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Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book – China [3]
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Case Number: 2010-1024-F
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the Clinton Presidential
Library Staff.
Folder Title:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book -- China [3]
Staff Office-Individual:
Council of Economic Advisors
Original OA/ID Number:
CF 2019
Row:
Section:
Shelf:
Position:
Stack:
16
5
1
3
V
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. list
Table of Contents at 30. (1 page)
1999
P1/b(1)
002. paper
China's Options (1 page)
11/01/1997
P1/b(1)
003. paper
Beijing (2 pages)
10/25/1997
P1/b(1)
004. talking points
Environment/Climate Change (3 pages)
1999
P1/b(1)
005. cable
re: Chinese State Power (5 pages)
04/10/1998
P1/b(1)
006. memo
For the Secretary of State from Melinda Kimble. Subject: Climate
04/20/1998
P1/b(1)
Change (5 pages)
007. draft
Draft Agenda for Yellen Delegation. [partial] (1 page)
04/27/1998
P6/b(6)
008. resume
Home Address, Phone Numbers. [partial] (1 page)
1999
P6/b(6)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council of Economic Advisors
OA/Box Number: CF 2019
FOLDER TITLE:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book - China [3]
2010-1024-F
vz1778
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - |44 U.S.C. 2204(a)|
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)|
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office |(a)(2) of the PRAJ
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute |(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency |(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute |(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRAJ
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA)
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells |(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
27. SOCIAL SECURITY
Pension Reform in China
"The Reform of Social Welfare in China," Mark Selden, World Development, 1997.
"Employment, Social Security, And Enterprise Reforms in China," Lin Lean Lim.
"Employment and Social Protection Policies in China: Big Reforms and Limited
Outcome," Barry Friedman.
"The Past-And Future-of Labor Law in China," James Feinerman.
Charts and Tables
28. INCOME DISTRIBUTION
Inequality in China
Income Distribution Data and Chart
"Income Distribution in Chinese Society," Xiazhun Liu.
29. HOUSING REFORM
China's Housing Sector Reforms
General Information: Housing
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. list
Table of Contents at 30. (1 page)
1999
P1/b(1)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council of Economic Advisors
OA/Box Number: CF 2019
FOLDER TITLE:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book - China [3]
2010-1024-F
vz1778
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA|
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office |(a)(2) of the PRAJ
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute |(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency |(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute |(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy ((b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes |(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
002. paper
China's Options (1 page)
11/01/1997
P1/b(1)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council of Economic Advisors
OA/Box Number: CF 2019
FOLDER TITLE:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book - China [3]
2010-1024-F
vz1778
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - |44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - 15 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information |(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office |(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRAJ
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA|
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
003. paper
Beijing (2 pages)
10/25/1997
P1/b(1)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council of Economic Advisors
OA/Box Number: CF 2019
FOLDER TITLE:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book - China [3]
2010-1024-F
vz1778
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)|
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information |(a)(I) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information ((b)(1) of the FOIA|
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office |(a)(2) of the PRA|
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency |(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute |(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRAJ
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIAJ
and his advisors, or between such advisors (a)(5) of the PRAJ
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy |(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes |(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions |(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
004. talking points
Environment/Climate Change (3 pages)
1999
P1/b(1)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council of Economic Advisors
OA/Box Number: CF 2019
FOLDER TITLE:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book - China [3]
2010-1024-F
vz1778
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - |44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act 15 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information |(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information |(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA|
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA|
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy |(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA}
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA|
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
005. cable
re: Chinese State Power (5 pages)
04/10/1998
P1/b(1)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council of Economic Advisors
OA/Box Number: CF 2019
FOLDER TITLE:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book - China [3]
2010-1024-F
vz1778
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - |44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office |(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency |(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA|
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors |a)(5) of the PRA)
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA)
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes |(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions |(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells |(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
006. memo
For the Secretary of State from Melinda Kimble. Subject: Climate
04/20/1998
P1/b(1)
Change (5 pages)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council of Economic Advisors
OA/Box Number: CF 2019
FOLDER TITLE:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book - China [3]
2010-1024-F
vz1778
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)|
Freedom of Information Act [5 U.S.C. 552(b)|
P1 National Security Classified Information |(a)(1) of the PRA|
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA|
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency |(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute |(b)(3) of the FOIA)
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRAJ
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA|
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes |(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells |(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
CEA/SDPC Dialogue
Briefing Book
China: 1998
Beijing
Shanghai
Hong Kong
April 30 - May 6
May 6-7
May 7-9
1.
Schedule
2.
General Information
3.
Government Organization and Biographies
4.
Press Guidance (Talking Points and Q&As)
Talking Points - Beijing
5.
Meeting with SDPC
6.
Meeting with Minister of Finance
7.
Meeting with People's Bank Governor
8.
Meeting with SETC
9.
Meeting with Zhu Rongji
10.
Roundtable with CCER Economists
Talking Points - Shanghai
Talking Points - Hong Kong
11.
Meeting with PBOC Vice Governor
15.
Meeting with Hong Kong Monetary
12.
Meeting with Shanghai Stock
Authority Chief Exec. Joseph Yam
Exchange President
16.
Meeting with Chief Exec. CH Tung
13.
Meeting with expatriate bankers and
17.
Hong Kong Organizations
financial experts
14.
Meeting with Mayor of Shanghai
Background
18.
Overview: China
25.
External Sector Reform
19.
Overview: Shanghai
26.
Asian Crisis
20.
Overview: Hong Kong
27.
Social Security
21.
Government Restructuring
28.
Income Distribution
22.
Fiscal/Monetary Policy
29.
Housing Reform
23.
Enterprise Reform
30.
Environment/Climate Change
24.
Banking Reform
BBOOK. WPD
1. SCHEDULE
Schedule for Saturday, April 25 - May 9, 1998
Draft Agenda (Itinerary) for Yellen Delegation to China
Letters of communication with SDPC
Delegation Bios
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
007. draft
Draft Agenda for Yellen Delegation. [partial] (1 page)
04/27/1998
P6/b(6)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council of Economic Advisors
OA/Box Number: CF 2019
FOLDER TITLE:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book - China [3]
2010-1024-F
vz1778
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - |44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - |5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information |(a)(1) of the PRAJ
b(1) National security classified information |(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy |(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Washington, D. C.-Paris, France-Beijing & Shanghai, China-Hong Kong-Washington, D. C.
Saturday, April 25 - May 9, 1998
(See following agenda for details.)
Saturday, April 25, 1998
6:15 p.m.
Lv Dulles via UN #914
Sunday, April 26, 1998
7:45 a.m.
Ar Paris
Wednesday, April 29, 1998
6:55 p.m.
Lv Paris via Air France #128
Thursday, April 30, 1998
10:40 a.m.
Ar Beijing
Wednesday, May 6, 1998
8:40 a.m.
Lv Beijiing via Air China Int'l #1501
10:35 a.m.
Ar Shanghai
Thursday, May 7, 1998
8:50 a.m.
Lv Shanghai via China Eastern #501
11:00 a.m.
Ar Hong Kong
Saturday, May 9, 1998
12:45 p.m.
Lv Hong Kong via UN #2
10:25 a.m.
Ar Los Angeles
11:40 a.m.
Lv Los Angeles via UN #190
7:32 p.m.
Ar Dulles
C:\WORK\CEA-SPCDETAILS.WPTELINTON LIBRARY PHOTOCOPY
08:50:39
Draft Agenda for Yellen Delegation to China
April 27, 1998
Delegation:
Dr. Janet Yellen
Council of Economic Advisers
(General/Safety Net Issues)
Dr. Roger Ferguson
Federal Reserve Board
(Monetary Issues/Banking)
Dr. Robert Shapiro
Department of Commerce
(SOE/Public Finance/Trade)
Dr. Jon Haveman
Council of Economic Advisers
(General/Safety Net Issues)
Anthony Markus
Department of the Treasury
(Tax/Fiscal Policy)
Michele Jolin
Council of Economic Advisers
Consular Contacts:
Beijing:
Scott Rees
Embassy
86-10-6532-3831 x428
86-10-6532-6422 fax
Home
P6/(b)(6)
Shanghai:
Bruce Nelson
Embassy
86-21-6433-6880 x300
[007]
86-21-6433-4122 fax
Home
P6/(b)(6)
Hong Kong:
Brian Goldbeck
Embassy
85-2-2841-2113
85-2-2526-7382 fax
Home
P6/(b)(6)
Wednesday, April 29
Jon Haveman arrives Beijing: 5:45pm
Taxi to hotel: China World Hotel
Hotel: China World 1 Jianguomenwai Dajie, 100020
86-10-505-2266 fax:505-3167
Thursday, April 30
Jon Haveman departs for
Overnite: Jianguo Hotel
Janet Yellen arrives Beijing: 10:40 am
Car w/ Embassy officer Scott Rees will meet and transport
To hotel: China World Hotel
C:\WORK\CEA-SPODETAILS.WPD
2
08:50:39
Monday, May 4
AM: Meetings with SDPC
9:00
Mtg with Vice Minister
???
Lunch: Ambassador or Beijing Economists (not CCER)
Afternoon: mtgs
(time to be determined)
Minister: Ministry of Finance
Minister: People's Bank of China
Minister: State Economic and Trade Commission
Premier: Zhu Rongji
Dinner:
Hosted by SDPC
Tuesday, May 5
See above list of mtgs
Late afternoon: Roundtable with 10 CCER (Peking University)
Academic economists. Possible dinner with same.
Press Briefing in Beijing
(FEER, WSJ, etc.)
C:\WORK\CEA-SPC\DETAILS.WPD
4
08:50:39
Friday, May 1
Jon Haveman arrives Beijing:
9:30 am
Yellen/Haveman tour Beijing (walk/taxi)
- Forbidden City
- Temple of Heaven
Anthony Marcus arrives Beijing: 5:45pm
Taxi to hotel: China World Hotel
Saturday, May 2
Yellen/Marcus/Haveman tour Beijing with SDPC provided
guide and car
Michele Jolin arrives Beijing: 5:45 pm
Taxi to hotel: China World Hotel
Sunday, May 3
Breakfast with IMF Team (Tentative/Optional)
- Move to dinner if not w/ Ambassador
Yellen/Jolin/Marcus/Haveman to Great Wall at
Mu Tian Yu
Robert Shapiro and Roger Furgeson arrive Beijing: 5:45 pm
Car w/ Embassy officer Scott Rees will meet and transport
To hotel: China World Hotel
Possible dinner w/ Ambassador
C:\WORK\CEA-SPC\DETAILS.WPD
3
08:50:39
Wednesday, May 6 (notional schedule)
Delegation departs Beijing for Shanghai:
dep 8:40
arr 10:35am
Will be met by Control Officer: Bruce Nelson
11:15 Check-in at Hotel
Hotel: Portman Ritz-Carlton
1376 Nanjing Road
$138US w/breakfast
86-21-6279-8888
fax: 6279-8887
12:15 Lunch with Academics and Businessmen Hosted by Consul General
2:00 Mtg with PBOC Governor or Vice Governor
3:30
Mtg with Shanghai Stock Exchange President
4:30
Roundtable discussion with expatriate bankers and other financial experts
at the U.S. Commercial Center
6:30
Dinner hosted by the Chinese
8:30
Optional Drive to the Bund
Other Possible mtgs
Mayor of Shanghai
(Possibly Deputy Mayor)
C:\WORK\CEA-SPC\DETAILS.WPD
5
08:50:39
Thursday, May 7
Delegation departs Shanghai for Hong Kong:
dep 8:50
arr 11:00am
Met by Deputy Principal Officer Schlaikjer and Economic Officer Goldbeck.
Proceed to Hotel:
Hotel: JW Marriot
Pacific Place, 88 Queensway, Central
86-10-2810-8366 fax: 2845-0737
11:45 Briefing with Consul General Boucher and limited country
team at the Marriot.
12:30 Luncheon hosted by Acting Financial Secretary and Financial Service
Secretary Hui
15:00 Visit to Hong Kong Futures Exchange (same building as HKMA)
15:30 Meeting with Hong Kong Monetary Authority Chief Executive
Joseph Yam
16:30 Meeting with Chief Executive C. H. Tung
18:00 Consul General's reception In Honor of Chair Yellen and delegation
19:45 Drinks hosted by the American Chamber of Commerce - Hong Kong
Friday, May 8
Roger Ferguson departs Hong Kong: 9:55 am
Robert Shapiro departs Hong Kong: 10:50 pm
8:00 Breakfast hosted by Hong Kong Forum
9:30 Discussions with senior economic analysts and financial representatives
at the Consulate General
Visit toHong Kong Island or trip to outer island, such as Lantau or Lamma
islands. Macau side trip possible.
18:00 Dinner Cruise
C:\WORK\CEA-SPC\DETAILS.WPD
6
08:50:39
Saturday, May 9
8:00
Breakfast hosted by Vision 2047
9:30
Economic/financial news services (Far Eastern Economic Review, Asian
Wall Street Journal, etc.)
11:30 Yellen/Jolin Depart for airport - Accompanied by Econoff
12:45 Janet Yellen and Michele Jolin depart Hong Kong
Sunday, May 10
Haveman and Marcus depart Hong Kong
C:\WORK\CEA-SPC\DETAILS.WPD
7
22:20:57
1998 CEA/SDPC Dialogue
Beijing, China
Suggested Topics for Discussion
Submitted by CEA
1) Government restructuring and
a) The changing role of government ministries in the economic
policy making process
b) Implications for growth and development of the changing focus of
economic policies
2) The ongoing economic reforms in China
a) Enterprise reform -
b) Banking reform
c) Housing reform
d) Reform of the external sector
3) The development of an independent safety net:
a) Unemployment Insurance
b) Social Security/Pension Reform
c) Health Care
4) The effect of the Asian Crisis on:
a) The domestic economy
b) The focus of reform efforts
c) External sector policy
5) Income distribution
6) Energy and the Environment
Chairman Zeng Peiyan
State Development and Planning Commission
Beijing, China
Dear Chairman Zeng:
I would like to congratulate you on your assuming the position of Chairman of the State
Development and Planning Commission. I wish you well as you carry out your new
responsibilities during this important time for China's economy.
As you know, the Council of Economic Advisers began an economic dialogue with the
SPC two years ago. We have found these meetings to be extremely useful for exchanging ideas
on a range of economic issues. Recent financial and economic developments in Asia and the far-
reaching economic reforms announced by your government make it even more important for us
to continue to meet and exchange views.
To that end, I would like to propose that we hold the third session of our dialogue in
Beijing on May 1 and May 4. I would lead the U.S. side and I anticipate that, in addition to my
Chief of Staff and a senior CEA economist, several other senior U.S. government officials will
participate on our delegation.
I would also like to suggest two topics for this year's dialogue: strategies for managing
)
enterprise reform and related employment and social welfare issues in China and lessons to be
learned from the Asian financial crisis. I look forward to hearing your views on these and other
topics. During last year's dialogue in Washington, the SPC delegation met with a wide variety
of officials and experts from other U.S. government agencies. Because these meetings promote
greater understanding of our economies and economic policy making, I would very much hope to
also have an opportunity to meet with Chinese officials from different economic ministries and
agencies during my visit this year.
I look forward to meeting with you.
Sincerely,
Janet Yellen
'98 04/16 THU 15:37 FAX
1
001
THE STATE PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
38 S. Yuetan Street, Sanlibe, Beljing. China
April 13, 1998
TO: Dr. Jon Haveman
Council of Ecnomic Advisers
Fax: 202-395 6853
You are kindly expected by the State Development Planning
Commission of China to visit Beijing on April 30, 1998 for visit.
The duration of the visit is 8 days. Please apply for one entry visa at
the Chinese Embassy in Washington DC with this fax.
Namelist of the Delegation
Dr.Janet Yellen
Chair
Council of Ecnomic Advisers
Dr.Robert Shapiro Under secretary
Department of Commerce
Roger Ferguson
Governer
Federal Reserve Bank
Dr.Jon Haveman Senior Ecnomist Council of Economic Advisers
Susan Shirk
Deputy Assistant Secretary
State Department
Michele Jolin Chief of Staff
Council of Economic Advisers
Anthony Marcus
Economist
Treasury Department
Deptment of Foreign Affairs
State Development Planning Commission
China 0102
THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
The Council of Economic Advisers was established by the Employment Act of 1946 to
provide the President with objective economic analysis and advice on the development and
implementation of a wide range of domestic and international policy issues.
The Chair and Members of the Council
The Chair of the Council is responsible for communicating the Council's views on
economic matters directly to the President through personal discussions and written reports. The
Chair also represents the Council at Cabinet meetings, meetings of the National Economic
Council (NEC), daily White House senior staff meetings, budget team meetings with the
President, and other formal and informal meetings with the President, senior White house staff,
and other senior government officials. The Chair is the Council's chief public spokesperson.
She directs the work of the Council and exercises ultimate responsibility for the work of the
professional staff. In addition to the Chair, there are two other members of the Council. The
Chair and members work as a team on most economic policy issues.
The Function of the Council
A primary function of the Council is to advise the President on all major macroeconomic
issues and developments. The Council prepares for the President, the Vice President, and the
Whit House senior staff almost daily memoranda that report key economic data and analyze
current economic events. The Council, the Department of the Treasury, and the Office of
Management and Budget -- the Administration's economic "troika" -- are responsible for
producing the economic forecast that underlies the Administrations's budget proposals. The
Courtcil, under the leadership of the Members, initiates the forecasting process twice each year.
In preparing these forecasts, the Council consults with a variety of outside sources, including
leading private sector forecasters.
The Council is also an active participant in the international economic policy making
process through the NEC and the National Security Council, providing both technical and
analytical support and policy guidance. The Council has taken an active role in international
economic issues, including evaluating and explaining the case for trade liberalization, the
Administration's policy approach to Asia's financial crisis, U.S. trade remedy laws, and the
agendas of multilateral and regional forums such as the World Trade Organization, the Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas.
Because of the growing importance of international economic issues, the Council often
represents the United States at international meetings and forums.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20500
THE CHAIRMAN
JANET L. YELLEN
CHAIR
COUNCIL. OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
Janet L. Yellen was appointed Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
(CEA) by President Clinton and confirmed on February 13, 1997. Dr. Yellen
previously served as a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System. She was appointed to that position by President Clinton in
February 1994.
Before becoming a member of the Federal Reserve Board, Dr. Yellen was
the Bernard T. Rocca, Jr. Professor of International Business and Trade at the
Haas School of Business at the University of California at Berkeley where she
taught since 1980. She also served on the Panel of Economic Advisers for the
Congressional Budget Office and as senior adviser to the Brookings Panel on
Economic Activity.
Dr. Yellen was Assistant Professor at Harvard from 1971-1976. She also
served as an economist with the Federal Reserve's Board of Governors from
1977-1978, specializing on issues of international trade and finance, including
stabilization of international currency exchange rates.
Dr. Yellen has written on a wide variety of macroeconomic issues, while
specializing in the causes, mechanisms and implications of unemployment. She
is also a recognized scholar in international economics, recently focusing on the
determination of the trade balance, as well as the course of economic reform in
Eastern Europe.
Dr. Yellen was born on August 13,-1946, in Brooklyn, New York. She
graduated summa cum laude from Brown University with a degree in economics
in 1967, and received her Ph.D. in economics from Yale University in 1971.
Dr. Yellen is married to George Akerlof, who is a Professor of-Economics
at the University of California, Berkeley and Senior Fellow at the Brookings
Institution. They have one son, Robert, who is a junior at St. Albans.
Federal Reserve Board: Governor Ferguson
http://www.bog.frb.fed.us/bios/Ferguson.htm
OF
10-BOARD
Members of the
THE
SYSTEM
Board of Governors
RESERVE
Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.
Members
Dr. Ferguson took office on November 5,
Alan Greenspan,
1997, as a member of the Board of
Chairman
Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Alice M. Rivlin,
to fill an unexpired term ending January 31,
Vice Chair
2000.
Edward W. Kelley, Jr.
Susan M. Phillips
Dr. Ferguson was born October 28, 1951, in
Laurence H. Meyer
Washington, D.C. He received a B.A. in
Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.
economics (magna cum laude) in 1973, a
Edward M. Gramlich
J.D. (cum laude) 1979, and a Ph.D. in
economics in 1981, all from Harvard
University. From 1973 to 1974, Dr.
Ferguson was Frank Knox Fellow at Pembroke College, Cambridge
University."
Before becoming a member of the Board, Dr. Ferguson was a Partner at
McKinsey & Company, Inc., an international management consulting
firm. He was based in New York City and he managed a variety of studies
for financial institutions from 1984 to 1997. Dr. Ferguson also served as
Director of Research and Information Systems, overseeing a staff of 400
research professionals and managing the firm's investments in knowledge
management technologies.
From 1981 to 1984, Dr. Ferguson was an attorney at the New York City
office of Davis Polk & Wardwell, where he worked with commercial
banks, investment banks, and Fortune 500 corporations on syndicated
loans, public offerings, mergers and acquisitions, and new product
development.
He is an elected member of the Board of Directors of the Harvard Alumni
Association and formerly was Treasurer of the Friends of Education, a
Trustees' Committee of The Museum of Modern Art, New York City.
Dr. Ferguson is married to Annette L. Nazareth and they have two
children.
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ESA
002
ROBERT J. SHAPIRO
Robert Shapiro currently serves as the Undersecretary of Commerce for Economic
Affairs. From the time of his nomination in November 1997 to his confirmation by the Senate on
April 2, 1998, Dr. Shapiro served as Senior Advisor to Secretary of Commerce William Daley.
Prior to joining the Clinton-Gore Administration, Dr. Shapiro was Vice President and co-
founder of the Progressive Policy Institute and director of economic studies and co-founder of
the Progressive Foundation. In those capacities, Dr. Shapiro published widely on the U.S.
economy and economic policy, and played an influential role in debates over tax and budget
policy, industry subsidies or "corporate welfare," social security reform, and trade policy.
While Dr. Shapiro was affiliated with the Progressive Policy Institute and the Progressive
Foundation, he also was the President of the Committee on Free Trade and Economic Growth, an
adviser to members of Congress, and consultant to major U.S. corporations and financial
institutions. He also was a contributing editor to The New Republic, International Economy and
IntellectualCapital.com, a trustee or advisory board member to several educational and charitable
organizations, and a frequent lecturer at U.S. universities and research institutes.
Dr. Shapiro also was principal economic adviser to then-Governor Bill Clinton in his
1991-1992 presidential campaign and a Senior Adviser in the Clinton-Gore transition. In 1988,
he was Deputy National Issues Director and chief of economic policy in the Dukakis-Bentsen
presidential campaign.
Previously, Dr. Shapiro was Associate Editor of U.S. News & World Report. Prior to
that, he served as the Legislative Director, Tax Counsel and Legislative Assistant for Budget
Policy to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan of New York.
Dr. Shapiro has been a Fellow of Harvard University and of the National Bureau for
Economic Research. Hc holds a Ph.D. and M.A. from Harvard University, an M..Sc. from the
London School of Economics and Political Science, and an A.B. from the University of Chicago.
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20502
JON D. HAVEMAN
SENIOR ECONOMIST
COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS
Dr. Haveman has been a senior economist at the Council of Economic
Advisers since August of 1997. Prior to his appointment there, he was a
professor of international economics at Purdue University. He will serve at
the Council until July of 1998, at which point he will return to his permanent
position at Purdue.
At Purdue, Dr. Haveman has published academic work on the impact
of changing international trade patterns on jobs and workers in the United
States. He has also published work on poverty, U.S. trade laws, and the
economic effects of reducing U.S. military expenditures.
Dr. Haveman was born on October 8, 1964 in Grinnell, Iowa. He
graduated with a degree in economics from the University of Wisconsin at
Madison in 1986, and received his Ph.D. in economics from the University of
Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1992.
04/15/98
11:36
9 2026220349
TREASURY INA
002/002
OF
SEPARTMENT THE TREASURY
THE
1789
ANTHONY D. MARCUS
Anthony Marcus is an international economist in the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of East
Asian Nations, where he focuses on China and Hong Kong. He is responsible for analysis of the
two economies and for coordination of economic policy towards them. He also works on various
regional issues.
Mr. Marcus previously covered Korea and the Philippines. Before that, he worked in Treasury's
Office of Latin American and Caribbean Nations, where his assignments ranged from Brazil to
small Caribbean island nations.
Mr. Marcus joined Treasury in 1992 after completing his graduate studies. He has degrees from
Columbia, Cambridge and Princeton-Universities.
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Clinton Library
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DATE
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1999
P6/b(6)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council of Economic Advisors
OA/Box Number: CF 2019
FOLDER TITLE:
Copy of M. Hopkins Briefing Book - China [3]
2010-1024-F
vz1778
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)|
Freedom of Information Act - |5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information |(a)(1) of the PRA|
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRAJ
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information |(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors |a)(5) of the PRAJ
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy |(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
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purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
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of gift.
financial institutions |(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
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2201(3).
concerning wells |(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Michele M. Jolin
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[008]
EDUCATION
J.D., University of Virginia. May 1992
Activities:
Appointed Member, University of Virginia Committee on Judicial
Policy; Vice President, J.B. Moore Society of International Law;
Law Democrats
M.Sc., London School of Economics. June 1989.
Courses:
International Trade, International Economics, International Business
Activities:
Editorial Board Member, Millennium Journal of International
Studies
B.A., University of Wisconsin - Madison. May 1987.
Activities:
Intern, Office of Senator William Proxmire; Associate Director of
Legislative Affairs, Wisconsin Student Association; Intern,
Common Cause
WORK EXPERIENCE
Chief of Staff
May 1995 - present
Council of Economic Advisers
Legislative Assistant
May 1993 - May 1995
Office of U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer
-- Advise Senator Boxer on economic issues, including international trade, budget, banking
and tax policy; Staff for Senator Boxer on the Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs
Committee, the Senate Budget Committee and the Joint Economic Committee.
Associate
Sept. 1992 - May 1993
Patton, Boggs & Blow
-- Worked on issues in the areas of international trade, legislation and litigation.
Legal Intern, Office of GATT Affairs
July to December 1990
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
- Assisted in formulation of U.S. negotiating position for reduction of tariff and nontariff
measures in the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations.
Summer Associate
Patton, Boggs & Blow
May to August 1991
Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal
May to July 1990
- Analyzed problems and drafted memoranda involving international trade, environmental
and employee benefits issues.
2. GENERAL INFORMATION
Chinese Customs
"The China Hawks," John Judis, The American Prospect, September-October 1997.
History and Culture: Beijing
History About (sic) Hong Kong
Shanghai
CHAPTER 6
COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY LISTING-CHINA
China (People's Republic of)
A distinctive Chinese (and Japanese) action is to suck air in
quickly and audibly through the lips and teeth. This is a common
The Western custom of shaking hands is spreading rapidly and
reaction when something surprising or difficult is proposed or
is now probably the customary form of greeting, but often a nod
requested. If this reaction is given, it would be best to modify
or slight bow is sufficient. Don't be upset, though, if the Chinese
your request rather than risk having your Chinese counterpart
do not smile when being introduced; this is rooted more in the
face the highly embarrassing (for them) situation of having to
Chinese attitude of keeping feelings inside rather than display-
say "no."
ing them openly.
When walking in public places, direct eye contact and staring is
Business cards are often ex-
not common in the larger cities, especially in those areas accus-
changed, and yours should
tomed to foreign visitors. However, in smaller communities, vis-
be printed in your own and
itors may be the subject of much curiosity and therefore you may
in the Chinese language.
notice some stares, especially if you are blond or red-headed.
Also, it is more respectful to
Silence can be a virtue in China, so don't be dismayed if there
present your card-or a gift
are periods of silence in your dinner or business conversations.
or any other article-using
It is a sign of politeness and of contemplation. During conversa-
both hands.
tions, be especially careful about interrupting.
Hugging and kissing when
Don't begin eating until the host picks up his or her chopsticks.
greeting are uncommon.
It is the Chinese way to decline gifts or other offerings two or
Generally speaking, the
even three times, even when they want to accept, as a matter of
Chinese are not a touch-
etiquette.
oriented society. This is es-
Seating arrangements are important, whether at business meet-
pecially true for visitors. So
ings or while dining. At meetings, the chief guest is always
avoid touching or any pro-
seated at the "head of the room," facing the door; the host with
longed form of body contact.
his or her back to the door. While dining, the guest sits to the left
Public displays of affection are very rare. On the other hand,
of the host.
you may note people of the same sex walking hand-in-hand,
Before taking any photographs of local people, ask their per-
which is simply a gesture of friendship.
mission.
Avoid being physically demonstrative, especially with older or
If you wish to smoke, offer your cigarettes to those around you,
more senior people.
Chinese women rarely smoke, however. If you object to others
smoking in your presence, this may pose a difficult situation
Posture is important, so don't slouch or put your feet on desks or
since segregated smoking areas are uncommon in China. If this
chairs. Also, avoid using your feet to gesture or move articles
is extremely important to you, one gambit is to explain to your
around.
host that you are allergic to cigarette smoke.
Personal space is much less in China. This means when convers-
The open hand is used for pointing (not one finger).
ing, the Chinese will stand much closer than Westerners. This
often results in Westerners moving backward, with the Chinese
To beckon someone, the palm faces downward and the fingers
are moved in a scratching motion.
following along in something of an unintended pas de deux.
On public streets, spitting and blowing the nose without the
The Chinese are enthusiastic applauders, so don't be surprised
benefit of a handkerchief is fairly common, although the gov-
if you are greeted with group clapping, even by small children.
ernment is waging a campaign to reduce this. It is regarded as
When a person is applauded in this fashion it is the custom for
ridding the body of a waste and is therefore considered an act of
that person to return the applause.
personal hygiene.
172
173
CHAPTER 6
COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY LISTING-HONG KONG
Dining revolves around the use of chopsticks. Just watch your
invert the glass "bottom up" to show they have finished the
host for tips and techniques. Here are some finer points:
whole drink.
-With wooden chopsticks, you may see the Chinese first rub
Don't worry about a bit of pushing and shoving in stores or
them together before eating. This is merely a way of removing
when groups board public buses or trains. Apologies are neither
any possible splinters. But, if you are a guest, it is impolite to
offered or expected.
do this because it suggests you have been given cheap, rough
chopsticks.
Most of the more popular gestures discussed in Chapter 2 will
be familiar to the Chinese. However, many Chinese will not
-Even though there will be communal dishes of food, don't
recognize the "O.K." sign; instead, the "thumbs up" signal is
take your portions with the ends of the chopsticks you have
known and means "Everything is O.K." When beckoning, the
put in your mouth. Either your host will place food on your
curling inward of the index finger is not used in China.
plate, or a separate pair of "serving" chopsticks will be near
the serving dish.
Don't stick your chopsticks upright in your rice. Among some
Chinese this is a superstitious act that could bring bad luck.
In some areas placing chopsticks in rice in this fashion is done
as an offering to the dead.
Don't worry if you drop a chopstick on the floor. Some Chi-
nese believe this means you will get an invitation to dinner.
- Don't suck on your chopsticks.
- To eat large pieces of food (when a knife is not available for
cutting), it is perfectly acceptable to lift the morsel to your
mouth with the chopsticks and bite off a piece.
When you are finished eating, place your chopsticks in paral-
lel across your dish or bowl.
The Chinese will hold bowls of food directly under their lower
lip and use the chopsticks to push the food into their mouths.
When eating long, slippery noodles it is perfectly acceptable
to place one end in your mouth and slurp or suck up the
remainder.
Refusing food may be considered impolite. If you don't wish to
eat it, just poke it around and move it to the side of your dish.
Banes are often placed directly on the table alongside your dish.
Toothpicks are commonly available and used during and after a
Chinese meal. Just be certain to cover your mouth with the
other hand while poking and picking.
Offering toasts is common in China and is a relatively simple
and uninvolved act: just raise your glass, look at your host and
those around him, nod, and drink. You may also say Kan-pie,
means "bottoms up," and some Chinese will actually
174
BELOW THE BELTWAY
JOHN B. JUDIS
The China Hawks
ince the end of the Cold War, the main
S
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee met last
challenge to those who favor a "construc-
May to consider granting most-favored-nation sta-
tive engagement" with China has come
tus to China, the committee invited Kagan rather
from human rights advocates and labor leaders. But
than a representative from the AFL-CIO or Human
in the last year, a new opposition voice has been
Rights Watch/Asia to present the dissenting view.
heard, arguing for a return to the containment
That's unfortunate-not because Kagan is inarticu-
strategy used against the Soviet Union. This new
late, but because the alternative he espouses is not
strategy has very little support at the Brookings
preferable to constructive engagement. If actually
Institution or the Council on Foreign Relations, but
adopted, it could spell disaster for the United
it is well represented in the Weekly Standard,
States and China.
Commentary, and the New Republic, and in the
The advocates of containment see China as the
columns of George Will, William Safire, and A.M.
latest in a series of twentieth-century "revisionist"
Rosenthal. Some of the loudest voices are former
powers-from Germany to Japan to the Soviet
Cold War conservatives who were exiled from
Union-threatening to impose its will upon the
inner policy circles in the last revisionist years of
world. Conflict between the United States and
the Reagan administration. These include Michael
China, containment advocates argue, is inevitable.
Ledeen (who helped broker the first arms-for-
"The Chinese leadership views the world today in
hostages deal with Iran), Frank Gaffney (who was
much the same way Kaiser Wilhelm II did a century
deputy to Defense Department official Richard
ago," Kagan told the Foreign Relations Committee.
Perle), and Robert Kagan (former aide to State
'So long as China remains a ruthless Communist
Department official Elliot Abrams).
dictatorship
the inevitability of conflict must
These advocates of containment have drowned
inform all our thinking and planning," wrote
out other critics of constructive engagement. When
Ledeen in the Standard.
Thus advocates of containment want to deny
For subscriptions and bulk reprints, call 1-888-MUST-READ.
China most-favored-nation status not in order to
12 THE AMERICAN PROSPECT
SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1997
win specific concessions, but rather as part of a
with the Soviet Union's or Nazi Germany's drive
long-term strategy for, as George Will puts it, "the
for world domination.
subversion of the Chinese regime." Withholding
Indeed, even if China had such ambitions, the
economic and military ties from China and creat-
country is incapable of exerting protracted military
ing NATO-like alliances to block China's expan-
force power beyond the Asian continent. Its mili-
sion, this logic goes, will eventually force the
tary consists primarily of poorly equipped land
country to abandon communism for democracy.
forces. It does not really have a navy. It does have
"As was the case earlier in this century for
nuclear weapons, but a recent Pentagon study
Germany, for Japan, and for Russia, the only
describes China's air force as "obsolescent" and
enduring solution to the threat posed by China is
"incapable of mounting any effective largescale and
a change in the regime, in the direction of politi-
sustained air operations." China's economic power
cal democracy," writes Harvard professor Arthur
is also wildly overrated. While its coastal towns and
Waldron in Commentary.
cities have enjoyed a boom, much of the country in
the west and north lacks the infrastructure and
his position is based upon a failure to
level of education even for industrialization. Much
T
understand how China is different from
of China is very backward and poor. Its national
previous "revisionist" powers and how
government runs at a huge deficit, and many of its
the world itself has changed since 1945. In the first
state-owned enterprises would not survive the rig-
decades of the twentieth century, Wilhelmine and
ors of market competition.
Nazi Germany, Czarist Russia, Britain, and Japan
China can still cause enormous military prob-
were each imperial powers seeking through war to
lems in Asia-for instance, in disputes with
alter the distribution of colonized nations. China
Southeast Asian countries over the potentially oil-
was a victim of this imperialism. Hong Kong, for
rich Spratly Islands-but that doesn't call for the
instance, was seized by the British during the
kind of containment strategy the United States
Opium War, and Taiwan was taken by the Japanese
adopted toward the Soviet Union. Instead, it
in 1895. China's desire to reclaim Hong Kong,
requires a regional strategy aimed at discouraging
Taiwan, or the Ryukyu Islands cannot be identified
China from military adventures-the kind of limit-
with Germany's seizure of Poland
ed strategy that Walter
or, later, the Soviet Union's domi-
Lippmann proposed for the
nation of Eastern Europe.
China can still cause
Soviet Union in 1947, but that
Of course, China also has an
George Kennan, Dean Acheson,
imperial past, but its ambitions
and the advocates of contain-
were confined to adjoining lands.
enormous military
ment adamantly opposed.
The Chinese, like nineteenth-
problems in Asia, but
A limited strategy would
century Americans, regarded
that doesn't call for the
include a U.S. naval presence
-themselves as the citizens of a
and might involve Japan in a
superior civilization that other
kind of containment
more active military role; most
countries should emulate.
Except during Lin Biao's ascen-
strategy the United
important, however, it would
encompass the kind of positive
dancy during the Cultural
States adopted toward
incentives favored by propo-
Revolution, the Chinese, unlike
the Soviet Union.
nents of constructive engage-
the Soviets, did not adopt a mes-
ment. These include the
sianic, millenarian view of them-
acknowledgment of China's
selves as leaders of world com-
legitimate territorial aims in
munism. And China's current communism is free
Hong Kong, Taiwan, and-the Ryukyu Islands and
of any universal pretensions. If China has an
the invitation to China to play a significant role in
ambition, it is to restore its pre-imperial status as
regional and international organizations. This
the great power of Asia. While this ambition may
kind of nuanced approach is completely inconsis-
lead to conflicts with other Asian nations and
tent with a strategy aimed at isolating, encircling,
with the United States, it should not be equated
and subverting China.
NUMBER 34
BELOW THE BELTWAY 13
he current containment strategy is also
ployed workers, and the army and party preventing
T
based on an outmoded model of world
the formation of unions, wages will remain among
affairs. What would it mean, after all, for
the world's lowest for decades to come. Combine
China today to follow the example of Wilhelmine
that with a mercantile strategy designed to block
Germany? For several thousand years, nations
imports and force foreign investors to produce
identified wealth and power with the acquisition of
only for export, and you have a recipe for global
resource-rich colonies. Both world wars were pre-
economic disruption.
cipitated by struggles to redivide the world's
If China were allowed into the World Trade
colonies. The Cold War itself was fought over con-
Organization (WTO) as a developing nation, it
trol of Eastern Europe, Asia, the Near East, and
could fend off complaints against its trade barri-
Latin America. But the Cold War's end has con-
ers and absence of labor rights. In that position,
cluded a process of change toward what political
it would threaten the standard of living of work-
scientist Richard Sklar calls a new "postimperial"
ers around the globe, and could eventually wreck
world. Countries can still go to war over access to
the organization itself, as countries found them-
raw materials-witness the Gulf War-but in this
selves unable to use its tribunal to remove trade
new world order, great economic powers no longer
barriers. The United States, which has become
identify wealth and power with colonial posses-
China's market of last resort, needs to use the
sions, but with the command of technology and
WTO negotiations to force dramatic changes in
finance; and former colonies no longer see foreign
China's trade practices. The United States also
investment as an instrument of imperialism, but as
needs to persuade other countries-Japan in par-
the means of improving their own standard of liv-
ticular-to help absorb China's exports. Without
ing. A nation seeking power would not envisage
an outlet for their exports, China and other less
occupying its neighbors but would striveto make
advanced Asian countries might one day find
them dependent upon its own banks and factories.
themselves at sword's point. But, to date, the
Because of its own experience of colonialism
Clinton administration's economic policy toward
and communism, China's entrance into this new
China has been driven by multinational corpora-
postimperial world has been delayed. China's
tions and banks that see China as an outlet for
attention is still directed at regaining its posses-
investment and by proponents of constructive
sions-its principal arms race is not with the
engagement who want to barter economic con-
United States but with Taiwan. And some of
cessions for geopolitical ones.
China's aging leaders still speak the language of
The advocates of containment don't present an
either Marxism-Leninism or older imperialism.
alternative to this glaring weakness of constructive
But their words should be compared against what
engagement. Instead, they denigrate what the New
China has done since 1978, when Deng Xiaoping,
Republic has called "economic considerations" in
borrowing a term from American Secretary of
favor of "strategic considerations and moral consid-
State John Hay, inaugurated an "open door" for
erations," as if economics were simply a matter of
foreign investment.
cost and profit and not the welfare of human
The United States should make sure that China
beings, and as if economic security were not central
continues its transition into this new postimperial
to the stability of the region. The current promi-
order. There are two principal obstacles. One is
nence of the containment strategy skews the debate
China's political and military relations with its
over China; it diverts policymakers from consider-
neighbors. The other, which neither the propo-
ing real dangers in order to refute imagined ones; it
nents of constructive engagement or of contain-
puts American foreign policy back onto the frozen
ment sufficiently acknowledge, is China's economic
terrain of the Cold War, where questions about
relationship with the rest of world capitalism,
trade were subordinated to the threat of war. If we
including the United States. While China is by no
want to figure out what to do about China, it will
means an economic superpower, it is the world's
not be through conjuring up ghosts of Wilhelmine
largest repository of low-wage manufacturing
Germany or Stalin's Russia, but through filling in
labor. China's workers' wages are one-tenth those
the dim outlines of an unfamiliar post- Cold War,
of Hong Kong, and with a huge reserve of unem-
postimperial future.D
14 THE AMERICAN PROSPECT
SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1997
Mongol Conquest and Rule (1276-1368)
When Genghis Khan's armies swept across the northern plains and
stormed Beijing in 1215; the month-long invasion was the most
brutal suffered by the area. The court's treasures were looted and
the city razed to the ground. But from these ashes rose one of the
world's greatest capitals.
By 1279, Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan ruled not only
all of China, but over much of the Eurasian continental mass, from
Annam (Vietnam) to the Baltic Sea. But, like other foreign rulers
before and after him, he was as much conquered by China as it was
by him. He built his capital at the present site of Beijing and named
T
it Dadu (Great Capital), though it is better known by its Mongo-
he well-worn image of Chairman Mao,
lian name, Khan Balik (City of Khan).
standing on The Gate of Heavenly Peace (Tiananmen), the gate to
Kublai Khan was charmed by Buddhism and interested in China's
the Imperial City, proclaiming the founding of the People's Repub-
advanced astronomy and farming methods. For lack of educated
lic of China is symbolic of Beijing's importance as the capital of
Mongol officials, his administrators were mostly Chinese and his
this vast country. But the city's rise has been violent and uncertain.
capital, a copy of traditional Chinese cities.
Only after many cycles of de-
This was the city that impressed Marco Polo, who for 17 years
struction and reconstruction has
served at the court of the Khan. The Italian merchant, fresh from
the garrison town become the
medieval Europe, noted that Dadu was laid out with the precision
political and cultural centre of
of a chessboard, with broad, straight streets lined with fine court-
the Middle Kingdom.
yard homes and inns. There were hostels in the suburbs for mer-
chants from all over the known world, amply served by some
Frontier Days
20,000 prostitutes. In the city centre, where Beihai is today, stood
The discovery of the Peking Man
the Great Khan's palace, surrounded by a 6.5-km (4-
in 1929 proves that settlements
mile) long wall.
Kublai Khan
of some kind existed here up to
Under the Mongols, much work was done on
500,000 years ago. In recorded
building and improving roads and canals, leading
history, however, Beijing goes
to an increase in trade, both regional and interna-
back to about 1000BC, when it
tional. By the end of Kublai Khan's reign in
was a trading town called Jicheng
1293, the Tonghua Canal had been completed,
(City of Reeds). Because of its
connecting the capital with the Great Canal,
strategic location on the edge of
and there were approximately 500,000 people
the agrarian plains to the south
living in the city.
and the steppes to the north, it
Like their counterparts in previous dynas-
Mao Zedong's historic address
became a garrison town, chang-
ties, the later generations of officials and civil
ing hands repeatedly as king-
servants became increasingly corrupt and inept. The
doms in the north fought their turf wars.
Mongols exported much of China's wealth to other parts of their
Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, unified
kingdom and starvation was widespread. What's more, heavy taxes
China in 221BC, making Beijing part of one of the world's largest
were levied on all citizens except those of Mongol descent. No
empires of the day. This same ruler later became obsessed with pro-
longer faced with a shortage of educated personnel, the Mongol
tecting China's northern frontier, by connecting walls built by pre-
rulers further alienated the Chinese by excluding them from gov-
vious kingdoms to form the Great Wall. The grandiose project was
ernment posts, choosing Mongols and foreigners instead. The Chi-
continued by successive rulers, but the city was still often overrun
nese had become lower class citizens in their own country, behind
and ruled by northern tribes. It was, in fact, these 'barbarian' con-
the Mongols and their central Asian allies. Thus, while the ruling
querors from the north, the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty,
class and foreigners prospered, the Chinese peasants remained ap-
who first turned Beijing into a capital for a Chinese dynasty. From
the early 15th century on, the Ming and Qing dynasties lived in
pallingly poor.
A peasant uprising in 1368 overthrew Kublai Khan's descendants
Beijing's Imperial Palace, commonly known as the Forbidden City.
easily, ending Mongolian rule in China.
pled the Ming dynasty in 1644 and paved the way for the Manchus'
invasion 43 days later. But the drive for expansion that began with
Yongle carried into the Manchu's Qing dynasty, and became the
main focus of their 267-year reign.
The Qing Dynasty
Unlike the invaders before them, the Manchus who founded the
Qing dynasty (1644-1911) did not destroy the city they occupied.
Prolific builders and renovators, the Qing rulers built lavish palaces
for themselves, mixing the styles of past dynasties, often with gaudy
results. Under their care, many of the 800 or so pavilions, palaces
and temples built by the Ming were kept in fair condition at the
turn of the 20th century. Today, most of the relics in Beijing date
to the 600 years of Ming and Qing rule:
The Qing dynasty emperors tried to grapple with the problems
that had toppled the Ming. They preserved the Chinese examination
Construction of the Forbidden City began under Emperor Yongle
system for choosing officials, slashed the number of eunuchs to min-
imize court intrigue and tried to reform the tax system. By far the
The Ming Dynasty
most colourful character was Qianlong (1736-99), the longest
With the founding of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the Chinese
reigning Chinese emperor. Qianlong was a despot who ruthlessly
were again masters of a unified China. Logically enough, the new
suppressed intellectuals whom he suspected of disloyalty. But he was
rulers moved their capital to Nanjing, in the heart of a rich agri-
also a lover of the arts and responsible for some of the more flam-
cultural region near the mouth of the Yangtze River. With an eye
boyant architectural details in the city. Under his rule, Chinese ter-
to expanding China's northern territory, Emperor Yongle later
ritory expanded dramatically northwards and westwards. By the
moved the capital back north, calling it Beijing (Northern Capital).
end of the 1800s, Beijing ruled
Emperor Yongle's reign (1403-25), at the beginning of the Ming
over four times as much terri-
Dynasty was Imperial Beijing's cultural pinnacle, particularly in
tory as it had during the Ming
terms of architecture. The Forbidden City that now stands, with its
dynasty.
sweeping yellow tiled roofs, was constructed under Yongle and has
remained symbolic of Beijing's pre-eminence ever since. Tiananmen
The Fall
(Gate of Heavenly Peace), now adorned with Mao's smiling por-
While China expanded in the
trait, is a legacy of that period. So is the city's most striking struc-
1700s, Western colonial pow-
ture, the Temple of Heaven, where the emperor communed with the
ers and foreign trade were
gods twice yearly. Yongle also rebuilt Kublai Khan's city walls
changing the face of the globe.
around the imperial city and added another rectangle encompassing
Beijing became increasingly
the Temple of Heaven in the south.
suspicious of the outside
Soon after Yongle's death, however, China closed itself to the
world. Foreign trade was lim-
outside world and forbade its people to emigrate or explore foreign
ited to Canton and frustrated
lands. Foreigners were, by and large, despised for their barbarian
by complex regulations. The
ways. So, too, the Chinese rejected Western science, which had just
British, who were keen to ac-
begun to revolutionize the outside world. This paranoia and inse-
quire better access to the Chi-
Old Beijing
curity led to a retardation of China's growth in areas such as as-
nese market, in 1793 sent a
tronomy and navigation, where it had once been a frontrunner.
high level delegation aboard a man-of-war loaded with expensive
Each successive emperor also became increasingly caught up in
gifts and state-of-the-art technology to the Chinese port of Tianjin.
palace ceremony and isolated from the world outside. Palace eu-
But Emperor Qianlong quickly rebuffed the British with an edict to
nuchs became corrupt and powerful, siphoning riches from the
King George III, stating that China did not need to trade with
palace and forcing heavy taxes on the poor. They controlled infor-
Britain because she 'already possessed everything a civilized people
mation to the emperor so that news of peasant rebellions di
could ever want'. Britain's request to set up a consulate in Beijing
always reach him. Not surprisingly, a peasant rebellion eas
was also rejected.
But Britain had a growing
ficit
the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), founded in Shangh.
21
with China and would not take no for
and led by a young Mao Zedong, waged a guerrilla war against the
an answer. Backed by military force,
new government. But the Japanese occupation of China soon forced
foreign traders pressed shipments of
the Nationalists and the Communists to form an uneasy alliance.
opium on the Chinese market to offset
This only lasted until the end of World War II. In the bitter civil
their growing trade deficit. The First
war that followed, the Communists had the final word.
Opium War of 1840 forced the palace to
allow foreign governments extra-territo-
Communist China
riality in an area just outside the palace
In true imperial style, Mao Zedong declared the founding of the
gates. By the end of the Second Opium
People's Republic of China (PRC) from the reviewing stand of
War in 1860, the Qing emperor had fled
Tiananmen, restoring Beijing as the capital in 1949. The new
to Chengde while Western troops de-
regime took to their task with the zeal of a mop-up task force.
stroyed a large swathe of the city, in-
They redistributed land to the peasants (killing many in the former
cluding the old Summer Palace. The
ruling classes in the process) and undertook massive industrializa-
rulers' impotence infuriated the Chinese.
tion projects. In Beijing, slums were razed, new Soviet-style facto-
Secret societies sprang up and small-
ries and buildings built, streets widened and transportation im-
Puyi, last emperor of China
scale rebellions became common.
proved. New universities were also built. In 1957, most of the city
the palace was a fortress against the reality of China's decay and
In the final days of the Qing Dynasty,
walls were demolished as were hundreds of temples and historical
became the stage where the last court tragedy was acted out. The
sites. Twelve thousand 'volunteers' worked at breakneck speed to
emperor's favourite concubine, Cixi, rose to eminence after a power
complete Tiananmen Square and the gargantuan buildings sur-
struggle in the palace in 1861. Empress Cixi dominated and terror-
rounding it in time for the PRC'S 10th anniversary.
ized the court, but she could not hold the crumbling kingdom to-
But the euphoria was followed by a series of political campaigns
gether. In 1900, a secret society called the Boxers laid siege to the
which left deep scars on the whole nation. The anti-Rightist move-
foreign legation quarter for 50 days and Cixi was forced to flee. Be-
ment of 1957 targeted intellectuals, capitalists and other 'class ene-
mies'. Hot on its heels was the Great Leap Forward (1958-60), a
fore her death in 1908, she installed three-year-old Puyi on the
throne. His story is told in the 1988 movie, The Last Emperor.
disastrous attempt to modernize the country overnight.
The most devastating mass movement was the Cultural Revolu-
The Republican Era
tion (1966-76) during which millions of young Chinese were en-
In 1911, a revolution led by Dr Sun Yat-sen attempted to launch
couraged to wage war on feudal and bourgeois culture. The truth,
which became clear after Mao's death in 1976, was a disgraceful re-
China into the modern world. It ended imperial rule, but the age-
old problems of feuding warlords, poverty and factionalism contin-
minder of dynastic rule: the Gang of Four, headed by Mao's wife
ued for another 30 years.
were using the movement to gain power as Mao's health declined.
The 'class war', which
At the end of World War I, Western
lasted for a decade,
powers continued to carve up China for
left thousands of his-
themselves. The Versailles Treaty ceded
torical relics defaced
Chinese territory to the Japanese, humili-
ating China. The reaction to this marked
or destroyed and
caused appalling loss
a turning point in the Chinese people's
of life and near eco-
psyche: students and intellectuals around
the country took to the streets in a revo-
nomic collapse. The
death of Premier
lution that came to be known as the May
Fourth Movement of 1919, demanding
Zhou Enlai (regarded
independence and territorial integrity.
as a moderating force
In 1927, the Nationalist Party (Kuo-
in the government) in
mingtang) tried to unify China again by
January 1976 sparked
force. On 10 October 1928, it formally
mass mourning in
founded the Republic of China with its
Beijing, which turned
capital in Nanjing. In the countryside,
into an anguished
outcry for change.
Red Guards waving Mao Red Book of quotations
Reform Years
Since Mao's death in
Historical Highlights
September 1976 and
1030 221 The of
Jaunched by Mao urges intel-
the disgrace of the
the
ectual L'expression.
Gang of Four, Bei-
221-207 On Shr Huangdr time
1957 The Anti-Rightist Movement
jing has been strug-
ITG China and begins building the
singles out at least 300,000 intellec-
gling to modernize
Great Wall
ruals for criticism, punishment or
and lead the rest of
200BC-AD1 200 Beijing becomesia
imprisonment.
China along the path
strategic garrison to be ween
1958 Mao launches the Great Leap
of progress. Ideology has gradually been discarded for economic re-
warring kingdoms
Forward.
1215 Mongol lediby Genghis Khan
1959-62 Famine claims the lives
form under Deng Xiaoping's leadership since 1978. Chinese people
overtiff Benmg
of million people.
today have more contact with the outside world. The rigid state
12601 Khan foundsith Mon
1960 Beijing and Moscow split
bureaucracy is also giving way to a more freewheeling society.
dynasty
Lideology, followed by two
But these new policies involve a balancing act, and nowhere has
1275 Kublar establishes the
decades of Cold War.
it been clearer than in Beijing: in 1979, the Democracy Wall Move-
cann of Date (1). BARK
1966-176 Cultural Revolution.
ment brought millions onto the streets, calling for greater political
Benefits THE Marks HAW
Widesbread persecution, chaos and
freedom. In 1986, a democratic movement in the central Chinese
and to the CODE: if
hear economic collapse occurs.
city of Hefei soon sparked off protests in Beijing and Shanghai.
the Khan (ii), IV year
1972 President Richard Nixon
Both events, led by students and intellectuals, were followed by re-
368- 644 Milit dynasty
ists Beijing, marking the first of-
pression of the press, arts and political reformers. In 1989, millions
400s Borbidden City me in
ficial contact between the US and
die adsting Great Wall buils
the PRC.
of students and workers marched to Tiananmen Square to appeal
1644-1 Manchu The the OM
1976 Deaths of Premier Zhou En-
for political reform. When the military moved in to quell the
TEST 3: Stablished
Chairman Mao Zedong. The
demonstrators on 4 June, a pall of silence fell over the city.
1839-42 RT: Opium WAY forces
Gangrof Four tries to seize power
While martial law troops lined the Avenue of Eternal Peace, Bei-
open Chines ports
butis/Jater arrested.
jing's future seemed bleak. Political reform was not in the offing
1860 the Second Optim WE
1978 Deng Xiaoping launches eco-
and economic reform seemed threatened. But after some political
1861-1908 CNP are INC power
nomietreforms.
jockeying, senior leader Deng Xiaoping made a highly publicized
1900 Boxer Uprising says to
1979 Democracy Wall Movement
tour to the booming southern provinces in 1992 where his reforms
the Foreign Legation Quarter
is quashed.
had taken hold. Deng's brainchild - the socialist market economy
1911 Jon he ded by Sun
1980 Gang of Four is tried on na-
Yat endsydynastic the
tionwide television. Economic and
- became the core of party and government policy by March 1993.
May (or democ
political reforms are effected.
Deng's logic was simple: if people became
New Beijing
racy and sovereignty sparked off
1989 Soviet President Mikhail Gor-
rich, the rest would take care of itself.
by the Versilles INSURA
bache visits Beijing
Perhaps no place in China has changed
times Communical
1989 Democr ovement
is
more dramatically in the 1990s than Bei-
Jonnued in Shargha
crished by China's military
jing. Every day, more people abandón
1928
1990 Beijing hosts the ! th-Asian
government jobs for the cellular phones
tablithes capital in Namily
Sames marking its return to the
of entrepreneurship. McDonald's and
1935 ommunists embails BE the
inter nonal community.
mtv have made their entry. Accounting
Long March FROM
1992 Deng Xiaoping tours south-
is replacing Marxist studies in universi-
nonally three
April Japanese Emperor Aki
1937 the Marry Kin
his usits China. The first McDon-
ties and the arts are emerging. Frenzied
dent sets ni filling mession
and opensinear Tiananmen Square.
construction of new roads, hotels and
the Japanese who promby Onna
1993 China Parliament officially
shopping centres is underway, and
until therend OF World War
endors market economy.
temples and towers are being reno-
1949 Mao Zedong declares the
1994 Structural reforms of finan-
vated. There is a sense of expectation
founding," of the People Republic of
cial, currency and taxation systems
that Beijing will become the nucleus
China: Beijing becomes the capital.
mark dramatic push towards mar-
of a powerful empire. For the trav-
1957-59 Tiananmen Squaretand
ket economy.
eller, there is no time like the pre-
surrounding monoliths areibuilt.
1995 Beijing hosts the United Na-
sent to see the city at the crossroads
Most of the city walli demolished
tions' Fourth World Conference on
between the past and the future
1957 The Hundred Flowers Move Women.
16
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Fast Facts - Starting Point
http://202.82.34.2/hkta/fastfact/startingpointX.hml
History About Hong Kong
H ong Kong's English name is derived from two Chinese
characters, Heung and Gong, usually translated as "Fragrant
Harbour". Originally it was only the name of a small settlement
near Aberdeen, the main fishing and entrepot port on pre-colonial
Hong Kong Island. Some historians suggest that Hong Kong's
Chinese name was inspired by its export of fragrant incense.
The explanation for the name of Kowloon is even more romantic.
In Chinese, the peninsula's name is "Kow Lung", meaning "Nine
Dragons". The name is thought to have been coined by Emperor
Ping, one of two boy-emperors of the doomed Sung Dynasty whose court fled to Hong Kong eight
centuries ago. He is said to have counted eight mountains in the area, and decided to name it "Eight
Dragons" (in accordance with the belief that every mountain is inhabited by a dragon).
The Emperor's tally of the peaks was corrected by a quick-witted courtier who pointed out that as
emperors were also believed to be dragons, the place was really, "Nine Dragons" - Ping being the ninth.
The origin of Kowloon's name may be a legend, but it is a historical fact that the boy-emperor's
travelling palace stayed there. One ancient carved-rock inscription recording the imperial visit stands in
a small park on the very edge of Hong Kong International Airport.
Until recently history books began the story of Hong Kong with the British colonial presence. However,
what we now call Hong Kong has been inhabited for millennia.
The chief evidence for this is archaeological: recently a 5,000 year-old kiln was unearthed on Lantau.
Rock carvings from Neolithic times can be found on several sites, though their significance and their
creators' identities are unknown. It stands to reason, however, that the sheltered harbour and fresh water
would attract the people who were making their way along the Pacific coast.
During the Han Dynasty, around 2,000 years ago, China absorbed Hong Kong and its hinterland. The
Han Dynasty tomb at Lei Cheng Uk, in Kowloon, dates from this period. Probably during the 14th
Century the Cantonese settled here in number, followed closely by the Hakka people. Many modern
Hong Kong people still pay rent to descendants of the dominant settler families of those times, known as
the "Five Great Clans".
Some of the earliest written references to Hong Kong foreshadow its destiny as an economic centre.
Imperial records state that troops were garrisoned at Tuen Mun and Tai Po -- now major New Territories
town developments -- in order to guard the pearls which were harvested from Tolo harbour by aboriginal
Tanka divers.
The Hoklos, a spirited seafaring people, had made Hong Kong their home by this time. By the 17th
Century the region was a bastion of rebellion and piracy. To isolate and starve out the miscreants, the
ruling Manchus ordered the area evacuated. Eventually the order was rescinded, and new settlers
descended upon the territory: the Hakka (or "guest") people, a clan of farmers. Rice, tea, incense and
pineapples were cultivated here.
Evidence of Hong Kong's early period can be found today in its fishing communities and its small
villages, many of which are still protected by defensive walls, moats, and gatehouses. In addition to
hundreds of ancient Taoist and Buddhist temples and shrines, there are many historical relics.
Fast Facts - Starting Point
http://202.82.34.2/hkta/fastfact/startingpointX.html
The Opium Wars
The coming of the British marks the territory's emergence in world affairs. In the early 19th Century
British traders were making a fortune in the opium trade, exchanging the infamous commodity for
China's silver, silk, tea and spices. Eventually the Chinese Imperial Government, worried about the
drug's effects on its population, sought to ban the import of opium. Britain, on the other hand, wanted to
strengthen its foothold with its own port, free of Imperial control. This led to the Opium Wars
(1840-1842). Queen Victoria's gunboats prevailed, and Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain in
perpetuity under the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. Sir Henry Pottinger, whose name can be found on a
street in Central district, was its first governor.
Territory Expands
Though the Chinese were trading actively in Hong Kong, intermittent hostilities broke out between the
two nations. Britain's response was to take more territory for itself, to allow for better protection. The
Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter's Island were handed over in 1860. In 1898 a 99-year lease on an
area called the New Territories was granted.
20th Century
Hong Kong's cityscape soon reflected its status as an important trading port: the Peak Tram funicular
railway was built in 1885, followed by a new tramway system in 1904 and a new railway to Canton six
years later.
At the turn of the century around 11,000 ships berthed here each year. A decade later the number had
doubled. New industries were founded as commerce grew. Though the founding of the Republic of
China, the Sino-Japanese War, the Second World War, and the revolution of 1949 all rocked the
territory, they also provided new vigour, in the form of refugees who would eventually take their place
in the territory's teeming workplace.
In the 1950s Hong Kong began in earnest a new career as a manufacturing and industrial centre.
Textiles, electronics, watches, and many other low-priced goods stamped "Made in Hong Kong" flowed
from the territory in ever-increasing amounts.
Back
342. Anhui - Wuhu & Guichi
Shanghai
Nanjing. Outside: the tourist: season/ how-
railway! junction. Railway lines branch
THE EAST
ever, you'll probably have to change into
south to Tunxi, east to Shanghai via Nanlini
Qingyang, from where there are roughly.
and, from the northern bank of the river
another line heads north to Hefei There
THE EAST
seven buses daily to Jiuhuashan year-round.
also! buses to: Huangshan and Jinhuash
of the East, Paris of China, Queen of
WUHU& GUICHF
You
from Wuhu, To: the west of Wulty int
Orient; city of quick riches, ill. gotten
(wuhú; guicht)
annul
Yangzi portof Guichi, which also has
fortunes lostin vice and the tumble of
Wuhu is a Yangzi River port andea useful
to Huangshan and Jinhuashans litits)
domam of adventurers gswindlers,
Bods
drug runners, idle rich, dandies,
missionaries, gangsters and back
pimps; the city that plots revolution
dances as the revolution shoots its way
Jown. Shanghai (shànghai) has always
dark memory in the long years of
getting that the Communists brought
their new China.
Shanghai put away its dancing shoes m'
For 40 years, those who returned
city whose decaying colonial ambienc
511
$
the only hint that the city was/once
Lice
olio of the West's rape of the East and
went with it:
Today Shanghai has reawakened. Once
in sleazy backstreet dives and dance
gole pana
assignmi
Dont
the city parties on until daybreak.
With
tin
apiqued
ve hotels, department store complexes
office buildings litter the horizon, the
bre
ud 78103
subway line has opened, Mercedes
void at assess
01002
the streets, and child beggars and pros-
oill IA
lurk in the shadows.
sixte scaleq
bas
bangfial is a city relearning its past and
101 Start HosdD
civ)
activity
03
Its future. And at this point? we
X
VSM
flotify
magnis
isnol
X
apology: Almost everything you,
RECTOR
aditish
moil
wish
will be changed by the time you
Vitwas little more than-asmall town supported
issue 20 day
this book in your hands. The juggernaut
by fishing and weaving. The British changed
of change in Shanghai is such that even
sall that: The French followed in 1847; an
despair of keeping upowith It. The
International Settlement was established in
Included in this chapter were chosen
1863; the Japanese arrived in 1895; and the
initial
Basis that they are fnost likely to last
city was parceled up into settlements; all
VSW,
remember that there will be much that
autoriomous and immune from Chinese law.
bolow
well:
became if effect China's first fully fledged
bridention
Special Economic Zone.
21
11
DID
mode
hobrur
Ih the mid-18th century Shanghai had a
invoice who Wanders along the Bund or
population of just 50,000; by 1900 the figure
the ackstreets of Prenchtown can
Trad Juniped W's fillion By the 1930s, the
Sharighai (the name means "by the sea")
city claimed some 60,000 foreigh residents.
invention. At the gateway to the
The International Settlement sported the
First was an -ideal trading ports But
tallest buildings in Asia. Shanghai had-more
the ritish opened their first conces-
motor vehicles than all the rest of China put
there in 1842 after the first Oplum War
together. The world's great houses of finance
343
344 Shanghai-History
History 345
doties, it was simultaneously the Chinese:
agemention factories to the workers' associ-
THE EAST
DO provided the weak link Exploited: in.
ations. The Shanghai Commiune lasted just
t-house conditions, penniless on the
three weeks before Mao ordered the army to
sold into slavery, excluded from the
put an end to it.
THE EAST
chife and the parks created by the foreign
The so-called Gang of Four had their
Shanghai was ways a potential hot bed
Shanghai
power base in Shanghai. The campaign to)
And finally, in 1949 - was
criticise Confucius and Mengzi (Menoius):
Municipality
the Communists liberated the
was started hereoin. 1969::before it became
don albi
V.LIDGLEVE in vf moiydo El
dationwide it 1973 and was linked to Lin
ension
Communists eradicated the slums.
Biads And fince again, in theemenging wen
YJID
odt
the city's hundreds of thou
struggle leadingiup ansthe imminent death of
odi
26
opium addicts and eliminated
Dong talking of
These were staggering
a ghaiv diffue crictuarlyn of Beijing's
Unfortunately, they also PUT
entricht topleadors are/Shanghai old hands.
fine
TO
to aleep, It was not until 1990 that
лькія request od) vd Estivib 0'N1
government final allowed
Economy Mds) grobba
brionsh
to 20 about reinventing itself sm 220156 as a
Shanghai's longImalaise came to an abrupt
metropolis.
endicin 4990, with the announcement of
PUXI
Isvide
massive plans to develop Rudong on the east
Jenner
callfoll
telroot
VIID
side of the Huatigpu River, though there have
Chinge
di 10 age
times to visit Shanghai Hre spring
been teething problems. Foreign in vestors
T
autumn H 'winter, temperatures can
complain that costs have riseti so sharply that
SHANGHAI
well below freezing, with a blanket of
they have been forced to shift production out
Nanhul
581
but
litzle. Summers are hot and humid with
of Sharighai. .:Buinevertheless;/Shanghar is
Songling
LUGU or
ineratures as high as 40°C. So, in short,
China's financial Centre: and an emerging
PUDONG
lineed silk long johns and downjackets
Minhang
economic powerhouse. By local plan-
HI-Tech
Printer, an ice block for each armpit in
ners reckork Pudong will have half: as müch
Zone
Ferender)
numer and an umbrella won't go astray in
office space as Singapore. Lujiazui, the area
smoa
Jinsher
season.
that faces off the Bund on the Pudong side of
INI
the Huangpul riven will be a modem high-
Temment
узпом
riset counterp8int to the austere old-world
To Hangzhou
that is politically one of the most
structures omtherBund 3011
Canton
ZHEJIANO
contant centres in China and offe 8f the
Shanghai has unique opportunity, and
Tlashpoints. The meeting which
the lsavily with which locals haveigrabbed it
yd
managggui
od sints
ed the Chinese Communist Party
have many shaking their heads knowingly,
ILn
ISVS
ilbue
to
was held here back in 1921. Shanghai
saying that Shanghai always had the potem
and commerce. descended on the city and
Kaishek's coup against the Communist
important centre of early Communist
tial be augreat city.) Massive free way
erected grand palaces of trade; those whoran
1927 the Kuomintang cooperated
when the Party was still Concentrat
projects crisscross the 2city the subway
them. built mansions The city, became a
with the foreign.police and with Chines
organising urban workers Mad also
system is proceeding %pace, and the indical
byword for exploitation and vice, in count-
foreign, factory. owners to suppress.,18
first stone of the Cultural Revolution
tions are that this forward planning will
less opium dens and gambling joints in
unrest. The Settlement police, run by
nehal by publishing in the city HEWS
circumvetif the frastrgoture problems that
myriad brothels. And guarding over it all
British, arrested Chinese labour leaders
piece of political thetoric he had
face others Asianicities suchdas Bangkok,
were the American French andiItalian
handed them over to the Kuomintang
to get published in Beijing >Mad
Jakarta and Tabet 120] hrs br
marines, British Tommies and Japanese
imprisonme execution, and the
extraordinary, during the Cultural
odt of resisuri to 26510 hism not 276 STinT
bluejackets. Foreign ships and submarines
hai gangs yera repeatedly called
offition a People's Commune Was set up
Population uod 102 moil baut
patrolled the Yangzi and Huangpu rivers and
'mediate' disputes inside the Settlement
hanghai, modelled on the Paris
Shanghal hasse population of around 134
the coasts of China. They patrolled, the
If, it was the Chinese who supported
minerof the 19th century. (The Paris
million) people, but that igure is deceptive
biggest single foreign investment.anywhere
whole giddy structure of Shanghai
hume/was sefup in: 1871 and controlled
since 1.8 account the whole munic-
in the world - the British alone had £400
Chinese who worked as beasts, of burder
two months. It planned to introduce
ipal ardsiof kting Nevertheless, the
million sunk into the place. After Chiang
provided the muscle in Shanghai's por
reforms such as turning over main-
central core of some 220 sq km has over 7.9
346
Shano
Orientation
Shanghais Information 347
million people, which must asone of the:
and the Jade Buddha Temple and the side trip
Post & Telecommunications The larger
Italy
THE EAST
highest population densities in China, if not
along Suzhou Creek.
burist hotels have post offices from where
127, Wuyi Lu (tr 6252-4373; fax 6251-1728)
no
ou can mail letters and small packages.
Japan
the world.
Information
The express mail. service and cposte
1517 Huaihai Zhonglu (# 6433-6639; fax 6433-
IT
1008)
THE EAST
CITS The main office of CITS (Dr
estante is at 276 Bei Suzhou Lu. Letters to
Korea leson
Orientation
7200) is on the 3rd floor of the Guangmin
tondon take just two days, or so it advertises.
2200 Yan an Xilu (# 6219-6417)
Shanghai municipality covers a huge area,
Building at 2 Jinling Donglu Train,
afflie international post and telecommuni-
New Zealand
but the city proper is a more-modest size:
and boar tickets can be booked hele,Buru
itions office is at the corner of Sichnan
15B, Qihua Tower, 1375 Huaihai Zhonglu
Within the municipality the
lusand Bei Suzhou Lu. The section? for
(# 6433-2230; fax 6433-3533)
is obviously subject to availability.
Poland 2008 oberrging n2)
Chongming, part of the YangziaRiven delta
possible to book train tickets for the
iniational parcels is in the same building
518JTangoo (tel/fax
worth a footnote because it's the! second-:
if your destination is Hangzhou, Suzho
stround the corner at 395 TiantongiLiaH
Russia odd 10 laod odl
largest island in China (or thirdi if you
Nanjing. More distant locations,
Express parcel and document service is
20 Huangpu La (P 6324-2682 fax 6306-9982)
recognise China's claim to Taiwan). 16:12 £
diable from several foreign carriers!|You
Singapore
require siee bookings, will take
Broadly, central Shanghai divided into
incontact DHL (# 6536-2900), UPS
400 Wulumuqi 5d; widen Zhonglu (# 6433-1362; fax
book sometimes up to a week or
6433-4150)
two areas divided by the Huangpu River:
tickets are easier to book at CITS: but
(6148-6060); Federal Express (* 6275-
UK
Pudong (east of the Huangpu River) and
a lot more expensive than doing it
08)br TNT Skypak (= 6419-0000).
:244 Yongfu Ln (R 6433-0508; fax 6433-0498)
Puxi (west of the Huangpu River): The First
across the road at the boat ticketing office
Übng-distance calls can be placed from
USA
Ring Road does a long elliptical loop around
dek rooms and do not take long to get
1469 Husihai Zhonglu (# 6433-6880; fax 6433-
mough. The international telegraph office,
4122)
the city centre proper, which includes allof
been
commercial west-side Shanghaic the
Tourist Hotline There is a tourist, hotlin
dmawhere you can make long-distance
10! maintains ISID
Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone andithe
number 6439-0630) in ShanghaisTh
intercalls and send international telexes
Bookshops Shanghai is one place where
Jinqiao Export Processing of Pudong
a new concept in China so don expect
dtelegrams, is on Nanjing Donglu next to
you. can replenish your stash = there are
A second (Outer) Ring !will link
much from it, It is essentially
a Hotel.
numerous foreign-language outlets if you
Hongqiao International Airport (in the West
dealing with complaints.
take the tourist hotel bookshops into
of town) with the new Gaoqiao Firee Trade
Foreign Consulates There is a growing
account. The main Foreign Languages
Zone, a port on the Yangzi River in Pudong.
PSB The office 6321-5380)
unber of consulates in Shanghai. If you're
Bookstore is at 390 Fuzhou Lu. The 1st floor
For visitors, the lattractions Shanghai
Hankoul ofle block north of Fuzhouf
ning the Trans-Siberian journey and have
has an excellent range of. maps and the 2nd
are in Puxi. Here you will find the Bund, the
near the comer of Henan Zhonglu
woked a definite departure date, it's much
floor has probably. the widest range of
shopping streets, the foreign concessions;
1708856
to get your Russian visa here than face
foreign novels in China, with everything
hotels, restaurants, sights: unightchibs
chorrible. queues at the Russian embassy
from Space Cops to Gore Vidal's Lincoln.
Street names are givent Pinyingowhich
Money There are money-changing
Beijing.
Fuzhou Lu has traditionally been the book-
makes navigating easy! andomany.of
at almost every hotel, even cheapies
shop street of Shanghai, and there are other
streets are named after cities and provinces.
Pujiang and the Haijia, Credit cards an
bookshops close to the Foreign Languages
In the central district' (around NanjingaLu)
readily accepted in Shanghai than
Fuxing Xilu (* 6433-4604; fax 6437-6669)
Bookstore.
the provincial names nbrth-south, and
parts
of
China
odi
bot
A small range of foreign newspapers and
Most tourist ftf hotels will accept,
514, Shanghai Centre, 1376 Naffjing Xilu
the city names run
5279-7196; fax 6279-7198)
magazines is available from the larger tourist
split by: compass points, sucheas Sichuan
credit such as Visa, American
hotels (eg Park Jinjiang, Sheraton Huating)
Nanlu (Sichuan South Rd) and Sichuan
Master Card Diners, and JCB, as willi
604. West Tower, Shanghai Centrez-1376
and some shops. Publications include the
Beilu (Sichuan North Rd): Some of the mone
and. friendship stores (and related
(If 6279-8400; 6279-8401)
Wall Street Journal, International Herald
strously long roads are split by:sectors, such
outlets like the Antique & Curio Store)
Tribune, Asiaweek, The Economist, Time and
as Zhongshan Dong Erlu and Zhongshan
enormous, Bank of China right next to
Qihua Tower, 1375 Huaihai Zhonglu
Dong Yilu, which mean Zhongshan East 2nd
Peace Hotel tends to get crowded
IF 6431-4301; fax 6471-6343)
Newsweek. The latter two make good gifts
for Chinese friends.
Rd and Zhongshan East Rd! than
better organised than Chinese banks
Room 2008, Ruijin Building, 205 Maoming
Get a copy of Pan Ling's In Search of Old
There are four main areas of interest in the
where around the country, is also
Nanlu (th 6472-3631 fax 6472-5247)
Shanghai (Joint Publishing Company, Hong
city: the Bund from Suzhou Creekstor the
peak inside for its grand interior. haild
amany
Kong, 1982) for a rundown on who was who
Shanghai Harbour Passenger Terminal
BITCH
digsit
6181 Yongfu Lu (# 6433-6951; fax 6471-4448)
and what was what back in the bad old days:
(Shiliupu Wharf); Nanjing Donglu very
American Express American Expo
Room 1810, Union Building. 100 Yan an Donglu
colourful: neighbourhood);Frehchtown;
(#:6279-8082) thas an office Room
6326-1815; fax 6320-2855)
Newspapers & Magazines There is quite a
which includes Huaihai Zhonglurand Ruijin
Retail Plaza, Shanghai Centre, 1376 Nam
number of free magazines available in
Lu (an even more colourful neighbourhood);
Xilus
181
an Xilu 6275-8885; fax 6472-9589)
Shanghai,andsthere~will.undoubtedly-be