissiere ( CN=Kimberly A. Boissiere/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Kim,
I'm sorry I didn't get this to you sooner:
THE FEDERAL SERVICE IMPASSES PANEL
The Federal Service Impasses Panel (the Panel) has seven Presidential
appointees who serve on a part-time basis, one of whom serves as Chair.
The
Panel resolves impasses between Federal agencies and unions representing
Federal employees arising from negotiations over conditions of employment
under the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute, the Federal
Employees Flexible and Compressed Work Schedules Act, and the Panama
Canal Act of 1979: If bargaining between the parties, followed by
mediation
assistance, proves unsuccessful, the Panel has the authority to recommend
procedures and to take whatever action it deems necessary to resolve the
impasse. The Panel's staff also supports the Foreign Service Impasse
Disputes
Panel in resolving impasses arising under the Foreign Service Act of 1980.
Bargaining Impasses
During the collective bargaining process, when an agency and union do not
reach
agreement on issues either side wishes to negotiate, the Statute provides
a
mechanism to resolve their impasse: after the parties seek mediation
assistance in
an attempt to informally resolve the matter, they may seek assistance from
the
Federal Service Impasses Panel. Cases brought to the Panel involve, for
example,
impasses in negotiations over reorganization-related proposals such as the
selection procedures used to relocate employees and procedures available
for
employees to request reconsideration of transfers. Other impasses may
involve
negotiations over successorship collective bargaining agreements
concerning, for
example, negotiated grievance procedure and arbitration provisions.
After an investigation and determination is made concerning jurisdiction,
the Panel
has authority to recommend a variety of informal and formal procedures to
resolve the impasse. These include telephone conferences, mediation, fact
finding,
written submissions and arbitration by Panel Members or private providers.
If the
dispute is not voluntarily resolved, the Panel takes final action by
imposing
settlement terms. The final action by the Panel is binding on the parties
for the
term of the collective bargaining agreement unless they both agree
otherwise.
The merits of the Panel's decision may not be appealed to any court.
The Federal Service Impasses Panel is a component of the Federal Labor
Relations Authority.
The Panel, composed of seven Presidentially appointed members serving on a
part-time basis, is
chaired by Betty Bolden. The Panel resolves impasses between Federal
agencies and unions
representing employees arising from negotiations over conditions of
employment under the
Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute and the Federal
Employees Flexible and
Compressed Work Schedules Act. If bargaining between the parties, followed
by mediation
assistance, proves unsuccessful, the Panel has the Authority to recommend
procedures and to
take whatever actions it deems necessary to resolve an impasse.
The Federal Labor Relations Authority is an independent agency that
administers the
labor-management relations program for 1.9 million federal employees
worldwide, 1.1 million of
whom are exclusively represented in 2,200 bargaining units. In addition to
the Panel, the other
two components of the FLRA are the Authority and the Office of the General
Counsel.
For further information regarding the Panel or these appointments, contact
Joseph Schimansky,
Executive Director of the Panel, at (202) 482-6670.
Clinton Presidential Records
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[EMAIL] and Tape Restoration Project [Email]
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marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
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Collection: 2006-0210-F
Bucket: WHO
Creation Date: 1999-05-13
Subject: White House Report for May 12, 1999 USIA
Creator: Weinstein, Dena <[email protected]> Weinstein,
Dena <[email protected]> [ UNKNOWN ]
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System
[EMAIL] and Tape Restoration Project [Email]
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies a responsive email, already made available
within another collection.
Collection: 2006-0210-F
Bucket: WHO
Creation Date: 1999-05-14
Subject: PARADOX DEAL
Creator: Clifford J. Mauton CN=Clifford J.
Mauton/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ]
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Peter Rundlet ( CN=Peter Rundlet/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:19-MAY-1999 17:56:27.00
SUBJECT: Y2k Emergency Response request
TO: Robert G. Damus ( CN=Robert G. Damus/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP OMB 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Bob,
The following agencies have not submitted a response to our request for
information on their authority to respond to potential contingencies
created by the Y2K problem. Obviously, some of these agencies are more
central to our inquiry than others. Anything you can do to prompt their
immediate response will be much appreciated. Thanks.
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Defense
Education
EPA
FCC
GSA
GNMA
HHS
Justice
Legal Services Corp.
NASA
National Archives
National Mediation Board
NSF
NTSB
Panama Canal Commission
Peace Corps
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp.
SEC
Selective Service
SBA
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Anna M. Briatico (CN=Anna M. Briatico/OU=OMB/O=EOP [OMB])
CREATION DATE/TIME:19-MAY-1999 13:32:36.00
SUBJECT: LRM AMB56 - - Army Corps of Engineers (DOD) Testimony on Harbor Trust Fund
TO: Sandra Yamin (CN=Sandra Yamin/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Lisa M. Kountoupes (CN=Lisa M. Kountoupes/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Sally Ericsson (CN=Sally Ericsson/OU=CEQ/O=EOP@EOP CEQ 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Howard Dendurent ( CN=Howard Dendurent/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Rosalyn J. Rettman ( CN=Rosalyn J. Rettman/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Harry E. Moran (CN=Harry E. Moran/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Justin D. Sullivan ( CN=Justin D. Sullivan/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: David E. Tornquist ( CN=David E. Tornquist/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB D
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Kimberly A. Maluski ( CN=Kimberly A. Maluski/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Alan B. Rhinesmith (CN=Alan B. Rhinesmith/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [OMB])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Michael Deich ( CN=Michael Deich/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Richard A. Mertens ( CN=Richard A. Mertens/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: David A. Bernell ( CN=David A. Bernell/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Elizabeth Gore ( CN=Elizabeth Gore/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Joel K. Wiginton (CN=Joel K. Wiginton/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP[ WHO )
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Broderick Johnson ( CN=Broderick Johnson/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: James A. Laity ( CN=James A. Laity/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Pamela S. Barr ( CN=Pamela S. Barr/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Ronald L. Silberman ( CN=Ronald L. Silberman/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Rosemarie W. Dale ( CN=Rosemarie W. Dale/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: James Boden ( CN=James Boden/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Kenneth L. Schwartz ( CN=Kenneth L. Schwartz/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Mark J. Schwartz (CN=Mark J. Schwartz/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOF [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Theodore Wartell ( CN=Theodore Wartell/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP OMB
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Linda W. Hicklin (CN=Linda W. Hicklin/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB )
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Kathleen Peroff (CN=Kathleen Peroff/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Elwood Holstein ( CN=Elwood Holstein/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: John D. Burnim (CN=John D. Burnim/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP [ OMB 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: James J. Jukes ( CN=James J. Jukes/OU=OMB/O=EOP@EOP OMB ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Comments on the draft testimony are due by 11 a.m., Friday, May 21st. If
we do not hear from you by then, we will assume that you have no
comments. Thanks.
Forwarded by Anna M. Briatico/OMB/EOP on 05/19/99
01:18 PM
LRM ID: AMB56
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
Washington, D.C. 20503-0001
Wednesday, May 19, 1999
LEGISLATIVE REFERRAL MEMORANDUM
TO:
Legislative Liaison Officer - See Distribution
below
FROM:
John D. Burnim (for) Assistant Director for
Legislative Reference
OMB CONTACT: Anna M. Briatico
PHONE: (202)395-7301 FAX: (202)395-5691
SUBJECT:
Army Corps of Engineers (DOD) Testimony on Harbor Trust
Fund
DEADLINE:
11 a.m. Friday, May 21, 1999
In accordance with OMB Circular A-19, OMB requests the views of your
agency on the above subject before advising on its relationship to the
program of the President. Please advise us if this item will affect
direct spending or receipts for purposes of the "Pay-As-You-Go" provisions
of Title XIII of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990.
COMMENTS: The subject testimony is for a May 26th hearing before the House
Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment.
If we do not hear from you by the deadline, we will assume that you have
no comments. Thanks.
DISTRIBUTION LIST
AGENCIES:
15-Army Corps of Engineers (DOD) - Susan Bond - (202) 761-0913
25-COMMERCE - Michael A. Levitt - (202) 482-3151
59-INTERIOR - Jane Lyder - (202) 208-4371
61-JUSTICE - Jon P. Jennings - (202) 514-2141
117 & 340-TRANSPORTATION - Tom Herlihy - (202) 366-4687
118-TREASURY - Richard S. Carro - (202) 622-0650
29-DEFENSE - Samuel T. Brick Jr. - (703) 697-1305
128-US Trade Representative - Fred Montgomery - (202) 395-3475
114-STATE - Paul Rademacher - (202) 647-4463
EOP:
Elwood Holstein
David A. Bernell
Kathleen Peroff
Richard A. Mertens
Linda W. Hicklin
Michael Deich
Theodore Wartell
Alan B. Rhinesmith
Mark J. Schwartz
Kimberly A. Maluski
Kenneth L. Schwartz
David E. Tornquist
James Boden
Justin D. Sullivan
Rosemarie W. Dale
Harry E. Moran
Ronald L. Silberman
Rosalyn J. Rettman
Pamela S. Barr
Howard Dendurent
James A. Laity
Sally Ericsson
Broderick Johnson
Lisa M. Kountoupes
Joel K. Wiginton
Sandra Yamin
Elizabeth Gore
James J. Jukes
LRM ID: AMB56 SUBJECT: Army Corps of Engineers (DOD) Testimony on
Harbor Trust Fund
RESPONSE TO
LEGISLATIVE REFERRAL
MEMORANDUM
If your response to this request for views is short (e.g., concur/no
comment), we prefer that you respond by e-mail or by faxing us this
response sheet. If the response is short and you prefer to call, please
call the branch-wide line shown below (NOT the analyst's line) to leave a
message with a legislative assistant.
You may also respond by:
(1) calling the analyst/attorney's direct line (you will be
connected to voice mail if the analyst does not answer); or
(2) sending us a memo or letter
Please include the LRM number shown above, and the subject shown below.
TO:
Anna M. Briatico Phone: 395-7301 Fax: 395-5691
Office of Management and Budget
Branch-Wide Line (to reach legislative assistant):
395-6194
FROM:
(Date)
(Name)
(Agency)
(Telephone)
The following is the response of our agency to your request for views on
the above-captioned subject:
Concur
No Objection
No Comment
See proposed edits on pages
Other:
FAX RETURN of
pages, attached to this response sheet
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY
OF THE ARMY (CIVIL WORKS)
COMPLETE STATEMENT
OF
THE HONORABLE JOSEPH W. WESTPHAL
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE ARMY (CIVIL WORKS)
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ON THE
HARBOR SERVICES FUND
MAY 26, 1999, 2:00 PM
ROOM 2167, RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING
-
--
INTRODUCTION
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee, I am Joseph Westphal,
Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works. I am here today to
present information on the Administration,s legislative proposal for the
Harbor Services Fund and to answer your questions.
BACKGROUND
On 31 March 1998, the Supreme Court ruled that the Harbor Maintenance Tax
(HMT) on exports was unconstitutional. In that ruling, the Court
concluded that the HMT, which imposed a charge based on the value of the
commercial cargo being shipped, constituted a tax on goods in export
transit, and, therefore, violated the Export Clause of the Constitution.
Because of this ruling, the HMT is no longer being collected on exports.
Collection of the HMT on imports and domestic traffic continues, as
required under the existing statutory regime. The United States has been
under criticism from the European Union (EU), Japan, Norway, and Canada
that the HMT violates the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),
and the Supreme Court decision has heightened their interest in the HMT,
as it relates to the GATT. Currently, the HMT issue is in the
consultation phase of the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute
resolution procedure; however, the EU, the primary counterpart in these
discussions, has not requested a dispute resolution panel at this time.
On 20 May 1998, Franklin Raines, Director of Office of Management
and Budget (OMB) first proposed the Harbor Services Fund (HSF) to replace
the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF). In a letter to the Chair and
Ranking Member of the Senate and House Appropriations Subcommittees and to
the Chair and Ranking Member of the Senate and House Authorization
Committees, he suggested general principles for this fund.
I was given the task of preparing the Administration,s legislative
proposal to replace the HMT. On August 31, September 1, and September 2,
1998 I held outreach meetings with port, industry and trade interests. A
summary of a draft legislative proposal was presented at that time.
Subsequently, the legislative proposal was revised, in part as a result of
input provided by the stakeholders at these meetings. The legislative
proposal was then coordinated within the Administration and submitted to
the Congress on April 30,1999.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
The port and harbor system of the United States is critical to the
national economy and to international trade. A secure funding mechanism
is needed to ensure adequate funds are available for port and harbor
development and for maintenance of the port and harbor system. The
legislative proposal adheres to the following principles first articulated
in OMB Director Raines letter.
ú
abSatisfies the Supreme Court test for constitutionality.
Establish a close link between revenue collected and services provided to
vessels.
ú
abls consistent with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
and other U.S. international obligations.
ú
abls formulated on a nationwide basis.
ú
abCauses no significant alteration of the existing U.S. port
competitiveness and U.S. competitiveness with foreign ports.
ú abProvides funds for continued operation and maintenance of ports
and harbors now funded by the HMT and also supports harbor construction
activities.
These principles ensure that the Administration ,S proposal for the HSF is
constitutional, equitable and sufficient to finance harbor activities.
BUDGET TREATMENT
The President ,S Budget for Fiscal Year (FY) 2000 is based on
enactment of the Administration ,S legislative proposal for the HSF. The
following summarizes the budget treatment of the proposal:
ú
abRevenues and expenditures will be placed in a special account
entitled Harbor Services Fund.
ú
abBalances from the HMTF will be transferred to the HSF.
ú
abExpenditures from the HSF account will be subject to annual
appropriations.
ú abThe proposal is deficit neutral up to the amount of prior year
receipts ) no pay as you go (PAYGO) offset. For scorekeeping purposes,
the revenue will be treated as offsetting receipts.
The President ,S Budget for FY 2000 includes $951 million to come from the
Harbor Services Fund; $258 million in the Construction, General account
and $693 million in the Operations and Maintenance, General account. This
budget treatment allows the Administration to support a higher level of
spending for port and harbor activities than would have been possible in
the absence of the proposal.
PURPOSES OF THE HSF
Three major types of activities will be funded from the proposed HSF,
subject to appropriation. Following are comparisons of the activities
funded under the HSF to those funded under the HMT.
Expenditures as existed under the HMT and continuing under the HSF
ú
ab100 percent of the Corps operation and maintenance expenditures
for Federal channel and harbor projects.
ú
abExpenses incurred in the administration of the HSF.
Expenditures as existed under the HMT and reduced under the HSF
ú abFunding for expenditures by the St. Lawrence Seaway Development
Corporation (SLDC), including SLDC rent payments will no longer be made.
ú abThis legislative proposal reserves from the balances
transferred from the HMTF such funds as may be necessary to implement
legislation to establish the SLDC as a Performance Based Organization.
Additional proposed expenditures under the HSF
ú
abThe Federal share of construction costs of channel and harbor
development projects.
ú
abThe additional costs to the Corps of maintaining the reserve
capability of Corps dredges to perform dredging on Federal channel and
harbor projects.
ú
abAudit costs incurred in connection with administration of the
user fee.
ú
abThe funding of up to $100 million per year for the dredging of
berthing areas, the construction and maintenance of bulkheads, and credits
toward the non-Federal shares of eligible Federal harbor development or
O&M activities at ports where the average amount of the fee assessed
during the three previous consecutive fiscal years exceeds the average
Federal expenditure from the HSF at that port during the same three fiscal
years by $10 million.
The dredging of Federal navigation channels would be the primary
maintenance activity financed by the HSF, while the harbor development
construction activity would primarily involve channel-deepening projects.
MECHANICS OF THE LEGISLATION
The assessment under the HSF is a user fee, not a tax. The fee is
based on the harbor benefits and services users receive. The fee is
assessed on the commercial vessel, not on its cargo.
Vessels are divided into four service categories (1) General, (2)
Bulker,
(3) Tanker and (4) Cruise. Ship size, movement frequency, and operational
characteristics of particular vessels were the principal factors used to
determine the level of harbor services required. Vessel capacity,
expressed as vessel capacity units (VCUs), is the characteristic used to
measure ship size. VCUs are a volumetric measurement of ship size.
The four vessel categories were chosen because each category has
different operational characteristics and each requires a significant
difference in level of services required based on extent of use of port
system, channel reliability required, and the demand for new harbor
development projects. VCU ,S are based on a vessel ,S Net Tonnage except on
containerships and cruise ships where VCU ,S are based on Gross Tonnage to
account for additional cargo (deck) and passenger space.
The user fees proposed in the legislation are as follows:
Vessel Category
Rate of Fee (per voyage)
Bulker
$0.12 per VCU
Tanker
$0.28 per VCU
General
$2.74 per VCU
Cruise
$0.12 per VCU
The harbor services fee would be collected once per voyage, with the fee
levels calibrated based on the average number of port uses for each vessel
category. For additional ease, the assessment of the fee would be made at
the first U.S. port of entry as part of the vessel clearance process.
This represents a significant change from the draft proposal in response
to feedback from stakeholders. This change is intended to avoid impacts
on the number of U.S. port calls made during a voyage. Attached to this
testimony are examples that illustrate how these rates are used to compute
the user fee and to compare the amounts collected to the HMT.
EXEMPTIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
The exemptions and exclusions in the proposed legislation mirror
those contained in the legislation for the HMT. Exemptions in the
proposed legislation include:
ú
abPort use by vessels of the U.S. or any agency thereof.
ú
abPort use for intraport movements.
ú
abVessels transporting commercial cargo from the mainland U.S. to
Alaska, Hawaii, or any possession of the U.S., for ultimate use or
consumption in Alaska, Hawaii, or any possession of the U.S.
ú
abVessels transporting commercial cargo from Alaska, Hawaii, or
any possession of the U.S. to the mainland U.S. for ultimate use or
consumption in the mainland U.S. (exception is Alaskan crude oil).
ú
abVessels transporting commercial cargo within Alaska, Hawaii, or
possession of the U.S.
ú
bVessels transporting passengers operating solely within the
state waters of Alaska or Hawaii and adjacent international waters.
The exemption for port use by the U.S. preserves the government ,S ability
to accomplish governmental tasks in ports without interference or
administrative burden. The exemptions pertaining to Alaska, Hawaii and
the possessions of the U.S. acknowledge and protect the peculiar
port-dependence of non-contiguous states and possessions of the U.S.
These states and possessions, unlike the other 48 states, are critically
dependent on domestic port shipments.
Exclusions are contained in the definition section of the legislation.
The exclusions include ferries, vessels transporting fish not previously
landed on shore, vessels on the Inland Waterway system, and vessels less
than 3,000 gross tons. The minimum vessel size preserves the exclusion
for vessels moving on inland and intracoastal waterways, and other small
vessels for which the cost to administer the fee would be impractical.
RATE ADJUSTMENT
The proposed legislation provides for a periodic review of amounts
collected to ensure that the fees charged fairly approximate the cost of
services provided. The legislation also provides for the prospective
adjustment of the rate of the fee for any one or more of the bulker,
tanker, or cruise vessel categories of up to $0.05, or in the case of the
general vessel category, by up to $0.25, as necessary to fairly
approximate the cost of services provided to commercial vessels in each
vessel category.
In addition the legislation provides that, if amounts appropriated in any
fiscal year are less than the amount collected in fees for the prior
fiscal year, then the rate of the fee for each vessel category shall be
reduced in the year of the appropriation so as to result in collections
not exceeding the total amount appropriated from the HSF for that fiscal
year.
COLLECTION AND ADMINISTRATION
Regulations would be prescribed by the Secretaries of the Treasury and the
Army, respectively, for collection and administration of the user fee.
Collection of fee - The Secretary of the Treasury would be responsible for
prescribing regulations:
ú
abTo provide for the manner and method of payment and collection
of the fee imposed by this legislation.
ú
abTo provide for the posting of bonds to secure payment of the
fee.
ú
abTo exempt any transaction or class of transactions from the fee
where the collection of the fee is not administratively practical.
Audit of fees - The Secretary of the Army be responsible for prescribing
regulations:
ú
abTo provide for the remittance or mitigation of penalties and
the settlement or compromise of claims.
ú
abTo provide for a periodic review of amounts collected under
this legislation to ensure that the fees charged fairly approximate the
cost of services provided to commercial vessels for port use.
ú
abTo provide for the adjustment of the rate of the fee as
necessary to fairly approximate the cost of services provided to
commercial vessels.
ú
abOther regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes
of this legislation.
CONCLUSION
To summarize:
ú
abThe Administration ,S proposal is a step forward to meet the
needs of the ports and harbors of the United States, not only for
operation and maintenance, but also to provide the needed revenue for
channel improvement projects.
ú
bThe budget treatment of this proposal allows the Administration
to support a higher level of spending for port and harbor activities than
would have been possible in the absence of the proposal, and thereby
reduces the backlog of these needed navigation improvements.
ú
abThis proposal places the costs of harbor services fairly and
equitably on the users of these services, and remedies the constitutional
problems of the HMT.
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee, this concludes my
testimony. This proposal is an important step in the dialogue among the
Administration, Congress, and all of the stakeholders on this important
issue. My staff and I stand ready to work with you on this matter in any
way we can. I would be pleased to answer your questions.
Attachment (Examples)
ATTACHMENT - HARBOR SERVICES USER FEE DETAILED EXAMPLES
The examples present the amount of the new Harbor Services User Fee (HSUF)
as compared to the old Harbor Maintenance Tax (HMT). Cargo values are
shown only to make this comparison. The cargo value is needed to
calculate the old HMT. Cargo value has no relation to the way the
proposed fee is computed.
GENERAL: This is the major vessel category. Most of the vessel capacity
is in containerships that operate on regular scheduled port calls. About
44% of all VCUs are in this category.
Example 1 - General
4,200 TEU Containership carrying $140 million in cargo in 6,000 TEU
round-trip
VCU = 57,000 GT (Gross Tonnage)
Voyage: Northern Europe - Boston - New York - Norfolk - Northern Europe
This example shows a containership with multiple port calls on the East
Coast. The vessel would be assessed $2.74/VCU X 57,000 VCU = $156,180
upon entering Boston for the entire voyage. The vessel operator would pay
the fee.
The HMT for this voyage carrying $140 million in cargo in 6,000 TEU
(round-trip) is $175,000 and the shippers pay it. This is equivalent to
$3.07/VCU (or $29/TEU) for the entire voyage under the HMT compared to
$2.74/VCU (or $26/TEU) under the HSUF.
Example 2 - General
4,800 TEU Containership carrying $190 million in cargo in 7,560 TEU
round-trip
VCU = 65,000 GT
Voyage: Far East - Los Angeles - Seattle - Far East
This example shows a containership with multiple port calls on the West
Coast. The vessel would be assessed $2.74/VCU X 65,000 VCU = $178,100
upon entering Los Angeles for the entire voyage. The vessel operator
would pay the fee.
The HMT for this voyage carrying $190 million cargo in 7,560 TEU
(round-trip) is $237,500 and is paid by the shipper. This is equivalent
to $3.65/VCU (or $31/TEU) for the entire voyage under the HMT compared to
$2.74/VCU (or $23/TEU) under the HSUF.
BULKER: About 16% of all VCUs are in this group. Bulkers are usually
engaged in point to point trade having empty back hauls.
Example 1 - Bulker
Bulker carrying 50,000 mt (metric tons) of grain worth $5 million
VCU = 20,000 NT (Net Tonnage)
Voyage: New Orleans - Japan
This example shows a bulker entering New Orleans empty (ballast) and then
sailing from New Orleans to Japan. The vessel would be assessed $0.12/VCU
X 20,000 VCU = $2,400 at New Orleans and this fee would be paid by the
vessel operator.
The HMT for this voyage carrying $5 million in grain is $6,250 and the
shipper pays it. This is equivalent to $0.31/VCU (or $0.13/mt) under the
HMT compared to $0.12/VCU (or $0.06/mt) under the HSUF.
The Panama Canal charge on this shipment is $78,385.
Example 2 - Bulker
Bulker carrying 100,000 mt of coal worth $5 million
VCU = 50,000 NT
Voyage: Norfolk - Japan
This example shows a bulker entering Norfolk empty (ballast) and then
sailing from Norfolk to Japan. The vessel would be assessed $0.12/VCU X
50,000 VCU = $6,000 at Norfolk. The vessel operator would pay this fee.
The HMT for this voyage carrying $5 million in coal is $6,250 and the
shipper pays it. This is equivalent to $0.125/VCU (or $0.0625/mt) under
the HMT compared to $0.12/VCU (or $0.06/mt) under the HSUF.
TANKER: About 16% of all VCUs are in this category. Tankers are usually
engaged in point to point trade to specific oil and chemical processing
facilities and often have empty back hauls.
Tanker carrying 150,000 mt of crude oil worth $18 million
VCU = 50,000 NT
Voyage: Venezuela - Philadelphia
This example shows a tanker entering refining facilities in Philadelphia
from Venezuela loaded with crude oil and then exiting from Philadelphia
empty (ballast). The vessel would be assessed $0.28/VCU X 50,000 VCU =
$14,000 at Philadelphia and it would be paid by the vessel operator.
The HMT for this voyage carrying $18 million in crude oil is $22,500 and
the shipper pays it. This is equivalent to $0.45/VCU (or ($0.15/mt) under
the HMT compared to $0.28/VCU (or $0.09/mt) under the HSUF.
CRUISE: About 24% of all VCUs are in this category. Cruise ships operate
on a regular interval of port calls.
Cruise ship with $3 million in fares for 1200 passengers
VCU = 55,000 GT
Voyage: Vancouver - Ketchikan- Juneau - Valdez - Seward - Vancouver
This example shows a cruise ship with multiple port calls in Alaska
departing and returning to Vancouver, Canada. The vessel would be
assessed $0.12/VCU X 55,000 VCU = $6,600 entering Ketchikan for the entire
voyage.
The HMT for this voyage having $3.0 million in fares for 1,200 passengers
is $3,750. This is equivalent $0.07/VCU (or $3.13/passenger) for the
entire voyage under the HMT compared to $0.12/VCU (or $5.50/passenger)
under the HSUF.
Clinton Presidential Records
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Collection: 2006-0210-F
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Creation Date: 1999-05-20
Subject:
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Creator: Weinstein, Dena <[email protected]> Weinstein,
Dena <[email protected]> [ UNKNOWN]
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Collection: 2006-0210-F
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Collection: 2019-0143-F
Bucket: WHO
Creation Date: 1999-05-28
Subject: LEXISR-NEXISR Email Request 711:0:1682174
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RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
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)
CREATION DATE/TIME:28-MAY-1999 10:27:04.00
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TO: Melissa M. Murray ( CN=Melissa M. Murray/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
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Print Request: Selected Document(s): 3
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Research Information:
Country Profiles;central america
Note:
3 of 5 DOCUMENTS
Copyright 1999 Walden Publishing Ltd
Country Reports
LAST-UPDATE: May 18, 1999
LENGTH: 13451 words
COUNTRY-NAME:
Nicaragua
OFFICIAL NAME
Republica de Nicaragua (The Republic of Nicaragua)
TYPE OF STATE
A republican constitution since 1984, providing for a strong presidency.
HEAD OF STATE AND HEAD OF GOVERNMENT
President Dr Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo (AL) (elected 20 October 1996;
inaugurated
January 1997)
RULING PARTY
Alianza Liberal (AL) (Liberal Alliance) (42 seats - largest single
party in
the National Assembly inaugurated January 1997).
MAIN OPPOSITION
Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN) (Sandinistas) (36 seats)
SIZE
128,875 square km (49,759 square miles)
POPULATION
4.70 million, 1997 estimate.
As many as half a million expatriate Nicaraguans live in Costa Rica,
Honduras
and the United States.
Annual population growth rate 3.1 per cent (1990-96). Life expectancy 68
years (1996). Infant mortality rate 44 per 1,000 live births in 1996.
Approximately 24 per cent of children were underweight between 1990 and
1996.
About 49 per cent of the population is male, 51 per cent female.
Population
under 25 years 65 per cent.
Population density 40 inhabitants per sq km in 1996. Urban population
63 per
cent in 1996 compared to 47 per cent in 1970.
Ethnic makeup: the population is 69 per cent mestizo, 17 per cent
European, 9
per cent negro and 5 per cent American.
In the eastern region of the country, on the Atlantic coast, live the
Creole
and Indian peoples. The Creoles number some 26,000, the Miskitos 182,000
and the
Sumus 9,000. There are also two very small indigenous groups - the Ramas
and the
Garifunos.
CAPITAL CITY
Managua; population 770,000 (1996) in the metropolitan area.
RELIGIONS
Primarily a Catholic country, although mainline Protestant and
evangelical
groups make up 20 per cent of the population. The majority of the
Atlantic coast
population is Moravian (members of a Protestant sect founded in Saxony and
holding Hussite doctrines). There is no official religion.
In 1997 the unemployment rate was 13.9 per cent. Underemployment is
endemic.
Approximately 36 per cent of the workforce is female.
While the government claims that only 13 per cent of Nicaraguans are
illiterate, most experts agree that functional illiteracy is at least
twice that
figure. The World Bank estimated adult literacy in Nicaragua at 66 per
cent in
1995.
GMT/LOCAL TIME DIFFERENCE
GMT minus six hours
LANGUAGES SPOKEN
Spanish is the official language. Some 90 per cent of the population is
Spanish-speaking. Many names of towns, medicines, foods, flora and fauna
are in
the Nahuati language.
Some businessmen speak English. In the Bluefields (Atlantic) region,
English
prevails.
On the Atlantic Coast, Indian towns and ethnic communities still
preserve
their language and cultural traditions. Here, Autonomous Law guarantees
bilingual education in the Miskito, Creole, English, Sumus, Ramas and
Garifuna
dialects.
CURRENCY
Cordoba oro (gold cordoba) or new cordoba (C)
EXCHANGE RATE
C11.05 per US$ (November 1998)
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
C19.07 billion (1997)
GDP PER CAPITA
US$454.6 (1997)
GDP REAL GROWTH
6.8 per cent (1997)
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)
US$1.97 billion (1996)
GNP PER CAPITA
US$448 (1996)
GNP REAL GROWTH
5 per cent (1996 estimate)
INFLATION
10.0 per cent (1997)
INTEREST RATES
Savings: 8.7 per cent per annum (July 1998)
Deposit: 10.5 per cent per annum (July 1998)
Lending: 21.4 per cent per annum (July 1998)
EXPORTS (GOODS) (FOB)
US$708.6 million (1997)
IMPORTS (GOODS) (FOB)
US$1.5 billion (1997)
TRADE BALANCE
-US$741.8 million (1997)
CURRENT ACCOUNT
-US$670.5 million (1997)
FOREIGN DEBT
US$9.2 billion (1997)
TOTAL RESERVES MINUS GOLD
US$388.43 million (end-July 1998)
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
US$388.10 million (end-July 1998)
TOURIST ARRIVALS
303,000 (1996)
TOURISM RECEIPTS
US$54m (1996)
KEY INDICATORS
Unit 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Population m 4.26 4.30 4.40 4.60 4.70
Gross national product (GNP) US$bn 1.29 1.55 1.67 1.74
GNP per capita US$ 320 370 380 386
Gross domestic product (GDP) real growth % 3.23.85.54.0
Inflation % 20.4 7.7 11.1 12.1 10.0
Unemployment % 21.8 20.7 20.2 18.1 13.9
Agricultural output
Maize '000 tonnes 284 241 331 323 318
Coffee, green '000 tonnes 42 41 55 53 58
Seed cotton '000 tonnes 31674
Bananas '000 tonnes 60 65 98 68
Sugar-cane '000 tonnes 2,2442,593 3,198 3,650 3,546
Exports (goods) (FOB) US$m 267.0 363.7 530.2 673.5 708.6
Imports (goods) (FOB) US$m 659.4 781.2 865.0 1,033.2 1,450.4
Balance of trade US$m -392.4 -417.5 -334.8 -359.7 -741.8
Current account US$m -644.3 -700.2 -569.5 -481.2 -670.5
Foreign debt US$bn - 8.9 8.6 6.4 6.1
Total reserves minus gold US$m 55.04 141.01 136.20 197.32 377.94
Foreign exchange US$m 55.00 141.00 136.20 197.30 377.90
Discount rate % 11.8 10.5 10.2 10.2 -
Savings rate % 8.5 8.8 8.9 9.0 8.9
Lending rate % 18.7 20.1 19.9 20.7 21.0
Deposit rate % 11.6 11.7 11.1 12.3 12.4
Exchange rate C per US$ 5.62 6.72 7.55 8.44 9.45
INTRODUCTION
Nicaragua's political scene dissolved into legislative chaos - some
might say
farce - following the October 1996 election of right-wing Alianza Liberal
(AL)
(Liberal Alliance) candidate Arnoldo Aleman, a former mayor of Managua, as
president. Opposition parties in congress joined forces to pass an
improbable
legislative programme providing - inter alia - salary increases for state
employees and granting congress powers to elect the president of the Banco
Central de Nicaragua (BCN) (central bank). In January 1997 the Supreme
Court
ruled that all the laws passed in the transitional period (between
election and
inauguration) were null and void.
The episode illustrated how little consensus exists between government
and
opposition, or more particularly between the AL and the opposition
Sandinista
party, the Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN). The two are
separated by a huge philosophical divide that Nicaragua's recent history
has
done little to reconcile. The mood in Congress, and the rushed
legislation, were
inspired by opposition frustration at Aleman's convincing electoral
victory. His
right-wing AL party won 42 seats in the newly elected National Assembly.
The
Sandinistas, out of power for over six years, failed to make the comeback
they
had hoped for, winning only 36 seats. The balance of power in the
legislature
lies with the deputies elected by Nicaragua's smaller parties.
Aleman took over the helm from out-going president Violeta Chamorro. The
Chamorro presidency was regarded by many, certainly in its latter years,
as a
lame duck administration, ruling with the support of a fragmented
coalition and
torn between a desire to roll back excessive state participation and the
inevitability of continuing many of the Sandinista economic policies.
Elected in
1990, Chamorro's essential contribution was to bring peace and relative
stability to Nicaragua. Since 1976, civil unrest deteriorating into civil
war
had been the rule in Nicaragua. In the three years before President
Somoza left
Nicaragua in 1979, some 50,000 Nicaraguans died in clashes between the
FSLN and
the National Guard. It is impossible to put an accurate figure on the
number of
Nicaraguans killed in the more prolonged conflict between the Sandinista
government and the US-backed Contra Revolucionarios, or Contras.
Economy
Before the Sandinista revolution in 1979, agriculture was Nicaragua's
dominant productive sector, accounting for 23 per cent of GDP, against 20
per
cent for the manufacturing sector and 50 per cent for services. A handful
of
agricultural products - bananas, coffee, cotton, sugar and beef accounted
for
more than 65 per cent of Nicaragua's export earnings. Between 20 and 25
per cent
of Nicaragua's foreign trade, in either direction, was conducted with the
USA. A
similar percentage was accounted for by trade within the Central American
Common
Market (CACM), mainly with Costa Rica, El Salvador and Guatemala. Until
May 1981
it was this regional trade that provided the initiative for much of
Nicaragua's
export-oriented industrial development.
Since 1981 Nicaragua has experienced an often tragic catalogue of
negative
economic developments. Its relationship with the USA - a defining
relationship
with most countries in the region - deteriorated from that of major
trading
partner to one of outright belligerence as the USA mounted a crippling
economic
blockade in the 1980s. The CACM ceased to live up to its name and
aspirations
and instead became progressively deadlocked in protectionism. Nicaragua,
traditionally vulnerable to external factors, suffered badly as prices
for its
two major commodities - coffee and bananas - fell on international
markets.
Inclusion among the central American recipients of European Union (EU)
aid (EEC
at the time), was blocked by Britain's conservative government, anxious to
appear supportive of the US position on Nicaragua. The veiled hand of the
US
administration was also seen behind negative reports circulating at the
time
concerning Nicaragua's credit-worthiness.
So effective was the US blockade that Nicaragua was forced to turn for
support and sustenance to the former USSR and Cuba, piling up problems as
its
reliance on Soviet aid, particularly subsidised oil supplies, increased,
only to
end abruptly with the collapse of the Soviet empire, forcing a desperate
Nicaragua forlornly to re-assess an already disastrous position.
The consequences of this disastrous foreign policy remain. Although the
official unemployment figure was 13.9 per cent at the end of 1997, around
60 per
cent of the population was estimated to be either unemployed or
underemployed.
Nicaragua, the largest country in central America, also has one of the
largest
per capita debt burdens in the world, with 51 per cent of government
revenue
used to pay off debt.
Compensation
Foreign investment flows, while rising, are still laughably low by the
standards of most emerging markets, totalling US$23.3 million in 1993 and
rising
to just under US$60 million in 1995. President Aleman has promised to
restore
property rights, although the whole issue of compensation for property
confiscated under the Sandinista regime is as complex as it is critical.
The
Aleman cabinet, largely comprising technocrats, is well aware of the
importance
of creating a stable and equitable climate for foreign investors. At the
same
time it has sought to reach agreement on compensation without recourse to
the
outgoing government's property compensation bonds. These are notionally
backed
by anticipated revenues from the privatisation of Telcor, the state-owned
telecommunications company.
The Privatisation Act, passed at the end of 1995, established a legal
framework for issuing definitive titles to property and for the programme
of
compensation to former owners of expropriated property. It also provided
for an
issue (US$650 million) of compensation bonds, backed by United States
Treasury
zero-coupon bonds. The 1995 investment protection agreement concluded
with the
USA contained no specific mechanism for resolving property-related issues.
Policy
Despite efforts to adhere to the economic guidelines laid down by the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), this has proved difficult. The central
objective of the outgoing government's macroeconomic policy was the
reduction of
the fiscal surplus by increasing the primary surplus. The failure to
achieve
this meant that the government's macroeconomic programme had to be
re-thought.
In the meantime, the IMF and the World Bank decided that Nicaragua had
failed to
achieve the targets required to qualify for a further enhanced structural
adjustment facility (ESAF). Without the ESAF in place, Nicaragua is
ineligible
for loans from the InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB) and the World
Bank. Nor
is it able to qualify for further restructuring of its Paris Club debt.
The Aleman victory was conclusive despite his well known connections
with the
former Somoza regime. The direction, and priorities, of his government
are well
indicated by his choice of cabinet, the members of which are very much
technocrats. The president of the central bank, Noel Ramirez, came from
the
Instituto Centroamericano de Administracion de Empresas (Central American
Business School - INCAE). Economy Minister Francisco Lainez was central
bank
governor in the Somoza era. Minister of Finance Esteban Duquestrade is a
private
banker.
Growth
The central bank put GDP growth in 1997 at 6.8 per cent, the highest
recorded
figure since 1979 and slightly up on the 1996 figure of 5.5 per cent.
Economic
growth has been sustained by significant increases in fixed investment,
reasonable export growth and the continued recovery of the construction
sector
as war damages are repaired and the country's infrastructure rebuilt. The
previous administration had little success in getting inflation into
single
figures. The 1996 inflation rate was 12.1 per cent, slightly up on the
11.1 per
cent recorded in 1995, but decreased to 10.0 per cent in 1997.
The 1995/96 agricultural year saw an increase in production of the
principal
export crops (coffee and bananas) as well as in maize production.
However, the
production of rice, beans and sorghum declined, as did beef output, the
latter
adversely affected by low international meat prices and the lack of any
solution
to the debt arrears that affect a large number of Nicaraguan producers.
The
1996/97 coffee crop is estimated at 950,000 bags, revised downwards from
earlier
estimates of 1.1 million bags. The 1995 harvest was 1.3 million bags.
Although
exports look likely to drop, increased coffee prices should ensure
comparable
revenue figures. Fisheries output - and export - notably of crustaceans,
increased greatly.
The manufacturing sector continues to grow, registering 2.1 per cent in
1996. Much of the growth came from the agro-industrial sector's production for
export
from coffee and sugar refineries, processing plants and marine product
factories. Manufacturing growth has been achieved despite the upheavals
caused
by the sector's far-reaching restructuring, diversification and
consolidation.
Strong growth has also been generated by the maquilla (in bond) industries
operating in the Las Mercedes free trade zone (FTZ). The zone's 17
factories
employ over 8,000 workers, mostly producing clothing. Total exports from
the
maquilla sector were estimated at US$160 million in 1996. Foreign direct
investment in the FTZ is estimated (end-1996) at US$45 million.
Hurricane Mitch
Few countries have experienced as many economic body-blows as
Nicaragua. In
November 1998 Hurricane Mitch, the worst storm to affect Central America
in two
centuries, hit Nicaragua. It caused severe flooding and landslides
throughout
Nicaragua. The worst affected areas were central, north and north-western
parts
of the country. Nine regions were declared disaster areas.
It was estimated that over 4,000 people died, with many more missing,
as a
result of the hurricane, although the actual death toll will never be
known. A
tenth of the population, around half a million people, were made
homeless. A
lack of clean water resulted in the outbreak of disease, with stagnating
water
providing a haven for malarial mosquitoes. Cholera was reported in some
areas.
At least 20 per cent of the country's coffee production for 1998-99 was
destroyed. Sugar harvests were delayed, shrimp farms were buried under
mudslides
and there were major losses in non-traditional crops.
Seventy per cent of the country's infrastructure was destroyed, with the
Pan-American Highway cut in several places by floods and landslides; many
bridges were destroyed. The loss of roads and bridges and the resulting
transport bottlenecks meant that even where crops survived, farmers faced
disaster due to being unable to transport their crops.
A political row developed with the government being accused of reacting
too
slowly to the disaster. It may take up to 20 years to reconstruct the
country's
economy and infrastructure. The US pledged US$70 million in aid to
Nicaragua and
Honduras. The Hurricane has destroyed the government's revenue-raising
ability
and exports, raising questions about the country's debt repayments.
While the consequences of Hurricane Mitch are serious and long-lasting,
the
economic consequences are unclear. After the hurricane, France
unilaterally
wrote off its share of Nicaragua's debt and the IMF began examining the
country's debt repayments. It is certainly possible that if the government
follows IMF policies, the pain caused by austerity measures and the
hurricane
may subside sooner than expected.
POLITICS
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
The President, Vice-President and representatives in the National
Assembly
serve five-year terms. The President names magistrates to the Supreme
Court and
to the Supreme Electoral Council (the fourth branch of government in
Nicaragua
which oversees the electoral process), subject to confirmation by the
National
Assembly. Two of the five members of the Supreme Electoral Council,
however, are
chosen from opposition political parties.
The President has the power to veto, or partially veto, a law passed
within
the preceding 15 days by the National Assembly.
Voting eligibility: 16 years old.
CURRENT SITUATION
After Arnoldo Aleman's election to the presidency in October 1996,
Nicaragua
experienced an almost chaotic transitionary period leading up to the new
President's swearing in ceremony. During the period between October 1996
and
January 1997, political parties opposed to the new President passed a
record
number of laws which were then declared void by the Supreme Court. In the
new
National Assembly, Aleman's Alianza Liberal (AL) (Liberal Alliance) won
42 seats
while the Sandinistas won 36 seats and the remaining smaller parties 15
seats.
At the end of May 1998, Daniel Ortega and Tomas Borge were re-elected to
posts at the head of the Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN)
(Sandinistas), despite accusations from Ortega's stepdaughter that he
sexually
abused her and the strong challenge to Borge from Victor Hugo Tinoco. The
latter
is seen as one of the principal reformers of the FSLN which has been out
of
power since 1990. Critics claim that Nicaragua's main opposition party is
failing to rise up to the challenges of Nicaragua's current political
climate.
The same rhetoric heard two decades ago can still be heard at party
congresses
at the end of 1990s; the pace of change and reform in the party is seen
by many
as too slow.
In early 1998 Ortega called for dialogue with the Nicaraguan Government
which
was welcomed by many observers in Nicaragua as being the start of better
relations between the authorities and the opposition.
Background
At the end of 1995, political speculation in Nicaragua inevitably turned
towards the 1996 presidential elections. Prospects of an easy victory for
the
country's de facto prime minister, Antonio Lacayo, Violeta Barrios de
Chamorro's
son-in-law and minister for the presidency, were thwarted by
constitutional
reforms voted in at the end of 1994. Lacayo had been seen by many as the
automatic governmental candidate for the presidency but the constitutional
reforms not only reduced the presidential term from six years to five
years,
they also prevented close relations of the incumbent president from
standing for
elections under what is known as the consanguinity provision.
The changes, ostensibly aimed at moving power from the executive to
parliament, hinted at a hidden agenda intended not only to torpedo
Lacayo's
chances for the presidency, but also nipped-in-the-bud an agreement
reportedly
made between Lacayo and Sandinista leader (and former president) Daniel
Ortega.
Under this alleged pact, Sandinista claims to property expropriated under
their
administration would have been recognised and their ownership legalised in
return for opposing the consanguinity legislation. The Sandinista members
of
parliament however, ignored Ortega's intentions and voted for the
consanguinity
law, in the process opening up a split within the Sandinista movement.
The Somoza dictatorship (of nearly 40 years) was overthrown by a popular
revolution in 1979, and the revolutionary Frente Sandinista de Liberacion
Nacional (FSLN) (Sandinistas) took political power in Nicaragua. In
national
elections held in 1984 the FSLN gained 67 per cent of the popular vote;
international observers almost unanimously declared the election free and
fair
and a model for such a poll in conditions of virtual warfare in the face
of
contra military activities. This gave the FSLN a two-thirds majority in
the
National Assembly as well. A new constitution was promulgated in 1987.
General elections were held in Nicaragua on 25 February 1990 and a new
government made up of the US-backed opposition alliance (UNO) led by Mrs
Chamorro assumed office in April 1990.
The UNO coalition, which backed President Chamorro in the 1990
elections,
turned against her when she sought to improve relations with the
Sandinistas.
GOVERNMENT
Head of state and head of government: President Dr Arnoldo Aleman
Lacayo (AL)
(elected 20 October 1996; inaugurated January 1997)
Ruling party: Alianza Liberal (AL) Liberal Alliance (42 seats - largest
single party in the National Assembly, inaugurated January 1997).
Main opposition: Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN)
(Sandinistas) (36 seats)
Last elections: 20 October 1996 (general)
Next elections: 20 October 2002
Cabinet ministers (reshuffled 1 July 1998)
President: Arnoldo Aleman
Vice President: Enrique Bolanos
Minister for Agriculture and Livestock: Mario de Franco
Minister for Construction and Transport: Edgar Quintana Romero
Minister for Defence: Jaime Cuadra Somarriba
Minister for Economy and Development: Noel Sacasa-Cruz
Minister for Education: Humberto Belli Pereira
Minister for Environment and Natural Resources: Roberto Stadthagen
Minister for Finance: Esteban Duque Estrada
Minister for Foreign Affairs: Emilio Alvarez Montalvan
Minister for Foreign Co-operation: David Robleto Lang
Minister for Health: Lombardo Martinez Cabezas
Minister for the Interior: Jose Antonio Alvarado Correa
Minister for Labour: Carlos Wilfredo Navarro Moreira
Minister for the Presidency: Eduardo Montealegre
Minister for Social Action: Jamileth Bonilla Madrigal
Minister for Tourism: Pedro Joaquin Chamorro
N.B. For addresses of Ministries, see USEFUL ADDRESSES at end of report.
MEMBERSHIP OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Nicaragua is a member of a number of international organisations,
including:
Central American Common Market (CACM)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
InterAmerican Development Bank
Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM)
Non-Aligned Movement
Organisation of American States (OAS)
United Nations (UN) and its agencies, including:
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD or World
Bank)
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
International Labour Organisation (ILO)
International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
(UNESCO)
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
World Health Organisation (WHO)
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)
ECONOMY
BACKGROUND
Nicaragua's economic performance has long been constrained by its
extreme
dependence on external resources which has led to a huge external debt
position
and a persistent trade deficit. Domestic saving is negligible and
consumption
has repeatedly exceeded national income. As a result Nicaragua has had to
rely
on continual transfer of funds from abroad. Since 1995, negotiations with
the
IMF led to strict monetary and fiscal policies being imposed on the
Nicaraguan
economy. However, at the end of 1996 IMF targets aimed at improving the
primary
surplus in order to reduce the fiscal deficit failed, and an interim
programme
was adopted which, unlike its predecessors, took account of structural and
political constraints. At the same time, since the mid-1990s there have
been
on-going international negotiations which have helped reduce Nicaragua's
huge
external debt.
Nicaragua is currently attempting to increase saving levels, improve tax
receipts and reduce the institutionalised structural rigidities in the
economy.
Agreement by the National Assembly to privatise the state
telecommunications company (Telcor) as well as an all-party agreement to
respect
agricultural smallholdings created under the reforms of the 1980s, have
gone
some way to convincing investors that Nicaragua is committed to following
a path
of structural reform.
GDP breakdown 1996
%
Agriculture 16.31
Livestock 8.74
Fishing 1.68
Forestry 0.28
Manufacturing 21.69
Construction 3.94
Mining 0.65
Commerce 17.72
Transport 4.83
Financial services 3.11
Electricity and water 3.16
Housing 4.07
Government 9.47
Other services 4.40
MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
The Nicaraguan economy has reported reasonable levels of growth since
1993.
During the latter half of the 1990s, GDP growth has been fuelled by
greater
domestic and external demand, better export levels and growing amounts of
investment. During the early 1990s, the Nicaraguan authorities encouraged
an
expanding maquilladora industry (assembly plants) which helped provide a
greater
variety of tradeable goods for the domestic market. Stabilisation and
normalisation of daily life in Nicaragua after the war-torn years has
begun to
stimulate domestic demand.
Despite Nicaragua's fiscal and trade deficits, inflation has been
falling
since 1992, when it had reached 23 per cent, to 10 per cent in 1997. At
the same
time, efforts have been made to reduce the twin deficits with the help of
the
IMF and international aid programmes.
Economic indicators
% unless otherwise indicated
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
GDP growth 4.0 3.2 3.8 5.5 6.8
Inflation 20.4 7.7 11.1 12.1 10.0
External debt (US$ billion) 11.0 11.7 10.3 6.4 9.2
MONETARY POLICY
Since the early 1990s Nicaragua's central bank has strengthened its
autonomy
by preparing annual and quarterly monetary programmes. In an attempt to
slow
down liquidity in the economy, the central bank has distanced itself from
the
credit market, intervening only in emergencies. Liquidity in the financial
sector where banks have continued to exercise extreme caution in lending
policies while deposits have grown considerably has meant that the
central bank
has extended the legal reserve facility in order to prevent excess
liquidity
leaking into the wider economy. Despite the central bank's persistent
attempts
to reduce liquidity levels and induce confidence in the economy, public
perception in Nicaragua remains one of uncertainty, leaving the fiscal
authorities to handle an ever increasing level of dollarisation in the
economy.
Concern was also raised in June 1998 when an audit of the central bank
revealed
a US$460 million discrepancy.
Nicaragua's financial system remains fragile, despite a large degree of
stabilisation within the system which has led to increasing deposit
levels. The
country's productive sectors (in particular agriculture) are perceived as
high
risk. Critics have also accused the authorities of failing to clear up
the state
banking system's overdue debt which has contributed to a feeling of
pessimism in
some quarters.
Monetary indicators
% unless otherwise indicated
1990 1996
Annual growth of M2 7,677.8 40.6
Annual growth of claims on the private sector as a % of M2 4,932.9 -8.6
Annual growth of claims on government and public entities as a % of M2
12,679.3 -56.7
In 1993 the government introduced a new policy which provided for the
cordoba
to depreciate in nominal terms by an amount roughly equal to its
inflation against the US dollar. This policy has kept the exchange rate more or less
stable as well as closing the gap between rates in the official and
unofficial
markets.
EXTERNAL AID
In early April 1998, donors pledged US$1.8 billion over three years to
Nicaragua. The funds are expected to be used to fight poverty levels and
help
improve growth prospects in the economy. This came shortly after the
Nicaraguan
Government had agreed with the IMF to freeze existing public spending
levels.
The government is expected to target tourism and agriculture as the main
sources
of future growth in the economy.
At the end of April 1998, it was announced that negotiations between
Nicaragua and Paris Club debtor countries had produced an agreement to
restructure the country's levels of debt. At the core of the agreement
stands
interest relief on debt worth US$200 million until 2001. The effect of
this
agreement has been a 33 per cent reduction in Nicaragua's debt service
obligations. The Nicaraguan authorities also announced plans to apply for
relief
on a large part of the principle of its external debt (US$9.2 billion at
the end
of 1997 compared to US$6.4 billion at the end of 1996) in 2000. However,
such a
scenario will only be possible if Nicaragua manages to meet IMF
conditions on
restructuring the economy.
In the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch, further debt rescheduling is
likely to
occur. However, IMF insistence on the continuation of its Structural
Adjustment
Plan has increased division between the government and the opposition led
by
Daniel Ortega who is agitating for the revision of the plan and the
easing of
fiscal controls.
Distribution of net aid by Development Assistant Committee (DAC) members
(1996)
US$ millions
United States 30.0
Japan 70.5
France 10.2
Germany 403.0
Netherlands 38.1
United Kingdom 1.5
Canada 12.9
Sweden 49.4
Denmark 33.6
Norway 24.0
Others 90.8
Total 764.0
Aid dependency
US$ million (unless otherwise indicated)
1991 1996
Net official development assistance and official aid 841.1 954.0
Aid per capita (US$) 217 212
Aid as a % of GNP 64.1 57.1
Aid as a % of gross domestic investment 239.8 174.5
Aid as a % of imports of goods and services 70.3 59.3
Aid as a % of central government expenditures 176.5 105.6
BUDGET
Central government expenditures
% of total expenditure
1980 1995
Goods and services 60 30
Wages and salaries na 19
Interest payments 8 12
Subsidies and other current transfers 13 25
Capital expenditures 19 33
na = figure not available
INDUSTRY, MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES
The small population and low level of economic diversification of the
Nicaraguan economy have limited the ability of the government to
establish an
export-driven model of economic development. Recent initiatives follow in
the
wake of an unsuccessful policy of industrial development in the late
1980s which
included the promotion of joint public-private enterprises and attempted
to
provide basic consumer goods at prices accessible to most people.
Unfortunately,
one unforeseen consequence of this policy was the lowering of economic
efficiency as a result of subsidies on state-produced goods. By the end
of the
decade, many private producers had been forced to close their factories,
sell
out to the state or scale down activities.
Arrears to the World Bank and InterAmerican Development Bank, totalling
US$
320 million, were cleared in September 1991. Since then the government
has been
successful in winning international backing for its policies, in
particular
trade and financial sector reforms, such as the elimination of state
monopolies
in foreign trade, the liberalisation of the marketing system for basic
grains
and assistance with liberalising the foreign exchange system.
The most important projects undertaken in recent years have reflected
the
priority placed on large-scale agro-industrial production. The two
biggest have
been the Timal sugar refinery and the Sebaco food processing complex. The
Timal
sugar refinery, located north of Managua in the Tipitapa-Malacatoya
lowlands,
cost US$200 million and was financed through loans and donations from a
consortium of 14 countries, including Cuba, France, Spain and Canada, as
well as
from the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI). The
refinery
was designed by Cuban engineers and is capable of producing 7.55 tonnes of
refined sugar daily. It also produces energy from the sugar cane refuse.
The
Sebaco food processing complex is engaged in canning, dehydration and
frozen
food processing for export markets. A new industrial free zone law was
approved
by congress in the mid-1990s, with a total area of 30,000 square miles.
The strongest manufacturing sectors are: food processing, clothing and
textiles, tobacco products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and plastics.
Most construction companies and construction material producers remain
state-owned, but are being prepared for privatisation.
In the mid-1990s manufacturing accounted for about 20 per cent of GDP.
Investment in Nicaragua's fledgling manufacturing sector is crucial to
ensure
the structural reforms needed to make the sector competitive and
efficient are
carried out. In the past, investment resources were often diverted to the
defence sector, while factories closed as result of non-availability of
replacement parts and basic inputs. Between 1985 and 1990 Nicaragua
experienced
a reduction in its domestic market, as well as losing the US export market
during the US trade embargo.
Insurance
All insurance companies were nationalised in 1979 and their operations
handled by the state company, Instituto Nicaraguense de Seguros y
Reaseguros.
Private enterprise to the insurance sector has since been readmitted. Four
foreign insurance companies also have offices in Managua:
American Life Insurance Company
British American Insurance Company
Citizens Standard Life Insurance Company
Pan American Life Insurance Company
Despite falling levels of unemployment, from 20.2 per cent in 1995 to
13.9
per cent in 1997, observers are concerned that underemployment in
Nicaragua
could be rising much faster. Some analysts estimate that up to half the
population are underemployed.
EXTERNAL TRADE
Nicaragua has seen its export levels rise since 1992, but not enough to
balance a burgeoning import bill. Until 1995, Nicaragua's current account
deficit exceeded total exports of goods and services. Imports in 1997
continued
to rise, reaching US$1.5 billion, compared to US$1.1 billion in 1996.
However,
although Nicaragua's trade deficit rose in 1997 to -US$741.8 million, the
country's external debt levels have remained in the region of US$9.2
billion.
The current account deficit rose from US$496.7 million in 1996 to
-US$670.5
million in 1997.
Nicaragua's external imbalances continue to cause concern. Improvements
in
the export account in the mid-1990s have had more to do with high
commodity
prices (in particular bananas and coffee) rather than any real increases
in
volume. Rising levels of manufactured exports from the country's
maquilladora
sector and free zone have contributed to the rising export figures. As
Nicaragua
tries to carve out a manufacturing base, which will be even more
difficult due
to the infrastructural damage caused by Hurricane Mitch, imports of
services,
intermediate goods for the manufacturing sector and capital goods have
all risen
while imports of consumer goods have slowed.
Trade figures
US$ million
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Exports (goods) (FOB) 267.0 363.7 530.2 673.5 708.6
Imports (goods) (FOB) 659.4 781.2 865.0 1,033.2 1,450.5
Balance of trade -392.4 -417.5 -334.8 -359.7 -741.8
Main exports
US$ million
1996 1997
Coffee 116.1 152.1
Seafood 98.4 104.1
Beef 42.6 44.1
Sugar 38.1 42.3
Other products 413.0 507.4
Heavy dependence on a few agricultural exports makes Nicaragua highly
vulnerable to any shifts in world commodity prices. Nicaragua's main
exports
include coffee, meat, cotton, bananas, peanuts, sesame, vegetables, fruit,
shrimps, lobsters and sugar. All were damaged by Hurricane Mitch in 1998,
although production of most crops should recover in 1999 or 2000. Main
export
markets include Japan, the European Union (EU), USA, Central American
Common
Market (CACM) and Eastern Europe. Nicaragua's main imports include raw
materials, intermediate products, capital goods, fuels and oils and
non-durables. Main import sources include; CACM, USA, EU and Eastern
Europe.
At the end of i997, seven central American countries and the Dominican
Republic, began discussing a free trade agreement. If the presidents of
Costa
Rica, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
and
Panama eventually sign a free trade agreement, observers expect the
economies in
the region to strengthen. Increased co-operation in tourism, the
environment and
the fight against drug trafficking is also expected between the members.
Nicaragua has strengthened its trading links with Mexico, to the extent
that
other countries in central America are concerned that Nicaraguan goods
will
eventually displace products from Guatemala and elsewhere. At the same
time,
exports of cars, oils, medicines, shoes and textiles from Mexico to
Nicaragua
would also affect central American trading patterns. The Nicaraguan
Government
has been accused of establishing strong trading links with Mexico in
order to
attract vital foreign investment to Nicaragua.
PRIVATISATION
Privatisation is one of the cornerstones of the government's economic
strategy. At the end of 1995 the National Assembly passed an act allowing
for
the partial privatisation of the state telecommunications company, Telcor.
Shortly afterwards, the Privatisation Act was passed which established a
legal
framework for the issuance of definitive titles to property as well as
giving
compensation to former owners of expropriated property.
BANKING
Basic regulatory system
The central bank is the Banco Central de Nicaragua (BCN). Although
foreign
banks were permitted to remain in Nicaragua when the banking system was
nationalised in 1979, they were no longer permitted to accept local
deposits.
However, the branches of US, British and Canadian commercial banks
continued to
operate non-deposit business.
All foreign exchange dealings have to be made through the BCN or its
agencies, which since 1985 included private exchange houses.
In the early 1990s the government overhauled the financial system and
created
a General Superintendency of Financial Institutions. At the same time the
National Assembly voted to allow the setting up of private banks.
These private banks are operated by Nicaraguans and by foreign
companies,
with Banco Mercantil the first private bank to operate in Nicaragua since
1970.
In 1998, auditors found a US$460 million gap in the central bank's
accounts
between aid provided to Nicaragua between 1990-92 and that paid to meet
debt
service obligations. While misappropriation of funds by individuals
should not
necessarily be inferred, the gap suggests that the bank needs to impose
stricter
internal regulation and accounting procedures.
Background
From 1984 to 1988 the central bank enforced multiple exchange rates in a
manner that effectively provided subsidies to importers. The bank set high
exchange rates for exports and low rates for essential imports. The drain
on
hard currency, however, was such that the multiple exchange rate
programme was
abandoned in early 1988, leaving only the little-used official rate and
the
parallel rate. The parallel rate has shadowed the enormous black market
in US
dollars in an attempt to eliminate it.
The Chamorro government announced the unification of the official and
parallel rates, although small discrepancies persisted. A policy of
mini-devaluations was initially successful in reducing hyperinflation.
However,
the government increased the rate of devaluation and inflation rose from
1,700
per cent in 1989 to as much as 13,500 per cent in 1990.
In mid-1990 the central bank announced a new currency, the cordoba oro
(gold
cordoba), which would be pegged at parity to the dollar. Initially used
only as
a unit of account, the cordoba oro was slowly released into the economy,
giving
rise to a chaotic situation of two parallel circulating currencies.
Although the
government had hoped to hold the cordoba oro at parity, by March 1991 it
was
forced to devalue at a rate of C5:US$1. At the end of 1996 the cordoba
oro was
trading at C8.9 to the US$ but had reached C11.08 per US$ in November
1998.
INVESTMENT AND TRADING
Since 1995 Nicaragua has made progress towards full
institutionalisation and
normalisation of its relations with its main trading partner, the United
States,
and with the international community as a whole. Nicaragua has signed an
investment protection agreement with the US. Trade relations with other
members
of the Central American Common Market (CACM) continue to develop within
the
framework of integration and liberalisation established in the Guatemala
Protocol. With regard to tariff elimination, Nicaragua, like Guatemala
and El
Salvador, cut its tariff on capital goods to 1 per cent and has agreed to
continue to follow the specific liberalisation timetable agreed with its
partners in the region.
Under the FSLN (Sandinista) government all aspects of foreign trade
were a
state monopoly, each agricultural crop being handled by a different state
trading entity. In early 1991 the Chamorro government ended the monopoly,
and
announced that private traders would henceforward be allowed to compete
with the
state trading arms. It also ended export taxes on all major export
products.
The USA imposed a trade embargo in 1985, robbing Nicaragua of one of
its most
important export markets. The embargo was lifted following the 1990
elections.
The then US President Bush also announced Nicaragua's re-inclusion in the
Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) and the Generalised System of Preferences
(GSP), and made Nicaragua eligible for low-cost loans from Puerto Rico's
section
936 programme.
In 1993 the government introduced a new policy which provided for the
cordoba
to depreciate in nominal terms by an amount roughly equal to its inflation
against the US dollar. This policy has kept the exchange rate more or less
stable as well as closing the gap between rates in the official and
unofficial
markets.
FOREIGN INVESTMENT ACTIVITY
From 1988 the FSLN (Sandinista) government tried to attract foreign investment by liberalising regulations, but was
largely unsuccessful. In
the
early 1990s the Chamorro government passed a series of new laws including
measures to allow foreign investors to repatriate up to 100 per cent of
profits
and capital after tax; and exemption from taxes on imports required for
production at facilities inside Nicaragua. Foreign investors were also
allowed
to return to the banana sector.
TAXATION
Tax rates in Nicaragua
%
Corporate tax
Corporate income tax rate 30
Capital gains tax rate 30
Branch tax rate 30
Withholding tax
Dividends 0
Interest 22.5
Management fees 5
Royalties from patents know-how etc. 28.5
Net operating losses (years)
Carryback 0
Carryforward 4
Executive tax
Income tax rate 30
Capital gains tax rate 0
Net worth tax rate 0
Estate and gift tax rate 0
HYDROCARBONS AND ELECTRICITY
Oil imports typically account for 10 per cent of total imports. Wood
still
accounts for over half of all energy consumption.
Nicaragua depends heavily on oil imports to meet its energy needs. From
the
mid-1980s these were supplied as aid by the eastern bloc countries,
including
Cuba. With changes in eastern Europe and the FSLN (Sandinista)
government's
defeat at the polls in 1990, these supplies have been reduced. Following
talks
and debt rescheduling with the Chamorro government, Mexico and Venezuela
have
agreed to resume oil supplies under the San Jose agreement, abandoned in
1982
and 1985, respectively, over unpaid debts.
Nicaragua's electricity grid, which uses steam, hydroelectric and
geothermal
sources, is under strain from the shift of population to the urban areas
since
the Contra war began in 1981. It has also been hit by the lack of
replacement
parts for the ageing system. In 1991 the Nicaraguan government, along
with those
of others in the region, introduced electricity rationing due to drought
conditions which reduced output in hydroelectric plants by up to 35 per
cent.
Possible oil and gas deposits have been located off the Pacific and
Caribbean
coasts.
Despite some increases in domestic production, Nicaragua has been
repeatedly
forced to raise its net imports of electricity; sometimes by as much as
100 per
cent or more. Nevertheless, there are still regular shortages in the
supply of
electricity.
Total electrical output is currently just over 1,000 GWh per year, with
hydroelectric and geothermal sources each accounting for approximately a
quarter
of total output. Built with Italian aid, the Patricio Arguello geothermal
plant
uses the heat of the Momotombo volcano to generate electricity.
TRANSPORT
In 1998, Hurricane Mitch seriously damaged up to 70 per cent of the
country's
transport network. Although many essential bridges were quickly rebuilt,
it will
take years to properly repair the damage inflicted by the floods on the
road and
rail systems and this will hamper transport of material and people for
many
years to come. Repair of the Pan-American Highway is a government
priority.
The greatest part of the road and rail networks is concentrated in the
western half of the country. The Atlantic coast cities of Bluefields and
Puerto
Cabezas have air services but no road connecting them to the Pacific
coast.
The government is pursuing international investment and loans to extend
railway services from Corinto to Leon and eventually to Rama, which has
access
by river to the Atlantic coast.
ROAD
In 1992 the International Development Association (IDA) set up a fund
for a
five-year period to build rural roads. By 1997, over 1,000 km of rural
roads had
been built.
The Pan-American Highway, running for 384 km north and south along the
central western part of the country serves as the axis for Nicaragua's
road
system. The Atlantic and Pacific highways link the capital Managua with
the
coastal regions. Around 10 per cent of all roads are paved (1996). More
than
half of all Nicaraguan roads become inaccessible during the rainy season.
There are 30 vehicles per 1,000 people in Nicaragua (1996).
RAIL
Nicaragua's main railway line runs from Granada on Lake Nicaragua
through the
capital Managua north-west to Corinto, with branch lines leading to the
Gulf of
Fonseca and to the coffee-growing region of Carrazo. The 331-km railway
combines
narrow and wide gauge and is operated by the state-owned Ferrocarril de
Nicaragua.
WATER
The main Pacific port is Corinto; others are Puerto Morazan and San
Juan del
Sur. The Estero Real river is used for small commercial shipping in the
west.
The two major Caribbean ports are Puerto Cabezas and El Bluff, near
Bluefields;
Puerto Isabel is a smaller port. In the north, the Rio Coco is regularly
navigated by small craft.
In May 1998 it was announced that two investment companies were
considering
two different proposals to build a railway line linking the Caribbean and
the
Pacific coast. One group of Nicaraguan investors was considering building
a 450
km rail route from Monkey Point on the Caribbean to the existing Pacific
port of
Corinto at a cost of US$1.2 billion. Another group is considering a link
between
Monkey Point and Rivas on the Pacific at a cost of US$1.6 billion. The
authorities believe that the Panama Canal will soon be working at
capacity and
those ships too big to pass through the canal will need an alternative
route.
The idea is for the container loads to be transported by rail to the
Pacific
coast where goods would be loaded on to smaller vessels for distribution
in a
hub-and-spoke-type operation.
AIR
The Augusto C Sandino International Airport on the outskirts of Managua
handles all international air cargo and passenger services. Puerto
Cabezas and
Bluefields also have airports capable of receiving jet aircraft.
The national airline is Aerolineas Nicaraguenses (Aeronica), which
provides
domestic services and international flights to Panama, Costa Rica, Mexico
and El
Salvador.
A new company, Aerolineas Centroamericanas, was set up in the early
1990s to
operate services between Miami and Managua. The airline is two-thirds
owned by
former Sandinista leaders. US carriers have also introduced non-stop
US-Nicaragua routes.
In April 1997 US President Clinton indicated a willingness to sign open
skies
agreements with several central American countries, including Nicaragua.
The
agreement would remove restrictions on ticket pricing, routes and
scheduling.
MEDIA
Since the state of emergency was lifted in 1988, there has been no
censorship
in Nicaragua. The Interior Ministry is legally responsible for
supervision of
the media, including the imposition of fines and suspensions from
publishing of
up to four days for infractions.
PRINT
The main daily newspapers are La Prensa, El Nuevo Diario, Barricada and
La
Tribuna.
BROADCAST
At the end of the 1980s the media law was repealed, making private TV
stations possible.
There are two TV stations, both of which are state-run and broadcast
throughout the country, although Channel 6 carries a stronger signal than
Channel 2. In 1996 there were 170 television sets per 1,000 people.
There are approximately of 60 public and private radio stations. These
include the 20-year-old Radio Corporacion, run by Jose Castillo Osejo,
and Radio
Impacto.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
At the end of 1995 the National Assembly passed an act allowing for the
partial privatisation of the state telecommunications company, Telcor.
The telecommunications system permits use of telex and facsimile but the
telephone system, a publicly owned utility, is overburdened. Installation
of
telephones or other communications systems may entail a delay of weeks.
Servicing is usually accomplished more quickly. The number of telephones
is
estimated at 50,000.
There are 26 telephone mainlines per 1,000 people in Nicaragua, with 55
lines
per 1,000 people in the capital Managua (1996).
NATURAL RESOURCES
Gold and silver are mined intensively in Siuna and Bonanza, inland from
the
northern Atlantic coast region. More modest mining activity takes place in
Chontales and Nueva Segovia. Total reserves of gold and silver are
estimated at
26 million tonnes of ore. Gypsum and sea salt are exploited, and there
are also
deposits of copper, lead, phosphates and zinc. Copper is mined but
amounts are
insignificant.
The government agency, Instituto Nicaraguense de la Mineria (Inmine),
took
over mining production from US interests after the revolution in 1979,
but it is
now being prepared for privatisation. The government has announced that
ultimately it plans to sell its stakes to foreign mining companies.
Before that
can be achieved it must settle those claims from mining companies which
had
their assets expropriated by the FSLN (Sandinista) government. Already,
representatives of a number of large mining companies have paid visits to
local
Nicaraguan mines and presented sets of proposals. The government is
confident
that, not long after foreign investment begins, gold production will once
again
achieve the sort of figures being seen in the early 1970s. One company is
said
to be proposing an investment of more than US$49 million during the first
five
years of a 25-year lease.
The previous FSLN (Sandinista) government's plans for reviving the
sector
with aid from the former Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Sweden and various Latin
American countries were not successful, largely due to poor rail and road
links.
The government's programme included the reopening of the El Limon gold
mine with
Soviet finance. Previously, the mine accounted for around 40 per cent of
gold
production.
FARMING, FISHING AND FORESTRY
The agricultural sector forms the mainstay of the economy. It
contributes
approximately 26 per cent to GNP and employs just over 31 per cent of the
labour
force. The principle export crop is coffee which represents 21 per cent
of total
export earnings. Meat, cotton, bananas and sugar are the other main
agricultural
exports. Maize, rice, beans and sorghum are also grown. Timber, tobacco,
sugar
cane and rubber are geared towards Nicaragua's agro-industrial sector.
The Nicaraguan Government is actively engaged in the agricultural sector
although it is estimated that upwards of 60 per cent of cultivated land
is in
the hands of private smallholders. However, despite continuous agrarian
reform,
food production has not kept up with demand owing mainly to poor weather,
war
damage and shortages of vital inputs.
Main crop production
('000 tonnes)
1994 1995 1996 1997
Coffee, green 41 55 53 58
Maize 241 331 323 318
Rice 189 232 259 260
Bananas 60 65 98 68
Sorghum 91 58 121 98
Dry beans 74 88 75 90
Tobacco 1 2 3 4
Seed cotton 3 16 7 4
Sugar-cane 2,593 3,198 3,650 3,546
In 1996 there were an estimated 246,000 horses, 1.8 million cattle,
410,000
pigs, 4,000 sheep and 6,000 goats.
Background
Agricultural policy shifted substantially in the period 1979-1989.
Following
the fall of the Somoza regime in 1979, his properties and those of close
associates came under state control. These totalled over one-quarter of
the
country's arable land and accounted for over 20 per cent of the nation's
cattle,
cotton, coffee and sugar production.
Government control over all credit, pricing, marketing and most agrarian
supply mechanisms gave vast power to the newly formed Midinra (Ministry of
Agrarian Reform) and priority was given to the new system of collective
state
farms and co-operatives. Early policy stressed a return to traditional
exports
with the small (peasant) producers growing basic foodstuffs.
By 1985, following the radical agrarian reform in which over 40 per
cent of
peasant families received some 37 per cent of the land, basic food
production
rose to near pre-revolution levels. By 1988 production of maize and rice
had
also risen, but that of sorghum and cassava was on a downward trend.
From 1988 the fiscal deficit forced the government to suspend the
system of
guaranteed prices for traditional exports and to phase out subsidies on
fuel,
electricity and water. Hyperinflation eroded guaranteed prices for food
production. This and the lack of bank credit caused a sharp fall in farm
production and the disenchantment of farmers with the FSLN (Sandinista)
government. Export products already suffered from declining terms of
trade and
the US embargo. In addition, the impact of the Contra war, which continued
sporadically from 1982-89, fell heavily on the coffee and cattle zones to
the
north and centre of the country.
By the early 1990s policy had shifted away from the early emphasis on
ambitious high-technology enterprises, such as the Timal sugar mill and
the
Chiltepe dairy project. New market incentives, including direct payment
in hard
currency, were introduced to stimulate non-traditional products, such as
African
palm oil and tobacco. Joint state and private sector investment was
initiated,
particularly in soya production and processing.
The Chamorro government set up a Confiscations Revision Commission
(CRC) to
review all land expropriations since 1979. The CRC will not return land to
Nicaraguans living abroad or to the family of the former dictator Somoza.
Former
owners will not receive their original lands where they are occupied by
co-operatives or peasant farmers. Instead they will be compensated in
cash, or
with land from the state farms, which are to be divided up and sold off.
Demobilised Contra fighters and government soldiers were also promised
land.
Hurricane Mitch in 1998 had a large impact on agricultural production.
The
floods caused by the hurricane came just before the harvests were about to
commence. Consequently 1998 output was expected to be substantially lower
than
anticipated of all crops, and although production is expected to recover
in
1999, there will be long-term consequences for the sector due to the
destruction
of 70 per cent of the country's infrastructure.
FISHING
Shellfish, particularly shrimp and lobster, are the main seafood
exports.
Offshore fishing consists mainly of tuna, bass and mackerel. Although the
fishing industry recovered from the hurricane of 1988, in 1992 a tidal
wave
crashed over the Pacific coast, devastating the area and destroying the
fishing
industry. Production had recovered by 1997, but the hurricane in 1998
again
dealt a body-blow to the industry from which it may take years to recover.
Total fish catch
(000 tonnes)
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Total 7 9 12 14 18
FORESTRY
Forest lands lie principally in the southern Atlantic coastal region.
Species include pine, cedar and other hardwoods covering four million hectares.
The
government is keen to develop plans for self-sustaining exploitation of
the
forests. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has estimated timber
reserves at 33 million cubic metres. Production is estimated at 830,000
cubic
metres of logs and 50,000 cubic metres of other industrial wood.
In 1960 Nicaragua's rain forests covered 60 per cent of the land area.
By
1991 they had been reduced to about 20 per cent of the land area. For
ecological
reasons, timber exploitation was reduced in 1982. It also ceased for
about eight
years during the 1980s while the Contra war flared.
In the past, international and domestic conservationist pressures have
halted
previous government plans to open timber reserves to businesses in the
region.
In 1988 Hurricane Joan destroyed a large quantity of trees along the
Atlantic
coast, estimated to be worth some US$2 billion. Aware of the deforestation
problem and the criticism generated by it, the government is keen to
continue
with the Chamorro administration's Forestry Action Plan, under which it
planned
to plant 125 million trees.
ARMED FORCES
BACKGROUND
Following the 1979 revolution, the Sandinista Popular Army was rapidly
built
into the most powerful army in central America, with some 20,000 regular
forces
and 60,000 reservists. Defence accounted for between 50 and 60 per cent
of the
national budget during the 1980s, as the Nicaraguan Government fought off
US-backed counter-revolutionary forces, formally known as the Nicaraguan
Resistance, and informally as the 'Contras'. The war began to wind down
after
the signing of a ceasefire in Sapoa in March 1988, but the Contras did not
finally disband until after the Sandinistas' electoral defeat in 1990. In
the
early 1990s isolated groups of Contras began to re-arm, claiming that the
government had gone back on the demobilisation agreement and demanding the
dismissal of General Ortega.
Following her election as President, Mrs Chamorro abolished compulsory
military service, which had been in force since 1983. By early 1991 the
army had
been reduced to 28,000 men, with an eventual target of a standing army of
just
10,000.
There are 15,000 personnel in the army (1997). The army's equipment
includes
127 T-55 main battle tanks, 10 PT-76 light tanks, 20 BRDM-2 reconnaissance
vehicles, 166 BTR armoured personnel carriers and armoured cars, and more
than
200 SAM missiles.
The air force has approximately 1,200 personnel (1997), equipped with no
combat aircraft and 16 armed helicopters. There are 11 transport aircraft
and
four training and utility aircraft.
The navy is limited to coast guard functions and has about 800
personnel in
1997, with 15 patrol and coastal combatant vessels. There are three mine
countermeasure vessels.
In 1988 (prior to the end of the Contra war) military spending stood at
US$
192 million - 17.2 per cent of GNP. Defence spending per capita, at
US$53, was
one of the highest in the region. In 1997 the defence budget was
estimated to be
US$39 million.
Source: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military
Balance 1997/98
EDUCATION, HEALTH AND WELFARE
The Sandinista revolution of 1979 promised to bring social services to
the
general population for the first time in a country that had been ruled
by, and
mostly for, the Somoza family during the previous four decades.
Expenditure on
education and health grew enormously in 1979-82 and remained a high
priority of
the FLSN (Sandinista) government until the Contra war and plummeting
productivity forced fiscal austerity on the government from 1988 onwards.
EDUCATION
A national campaign conducted in 1979-80 reduced illiteracy, according
to
government statistics, from 59 per cent to just under 13 per cent.
Illiteracy
among males and females in 1995 was estimated at 35 and 33 per cent
respectively. School is now compulsory between the ages of six and 13 and
is
free although parents must pay for textbooks. Nicaragua's major
institutions of
higher education are: the Jesuit-run Central American University, Managua
(UCA),
the public National Autonomous Universities in Managua and Leon (UNAN)
and the
private, Harvard-affiliated Central American Institute of Business
Administration (INCAE) outside Managua.
HEALTH AND WELFARE
Between 1990 and 1995 the Nicaraguan authorities spent 7.8 per cent of
total
GDP on health. National inoculation drives and an extended network of
rural
health clinics lowered infant mortality from 90 per thousand in 1980to 44
per
thousand in 1996.
The Nicaraguan Institute for Social Security and Welfare (INSSBI)
operates
nursing homes for the elderly and rehabilitation centres for the
physically and
mentally handicapped, for prostitutes, drug addicts and alcoholics.
Between 1992 and 1997, an International Development Association (IDA)
fund
financed the rehabilitation of health-care centres, nutrition centres for
children and schools, training of nurses and other health-care workers
and the
provision of social services. It also built infrastructure, including
rural
roads, sewerage systems and water supplies.
Education indicators
% of relevant age group
1980 1995
Access to Primary school* 98 110
Access to Secondary school 43 47
Access to Tertiary education 13 9
* includes repetition rates
Health personnel
1994
Physicians per 1,000 people 0.7
Hospital beds per 1,000 people 1.8
Health expenditure
1990-95
Total health spending as a % of GDP 7.8
Public health spending as a % of GDP 4.3
Private health spending as a % of GDP 3.5
Health expenditure per capita (US$) 34
Health access
% of population with access
1995
Access to safe water 61
Access to sanitation 31
Access to child immunisation (measles) 81
Access to child immunisation (diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) 85
Low weight babies (% of births) 15
Mortality
1980 1996
Life expectancy at birth 59 68
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 90 44
Adult male mortality (per 1,000) 277 177
Adult female mortality (per 1,000) 189 130
GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE
Nicaragua has a semi-tropical climate; the hottest month is May (27-32
degrees Centigrade (C) in Managua) and the coldest is January (23-30
degrees C
in Managua). Temperatures may be up to 10 degrees C lower in the mountain
range
that runs the length of the country. The rainy season (May-December) is
referred
to as 'winter'; and the dry season (December-April) as 'summer'.
The Pacific plateau is noted for its rich lands, and is where the larger
farms which grow crops for export are to be found, particularly in the
northern
area of Chinandega. The Atlantic plateau, occupying fully half of the
national
territory, is largely pasture savannah; small gold and silver mines are
also
found in this area. The lands along the Rio Coco (forming the border with
Honduras) are a rich banana-growing area, and are worked largely by the
Miskito
Indians. Tropical rainforest predominates in the southern Atlantic coast
adjacent to Costa Rica. Corn Island, in the Caribbean Sea, is home to a
fishing
community.
VISITORS' GUIDE
DRESS CODES
On the most formal of occasions Nicaraguan men traditionally wear the
Caribbean-style guayabera, in white, although an increasing number of men
today
prefer to wear a suit and tie. Nicaraguan women seldom wear trousers and
usually
dress rather formally.
SOCIAL NICETIES, TRADITIONS AND TABOOS
A curious blend of Latin correctness and socialist informality
prevails. It
is helpful to know something of the political background and affiliations
of
those you are meeting.
Men and women shake hands in Nicaragua and social kisses on one cheek
are
also exchanged. The use of titles, such as Doctor, Arquitecto, Licenciado,
Profesora, is widespread and it is courteous to learn and use the correct
titles
for both men and women.
Do not immediately launch into a business conversation. It is considered
polite to first get to know the person to whom you are talking.
At a large social gathering do not expect your host or hostess to
introduce
you to every individual. Feel free to circulate and introduce yourself.
A small gift for the host or hostess is always appreciated.
Late-night parties, with dinner served at 2200 or 2300, are common.
Guests
should not plan to arrive on time for a large social gathering and to be
up to
two hours late is acceptable. For smaller gatherings, arrival about 30
minutes
later than the specified time is considered appropriate.
EATING HABITS
Lunch is often the main meal of the day. Managua has a wide variety of
restaurants offering indigenous, European and Asian cuisine.
UNUSUAL/STRICT LAWS
None to cause concern.
SECURITY
Nicaragua has a low rate of violent crime compared to other central
American
countries, although the many armed Sandinista military and police
officers may
give an appearance to the contrary. With the persistent decline of the
economy,
however, cases of robbery - usually not violent - have increased sharply.
HEALTH FOR VISITORS
Nicaragua does not require inoculations for entry but visitors may wish
to
take preventative measures against malaria if travelling outside urban
areas.
Dengue fever is also present in Nicaragua. Some 50 cases of tetanus are
reported annually and hepatitis 'A' is endemic. Inoculation against
typhoid and
polio are advisable.
Tap water, especially outside Managua, should be considered unsafe for
consumption by visitors.
Most over-the-counter remedies are available in generic form at local
pharmacies in urban areas. The Dollar store has a wide variety of brand
name
medicines.
Hospital Bautista in Managua is considered the best facility for
hospital
care in the country.
BANKING/BUSINESS HOURS
Offices: 0900-1700 (Mon-Fri), 0800-1300 (Sat). However, many Nicaraguan
businesses start at 0800 and close for lunch between 1200 and 1400.
Government: 0800-1700 (Mon-Fri).
Business: 0900-1700 (Mon-Fri); 0800-1300 (Sat).
Banks: 0800-1600 (Mon-Fri), and 0800-1200 (Sat).
PUBLIC HOLIDAYS
1999 2000
New Year's Day I Jan 1 Jan
Epiphany 6 Jan 6 Jan
Maundy Thursday* 1 Apr 20 Apr
Good Friday* 2 Apr 21 Apr
Labour Day 1 May 1 May
Managua only 10 Aug 10 Aug
Revolution Day 19 Jul 19 Jul
Independence Days 14/15 Sep 14/15 Sep
Immaculate Conception Day 8 Dec 8 Dec
Christmas Day 25 Dec 25 Dec
* variable dates
There are also other local holidays.
GETTING ABOUT
National transport
Air: Aeronica runs a domestic service, centred on Managua. Major towns
are
served but flights are often subject to cancellation.
Road: Main centres on Pacific side of the country are linked by paved
roads.
There is only one major road to the Caribbean side and this stops, before
the
coast, at Rama.
Buses: Services are regular and connect main centres served by the road
system (e.g. Managua-Rama, Managua-Leon, Chinandega, Corinto). City buses
are
cheap and crowded.
Rail: Several services a day link Managua to the port of Corinto, via
Leon;
and Managua to Granada on Lake Nicaragua.
Water: A boat service links Rama and Bluefields port on the Caribbean
coast.
City transport
Taxis: Taxis are in short supply. Fares are agreed by negotiation in
advance
of the journey; tipping is not necessary. Taxis may be rented by the day.
Taxis
hailed on the street frequently carry as many passengers as they can fit
in, and
many refuse to take those requesting to go in a different direction from
that
intended by the driver.
Car hire
A foreign licence acceptable for short stays (up to 30 days). Due to
poor
public transport, hire cars are often the best way to get around in
Managua.
USEFUL ADDRESSES
HOTELS
Camino Real, Km 9.5 Carretera Norte, PO Box 118
Tel: 631-381; fax: 631-385
Hotel Intercontinental Managua, 101 Octava Calle Sur Oest, Managua
Tel: 23-531; fax: 25-208
Las Mercedes, Km 11 Carretera Norte, PO Box 4655
Tel: 32-111; fax: 31-713
CAR HIRE
Managua
Budget: Estatua Montoya IC Abajo IC Sur
Tel: 24-827, 22-819, 66-226
Targa: Avenida Sandino No 606
Tel: 24-875
International Airport
Budget
Tel: 631-222; fax: 667-851
Hertz
Tel/fax: 668-400
Targa
Tel:31-576
CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE
Camara de Comercio Americana de Nicaragua, Km 3/55, Carretera Sur, Apdo
2720,
Managua
Tel: 662-486
Camara de Comercio de Nicaragua, Frente a Loteria Popular, Apdo 135,
Managua
Tel: 670-718; fax: 670-777
Camara Oficial Espanola de Comercio de Nicaragua, Iglesia El Carmen,
1/2 c al
Sur, Apdo 4103, Managua
Tel: 25-403
Nicaraguan Chamber of Commerce (CACONIC), Fte. a la Loteria Nacional,
Contiuo
Donde Fue Xerox, Managua
Tel: 780-091, 670-718, 674-713
Nicaraguan Chambers of Industry (CADIN), Casa Nazareth 1C. Al Sur 1/2C.
Al
Este, Apdo 1436, Managua
Tel: 668-847/51; fax: 661-891
BANKING
Banco Central, Km 7 Carretera Sur, Apdo 2252, Managua
Tel: 650500/650519/650561; fax: 652-272
Banco de America Central (BAC), Gerente General Carlos Matus Tapia,
Apdo 2304
Managua
Tel: 670220/73697/73624; fax: 670224
Banco de Credito Centroamericano (BANCENTRO), Gerente General Eduardo
Montealegre R., Edificio BANCENTRO, Km 4.5 Carretera Masaya, Managua
Tel: 782777; fax: 786001
Banco de Exportacion (BANEXPO), Gerente General Gilberto E. Wong, Centro
Comercial Metrocentro, Managua
Tel: 73087/73094/73103; fax: 73154
Banco de la Produccion (BANPRO), Gerente General Arturo Arana U., Plaza
Libertad, Contiguo a Metrocentro, Apdo 2309, Managua
Tel: 782508/783278/784188; fax: 784113
Banco de Prestamos (BANPRES), Gerente General Norma Lopez, Esquina
Opuesta
Hotel Intercontinental, Managua
Tel: 223046/223048; fax: 223057
Banco Europeo de Centro America SA (BECA), Gerente General Chale
Espinosa A.,
Apdo 188, Managua
Tel: 224791; fax: 783827
Banco Intercontinental (Interbank), Gerente General Jaime Baldivia
Arguello,
Apdo 3107, Managua
Tel: 785959; fax: 783535
Banco Mercantil, Gerente General Oscar Martin Aguado A., Plaza Banco
Mercantil, Managua
Tel 668228/668231; fax: 668024
Banco Nacional de Desarrollo (BANADES), Gerente General Luis Angel
Montenegro, Apdo 328-1447, Managua
Tel: 671334; fax: 670869
Banco Nicaraguense de Industria y Comercio (BANIC), Gerente General
Esteban
Duque Estrada, Managua
Tel: 672018; fax: 674937
PRINCIPAL NEWSPAPERS
Barricada, Camino del Oriente, Del Bolerama, Apdo 576, Managua
Tel: 671-591; fax: 673-941
La Prensa, Km 4 1/2, Carretera Norte, Apdo 192, Managua
Tel: 498-396/8; fax: 498-399
Nuevo Diario, Pista P. Joaquin Chamarro Km 4, Carretera Norte, Apdo
4591,
Managua
Tel/fax: 490-651
TRAVEL INFORMATION
Aerolineas Nicaraguenses (Aeronica), Contiguo Aeropuerto Internacional
August
C Sandino, Apdo 3688, Managua, JR
Tel: 663-136
Instituto Nicaraguense de Turismo, Avenida Bolivar Sur, Apdo 122,
Managua
Tel: 25-436; fax: 25-314
OTHER USEFUL ADDRESSES
Association of Nicaraguan Producers and Exporters of Non-Traditional
Products
(APENN), Del Restaurante Terraza 1/2 C Al Norte, Managua
Tel: 668-276, 668-279
British Embassy, El Reparto Los Robles 1, entrada principal de la
Carretera
de Masaya, 4a Casa al mano derecha, Apdo A-169, Managua
Tel: 780-014, 780-887, 674-050; fax: 784-085
Central American Institute of Business Administration (INCAE),
Carretera Sur
Km 15 1/2, Managua
Tel: 58-403, 58-404
Centro de Exportaciones e Inversiones (CEI) (Centre for Exports and
Investments), Hotel Intercontinental, IC Abajo, 3.5C al Sur, Apdo 5932,
Managua
Tel: 681-063; fax: 664-476
Direccion General de Promocion de Exportaciones, Km 6, Carretera a
Masaya,
Apdo 2412, Managua
Tel: 70-154; tx: 2410
Direccion de Migracion y Extranjera (Department of Immigration), Centro
Commercial Nejapa, Edificio Central Santos Lopez, Managua
Tel: 650-014
Empresa Nacional de Puertos (ENAP) (National Port Authority),
Residencial
Bolonia, Optica Nicaraguense, IC al Lago, 1C abajo, Managua
Tel: 663-274; fax: 664-662
Empresa Nicaraguense de Electricidad (ENEL) (Nicaraguan Electricity
Company),
Frente Entrada a Colegio, Rigoberto Lopez Perez, Managua
Tel: 774-159; fax: 774-180
Empresa Nicaraguense de Telecommunicaciones (Enitel) (Nicaraguan
Telecommunications Company), Residencial Villa Fontana, Managua
Tel: 285-280; fax: 284-628
Exports of the Handicraft Industry, S.A., Centro de Feria la Pinata,
Managua
Tel: 670-358; fax: 670-192
Hospital Bautista, PO Box 709, Managua
Tel: 497-326; fax: 497-327
Instituto Nicaraguense de Seguros y Reaseguros, Carretera Sur Km 4.5,
Managua
Tel: 680-239; fax: 680-265
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Km 8 1/2, Carretera a Masaya,
Managua
Tel: 760-200; fax: 760-256
Ministry of Construction and Transport, Frente Al Estadio Nacional,
Managua
Tel: 225-955, 225-111, 225-954; fax: 281-197
Ministry of Economy and Development, Frente a C.C. Camino De Oriente,
Managua
Tel: 772-511, 771-957, 774-489; fax: 670-041, 672-043
Ministry of Education, Centro Civico Camilo Ortega Mod-F, Managua
Tel: 650-046, 666-173, 650-625; fax: 651-595
Ministry of External Co-operation, Barrio Largaespada, Casa Ricardo
Morales
Aviles, Managua
Tel: 225-002, 225-520, 227-519; fax: 281-055
Ministry of Finance, Edificio Nuevo MIFIN, Frente a las Asamble
Nacional,
Managua
Tel: 661-082, 665-632; fax: 669-744
Ministry of Foreign Relations, Km. 3.5 Carretera Sur, Managua
Tel: 661-359, 666-185; fax: 663-055
Ministry of Health, Complejo Concepcion Palacios, Managua
Tel: 897-150; fax: 897-997
Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Km 6, Carretera Masaya, Apdo 2412,
Managua
Tel: 70-116; tx: 2410
Ministry of the Interior, Barrio 19 de Julio, Edif Silvio Mayorga,
Managua
Tel: 227-530/539; fax: 627-910
Ministry of Labour, Estadio Nacional Rigoberto Lopez, 300 VS. al Norte,
Managua
Tel: 281-168, 223-677, 226-002; fax: 282-103
Ministry of Natural Resources, Carretera Norte, Km 12.5, Managua
Tel: 331-593, 331-472; fax: 631-274
Ministry of the Presidency, Avenida Bolivar, Detras de la Asamblea
Nacional,
Managua
Tel: 786-191, 785-290, 283-127; fax: 624-351
Ministry of Social Action, Pista de Resistencia INE Central, 150vs. al
Sur,
Managua
Tel: 672-149, 672-857, 775-942; fax: 675-435
Ministry of Tourism, Bolonia, Hotel Intercontinental, 1c. al Oeste y
1c. al
Sur, Managua
Tel: 222-962, 281-237; fax: 281-187
Ministry of Transport and Construction, Frente al Estadio Nacional,
Managua
Tel: 225-111, 225-952, 225-954; fax: 282-161
Ministry of Work, Estadio Nacional, 400 Metros Al Norte, Managua
Tel: 226-002, 222-115, 226-677; fax: 22-208, 622-103
Nigaraguan Centre of Technological Information (CENIT), Sandy's 1.5
Calle
Arriba, Managua
Tel: 75-812, 675-325
Nicaraguan Development Fund, AP 2598, Managua
Tel: 666-077, 666-066
Nicaraguan Institute for Economic and Social Investigations (INIES), del
Hospital Alejandro Davila Bolanas, 3 c. al lago, Managua
Tel: 23-418, 24-932
Nicaraguan Investment Fund (of Central Bank), Shell de Colonia
Centroamericana, Media al lago, Managua
Tel: 71-043, 71-044
Radio Corporacion, Cuidad Jardin Q-20, Avenida Ponciano Lombillo,
Managua
Tel: 490-289; fax: 443-824
Superior Council of Privat Enterprise (COSEP), del Restaurante Terraza,
Media
cuadra al lago, Managua
Tel: 23-510, 27-130
Televicentro de Nicaragua, Sistema Sandinista de Television, PO Box 688,
Managua
Tel: 682-222; fax: 663-688
US Embassy, Km 4.5, Carretera Sur, Apdo 327, Managua
Tel: 666-010
Internet sites
Banco Central de Nicaragua: http://www.bcn.gob.ni/ ENGLISH
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Phu D. Huynh (CN=Phu D. Huynh/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME: 7-JUN-1999 20:11:19.00
SUBJECT: Irwin Belk
TO: Kimberly A. Boissiere ( CN=Kimberly A. Boissiere/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOF [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Kim,
Irwin Belk was approved on March 24, 1999. I guess you can get
the CIS for a start memo.
Forwarded by Phu D. Huynh/WHO/EOP on 06/07/99 08:02
PM
Phu D. Huynh
03/24/99 12:03:17 PM
Record Type: Record
To:
See the distribution list at the bottom of this message
cc:
Meridith A. Webster/WHO/EOP
Subject:
Presidential approval on 3-24-99
The President has approved of the following individuals:
C. Thomas Hendrickson (PA)
as US Representative for the
Panama Canal Joint Commission on the Environment
AND
Esther Coopersmith (PAS), Irwin Belk (PAS), Revius O. Ortique, Jr.
(PAS)
as US Representatives \ Alternate Representatives for the
United Nations General Assembly (54th Session)
Message Sent
To:
DUNCAN_C@A1@CD@LNGTWY
Tanya L. Lombard/WHO/EOP
Kimberly A. Boissiere/WHO/EOP
Mae E. Haney/WHO/EOP
Laura K. Demeo/WHO/EOP
Ruth A. Eaglin/WHO/EOP
Patrick W. Henning/WHO/EOP
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Matthew J. Bianco (CN=Matthew J. Bianco/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME: 9-JUN-1999 11:00:33.00
SUBJECT: UNSUBSCRIBE
TO: TravelHUB Travel Specials <[email protected]> (TravelHUB Travel Specials
<[email protected]> [ UNKNOWN
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
TravelHUB Travel Specials <[email protected]>
06/09/99 05:26:23 AM
Record Type: Record
To: TravelHUB Travel Specials <[email protected]>
cc:
Subject: [TravellHUB] Travel Specials Digest
TravelHUB's Travel Specials Digest
Today's Latest Specials
from CERTIFIED travel agencies on TravelHUB
http://www.travelhub.com/
Info on unsubscribing is at the end of the newsletter
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Tours to Israel
Gama Tours is proud to make available to you 7 of
our top tours via the Internet. From a Bar/Bat
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WITH THE EMAIL ADDRESS PROVIDED.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
We Are Costa Rica Experts!
by janet baumgartner <[email protected]>
JUNE 27 1999 7 NIGHT PRO HOCKEY CRUISE $999 AND UP
by "Debra Yates Welch" <[email protected]>
Transit the Panama Canal on a Love Boat
by [email protected]
Holland America's Hottest Alaska Cruises
by [email protected]
Fall/Winter Cruises from $540* PP
by Dick Neft <[email protected]>
DOMESTIC DISCOUNT AIR FARES!!!!!
by Dick Neft <[email protected]>
Puerto Rico Summer Hotel Specials
by [email protected]
JUNE THRU OCT BERMUDA SPECIAL PLUS GREAT AIRFARE!
by "Debra Yates Welch" <[email protected]>
Las Vegas Summer Hotel Specials
by [email protected]
Pacific Journey, Silversea, 6 Dec, 16 days, $8453.
by "Diana L. Jordan" <[email protected]>
Become a Browne-Larsen "Select Traveler" today!
by "Diana L. Jordan" <[email protected]>
MADRID PACKAGES
by "Annette Michael" <[email protected]>
CANCUN BIG SAVINGS
by "Annette Michael" <[email protected]>
COSTA RICA/ARUBA CHARTER PACKAGES
by Stephen Abelsohn <[email protected]>
UNIQUE GROUP TOUR OF INDIA
by Stephen Abelsohn <[email protected]>
self Driv-Britain-Ireland-$63pp/day-car-BnB
by [email protected]
Panama Canal w/ FREE air- Princess
by "Beci Mahnken" <[email protected]>
Sea Princess- W Caribbean fr $849 pp
by "Beci Mahnken" <[email protected]>
LAS VESGAS STARTING AT $59
by LUXURY TOUR SPECIALISTS <[email protected]>
NEWEST TRIPS TO ATHENS
by Luxury Cruise Specialists <[email protected]>
CHRISTMAS CRUISE SPECIALS
by Luxury Cruise Specialists <[email protected]>
CANADIAN ROCKIES BY RAIL
by LUXURY TOUR SPECIALISTS <[email protected]>
Date: 8 Jun 1999 04:47:27 -0700
From: janet baumgartner <[email protected]>
Subject: We Are Costa Rica Experts!
Special Rate- from now till Dec 2000- RADISSON EUROPA HOTEL -
5 STARS Hotel- Rate per night/ per room; ONLY $75.00**
Costa Rica Adventure - 6 days/5nights
Day 1 - Meet and assist, private transfer from San Jose Airport to Heliconia
Hotel or similar
Day 2-Canopy Tour (snack) or Sky walk or Butterfly Farm, Transfer from
Heliconia Hotel to Arenal Volcano
Day 2- San Bosco Hotel- Transfer to/from
San Bosco Hotel to the Hot Springs (entrance fee included)
Day 3- Horseback Riding to the waterfalls (snack),
Day 3- Transfer from San Bosco to Manuel Antonio Quepos-Karahe Hotel
Day 3- Day 4 - Karahe Hotel, beach front hotel, breakfast incl.
Day 5- Transfer from Karahe Hotel to San Jose, Balmoral Hotel
Day 6- Transfer from Balmoral Hotel to San Jose Airport
Price per person: Double: $525.00 - Triple: $411.00
Includes: Transportation to/from Airport & between hotels & tour, 5 nights
hotel accomodation, Room taxes included, Meals as specified - FREE T-SHIRT.
Costa Rica Tours- P.O. Box 62051, Houston Tx, 77205
Tel-Fax (281) 4431711
Internet : www.costaricatour.com
email: [email protected]
Date: 8 Jun 1999 05:09:59 -0700
From: "Debra Yates Welch" <[email protected]>
Subject: JUNE 27 1999 7 NIGHT PRO HOCKEY CRUISE $999 AND UP
1999 Special Pro Hockey Theme Cruise on board The Norwegian Sea Sunday
departure from Houston to: Cancun and Cozumel, Mexico and Roatan, Bay
Islands. Prices Include Port Charges June 27 Pro Hockey Inside Stateroom
$999 Outside Stateroom $1049 These prices are based on double occupancy.
All rates are per person. All bookings are made on a guarantee basis and
space will be assigned by NCL anytime after final payment up to day of
sailing. This promotion is capacity controlled, and may be withdrawn at
any
time. Standard options and penalties apply. Government taxes/fees of $3 per
person and gratuities are additional. Prices are in U.S. Dollars.
Scheduled
Players are subject to change without notice:
Hall of Fame Yvan Cournoyer - Montreal Canadiens Marcel Dionne - Los
Angeles Kings Harry Howell - New York Rangers Steve Shuttt - Montreal
Canadiens Guy LaPointe - Montreal Canadiens Lorne "Gump" Worsley - New York
Rangers Current Players Bret Hedican - Defensemen Florida Panthers Joe
Thornton - Center Boston Bruins Igor Ulanov - Defensemen Montreal
Canadiens
Robert Valicevic - Center - Nashville Predators Geoff Sanderson - Left
Wing - Buffalo Sabres Retired Players Jim Craig - U.S. Olympic Team (1980)
Don Marcotte - Boston Bruins Terry O'Reilly - Boston Bruins Announcers
Bill
Clement - ESPN Darren Pang ESPN
Debra Yates Welch
http://www.welchtravel.com
mailto:[email protected]
1-800-292-3036 Local # 972-623-1261 Fax # 972-602-6890
Certified PADI Scuba Diver
An Affiliate of Yates Travel, NYC
Members of NACOA/CLIA/ARTA/SATH/CTO
Date: 8 Jun 1999 05:11:06 -0700
From: [email protected]
Subject: Transit the Panama Canal on a Love Boat
See The Canal With Another Man-made Wonder
Nothing can compare with the awesome majesty of the Panama
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of something equally impressive.
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Crown Princess - 15 Days from $1799 - Sept. 29, 1999
Sail from San Francisco to Ft. Lauderdale. Ports of call include:
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Rates are per person, double occupancy and include port charges.
Cruise & Travel Shoppe
1514 SE 14th Street., Cape Coral FL 33990
(941) 772-0606 * (800) 919-0308
[email protected] * www.cruise-travelshoppe.com
We are the experts in cruises & travel. Why accept substitutes?
Date: 8 Jun 1999 05:19:29 -0700
From: [email protected]
Subject: Holland America's Hottest Alaska Cruises
Sail to our 49th State on one of Holland America's 5 Star Ship
$699 Inside Cabin / $799 Outside Cabin: Noordam, June 11.
$799 Inside Cabin / $899 Outside Cabin: Nieuw Amsterdam, July 8;
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$899 Inside Cabin / $999 Outside Cabin: Nieuw Amsterdam, July 1, 29;
Aug 5, 12, 19: Westerdam, July 31; Ryndam, July 4; Statendam, July 4.
$999 Inside Cabin / $1099 Outside Cabin: Statendam, July 11
$1399 Inside Cabin / $1599 Outside Cabin: Veendam, June 21
Price is per person, double occupancy and includes port charges and taxes.
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1514 SE 14th Street., Cape Coral FL 33990
(941) 772-0606 * (800) 919-0308
[email protected] * www.cruise-travelshoppe.com
We are the experts in Cruises & Travel. Why accept substitutes?
Date: 8 Jun 1999 08:05:56 -0700
From: Dick Neft <[email protected]>
Subject: Fall/Winter Cruises from $540* PP
FALL, WINTER, AND HOLIDAY CRUISES STEALS & DEALS
Holland America Westerdam 7N Western Caribbean 12-4/11-99 from $540* PP
Holland America Maasdam 7N Eastern Caribbean 11-22-99 from $620* PP
Holland America Westerdam 7N Eastern Caribbean 1-8-00 from $655* PP
Holland America Maasdam 7N Canada/New Eng. 9-5-99 from $772* PP
Holland America Noordam 10D Panama canal 11-30-99 from $1,060* PP
Holland America Maasdam 10D Panama Canal 1-2-00 from $1,537* PP
Holland America Noordam 16D South America 1-3/3-27-00 from $1,870* PP
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Royal Caribbean Sovereign of the Seas 7N Bahamas 12-27-99 from $1,170*
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Royal Caribbean Viking Serenade 7N Mexico 12-27-99 from $1,260* PP
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Royal Caribbean Voyager of the Seas 7N W. Caribbean 12-19-99 from
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CALL TRAVEL ENTERPRISES FOR ALL OF YOUR TRAVEL NEEDS!!
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All prices are per person for inside accommodations. * taxes and port
charges additional, air fare and transfers are additional. Subject to
availability at time of booking, date restrictions may apply, fares may
not be available on alternate dates. Prices based on double occupancy.
3/4 passenger may not be available at these rates.
Date: 8 Jun 1999 09:05:30 -0700
From: Dick Neft <[email protected]>
Subject: DOMESTIC DISCOUNT AIR FARES!!!!!
DOMESTIC DISCOUNT AIR FARES FRO SUMMER!!!
THIS IS JUST A PARTIAL LISTING OF FARES!!!!!
On a major scheduled carrier.
- -Boston round trip to: Los Angeles $477, Phoenix $382, Mexico City $510,
Seattle $397, Houston $261, Minneapolis $261
- - Washington, D.C. round trip to: Los Angeles $381, Seattle $472, Phoenix
$399
Houston $286, Minneapolis $225
- -Minneapolis round trip to: New York $268, Los Angeles $278, Phoenix
$245, Houston $278, Miami $325, Atlanta $162, Washington $252, Boston
$261
- -New York round trip to: Mexico City $506, Seattle $424, Phoenix $388
Houston $268, San Diego $427, Minneapolis $268 San Juan $255
- -Chicago round trip to: Houston $185, Miami $236, Phoenix $331, SEattle
$347
San Diego $388, Los Angeles $341
Other Departure and Arrival Cities available Call us at 1-800-544-6670
Email: [email protected]
TRAVEL ENTERPRISES FOR ALL OF YOUR TRAVEL NEEDS!!
www.travelenterprises.com [email protected] 1.800.544.6670
All fares subject to availability at time of booking. Mid week travel
may be required. A Saturday night stay may be required. All fares
include all taxes applicable. A shipping fee may be necessary for
tickets. Most trips may require a connection, non stop may not be
available.
Date: 8 Jun 1999 10:11:31 -0700
From: [email protected]
Subject: Puerto Rico Summer Hotel Specials
San Juan, Puerto Rico Hotel Specials
from $125.00 per person
3 days/2 nights
Hampton Inn $125.00
San Juan Marriott Resort $189.00
Wyndham Old San Juan Hotel & Casino $189.00
Radisson Ambassador Plaza $195.00
Hotel El Convento $199.00
Hyatt Regency Cerromar $255.00
Wyndham El Conquistador Resort & Country club $289.00
Rates are per person double occupancy and includes hotel accommodations,
continental breakfast and round trip ground transfers airport to hotel.
Ask about our special air fares available from your gateway city.
Call our travel experts at 800 252-7758 or E-mail [email protected].
Let us know what Caribbean Island you would like to visit!!
Date: 8 Jun 1999 10:14:47
From: "Debra Yates Welch" <[email protected]>
Subject: JUNE THRU OCT BERMUDA SPECIAL PLUS GREAT AIRFARE!
Majesty: 1999 Bermuda Gateway Specials Cruise Only Rates Starting From
OceanView $999 Cruise Only Rates Starting From INSIDE$849 INCLUDES PORT
CHARGES!
Low Leadership Air Add-Ons Available for Chicago ( from $ 99), Cleveland
from $39), Detroit ( from $79), Indianapolis ( from $89), New York ( Free
and just $49 on August 22), Newark ( Free and just $49 on August 22),
Pittsburgh ( Free on select dates), Richmond ( from $29), St. Louis ( from
$139), Toronto, ON ( from $49).
Applicable To Sailing's Between June 13 And October 10, 1999 (Excludes
August
29) Airfares are examples and apply to certain dates, but they are still
really low for the other dates also, please don't hesitate to just get a
quote! 7-Day Bermuda Itinerary from Boston, MA to St. Georges, Bermuda
Rates listed are per person, based on double occupancy and includes port
charges. Applies to 1st and 2nd guests only. Government taxes/fees ($ 3
per
person) and gratuities are additional.
Debra Yates Welch
http://www.welchtravel.com
mailto:[email protected] or mailto:[email protected]
1-800-292-3036 Local # 972-623-1261 Fax # 972-602-6890
Certified PADI Scuba Diver
An Affiliate of Yates Travel, NYC
Members of NACOA/CLIA/ARTA/SATH/CTO
Date: 8 Jun 1999 10:33:07 -0700
From: [email protected]
Subject: Las Vegas Summer Hotel Specials
Las Vegas Hotels
from $59.00 per person
3 days/2 nights
Four Queens $59.00
The New Frontier $89.00
Hotel San Remo $79.00
Excalibur $109.00
New York New York $99.00
Prices are per person based on double occupancy and include, hotel
accommodations, hotel taxes, baggage handling and gratuities. Special air
fares available from your gateway city.
Call our travel experts at 800 252-7758 or E-mail us at [email protected]
for all your travel needs.
Date: 8 Jun 1999 10:44:09 -0700
From: "Diana L. Jordan" <[email protected]>
Subject: Pacific Journey, Silversea, 6 Dec, 16 days, $8453.
When you embark on Silver Cloud's Pacific Journey, not only will you find
the ports irresistible, we'll also have a visiting chef from the famed Le
Cordon Bleu Culinary Academy to tantalize your palate. For the golfers,
Silversea's famed Silver Links golf program is featured as well, ensuring
golf aficionados an even more satisfying cruise experience. Ports of call
in the Hawaiian islands, Christmas Island, and exotic French Polynesia make
this cruise a perfect paradise.
Dec 6-22, 1999, from $8453.00 Includes air,cruise, port charges,
pre-cruise
hotel, gratuities, all beverages aboard ship including select wines and
champagnes. Also includes "Silversea Experience" complimentary shoreside
event.
Free Select Experiences in Honolulu and Kahului lead by one of our popular
Select Traveler escorts E-mail [email protected] and request Select
Vacation ST905
I just got off of the Silver Cloud. This is a truly exceptional bargain for
the world's finest vacation experience (voted best of the best by Conde
Nast Traveler Magazine).
Don't forget your Select Points! Not a member? Go to
http://www.bltravel.com/slcttvlr.htm
Date: 8 Jun 1999 10:52:48
From: "Diana L. Jordan" <[email protected]>
Subject: Become a Browne-Larsen "Select Traveler" today!
Browne-Larsen Travel is proud to present our loyal clients with
Browne-Larsen Select. As a member of this exclusive group, you will be
recognized as a sophisticated value minded traveler as you earn points
towards future travel with us. As a Select Traveler, you will receive our
exclusive catalog, The Select Traveler, outlining special offerings and
value-added incentives available only through
your favorite Browne-Larsen agent.
Membership is at no cost to you, as our esteemed client, and available
only
at Browne-Larsen Travel. You will receive 10 complimentary Select Points in
your account just for filling out our Select Traveler form. Remember, ALL
Browne-Larsen special offerings posted to TravelHUB will earn you Select
Points!
Membership has it's privileges! Just go to
http://www.bltravel.com/slcttvlr.htm for details and to fill out your
Select Form via our secured server and start receiving Select Points for
doing what you love to do Travel!
Browne-Larsen Select is our way of thanking you for traveling with us, and
recognizing that our travelers, like our agents, are simply the best.
Date: 8 Jun 1999 11:48:12 -0700
From: "Annette Michael" <[email protected]>
Subject: MADRID PACKAGES
MADRID PACKAGES - roundtrip airfare from JFK, 6 nights hotel accommodations
and breakfast daily, starting from $689.00 per person, double occupancy.
Hotel Principe Pio - $689.00. Valid September 1 - September 23.
From June 16 - August 31 the price increases to $859.00
Hotel Convencion - $719.00 Valid September 1 - September 23.
From June 16 - August 31, the price increases to $889.00
Airport fees are not included and prices are subject to change without
notice.
WE ALSO HAVE COSTA DEL SOL PACKAGES AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST.
Tropical Travel Agency Annette Michael
PHONE: 888.269.1777 or 509.627.8056
http://www.tropicaltravel.net
mailto:[email protected]
Date: 8 Jun 1999 11:51:45 -0700
From: "Annette Michael" <[email protected]>
Subject: CANCUN BIG SAVINGS
CANCUN - from Newark & New York, Washington Dulles, & Pittsburgh.
From NEWARK & JFK - Thursday departures 4 days / 3 nights departures July
1 - August 26, 1999
- -Camino Real
$498
- -Omni Cancun
$528 ALL INCLUSIVE
- -Caribbean Village $598 ALL INCLUSIVE
From WASHINGTON DULLES - 7 nights departures - June 13 - June 27 and July
4 - July 25
- Camino Real
$598
- Fiesta Americana Condesa
$648
- -Moon Palace
$848 ALL INCLUSIVE
From PITTSBURGH - Thursday departures for 3 nights Valid June 10 - July 29,
1999
- -Camino Real
$498
- -Presidente Cancun
$548
- -Jack Tar Village
$598. ALL INCLUSIVE
Prices are per person, double occupancy. Airport fees are not included.
-
Tropical Travel Agency Annette Michael
PHONE: 888.269.1777 or 509.627.8056
http://www.tropicaltravel.net
mailto:[email protected]
Date: 8 Jun 1999 12:10:09 -0700
From: Stephen Abelsohn <[email protected]>
Subject: COSTA RICA/ARUBA CHARTER PACKAGES
These charter packages are available from the following cities only:
Atlanta, Charlotte, Louisville, and Nashville.
All packages include Jet Air service, transfers, taxes and hotel of choice.
Note that Costa Rica has a $20.00 departure tax paid in addition to the air
taxes, paid upon departure.
Costa Rica beach lovers packages available for 7nights, Sat departures
begin at $900.00 and up all-inclusive before taxes; Ep rates start at about
$649.00 and up before taxes. Childrens rates apply. Combo adventure and
beach packages, family adventures, and golf adventures packages available.
Aruba: We have 4, 6 and 7 night packages with various departure days,
all-inclusive and EP rates available.
7 Night packages start at $749.00pp dble occupancy before taxes of about
$60.00
Rates quoted are examples; EP stands for no meals on lodging plan; pp dble
occupancy. Moderate to Luxury hotels available.
I would not exchange the laughter of my heart, for the fortunes of the
multitudes (Gibran)
Stephen Abelsohn Adventure Health Travel
http://www.adventurehealthtravel.com
mailto:[email protected] PH:541 482 7740 1 800 443 9216 FAX 541 482 0618
SPAS * FITNESS * ECO-ADVENTURE * VEGETARIAN * DISCOUNTED AIR * SELECT
CRUISES
Date: 8 Jun 1999 13:21:45 -0700
From: Stephen Abelsohn <[email protected]>
Subject: UNIQUE GROUP TOUR OF INDIA
We have 20 seats blocked for our 9/16 departure, with a 10/1 return, to
India for our unique group tour of the Majestic state of Rajasthan. Travel
by van, jeep,
train and air as we travel deep into this state, visiting small villages,
and have time for us to picnic at these villages, visit Jain (from the 6th
century BC) temples, these folks are known for there non-violence approach
to life, visit schools teaching in the ancient Sanskrit language, nature
cure centres, Ayurvedic centres if time permits, forts; enjoy local
markets teeming with farmers, camel herders, and rural folks selling there
wares.
Visit the Painting Houses of the wealthy merchant class, and hear talks on
the Ecology of the local Rajasthan desert; hear how local communities have
worked to save local wildlife by traditional methods.
Stay in Palaces, receive a royal welcome and the distribution of
traditional gifts, small inns, even spend a night in a desert camp; we will
have available our own travelling cook as all meals will be traditional
Indian Vegetarian meals. Visit and tour Delhi.
Elephant rides, visiting museums, local cities, and bigger cities like the
Pink
City of Jaipur and tour and stay in Udaipur at the Lake Palace Hotel
noted
as
one of the most romantic hotels.
Land cost based on dble occupancy is $2,200.00
Air is from Newark $1,291.00 plus taxes which includes a over night in
Copenhagen. Travel agent enquires welcomed.
I would not exchange the laughter of my heart, for the fortunes of the
multitudes (Gibran)
Stephen Abelsohn
Adventure Health Travel 1 800 443 9216
Date: 8 Jun 1999 14:41:44 -0700
From: [email protected]
Subject: self Driv-Britain-Ireland-$63pp/day-car-BnB
Go as you please to Britain , Scotland, Wales or tour Ireland. You will
have a
Hertz manual transmission car and a B and B facility as you go with
breakfast
daily.
Rate is $63 pp per day. We have great discount fares to Ireland and Britain
from all over US cities.
Call Howard at 800-799-7999
to book. Need dates, names and departure cities.
Call 800-799-7999 for details
Travel Reservations Inc
200 Rt 18
East Brunswick NJ 08816
e-mail: [email protected]
PS: visit website http://www.toursRus.com for the best deals on vacation
packages and tours
Date: 8 Jun 1999 17:15:18 -0700
From: "Beci Mahnken" <[email protected]>
Subject: Panama Canal w/ FREE air- Princess
Sail the Panama Canal from Acapulco to San Juan
aboard the Sun Princess -10 days from $1749 pp
With FREE round trip air from:
Boston MA- Charlotte NC- Detroit MI - Hartford CT - Huntsville AL
Las Vegas NV- Milwaukee WI - Portland OR - Sacramento CA
Salt Lake City UT - Washington DC
This offer is valid for the November 20, 1999 sailing only!
For details on this package or other great travel and cruise offers please
visit our website at http://www.cruisingco.com . You can also email us at
[email protected] Please be sure to include your travel dates, number
of
travelers and their ages, and air departure city.
Cruising Co. Etc. - Specializing in Cruises, Tours, and Vacation Packages!
Member of CLIA, GEM, IATAN, OSSN
All rates are per person/double occupancy, are subject to change, and
subject to availability. Prices may vary from your specific departure city.
Other restrictions may apply.
Date: 8 Jun 1999 17:22:40 -0700
From: "Beci Mahnken" <[email protected]>
Subject: Sea Princess- W Caribbean fr $849 pp
Sail the Western Caribbean for 7 nights onboard the Sea Princess!
Starting at $849 per person! Includes port charges!
This offer is valid for:
Jan 8 & 15 - 2000 - from $849
Jan 22- Apr 8, 15, & 22 2000- from $899
Feb 8, 15 &22 - March & Apr 1 2000 - from $949
Feb 19 2000 - from $1049
For details on this package or other great travel and cruise offers please
visit our website at http://www.cruisingco.com You can also email us at
[email protected] Please be sure to include your travel dates, number
of
travelers and their ages, and air departure city.
Cruising Co. Etc. - Specializing in Cruises, Tours, and Vacation Packages!
Member of CLIA, GEM, IATAN, OSSN
All rates are per person/double occupancy, are subject to change, and
subject to availability. Prices may vary from your specific departure city.
Other restrictions may apply.
Date: 8 Jun 1999 19:54:55 -0700
From: LUXURY TOUR SPECIALISTS <[email protected]>
Subject: LAS VESGAS STARTING AT $59
LAS VEGAS 2 nights from $59.00. 4 nights from $79.00. 7 nights from
$129.00.
TO ENSURE THAT WE RESPOND IMMEDIATELY PLEASE E-MAIL US DIRECTLY AT
[email protected] or call 1800-809-6363. Restrictions may
apply. PROVIDE US WITH YOUR LEGAL NAMES, AGES OF CHILDREN TRAVELING, AIR
CITY, DATE AND DESTINATION OF TRIP. ONE OF OUR SPECIALISTS WILL CONTACT
YOU IMMEDIATELY. Fares are usually quoted land only, per person, based on
double occupancy, subject to availability and capacity controlled.
Prices
are always in US DOLLARS. Restrictions may apply.
LUXURY TOUR SPECIALISTS [email protected]
OPEN 8 AM to 8 PM PST 7 DAYS A WEEK FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE
TRAVEL WELL, SPEND LESS AND TRAVEL MORE WITH LUXURY TOUR SPECIALISTS
CA#1002074-40
Date: 8 Jun 1999 19:55:40 -0700
From: Luxury Cruise Specialists <[email protected]>
Subject: NEWEST TRIPS TO ATHENS
7 day Athens to Rome Ocotober 23-30, 1999 for as low as $2,172.2 for 1: 7
day Ocotober 16-23, 1999 $2,143. 11 day Greek Isles &Turkey Cruise/Tour
from $1599 with air plus FREE Hotel. TO ENSURE THAT WE RESPOND IMMEDIATELY
PLEASE E-MAIL US DIRECTLY AT
[email protected] AND PROVIDE US WITH YOUR LEGAL NAMES, AGES OF
ANY CHILDREN TRAVELING, AIR DEPARTURE CITY, DATE AND DESTINATION OF TRIP.
ONE OF OUR SPECIALISTS WILL CONTACT YOU IMMEDIATELY.
Unfortunately, we are not allowed to advertise the cruise line or ships
with some of our offers, however these are usually on FIVE STAR SHIPS.
Fares are usually quoted cruise or land only, per person, based on double
occupancy, subject to availability and capacity controlled. Prices are
always in US DOLLARS. Restrictions may apply. Air add ons are usually
available.
LUXURY CRUISE SPECIALISTS [email protected]
OPEN 8 AM to 8 PM PST 7 DAYS A WEEK FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE
CRUISE WELL, SPEND LESS AND TRAVEL MORE WITH LUXURY CRUISE SPECIALISTS
CA#1002074-40
Date: 8 Jun 1999 19:59:03 -0700
From: Luxury Cruise Specialists <[email protected]>
Subject: CHRISTMAS CRUISE SPECIALS
CHRISTMAS CRUISE SPECIALS: 4 nights San Juan Dec. 23 $549. 10 & 7 night
Southern Caribbean Dec. 18 & 19 $1,049. 7 night Mexican Riviera Dec. 19
$1,049.7 night Western Caribbean Dec. 19 $1,099. 7 night Eastern Caribbean
Dec. $1,199. 11 night Panama Canal Dec. 18 $1,549. TO ENSURE THAT WE
RESPOND IMMEDIATELY PLEASE E-MAIL US DIRECTLY AT
[email protected] AND PROVIDE US WITH YOUR LEGAL NAMES, AGES OF
ANY CHILDREN TRAVELING, AIR DEPARTURE CITY, DATE AND DESTINATION OF TRIP.
ONE OF OUR SPECIALISTS WILL CONTACT YOU IMMEDIATELY.
Unfortunately, we are not allowed to advertise the cruise line or ships
with some of our offers, however these are usually on FIVE STAR SHIPS.
Fares are usually quoted cruise or land only, per person, based on double
occupancy, subject to availability and capacity controlled. Prices are
always in US DOLLARS. Restrictions may apply. Air add ons are usually
available.
LUXURY CRUISE SPECIALISTS [email protected]
OPEN 8 AM to 8 PM PST 7 DAYS A WEEK FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE
CRUISE WELL, SPEND LESS AND TRAVEL MORE WITH LUXURY CRUISE SPECIALISTS
CA#1002074-40
Date: 8 Jun 1999 19:59:19 -0700
From: LUXURY TOUR SPECIALISTS <[email protected]>
Subject: CANADIAN ROCKIES BY RAIL
CANADIAN ROCKIES BY RAIL from $1129 for 7 days/6 nights-Vancouver, Jasper,
Lake Louise, Banff, Calgary. Includes hotel, transfers and more.
TO ENSURE THAT WE RESPOND IMMEDIATELY PLEASE E-MAIL US DIRECTLY AT
[email protected] or call 1800-809-6363. Restrictions may
apply. PROVIDE US WITH YOUR LEGAL NAMES, AGES OF CHILDREN TRAVELING, AIR
CITY, DATE AND DESTINATION OF TRIP. ONE OF OUR SPECIALISTS WILL CONTACT
YOU IMMEDIATELY. Fares are usually quoted land only, per person, based on
double occupancy, subject to availability and capacity controlled. Prices
are always in US DOLLARS. Restrictions may apply.
LUXURY TOUR SPECIALISTS [email protected]
OPEN 8 AM to 8 PM PST 7 DAYS A WEEK FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE
TRAVEL WELL, SPEND LESS AND TRAVEL MORE WITH LUXURY TOUR SPECIALISTS
CA#1002074-40
This digest is brought to you, per your request, by
http://www.travelhub.com/
"Your #1 source of the latest travel specials"
To STOP RECEIVING SPECIALS, REPLY to this message with
with the SUBJECT set to "UNSUBSCRIBE". If you are
having trouble unsubscribing, please contact
[email protected].
SEARCHABLE ARCHIVES of travel specials can be found on
http://www.travelhub.com/
PLEASE DO NOT REPLY TO THIS MESSAGE IF YOU ARE
INTERESTED IN A SPECIAL. CONTACT THE AGENCY DIRECTLY
WITH THE EMAIL ADDRESS PROVIDED
All contents copyright 1999 TravelHUB, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part
is prohibited. All trademarks are property of their
legal owner(s).
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Fred DuVal (CN=Fred DuVal/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:29-JUN-1999 13:54:18.00
SUBJECT:
TO: Melissa M. Murray ( CN=Melissa M. Murray/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP. [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Melissa, former Ambassador George Bruno will be calling you all in the
next day or two at ny urging. He was Amb to Belize. (He also had Chaired
Gores 88 and Clintons 92 campaign in NH). He is now working on the Panama
Canal treaty issue at the Defense Dept. and had stumbled onto something he
thinks needs WH attention. Thanks.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Joshua S. Gottheimer ( CN=Joshua S. Gottheimer/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:30-JUN-1999 19:36:38.00
SUBJECT: Re:
TO: Peter L. Cohen ( CN=Peter L. Cohen/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ UNKNOWN ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Laura J. Lewis ( CN=Laura J. Lewis/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
pls put this in place of what you had for la:
Founded in 1781, Los Angeles served as a provincial outpost until 1881.
Now the country ,S second most populated city, it experienced a period of
significant expansion early in the twentieth century. The creation of a
deep-water port, the completion of the Panama Canal, and the invention of
the automobile, brought with them increased commerce, population growth
and immigration. Once thriving, the Greater Watts area of South Central,
LA experienced significant decline with the departure of several major
corporations. Intensifying this economic decline, high-profile riots
erupted in South Central in both 1965 and 1992.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Richard Denniston <[email protected]> (Richard Denniston <[email protected]> [ UNKNOWN
1)
CREATION DATE/TIME: 6-JUL-1999 15:47:25.00
SUBJECT: Meeting Suggestions for Panama and Andean Region
TO: Sharon A. Liggett ( CN=Sharon A. Liggett/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Richard Denniston ( CN=Richard Denniston/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Michelle L. Feldman ( CN=Michelle L. Feldman/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Melissa M. Murray ( CN=Melissa M. Murray/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Mark R. Schlakman ( CN=Mark R. Schlakman/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Holly A. Cooper ( CN=Holly A. Cooper/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO D
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Francisco J. Sanchez ( CN=Francisco J. Sanchez/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Sharon: Here is my list of possible meetings that could take place on an
as
needed basis.
Panama:
William Hughes: Former U.S. Ambassador to Panama. (609) 399-2551.
Juan B. Sosa: Former Panamanian Ambassador to the United States; President
of the U.S. - Panama Business Council. (202) 312-1645.
Sol Linowitz: Former U.S. Ambassador to the OAS; Chairman-emeritus of the
Inter-American Dialogue; Honorary Chairman for the Academy for Educational
Development; Co-Negotiator Panama Canal. (202) 884-8156.
As necessary: Arturo Valenzuela, Peter Romero, Sue Wood, Amb. Alfaro
(Panama).
Peru:
Dennis Jett: Returning U.S. Ambassador.
John Hamilton: Primary Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter-American
Affairs; Ambassador Designate.
As necessary: Arturo Valenzuela, Peter Romero, Amb. Luna (Peru).
Colombia:
As necessary: Barry McCaffrey, Arturo Valenzuela, Peter Romero, Rand
Beers,
Amb. Moreno (Colombia).
Ecuador:
As necessary: Arturo Valenzuela, Peter Romero, Amb. A-Baki (Ecuador), Ted
Truman, (Treasury)
Venezuela:
As necessary: Arturo Valenzuela, Peter Romero, Amb. Toro Hardy
(Venezuela).
Bolivia:
As necessary: Arturo Valenzuela, Peter Romero, Amb. Perez (Bolivia).
- att .htm
ATTACHMENT
1
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TEXT:
Unable to convert ARMS_EXT:[ATTACH.D78JARMS24042819C.136toASCI,
The following is a HEX DUMP:
END ATTACHMENT
1
FOIA Number: 2019-0153-F
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management
System [EMAIL]
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential
Librarv Staff.
Hex Dump file is not in a recognizable format, has been incorrectly
decoded or is damaged.
File Name: p_b9182403_who_html_1.empty
Attachment Number: [ATTACH.D78JARMS24042819C.136
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: [email protected] ([email protected] [ UNKNOWN
CREATION DATE/TIME: 6-JUL-1999 17:42:12.00
SUBJECT: 1travel.com Cruise Deals
TO: Sharon A. Liggett ( CN=Sharon A. Liggett/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO )
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Instructions for removal from this mailing list appear at the bottom of
this
email.
CRUISE ALERT
Tuesday - JULY 6, 1999
1travel.com works with cruise experts to bring you the best deals
with SAVINGS OF UP TO 70% off the major cruise lines.
SPECIALS LISTED BY LOCATION OR TYPE:
1. ALASKA
2. AUSTRALIA
3. CARIBBEAN
4. EUROPE
5. MEXICO & CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
6. OTHER
Marco Polo - The only magazine for adventurous travelers over 50.
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1. ALASKA
CARNIVAL / AIR INCLUDED
Depart 7/28 or 8/4 on CARNIVAL JUBILEE and get free air!! Best
available cabin from $809 pp plus port of $199 pp!!! LAST WEEK FOR
THIS ALASKA SPECIAL WITH AIR SO IF YOU'RE INTERESTED, DON'T WAIT!
Here are the details: air cities of: LA, Phoenix, Portland,
San Francisco, Seattle, Tucson and Vancouver - $809 pp plus port of
$199 pp for the first and second in cabin; $499 pp plus port of
$199 pp for 3rd/4th in the cabin (including air!). If your air city
is: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus,
Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale, Honolulu, Houston,
Indianapolis, Miami, Milwaukee, St. Paul, New York, Orlando,
Philadelphia, St. Louis or Tampa - your price is only $969 pp plus
port of $199 pp for the first & second in the cabin; 3rd/4th in the
cabin $499 pp plus port of $199 pp. (Government taxes/fees of
approximately $11 are additional to above prices.) This offer is very
limited so don't wait, as it always sells out! Upgrades and price are
on a first come, first serve basis and subject to availability from
the cruise line!
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
2. AUSTRALIA
SAIL DOWN UNDER
Depart January 20, 2000 for Australia/New Zealand aboard Princess'
Sky Princess. Inside from: $1799 pp -- ASK ABOUT SPECIAL AIR FARES!
Visit: Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart (Tasmania), Fjordland National Park
(New Zealand), Christchurch (New Zealand), Wellington, (New Zealand),
Tauranga (New Zealand), Bay of Islands (New Zealand) & Auckland.
Carlson Wagonlit Travel / All World Travel
Specializing in Princess Cruises and Disney Cruise Vacation Packages!
For a detailed price quote visit:
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/crusrqst.htm for DISNEY
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/book_a_princess_cruise.htm for PRINCESS
or call 1-800-999-TRIP for IMMEDIATE assistance
11 DAY HOLIDAY CRUISE
Crystal Symphony's 11 day Holiday Cruise to Australia/New Zealand.
Sailing on December 17-28 in category E for $3915 pp plus airfare.
Call Gerri at 800-755-1718 ext 333.
3. CARIBBEAN
7 DAYS IN WESTERN CARIBBEAN ABOARD PRINCESS CRUISE LINES
Depart OCT 09, 1999 for 7 DAYS aboard Princess Cruises' Sea Princess
for the WESTERN CARIBBEAN - Princess Cays, Ocho Rios, Grand Cayman &
Cozumel. Inside cabin from $699 pp + $56.62 govt fees -- Includes
Port Charges; Outside from $1049 pp + $56.62 govt fees -- Includes
Port Charges. Private Balcony from $1249 pp + $56.62 govt fees --
Includes Port Charges.
Carlson Wagonlit Travel / All World Travel
Specializing in Princess Cruises and Disney Cruise Vacation Packages!
For a detailed price quote visit:
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/book a princess_cruise.htm
or call 1-800-999-TRIP for IMMEDIATE assistance
7 DAYS IN SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN
Depart OCT 31, 1999 for 7 days on Princess Cruise Line's Dawn Princess
in SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN from San Juan. ** Outside 2 category upgrade
special from $1049 pp + $29.30 govt fees -- INCLUDES PORT CHARGES!
You'll visit: ARUBA, LA GOULETTE, ST. GEORGES, DOMINICA, ST. THOMAS
Carlson Wagonlit Travel / All World Travel
Specializing in Princess Cruises and Disney Cruise Vacation Packages!
For a detailed price quote visit:
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/book_a_princess_cruise.htm
or call 1-800-999-TRIP for IMMEDIATE assistance
4 DAYS IN THE BAHAMAS
Depart 1/9/00 for a 4 DAY Carnival FANTASY from Pt. Canaveral
(Orlando) to the Bahamas for only $199 pp + $98 pp port/tax inside
quad cabin, and only $235 pp + $98 port/tax pp oceanview quad (4 in a
cabin). Prices for double (only 2 in the cabin) and triple (only 3 in
the cabin) higher. This is sure to go fast!
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
7 DAYS IN WESTERN CARIBBEAN
Depart 1/16/00 for 7 days aboard Carnival CELEBRATION FROM NEW
ORLEANS just $339 pp + $138 pp port/tax. Celebrate the new century
at a fraction of the price of a New Year's Eve. cruise!!! Cruise for
7 days to the Western Caribbean (Grand Cayman, Cozumel, Montego Bay)
for only $339 pp + $138 pp port/tax for an inside quad (4 in a cabin)
cabin and only $399 pp + $138 pp port/tax for an oceanview quad cabin.
Prices for double (only 2 in the cabin) and triple (only 3 in the
cabin) higher.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
7 DAYS ON NEW SHIP
Take off 1/15/00 for 7 days on BRAND NEW Carnival Triumph from Miami
- $439 pp + port/tax of $138 for a inside quad cabin (4 in the same
cabin); $499 plus port/tax of $138 pp for an oceanview quad cabin!
Prices for double (only 2 in the cabin) and triple (only 3 in the
cabin) higher. A new ship, a new Millennium, and big savings!!!
Sail aboard Carnival's largest & newest ship to Grand Cayman, Cozumel
(Great snorkeling and dive abound in the waters off these islands).
Also, during this cruise you can climb the world famous Dunn River
Falls in Ocho Rios.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
BERMUDA SPECIAL
Take off 9/5, 9/12, 9/19 Celebrity Horizon - Best Available Outside
Cabin (cat. 6 & 8) 9/5 $1159 pp (including port); 9/12, 9/19 -
$999 pp (including port) gov. fees/taxes additional
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
TAHITI
Sail on the Radisson Paul Gaugan from now until 9/4 to Tahiti for as
little as $2744 pp with FREE air included.
Call Gerri at 800-755-1718 ext 333
RCI MAJESTY OF THE SEAS- WESTERN CARIBBEAN
**10/24/99 from $949 pp
**12/28/99 from $2,699 pp
**1/15/00, from $1,299 pp
**1/22/00. from $1,299 pp
**1/29/00 from $1,299 pp
Call 800-755-1718 ext 228 Gina
RCI MONARCH OF THE SEAS - DEEP SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN
10/10/99 from $999 pp
*10/17/99 from $699 pp
**10/24/99 from $699 pp
**10/31/99 from $799 pp
*11/21/99 from $779 pp
**1/2/00 from $1,099 pp
**4/2/00 from $799 pp
**4/9/00 from $799 pp
Call 800-755-1718 ext 228 Gina
4. EUROPE
CRUISE AROUND ITALY
The new Radisson Navigator has inaugural rates starting from $3695 pp
with free air from East Coast Cities. September 18 from Nice to Rome
itinerary. September 7 sailing from Nice to Nice is $5395 pp.
Call Gerri at 800-755-1718 ext 333
5. MEXICO & CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
PANAMA CANAL
Depart 12/12/99 aboard Celebrity Zenith to the Panama Canal
Captain's Club (past passenger) cruise only guarantee (categories 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) $1149 pp including port charges -
gov. fees/taxes additional. Or, take off 12/26/99 - 14 night Panama
Canal - cruise only guarantee -categories X,Y,Z - $1999 pp including
port charges; gov. fees/taxes additional.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
6. OTHER
CARNIVAL CRUISE LINE'S PRESIDENT'S WEEK 2000
- SPACE GOING FAST - BOOK NOW! DEPART 2/20/00 (President's Week)
**7 day Carnival Celebration from New Orleans to Grand Cayman, Cozumel
and Montego Bay. Inside cabin with 2 lower beds that convert to
queen - $569 p/p plus port/tax of $138 p/p; oceanview - $699 p/p plus
$138 port/tax.
**7 day Carnival Sensation from Tampa to Grand Cayman, Cozumel & New
Orleans - Inside cabin with 2 lower beds that convert to queen -
$599 pp plus port/tax of $138 pp; oceanview - $719 pp plus $138
port/tax.
**7 day Carnival Elation from LA to Mexican Riviera. Inside cabin
with 2 lower beds that convert to queen - $639 pp plus port/tax of
$138 pp; oceanview - $759 pp plus $138 port/tax.
**7 day Carnival Paradise (all nonsmoking ship) from Miami to San
Juan, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda/Tortola. Inside cabin with 2 lower
beds that convert to queen - $719 pp plus port/tax of $138 pp;
oceanview - $849 pp plus $138 port/tax.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
DISNEY CRUISE LINES!
The 7-Day Disney Cruise Line Fall Fantasy Package. Inside Stateroom
(category 9) from $799* per adult; Ocean View Stateroom (category 9)
from $999* per adult. Kids cruise for $399 in all stateroom
categories. *Rates valid most 3-day package dates between September 2
and November 15, 1999; and November 25 and December 13, 1999.
Package includes: 4 day cruise Fare; 3 day accommodations at Disney's
Port Orleans Resort, Disney's Dixie Landings Resort, or Disney's
Caribbean Beach Resort; Unlimited admission to all four Walt Disney
World Theme Parks, Disney's three water parks, Downtown Disney
Pleasure Island, DisneyQuest ?, and Disney's Wide World of Sports
?
complex.
Carlson Wagonlit Travel / All World Travel
Specializing in Princess Cruises and Disney Cruise Vacation Packages!
For a detailed price quote visit:
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/crusrqst.htm for DISNEY
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/book_a for PRINCESS
or call 1-800-999-TRIP for IMMEDIATE assistance
**all cruises/prices/upgrades subject to a availability at time of
booking
REMEMBER 1travel.com's everyday discounts can save you up to 70% off
regular airfares
For flights within the US, Canada, Mexico & the Caribbean go directly to:
http://www.farebeater.com/domestic
For International flights, go directly to:
http://www.farebeater.com/international
For hotel bookings - US and Worldwide - go directly to:
http://www.hotelwiz.com
For car rentals - US and Worldwide - go directly to:
http://www.carwiz.com
To be removed from this mailing list, please go to
http://www.onetravel.com/alert
and enter [email protected] (the email address to which this
was sent).
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: [email protected] ( [email protected] [ UNKNOWN |
CREATION DATE/TIME:12-JUL-1999 14:57:29.00
SUBJECT: 1 travel.com Cruise Deals
TO: Sharon A. Liggett ( CN=Sharon A. Liggett/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Instructions for removal from this mailing list appear at the bottom of
this
email.
CRUISE ALERT
Monday - JULY 12, 1999
1travel.com works with cruise experts to bring you the best deals
with SAVINGS OF UP TO 70% off the major cruise lines.
SPECIALS LISTED BY LOCATION OR TYPE:
1. ALASKA
2. CARIBBEAN
3. EUROPE
4. MEDITERRANEAN
5. MEXICO & CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
6. OTHER
Marco Polo - The only magazine for adventurous travelers over 50.
Receive a *FREE* no risk trial issue:
http://www.travelroads.com/one/free.asp?ref=1tave.
Finally a magazine dedicated to the spirit and wanderlust of travelers
over 50. Let us show you a world waiting to be discovered. Each issue
is packed with tour ideas and opportunities, money saving offers and
unique travel tips to make your next trip more enjoyable.
Planning a trip? Need help finding a tour operator for your next
journey?. Visit Travelroads, http://www.travelroads.com, to research
tour operators and request free brochure.
1. ALASKA
ANNOUNCEMENT: LAST WEEK OUR CARNIVAL JUBILEE ALASKA SAILINGS WITH
AIR INCLUDED IN THE PRICE SOLD OUT WITHIN HOURS OF THIS EMAIL BEING
RECEIVED. MANY PEOPLE WERE DISAPPOINTED. WE EXPECT ADDITIONAL DATES
TO BE ADDED IN AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER. WE ARE NOW TAKING NAMES WHICH
WILL BE WAITLISTED FOR ANYONE WISHING TO HAVE THE FIRST CHANCE AT
THESE SPECIALS. IF YOU WANT TO BE ADDED TO THAT LIST PLEASE CALL US
A 1 800 733-2048 AND BE SURE TO GIVE US YOUR AIR CITY. THANKS
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
2. CARIBBEAN
6 NIGHTS IN BERMUDA, DIP YOUR TOES IN LUSCIOUS PINK SAND
Depart October 3 from Philadelphia or from Baltimore on a 7 night/
8 day cruise to Bermuda aboard Celebrity's Horizon on an Apple Cruise
Vacation Charter. Sailing from PHL Inside Stateroom from $698 plus
port charges, Outside Stateroom $878 plus port charges. BWI slightly
higher. Featuring Award Winning Aqua Spa, New Michaels Cigar Club,
5-Star Apollo Catering, Martini Bar and Cova Cafe. Call Gerri at All
Destinations Travel 800-755-1718 ext 333. Or, go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/ltravel/listing.cfm?ID=16l0&type-Discount20Cruise.
S
CELEBRITY MERCURY -WESTERN CARIBBEAN - FALL 1999
Depart Ft. Lauderdale 10/31 or 11/14 on a 7 day cruise to the Western
Caribbean aboard the Celebrity Cruise Line's Mercury for $649 pp
including port charges on 10/31 or $699 including port charges on
11/14. Your itinerary includes Key West, Calica, Cozumel & Grand
Cayman. Gov. fees/ taxes of apprx $3 additional.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
PRESIDENT'S WEEK CRUISE - WESTERN CARIBBEAN
Depart from Tampa 2/20/99 for a 7 day cruise to the W. Caribbean
aboard the Carnival Sensation for $639 pp plus port charges of
$138 pp for an inside cabin or $759 pp plus port of $138 pp for an
oceanview cabin. Your itinerary includes Grand Cayman, Playa del
Carmen/Cozumel and New Orleans.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
PRESIDENT'S WEEK CRUISE - EASTERN CARIBBEAN
Depart Miami 2/20/00 for a 7 day cruise to the E. Caribbean aboard the
Carnival Paradis for $719 pp plus port of $138 pp for an inside cabin
or $849 pp plus port of $138 for an oceanview cabin. Your itinerary
includes St. Thomas, San Juan, Virgin Gorda/Tortola. This is an all
non-smoking ship.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
CARNIVAL INSPIRATION - ARUBA
Depart San Juan 11/28 for a 7 day cruise aboard the Carnival
Inspiration for $349 pp for a quad cabin plus port of $135 pp; or
$379 pp for a triple cabin plus port of $138 pp; or $469 pp for a
double cabin plus port of $138 pp. Your itinerary includes
St. Thomas, Curacao, Aruba, St. Lucia.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
THANKSGIVING CRUISE
Depart Miami 11/20 on a 7 day cruise to the E. Caribbean aboard the
New Carnival Triumph for $599 pp plus port of $138 pp for the first
and second in the cabin; 3rd/4th in the cabin only pay $264 pp plus
port of $138 pp! Your itinerary includes St. Thomas, San Juan &
St. Croix.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
7 DAYS IN WESTERN CARIBBEAN ABOARD PRINCESS CRUISE LINES
Depart OCT 09, 1999 for 7 DAYS to the Western Caribbean aboard
Princess Cruise's Sea Princess. Inside cabin from $699 pp + $56.62
govt fees -- Includes Port Charges; Outside from $1049 pp + $56.62
govt fees -- Includes Port Charges. Private Balcony from $1249 pp +
$56.62 govt fees -- Includes Port Charges. Your itinerary includes
Princess Cays, Ocho Rios, Grand Cayman & Cozumel.
Carlson Wagonlit Travel / All World Travel
Specializing in Princess Cruises and Disney Cruise Vacation Packages!
For a detailed price quote visit:
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/book_a_princess_cruise.htm
or call 1-800-999-TRIP
7 DAYS IN SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN ABOARD PRINCESS CRUISE LINES
Depart OCT 31st for 7 days on Princess Cruise Line's Dawn Princess in
SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN from San Juan. Outside cabins from $1049 pp +
$29.30 govt fees. ** Outside 2 category upgrade ** You'll visit:
ARUBA, LA GOULETTE, ST. GEORGES, DOMINICA, ST. THOMAS
Carlson Wagon!it Travel / All World Travel
Specializing in Princess Cruises and Disney Cruise Vacation Packages!
For a detailed price quote visit:
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/book_a_princess_cruise.htm
or call 1-800-999-TRIP for IMMEDIATE assistance.
HOLLAND AMERICA NY to FT. LAUDERDALE 13 DAYS
Depart October 30 on HA's Neuw Amsterdam at 63% off rates...
Category H is just $1569 PP! Itinerary includes New York, Bahamas,
St. Thomas, St. Maarten, Curacao, St. Domingo, Puerto Roica, Bhahamas
and Ft Lauderdale.
Call Gerri at All Destinations Travel 800-755-1718 ext 333
7 DAY CARIBBEAN CRUISE ON WINDSTAR
Summer On the Wind Star from $2,033 per person includes airfare from
Miami and port charges. Free roundtrip to Miami from these cities:
Atlanta, Boston, Miami, NYC, Philadelphia, Tampa and Washington DC.
Air add-ons of $99 from select cities July - October 17.
Call Gerri at All Destinations Travel 800-755-1718 ext 333.
Or, go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/ltrave/listing.cfm?ID=1608&type=Smal9%20Ships
3. EUROPE
7 NIGHTS LONDON TO BOSTON - REPOSITIONING CRUISE
Depart August 29th on Holland America 's Maasdam. Inside Cabins from
$799 per person; Oceanview Cabins from $899 per person; Mini-Suites
from $1,099 per person and Suites from $1,699 per person. Port Charges
are included.
Call Gerri at All Destinations Travel 800-755-1718 ext 333.
Or, go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/1travel/listing.cfm?ID=1607&type=Europe%20Cruises
4. MEDITERRANEAN
10 NIGHT FALL MEDITERRANEAN CRUISE
Depart Genoa 9/10 or 10/1 on a 10 night cruise to the Western
Mediterranean aboard the Celebrity Century for only $1499 pp including
port charges. Your itinerary includes Genoa, Barcelona, Palm,
Villefranche, Touion, Livorno, Civitavecchia & Naples.
Gov. fees/taxes additional.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
12 NIGHT AEGEAN ODYSSEY FALL CRUISE HOLLAND AMERICA ROTTERDAM
Depart September 10 from Venice Italy on a 12 night cruise aboard
Holland America M/S Rotterdam, $2369 pp for inside guarantee including
roundtrip airfare from select cities; $2879 pp for outside guarantee
including roundtrip airfare. The cruise itinerary includes Venice,
Ionian Sea, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, Kusadasi, Turkey Sea of
Marrmara, Instanbul, Turkey, Aegean Sea, Piraeus Greece, Navplion,
Greece, and Katakalon, Greece, At Sea, Venice.
Airfare Included from Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver,
Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York,
Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle, Washington, DC.
Call Gerri at All Destinations Travel 800-755-1718 ext 333.
Or, go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/1travel/listing.cfm?1D=1611&type=Greece
5. MEXICO & CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
CARNIVAL HOLIDAY - 4 DAY CRUISE - $194
Depart Los Angeles 11/8 for a 4 day cruise aboard Carnival's Holiday
for $194 pp plus port of $98 pp. Your itinerary includes Catalina &
Ensenada. Only 2 cabins left at this price.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
CRYSTAL CRUISE HARMONY 10 NIGHT PANAMA CANAL
Depart November 1 from Acapulco, travel to Caldera Costa Rica,
transit the Panama Canal, visit Grand Cayman, Cozumel and end in
Ft Lauderdale aboard a 5 star ship. Priced at $2599 pp including
Port Charges.
Call Gerri at 800-755-1718 ext 333, or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/Itravel/listing.cfm?ID=1609&type=Tropical20Cruise
S
6. OTHER
DISNEY CRUISE LINES!
The 7-Day Disney Cruise Line Fall Fantasy Package.. Inside Stateroom
from $799* per adult; Ocean View Stateroom from $999* per adult. Kids
cruise for $399 in all stateroom categories. *Rates valid most 3-day
package dates between September 2 and November 15, 1999; and
November 25 and December 13, 1999. Package includes: 4 day cruise
Fare; 3 day accommodations at Disney's Port Orleans Resort, Disney's
Dixie Landings Resort, or Disney's Caribbean Beach Resort; Unlimited
admission to all four Walt Disney World Theme Parks, Disney's three
water parks, Downtown Disney Pleasure Island, DisneyQuest
?, and
Disney's Wide World of Sports ? complex.
Carlson Wagonlit Travel / All World Travel
Specializing in Princess Cruises and Disney Cruise Vacation Packages!
For a detailed price quote visit: http://www.cwt-allworld.com/crusrqst.htm
for DISNEY or call 1-800-999-TRIP
7 NIGHT SMOOTH JAZZ THEME CRUISE
Cruise November 6 - 13, 1999 on NCL's The Norway departing from Miami
to Cozumel, Jamaica, and Great Stirrup Cay, NCL's Private Island.
Jazz Entertainers who will be headlining: The Rippingtons, Keiko
Matsui, Ken Navarro, Kirk Whalum, Craig Chaquico, Denny Jiosa
Others who are scheduled to appear include Marcus Johnson, Paul
Taylor, Khani Cole, Indigo City, Grady Nichols and Robin Crow. Rates
from $699 per person with port charges.
Call Gerri at 800-755-1718 ext 333 or Gina ext 228. Or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/ltravel/listing.cfm?ID=1606&type=Discount/20Cruise
S
REMEMBER Itravel.com's everyday discounts can save you up to 70% off
regular airfares
For flights within the US, Canada, Mexico & the Caribbean go directly to:
http://www.farebeater.com/domestic
For International flights, go directly to:
http://www.farebeater.com/international
For hotel bookings - US and Worldwide - go directly to:
http://www.hotelwiz.com
For car rentals - US and Worldwide - go directly to:
http://www.carwiz.com
To be removed from this mailing list, please go to
http://www.onetravel.com/alert
and enter [email protected] (the email address to which this
was sent).
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: "Smith, Steve" <[email protected]> ("Smith, Steve" <[email protected]> [ UNKNOWN
1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:14-JUL-1999 16:30:38.00
SUBJECT: RE: media
TO: John A. Gribben (CN=John A. Gribben/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Jack,
This is a short list of unusual calls we compiled at Roger's request.
Let me know if they are useful.
Steve
1. Is China going to take over the Panama Canal in the Year 2000
2. How do I get rid of waste if my toilet won't flush?
3. Is my dog going to go crazy and start biting people?
4. Do we need any special vaccinations to protect us against Y2K?
5. Is my washing machine Y2K compliant?
6. Can the National Guard take my car?
7. How do I prepare for R2K?
8. How deep should I build my bomb shelter?
9. Will they reposess my car in the year 2000?
10. Is there an executive order limiting the purchase of ammunition on
January 1?
11. Is China going to take over the Panama Canal in the Year 2000?
Original Message
From:[email protected] [[email protected]]
Sent: Wednesday, July 14, 1999 1:42 PM
To: Smith, Steve
Subject: Re: media
Steve
A question for you. I am often asked to give an example of the
strangest
question the operators have recieved about Y2K. Any thoughts?
Jack
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: [email protected] ([email protected] [ UNKNOWN
CREATION DATE/TIME:20-JUL-1999 18:12:54.00
SUBJECT: 1travel.com Cruise Deals
TO: Sharon A. Liggett ( CN=Sharon A. Liggett/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Instructions for removal from this mailing list appear at the bottom of
this
email.
CRUISE ALERT
Monday - July 19, 1999
1travel.com works with cruise experts to bring you the best deals
with SAVINGS OF UP TO 70% off the major cruise lines.
SPECIALS LISTED BY LOCATION OR TYPE:
1. ALASKA
2. CARIBBEAN
3. DISNEY
4. EUROPE
5. MEDITERRANEAN
6. MEXICO & CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
7. OTHER
Marco Polo - The only magazine for adventurous travelers over 50.
Receive a *FREE* no risk trial issue:
http://www.travelroads.com/one/free.asp?ref-Itavel
Finally a magazine dedicated to the spirit and wanderlust of travelers
over 50. Let us show you a world waiting to be discovered. Each issue
is packed with tour ideas and opportunities, money saving offers and
unique travel tips to make your next trip more enjoyable.
Planning a trip? Need help finding a tour operator for your next
journey?. Visit Travelroads, http://www.travelroads.com, to research
tour operators and request free brochure.
1. ALASKA
7 DAY CELEBRITY ALASKA
Specials (too low to print) still available, aboard the Celebrity
Mercury, for 7 day North or Southbound Alaska cruises for remainder
of the 1999 Alaska season.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
2. CARIBBEAN
11/28/99 - CARNIVAL DESTINY - BALCONY CABINS ONLY $849
Depart Miami for 7 days aboard the Destiny to the Western Caribbean.
Your choice of inside cabin for $549 pp + $139.75 port or oceanview
$679 pp + $139.75 pp port or enjoy the luxury of a balcony for only
$849 pp + $139.75 pp port.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
11/13/99 - CARNIVAL TRIUMPH
Depart from Miami for 7 day Eastern Caribbean on this Brand New Ship
- only $549 pp + port of $139.75 inside. Oceanview cabins only $675
+ port of $139.75. Your itinerary includes San Juan, St. Croix &
St. Thomas.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
11/28/99 - 7 DAY CRUISE TO ARUBA AND THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN
Depart San Juan for 7 days aboard the Carnival Inspiration. Inside
cabin $469 pp + port of $139.75 pp; Oceanview $619 pp + port of
$139.75 pp. Special 3rd/4th person rate of only $229 pp + port of
$139.75 pp. Your itinerary includes St. Thomas, Aruba, Curacao,
St. Lucia, San Juan.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
CELEBRITY MERCURY WESTERN CARIBBEAN - FALL 1999
Depart Ft. Lauderdale 10/31 or 11/14 on a 7 day cruise to the
Western Caribbean aboard the Celebrity Cruise Line's Mercury from
$649 pp including port charges on 10/31 or $699 including port
charges on 11/14. Your itinerary includes Key West, Calica, Cozumel
& Grand Cayman. Gov fees/ taxes of apprx. $3 additional. Price
subject to availability and prior sale.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
7 NIGHTS IN FRENCH POLYNESIA
Depart this September and cruise Tahiti on the Radisson Seven Seas
Cruise Lines M/S Paul Gaughin From $2365 pp- - - Save $1800 per
couple. Enjoy a seven night cruise in Beautiful French Polynesia
(Tahiti, Raiatea, Motu Mahana, Bora Bora and Moorea). Three
departures only: September 11, 18, and 25, 1999!
BOOK NOW - NEW BOOKING INCENTIVE. BOOK ANY 1999 CRUISE AND DEPOSIT
on the SAME DAY and RECEIVE a $500 per stateroom shipboard credit!!
Applies to non balcony staterooms (cat D, E, and F). Bookings must be
deposited via credit card. Valid for new bookings only. Port and
handling charges of $99 pp. Round-trip economy air airfare add-ons are
$295-$450 per person.
Call Gerri, CTC at 800-755-1718 ext 333
http://www.onetravel.com/1travel/listing.cfm?ID=1624&type=Luxury%20Cruises
3. DISNEY
Disney World Cruise & Vacation
7 day Deluxe vacations ARE affordable. Selected sailing dates on
Disney's new ships have been discounted with Inside cabins from only
$799 per adult & Deluxe Outside Cabins from $1099 per adult. Kids age
3-12 for only $399. This price includes your cruise, hotel
accommodations, theme park admission and much much more! Special Dates
& ships for this promotion: 9-06 Disney Magic, 09-12 Disney Wonder,
09-16 Disney Wonder, 09-17 Disney Magic, 09-30 Disney Wonder,
10-31 Disney Wonder, 11-15 Disney Magic, 11-28 Disney Wonder,
12-06 Disney Magic. Don't delay - space is limited - This offer
exclusively brought to you by:
Carlson Wagonlit Travel / All World Travel
Call 1-800-999-TRIP for information or visit
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/crusrqst.htm for an online request form.
4. EUROPE
PRINCESS CRUISE LINES SAILS EUROPE & BEYOND
**Set sail Nov. 17, 1999 on the Pacific Princess for 12 days for just
$2288 pp including port charges! Itinerary: Rome, Naples, Capri,
Athens, Rhodes, Nazareth, Galilee, Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Cairo, Gaza,
Ephesus and Istanbul.
**Depart Feb. 10, 2000 on the Pacific Princess for 11 days - outside
from $2115 pp including port charges! Itinerary: Mombasa, Zanzibar,
Mayotte, Madagascar, Durban, East London and Cape Town.
**Or, take off May 21, 2000 aboard Princess Cruises' Crown Princess
for 10 days - private balcony from $2595 pp; outside from $2195 pp;
and inside from $1795 pp including port charges.
Itinerary: Copenhagen, Stockholm, Helsinki, St. Petersburg, Tallinn,
Gdansk, Oslo and Copenhagen. For reservations or information
call 1-800-999-TRIP or complete an online request at
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/book_a_princess_cruise.htm
WIND SONG 7-DAYS ATHENS TO ROME
Depart October 16,1999 on Windstar Cruise Line 50% SAVINGS ONLY
$2143 PER PERSON for an exciting itinerary including Athens, Greece,
Monemvasia, Greece, Zakynthos, Greece, Fiskardon, Greece, Taormina,
Italy, Capri, Italy, ending in Rome, Italy.
Call Gerri, CTC at 800-755-1718, ext 333, or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/Itravel/listing.cfm?ID=1580&type=Luxury20Cruises
5. MEDITERRANEAN
10 NIGHT FALL MEDITERRANEAN CRUISE
Depart Genoa 9/10 or 10/1 on 10 night cruise to the Western
Mediterranean aboard the Celebrity Century from only $1499 pp
including port charges. Your itinerary includes Genoa, Barcelona,
Palm, Villefranche, Touion, Livorno, Civitavecchia & Naples.
Gov fees/taxes additional. Price subject to availability and prior
sale.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
6. MEXICO & CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
PANAMA CANAL/TRANSCANAL
Depart March 7, 2000 on Princess Cruise Line's Sun Princess on an
11 day cruise to San Juan, St. Thomas, Martinique, Grenada, Caracas,
Curacao, Panama Canal and Acapulco. ** Book before August 1 and
receive $50 per cabin shipboard spending credit!**
Prices start at just $2299 pp for balcony and $1939 pp for outside
category room - rates include port charges!
The Ocean Princess takes off April 22, 2000 for 11 days to the same
destinations; packages start at $1449 for deluxe inside; 1839 pp for
deluxe outside and $2199 for private balcony - includes port charges.
For reservations or information call 1-800-999-TRIP or complete an
online request at
http://www.cwt-allworld.com/book_a_princess_cruise.htm
1/24/00 - 4 DAY ECSTASY - $199
Depart Miami for 4 days to Key West & Cozumel for only $199 pp +
$99.75 port charges for a quad (4 people in same cabin); $239 pp +
$99.75 pp port for a triple cabin; $319 pp + $99.75 pp for a double
cabin.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
2/7/00 - 4 DAY ECSTASY - $209
Depart Miami for 4 days to Key West & Cozumel for $209 pp + port of
$99.75 pp for a quad cabin (4 people in same cabin). $259 pp +
$99.75 pp port for a triple cabin; $339 pp + port of $99.75 pp for a
double cabin.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
2 WEEKS INCLUDING THE PANAMA CANAL
Depart November 12, 1999 aboard NCL's The Norwegian Wind for a
14 Night Panama Canal Cruise. Itinerary includes San Diego, Puerto
Vallarta, Manzanillo, Acapulco, Caldera, Costa Rica, Transit Panama
Canal, Cartagena, Colombia, Nassau, Bahamas & Miami.
Call Gerri, CTC at 800-755-1718, ext 333, or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/Itravel/listing.cfm?ID=1625&type-Discounf/20Cruise.
S
1999 HOLIDAY COSTA RICA OR CARIBBEAN WINDSTAR CRUISES 10 DAY
Depart December 18 or 19 on WindSurf, WindSong, WindSpirit Rates
as low as $2999 pp including port tax.
Call Gerri, CTC at 800-755-1718 ext 333
7. OTHER
VALENTINE'S CRUISE - 2000
Carnival Sensation - 2/13/00 - 7 day Western Caribbean - from Tampa
Inside cabin - $559 pp +$139.75 pp; Outside cabin - $639 pp +
$139.75 pp port. Your itinerary includes Cozumel, Grand Cayman and
New Orleans. BONUS: Special Valentine Gift in each cabin. (port
additional). Limited number of cabins, as this holiday always goes
fast. call today!
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
11/20/99 - THANKSGIVING CRUISE - VERY LIMITED
Depart Miami for 7 days aboard the Brand New Carnival Triumph - to the
Western Caribbean $599 pp inside + $139.75 pp port; $729 pp oceanview
+ $139.75 pp.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
ANNOUNCEMENT
We now have discounted blocked space on Carnival Cruises for:
Valentine's Day, Mardi Gras, President's Week, Spring Break / Easter
of 2000. Early booking discounts plus our own special deep discounts
apply! Call today for more information.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
2/6/00 - CARNIVAL NONSMOKING PARADISE - $164
Depart Miami for 7 days to the Eastern Caribbean aboard the world's
first nonsmoking ship, the Carnival Paradise. 3rd or 4th person in
cabin pays only $164 pp + $139.75 pp port when traveling with two
other passengers (in the same cabin) who pay only $599 pp + port of
$139.75 pp. Your itinerary includes San Juan, St. Thomas and Virgin
Gorda/Tortola.
CRUISES-N-MORE 1 800 733-2048 HTTP://WWW.CRUISES-N-MORE.COM
HOLIDAY CRUISE DOWN UNDER on CRYSTAL
Depart December 17, 1999 for 11 days on Crystal Tour #9233 starting
at $3999 pp including port taxes.
Call Gerri, CTC at 800-755-1718, ext 333, or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/ltravel/listing.cfm?lD=1593&type=Australia
REMEMBER 1travel.com's everyday discounts can save you up to 70% off
regular airfares.
For flights within the US, Canada, Mexico & the Caribbean go directly to:
http://www.farebeater.com/domestic
For International flights, go directly to:
http://www.farebeater.com/international
For hotel bookings - US and Worldwide - go directly to:
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http://www.carwiz.com
To be removed from this mailing list, please go to
http://www.onetravel.com/alert
and enter [email protected] (the email address to which this
was sent).
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: [email protected]@hqs.southcom.nil@INET@LNGTWY (
[email protected]@hqs.southcom.mil@INET@LNGTWY[UNKNOWN
CREATION DATE/TIME:21-JUL-1999 17:31:00.00
SUBJECT: Talking Points for USARSO Relocation Ceremonies
TO: Jeffrey L. Farrow@eop ( Jeffrey L. Farrow@eop [ WHO
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
These are draft recommended talking points for SECARMY Caldera, Gen.
Wilhelm, and MG Kensinger for potential media questions pertaining to US
Army South relocation to Puerto Rico.
-
Decision to move to Puerto Rico and local support. The military
decision for the development of the Southern Command's new architecture as
a
result of the implementation of the Panama Canal Treaties has been approved
by the U.S. administration step by step. The relocation of U.S. Army South
to Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico, has been strongly supported by the
Government
of Puerto Rico.
-
Not "militarizing" Puerto Rico. The Department of Defense currently
employs an approximate 22,000 people on the Island -most in the National
Guard and reserve components. U.S. Army South operated in the Republic of
Panama with 3,800 personnel. Its headquarters in Puerto Rico will absorb
the
362 personnel previously employed at Fort Buchanan, augmented by 465 active
duty military personnel, 380 civilians, and approximately 200 reserve
component personnel (Grand total of 1381). Operations of the Southern
Command and its components are focused to conduct exercises in the area of
responsibility, promoting regional interaction and will not increase
military activity in Puerto Rico significantly.
-
Why Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico will become the main hub for support
to
the region. Geographically positioned to "unite the Americas", the Southern
Command components in Puerto Rico will become a force of unity for our
hemisphere. Supported by existing infrastructure and the more than 16,000
bilingual men and women in the reserve components, the U.S. Army South will
partner with Puerto Rico, capitalizing on its shared assets.
-
Public interest and support of the military. Out of the 232
recruiting companies worldwide, Puerto Rico is #1 in recruiting for the
Army. Last year, 2,200 out of the 3,300 young Puerto Ricans who joined the
U.S. Armed Services in Puerto Rico went into the Army and its reserve
components, making the two Army recruiting companies in Puerto Rico the top
recruiting stations. The military tradition in Puerto Rico is consistent
with the highest levels of attrition in its local units. Additionally, more
than 200,000 Puerto Ricans have distinguished themselves in every major US
conflict form World War I to Kosovo.
-
Use of Vieques island. The decision to relocate the US Army South
to
Fort Buchanan was based on the value of the existing facilities, Puerto
Rico's ideal location "uniting the Americas" and the valuable resource of
Puerto Rico's citizen-soldiers. While all the military facilities in Puerto
Rico are an asset to readiness, the bulk of the operations will be out of
Fort Buchanan with limited use of Camp Santiago in Salinas. The focus of
the
operations and personnel stationed in Puerto Rico are outwardly directed
and
not to increase military maneuvers in Puerto Rico.
Raul Duany
Chief, Media Relations
(305) 437-1210
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Maria Echaveste ( CN=Maria Echaveste/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:24-JUL-1999 11:04:26.00
SUBJECT: panama canal transfer
TO: Arturo A. Valenzuela ( CN=Arturo A. Valenzuela/OU=NSC/O=EOP@EOP [ NSC )
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: Francisco J. Sanchez ( CN=Francisco J. Sanchez/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ] )
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Marjorie Tarmey ( CN=Marjorie Tarmey/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Where are we folks on memo to John on Envoy and NSC's recommendations for
Panama Canal Transfer? I understand Arturo you all were working on a
memo for Sandy; however, given everything that is on his plate--I would be
very happy to have a memo from the envoy's office that reflects views from
the NSC. we talked about this two weeks ago. also, what's this I heard
about another kidnapping in columbia overnight?
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: [email protected] ([email protected] [ UNKNOWN
CREATION DATE/TIME:26-JUL-1999 20:15:00.00
SUBJECT: 1 travel.com Cruise Deals
TO: Sharon A. Liggett ( CN=Sharon A. Liggett/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Instructions for removal from this mailing list appear at the bottom of
this
email.
CRUISE ALERT
Monday - July 26, 1999
Itravel.com works with cruise experts to bring you the best deals
with SAVINGS OF UP TO 70% off the major cruise lines.
SPECIALS LISTED BY LOCATION OR TYPE:
1. ALASKA
2. CARIBBEAN
3. EUROPE
4. HOLIDAY CRUISES
5. MEDITERRANEAN
6. MEXICO & CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
7. SOUTH PACIFIC
8. OTHER
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unique travel tips to make your next trip more enjoyable.
Planning a trip? Need help finding a tour operator for your next
journey? Visit Travelroads, http://www.travelroads.com, to research
tour operators and request free brochure.
1. ALASKA
7 DAY CARNIVAL ALASKA WITH AIR INCLUDED - $999 pp
Depart 8/11 or 8/18 on a 7-day Alaska cruise with air included in the
best available inside cabin at the time of booking. Air included
from: BWI, BOS, CHI, CVG, CLE, CMH, DFW, DEN, DTW, FLL, HNL, HOU, IND,
MIA, MILWAUKEE, MINN, NYC, EWR, MCO, PHL, STL, TPA. - $999 + port
charges of $202 pp. Government tax & air tax additional and are
approximately $10 - $20 pp. 3rd/ 4th in the cabin with air is only
$497 pp + same port and tax. This is extremely limited and subject
to availability.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
7 DAY CARNIVAL ALASKA WITH AIR INCLUDED - $899 pp
Depart 8/11 or 8/18 on a 7-day Alaska cruise with air included in the
best available inside cabin at the time of booking. Air included
from: SFO, LAX, SEA TUC, PHX, YUR, Portland - $899 + port charges of
$202 pp. Government tax & air tax additional and are approximately
$10 - $20 pp. 3rd/ 4th in the cabin with air is only $497 pp + same
port and tax. This is extremely limited and subject to availability.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
CRYSTAL HARMONY LAND OF THE EAGLES ALASKA
Depart August 27 on V9122 from San Francisco on for 12 ports of call
including Victoria, Vancouver, Inside Passage, Ketchikan, Juneau,
Glacier Bay or Hubbard Glacier, Skagway and Sitka. Only $3275 pp.
Call Gerri at 800-755-1718, ext. 333
2. CARIBBEAN
CARNIVAL DESTINY - BALCONY CABINS ONLY $849
Depart 11/28 from Miami for 7-days aboard the Destiny to the Western
Caribbean. Your choice of inside cabin for $549 pp + $139.75 port or
oceanview $679 pp + $139.75 pp port or enjoy the luxury of a balcony
for only $849 pp + $139.75 pp port
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
CARNIVAL TRIUMPH - $549 pp
Depart Miami 11/13 for 7-day Eastern Caribbean on this Brand New
Ship - only $549 pp + port of $139.75 inside; oceanview cabins only
$675 + port of $139.75. Your itinerary includes San Juan, St. Croix
& St. Thomas.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
CRUISE TO ARUBA AND THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN
Depart 11/28 from San Juan for 7-days aboard the Carnival Inspiration.
Inside cabin $469 pp + port of $139.75 pp; oceanview cabin $619 pp +
port of $139.75 pp. Special 3rd / 4th person rate of only $229 pp +
port of $139.75 pp. Your itinerary includes St. Thomas, Aruba,
Curacao, St. Lucia, San Juan.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
CARIBBEAN REPOSITIONING CRUISE with FREE AIR
Depart San Juan November 2 for a 6 night cruise $899 pp plus Port
Charges Cat N Inside Stateroom. Itinerary includes: St. Thomas, St.
Croix, St. Maarten, and Miami. FREE AIR from Atlanta, Boston,
Hartford, Newark, JFK, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, New Orleans, LaGuardia.
Call Gerri at 800-755-1718, ext. 333, or go to:
http://ext.ranet.onetravel.com/Itravel/vendors/ManL.istingMulti.cfm
WESTERN CARIBBEAN -NEW EARLY SAVINGS - RATES FROM $699
Depart round trip from Ft. Lauderdale on Holland America Ryndam for
7 day cruise ? Prices are as follows: inside n $849 pp; outside h
$939 pp; mini suite b $1239 pp; and suite S $1749 pp. Save 56%.
NIEUW AMSTERDAM-14 DAY SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN--ROUND TRIP FROM TAMPA
Prices are as follows: inside m $1399 pp; outside g $1599 pp; deluxe
c $1789 pp; and mini suite a $2099 pp. Save 55%. The cruises sail
10/10, 10/24 & 11/07. **Shipboard $$ Credit** with select categories
or with bookings of 2 cabins or more.
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333
3. EUROPE
WIND SONG 7-DAYS ATHENS TO ROME
Depart October 16,1999 on Windstar Cruise Lines ? 50% SAVINGS ONLY
$2143 pp for an exciting itinerary including Athens, Monemvasia,
Zakynthos, Fiskardon, Taormina, Capri and Rome.
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333, or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/Itravel/listing.cfm?ID=1580&type=Luxury%20Cruises
4. HOLIDAY CRUISES
THANKSGIVING CRUISE - VERY LIMITED
Depart Miami 11/20 for 7-days aboard the Brand New Carnival Triumph
- to the Western Caribbean $599 pp inside + $139.75 pp port; $729 pp
oceanview + $139.75 pp.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
CHRISTMAS CRUISES ON CARNIVAL INSPIRATION - $639 pp
Depart 12/19 for 7-days from San Juan to Aruba and more!!! $639 pp
for a cat. 4 inside cabin plus port/tax of $139.75 pp with 2 lower
beds that convert to a queen/king! Oceanview only $769 pp + port/tax
of $139.75 pp!
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
CHRISTMAS CRUISES ON CARNIVAL SENSATION
Depart 12/19 for 7-days from Tampa to the Grand Cayman, Cozumel & New
Orleans! $639 pp port/tax of $139.75 pp for a cat. 4 inside cabin with
2 lower beds that convert to a queen/king! Oceanview only $759 pp
port/tax of $139.75 pp!
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
CHRISTMAS CRUISES ON CARNIVAL DESTINY
Depart 12/19 for a 7-day Eastern Caribbean sailing from Miami. Only
$679 pp port/tax of $139.75 pp cat. 4 inside; $849 pp port/tax of
$139.75 pp, cat. 6 outside; BALCONY - $1029 port/tax of $139.75 pp!!!
All cabins have lower bedding that converts to queen/king!
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
CHRISTMAS CRUISES ON CARNIVAL ELATION - $699
Depart 12/19 for a 7-day cruise from Los Angeles to the Mexican
Riviera. $699 pp port/tax of $139.75 pp for cat. 4 inside cabin with
two lower beds that convert to king/queen, or only $899 pp port/tax
of $139.75 pp for oceanview! These rates are even lower than usual
non-holiday sale rates! If you want to travel during the holiday,
call today!
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
CHRISTMAS CRUISE ON CARNIVAL CELEBRATION $639
Depart 12/19 for a 7-day cruise from New Orleans to the Western
Caribbean. $639 pp port/tax of $139.75 pp for cat. 4 inside with 2
lower beds that convert to queen/king; $769 pp port/tax of $139.75 pp
for oceanview!
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
THE SUPREME MILLENNIUM CRUISE
Depart December 19 from Ft. Lauderdale to San Francisco in 21 days on
the Seabourn Sun, the most supreme sanctuary of the good life for just
758 guests. Acapulco will be the backdrop for Millennium Eve.
Itinerary includes: Ft. Lauderdale, St. Thomas, Aruba, Panama Canal,
Costa Rica, Acapulco, Manzanillo, Puerta Vallarta, Mazatlan, San
Diego, and San Francisco. Features Ben Vereen and Leslie Uggams.
>From $13,400- $37,140 pp. We offer a 5% of the base fare Shipboard
Credit for a Value Added Bonus!
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333, or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/Itravel/listing.cfm?1D=1651&type=Luxury%20Cruises
1999 HOLIDAY COSTA RICA OR CARIBBEAN WINDSTAR CRUISES 10 DAY
Depart December 18 or 19 on WindSurf, WindSong, WindSpirit Rates
as low as $2999 including port tax.
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333
5. MEDITERRANEAN
SUITES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
See the Mediterranean at 40% of the Price from $4331 per person.
Depart October 9th for 7 day cruise. Sailing on WindStar from Nice to
Rome. Itinerary includes Nice, Monte Carlo, St. Tropez,
Portofino, Portovenere, Portoferraio, Bonifacio and Rome.
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333, or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/Itravel/listing.cfm?D=1624&type=Luxury9%20Cruises
6. MEXICO & CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
4 DAY CARNIVAL HOLIDAY - $194 pp
Depart 11/18 on a 4 day cruise from LA to Catalina & Ensenada -
$194 pp + $99.75 port /tax!!! This is for a category 4 cabin with
two lower beds that convert to a queen/king. Only two left at this
price - cat. 5 on Main deck only $30 pp more.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
SOUTH AMERICA WITH CRYSTAL CRUISES
Four sailings departing Jan 19, February 3, February 16 and March 2,
2000 for 14 Day Cruise on the Crystal Harmony. Prices start at
$2799 pp including port tax. The ship sails one way from Barbados to
Buenos Aires.
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333
2 WEEKS THROUGH THE PANAMA CANAL
Depart November 12, 1999 aboard NCL's The Norwegian Wind for a 14
Night Panama Canal Cruise. Itinerary includes San Diego, Puerto
Vallarta, Manzanillo, Acapulco, Caldera, Costa Rica, Transit Panama
Canal, Cartagena, Nassau and Miami.
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333, or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/1travel/listing.cfm?ID=1625&type=Discount%20Cuise
S
7. SOUTH PACIFIC
HOLIDAY CRUISE DOWN UNDER on CRYSTAL
Depart December 17, 1999 for 11 days on Crystal Tour #9233 starting
at $3999 including port taxes.
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333
7 NIGHTS IN FRENCH POLYNESIA
Depart this September and cruise Tahiti on Radisson Seven Seas
Cruise Lines: M/S Paul Gaughin. Prices starting from $2365 pp! Save
$1800 Per Couple. Enjoy a seven night cruise in Beautiful French
Polynesia (Tahiti, Raiatea, Motu Mahana, Bora Bora and Moorea) Three
departures only, September 11, 18, and 25, 1999. NEW BOOKING
INCENTIVE BOOK ANY 1999 CRUISE AND DEPOSIT on the SAME DAY and
RECEIVE a $500 per stateroom shipboard credit!!
Round-trip economy air airfare add-ons are $295-$450 per person.
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333
8. OTHER
RE-LIVE THE GREATEST FOOTBALL GAME EVER PLAYED
Depart August 21 from Miami aboard the NCL SS Norway with some pro
players from 1958 Baltimore Colts/New York Giants Championship. 7
DAYS FROM $699 pp. 3rd & 4th guest from just $319 including port
charges. All meals entertainment football activities and special
events included. Low air add-ons available. Sail from Miami to St.
Maarten, St. John, St. Thomas and Great Stirrup Cay (NCL's Private
Island).
Call 800-755-1718 ask for Gerri, ext. 333, or go to:
http://www.onetravel.com/Itravel/listing.cfm?ID=I634&type=Luxury20Cruises
CELEBRITY CRUISE LINES FALL SALE
Special fares, upgrades, special air rates (not combinable or
available on same booking) for fall dates are now available, but are
subject to being pre-sold, so call today. We have discounts on all
Celebrity sailings. Don't be left out, call today and let us book
you on a 5 star Celebrity ship this fall.
**CELEBRITY MERCURY FALL SALE - $649 pp
Depart 10/24 from Miami on a 7-day Western Caribbean cruise to
Key West, Calica, Cozumel, Grand Cayman. Inside cabin - $649 pp +
port / tax of $128 pp. This is an example of our Celebrity Fall Sale.
CRUISES-N-MORE 800 733-2048 http://www.cruises-n-more.com
REMEMBER. 1travel.com's everyday discounts can save you up to 70% off
regular airfares.
For flights within the US, Canada, Mexico & the Caribbean go directly to:
http://www.farebeater.com/domestic
For International flights, go directly to:
http://www.farebeater.com/international
For hotel bookings - US and Worldwide - go directly to:
http://www.hotelwiz.com
For car rentals - US and Worldwide - go directly to:
http://www.carwiz.com
To be removed from this mailing list, please go to
http://www.onetravel.com/alert
and enter [email protected] (the email address to which this
was sent).
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Marsha Scott ( CN=Marsha Scott/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:27-JUL-1999 16:17:41.00
SUBJECT: Re: Presidential Delegation to the Inauguration in Panama
TO: Skye S. Philbrick ( CN=Skye S. Philbrick/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Former Sen. Dennis DiConcini
(check the other names of Senators who were involved in the panama Canal
Treaty under Carter)
Jeff Valdez - entertainer
Dennis Rivera - Union leader in NY
Dr. Michael Conniff - director of Center for Latin Americna Studies,
University of South Florida, Tampa - 813-974-3547 - leading expert on
Panama - well known there to the government officials
Sec. Bill Richardson - energy
Director of OPIC (1 am blank on his name)
Ida Castro - Director of EEOC
Dr. Arturo Valenzuela - NSC
Amb. Peter Romero - State
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Francisco J. Sanchez ( CN=Francisco J. Sanchez/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:27-JUL-1999 11:08:35.00
SUBJECT: Re: panama canal transfer
TO: Maria Echaveste ( CN=Maria Echaveste/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP[ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Arturo A. Valenzuela ( CN=Arturo A. Valenzuela/OU=NSC/O=EOP@EOP [ NSC ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Maria:
We'll have some paper on Panama later today.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: John H. Corcoran III (CN=John H. Corcoran III/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:27-JUL-1999 08:59:46.00
SUBJECT: from the NY Times
TO: Jason Rempel <[email protected]> ( Jason Rempel <[email protected]> @ inet [ UNKNOWN 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: [email protected] ( [email protected] @ inet [ UNKNOWN 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TO: [email protected] ( [email protected] @ inet [ UNKNOWN 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
July 27, 1999
Full of Wiles, Coyotes Prove Near Invincible
By WILLIAM K. STEVENS
B y American Indian tradition, he is the Trickster, the most
cunning
but also the most flawed and human of animal spirits. Noble
and
godlike in some ways, he is also perverse, vain, deceitful,
larcenous,
obsessed with sex, and a lover of pranks who repeatedly blunders
into
trouble and gets his comeuppance, but always bounces back.
To ranchers in the West, he is nothing more than a despised
varmint to
be hunted down and killed.
To generations of movie and
television viewers who have
watched the "Roadrunner"
cartoons, he is Wile E. Coyote,
the sneaky but hapless hunter
blown up, squashed or zapped
in midair, only to show up in
the next frame, whole and
ready to go again.
Today, to paraphrase William
Faulkner, the coyote has not
just survived, it has prevailed.
It has defied every effort to
defeat it -- hundreds of
thousands are deliberately and
legally killed every year -- and
has literally taken over North
America.
In an unsurpassed display of
adaptability in the face of
human dominance of the
landscape, it has spread far
beyond its original range on the
Western plains and northern
Mexico, and now inhabits wild
lands, suburbs and cities from
the Panama Canal to the edge
of the Canadian tundra and
from Central Park to Santa
Monica Boulevard.
No one knows how many
coyotes exist; educated
guesses range from a million to
tens of millions.
But for sure, there are "more
now than there have ever been,
anywhere," said Dr. Russell
Mason, a Federal wildlife
expert in Utah whose task has
been to help control coyotes.
The Trickster has not made it
an easy job.
In the Eastern United States, where coyotes never existed until
the 20th
century, their trademark yip and howl have become familiar.
In the absence of wolves, they may have become the region's top
predator -- including in suburbs, where they think nothing of
having a cat
for lunch (literally) or killing any dog they can; they probably
see it as a
competitor.
In short, the coyote is an ecological success story par
excellence.
Along with the white-tailed deer, the moose and the red fox, it
has
established itself as a champion adapter in an era when the
ability to
adjust to changes brought about by humans has created a whole new
class of dominant large mammals.
So what accounts for the coyote's extraordinary success? It is
one of the
main questions attracting scientists who are paying new
attention to what
they see as a fascinating character.
"It's by far the neatest animal I've ever worked with," Dr.
Mason said.
One part of the answer may lie in the coyote's evolutionary
position
among wild canids, or doglike predators.
Roughly the size and shape of a German shepherd, the coyote (the
name
comes from the Aztec word coyotl and is typically pronounced
kai-OH-ee in the East but KAl-oat in most of the West) fills an
ecological niche between that of the wolf and the fox.
In fact, its very appearance and behavior seem to combine
features of
both.
Though smaller, more pointed of snout and more delicate of build
and
features, it looks markedly like a wolf.
And contrary to earlier belief, it organizes itself in
family-based packs
dominated by an alpha male and alpha female, again like wolves.
Field researchers now know that coyotes hunting in concert can
and
often do bring down animals as large as adult deer.
But coyotes also have the beautiful bushy tail of the fox, and
their
preferred prey and individual style of hunting are foxlike.
Both species dote on small mammals like mice and voles, and both
sneak
up on the prey like cats and strike with a cat's pounce.
With the wolf's ability to attack and kill big prey and the
fox's feline stalk
for small animals, the coyote is almost always assured of finding
something to eat. Its willingness to eat almost anything gives
it a further
advantage. Analysis of coyote waste has identified up to 100
different
kinds of food.
They will gobble crickets, apples,
grass, even shoe leather, and they
love to forage in landfills.
They also love watermelon; in
Texas, they have become a serious
problem for watermelon growers.
Another factor in the coyote's
hardiness is that it evolved
originally in a harsh, arid climate
where summer days are blazing
and nights are freezing.
This enables it to adapt to a wide
variety of conditions, said Dr.
Robert Crabtree, an independent
Montana ecologist, who with his
wife, Jennifer Sheldon, has long
studied the species.
But if nature equipped the coyote
to survive, it is people who have
opened the door for it to prevail.
They have played to the coyote's
strength, for example, by chopping
up the forests of the East into
isolated fragments.
The edges of the forest fragments
provide ideal habitat for small
mammals, and their populations
have exploded, providing a coyote
buffet.
Unlike many other types of
animals, like turtles, frogs and
snakes, coyotes are mobile enough
to cross forest clearings, roads and
other barriers in search of food
and breeding territory, and they
consequently thrive in the
human-altered environment.
They are highly territorial animals,
and the drive to strike out and
establish turf sends them aggressively into densely inhabited
cities and
towns.
And "because they look so much like dogs, they are actually able
to
move through areas relatively unnoticed," said Dr. Michael
Klemens,
director of the Metropolitan Conservation Alliance, an arm of New
York's Wildlife Conservation Society that deals with regional
wildlife
issues.
They have been spotted in New York City in recent years, most
recently
in late March and early April, when the police cornered and
captured
one in Central Park.
Four years ago, a coyote lived in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx,
eating spaghetti with meatballs and shrimp lo mein that a
neighborhood
couple brought.
But feeding coyotes is not necessarily a good idea, since people
have
sometimes been bitten by them, and some reports say this happens
when
coyotes are fed.
Coyotes also sometimes stalk people from a distance or chase
joggers.
"I think we'd be foolish" to ignore the possible danger, said
Dr. Matthew
Gomper, a behavioral ecologist at Columbia University. But he
added,
"We'd be foolish to overplay the threat."
Another big way in which humans have increased the coyote's
fortunes is
by exterminating wolves, which historically kept the coyote
bottled up,
ecologically speaking. The demise of the wolf in most of the
contiguous
48 states liberated coyotes in two ways: deer populations
exploded,
providing more prey, and the most important predator of
disappeared.
In the canid hierarchy of primitive North America, wolves
dominated
coyotes wherever the species coexisted.
Wolves are easily able to kill coyotes, and wolf packs do so
whenever
they can.
This has been vividly demonstrated in Yellowstone National Park,
where
a reintroduced wolf population, according to Dr. Crabtree's
studies, soon
reduced the coyote population by more than half (though it has
recovered
somewhat).
In the wild, coyotes consequently exist on the fringes of wolf
packs'
territories; a trip to the core of wolf turf could bring instant
death.
The same is true of the next step down the hierarchical ladder:
foxes exist
on the fringes of coyote territory.
"Foxes are to coyotes as coyotes are to wolves," Dr. Gomper
said.
Dr. Crabtree believes the coyote is resilient "because it
co-evolved with a
larger competitor that kills it." Having to look out for wolves
made
coyotes more vigilant and more adept at evading capture.
Dr. Crabtree tells the story of a male coyote he once tried to
trap in
Washington State.
He has caught some 300 coyotes in rubber-padded leg hold traps
and
put radio collars on them for scientific study, then released
them.
But this particular coyote turned in a virtuoso performance in
evasion.
As Dr. Crabtree tells it, he first encountered the coyote when
it was
trying to free its mate from the scientist's trap in Washington.
For the next four years, it seemed, the coyote taunted him.
"He would do things like dig up my trap and flip it over,
unsprung.
One time, he scraped the dirt off and defecated en it without
springing it."
Another time, when the scientist tried to drop a net on the
coyote from a
helicopter, it jumped up and tried to bite the helicopter and
then hid
under sagebrush.
"He was one smart guy." And he was never caught.
Another win for the Trickster.
"Coyotes think about things," Dr. Mason said.
"A coyote only needs to be shown something once."
The coyote's evasion skills have frustrated efforts to control
its livestock
predations (especially on sheep) by nonlethal means, Dr. Mason
said.
Guard dogs, strobe-light alarm systems, aversion strategies in
which lamb
meat is laced with substances to make the coyote sick -- all
have fallen
short.
"We've tried every possible method," said Bob Acord, the
administrator
of the Agriculture Department's Wildlife Services division,
which is in
charge of Federal predator-control activity.
"They seem to adapt to any method." Often, the authorities are
driven to
their last resort: killing coyotes that kill livestock.
Altogether, Mr. Acord said, more than 350,000 coyotes are "taken"
each year for this and other reasons, including fur harvest and
hunting for
sport.
If Dr. Crabtree is right, the killing may actually increase
coyote numbers
in the long run. He believes coyotes produce more pups, and more
survive, when overall numbers drop.
The theory is that when older adult coyotes are killed, there is
more food
for the survivors; pups are born stronger and have more to eat.
Dr. Crabtree says that in Yellowstone, only about 30 percent of
coyote
pups survived to adulthood before wolves were reintroduced; now
nearly
three-quarters do.
Also, if dominant, territorial adult coyotes are killed, says
Dr. Gomper,
leaving younger, unattached coyotes freer to form their own
family
groups -- and younger females tend to have bigger litters.
This idea would seem to suggest that deliberate killing of
coyotes is
counterproductive in the long term, and so it is controversial.
Dr. Mason disputes the Crabtree studies and says that in any
case they
are "situation specific" and cannot be extended generally.
In Texas, he says, limiting the coyote population has actually
decreased
litter size.
Besides, Dr. Mason said, coyotes must sometimes be controlled in
the
interest of nature's variety.
"If you have a lot of coyotes," he said, "you're not going to
have a lot of
other things." In the West, for example, coyotes have depressed
mule
deer populations and threatened re-establishment of the
endangered
black-footed ferret.
In the interest of biodiversity, he said, coyote populations in
ferret
country need to be suppressed until the ferrets become
established: "not
forever, just now." The same thing holds true in areas where
mule deer
have their fawns, he believes.
Coyotes also pose potential health problems.
Dr. Mason said they spread rabies from Mexico into Texas, where
officials attacked the problem by air-dropping bait laced with
rabies
vaccine.
More than 90 percent of coyotes are believed to have been
immunized in
a buffer zone designed to halt the spread of the disease.
Easterners are now beginning to experience coyotes as Westerners
always have; in Maine, coyotes are believed to have cut
substantially into
deer populations.
But there is a difference: Eastern coyotes are bigger than
Western ones.
While a good-sized Western coyote might weigh 35 pounds, Dr.
Mason
said, they can go up to 80 pounds in the East.
One reason, scientists say, is probably widespread interbreeding
between coyotes and Eastern timber wolves, which still inhabit
the upper
Great Lakes region and eastern Canada.
(While wolf packs kill coyotes, lone wolves looking for mates
sometimes
breed with them.)
Do coyotes often mate with domestic dogs to produce what are
called
coydogs? "I don't think it is widespread," Dr. Gomper said.
"It may occur, but true cases of it occurring in the wild are
fairly rare."
Dr. Gomper and colleagues are gearing up for a detailed study of
coyotes in the New York region, but already, he says, it is
clear that they
have arrived in packs in rural New England and New York, where
their
calls in the evening and early morning indicate that they are
marking
territorial boundaries.
That may mean, Dr. Gomper said, that they have achieved such
numbers
that population pressure is pushing their core territories ever
closer to
humans.
If so, he said, "we'll be seeing more interactions with humans
and pets on
a day-to-day basis."
Clinton Presidential Records
Automated Records Management System
[EMAIL] and Tape Restoration Project [Email]
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies a responsive email, already made available
within another collection.
Collection: 2011-1067-F
Bucket: WHO
Creation Date: 1999-07-28
Subject:
Talk Daily -- 7/28
Creator: Megan C. Moloney CN=Megan C.
Moloney/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ]
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Adrienne K. Elrod ( CN=Adrienne K. Elrod/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:30-JUL-1999 15:50:31.00
SUBJECT: Re: PANAMA CANAL
TO: Jeanette A. Lewis ( CN=Jeanette A. Lewis/OU=ONDCP/O=EOP@EOP [ ONDCP D
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Thanks for all of your help!!
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Adrienne K. Elrod ( CN=Adrienne K. Elrod/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:30-JUL-1999 12:38:23.00
SUBJECT:
TO: Maria E. Soto ( CN=Maria E. Soto/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP[ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
FYI -- I have put in a call to ONDCP re: Panama Canal and I am waiting ot
hear backk (-:
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Jeanette A. Lewis ( CN=Jeanette A. Lewis/OU=ONDCP/O=EOP [ ONDCP ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:30-JUL-1999 12:47:06.00
SUBJECT: Re: PANAMA CANAL
TO: Adrienne K. Elrod ( CN=Adrienne K. Elrod/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Janet is out of the office, however, I got calls in to several folks.
Waiting for their input. Will get right back.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Adrienne K. Elrod ( CN=Adrienne K. Elrod/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:30-JUL-1999 12:51:59.00
SUBJECT: Re: PANAMA CANAL
TO: Jeanette A. Lewis ( CN=Jeanette A. Lewis/OU=ONDCP/O=EOP@EOP [ONDCP D
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Just curious --- who are you talking too?
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Adrienne K. Elrod (CN=Adrienne K. Elrod/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:30-JUL-1999. 12:51:21.00
SUBJECT: Re: PANAMA CANAL
TO: Jeanette A. Lewis ( CN=Jeanette A. Lewis/OU=ONDCP/O=EOP@EOF [ ONDCP ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
thanks!
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Adrienne K. Elrod ( CN=Adrienne K. Elrod/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME:30-JUL-1999 12:38:41.00
SUBJECT: PANAMA CANAL
TO: Jeanette A. Lewis ( CN=Jeanette A. Lewis/OU=ONDCP/O=EOP@EOF [ ONDCP 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
any word yet?
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Jeanette A. Lewis ( CN=Jeanette A. Lewis/OU=ONDCP/O=EOP [ ONDCP 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME:30-JUL-1999 15:08:08.00
SUBJECT: Re: PANAMA CANAL
TO: Adrienne K. Elrod ( CN=Adrienne K. Elrod/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Michele Manatt has been tasked. She said she would email you. Believe
she is checking with OSR as well. Feel free to email or call her at
x56655. Let me know status.
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Janelle E. Erickson ( CN=Janelle E. Erickson/OU=WHO/O=EOP [ WHO ])
CREATION DATE/TIME: 2-AUG-1999 15:50:11.00
SUBJECT: Re: Panama Delegation - Need Leg. Affairs opinion ASAP.
TO: Skye S. Philbrick (CN=Skye S. Philbrick/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Angela C. Mizeur (CN=Angela C. Mizeur/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Devanshu Patel ( CN=Devanshu Patel/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Erica R. Morris ( CN=Erica R. Morris/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Courtney C. Crouch ( CN=Courtney C. Crouch/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Matthew J. Bianco ( CN=Matthew J. Bianco/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Lisa M. Kountoupes (CN=Lisa M. Kountoupes/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Dario J. Gomez (CN=Dario J. Gomez/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Roger S. Ballentine ( CN=Roger S. Ballentine/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Virginia N. Rustique ( CN=Virginia N. Rustique/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Martha Foley (CN=Martha Foley/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Tracey E. Thornton ( CN=Tracey E. Thornton/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Brooke B. Livingston ( CN=Brooke B. Livingston/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Hildy Kuryk (CN=Hildy Kuryk/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Joshua J. Ackil ( CN=Joshua J. Ackil/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Joel K. Wiginton (CN=Joel K. Wiginton/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Caroline R. Fredrickson ( CN=Caroline R. Fredrickson/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Marty J. Hoffmann (CN=Marty J. Hoffmann/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO] ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Broderick Johnson ( CN=Broderick Johnson/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Alphonse J. Maldon ( CN=Alphonse J. Maldon/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Janelle E. Erickson ( CN=Janelle E. Erickson/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Mindy E. Myers (CN=Mindy E. Myers/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO 1)
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Charles M. Brain ( CN=Charles M. Brain/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
CC: Janet Murguia ( CN=Janet Murguia/OU=WHO/O=EOP@EOP [ WHO ])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
These are in order of priority. Please let me know if you need more
names.
Senator ChrisDodd (D-CT)
Senator Paul Coverdell (R-GA)
Senator Paul Sarbanes (D-MD)
Senator Robert Byrd (D-WV)
Rep Sonny Callahan (R-AL)
Rep Jose Serrano (D-NY)
Rep Gary Ackerman (D-NY)
Rep Cass Ballenger (R-NC)
Rep Eni Faleomavaega (D-AS)
Skye S. Philbrick
08/02/99 11:28:18 AM
Record Type: Record
To: Janelle E. Erickson/WHO/EOP@EOP
cc:
Subject: Panama Delegation - Need Leg. Affairs opinion asap.
Janelle,
Can you take a look at this and get back to me. We are sending a 10
person delegation so if you can prioritize the members that would be
great. Other ideas for members are Sen. Sarbanes and Sen. Byrd, both of
whom were instrumental in the Panama Canal Treaty under Carter. Let me
know soon. Thanks
The Honorable Sonny Callahan (R-AL)
Chair, Subcommittee on Foreign Relations
Export Financing and Related Programs
House Appropriations Committee
The Honorable Gary Ackerman (D-NY)
Ranking Member
Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere
House International Relations Committee
The Honorable Paul Coverdell (R-GA)
Chair
Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
The Honorable Jose Serrano (D-NY)
Ranking Member
Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State and Judiciary
House Appropriations Committee
The Honorable Christopher J. Dodd (D-CT)
Ranking Member
Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Former Senator Dennis DeConcini
Wayne Wedin
Founding Chairman of the Orange County Business Council
(recommended by Congressman Royce)
Former Congressman David Bowen
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: [email protected] ([email protected] UNKNOWN
CREATION DATE/TIME: 2-AUG-1999 22:37:38.00
SUBJECT: 1 travel.com Cruise Deals
TO: Sharon A. Liggett (CN=Sharon A. Liggett/OU=WHO/O=EOP I WHO D
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Instructions for removal from this mailing list appear at the bottom of
this
email.
CRUISE ALERT
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RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: [email protected] ([email protected] [
UNKNOWN 1)
CREATION DATE/TIME: 3-AUG-1999 08:10:59.00
SUBJECT: Early Report 8/3: MIDDLE EAST/NATO
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TEXT:
The breakoff of negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians Sunday night
amid differences of opinion over the next phase of Israeli troop
withdrawals from the West Bank remained the focus of considerable editorial
comment in the Middle East and Europe. Editorialists across the board
determined that, after a brief thaw following the election of Israeli Prime
Minister Ehud Barak, the Palestinian-Israeli relationship had entered a new
"crisis of confidence." Not surprisingly, a West Bank paper voiced
"disappointment" with Mr. Barak for not meeting the "expectations" that he
would begin implementing the Wye Accord "immediately after assuming power."
Dailies in other Arab capitals and in Europe aired similar misgivings,
concluding that Mr. Barak "had diminished the capital of trust Palestinians
were putting in him." In Tel Aviv, a liberal commentator in mass-appeal,
pluralist Maariv expressed a similar view, asserting that, "what makes
things even worse for Israel is that in this case, the Palestinians are
right.... Palestinian demand to implement Wye makes a great deal of
sense." Only a nationalist paper in Tel Aviv defended Mr. Barak, stressing
that "Israel must not be intimidated by Palestinian muscle flexing." On
the U.S. role in the Middle East, a Jordanian paper saw "Washington's
retreat from its role of mediator and partner" in the peace process as a
"means of pressure on the Arabs." Moscow's reformist Izvestiya, commenting
on Mr. Barak's visit there yesterday, insisted that "only Moscow" could
move Israel and Syria toward reconciliation.
NOMINATING NATO'S NEW SECRETARY GENERAL: GEORGE ROBERTSON
The likely appointment of current British Defense Secretary George
Robertson to replace Javier Solana as NATO's secretary general triggered
comment from European media. With a vote ratifying his nomination due
later this week, papers in Britain, Italy, Russia, Czech Republic, Greece
and Spain hailed the choice of Mr. Robertson. Papers in London, Madrid and
Prague saw the British defense secretary as "an almost perfect fit," citing
among other reasons the fact that he is "an energetic European who will
not, though, cast doubt on [NATO's] fundamental principle--cooperation with
the U.S." Pundits in Moscow and Athens favored the Robertson nomination as
a way to clean house at NATO headquarters after the Kosovo intervention
under his predecessor. Only writers in France and Germany demurred
somewhat. A French daily protested what it saw as the Alliance's
"London-Washington axis" delivering the nomination as a fait accompli to
other member states. From Germany, one commentator argued that "it would
have been better to show consideration to a smaller NATO country" and held
that the choice is evidence of increasing U.S. influence over NATO since
"the British government is the advocate of U.S. positions in Europe." As
for what challenges lay ahead for a new secretary general, London's
centrist Independent echoed the views of a leading Italian daily in
declaring the major one to be forging a credible European defense
capability "without arousing suspicion in Washington that a stronger Europe
means a stronger rival, rather than a stronger partner."
BRIEFS -- China's 'Missile Diplomacy'
-- France: "The U.S.: A Superpower At A Discount'?
-- 'Risk Of Colombia' And 'McCaffrey's Overflight'
EDITORS: Katherine Starr, Kathleen J. Brahney and Bill Richey
MIDDLE EAST: 'CRISIS OF CONFIDENCE' IN PEACE PROCESS?
WEST BANK: "Crisis Of Confidence"
Independent, moderate Al-Quds judged (8/3): "Based on President Arafat's
proclamations accusing the Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak of trying to
violate the peace agreements, it is viable to say that the
Palestinian-Israeli relationship is in a crisis of confidence. The
Palestinian side was expecting Barak to undertake implementing the
agreements immediately after assuming power. However, the Palestinians were
disappointed, since the Israeli Prime Minister started loitering and
submitting alternative suggestions rather than implementing the least of
their demands: the Wye Accord. Israeli officials are ignoring the fact
that since the establishment of their government three weeks ago, and up to
this instant, they have not taken any steps to boost the confidence of the
Palestinians The question is whether the United States will review its
position regarding decreasing its negotiating role in the peace process to
the minimum, which it declared after Israel's Prime Minister recent visit
to Washington and his verbal promises to American officials to implement
the signed agreements. The current crisis on the Palestinian peace process
track demands international intervention, both Arab and American, in order
to urge the Israeli government to implement the signed agreements. The
time has come to test Barak's intentions, his seriousness, and sincerity."
ISRAEL: "A Funny Way To Build Trust"
Liberal analyst Hemmi Shalev observed in mass-appeal, pluralist Maariv
(8/3): "As far as Israeli-Palestinian relations go, Binyamin Netanyahu may
still be in power. The two sides keep fighting over the Wye agreement,
continue to badmouth each other and to look to the Americans for help. In
short, the old days are still here Barak may have a point in his
reservations about Wye but the way he has put his ideas to the
Palestinians left them with no choice but to accept or risk being kept
waiting almost forever while Barak is doing peace business with Syria
What makes things even worse for Israel is that in this case, the
Palestinians are right Palestinian demand to implement Wye makes a
great deal of sense In less than a month, Barak managed to re-erect the
wall of distrust which used to separate the parties."
"Does The PLO Want Peace?"
Nationalist Hatzofe's lead editorial contended (8/3): "The PLO walked out
of the conference room over what they claim is the Barak government's
Netanyahu-like footdragging on the Wye accords Israel must not be
intimidated by PLO's muscle flexing. Israel has all the time in the world,
particularly since it is they, and not we, who suspended the
negotiations Israel must impress on Arafat that for one thing, the
Oslo agreements do offer the PLO no special incentives and, even more
important, that it has agreed to sit down and talk only after the
Palestinians lost their war against Israel. Arafat's only option is to
extend a hand of peace. He is in no position to dictate the terms of an
arrangement."
EGYPT: "Return To Square One?"
Pro-government Al Akhbar said (8/3): "In the first step of its kind since
the formation of the new Israeli government, Barak announced that Israel's
withdrawal from the West Bank under Wye will start October 1. While
appreciating this step, we wonder about the fate of the other articles in
the agreement, which should have ended last May, which Israel seems to
postpone or merge with the final status stage Evading signed
agreements and the bases of the peace process to gain more at the expense
of others can only lead to complications and returns the region to square
one."
JORDAN: "Where Is The American Patron?"
Arab nationalist Mahmoud Al-Rimawi commented in semi-official, influential
Al-Rai (8/3): "It is known that Barak, during his recent visit to
Washington requested a smaller American role This, incidentally, is
the same policy that Netanyahu pursued. The message that Barak is giving
is that he is cleverer than Netanyahu at implementing the same policy. As
for Secretary Albright's visit to visit, no date has been set for it yet,
the purpose being to make the parties (namely, Arab parties) that there
needs to be progress for the secretary to be convinced of the usefulness of
the visit. To sum it all up, Washington's retreat from its role of
mediator and partner has become a means of pressure on the Arabs,
particularly since Tel Aviv has been granted the prerogative of determining
the level of American involvement."
SAUDI ARABIA: "Barak Adopts Netanyahu's Approach"
According to London-based, internationally-circulated Al-Sharq Al-Awsat's
editorial (8/3): "It appears that the strategy of the new Israeli Prime
Minister Ehud Barak is to talk like Yitzak Rabin but to act like Benjamin
Netanyahu Netanyahu believed that by Israel adopting hard-line
positions the Arabs would give him everything in return for very little.
It seems that Barak has adopted the same approach But time
is
in
favor
of the Palestinians, and not in favor of Israel, as Barak seems to think.
If the Palestinians could only understand that."
BRITAIN: "Propelled Towards Peace"
The liberal Guardian led with this editorial (8/3): "Ehud Barak has
brought the habits of a general into political office. He has labored over
a plan of campaign which he is now attempting to put into practice. He
spent many weeks marshalling his coalition before beginning the round of
diplomatic visits which, starting with Washington, has now taken him to
Moscow, and all before making his first substantive contacts with the
Palestinians Can one wonder that the Palestinians have balked at the
idea of postponement? Yet Barak professes to be astonished at the
'rigidity' with which the Palestinians have reacted. In truth, it is the
Israeli leader who is being rigid in expecting everybody to fall in with
his plan of campaign, a plan which, it is becoming increasingly clear, is
less than generous to the people with whom, more than anyone else, Israelis
need to make a true peace."
FRANCE: "End Of The Thaw"
Marc Henry noted from Jerusalem for right-of-center Le Figaro (8/3): "The
state of grace between Ehud Barak and Yasser Arafat will have lasted less
than
a
month In this first confrontation, the United States has up to
now encouraged Ehud Barak to mark his difference with his predecessor by
applying as soon as possible the Wye accords Thus, the only certainty
is that, for tactical reasons, Ehud Barak has diminished the capital of
trust Palestinians were putting in him."
GERMANY: "Setbacks Are Included"
Charles Landsmann penned this editorial for centrist Der Tagesspiegel of
Berlin (8/3) and right-of-center Main-Echo of Aschaffenburg (8/3): "If
Ehud Barak had not announced his amendments to the Wye Accord in public and
to the world but had presented them instead secretly to Yasser Arafat and
if Barak had also promised in public that he wants to stick to the Wye
Agreement, the current crisis would have never occurred and the planned
amendments would have been implemented already. But Arafat rightfully felt
duped and weakened towards his domestic opposition because Barak
obviously does not want to keep his word. But in the Middle East, dignity
and honor are untouchable political principles as Israel's premier must now
painfully witness."
ITALY: "Short Honeymoon Already Over"
Magdi Allam remarked in left-leaning, influential La Repubblica (8/3):
"The short honeymoon between Barak and Arafat is already over. An official
note by the Israeli government talks of 'deep crisis.'. Barak's proposal
to postpone withdrawal confirmed that concern about the settlers'
reactions is the real obstacle to Israeli withdrawal In any case,
Barak made clear that if the Palestinians do not accept his proposal, his
government will implement the Wye Plantation accords to the letter
beginning September 1st, while military withdrawal would begin in October.
For his part, Arafat cannot understand how a Labor Party leader can behave
in the same way as his conservative predecessor."
RUSSIA: "Peace Between Israel And Syria Is A Must"
Reporting on Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak's visit to Moscow yesterday,
Vladimir Dunayev concluded in reformist Izvestiya (8/3): "There can simply
be no genuine peace in the Middle East without reconciliation between
Israel and Syria. Their dialogue, like a huge rock swaying precariously on
top of a slope, needs one last push to start rolling. Only Moscow can make
that push. Unlike Washington, it has always maintained friendly relations
with Damascus and has not used sanctions against it. Helping make peace
between Jerusalem and Damascus will raise Russia's prestige."
NOMINATING NATO'S NEW SECRETARY GENERAL: GEORGE ROBERTSON
BRITAIN: "The Right Qualities"
The centrist Independent said in its lead editorial (8/3): "It is not
often, in choosing the head of major international organizations, that the
mooted candidate seems overwhelmingly the right one. Such, however, is the
case with George Robertson, a man who is both a confirmed European and a
senior cabinet minister from America's most faithful and important military
ally--and highly regarded in Washington, to boot. Mr. Robertson is an
almost perfect fit as the Alliance debates its future role and as Europe
seeks to build its own security and defensive identity. In Kosovo, NATO
defeated Slobodan Milosevic in a war that displayed both its strengths and
its weaknesses. We saw the might and the technological prowess that
prevented a single Allied casualty, yet we also saw the unwieldiness
inherent in forming a strategy on which 19 countries had to agree. Above
all, however, the war laid bare the shameful reliance of the biggest
European powers on American hardware to win a localized conflict in their
own backyard. Kosovo merely underlined the obvious: that the EU was an
economic giant, but a foreign policy and military dwarf. Mr.
Robertson's biggest challenge will be to complete the shift in NATO's
mentality from the Cold War to the 21 st century, not least by fostering the
development of a genuine European defense capability that does not harm
transatlantic solidarity. The task now will be to achieve this without
arousing suspicion in Washington that a stronger Europe means a stronger
rival, rather than a stronger partner."
FRANCE: "London-Washington Axis Offends Sensibilities"
Herve Chabaud asserted in regional L'Union (8/3): "NATO members are not
standing at attention at the Pentagon's command because they do not like to
stand in silence. The American-British scenario--locked since the end of
last week, and which announced the certain nomination of George Robertson
as secretary general of NATO--is delayed. The London-Washington axis,
and the way Washington promptly welcomed the news has offended
sensibilities."
GERMANY: "U.S. Influence"
Hans-Rolf Clement commented on national radio station Deutschlandfunk of
Cologne (8/2): "The British government has always emphasized its special
relationship with the United States. But we could turn around this fact in
a polemic way: The British government is also the advocate of U.S.
positions in Europe George Robertson comes from a large NATO country
and this fact speaks against him It would have been better to show
consideration for a smaller NATO member country Nobody has any doubt
that Robertson will be the new secretary general of NATO, but this showssomething else: The countries that were
unable to contribute much in the
Kosovo crisis because they are small and not equipped with advanced
weaponry as others, are playing only a minor role in NATO. The illusion
'one country-one vote' can hardly be maintained any longer. This is not a
good development for which NATO is now heading The price for NATO is
high: U.S. influence will increase and this is not good."
"Germany's Missed Opportunity"
Right-of-center Saechsische Zeitung of Dresden opined (8/3): "Robertson
does not need to be worried that he is only a second-rate candidate, since
this is the most important post NATO has to give away. It is a post which
German Defense Minister Rudolf Scharping did not want or did not accept on
Chancellor Schroeder's request. Whatever the reasons for the rejection of
the job from Bonn, Germany easily forfeited a great chance: The
possibility to have a decisive say on NATO's future shape, its structure
and its strategy. The British will now certainly know how to take
advantage of this post. With Robertson at the top of the Alliance, Britain
will now gain influence in NATO. It should not worry anybody on the other
side of the Atlantic that he wants to strengthen the European pillar in
NATO. On the contrary, Washington will not be opposed to the fact that the
Europeans want to do more to defend their own interests in the future."
ITALY: "Robertson Moves Toward The NATO Job"
Leading, business Il Sole 24-Ore had these remarks from Brussels (8/3):
"The appointment has been delayed, but it should not arrive too late.
Tomorrow the 19 NATO ambassadors are likely to choose Solana's successor as
the head of the Atlantic Alliance. Everything leads us to believe that the
new secretary general will be British Defense Secretary George
Robertson His official nomination will then take place at the next
NATO foreign ministers' meeting in September. Already the day after Tony
Blair launched Robertson's candidacy it was clear that he had great
possibilities of winning the post because the United States immediately
supported his name, followed by the other European countries. Yesterday's
meeting simply confirmed our initial impression. During his mandate as
British defense secretary, the UK significantly changed its attitude
towards the European common defense. Indeed, for the first time the
British government stated the need to have a European force capable of
resolving domestic crises, while remaining faithful to the military
alliance with the United States. And one of the main tasks before him as
the head of the Atlantic Alliance is just that: the creation of a
European defense and security identity."
RUSSIA: "Robertson Acceptable To Moscow"
Reformist Vremya-MN (8/3) front-paged this piece by George Areshian in
London and Yekaterina Labetskaya and Yelena Suponina in Moscow: "To the
British premier, George Robertson's appointment is a personal victory, a
kind of prize for his contribution to a war against Milosevic. Russian
experts believe that Moscow will react quietly to the new
appointment--after a crisis (in its relations with NATO), it is good to
start from scratch, which takes new people."
CZECH REPUBLIC: "Will New Chief Round Off NATO Search?"
Michal Mocek argued in right-of-center Mlada Fronta DNES (8/3): "The
Alliance has been searching for its role in the post-Cold War world
Kosovo has shown that Europe is the weakest point of the Alliance
Therefore, NATO needs an energetic European at its helm who will not,
though, cast doubt on its fundamental principle--cooperation with the
United States If Robertson is appointed the new NATO secretary general
and if he succeeds in using the driving force of the EU within the
Alliance, a new situation will emerge for the Czech Republic: NATO
membership will no longer be enough because integrated Europe will also
have a say in the Alliance's activities and the Czech Republic will have to
find the way to join (the EU) as well."
"Reform Of NATO Will Be Difficult"
Adam Cerny commented in economic Hospodarske noviny (8/3): "Coordination
among the Allied countries in the 'post-Kosovo' period, future enlargement
of the Alliance, and its relationship with Russia--these are the tasks that
need to be solved by the new NATO secretary general The NATO
operation
in the Balkans is officially assessed as successful because NATO was
capable of maintaining the most valuable feature of a security
organization: cohesiveness and capability of action. But in internal
discussions, the Allies do admit that many mistakes were made in the Kosovo
conflict Internal reform should allow the Alliance to solve crises or
conflicts in Europe with the least necessary support of the United
States
Bringing the European members of the Alliance closer together
will be a delicate task of coordination of defense industries in respective
countries."
GREECE: "Change Of Leadership In NATO"
In pro-government, influential Kathimerini (8/3), diplomatic editor Kostas
Lordanides held: "The appointment of the British defense minister, George
Robertson, to the position of secretary general of NATO, which is expected
to be ratified tomorrow, will guarantee that the highest political office
in the Atlantic Alliance, will not, during the next four years, be occupied
by a person who is politically burdened by his past. This was the case
with leftist, anti-American and anti-NATO Spanish politician, Javier
Solana, who, in the attempt to prove that he had truly reformed from his
leftist past, became a complete pawn of American politics. Undoubtedly,
NATO is an area where the American presence and influence are unchallenged,
but nevertheless it remains an organization where the semblance of balance
will be maintained if the office of secretary general is held by a
politician with no obvious inferiority complex toward Washington."
SPAIN: "Solana's Successor"
Barcelona's centrist La Vanguardia observed (8/3): "Tony Blair was able
to accede to Clinton's request to free up George Robertson for the job, a
recent cabinet mini-shuffle notwithstanding. Traditionally, the military
commander of Allied forces in Europe is an American while the NATO
Secretary General has been a European. But obviously, not just any
European. Washington's opinion of the candidate is crucial, and Robertson
fit the bill."
BRIEFS
CHINA'S 'MISSILE DIPLOMACY'
CHINA: "Lee's Moves Jeopardize Relations"
Zhao Jinglun wrote in official English-language China Daily (8/3):
"U.S.-China relations are at a low point. The Cox report and other
Congressional moves have poisoned the atmosphere. On
top of that, the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade has made things
worse. Some analysts interpret this as a warning to China not to try to
resolve the Taiwan problem by military means, otherwise the U.S. would
again invoke the formula that 'human rights have precedence over
sovereignty' and intervene militarily. After all, didn't the U.S. deploy
two aircraft carrier battle groups to the Taiwan area during the 1996
crisis? Indeed, the U.S. is not particularly eager to bring about China's
reunification. However, it has learned its lesson from the 1996
confrontation, which was fraught with danger. It is determined not to let
Taiwan drag it into armed conflict with China, something Lee Teng-hui seems
to be banking on."
HONG KONG: "Missile Diplomacy"
The independent South China Morning Post noted in its editorial (8/3): "For
one thing, deploying a few intercontinental rockets hasn't got much to do
with bringing Taiwan under China's political sovereignty someday. It could
be argued that potential blackmail of America is involved; China might
threaten Los Angeles if the U.S. defends Taipei. But that would not be
brilliant strategy, given the 15-1 disparity between U.S. and Chinese
warheads The missile test is a wake-up call; China's military
capabilities are growing while its intentions remain murky. But the call
remains much less than an urgent alarm."
"Missile Test; Many Birds Killed By One Stone"
Independent Sing Pao Daily News commented in its editorial (8/3): "The U.S.
bombed our Chinese embassy in Yugoslavia, and Taiwan president Lee Teng-hui
put forward the 'two states theory' to spilt the nation. All this gives
substantial meaning to the missile test launched by China. It tells the
U.S. that China should not be bullied because Chinese strategic missiles
can reach U.S. territory, and their precision is always improving. In
addition, Chinese missiles can frighten the forces of Taiwan's
independence."
BRITAIN: "China's Chilly Seaside"
The independent Financial Times ran this lead editorial (8/3): "The worst
fear [of Chinese leaders] must be that social disorder will increase as the
economy continues to drift and unemployment increases. The conservative
inclination then would be to suppress dissent, to slam the brakes on
economic reform and to try to hold the country together by whipping up
nationalist fervor over Taiwan. The pressure for military intervention
could then become intense The weak economy, the Belgrade embassy
bombing and Washington's shortsighted rejection of China's WTO offer have
strengthened the hands of the conservatives and put reforming Prime
Minister Zhu Rongji on the defensive. President Jiang Zemin tends to
reflect consensus rather than lead opinion, and his position is complicated
by his own particular sense of mission on Taiwan. Now, however, is the
time for decisive leadership. China has much to lose if he allows his
colleagues to get it wrong."
GERMANY: "China's Eastern Wind"
Jacques Schuster wrote in right-of-center Die Welt of Berlin (8/3):
"Yesterday, China tested a missile which is able to carry nuclear
warheads more than 8,000 km In other arms sectors, Beijing has also
caught up (with other countries) Nevertheless, China continues to
remain a regional power which lacks high technology. Even in 30 years,
Beijing will not be competitive in all areas that make up a global power.
The leadership in Beijing is aware of this fact. This is why it is its goal
to reduce Washington's influence in the region to such a degree that a
weakened America needs a regionally dominating China and finally needs a
Chinese global power as a partner."
FRANCE: 'THE U.S., A SUPERPOWER AT A DISCOUNT?'
FRANCE: "The U.S., A Superpower At A Discount?
Andre Fontaine wrote in left-of-center Le Monde (8/3): "Will the U.S.
escape from the rule that says empires are fated to decline? Although
their current president was elected seven years ago, in reaction against
George Bush's foreign affairs policy, considered too interventionist, the
United States has rarely meddled in other people's affairs so much. And it
is not trying to conceal this fact. Bill Clinton found it natural to be
the first one to offer his sympathy to the new king of Morocco. Madeleine
Albright refers to the United States as the 'essential nation'
and
Washington has almost imposed on Bernard Kouchner an American deputy. The
White House plays a leading part in the relaunch, thanks to the election of
Barak, of the peace process in the Middle East. It has also taken an
active part in another peace process: the one that should reconcile the
Northern Irish. And it is no stranger to the recent agreement in
Congo-Kinshasa Of course, Fidel Castro, Saddam Hussein and Slobodan
Milosevic are still in power. But far from a decline, the United States is
weighing heavier and heavier. It must also be said that its superiority is
crushing in three major domains: economy culture and technology One
may doubt, despite its crushing power, how the United States will stay
dominant, facing nations like China and India, whose ambitions are obvious,
Russia and, who knows, Europe, which has for the first time given in Kosovo
the impression it could act on its own."
'RISK OF COLOMBIA' AND 'MCCAFFREY'S OVERFLIGHT'
ARGENTINA: "Colobo And Kosombia"
Claudio Uriarte wrote in leftist Pagina 12 (8/2): "By fate or by chance,
the U.S. is deploying two parallel diplomacies in Colombia. The official
one, supported by Bill Clinton and most of his advisors, is against (a
military) intervention The other one, not so official --but equally
explicit--is the one publicly expressed by anti-drug Czar General Barry
McCaffrey Is General McCaffrey willing to become Colombia's Wesley
Clark? Not exactly, because the dismantling of Panama's SouthCom has
already forced the installation of new bases against drug-trafficking in
Puerto Rico, Aruba, Curacao and Ecuador's island of Manta, and behind
McCaffrey there is at least a sector in the Pentagon which believes that
the Colombian situation is a clear and direct threat to U.S. national
security, which was far from being the case in Kosovo. The intervention is
a fact, though the lack of political capital to commit land troops and
Brazil's opposition to an intervention are strong limits to it. But, while
FARC redoubles its bet and president Pastrana's peace dialogue is more
unlikely, there will be more calls for limited actions and ad hoc
counter-measures aimed at preventing the conflict from spreading to the
Panama Canal, Peru and Venezuela."
BRAZIL: "Risk Of Colombia"
Brasilia's center-left Correio Braziliense had this editorial (8/2):
"Since President Clinton warned that 'a great part of the U.S. national
interest' was in Colombia, the fear of an eventual American military
intervention increased. This fear grew even more with Gen. Mccaffrey's
statement that Washington neglected 'the serious emergency in the region.'
We should keep in mind that the new doctrine used in the Balkans by NATO,
under the Pentagon's leadership, does not recognize the principle of the
sovereignty of nations. When supposed human rights are violated and
democracy is at risk, intervention becomes a humanitarian obligation
It is up to Brazil to prevent via diplomacy any solution that violates
Colombia's sovereignty. It would be a disaster to the stability of the
continent to have a repetition here of the tragedy in the Balkans."
ECUADOR: "Colombian Crisis A Regional One?"
Joaquin Hernandez wrote in center-left, influential Hoy (7/29): "It is
unlikely that the U.S. would spearhead a multinational intervention force
for Colombia in the near future. Despite the fact that the crisis seems to
have arrived at its worst moment due to the failed peace conversations
between the government and the FARC guerrilla movement, there are important
signals that such an intervention is halted for the moment. The problem
continues, for the moment, in the Colombian government's hands. And of
course, in the FARC hands. But should the situation deteriorate further,
everything is possible.
VENEZUELA: "McCaffrey's Overflight"
Leading El Nacional said (8/2): "Drug trafficking into the United Statesis only possible because in that country there
exists large numbers of
people ready to take them and because within American society, conditions
exist that encourage thousands of young people to consume them To
pretend that the high consumption of drugs in the U.S. is caused solely by
the existence of countries that produce and distribute drugs is an
oversimplification that diverts attention from the urgent and more serious
problems that American society must face Is it possible to think that
the power of [Latin American] traffickers is so great that they can place
drugs on the streets of New York without the FBI or CIA being able to stop
them?"
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FOREIGN MEDIA REACTION
X4 #:,2PkCP#EARLY REPORT #XX\ P6QyP#USIA #:Z2PkCP#U.S. INFORMATION AGENCY,
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SHINGTON DC 20547 OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MEDIA REACTIONOO
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11 Ann Pincus, Director
Archived at: www.
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#Xn\
P6Qy&P#Tuesday, August 3, 1999
X'
hp X MIDDLE EAST: 'CRISIS OF CONFIDENCE' IN PEACE PROCESS?
X' hp X
The breakoff of negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians Sunday night
am
id differences of opinion over the next phase of Israeli troop
withdrawals from
the West Bank remained the focus of considerable editorial
comment in the Midd
le East and Europe. Editorialists across the board
determined that, after a br
ief thaw following the election of Israeli Prime
Minister Ehud Barak, the Pales
tinianIsraeli relationship had entered a new
"crisis of confidence." Not surp
risingly, a West Bank paper voiced
"disappointment" with Mr. Barak for not meet
ing the "expectations" that he
would begin implementing the Wye Accord "immedia
tely after assuming power."
Dailies in other Arab capitals and in Europe aired
similar misgivings,
concluding that Mr. Barak "had diminished the capital of t
rust Palestinians
were putting in him." In Tel Aviv, a liberal commentator in
massappeal,
pluralist Maariv expressed a similar view, asserting that, "what ma
kes
things even worse for Israel is that in this case, the Palestinians are
rig
ht
Palestinian demand to implement Wye makes a great deal of
sense." Only
a nationalist paper in Tel Aviv defended Mr. Barak, stressing
that "Israel mus
t not be intimidated by Palestinian muscle flexing." On
the U.S. role in the M
iddle East, a Jordanian paper saw "Washington's
retreat from its role of mediat
or and partner" in the peace process as a
"means of pressure on the Arabs." Mo
scow's reformist Izvestiya, commenting
on Mr. Barak's visit there yesterday, in
sisted that "only Moscow" could
move Israel and Syria toward reconciliation.
NOMINATING NATO'S NEW SECRETARY GENERAL: GEORGE ROBERTSON
X' hp X
The likely appointment of current British Defense Secretary George
Robertson t
o replace Javier Solana as NATO's secretary general triggered
comment from Euro
pean media. With a vote ratifying his nomination due
later this week, papers i
n Britain, Italy, Russia, Czech Republic, Greece
and Spain hailed the choice of
Mr. Robertson. Papers in London, Madrid and
Prague saw the British defense se
cretary as "an almost perfect fit," citing
among other reasons the fact that he
is "an energetic European who will
not, though, cast doubt on [NATO's] funda
mental principlecooperation with
the U.S." Pundits in Moscow and Athens favore
d the Robertson nomination as
a way to clean house at NATO headquarters after t
he Kosovo intervention
under his predecessor. Only writers in France and Germa
ny demurred
somewhat. A French daily protested what it saw as the Alliance's
"
London Washington axis" delivering the nomination as a fait accompli to
other me
mber states. From Germany, one commentator argued that "it would
have been bet
ter to show consideration to a smaller NATO country" and held
that the choice i
S evidence of increasing U.S. influence over NATO since
"the British government
is the advocate of U.S. positions in Europe." As
for what challenges lay ah
ead for a new secretary general, London's
centrist Independent echoed the views
of a leading Italian daily in
declaring the major one to be forging a credible
European defense
capability "without arousing suspicion in Washington that a S
tronger Europe
means a stronger rival, rather than a stronger partner."
BRIEFS
China's 'Missile Diplomacy'
France: 'The U.S.: A Superpower At A Discount'?
'Risk Of Colombia' And 'McCaffrey's Overflight'
EDITORS: Katherine Starr, Kathleen J. Brahney and Bill Richey
X' hp X MIDDLE EAST: 'CRISIS OF CONFIDENCE' IN PEACE PROCESS?
WEST BANK: "Crisis Of Confidence"
Independent, moderate AlQuds judged (8/3): "Based on President Arafat's
procla
mations accusing the Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak of trying to
violate the
peace agreements, it is viable to say that the
Palestinianlsraeli relationship
is in a crisis of confidence. The
Palestinian side was expecting Barak to und
ertake implementing the
agreements immediately after assuming power. However, t
he Palestinians were
disappointed, since the Israeli Prime Minister started loi
tering and
submitting alternative suggestions rather than implementing the leas
t of
their demands: the Wye Accord. Israeli officials are ignoring the fact
th
at since the establishment of their government three weeks ago, and up to
this
instant, they have not taken any steps to boost the confidence of the
Palestini
ans
The question is whether the United States will review its
position reg
arding decreasing its negotiating role in the peace process to
the minimum, whi
ch it declared after Israel's Prime Minister recent visit
to Washington and his
verbal promises to American officials to implement
the signed agreements. T
he current crisis on the Palestinian peace process
track demands international
intervention, both Arab and American, in order
to urge the Israeli government t
o
implement the signed agreements. The
time has come to test Barak's intentio
ns, his seriousness, and sincerity."
X' hp X
X'
hp X ISRAEL: "A Funny Way To Build Trust"
X' hp X
Liberal analyst Hemmi Shalev observed in massappeal, pluralist Maariv
(8/3):
"As far as IsraeliPalestinian relations go, Binyamin Netanyahu may
still be in
power. The two sides keep fighting over the Wye agreement,
continue to badmout
h each other and to look to the Americans for help. In
short, the old days are
still here
Barak may have a point in his
reservations about Wye but the
way he has put his ideas to the
Palestinians left them with no choice but to a
ccept or risk being kept
waiting almost forever while Barak is doing peace busi
ness with Syria
What makes things even worse for Israel is that in this ca
se, the
Palestinians are right Palestinian demand to implement Wye makes a
great deal of sense In less than a month, Barak managed to reerect the
wal
I of distrust which used to separate the parties."
"Does The PLO Want Peace?"
Nationalist Hatzofe's lead editorial contended (8/3): "The PLO walked out
of t
he conference room over what they claim is the Barak government's
Netanyahulike
footdragging on the Wye accords Israel must not be
intimidated by PLO's m
uscle flexing. Israel has all the time in the world,
particularly since it is
they, and not we, who suspended the
negotiations
Israel must impress on A
rafat that for one thing, the
Oslo agreements do offer the PLO no special incen
tives and, even more
important, that it has agreed to sit down and talk only af
ter the
Palestinians lost their war against Israel. Arafat's only option is to
extend a hand of peace. He is in no position to dictate the terms of an
arran
gement."
X' hp X
EGYPT: "Return To Square One?"
X' hp X
Progovernment Al Akhbar said (8/3): "In the first step of its kind since
the f
ormation of the new Israeli government, Barak announced that Israel's
withdrawa
1 from the West Bank under Wye will start October 1. While
appreciating this S
tep, we wonder about the fate of the other articles in
the agreement, which sho
uld have ended last May, which Israel seems to
postpone or merge with the final
status stage Evading signed
agreements and the bases of the peace process
to gain more at the expense
of others can only lead to complications and retur
ns the region to square
one."
X' hp x
JORDAN: "Where Is The American Patron?"
Arab nationalist Mahmoud AIRimawi commented in semiofficial, influential
AlRai
(8/3): "It is known that Barak, during his recent visit to
Washington reques
ted a smaller American role This, incidentally, is
the same policy that Ne
tanyahu pursued. The message that Barak is giving
is that he is cleverer than
Netanyahu at implementing the same policy. As
for Secretary Albright's visit t
o visit, no date has been set for it yet,
the purpose being to make the parties
(namely, Arab parties) that there
needs to be progress for the secretary to be
convinced of the usefulness of
the visit. To sum it all up, Washington's retr
eat from its role of
mediator and partner has become a means of pressure on the
Arabs,
particularly since Tel Aviv has been granted the prerogative of determi
ning
the level of American involvement."
SAUDI ARABIA: "Barak Adopts Netanyahu's Approach"
X' hp X According to Londonbased, internationallycirculated AlSharq AlAwsat's
editorial (8/3): "It appears that the strategy of the new Israeli Prime
Minist
er Ehud Barak is to talk like Yitzak Rabin but to act like Benjamin
Netanyahu
Netanyahu believed that by Israel adopting hardline
positions the Arabs wou
Id give him everything in return for very little.
It seems that Barak has adop
ted the same approach But time is in favor
of the Palestinians, and not in
favor of Israel, as Barak seems to think.
If the Palestinians could only unde
rstand that."
X X' hp X
X
BRITAIN: "Propelled Towards Peace"
X' hp X
The liberal Guardian led with this editorial (8/3): "Ehud Barak has
brought t
he habits of a general into political office. He has labored over
a plan of ca
mpaign which he is now attempting to put into practice. He
spent many weeks ma
rshalling his coalition before beginning the round of
diplomatic visits which,
starting with Washington, has now taken him to
Moscow, and all before making hi
S first substantive contacts with the
Palestinians Can one wonder that the
Palestinians have balked at the
idea of postponement? Yet Barak professes to
be astonished at the
'rigidity' with which the Palestinians have reacted. In t
ruth, it is the
Israeli leader who is being rigid in expecting everybody to fal
1 in with
his plan of campaign, a plan which, it is becoming increasingly clear
, is
less than generous to the people with whom, more than anyone else, Israeli
S
need to make a true peace."
X' hp X
FRANCE: "End Of The Thaw"
Marc Henry noted from Jerusalem for rightofcenter Le Figaro (8/3): "The
state
of grace between Ehud Barak and Yasser Arafat will have lasted less
than a mon
th In this first confrontation, the United States has up to
now encouraged
Ehud Barak to mark his difference with his predecessor by
applying as soon as
possible the Wye accords Thus, the only certainty
is that, for tactical re
asons, Ehud Barak has diminished the capital of
trust Palestinians were putting
in him."
GERMANY:
"Setbacks Are Included"
X' hp X
Charles Landsmann penned this editorial for centrist Der Tagesspiegel of
Berlin
(8/3) and rightofcenter MainEcho of Aschaffenburg (8/3): "If
Ehud Barak had n
ot announced his amendments to the Wye Accord in public and
to the world but ha
d presented them instead secretly to Yasser Arafat and
if Barak had also promis
ed in public that he wants to stick to the Wye
Agreement, the current crisis wo
uld have never occurred and the planned
amendments would have been implemented
already. But Arafat rightfully felt
duped and weakened towards his domestic op
position because Barak
obviously does not want to keep his word. But in the
Middle East, dignity
and honor are untouchable political principles as Israel's
premier must now
painfully witness."
X' hp X
ITALY: "Short Honeymoon Already Over"
Magdi Allam remarked in leftleaning, influential La Repubblica (8/3):
"The sh
ort honeymoon between Barak and Arafat is already over. An official
note by th
e Israeli government talks of 'deep crisis.' Barak's proposal
to postpone W
ithdrawal confirmed that concern about the settlers'
reactions is the real ob
stacle to Israeli withdrawal In any case,
Barak made clear that if the Pal
estinians do not accept his proposal, his
government will implement the Wye Pla
ntation accords to the letter
beginning September 1st, while military withdrawa
1 would begin in October.
For his part, Arafat cannot understand how a Labor P
arty leader can behave
in the same way as his conservative predecessor."
X' hp X RUSSIA: "Peace Between Israel And Syria Is A Must"
Reporting on Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak's visit to Moscow yesterday,
Vla
dimir Dunayev concluded in reformist Izvestiya (8/3): "There can simply
be no
genuine peace in the Middle East without reconciliation between
Israel and Syri
a. Their dialogue, like a huge rock swaying precariously on
top of a slope, ne
eds one last push to start rolling. Only Moscow can make
that push. Unlike Was
hington, it has always maintained friendly relations
with Damascus and has not
used sanctions against it. Helping make peace
between Jerusalem and Damascus W
ill raise Russia's prestige."
NOMINATING NATO'S NEW SECRETARY GENERAL: GEORGE ROBERTSON
BRITAIN: "The Right Qualities"
The centrist Independent said in its lead editorial (8/3): "It is not
often,
in choosing the head of major international organizations, that the
mooted cand
idate seems overwhelmingly the right one. Such, however, is the
case with Geor
ge Robertson, a man who is both a confirmed European and a
senior cabinet minis
ter from America's most faithful and important military
allyand highly regarded
in Washington, to boot. Mr. Robertson is an
almost perfect fit as the Allianc
e debates its future role and as Europe
seeks to build its own security and def
ensive identity. In Kosovo, NATO
defeated Slobodan Milosevic in a war that dis
played both its strengths and
its weaknesses. We saw the might and the technol
ogical prowess that
prevented a single Allied casualty, yet we also saw the unw
ieldiness
inherent in forming a strategy on which 19 countries had to agree. A
bove
all, however, the war laid bare the shameful reliance of the biggest
Europ
ean powers on American hardware to win a localized conflict in their
own backya
rd. Kosovo merely underlined the obvious: that the EU was an
economic giant, b
ut a foreign policy and military dwarf. Mr.
Robertson's biggest challenge W
ill be to complete the shift in NATO's
mentality from the Cold War to the 21st
century, not least by fostering the
development of a genuine European defense c
apability that does not harm
transatlantic solidarity. The task now will be to
achieve this without
arousing suspicion in Washington that a stronger Europe m
eans a stronger
rival, rather than a stronger partner."
FRANCE: "London Washington Axis Offends Sensibilities"
X' hp X
Herve Chabaud asserted in regional L'Union (8/3): "NATO members are not
stand
ing at attention at the Pentagon's command because they do not like to
stand in
silence. The AmericanBritish scenariolocked since the end of
last week, and W
hich announced the certain nomination of George Robertson
as secretary general
of NATOis delayed The London Washington axis,
and the way Washington prompt
ly welcomed the news has offended
sensibilities."
X' hp X
GERMANY: "U.S. Influence"
HansRolf Clement commented on national radio station Deutschlandfunk of
Cologn
e (8/2): "The British government has always emphasized its special
relationshi
p with the United States. But we could turn around this fact in
a polemic way:
The British government is also the advocate of U.S.
positions in Europe
George Robertson comes from a large NATO country
and this fact speaks against h
im
It would have been better to show
consideration for a smaller NATO memb
er country Nobody has any doubt
that Robertson will be the new secretary g
eneral of NATO, but this shows
something else: The countries that were unable
to contribute much in the
Kosovo crisis because they are small and not equipped
with advanced
weaponry as others, are playing only a minor role in NATO. The
illusion
'one countryone vote' can hardly be maintained any longer. This is not
a
good development for which NATO is now heading The price for NATO is
hi
gh: U.S. influence will increase and this is not good."
"Germany's Missed Opportunity"
Rightofcenter Saechsische Zeitung of Dresden opined (8/3): "Robertson
does no
t need to be worried that he is only a secondrate candidate, since
this is the
most important post NATO has to give away. It is a post which
German Defense M
inister Rudolf Scharping did not want or did not accept on
Chancellor Schroeder
's request. Whatever the reasons for the rejection of
the job from Bonn, Germa
ny easily forfeited a great chance: The
possibility to have a decisive say on
NATO's future shape, its structure
and its strategy. The British will now cert
ainly know how to take
advantage of this post. With Robertson at the top of th
e Alliance, Britain
will now gain influence in NATO. It should not worry anybo
dy on the other
side of the Atlantic that he wants to strengthen the European p
illar in
NATO. On the contrary, Washington will not be opposed to the fact tha
t the
Europeans want to do more to defend their own interests in the future."
ITALY: "Robertson Moves Toward The NATO Job"
Leading, business Il Sole 24Ore had these remarks from Brussels (8/3):
"The ap
pointment has been delayed, but it should not arrive too late.
Tomorrow the 1
9 NATO ambassadors are likely to choose Solana's successor as
the head of the A
tlantic Alliance. Everything leads us to believe that the
new secretary genera
I will be British Defense Secretary George
Robertson
His official nominati
on will then take place at the next
NATO foreign ministers' meeting in Septem
ber. Already the day after Tony
Blair launched Robertson's candidacy it was cl
ear that he had great
possibilities of winning the post because the United Stat
es immediately
supported his name, followed by the other European countries. Y
esterday's
meeting simply confirmed our initial impression During his mand
ate as
British defense secretary, the UK significantly changed its attitude
tow
ards the European common defense. Indeed, for the first time the
British gove
rnment stated the need to have a European force capable of
resolving domestic c
rises, while remaining faithful to the military
alliance with the United States
And one of the main tasks before him as
the head of the Atlantic Alliance is
just that: the creation of a
European defense and security identity."
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X'
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RUSSIA:
"Robertson Acceptable To Moscow"
Reformist VremyaMN (8/3) frontpaged this piece by George Areshian in
London an
d Yekaterina Labetskaya and Yelena Suponina in Moscow: "To the
British premier,
George Robertson's appointment is a personal victory, a
kind of prize for his
contribution to a war against Milosevic. Russian
experts believe that Moscow W
ill react quietly to the new
appointmentafter a crisis (in its relations with N
ATO), it is good to
start from scratch, which takes new people."
CZECH REPUBLIC: "Will New Chief Round Off NATO Search?"
Michal Mocek argued in rightofcenter Mlada Fronta DNES (8/3): "The
Alliance ha
S been searching for its role in the postCold War world
Kosovo has shown t
hat Europe is the weakest point of the Alliance
Therefore, NATO needs an e
nergetic European at its helm who will not,
though, cast doubt on its fundament
al principlecooperation with the
United States If Robertson is appointed t
he new NATO secretary general
and if he succeeds in using the driving force of
the EU within the
Alliance, a new situation will emerge for the Czech Republic:
NATO
membership will no longer be enough because integrated Europe will also
have a say in the Alliance's activities and the Czech Republic will have to
fin
d the way to join (the EU) as well."
"Reform Of NATO Will Be Difficult"
Adam Cerny commented in economic Hospodarske noviny (8/3): "Coordination
amon
g the Allied countries in the 'postKosovo' period, future enlargement
of the Al
liance, and its relationship with Russiathese are the tasks that
need to be sol
ved by the new NATO secretary general The NATO operation
in the Balkans is
officially assessed as successful because NATO was
capable of maintaining the
most valuable feature of a security
organization: cohesiveness and capability o
f action. But in internal
discussions, the Allies do admit that many mistakes
were made in the Kosovo
conflict Internal reform should allow the Alliance
to solve crises or
conflicts in Europe with the least necessary support of the
United
States
Bringing the European members of the Alliance closer togeth
er
will be a delicate task of coordination of defense industries in respective
countries."
GREECE: "Change Of Leadership In NATO"
In progovernment, influential Kathimerini (8/3), diplomatic editor Kostas
Lord
anides held: "The appointment of the British defense minister, George
Robertson
, to the position of secretary general of NATO, which is expected
to be ratifie
d tomorrow, will guarantee that the highest political office
in the Atlantic A
lliance, will not, during the next four years, be occupied
by a person who is p
olitically burdened by his past. This was the case
with leftist, antiAmerican
and antiNATO Spanish politician, Javier
Solana, who, in the attempt to prove th
at he had truly reformed from his
leftist past, became a complete pawn of Ameri
can politics. Undoubtedly,
NATO is an area where the American presence and inf
luence are unchallenged,
but nevertheless it remains an organization where the
semblance of balance
will be maintained if the office of secretary general is h
eld by a
politician with no obvious inferiority complex toward Washington."
SPAIN: "Solana's Successor"
Barcelona's centrist La Vanguardia observed (8/3): "Tony Blair was able
to
accede to Clinton's request to free up George Robertson for the job, a
recent c
abinet minishuffle notwithstanding. Traditionally, the military
commander of A
llied forces in Europe is an American while the NATO
Secretary General has been
a European. But obviously, not just any
European. Washington's opinion of th
e candidate is crucial, and Robertson
fit the bill."
BRIEFS
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CHINA'S 'MISSILE DIPLOMACY'
CHINA: "Lee's Moves Jeopardize Relations"
X' hp X
Zhao Jinglun wrote in official Englishlanguage China Daily (8/3):
"U.S.China r
elations are at a low point. The Cox report and other
Congressional moves have
poisoned the atmosphere. On
top of that, the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade has made things
wor
se. Some analysts interpret this as a warning to China not to try to
resolve th
e Taiwan problem by military means, otherwise the U.S. would
again invoke the f
ormula that 'human rights have precedence over
sovereignty' and intervene milit
arily. After all, didn't the U.S. deploy
two aircraft carrier battle groups to
the Taiwan area during the 1996
crisis? Indeed, the U.S. is not particularly e
ager to bring about China's
reunification. However, it has learned its lesson f
rom the 1996
confrontation, which was fraught with danger. It is determined not
to let
Taiwan drag it into armed conflict with China, something Lee Tenghui se
ems
to be banking on."
HONG KONG: "Missile Diplomacy"
The independent South China Morning Post noted in its editorial (8/3): "For
on
e thing, deploying a few intercontinental rockets hasn't got much to do
with br
inging Taiwan under China's political sovereignty someday. It could
be argued
that potential blackmail of America is involved; China might
threaten Los Angel
es if the U.S. defends Taipei. But that would not be
brilliant strategy, given
the 151 disparity between U.S. and Chinese
warheads The missile test is a
wakeup call; China's military
capabilities are growing while its intentions rem
ain murky. But the call
remains much less than an urgent alarm."
"Missile Test; Many Birds Killed By One Stone"
Independent Sing Pao Daily News commented in its editorial (8/3): "The U.S.
bo
mbed our Chinese embassy in Yugoslavia, and Taiwan president Lee Tenghui
put fo
rward the 'two states theory' to spilt the nation. All this gives
substantial
meaning to the missile test launched by China. It tells the
U.S. that China sh
ould not be bullied because Chinese strategic missiles
can reach U.S. territory
, and their precision is always improving. In
addition, Chinese missiles can f
righten the forces of Taiwan's
independence."
BRITAIN: "China's Chilly Seaside"
The independent Financial Times ran this lead editorial (8/3): "The worst
fear
[of Chinese leaders] must be that social disorder will increase as the
economy
continues to drift and unemployment increases: The conservative
inclination t
hen would be to suppress dissent, to slam the brakes on
economic reform and to
try to hold the country together by whipping up
nationalist fervor over Taiwan.
The pressure for military intervention
could then become intense.. The wea
k economy, the Belgrade embassy
bombing and Washington's shortsighted rejection
of China's WTO offer have
strengthened the hands of the conservatives and put
reforming Prime
Minister Zhu Rongji on the defensive. President Jiang Zemin ten
ds to
reflect consensus rather than lead opinion, and his position is complicat
ed
by his own particular sense of mission on Taiwan. Now, however, is the
time
for decisive leadership. China has much to lose if he allows his
colleagues t
o get it wrong."
GERMANY: "China's Eastern Wind"
Jacques Schuster wrote in rightofcenter Die Welt of Berlin (8/3):
"Yesterday,
China tested a missile which is able to carry nuclear
warheads more than 8,0
00 km
In other arms sectors, Beijing has also
caught up (with other countr
ies) Nevertheless, China continues to
remain a regional power which lacks
high technology. Even in 30 years,
Beijing will not be competitive in all area
S that make up a global power.
The leadership in Beijing is aware of this fact
This is why it is its goal
to reduce Washington's influence in the region to
such a degree that a
weakened America needs a regionally dominating China and f
inally needs a
Chinese global power as a partner."
X' hp X
FRANCE: 'THE U.S., A SUPERPOWER AT A DISCOUNT?'
X' hp X FRANCE: "The U.S., A Superpower At A Discount?
Andre Fontaine wrote in leftofcenter Le Monde (8/3): "Will the U.S.
escape fro
m the rule that says empires are fated to decline? Although
their current
president was elected seven years ago, in reaction against
George Bush's foreig
n affairs policy, considered too interventionist, the
United States has rarely
meddled in other people's affairs so much. And it
is not trying to conceal thi
S fact. Bill Clinton found it natural to be
the first one to offer his sympath
y to the new king of Morocco. Madeleine
Albright refers to the United States as
the 'essential nation'
and
Washington has almost imposed on Bernard Kouchner
an American deputy. The
White House plays a leading part in the relaunch, tha
nks to the election of
Barak, of the peace process in the Middle East. It has
also taken an
active part in another peace process: the one that should reconci
le the
Northern Irish. And it is no stranger to the recent agreement in
CongoK
inshasa
Of course, Fidel Castro, Saddam Hussein and Slobodan
Milosevic ar
e still in power. But far from a decline, the United States is
weighing heavie
r and heavier. It must also be said that its superiority is
crushing in three
major domains: economy culture and technology One
may doubt, despite i
ts crushing power, how the United States will stay
dominant, facing nations lik
e China and India, whose ambitions are obvious,
Russia and, who knows, Europe,
which has for the first time given in Kosovo
the impression it could act on its
own."
'RISK OF COLOMBIA' AND 'MCCAFFREY'S OVERFLIGHT'
ARGENTINA: "Colobo And Kosombia"
Claudio Uriarte wrote in leftist Pagina 12 (8/2): "By fate or by chance,
the
U.S. is deploying two parallel diplomacies in Colombia. The official
one, suppo
rted by Bill Clinton and most of his advisors, is against (a
military) interven
tion The other one, not SO official but equally
explicitis the one publicly
expressed by antidrug Czar General Barry
McCaffrey Is General McCaffrey W
illing to become Colombia's Wesley
Clark? Not exactly, because the dismantling
of Panama's SouthCom has
already forced the installation of new bases against
drugtrafficking in
Puerto Rico, Aruba, Curacao and Ecuador's island of Manta, a
nd behind
McCaffrey there is at least a sector in the Pentagon which believes t
hat
the Colombian situation is a clear and direct threat to U.S. national
secur
ity, which was far from being the case in Kosovo. The intervention is
a fact, t
hough the lack of political capital to commit land troops and
Brazil's oppositi
on to an intervention are strong limits to it. But, while
FARC redoubles its be
t and president Pastrana's peace dialogue is more
unlikely, there will be more
calls for limited actions and ad hoc
countermeasures aimed at preventing the co
nflict from spreading to the
Panama Canal, Peru and Venezuela."
BRAZIL: "Risk Of Colombia"
Brasilia's centerleft Correio Braziliense had this editorial (8/2):
"Since P
resident Clinton warned that 'a great part of the U.S. national
interest' was i
n Colombia, the fear of an eventual American military
intervention increased. T
his fear grew even more with Gen. Mccaffrey's
statement that Washington neglect
ed 'the serious emergency in the region.'
We should keep in mind that the new
doctrine used in the Balkans by NATO,
under the Pentagon's leadership, does not
recognize the principle of the
sovereignty of nations. When supposed human rig
hts are violated and
democracy is at risk, intervention becomes a humanitarian
obligation
It is up to Brazil to prevent via diplomacy any solution tha
t violates
Colombia's sovereignty. It would be a disaster to the stability of t
he
continent to have a repetition here of the tragedy in the Balkans."
ECUADOR: "Colombian Crisis A Regional One?"
Joaquin Hernandez wrote in centerleft, influential Hoy (7/29): "It is
unlikel
y that the U.S. would spearhead a multinational intervention force
for Colombia
in the near future. Despite the fact that the crisis seems to
have arrived at
its worst moment due to the failed peace conversations
between the government
and the FARC guerrilla movement, there are important
signals that such an inter
vention is halted for the moment. The problem
continues, for the moment, in th
e Colombian government's hands. And of
course, in the FARC hands. But should
the situation deteriorate further,
everything is possible.
VENEZUELA: "McCaffrey's Overflight"
Leading El Nacional said (8/2): "Drug trafficking into the United States
is
only possible because in that country there exists large numbers of
people rea
dy to take them and because within American society, conditions
exist that enco
urage thousands of young people to consume them
To
pretend that the high
consumption of drugs in the U.S. is caused solely by
the existence of countrie
S that produce and distribute drugs
is
an
oversimplification that diverts a
ttention from the urgent and more serious
problems that American society must
face
Is it possible to think that
the power of [Latin American] trafficke
rs is so great that they can place
drugs on the streets of New York without th
e FBI or CIA being able to stop
them?"
##
#Xx\
P6QyXP#
END ATTACHMENT
1
RECORD TYPE: PRESIDENTIAL (NOTES MAIL)
CREATOR: Dag Vega@EOP@LNGTWY@LNGTWY (Dag Vega@EOP@LNGTWY@LNGTWY WHO])
CREATION DATE/TIME: 4-AUG-1999 18:06:59.00
SUBJECT: Event Checklist #1: Medal of Freedom Ceremony
TO: Philip J. Crowley@eop (Philip J. Crowley@eop [NSC])
READ:UNKNOWN
TEXT:
Message Creation Date was at 4-AUG-1999 17:58:00
PRESS OFFICE CHECKLIST FOR EVENT MEETINGS
Press Office Contact: Brenda Anders
Event: Medal of Freedom Ceremony
Date: Wednesday, August 11, 1999
Time: TBD
Date for Announcing / Advisory: tomorrow - Thursday, August 5 (with a
Statement
by the
Press Secretary) / Tuesday, August 10
Press: Open Press
Site: East Room
Program
Sequence of Speakers:
-- The First Lady makes opening remarks and introduces the President.
-- The President makes remarks.
-- Military Aide reads citation and hands Medal of Freedom to the
President
for each recipient:
Edgar M. Bronfman, Sr. President of the World Jewish Congress, Edgar
Bronfman,
Sr. has worked to ensure basic rights for Jews around the world and to
fight
anti-Semitism and has spearheaded the effort to retrieve the assets of
Holocaust victims and their families. Through the Samuel Bronfman
Foundation,
he has supported educational, literary, scientific, charitable, and
religious
organizations throughout the world.
Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter. Thirty-ninth President of the United States,
Jimmy
Carter brokered the Camp David accords, signed the Panama Canal Treaty,
and
reestablished normal diplomatic relations with China. Together, the
Carters
created the Carter Center to promote peace, democracy, and improved health
around the world. Through the Center, they launched the Atlanta Project,
a
grass-roots program to combat urban social ills in the U.S. As a
statesman,
President Carter has been a successful diplomat in hot spots around the
world.
Mrs. Carter is a longtime advocate of improved mental health care,
widespread
childhood immunization, women !,s equality, and enhanced care for seniors.
Each
year, the Carters help to build homes for the needy through Habitat for
Humanity.
Gerald R. Ford. Thirty-eighth President of the United States, Gerald Ford
was
elected to 13 terms in Congress before he was chosen by Richard Nixon to
be his
Vice President. As President, he brought the Vietnam War to a close.
Recognized for his honesty and integrity, he worked to restore confidence
in
government and the Presidency.
Evy Dubrow. For more than 50 years, Evelyn !&Evy !8 Dubrow has advocated
for
laws that would improve domestic labor conditions. A representative for
the
International Ladies Garment Workers' Union and for the Union of
Needletrades,
Industrial and Textile Employees, she has been influential in numerous
causes,
including broadening laws against discrimination and protecting American
industry from unfair foreign competition.
Sister M. Isolina Ferr 7. Founder and chief executive officer of Centros
Sor
Isolina Ferr 7, four community service centers in Puerto Rico, Sister M.
Isolina
Ferr 7 first gained international recognition in the late 1950s and 1960s
for
her mediation efforts with youth gangs in Brooklyn, New York. Today, her
centers operate clinics and programs to empower the disadvantaged, teach
them
self-reliance, and lift them out of poverty. For her work with the poor
in
Puerto Rico, Appalachia, and New York, she received the 1989 Albert
Schweitzer
Prize for Humanitarianism.
Oliver White Hill. One of our nation !,s great civil rights lawyers,
Oliver
Hill is best known for litigating one of the school desegregation cases
that
became Brown V. Board of Education. He and his team of lawyers filed more
civil rights suits in Virginia than were filed in any other southern state
during the segregation era. In 1948, he became the first black politician
since Reconstruction elected to the Richmond City Council.
Max Kampelman. Lawyer, negotiator, and diplomat, Max Kampelman held major
negotiating posts under both Democratic and Republican administrations
during
the 1980s. In those roles, he emphasized human rights in East-West
diplomacy
and prepared the foundation for long-term arms reductions between the
United
States and the Soviet Union. President Reagan awarded Kampelman the
Presidential Citizens Medal in 1989.
Edgar Wayburn. Five-time president and a member of board of directors of
the
Sierra Club for almost 40 years, Edgar Wayburn pushed for the expansion of
California !,s Mt. Tamalpais State Park and fought for the establishment of
Point Reyes National Seashore and the Golden Gate National Recreation
Area. He
also helped to create Redwood National Park in California's Del Norte
County
and later worked for its expansion. His advocacy helped produce the
Alaska
National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980, which protects 104
million
acres.
Lloyd M. Bentsen. President Clinton !,s first Secretary of the Treasury,
Lloyd
Bentsen served in the House of Representatives from 1948 to 1954. In
1970, he
was elected to the United States Senate and served 22 years, including six
as
Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. Bentsen was the
Vice-Presidential
nominee for the Democratic Party in 1988.
Note: Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter will receive their medals prior to the
event.
Audience
Cabinet: TBD
Congress: TBD
Other: TBD
Message: The President will award the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the
Nation !,s
highest civilian honor, to 10 distinguished individuals.
(Other announcements are TBD.)
Speechwriter: TBD
Press Plan
National Media: Open Press Coverage
Regional Media: Regional will pitch medal recipients to relevant regional
print/TV.
TV: TBD
Specialty: Specialty will pitch medal recipients and arrange a mailing to
minority
print / TV.
Radio: Radio will tape and distribute sound from the event.
Briefing In Addition to Joe's Briefing
Time: TBD
Location:
Briefers:
Stakeout
Participants / Time: TBD
Press Paper
Policy Paper/Q&A
Originating Office: TBD
Contact and phone number:
Date Press Paper Expected:
Date Q&A Expected:
Event Participant List
TBD
Originating Office:
Contact and phone number:
Date Paper Expected:
Event Guest List
TBD
Originating Office:
Contact and phone number:
Date Paper Expected: