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United Nations Climate Change Framework Session 5 [1]
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United Nations Climate Change Framework Session 5 [1]
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FOIA Number: 2012-0769-F
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administrative marker by the William J. Clinton
Presidential Library Staff.
Collection/Record Group:
Clinton Presidential Records
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Council on Environmental Quality
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Folder Title:
United Nations Climate Change Framework Session 5 [1]
Stack:
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Section:
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61
5
7
2
Draft Report and Revised
Consolidated Text
UNITED
A
NATIONS
General Assembly
Distr.
LIMITED
A/AC.237/L.12
28 February 1992
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
INTERGOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIATING COMMITTEE
FOR A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
Fifth session, First part
New York, 18-28 February 1992
DRAFT REPORT OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIATING COMMITTEE
FOR A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE WORK OF
THE FIRST PART OF ITS FIFTH SESSION, HELD AT NEW YORK FROM
18 TO 28 FEBRUARY 1992
CONTENTS
Paragraphs Page
I. INTRODUCTION
1
3
II. ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS
2 - 16
4
A. Opening of the session
2
4
B. Attendance
3 - 8
4
C. Adoption of the agenda
9
6
D. Documentation
10
7
E. Organization of work
11 - 12
7
F. Future work
13 - 16
9
G. Questions for consideration at the resumed fifth
session
[to be completed]
III. CONSIDERATION OF ADVICE FROM IPCC
17 - 25
9
270290
92-08801 3257b (E) 270292
/
A/AC. 237/L.12
English
Page 2
CONTENTS (continued)
Paragraphs
Page
IV. REVIEW OF EXTRABUDGETARY FUNDS
26 - 32
11
A. Special voluntary fund to support the
participation of developing countries
27 - 29
11
B. Trust fund for the negotiating process
30 - 32
11
V. COMPLETION OF A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
33 - 42
12
A. Report on Working Group I: Commitments
33 - 35
12
B. Report on Working Group II: Mechanisms
36 - 39
12
C. Consideration in Plenary
40 - 42
12
VI. ADOPTION OF THE REPORT
43 - 45
13
VII. SUSPENSION OF THE SESSION
46
13
Annexes
I. List of documents before the Committee at its fifth session
......
14
II. [Revised consolidated text under negotiation] (to be added)
A/AC.237/L.12
English
Page 3
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The first part of the fifth session 1/ of the Intergovernmental
Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change was held in
New York from 18 to 28 February 1992. The meeting was convened in pursuance
of General Assembly resolutions 45/212 of 21 December 1990 and 46/169 of
19 December 1991, entitled "Protection of global climate for present and
future generations of mankind", further to resolutions 43/53 of
6 December 1988 and 44/207 of 22 December 1989.*
*
For the reports of the first to fourth sessions, see A/AC.237/6 and
Corr.1, A/AC.237/9 and A/AC.237/12 and Corr.1, and A/AC.237/15 and Corr.1.
The Bureau of the Committee elected at the first session consists of:
Chairman: Mr. Jean Ripert (France)
Vice-Chairmen: Mr. Chandrashekhar Dasgupta (India)
Mr. Ahmed Djoghlaf (Algeria)
Mr. Ion Draghici (Romania)
Mr. Raul Estrada-Oyuela (Argentina)
Rapporteur: Mr. Ion Draghici (Romania)
The Bureaux of Working Groups I and II elected at the second session
consist of:
Working Group I
Co-Chairmen: Mr. Nobutoshi Akao (Japan)
Mr. Edmundo de Alba-Alcaraz (Mexico)
Vice-Chairman: Mr. Mohamed Mahmoud Ould El Ghaouth (Mauritania)
Working Group II
Co-Chairmen: Ms. Elizabeth Dowdeswell (Canada)
Mr. Robert F. Van Lierop (Vanuatu)
Vice-Chairman: Mr. Maciej Sadowski (Poland)
1/ The second part of the fifth session (or resumed fifth session) will
be held (
).
A/AC. 237/L.12
English
Page 4
II. ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS
A. Opening of the session
2. In opening the fifth session, the Chairman, Mr. Jean Ripert, stressed the
short time remaining and the need to instil greater urgency and focus in the
negotiating process. He underlined the complexity of the task, the high
stakes involved and the need for political vision. He suggested that a
framework convention should be neither too general nor too detailed. He noted
the key issues facing the Committee and, in particular, commitments of
developed countries on emissions and sinks; commitments of all countries to
adopt national strategies and exchange information; commitments to provide
financial resources and technology to developing countries; a process of
submitting and analysing national reports; and effective institutions to
ensure implementation of a convention.
B. Attendance
3. The first part of the session was attended by representatives of the
following States:
Algeria
Chile
Greece
Angola
China
Grenada
Antigua and Barbuda
Colombia
Guatemala
Argentina
Comoros
Guinea
Australia
Congo
Guinea-Bissau
Austria
Cook Islands
Guyana
Bahamas
Costa Rica
Haiti
Bangladesh
Côte d'Ivoire
Holy See
Barbados
Cuba
Honduras
Belarus
Cyprus
Hungary
Belgium
Czechoslovakia
India
Belize
Democratic People's
Indonesia
Benin
Republic of Korea
Iran (Islamic
Bhutan
Denmark
Republic of)
Bolivia
Djibouti
Iraq
Botswana
Dominican Republic
Ireland
Brazil
Ecuador
Israel
Brunei Darussalam
Egypt
Italy
Bulgaria
Equatorial Guinea
Jamaica
Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
Japan
Burundi
Fiji
Jordan
Cambodia
Finland
Kenya
Cameroon
France
Kiribati
Canada
Gabon
Kuwait
Cape Verde
Gambia
Lao People's Democratic
Central African Republic
Germany
Republic
Chad
Ghana
Lesotho
A/AC. 237/L.12
English
Page 5
Liberia
Norway
Suriname
Luxembourg
Pakistan
Swaziland
Madagascar
Panama
Sweden
Malawi
Papua New Guinea
Switzerland
Malaysia
Peru
Thailand
Maldives
Philippines
Togo
Mali
Poland
Tonga
Malta
Portugal
Trinidad and Tobago
Marshall Islands
Republic of Korea
Tunisia
Mauritania
Romania
Turkey
Mexico
Russian Federation
Tuvalu
Micronesia (Federated
Rwanda
Uganda
States of)
Saint Lucia
Ukraine
Mongolia
Samoa
United Kingdom of Great
Morocco
Sao Tome and Principe
Britain and Northern Ireland
Mozambique
Saudi Arabia
United Republic of Tanzania
Myanmar
Senegal
United States of America
Namibia
Seychelles
Uruguay
Nauru
Sierra Leone
Vanuatu
Nepal
Singapore
Venezuela
Netherlands
Solomon Islands
Viet Nam
New Zealand
Spain
Yugoslavia
Nicaragua
Sri Lanka
Zaire
Nigeria
Sudan
Zambia
Zimbabwe
4.
The following United Nations offices and programmes were represented at
the first part of the session: Office of the Director-General for Development
and International Economic Cooperation; United Nations Environment Programme;
United Nations Development Programme; United Nations Centre for Human
Settlements; United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.
5. The following specialized agencies and other organizations of the United
Nations system were represented at the first part of the session: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Bank; World
Meteorological Organization; International Maritime Organization; United
Nations Industrial Development Organization.
6. The following intergovernmental organizations were also represented at
the first part of the session: Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee;
Caribbean Meteorological Organization; European Economic Community;
Organization of the Islamic Conference; Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development; Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; South
Pacific Environment Programme.
A/AC. 237/L.12
English
Page 6
7. The following non-governmental organizations in consultative status with
the Economic and Social Council were represented:
Category II: Greenpeace International; International Council of
Scientific Unions; International Petroleum Industry
Environmental Conservation Association; World Coal
Institute; World Council of Churches; World Resources
Institute.
Roster: Friends of Earth-International; International Organization of
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers; National Audubon Society; Natural
Resources Defense Council; Sierra Club.
8. The following other non-governmental organizations were also
represented: Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy; Alliance to Save Energy;
American Bar Association; American Gas Association; American Iron & Steel
Institute; American Mining Congress; American Petroleum Institute; Association
of American Railroads; Australian Conservation Foundation; Canadian Electrical
Association; Center for Clean Air Policy; Center for the Environment, Cornell
University; Centre for Global Change; Center for International Enviromental
Law; Chemical Manufacturers Association; Climate Action Network; Climate
Council; Climate Institute; Coal Association of Canada; Earth Regeneration
Society; Edison Electric Institute; Electricity Consumers Resource Council;
Environmental Defense Fund; Environmental and Energy Study Institute;
Federation of Electric Power Companies, Japan; Global Climate Coalition;
Global Commons Institute; Global Coral Reef Alliance; Global Security
Programme; Harvard Global Environmental Policy Program; National Association
of Manufacturers; National Coal Association; National Rural Electric
Cooperative Association; Stockholm Environment Institute; Tata Energy Research
Institute; Union of Concerned Scientists; U.S. Citizens Network on UNCED;
United States Chamber of Commerce; United States Council for International
Business; Woods Hole Research Center; World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
International; World Wild Life Fund.
C. Adoption of the agenda
9. At its 1st plenary meeting, on 18 February 1992, the Committee adopted
the following agenda 237/16):
1.
Organizational matters:
(a) Adoption of the agenda;
(b) Organization of work;
A/AC. 237/L.12
English
Page 7
(c) Future work:
(i) Calendar;
(ii) Arrangements for adoption of a framework convention;
(iii) Report to UNCED by the Chairman, on behalf of the
Committee;
(d) Questions for consideration at the resumed fifth session.
2.
Consideration of scientific advice from IPCC.
3. Completion of a framework convention on climate change.
4. Review of extrabudgetary funds:
(a) Special voluntary fund to support the participation of
developing countries;
(b) Trust fund for the negotiating process.
5. Adoption of the report.
D. Documentation
10. At the 1st plenary meeting, the documents before the Committee at the
start of its fifth session were introduced by the Executive Secretary. They
are listed in annex I to the present report.
E. Organization of work
11. After discussion in an informal meeting of plenary on 18 February, the
Committee concurred with the following proposals of the Chairman for the
organization of work at the first part of the session:
(a) The objective of the session should be to produce a clean text, with
only a few brackets indicating major political choices still to be made.
Major substantive differences should be reduced to essentials, clearing the
way for political intervention.
(b) The two Working Groups should be allowed to continue their work, but
with clear directives from Plenary as to their timetables and priorities. The
initial choice of topics from the core working document for the Working Groups
was as follows:
(i) Working Group I would focus on Commitments (sections IV and V),
leaving Preamble, Principles and Objective (sections I and III)
until later in the session.
/
A/AC. 237/L.1
English
Page 8
(ii) Working Group II would focus on Institutional Arrangements and
Reporting (sections VI and VII.1 of the Consolidated Working
Document), leaving until later the legal provisions from
section VII.2 onwards, including dispute resolution.
(c) In dealing with specific commitments in relation to finance and
technology, Working Group I should limit its consideration to section IV.2.2,
paragraph (a) and section IV.2.3, paragraphs (a), (c) and (d). The other
paragraphs in these sections, dealing with a funding mechanism and
institutional functions, should be taken in hand by Working Group II. These
are section IV.2.2, paragraphs (b) and (c) and section IV.2.3, paragraph (b).
(d) Working Group I should draw on the material in section V of the
Consolidated Working Document, in formulating general commitments relating to
science, research, information and education. Subsequently, Working Group II
could review what is left of its original texts in section V. If there
remains some useful language relating to mechanisms, Working Group II could
consider integrating this language in the appropriate annex or annexes.
(e) While maintaining full control of the process within their Working
Groups and ensuring transparency, the Co-Chairmen of both Groups should
promote consultations among interested delegations on specific portions of the
consolidated text. The purpose of these consultations would be to refine
formulations so as to clarify both their meaning and the choices to be made
and propose these formulations to the Working Group as a whole.
(f) For its part, the Committee as a whole would need to address the
question of the scope of the Convention and determine its overall design.
(g) The Vice-Chairman of Working Group II, Mr. Maciej Sadowski, should
conduct informal consultations with legal and scientific experts from
delegations on the definitions to be included in the convention. Mr. Sadowski
should report back to Working Group II on the outcome of these consultations.
(h) The Vice-Chairman of the Committee who acts as Rapporteur,
Mr. Ion Draghici, should conduct informal consultations with legal experts
from delegations representing the six linguistic groups to check the
conformity of the six language texts of the consolidated working document.
Mr. Draghici should report back to Plenary on the outcome of his consultations.
(i) The Committee and the Working Groups should maintain the practice of
holding open meetings, unless otherwise decided.
12. At the 2nd and 3rd plenary meetings, on 20 and 24 February, the Committee
took note of the progress achieved in the Working Groups as reported by their
Co-Chairman. At the 3rd meeting, the Committee requested the Working Groups
to complete their work by the end of Thursday afternoon, 27 February.
A/AC.237/L.12
English
Page 9
F. Future work
(i) Calendar
13. At its 3rd plenary meeting, on 24 February, the Committee considered the
calendar of its future work. At its fourth plenary meeting, on 28 February,
the Committee decided to hold a resumed fifth session [from 30 April to 8 May
in New York,] [subject to approval by the competent bodies, of the extension
of its duration beyond the five working days.]
(ii) Arrangements for the adoption of a framework convention
14. On the basis of advice from the Office of Legal Affairs, the Chairman
advised the Committee that, in adopting a convention, the Committee should
follow its rules of procedure on decision-making (see A/AC. 237/5). As the
Committee was established by the General Assembly, representatives of States
participating therein were not required to submit credentials; nor was there a
requirement that a convention be placed before or adopted by a conference of
plenipotentiaries. Furthermore, it was not normal practice for the General
Assembly or a body established by it to adopt a final act at the time of the
adoption of a convention. The report of the Committee would contain all the
necessary information concerning the adoption of the convention which would
normally appear in any final act.
15. The Chairman reminded delegations that full powers would be required to
sign the convention when it was opened for signature during UNCED.
(iii) Report to UNCED by the Chairman, on behalf of the Committee
16. In paragraph 18 of its resolution 45/212, the General Assembly requested
that the Chairman of INC, on behalf of the Committee, submit a report to UNCED
on the outcome of the negotiations, as well as on possible future steps in the
field of climate change. The Chairman noted that this matter would be taken
up at the resumed fifth session.
G. Questions for consideration at the resumed fifth session
(to be completed)
III. CONSIDERATION OF ADVICE FROM IPCC
17. At its 2nd plenary meeting, on 20 February, the Committee heard a
statement from Professor Bert Bolin, Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) regarding the 1992 IPCC Supplement which had been
completed during the 7th plenary session of IPCC, held at Geneva from 10 to
12 February 1992. He noted that the Supplement should be considered against
the background of the IPCC First Assessment Report (1990).
A/AC.237/L.12
English
Page 10
18. Professor Bolin stated that the 1992 IPCC findings confirm that (a) the
emissions resulting from human activities continue to increase substantially
the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, (b) the sensitivity
of global mean surface temperature to a doubling of carbon dioxide is unlikely
to lie outside the range 1.5 to 4.5 deg. C as given in the 1990 Report and
(c) a rate of increase of global mean temperature during the next century of
about 0.3 deg. C per decade (with an uncertainty range of 0.2 to 0.5 deg. C
per decade) is expected under the 1990 IPCC Scenario A (Business-as-Usual)
emissions of greenhouse gases.
19. He noted that two factors that were referred to in the 1990 Report were
considered quantitatively in the Supplement: (a) the depletion of ozone in
the lower stratosphere due to the presence of CFCs may have approximately
offset the radiative forcing contributed by the CFCs, at least in the high and
middle latitudes, and (b) cooling due to aerosols formed from anthropogenic
sulphur emissions may have offset a significant part (up to about 40 per cent)
of the greenhouse warming in the northern hemisphere during the past several
decades.
20. Professor Bolin also noted the interdependence of the environmental
questions of stratospheric ozone depletion, acidification of precipitation,
soils and lakes (caused in part by emissions of sulphur dioxide) and global
warming. He suggested that these major environmental issues should be
considered simultaneously. He reminded the Committee that the complexity of
the climate system is such that surprises cannot be ruled out.
21. With regard to the impacts of climate change, Professor Bolin noted that
the assessment continues to be uncertain. The Supplement in general confirms
the 1990 IPCC findings regarding impacts.
22. Professor Bolin concluded by saying that the 1992 IPCC Supplement
represents a further step towards organizing relevant information on the
climate change issue. The aim has been to serve countries in their attempts
to address this major global environmental concern and to establish an
important and reliable source of information for the ongoing negotiations.
23. He further noted that after the 1992 IPCC Supplement was completed, IPCC
expressed its readiness to continue to serve the need for further-
scientific/technical assessments following agreement on the framework
convention. The ongoing discussions within IPCC on a better structure for
itself are aimed at strengthening the scientific/technical character of IPCC
and give a more balanced national representation in its key functions.
24. Representatives of eight delegations made statements and the Chairman of
IPCC replied to questions.
25. The Chairman, on behalf of the Committee, expressed his thanks to
Professor Bolin for his informative presentation of the IPCC Supplement, which
he remarked had been produced in a short time. He noted that the Supplement
should assist Governments in their efforts towards realizing a framework
convention.
A/AC.237/L.12
English
Page 11
IV. REVIEW OF EXTRABUDGETARY FUNDS
26. At the 3rd plenary meeting, on 24 February, the Executive Secretary
introduced document A/AC.237/17, "Review of extrabudgetary funds".
A. Special Voluntary Fund to support the participation
of developing countries
27. The Executive Secretary noted that the usual arrangements had been made
for supporting participation of developing countries in the current session,
with the help of UNDP and UNCTAD. One hundred and fifteen delegations of
developing countries were participating, of which an estimated 87 had been
supported by the special voluntary fund.
28. Statements were made by seven delegations and by the representative of
the European Economic Community confirming or announcing new pledges to the
special voluntary fund, totalling about US$500,000. The Executive Secretary
expressed appreciation for these pledges and stated that this sum, once paid,
would enable the fund to support the participation of developing countries in
the resumed fifth session. He noted that, unless advised to the contrary,
that session would be the last meeting for which the fund would be used.
29. Two delegations of developing countries expressed thanks to contributors
to the Special Voluntary Fund; one of these delegations urged the Executive
Secretary to continue his efforts to support participation by small-island
developing countries. The Executive Secretary informed the Committee of the
support being given from the Fund and from other sources for participation by
such countries.
B. Trust Fund for the negotiating process
30. The Executive Secretary thanked contributors to the Trust Fund. He
observed that these supplementary resources would enable the INC secretariat
to ensure full servicing of a resumed fifth session in New York and to provide
a minimum presence at the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development in Rio de Janeiro.
31. In response to a question, the Executive Secretary confirmed that
bilateral funding continued to be provided for. staff costs covering three
members of the INC secretariat.
32. The Chairman concluded by thanking all contributors to both funds and
expressing satisfaction that foreseeable needs had been met.
A/AC.237/L.12
English
Page 12
V. COMPLETION OF A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
A. Report on Working Group I: Commitments
33. At its 1st plenary meeting, on 18 February, the Committee gave Working
Group I initial guidance as to its timetables and priorities (see para. 11
above). The Working Group used as a basis for its discussions the
Consolidated Working Document annexed to the report of the fourth session of
the Committee (A/AC.237/15) and other related documents.
34. The Working Group held 17 meetings and 5 informal meetings, and discussed
the following topics: Principles, Objectives and Commitments.
35. The Working Group transmitted to the plenary relevant texts for
integration into a "Revised Consolidated Text under Negotiation".
B. Report on Working Group II: Mechanisms
36. At its 1st plenary meeting, on 18 February, the Committee gave Working
Group II initial guidance as to its timetables and priorities (see para. 11
above). The Working Group used as a basis for its discussions the
Consolidated Working Document annexed to the report of the fourth session of
the Committee (A/AC.237/15) and other related documents.
37. The Working Group held 16 meetings and
informal meetings and
discussed the following topics:
Cooperation on Science, Research, Information and Education;
Institutional arrangements; Procedures; Final Clauses.
38. At its 15th meeting, on 27 February, Working Group II heard an oral
report by its Vice-Chairman, Mr. Maciej Sadowski, on the results of the
informal consultations he held with legal and scientific experts from
delegations on the definitions to be included in a convention.
39. The Working Group transmitted to the Plenary relevant texts for
integration into a "Revised Consolidated Text under Negotiation".
C. Consideration in Plenary
40. At its 3rd plenary meeting on 24 February, the Committee heard a
statement delivered on behalf of the Group of 77 as well as a statement on
behalf of a number of non-governmental organizations representing
international business.
41. At the 4th plenary meeting, on 28 February, the respective Co-Chairmen of
Working Groups I and II presented oral reports to the Committee giving their
own impressions on the work accomplished during the session.
A/AC.237/L.12
English
Page 13
42. At the same meeting, the Vice-Chairman of the Committee, who serves as
Rapporteur, reported on his informal consultations with delegations
representing the six language groups to check the conformity of the six
language texts of the consolidated working document.
VI. ADOPTION OF THE REPORT
43. At the 4th plenary meeting on 28 February, the Vice-Chairman,
Mr. Ion Draghici, in his capacity as Rapporteur, introduced the draft report
(A/AC.237/L.12).
44. The Chairman conducted a reading of the draft report, section by section.
45. The Committee adopted the draft report as amended, authorizing the
Rapporteur to reflect therein the proceedings of the Working Groups and of the
4th plenary meeting and to make any necessary editorial changes.
VII. SUSPENSION OF THE SESSION
46. At the end of the 4th plenary meeting, on 28 February, the Chairman
declared the first part of the fifth session of the Committee adjourned.
A/AC.237/L.12
English
Page 14
ANNEX I
List of documents before the Committee at its fifth session
Documents for the session
A/AC.237/15 and Corr.1
Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating
Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate
Change on the work of its fourth session, held at
Geneva, from 9 to 20 December 1991
A/AC.237/16
Provisional agenda and annotations, including
suggestions for the organization of work
A/AC.237/17
Review of extrabudgetary funds
A/AC.237/Misc.1/Add.16
Proposal by the Netherlands: Set of informal
papers provided by delegations, including
"non-papers", related to the preparation of a
framework convention on climate change
A/AC.237/Misc.1/Add.17
Proposal for a set of definitions by Vanuatu on
behalf of the States members of the Alliance of
Small Island States participating in the session
A/AC.237/Misc.14/Rev.1
Definitions: Note by the secretariat
A/AC.237/Misc.18
Technical review of consolidated working document
and Add.1
A/AC.237/WG.I/L.7
Algeria and other States: proposal on the entire
and Corr.1 and 2
section on commitments
A/AC.237/WG.I/L.8
Joint statement of the Group of 77 at the fourth
session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating
Committee
A/AC.237/WG.I/L.9
Statement on commitments submitted by the delegation
and Corr.1
of Vanuatu, on behalf of the States members of the
Alliance of Small Island States participating in
the fourth session of the Committee
A/AC.237/WG.I/L.10
Afghanistan and other States: proposed amendments
and Corr.1
to the text of A/AC.237/WG.I/L.7
A/AC. 237/L.12
English
Page 15
INC/FCCC/None No. 37
Symposium on Climate Change and the Future of Small
Island States and Low-lying Coastal Developing
Countries, held on 14 February 1992 at United
Nations Headquarters
* * *
Available for reference purposes
General Assembly
resolutions
46/169
Protection of global climate for present and future
generations of mankind (19 December 1991)
45/212
Protection of global climate for present and future
generations of mankind (21 December 1990)
US + EC + Member States
The attached text, replaces option 2, Working Group II, Financial
Mechanisms and provides a broad framework for the linkages between
the Conference of the Parties and the GEF.
We recognize that a number of questions in particular related to
financial commitments and technology cooperation are not addressed
in this proposal. Agreement on this questions will have to be
elaborated in the course of our further work.
FINANCIAL MECHANISM
1. The Parties hereby designate the Global Environment Facility
(GEF) established and operated jointly by UNDP, UNEP and the
IBRD for the provision of financial resources to Parties in need
this convention.
of assistance in meeting agreed incremental costs of implementing
2. The Conference of the Parties shall, in accordance with
relevant Rules of Procedure, establish appropriate arrangements
with the GEF to implement Paragraph 1 above. Such arrangements
shall include inter alia:
a) modalities to promote the involvement of the Parties in the
GEF [ with a view to ensuring a transparent system of governance
of the mechanism and a balanced representation of developed and
developing country Parties
b) provision for the GEF in funding projects related to the
convention to [comply with]/[consider] the [policy and] programme
priorities and eligibility criteria established by the Conference
of the Parties;
c) receipt by the GEF of requests from Parties in need of
this Convention;
assistance in meeting agreed incremental costs of implementing
d) provision by the Conference of the Parties or its subsidiary
bodies to the GEF of information that might promote the
implementation of this Convention, including the establishment
of cooperative linkages between the STAP and scientific and
technical bodies established under this Convention;
e) provision by the GEF of regular reports through the Convention
Secretariat to the Conference of the Parties on its operations
related to the implementation of this Convention, including
projects selected; financial expenditures; current and
anticipated funding reserves; the relationship between its
operations related to the implementation of this Convention and
other assistance it is providing in sectors relevant to climate
change; and other information of interest to the Conference of
the Parties;
f) provision for the Conference of the Parties to request the GEF
to reconsider a particular funding decision in the light of the
criteria and priorities referred to in paragraph 2b;
3. The Conference of the Parties shall periodically assess the
operation of the GEF as the mechanism for the provision of
financial resources related to the implementation of this
convention, with a view to modifying the arrangements under
Paragraph 2 as may be appropriate.
[4. Parties may also provide assistance related to the
implementation of this Convention through bilateral or other
Note: * The portion in square brackets is not a legal text
multilateral channels. In this regard, interested Parties may
meet, on an ad hoc basis, to consider whether any Party is
interested in assisting another Party in the implementation of
a proposed project the latter has identified in its national
report. Parties may, as appropriate, invite representatives of
multilateral financial institutions to such meetings for the
purpose of providing them with an opportunity to consider
projects for consideration in their development assistance
portfolios. ]
Note from Coordinator of
"Functions" Consultative Group
The "functions" consultative group considered the functions
Set forth on Pp. 60-61 and PP. 68-70 of the Co-Chairs' text. we
did not Consider the functions Set forth on PP. 71-72, for lack of time.
When considering functions, we did not focus on precise texts, but
rather on the Core Concepts Contained in The various proposed provisions.
It was noted that certain delegations question the need for. one or
more of the functions that others supported; further, cartain delegations
may favor one or more functions but would not see the need to specify
them in the Convention itself. That said, the attached chart reflects
the general sense of the group. It should be emphosized that, in
concluding that a particular function should not be performed by the
Conference of Partics itself or the Secretariat, the group did not
seek to reach agreement on which body should perform the function or
whether all the desirable functions should be performed by the same
body. At the same time, there was substantial support for the view
that any body engaged in looking at reports of Parties should be
objective, neutral and consultative.
Proposed
Does the
If so,
by
a
Convention
by Conference
Secretariat?
new
Function
Require the
of Parties?
body?
Function?
(COP)
I
ensuring the implementation. of
either under
decisions of Cop, which might
Yes
NO
No
auspices of COP
include guidance to subsidiary
(recognizing that ensuring
or new body
bodies (see 2(a) on P. 60
does not necessarily mean carrying
out the decision itself, ie, it may
and 2 (g) on P. 61)
simply ensure that another body,
eg., On science, may be the
appropriate body for implementation)
2
prepare the deliberations
Yes
No
NO
either under
of COP (see 2(b)
(recognizing that it might be
auspices of COP
on P. 60)
clearer to say "ensuring the
or new body
preparation", given that it might not
do the preparations itself
3
oversee dissemination of
NO
information to Parties on
-
-
measures (see 2 (c) or p.60)
(Panties will receive reports
of other Paties anyway)
4
providing assistance to Parties,
yes
NO
Some say
Some say
at their request, on meeting
yes
goes beyond
reporting requirements from
Secretariat-
technical point of view
need a body with
(see. 2(a) on p.68)
objectivity,
accountability
and assistance man
be more than
purely technical
5
ability to
Yes
No
NO
either under
look at reports of Parties:
auspices of COP
or new body - -
- - consult, if necessary, with
must be
a Party to give it opportunity
objective, neutral,
to make technical clarifications
consult
(continued)
at least one delegation opposed
Proposed
Does
If so,
by
a
Function
Convention
by COP?
Sec't ?
new Body ?
Require Function?
5
cont'd
- - determine whether a
Yes
NO
NO
"
report has been Submitted,
and whether the report is
complete
- - whether the estimated net
greenhouse gas emissions reductions
would be realized as a result
of the identified measures
- - whether methodologies used
are technicallu valid
- - whether, if proposed projects
have been identified, they are
likely to achieve estimated net
GHG reductions
- - consider individual reports,
in the nature of preparatory work
for the COP's work under Article
VI.I, from an essentially technical
point of view, recognizing that there
may be a fine line between technical
and political issues and that any
such consideration should take place
on a consultative basis
- - prepare a report for the COP,
of a descriptive nature, on the above,
which might include suggestions and
should include evaluation of cumulative
effects of measures taken to implement
the Convention
2 (d), 2 (e), 2 (f) on
P' 60, 2 (b), 2 (c) or P. 68,
2 (c) ) 2 (d) on p.69)
Proposed
Required?
COP
sec't
New Body?
Function
G
maintain certain ability
(qualified in some way) to seek,
Yes
No
NO
either under auspices
receive, consider relevant information
of COP or new tody
from int'l hodies and NGOs
(2(e) on p.E9)
7
consult with and seek
Yes
No
:
advice of science body, as
No
necessary (See 2(F) on p.69)
28 February 1992
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
INTERGOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIATING COMMITTEE
FOR A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Fifth session (first part)
New York, 18-28 February 1992
Agenda item 3
REVISED CONSOLIDATED TEXT UNDER NEGOTIATION
Note by the secretariat
The revised consolidated text has been prepared by the secretariat under
the guidance of the Chairman of the Committee and the Co-Chairmen of the
Working Groups. It assembles texts that are, in their view, indicative of the
state of negotiation in the two Working Groups. It is based, inter alia, upon
the Consolidated Working Document contained in Annex II to document
A/AC.237/15 and reflects the work on that document during the first part of
the fifth session. It is intended to facilitate completion of work on the
framework convention.
An edited version of the document will be published subsequently in all
official languages as an annex to the report of the Committee on the work of
the first part of its fifth session (to be issued as /AC.237/18).
A/AC.237/Misc.20
92-09163
2
CONTENTS
Page
PREAMBLE
4
I.
DEFINITIONS
7
[II.
PRINCIPLES]
10
[III.
OBJECTIVE]
12
IV.
COMMITMENTS
13
[IV.1.
General Commitments]
13
[IV.2.
Specific Commitments]
16
[IV.2.1
Stabilization and Reduction of Emissions and
Enhancement of Sinks and Reservoirs]
16
[IV.2.2
Specific Commitments on Financial Resources
19
[IV.2.3
[Technology Cooperation] / [Transfer of Technology]]
19
[IV.3.
Special Situations]
20
V.
COOPERATION ON SCIENCE, RESEARCH,
INFORMATION AND EDUCATION
21
V.1.
Scientific, Technical and Technological Research
[and Development], Systematic Observation and
Cooperation
21
[V.2.
Exchange of Information]
22
[V.3.
Education, Training and Public Awareness]
23
VI.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
24
VI.1.
Conference of the Parties
24
VI.2.
Secretariat
27
[VI.3.]
Implementation Committee] [Executive Council]
[Functions]
28
[VI.4.
Advisory Committee on Science] [and Technology]
[Climate Proctection and Development
32
VI.5.
[ [Administrative) [Independent Funding]
Mechanism for Financial Resources and Technology
Transfer] [International Climate Fund]
34
[VI.6.
Insurance] [Small Island and Low Lying States]
40
3
Page
VII.
PROCEDURES
41
VII.1.
Reporting
41
[VII.2.
Resolution of Questions regarding Interpretation
and Implementation of the Convention]
42
[VII.3.
Settlements of Disputes]
44
VII.4.
Amendments to the Convention
46
[VII.5.
Protocols]
47
VII.6.
Adoption and Amendment of Annexes to the
Convention
48
VII.7.
Right to Vote
49
VIII.
FINAL CLAUSES
50
VIII.1.
Depositary
50
VIII.2.
Signature
51
VIII.3.
Ratification, Acceptance, Approval or Accession
52
VIII.4.
Entry into Force
53
VIII.5.
Reservations and Declarations
54
VIII.6.
Withdrawal
55
VIII.7.
Authentic Texts
56
[ANNEXES]
57
[I.
[Research [Technological] [[and] Development] and
Systematic Observation] [Technological and Scientific
Research and Sytematic Observation]
57
[II.
Reporting]
58
[III.
Arbitration]
61
[IV.
Insurance Mechanism]
62
4
PREAMBLE
The Parties to this Convention,
1.
Acknowledging that [adverse] change in the Earth's climate is a common
concern of humankind since a sustainable climate is an essential condition
that helps to sustain life,
2.
Concerned that [net] emissions resulting from human activities are
substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases,
and that these increases will enhance the greenhouse effect, resulting on
average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface and atmosphere and may
adversely affect natural ecosystems and humankind, whilst noting that there
are many uncertainties in predictions particularly with regard to the timing,
magnitude and regional patterns of climate change,
3.
Aware that the adverse effects of such [potential] climate change [and
measures to mitigate it] could have [serious] social, economic and
environmental consequences,
4.
Acknowledging that the global nature of such climate change calls for
the widest possible cooperation by all countries and their participation in an
effective and appropriate international response in accordance with [their
respective responsibilities and capabilities]/[the means at their disposal and
their capabilities] and their social and economic conditions,
5.
Recalling the pertinent provisions of the Declaration of the United
Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972) and in
particular principle 21 [which provides that "States have, in accordance with
the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the
sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own
environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities
within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of
other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction" [and
accordingly that environmental considerations should not be used as a pretext
for interference in the internal affairs of developing countries)
6.
Recalling also the provisions of General Assembly resolution 44/228 of
22 December 1989 on the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, and resolutions 43/53 of 6 December 1988, 44/207 of
22 December 1989 and 45/212 of 21 December 1990 on Protection of global
climate for present and future generations of mankind,
7.
Recalling further the provisions of General Assembly resolution 44/206
of 22 December 1989 on the possible adverse effects of sea level rise on
islands and coastal areas, particularly low lying coastal areas and the
pertinent provisions of General Assembly resolution 44/172 of 19 December 1989
on the Implementation of the Plan of Action to Combat Desertification,
8.
Noting the Ministerial Declaration of the Second World Climate
Conference adopted on 7 November 1990,
Same text as in A/AC.237/15, Annex II
5
[9. Noting the significant contribution made towards combating activities
that result in adverse effects on the Earth's climate by the Vienna Convention
for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, adopted on 22nd March 1985, and the
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted on 16th
September 1987 and adjusted and amended on 29th June 1990,]
10. Recognizing the need to strengthen international cooperation in
addressing adverse effects of climate change [through the development within a
global framework of appropriate policies [including the provision to
developing countries of adequate, new and additional financial resources
[based on assessed contributions by developed countries] and technology
transfer on [preferential, concessional and non-commercial] [fair and most
favourable] terms], [the preparation of protocols on specific problems) / [the
consideration of additional related instruments as may be agreed] and by means
of increased research into atmospheric, terrestrial and marine ecology
sciences as well as into the social and economic impacts of climate change and
related response strategies, systematic observations, cooperation on
scientific, technical, economic and legal matters and exchange of
information],
11. Conscious of the valuable work being conducted by many States on global
climate change and of the important contributions of the World Meteorological
Organization, organs, organizations and bodies of the United Nations system as
well as other international and intergovernmental bodies for the exchange of
results of scientific research and coordination of research,
12. Recognizing the need for [all] countries [with excessively high per
capita rates of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions] to take immediate
action in a flexible manner on the basis of [short, medium and long
term] [clear priorities, as a first step towards] comprehensive response
strategies at the global, national and [, where agreed, regional] levels which
take into account all greenhouse gases, with due consideration of their
relative contributions to the enhancement of the greenhouse effect and
recognizing also that strategies required to understand and address climate
change will be environmentally, socially and economically most effective if
they are based on relevant scientific, technical and economic considerations
and continually re-evaluated in the light of new findings in these areas,
13. Aware of the role and importance of sinks and reservoirs in terrestrial
and marine ecosystems, inter alia, in the absorption of greenhouse gases,
14. Recognizing that action to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases can also
help in solving other environmental problems,
15. Affirming that response to climate change should be coordinated with
social and economic development in an integrated manner with a view to
avoiding adverse impacts on the latter, taking into full account the
legitimate needs of developing countries which have at this time as their main
priority the achievement of sustained economic growth and the eradication of
poverty, and that therefore the promotion of economic growth in developing
countries is essential to address the problems related to climate change,
16. Recognizing that the improvement of the international economic
environment, thus promoting the economic growth and sustainable social and
economic development, of developing countries, is [essential] prerequisite]
for enabling developing countries to participate effectively in the
international efforts to address climate change,
6
17. Recognizing that all countries, especially developing countries, need
access to [all the] resources required to achieve sustainable social and
economic development and that in order to progress towards that goal, [the
energy consumption of developing countries must grow, taking into account the
need for greater energy efficiency] / [net emissions of developing countries
must grow],
18. Conscious that countries with low lying coastal, arid and semi-arid
areas or areas liable to drought and desertification, small island countries
and countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable
to the potential adverse impacts of climate change and will therefore require
special consideration under this Convention and its [subsequent
protocols] / [related legal instruments],
[19. Acknowledging the specific transitional difficulties of those countries,
particularly developing countries, whose economies are particularly dependent
on fossil fuel production, use and exportation, as a consequence of action
taken on limiting greenhouse gas emissions and that these difficulties will
need to be recognized in the development of protocols under this Convention,]
20. Bearing in mind the importance of integrating environmental concerns and
considerations into policies and programmes in all countries [without
introducing any form of conditionality in aid or development financing or
constituting a pretext for devising new barriers to trade],
[21. Recognizing that climate policies should be as cost-effective as
possible in order to ensure maximum benefits from measures undertaken,]
22. Determined to protect the atmosphere for present and future generations
[on the basis of inter-generational as well as intra-generational equity],
Have agreed as follows:
7
I. DEFINITIONS
[I. First Set)
"Adverse effects of climate change" means changes in the physical
environment or biota resulting from climate change, which have
significant deleterious effects on the composition, resilience and
productivity of natural and managed ecosystems or on the operations of
socio-economic systems or on human health and welfare.
["Afforestation" means forest stands established [artificially] [on land
which previously did not carry forest. 11
"Climate change" means a change of climate which is attributed directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the
global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time periods.
"Climate system" means the totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
including cryosphere, oceans and all seas, biosphere and geosphere and
their interactions.
[ "Deforestation" means change of land use or depletion of crown cover to
less than 10%.]
"Emissions" means the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
[over a specified area and period of time.]
["Forest" means an ecological system with a minimum of 10% crown cover
of trees and/or bamboos, generally associated with wild flora, fauna,
and natural soil conditions, and not subject to agricultural practices.]
["Forest" means an ecological system in which biomass predominates,
associated with wild flora, fauna and natural soil conditions, and not
subject to seasonal cropping practices].
["Forest degradation" means changes within the forest class which
negatively affect the stand or site and, in particular, lower the
production capacity].
8
1/ "Greenhouse gases" means those gaseous constituents of the
atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit
infrared radiation, [excluding gases already controlled by other
conventions].
"Net emissions" means the difference between the amount of a greenhouse
gas released to and the amount removed from the atmosphere by all
sources and all sinks, respectively, as created or modified by
anthropogenic activities, taken over a specified area and period of
time, as calculated by agreed criteria.
["Net Emissions" means increase in the cumulative atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from anthropogenic
activity, depending on the size of the increase in concentration of each
greenhouse gas, the radiative property of the gas involved, the length
of time the gas is likely to remain in the atmosphere and the
concentration of greenhouse gases already present in the atmosphere,
calculated by determining their sources and mechanisms for their
eventual removal from the atmosphere (their man made and natural sinks
on a global scale)
1/ "Precursors" means gases which react chemically in the atmosphere to
produce greenhouse gases or which affect the lifetime of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.
["Reforestation" means the establishment of forest stands [artificially]
on land which carried forest within the previous 50 [100] years [or
within living memory and involving the replacement of the previous crop
by a new and essentially different crop. ]]
"Renewable energy" means energy derived from the harnessing of active
natural energy flows such as solar, wind, hydrological, biomass, wave
and tidal action and ocean thermal energy conversion.
"Reservoir" means a storage medium for greenhouse gases.
"Sink" means any process or activity which contributes to the removal of
a greenhouse gas or the precursor of a greenhouse gas from the
atmosphere.
["Sink" means a mechanism, natural or man-made, for the removal of
greenhouse gases and aerosols from the atmosphere].
The drafting group notes that the term "greenhouse gases" is used in some
places in the Convention to mean "greenhouse gases" only and at other places
to mean "greenhouse gases and their precursors". From the point of view of
drafting, the group recommends that the terms "greenhouse gases" and
"precursors" should be defined in Article 1 as proposed above and that the
Convention should use the expressions "greenhouse gases" and "greenhouse gases
and their precursors" as necessary throughout the text.
9
"Source" means any process or activity which releases [or contributes to
the release of] a greenhouse gas or a precursor of a greenhouse gas to
the atmosphere.
[II. Second Set]
"Regional economic integration organization" means an organization
constituted by sovereign States of a given region which has competence
in respect of matters governed by this Convention or its protocols and
has been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal procedures, to
sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to the instruments concerned.]
Note:
1.
Two additional items were introduced in Working Group II for inclusion
in the list of definitions: "aerosols" and "clearing house".
2.
IPCC will be asked to comment on the list of proposed definitions before
the next session.
10
[II. PRINCIPLES
1.
The right to development is an inalienable human right. All peoples
have an equal right in matters relating to reasonable living standards.
Economic development is the prerequisite for adopting measures to address
climate change. The net emissions of developing countries must grow to meet
their social and economic development needs.
2.
All States have a duty to aim at sustainable development for the benefit
of present and future generations. Protection of the global climate against
human induced change should proceed in an integrated manner with economic
development in the light of the specific conditions of each country, [without
prejudice to the socio-economic development of developing countries).
Measures to guerd against man-made climate change should be integrated into
all relevant national development programmes [taking into account that
[evolving] environmental standards] valid for developed countries may have
inappropriate and unwarranted social and economic costs in particular in
developing countries [and countries with economies in transition]]
[3. All States have an obligation to protect the [global] climate system for
the benefit of present and future generation of humankind on the basis of
[intergenerational as well as intragenerational] equity, and in accordance
with [their] [developed and developing countries) common but differentiated
responsibilities and capabilities [with a view to achieving convergence at a
common per capita level] and taking fully into account that the largest part
of emissions of greenhouse gases has been originating from developed countries
[and those countries have the main responsibility] [and should take the lead]
in combating climate change and the adverse consequences thereof.)
[4. The Parties shall give full consideration to the specific needs and
special circumstances of developing country Parties, especially those
developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
consequences of climate change and also those developing countries which would
have to bear a disproportionate or abnormal burden under the Convention.]
5.
[Recognizing the need for) Parties to [the Convention shall] take [cost-
effective] precautionary measures to anticipate 1, prevent, attack] or
minimize the causes of, and mitigate the adverse consequences of, climate
change. [Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of
full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing such
measures.
6.
States shall promote an open and balanced multilateral trading system.
Except on the basis of a decision by the Conference of the Parties which
should be consistent with the GATT, no country or group of countries shall
introduce barriers to trade on the basis of claims related to climate change.
7.
Measures taken to combat climate change should not introduce trade
distortions inconsistent with the GATT or hinder the promotion of an open and
multilateral trading system.
[8. Those [developed] countries [identified as] [directly] responsible for
causing damage to the environment through inducing climate change]/[which are
11
mainly responsible for emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere]
should bear the responsibility for rectifying that damage [. [By openly
demonstrating their direct responsibility or negligence, those
countries] / [and] shall compensate for environmental damage suffered by other
countries or individuals in other countries] ]
[9. Climate policies should be cost-effective to ensure global benefits at
lowest possible costs. To achieve this, climate policies should be
comprehensive, include all relevant sources and sinks of greenhouse gases,
comprise all economic sectors, [include both limitation and adaptation
measures] and may be implemented in cooperation with other Parties.]
10. In all fields related to the protection of the climate system, the
Parties shall respect and act in accordance with the principle of sovereignty
of States, which is applicable in any area of international cooperation.
11. The need to improve the international economic environment for the
developing countries and to promote their sustained economic development are
prerequisites for enabling developing countries to participate effectively in
the international efforts to protect the global environment including climate
protection.]
12
[III. OBJECTIVE
The ultimate objective of the Convention and any related legal
instruments that might be agreed upon is to achieve, in accordance with the
Principles set out in the above Articles, stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level which would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with climate. Such a level should be reached
within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to
climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to permit
economic activity to develop in a sustainable and environmentally sound
manner.
[The anthropogenic emissions of [all] greenhouse gases, particularly carbon
dioxide, from States should converge at a common per capita level, taking into
account net [carbon)/[greenhouse gas component] emissions during this century
as well as the development needs of developing countries. 11
13
IV. COMMITMENTS
[IV.1 GENERAL COMMITMENTS)
1. The Parties shall, in accordance with the Objective and Principles 2/
stated in the Convention, and particularly in accordance with their common but
differentiated responsibilities, taking into account their specific national
and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, commit
themselves to:
(a) Develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the
Conference of the Parties national inventories of sources and
sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol using comparable methodologies agreed upon by the
Conference of the Parties;
(b) Formulate, implement, publish, and regularly update national and
where appropriate regional [strategies and] programmes containing
[nationally determined) measures [which the concerned Party or
Parties consider necessary and economically feasible]
-
to mitigate climate change [through [control]/[effective
limitation] of their [net] emissions of greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol]
-
to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change
[subject in the case of developing countries to the provision of
[agreed], incremental costs by developed country Parties];
[Report on the above paragraph if provided for in Article ... on reporting]
(c)
Promote and cooperate in [, and, as appropriate, adopt [policies
and] practices related to] the development, application, and
diffusion [, including transfer,] of [environmentally safe and
sound, innovative, efficient, state-of-the-art, lower or
non-greenhouse gas emitting technologies, practices and
processes in all sectors, [particularly energy [ (including
conservation, efficiency and low carbon sources) transport,
industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management], [subject to
the provision of funding for developing countries of
[agreed] / [full] incremental costs] [, and to the extent that the
phenomena will not affect the economic growth of concerned
Parties);
2/ Pending a final decision by the Committee on the inclusion of a section on
Principles.
[Explanatory footnote (to appear in the explanation of the text, but not in
the definitions): "lower or non-greenhouse gas technologies, processes and
practices" includes inter alia conservation, energy efficiency, low carbon
fuels (e.g. natural gas, nuclear), and renewable energy sources [in addition
to sustainable life styles.)
14
(d)
Promote and cooperate in the conservation, sustainable management
and enhancement, as appropriate, of all sinks and reservoirs of
[all] greenhouse gases. [This includes sinks for greenhouse gases
other than carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as well as sinks and
reservoirs for greenhouse gases [in particular carbon dioxide], in
all ecosystems, [in particular terrestrial and marine, with a view
to increasing their capacity to act as sinks and reservoirs and
promoting their overall health, and [adopt appropriate policies]
and take measures [with the aim to elaborate policies) against the
degradation of ecosystems, including [policies and) measures to
combat drought and desertification [and] against deforestation and
forest destruction, and programmes for afforestation and
reforestation] promotion and use of biomass [subject to, in the
case of developing country Parties, their national development
plans and programmes and the provision of [agreed]
incremental costs involved];
(e)
Cooperate in preparations for adaptation to the impacts of climate
change; develop and elaborate appropriate and integrated plans for
coastal zone management, water resources and agriculture including
emergency procedures, coastal zone response mechanisms and
adaptation strategies in sectors such as land use planning,
agriculture and fragile ecosystems and a global observing system;
and undertake assessments of the resilience and adaptability of
resources keeping in view the need for poverty eradication in
developing countries, taking into account the special situation of
least developed countries [on the basis of provision to developing
countries of [agreed] [full] incremental costs involved);
(f)
Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate
change in order to support drought and desertification affected
countries in their efforts to combat these phenomena and their
effects;
(g)
(i)
Take climate change considerations into account, to the
extent possible, in their relevant social, economic and
environmental policies and actions;
(ii) Employ appropriate nationally-formulated and determined
methods, e.g. impact assessments, with a view to minimizing
adverse effects of projects or measures taken by the Parties
to mitigate or adapt to climate change, on the economy,
public health, and quality of the environment;
(h)
Promote and cooperate in scientific, technological, technical,
socio-economic and other research, systematic observation and
development of data archives related to the climate system and
aiming to further the understanding and to reduce and clarify the
remaining uncertainties regarding causes and effects of climate
change and regarding the economic and social consequences of
alternative response strategies, [in accordance with
Article V.2) 4/;
(i)
Promote and cooperate in the full, open and timely exchange of
relevant scientific, technological, technical, socio-economic and
Need to be coordinated with the procedure devised by Working Group II.
15
legal information related to the climate system and climate
change, and economic and social consequences of alternative
response strategies, [in accordance with Article V.3];
(j)
Promote and cooperate in education, training and public awareness
related to climate change and encourage the widest participation
in the process, including by non-governmental organizations, [in
accordance with Article V.4];
[(k) Develop, coordinate and, as appropriate, harmonize, [in order to
avoid distortions to international trade and in accordance with
the GATT], relevant economic and administrative instruments[.]
[, such as subsidies, taxes and charges, as well as other relevant
instruments] aimed at [limiting]/[controlling] net emissions of
greenhouse gases;]
[(1) Within their respective territories, identify [, [examine] and
[phase out] / [estimate] ] the effects of [government] policies and
practices which [protect, subsidize or otherwise] encourage
activities that lead to greater levels of emissions of greenhouse
gases than [necessary]/ [would otherwise occur]. ]
16
[IV.2. SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS]
[IV.2.1 Stabilization and Reduction of Emissions and Enhancement
of Sinks and Reservoirs]
(a) The developed country Parties [as defined in ] shall adopt
national 5/ policies and take corresponding measures on [mitigation of
climate change) [the limitation of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases
and the protection and enhancement of greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs].
[These Parties shall also assist other Parties in adopting similar policies
and measures.) [These developed country policies and measures will [have the
effect of]/[be aimed at], as a first step, stabilizing individually [or
jointly] emissions of [carbon dioxide]/ [the total of all greenhouse gases not
covered by the Montreal Protocol 6/1 [in general by the year 2000]/[as soon
as feasible] at [or near] 1990 level], [taking into account the differences in
their starting points and approaches and the need for equitable contributions
of these Parties).
(Alternative to subpara. (a))
The developed country Parties shall stabilize emissions of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases by 1995 at 1990 levels and thereafter
progressively reduce emissions in pursuance of the objective of the
Convention.
(Further alternative to subpara. (a))
The developed country Parties, as defined in
,
shall adopt national
policies and take corresponding measures on the limitation of their net
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. These Parties shall, as agreed
in Sections IV.2.2 and IV.2.3 of this Convention, also provide the means to
enable the other Parties to adopt necessary measures. These developed country
policies and measures shall be aimed at, as a first step, stabilizing
individually their net emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
not covered by the Montreal Protocol by the year 2000, at the 1990 level,
taking into account the differences in their starting points and approaches
and the need for equitable contributions of these Parties.
((b) In accordance with procedures and criteria based on the best available
scientific knowledge and agreed to and regularly reviewed by the Conference of
the Parties, [any Party which has demonstrated that the [net capacity of
greenhouse gas sinks] [within its territory] has increased due to specific
measures taken by it since [1990] may include a credit equal to this increase
when calculating its emission level. ]]
[(c) In accordance with procedures and criteria based on the best available
scientific knowledge and agreed to and regularly reviewed by the Conference of
5/ This term would also cover policies adopted by regional economic
integration organizations.
6/ The relationship to the Montreal Protocol, in particular its reduction
schedules, needs to be further clarified.
17
the Parties, Parties may implement their [quantitative] commitments under
para. (a) in a comprehensive manner that integrates (carbon dioxide and other)
greenhouse gases not covered by the Montreal Protocol
(d) Parties undertaking (quantitative) commitments under para. (a) may
implement these commitments in cooperation with each other, [provided that the
criteria for cooperative arrangements [involving Parties falling under Section
IV.3.5] are agreed to and regularly reviewed by the Conference of the
Parties 1/1. The terms of such cooperative arrangements shall be notified
to the Conference of the Parties by each of the Parties concerned and
described in detail in the report of these Parties in pursuance of Article
VII. [The Parties may also implement measures to achieve [quantitative]
commitments in cooperation with one or more other Parties, subject to criteria
to be agreed to and regularly reviewed by the Conference of the Parties. 11
[(e) The Conference of the Parties shall [as early as possible and) not later
than four years after the entry into force of the Convention review the
adequacy and operation of subparas (a) - (d), with a view to taking
appropriate decisions on [reductions of anthropogenic emissions of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases and the enhancement of greenhouse gas sinks
and reservoirs 8/, and such changes in the list of Parties to which specific
commitments apply, that may be appropriate] in the light of new developments.
Such review shall be carried out in the light of the best available scientific
information and assessment on climate change and its impacts as well as
relevant technical, social and economic information. Such review shall
thereafter take place at regular intervals, determined by the Conference of
the Parties, until the objective of this Convention is met.]
(Alternative to subpara. (e))
[Each developed country Party commits itself to progressively reduce its
[net] anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases,
after 2000 A.D. They shall announce time-bound targets for such reduction not
later than four years after the entry into force of this Convention.]
1/ The possibility of such cooperative arrangements has not been discussed
with those Parties. The language of the second part of the sentence is
therefore preliminary and will have to be considered further.
8/ The appropriate manner of obtaining the approval of Parties for such
decision, whether by protocol or some other legal instrument, will have to be
reviewed by legal experts.
18
Alternative formulations proposed for IV.2.1
subpara. (a)
line 3
limitation/stabilization
of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases/their net emissions of
greenhouse gases
line 5
these Parties shall also assist other Parties in adopting similar policies and
measures/these Parties shall as agreed in IV.2.2 and IV.2.3 of this Convention
also provide the means to enable the other Parties to adopt necessary measures
line 6
develop country policies and measures will/shall
line 7
stabilizing/stabilizing and subsequently reducing
individually or jointly/individually
line 8
emissions of carbon dioxide/the total of all greenhouse gases not covered by
not covered by the Montreal Protocol
the Montreal Protocol/emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
line 9
by the year 2000/by the year 1995/as soon as feasible
subpara. (b)
line 1
best available scientific knowledge/proved scientific basis
subpara. (c)
line 1
best available scientific knowledge/proved scientific basis
line 4
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases/all greenhouse gases
subpara. (d)
line 9
one or more other Parties/developed and developing country Parties
subpara. (e)
line 3
subparas (a) - (d)/section IV
insert "mitigation and adaptation to climate change" after on
line 8
best available scientific information/proved scientific basis
19
[IV.2.2
SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS ON FINANCIAL RESOURCES]
Developed country Parties [may provide on a voluntary basis]/[shall
commit to the fund established under this Convention, through assessed
contributions, adequate, new and additional] financial resources, [separate
from agreed Official Development Assistance (ODA) levels,] to meet the
[full] / [agreed] incremental costs of developing country Parties, paying
particular attention to the needs of least developed countries, [to be
provided on a grant basis], [required to fulfil the commitments under / [to
take measures provided for in] this Convention [.]/[; to [cover the adaptation
and mitigation costs to developing countries that would be needed as a result
[mitigate and adapt to] the adverse consequences of climate change, and
the direct and indirect social and economic costs to developing countries that
may result from the implementation of the Convention.) [Other Parties [and
international organizations and other institutions) in a position to do so may
[also contribute]/ (provide contributions] on a voluntary basis.]
[IV.2.3 [TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION] [TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY]
The Parties shall make every effort to ensure efficient cooperation in
and related to technology transfer. [All Parties, particularly] developed
country Parties, shall take all practicable steps to promote the transfer of
and [to provide] [assured] access to [environmentally safe and sound)
technologies and know-how [on concessional, preferential and most favourable
terms) to developing country Parties, paying particular attention to the needs
of least developed countries, to enhance their ability to implement this
Convention. [The Parties shall identify and take appropriate steps to reduce
or eliminate unjustifiable barriers to the transfer of technology.] [They
should ensure that the [lack of] protection of intellectual property rights
does not hinder such transfer.] In this process, the essential role of
endogenous capacities and technologies in developing countries should be
enhanced and supported by the developed country Parties.
[IV.2.4]
[(a) Developing country Parties shall [in accordance with the Objective and
Principles stipulated in Sections II and III, and in accordance with their
national development plans, priorities, objectives and specific country
conditions] [consider taking feasible] [undertake] measures to mitigate
climate change [through control of (their net] emissions of greenhouse gases
[and maintenance and enhancement, where appropriate, of sinks and
reservoirs] [provided that the [agreed] full] incremental costs involved
are met by the provision of [new, adequate and additional] financial resources
from the developed country Parties].
((b) Compliance with this Convention by developing country Parties will be
dependent upon the effective implementation of the provisions of this
Convention on financial resources and transfer of technology.]
20
[IV.3. SPECIAL SITUATIONS]
1.
The Parties shall give full consideration to the specific needs,
including for the transfer of technology and/or funding in accordance with the
provisions of the Convention, of developing country Parties especially
(a)
small island countries;
(b)
countries with low lying coastal areas;
(c)
countries with arid and semi-arid areas and forested areas;
(d)
countries with areas prone to natural disasters;
(e)
countries with areas liable to drought and desertification and
forest decay;
(f)
countries with areas of high urban atmospheric pollution;
(g)
countries with areas with fragile ecosystems including mountainous
ecosystems;
(h)
countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated
from the production, processing and export, and/or on consumption
of fossil fuels and associated energy intensive products; and
(i)
landlocked and transit countries.
2.
The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and special
situations of the least developed countries in their action with regard to
funding and transfer of technology.
[3. The Parties shall develop and adopt a "green plan" with appropriate
emergency measures and mechanisms for the protection and recovery of fragile
ecosystems, particularly arid and semi arid areas affected by drought and
desertification in Africa, in order to limit their vulnerability to climate
change.]
4.
The Parties shall, in accordance with Article
take into
consideration, in the implementation of the commitments of the Convention, and
in the adoption of concrete measures, the situation of Parties, particularly
developing country Parties, whose economies are highly dependent on the
production and/or export of fossil fuels and associated energy intensive
products and/or the use of fossil fuels for which such Parties have serious
difficulties in switching to alternatives.
5.
The Parties recognize that in the acceptance and the implementation of
the commitments of the Convention, a certain degree of flexibility has to be
given to countries with economies in transition, which are in the stage of
transit from centrally planned system to market economy, to enhance their
ability to cope with climate change.
9/ Subject to the formulation of institutions and their functions (Conference
of the Parties, Implementation Committee, Disputes Settlement Procedures,
etc.) to be drafted by Working Group II.
21
V. COOPERATION ON SCIENCE, RESEARCH,
INFORMATION AND EDUCATION
V.1. SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH [AND DEVELOPMENT],
SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION AND COOPERATION
1. Each Party shall promote and cooperate in scientific, technological,
technical, socio-economic and other research [and development], systematic
observation and development of data archives related to the climate system and
aiming to further the understanding and to reduce and clarify the remaining
uncertainties regarding causes and effects of climate change and regarding the
economic and social consequences of alternative response strategies [as
elaborated in Annex 1].
Option 1
[2. Parties that do not have the indigenous capability to undertake research
and development will be ensured assistance in these areas.)
Option 2
[2. The Parties shall take into account the particular concerns and needs of
developing countries and [seek to promote the] [improve their] capacity and
capability [of all Parties] to participate in these cooperative efforts.]
Option 3
[2. The Parties shall take into account the particular concerns and needs of
developing countries.)
Option 4
[2. The Parties shall take into account the particular concerns and needs of
developing countries and seek to improve their capacity and their capability
to participate in these cooperative efforts. In doing so, the Parties shall
work towards the improvement of the capability of developing countries to
collect and assess climate information, prepare net emission inventories,
assess possible impacts of global warming and the cost effective response to
it and participate in international research and development programs and in
the promotion of the development and transfer of environmentally safe
technologies and technical as well as financial assistance.)
3. The Parties shall support international and intergovernmental efforts to
strengthen the observational networks and data collection as well as
scientific and technical research capacities particularly in developing
countries [for timely exchange of relevant scientific and technological
information. Special measures shall be implemented to promote access to data
obtained from areas beyond national jurisdiction.]
4. The Parties shall also seek to minimize duplication of effort in research
and systematic observation by utilizing, where possible, existing competent
international and intergovernmental bodies.
22
[V.2. EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
In order to achieve the objective of the Convention, the Parties [shall]
[may] facilitate and encourage, [taking into account the special circumstances
of developing countries, ] directly or 1, as far as possible, ] through
[existing] competent international and intergovernmental organizations, full
[, open] and timely exchange of relevant scientific, technological, technical,
socio-economic and legal [available] information (as described in Annex II].
[The Parties recognize that cooperation under this Annex has to be consistent
with national laws, regulations and practices regarding patents, trade secrets
and protection of confidential and proprietary information. 11
23
[V.3. EDUCATION, TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS
Promotion
1. In order to increase the understanding of climate change [and the
uncertainties surrounding it] and to facilitate appropriate responses, the
Parties shall promote education, training and public awareness related to
climate change.
National
2.
At the national [and/or regional] level and in accordance with
[national laws and regulations] [the means] at their disposal, the Parties
shall promote and facilitate:
(a)
The development and implementation of education and public
awareness programmes on climate change;
(b)
Public access to information on climate change;
(c)
Public participation in addressing climate change issues and
developing appropriate responses; and
(d)
Appropriate training of scientific, technical and managerial
personnel.
International
3.
At the international level, using existing organizations,
institutions and channels where appropriate, the Parties shall cooperate in
and promote:
(a)
The development and exchange of educational and public awareness
material on climate change; and
(b)
The development and implementation of education and training
programmes, including the exchange or secondment of personnel, in
particular for developing countries.
[Alternative to paragraph 3 (b)
(b)
The development and implementation of education and training
programmes should be carried out by:
(i)
Providing courses and skills particularly to developing
countries in the developed countries' institutions in the
short and medium term;
(ii)
In the long term, assist developing countries to build such
institutions on their own; and
(iii)
Exchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this
field in the developing countries.]
24
VI. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
VI.1. CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES
1. A Conference of the Parties is hereby established.
2. The Conference of the Parties shall keep under regular review the
implementation of this Convention and any other related legal instruments that
the Conference of the Parties may adopt, and make, within its mandate, the
decisions necessary to promote the effective implementation of the Convention.
To this end, it shall:
(a)
Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties and the
institutional arrangements under this Convention, in light of the
objective [8] of the Convention, the experience gained in its
implementation and the evolution of scientific knowledge;
[(b)
Consider the information submitted in accordance with Article
VII.1. (Reporting) [to assess, inter alia,] [the implementation
by the Parties of the Convention], the overall environmental,
economic and social effects of the measures taken pursuant to the
Convention and the extent to which the objective (s) of the
Convention is being achieved;)
(c)
Consider the reports submitted by its subsidiary bodies;
[andperform the functions assigned to it under Articles
[VI.4.] (Advisory Committee on Science) [VI.5.] (Advisory
Committee on Implementation) [VII.2] (Resolution of Questions) ];
[(d)
Examine the form of and intervals for submission of the reports
referred to in sub-paragraphs (b) and (c) i)
(e)
Consider and adopt regular reports on progress in the
implementation of the Convention and ensure their publication;
(f)
[Provide policy direction and establish criteria [including
priorities and selection of projects] for the functioning of the
mechanism[ (8) for financial resources and transfer of
[environmentally safe) technology];
Alternative to (f) :
[Perform the functions assigned to it under Article VI.6. (Financial
Mechanism), [VI.7] (Insurance) and [Article ] (Joint Implementation) ];
(g)
Perform the functions assigned to it by Article [VII.2.]
(Resolution of Questions) [and Article [VI.5. (Committee on
Implementation) 1;
(h)
Seek, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and
utilize the information provided by, appropriate international
organizations and intergovernmental [and nongovernmental] bodies
[with observer status];
(i)
Promote the exchange of information on, and the coordination, as
appropriate, of, policies, strategies and measures to address
climate change, taking into account the differing circumstances
[respective responsibilities] and capabilities of the Parties;
[(j)
Seek to mobilize [new and additional] financial resources in
accordance with Article [IV.2.2. 1;]
25
(k)
Promote public awareness of the climate change issue;
(1)
Consider questions related to research [and development and
systematic observation; exchange of information; education,
training and public awareness; scientific, [technological] and
[technical] cooperation;
((m)
Consider questions [on cooperation related to transfer of
technology] [and endogenous capacity building, in particular in
developing countries; ];]
(n)
Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the
(implementation) [operation] of the Convention;
(o)
Agree upon and adopt [, by consensus,] rules of procedure for
itself and for any subsidiary bodies that are established by or
under the Convention;
(p)
Agree upon and adopt 1, by consensus,] budgets and financial
rules for itself and for any subsidiary bodies that are
established by or under the Convention;
(q)
Consider and adopt, as may be agreed in accordance with the
relevant articles, amendments to this Convention, additional
annexes and amendments of annexes to this Convention;
(r)
Consider and adopt, as may be agreed in accordance with Article
[VII.4.] (Protocols), any [protocol] [other related legal
instruments] to this Convention;
(s)
Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the
implementation of the Convention; and
(t)
Exercise such other functions as are conferred on it by this
Convention [or as are required for the achievement of its
objectives].
3. The rules of procedures referred to in paragraph 2 (o) shall be adopted at
the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties by consensus and shall
include decision-making procedures for matters not already covered by
decision-making procedures specified in this Convention. Such procedures may
include specified majorities required for the adoption of particular
decisions.
Meetings
4. The first meeting of the Conference of the Parties shall be convened by
the interim secretariat established under Article VI.3. not later than one
year after entry into force of the Convention. Thereafter, ordinary meetings
of the Conference of the Parties shall be held at least every two years unless
otherwise decided by the Conference.
5. Extraordinary meetings of the Conference of the Parties shall be held at
such other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference, or at the
written request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request
being communicated to the Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at
least one third of the Parties.
26
Observers
OPTION 1
[6. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic
Energy Agency, as well as any State [member or observer of the UN or its
specialized agencies) [and permanent observers to the UN) not Party to this
Convention, may be represented at meetings of the Conference of the Parties
as observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international,
governmental or non-governmental, qualified in matters covered by the
Convention that has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at
a meeting of the Conference of the Parties as an observer may be admitted
unless at least one-third of the Parties present object. The admission and
participation of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure adopted
by the Conference of the Parties.]
OPTION 2
[6. The United Nations, its members and observers, specialized agencies, the
International Atomic Energy Agency, as well as any state not Party to this
Convention, may be represented at meetings of the Conference of the Parties as
observers. Other agencies that have informed the secretariat of their wish to
be represented may be admitted in accordance with the rules of procedures.]
27
VI.2. SECRETARIAT
Establishment
1. A secretariat is hereby established.
Functions
2. The functions of the secretariat shall be:
(a)
To arrange for and service meetings of the Conference of the
Parties and its subsidiary bodies established under the
Convention;
(b)
To compile and transmit reports submitted to it;
[(c)
To prepare reports on its activities and present them to the
Conference of the Parties;]
[(d)
To [cooperate] [assist the developing countries], upon request, in
the compilation of national reports;]
(e)
To ensure the necessary coordination with other relevant
international [and intergovernmental] bodies and, in particular,
to enter into such administrative and contractual arrangements as
may be required for the effective discharge of its functions; and
(f)
To perform the functions specified in this Convention or any
other functions as may be determined by the Conference of the
Parties.
Designation of interim secretariat
3. The secretariat functions will be carried out on an interim basis by the
ad hoc secretariat established under resolution 45/212 of 20 December 1990 of
the General Assembly of the United Nations until the completion of the first
ordinary meeting of the Conference of the Parties held pursuant to Article
[VI. 1.] (Conference of the Parties). At its first ordinary meeting the
Conference of the Parties shall designate a secretariat.
28
[VI.3. [IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEE) [EXECUTIVE COUNCIL] [FUNCTIONS]
OPTION 1
[1. An [Implementation Committee] [Executive Council] is hereby established.
It will be [open-ended] [composed of fifteen members] representing all the
Parties [and elected by the Conference of the Parties by a majority of the
Parties present and voting]. [The Conference of the Parties may increase this
number without exceeding a quarter of the number of contracting Parties.] The
members shall be Government representatives who are experts on matters related
to climate change.
2.
The [Implementation Committee] [Executive Council] shall in particular:
(a)
Ensure the implementation of the decisions of the Conference of
the Parties, as instructed by the latter;
(b)
Prepare, where appropriate, the deliberations of the Conference
of the Parties;
(c)
Oversee the dissemination of information to all Parties about
measures taken by other Parties on the basis of [reports]
[exchange of information] submitted in accordance with Articles -
-- (Reporting);
(d)
Review the implementation by the Parties of their obligations and
the progress made in this respect through an evaluation of their
national reports submitted in accordance with Articles ---
(Reporting). The Committee shall, inter alia:
i. Advise individual Parties, at their request, on the ways and
means of meeting the reporting requirements set forth in Articles
--- (Reporting), including the development of national climate
change strategies;
ii.
Review and consult with individual Parties on the [report
submitted by] [information received from] those Parties in
accordance with Articles --- (Reporting) and request, as
necessary, additional information or clarification thereon;
iii.
Seek, receive and consider relevant information from competent
international and intergovernmental bodies and non-
governmental organizations;
iv.
Consult with, and seek the advice of, the Advisory Committee
on Science, as necessary;
(e)
Seek to establish at each stage of the review process a close
dialogue with the Parties concerned and to come to
consensual solutions on questions that may arise;
(f)
Carry out any other function the Conference of the Parties may
confer on it; and
(g)
Oversee and give additional guidance, within the framework of the
decisions of the Conference of the Parties, to other subsidiary
organs of the Convention [and especially to the financial
mechanism of the Convention].
3. The [Implementation Committee] [Executive Council] shall, with the
assistance of the secretariat, prepare an annual report on the
29
implementation] [overall operation] of the Convention and propose the
measures it deems appropriate to the Conference of the Parties. This report
shall be transmitted to all Parties by the secretariat and shall be published.
4. The first meeting of the [Committee/Council] shall be convened not more
than six months after the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties.
Unless the Conference of the Parties decides otherwise, subsequent meetings
shall be convened at least biannually.
5. The [Committee/Council] shall elect from among its members, a chairman
and two vice-chairmen and a rapporteur, each to serve for a term of two years,
and who may, subject to re-election, serve additional terms.
6. The [Committee/Council) shall agree upon and adopt its rules of procedure
and any amendments thereto, by consensus.]
OPTION 2
[The Conference of the Parties shall, at its first meeting, establish a
subsidiary body [or bodies] to assist it in preparing for its work under
Article VI.1 [, particularly Article VI. (2) (b) Such body [or bodies] shall
operate in an objective and consultative manner. [Possible sentence on
membership] [Such bodies [or bodies] shall perform the following functions:
[(a)
ensure the implementation of the decisions of the Conference of
the Parties;]
[(b)
prepare the deliberations of the Conference of the Parties;]
[(c)
provide assistance to Parties, at their request, on meeting
reporting requirements [from a technical point of view]
((d)
consider individual reports [from an essentially technical point
of view], in preparation for the work of the Conference of the
Parties under Article VI.1 [2(b)];]
[To this end, it shall:
[i.
consult, if necessary, with a Party, to give it an opportunity
to make [technical] clarifications;]
[ii.
determine whether a report has been submitted, and whether the
report is complete;]
[iii.
consider whether the estimated [net] greenhouse gas emissions
reductions have been or would be realized as a result of the
identified measures;)
[iv.
consider whether methodologies used are technically valid;]
[v.
consider whether, if proposed projects have been identified,
they would be likely to achieve estimated [net] greenhouse gas
emissions reductions;]
[vi.
prepare a report of a descriptive nature for the Conference of
the Parties on the above, which might include suggestions and
which shall include evaluation of overall effects of measures
taken to pursuant to the Convention;]
[(e)
seek, receive and consider, as necessary, relevant information
from competent international and intergovernmental bodies and
non-governmental organizations;]
30
[(f)
consult with and seek the advice of other subsidiary bodies, as
necessary;]
[(g)
perform the functions assigned to it under Article VII.2
(Resolution of Questions) i ]
(h)
perform such other functions as may be assigned to it by the
Conference of the Parties. 11
OPTION 3
[The Conference of the Parties [shall] [may] [at its first meeting,]
establish [a subsidiary body [or bodies] [a mechanism under its auspices] to
assist it in preparing for its work [under Article VI.1] [; particularly
Article VI. (2) (b) Such [body [or bodies] ] [mechanism] shall operate in an
[objective and [consultative] manner [, in support of the Conference of the
Parties in performing the functions spelled out in Article VI.1.)
[Possible sentence on membership.]
[Such body [or bodies] [such a mechanism] shall perform the following
functions:
[ (a)
ensure [the provisions of adequate, new and additional financial
resources and transfer of technology on preferential and non-
commercial terms for] the implementation of the decisions of the
Conference of the Parties [by developing country Parties] i]
[(b)
prepare the deliberations of the Conference of the Parties] [, if
necessary, and as decided by the Conference of the Parties by
consensus] i)
[(c)
[provide] [ensure the provision of] assistance to Parties, at
their request, on meeting [reporting] requirements [for
information exchange) from a technical point of view]; ]
[(d)
consider [individual reports) [all information received] [the
exchange of information] [from an essentially technical point of
view] [, in preparation for the work of the Conference of the
Parties under Article VI.1 (b) ];]
[To this end, it shall:
(i.
consult, if necessary, with [a Party, [, Parties] [on the
preparation of the work of the Conference of the Parties] [to
give it an opportunity to make [technical] clarifications] i]
[ii.
determine whether a [report] [information] [from all Parties
are received) [has been submitted, and whether the report is
complete] il
[iii.
consider whether the estimated [net] greenhouse gas emissions
reductions [by developed countries) (and developing countries]
have been or would be realized as a result of the identified
measures;)
[iv.
consider whether [methodologies used are technically valid]
[technical support for the developing countries has been
adequately rendered];
31
[v.
consider whether [, if proposed projects have been identified,
they would be likely to achieve estimated [net] greenhouse gas
emissions reductions] [specific commitments are made by the
[developed countries] [and developing countries] il
[vi.
prepare a report of a descriptive nature for the Conference of
the Parties on the above, which might include suggestions and
which shall include evaluation of [overall effects of measures
taken pursuant to the Convention] [the fulfilment of the
specific commitments by [developed countries] [and developing
countries] ];]
[ (e)
seek, receive and consider, as necessary, relevant information
from competent international and intergovernmental bodies and
non-governmental organizations;]
[(f)
consult with and seek the advice of other subsidiary bodies, as
necessary;
[(g)
perform [only] the functions assigned to it [under Article VII.2.
(Resolution of Questions) [under this Convention] i]
[(h)
confirm to the Conference of the Parties that Parties have
fulfilled their reporting and other commitments under this
Convention and that, where appropriate, they are therefore
eligible for funding under the Financial Mechanism;]
[(i)
[ensure the adequate protection of intellectual property rights
in all issues related to transfer of technology and information]
[, taking into account the need for due flexibility in the
protection of intellectual property rights for the fulfilment of
the objectives of this Convention] il and
((j)
perform such other functions as may be assigned to it by the
Conference of the Parties. 11
32
[VI.4. ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE) [AND TECHNOLOGY]
[CLIMATE PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT]
1. An [Advisory Committee on Science] [and Technology] [Science Mechanism]
[under the auspices of the Conference of the Parties] is hereby established
[, in pursuit of the objectives of the Convention].
2. The [Committee] [mechanism] shall provide the Conference of the Parties,
[and as appropriate its other subsidiary bodies] with timely information [and
advice] [on scientific aspects of this Convention], [including the fields of
natural, [technological] physical [and] social [and economic] sciences,
related to climate change including, [its impacts on ecosystems and
relationship to development].
3. Alternative A
The [Committee] [ Mechanism) shall comprise [x] [persons of recognized
competence in relevant fields of expertise] [competent government
representatives] [sitting in their individual capacity] [selected by the
Conference of the Parties by methods to be decided at its first meeting] [on
the basis of equitable/geographical [distribution] [representation] [The
[Committee] [Mechanism] shall be open ended.]
[Its functions shall include [providing to the Conference of the Parties
in terms most useful to it] [inter alia]:
(a)
regular [assessments] [interpretations] of [the state of
scientific knowledge on sciences related to climate change drawn
from] the reports of competent [interational, intergovernmental]
[and non-governmental) scientific [bodies] [research] [related to
climate change];
(b)
[updating best available knowledge on sciences related to climate
change];
(c)
suggest priorities for scientific [programmes and] research and
international cooperation, [and make recommendations on ways and
means to support endogenous capacity building in developing
countries] [in accordance with Article ...];
(d)
analyse [the impacts of and responses to] climate change [and
their impacts] [on ecosystems and] [development];
(e)
[respond to questions raised by the Conference of the Parties in
the fields within its mandate; [on scientific aspects of the
Convention];
(f)
[review from the scientific viewpoint the effects of measures
taken in the implementaiton of the Convention;]
(g)
[identify innovative, efficient and state of the art technologies
and know-how and advice on the ways and means to ensure transfer
of such technology] and
(h)
[review the adequacy of international cooperation in research and
development and make recommendations to the Conference of the
Parties].
(i)
[The Committee shall perform any other function to be conferred
by the Conference of the Parties).
33
Alternative B
[The functions, membership and operations of the [Committee] [Mechanism]
shall [may be specified or modified] be decided by the Conference of the
Parties [at its first meeting] . ]
Alternative C
[For the purposes of the Convention, the Advisory Committee shall take up
responsibility for all functions so far carried out by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, which, upon the entry into force of this Convention,
will be invited, by the Parties, to integrate the structure of the Convention,
under the Advisory Committee. The Advisory Committee shall, besides
incorporating the functions until now undertaken by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, provide regular assessments on questions related to
developmental concerns and implications of the new regime for cooperation on
climate change, as set forth in this Convention. 11
34
VI.5. {ADMINISTRATIVE] [INDEPENDENT FUNDING] MECHANISM FOR
FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER]
[INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE FUND]
OPTION 1 - Alternative A
[A mechanism for financial resources and the transfer of technology is
hereby established. It shall include a Climate Fund. [It may also include
other modalities for the provisions of financial resources under this
Convention.] The Financial Mechanism/Fund shall operate under the authority
of the Conference of the Parties.
The Parties shall establish appropriate arrangements for the
administration of the financial and [the transfer of technology]
mechanism/Fund. [The Executive Committee of the Parties/or another body
designated by the Parties] shall, with the consent of the Conference of the
Parties, develop and monitor the implementation of the specific operational
policies [, including the selection of projects, for the purposes of
achieving the objectives of the financial mechanism/Fund. [The Financial
Mechanism/Fund shall be administered as a Trust Fund by the Global
Environmental Facility (GEF) of IBRD/UNDP/UNEP.)
OPTION 1 - Alternative B
Establishment
[1. An [administrative] [independent funding] mechanism for [the
administration) of the financial resources and the transfer of [safe and
sound] technology, with a democratic and transparent system of governance,
[and equitable participation by developed and developing countries] is hereby
[established] [designated under the auspices of ...].]
[Possible Alternative Text
A financial mechanism is hereby established. The financial mechanism
shall operate under the authority of the Conference of the Parties who shall
decide on its overall policies. The Executive Committee of the Parties shall,
with the consent of the Conference of the Parties, develop and monitor the
implementation of the specific operational policies for the purpose of
achieving the objectives of the financial mechanism.]
[Possible Additional Text
The financial mechanism shall include a Climate Fund which shall be
administered as a Trust Fund by the Global Environment Facility of World
Bank/UNDP/UNEP. The Climate Fund shall meet on a grant or concessional basis
the agreed incremental costs of developing countries referred to in Article
]
Functions
[2. The [administrative] mechanism for financial resources and [safe]
technology transfer shall:
[(a)
Be responsible for the administration of funds, including those
funds related to the promotion of [preferential and non-
commercial] transfer of [safe] technology, provided by the
Parties for the fulfilment of the obligations of the Convention;]
(b)
Be accountable to the Conference of the Parties for its
allocation of the funds and for ensuring that the funding
35
priorities and criteria established by the Conference of the
Parties are adhered to in its financial activities;
(c)
Be responsible for receiving assessed and other contributions,
either financial or as otherwise provided by Parties and other
bodies, in accordance with criteria set out by the Conference of
the Parties;
(d)
Establish appropriate accounting procedures to ensure that all
assessments and contributions made to fulfil obligations of the
Convention are properly recorded, credited and accounted for;
(e)
Be responsible for facilitating the identification and selection
of projects to support the efforts of Parties to [meet]
[implement] their obligations [jointly] under this Convention;
Functions related to transfer of technology
[(f)
Pursuant to the operational guidelines and policy direction of
the Conference of the Parties, coordinate the appropriate
procedures and take the necessary steps to promote, facilitate
and enable the transfer of technology;]
[ (g)
Provide funding to purchase requisite technologies for the
implementation of projects undertaken by developing country
Parties under the mechanism set up by the International Climate
Fund;]
[(h)
Promote, and finance when necessary, the exchange of and access
to technological information required by the Parties. The
technological information should include inter alia, the
environmentally sound and safe technologies including those that
have been neglected or displaced, the technological options,
trading conditions, implementation costs and technological
security;)
[(i)
Coordinate ways and means to develop long-term technological
partnerships between the holders of environmentally sound
technologies and potential users in Parties, particularly
developing countries, taking into account their national
objectives and policies;]
[(j)
Organize, when requested by a recipient Party, or group of
recipient Parties and on terms and conditions set out by such
recipient countries, international competitive bidding to
purchase requisite technologies for transfer to the requesting
Parties;)
[(k)
Provide requested support to a recipient Party or group of
recipient Parties to assess the offers presented in international
competitive bidding, to enable the requesting Parties to obtain
the most favourable terms and conditions, including inter alia,
in terms of price, transfer of know-how, high safety and
environmental requirements, training, supply of spare parts, and
maintenance;]
[(1)
Ensure the development of endogenous capacity building in
developing country Parties, including technologies in the public
domain, in accordance with their development plans, objectives
and priorities of these countries, through, inter alia, the
supply of necessary equipment, expertise and facilities for
36
research and development, and the training of scientific,
technical, and managerial personnel;]
(m)
Finance its operations from a fund, separate from its programme
resources, established specifically to cover its administrative
expenses;
(n)
Provide annual reports to the Conference of the Parties on its
operations and, inter alia, on evaluation and assessment of the
effectiveness of its functions and, as required, information to
the subsidiary bodies of the Conference of the Parties, in order
that they can fulfil their mandates;
((0)
Administer the [joint implementation] [cooperative system of
exchange] of [emissions commitments) [commitments on emissions
[of greenhouse gases] and enhancement of all sinks] according to
the terms of the Convention;]
[(p)
Administer operations required of it by protocols to this
Convention, and any other matters agreed on by the Conference of
the Parties; and
[(q)
Explore ways and means to employ financial resources to promote
the flexibility of intellectual property rights with a view to
promoting the transfer of sound technology to developing
countries. 11
OPTION 2
[1. The Parties hereby designate the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
established and operated jointly by WB/UNDP/UNEP as the mechanism for the
provision of financial resources to Parties in need of assistance in meeting
agreed incremental costs of implementing this convention.
2. The Conference of the Parties shall, in accordance with relevant Rules of
Procedure, establish appropriate arrangements with the GEF to implement
Paragraph 1 above. Such arrangements shall include inter alia:
(a)
modalities to promote the involvement of the Parties in the GEF
[with a view to ensuring a transparent system of governance of
the mechanism and a balanced representation of developed and
developing country Parties]*;
(b)
provision for the GEF in funding projects related to the
convention to [comply with] [consider] the [policy and] programme
priorities and eligibility criteria established by the Conference
of the Parties;
(c)
provision for receipt by the GEF of requests from Parties in need
of assistance in meeting agreed incremental costs of implementing
this Convention;
(d)
provision by the Conference of the Parties or its subsidiary
bodies to the GEF of information that might promote the
implementation of this Convention, including the establishment of
cooperative linkages between the STAP and scientific and
technical bodies established under this Convention;
(e)
provision by the GEF of regular reports through the Convention
Secretariat to the Conference of the Parties on its operations
related to the implementation of this Convention, including
projects selected; financial expenditures; current and
anticipated funding reserves; the relationship between its
operations related to the implementation of this Convention and
other assistance it is providing in sectors relevant to climate
37
change; and other information of interest to the Conference of
the Parties;
(f)
provision for the Conference of the Parties to request the GEF to
reconsider a particular funding decision in the light of the
criteria and priorities referred to in paragraph 2(b);
3. The Conference of the Parties shall periodically assess the operation of
the GEF as the mechanism for the provision of financial resources related to
the implementation of this Convention, with a view to modifying the
arrangements under Paragraph 2 as may be appropriate.
* Note:
The portion in square brackets is not a legal text.
38
(4. Parties may also provide assistance related to the implementation of this
Convention through bilateral or other multilateral channels. In this regard,
interested Parties may meet, on an ad hoc basis, to consider whether any Party
is interested in assisting another Party in the implementation of a proposed
project the latter has identified in its national report. Parties may, as
appropriate, invite representatives of multilateral financial institutions to
such meetings for the purpose of providing them with an opportunity to
consider projects for inclusion in their development assistance portfolios.
OPTION 3
Establishment
[1. An International Climate Fund is hereby established under the authority
of the Conference of the Parties which shall decide on its overall policies
and operations, in particular determining priorities, criteria and selection
of projects and activities to be funded. It shall be distinct and independent
from other funds and international financial institutions.
2. The mechanism for financial resources and transfer of technology set up
under the International Climate Fund, shall be administered as follows:
Functions relating to financial resources
(a) Meet on a grant basis the full incremental costs of measures taken by
developing country Parties to address climate change, in accordance with
criteria to be developed by the Conference of the Parties;
(b) Cover the costs to developing country Parties of adaptation and
mitigation measures that may be needed as a result of the adverse
consequences of climate change and the direct and indirect social and
economic costs to developing countries that may result from the
implementation of the Convention;
(c) Be responsible for receiving assessed and other contributions, either
financial or as otherwise provided by Parties and other bodies, in
accordance with criteria set out by the Conference of the Parties;
(d) Establish appropriate accounting procedures to ensure that all
assessments and contributions made to fulfil the obligations of the
Convention are properly recorded, credited and accounted for;
(e) Be responsible for facilitating the identification and selection of
projects and activities for supporting the efforts of the Parties to meet
their obligations under this Convention;
(f)
Finance the secretariat services of the Fund and related support
costs;
(g) Provide an annual report to the Conference of the Parties on its
operations and, as required, information to the subsidiary bodies of the
Conference of the Parties, in order that they can fulfil their mandates;
and
(h) Provide, in general, funding for projects and activities organized under
this Article and in accordance with the provisions set out by this
Convention.
Functions related to transfer of technology
(i) Pursuant to the operational guidelines and policy direction of the
Conference of the Parties, coordinate the appropriate procedures and take
the necessary steps to promote, facilitate and enable the transfer of
technology;
39
(j) Provide funding to purchase requisite technologies for the implementation
of projects undertaken by developing country Parties under the mechanism
set up by the International Climate Fund;
(k) Promote, and finance when necessary, the exchange of and access to
technological information required by the Parties. The technological
information should include inter alia, the environmentally sound and safe
technologies including those that have been neglected or displaced, the
technological options, trading conditions, implementation costs and
technological security;
(1) Coordinate ways and means to develop long-term technological partnerships
between the holders of environmentally sound technologies and potential
users in Parties, particularly developing countries, taking into account
their national objectives and policies;
(m) Organize, when requested by a recipient Party, or group of recipient
Parties and on terms and conditions set out by such recipient countries,
international competitive bidding to purchase requisite technologies for
transfer to the requesting parties;
(n) Provide requested support to a recipient Party or group of recipient
Parties to assess the offers presented in international competitive
bidding, to enable the requesting parties to obtain the most favourable
terms and conditions, including inter alia, in terms of price, transfer
of know-how, high safety and environmental requirements, training, supply
of spare parts, and maintenance; and
(o) Ensure the development of endogenous capacity building in developing
country Parties, including technologies in the public domain, in
accordance with their development plans, objectives and priorities of
these countries, through, inter alia, the supply of necessary equipment,
expertise and facilities for research and development, and the training
of scientific, technical, and managerial personnel.]
40
[VI.6. INSURANCE] [SMALL ISLAND AND LOW LYING STATES)
Option 1
[The Parties shall establish separate supplementary financial mechanisms
to assist developing countries, particularly least developed countries,
vulnerable small island and low lying coastal developing countries [and
developing countries with vulnerable mountain areas] [and countries suffering
from desertification or drought] to prevent or mitigate the adverse
consequences of sea-level rise [and drought and desertification] resulting
from climate change, as specified in [Annex IV] (Insurance Mechanism).
Option 2
[The Conference of the Parties shall consider what action is necessary
under the Convention to meet the concerns of the most vulnerable small island
and low lying developing countries about the adverse consequences of sea-level
rise.]
Option 3
[The Parties shall establish separate supplementary financial
mechanism[s] to assist developing countries, particularly those most
vulnerable among them, to counter, mitigate, and/or adapt to the adverse
consequences of climate change. The details of such mechanism(s) shall be
specified by the Conference of the Parties.)
Option 4
[The Conference of the Parties shall [at its first meeting] consider [the
establishment of an insurance scheme] [what action is necessary) to meet the
[concerns] [needs] of the Parties which are vulnerable small island or
vulnerable low lying coastal developing countries relating to the adverse
consequences of sea-level rise. 11
41
VII. PROCEDURES
VII.1. REPORTING
1.
Each Party [shall], [in accordance with its capabilities,) prepare,
submit and periodically update a report containing the information [set forth
in Annex II] including the measures it is taking to implement the Convention.
[For developing country Parties, the fulfilment of this obligation will be
conditional on the availability of corresponding new and additional financial
resources. [The availability of financial resources from the financial
mechanism shall be contingent upon the full implementation of this
obligation.]
(2. Each Party shall submit an initial report within X years of entry into
force of the Convention for it (,except that for each country defined as a
developing country for the purposes of this Convention, an initial report
shall be submitted within y years of the Convention coming into force for it,]
and further that a least developed country may submit its first report within
z years of the Convention coming into force for it [or within four years of
receipt of financial resources from the fund established under this
Convention, whichever is the later]. The frequency of subsequent reports for
all Parties shall be determined by the Conference of the Parties. [For
developing country Parties, ] financial and technical [assistance]
[cooperation] in the preparation of such reports shall [,if they so request,]
be [provided through procedures developed under the provisions of Article
VI.6.] determined by the financial mechanism identified in Article VI.6].]
[3. Any group of Parties may, subject to prior notification to the Conference
of the Parties and any guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties,
submit a single report in fulfilment of their obligation under paragraph 1
above, provided that such report includes information on each Party's
fulfilment of its individual obligations.]
[4. The reports submitted by the Parties shall be transmitted by the
secretariat, as soon as possible, to the Conference of the Parties [and to the
(names of any subsidiary bodies concerned with the implementation)
5. Information contained in the reports, designated as confidential by the
supplying Party in accordance with [Annex II] [criteria to be defined] shall
not be disclosed by any of the bodies concerned with the reports.
[6. Subject to the provisions of para. 5, and without prejudice to the
ability of any Party to make public its report, the secretariat shall make,
the reports submitted by Parties publicly available [at the time they are
submitted to the Conference of the Parties] [at any time, after the Conference
of the Parties has considered the report from the body in charge of
implementation].
[7. The manner in which reports would be prepared and their content, should
[,subject to Annex II,] be determined by the individual Party.]
1/ [It has been proposed that Annex II have the following introduction:
"Nothing in this annex shall be interpreted as requiring Parties to
disclose information relating to national defense."
One delegation requested that while certain essential information in
the reports would be obligatory, some flexibility should be given with
regard to other information.)
42
[VII.2. RESOLUTION OF QUESTIONS REGARDING
INTERPRETATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION
Process
(1. Questions relating to the (interpetation or] implementation of the
Convention may be drawn to the attention of the Conference of the Parties by
Parties [and by any subsidiary body established by or under the Convention).
Any Party concerned about another Party's implementation of its obligations
under the Convention or about its own capacity to implement fully those
obligations may notify its concern, through the secretariat, to the Conference
of Parties. The Conference of Parties shall, in a timely fashion, consider
any such question and promote its resolution. To that end it may, if it so
decides, establish an [ad hoc) Panel of of its members) [or] [refer the
issue to the Implementation Committee].]
Possible Alternative Paragraph 1
[1. Any Party concerned about another Party's [interpretation or]
implementation of its obligations under the Convention or about its own
capacity to implement fully those obligations may notify its concern, through
the secretariat, to the Implementation Committee.]
2. The [ad hoc] Panel [Implementation Committee], when the Conference of the
Parties decides to refer a question to it, shall, in considering the question
before the next ordinary meeting of the Conference of the Parties:
(a)
Invite the Party which has brought the question to the attention
of the Conference of the Parties Implementation Committee] and
any other Party whose [interpretation or] implementation of the
Convention is in question to attend meetings of the Panel
[Implementation Committee] and take part in consultations with
it;
(b)
Provide the Party whose [interpretation or] implementation of the
Convention is in question a full opportunity to inform the Panel
[Implementation Committee] of its capacity to implement its
obligations under the Convention and of its needs relevant to
that issue;
(c)
Consult, as it deems necessary, any subsidiary body established
by or under the Convention and other expert bodies;
(d)
Promote, as necessary, the enhancement of the capacity of the
Party whose [interpretation or] implementation of the Convention
is in question to implement fully its obligations under the
Convention; and
(e)
Report the results of its consultations, together with any
recommendations, to the next ordinary meeting of the Conference
of the Parties.
Consideration of Report
3. After considering the report of the [ad hoc] Panel [Implementation
Committee], the Conference of the Parties may decide to adopt a recommendation
or recommendations to promote the full implementation of the Convention and to
further its objectives.
43
Voting
4. The Conference of the Parties shall make every effort to take decisions
under this Article by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been
exhausted decisions shall, as a last resort, be taken by a two-thirds majority
vote of the Parties present and voting.
Additional Rules
5. The Conference of the Parties may in elaboration of the provisions of
paragraph 2 of this Article, lay down additional rules relating to membership
of [ad hoc] Panels, their meetings and procedures.
Relationship to Dispute Settlement (VII.3)
OPTION 1
6. If, after the expiry of ... months following the initial submission of
any questions to the secretariat pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article, any
Party continues to have a concern relating to the [interpretation or]
implementation by another Party of its obligations under the Convention, it
shall be entitled to invoke the dispute settlement procedures, established by
Article [VII.3.] (Settlement of Disputes) of the Convention.
OPTION 2
6. The provisions of this Article are without prejudice to the operation of
Article [VII.3.] (Settlement of Disputes) of the Convention.]
44
[VII.3 : SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
Negotiation and other peaceful means
1. In the event of a dispute between any two or more Parties concerning the
interpretation or application of this Convention, the Parties concerned shall,
at the request of any one of them, seek a settlement of the dispute through
negotiation or any other peaceful means of their own choice.
Choice of dispute settlement procedure
2. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to this Convention, or
at any time thereafter, a Party which is not a regional economic integration
organisation may declare in a written instrument submitted to the Depositary,
that, in respect of any dispute concerning the interpretation in application
of this Convention, it recognises as compulsory ipso facto and without special
agreement, in relation to any Party accepting the same obligation:
(a)
Submission of the dispute to the International Court of Justice,
and/or
(b)
Arbitration in accordance with the procedure set out in annex
III.
A Party which is a regional economic integration organisation may make a
declaration with like effect in relation to arbitration in accordance with the
procedure set out in Annex IV.
3. A declaration made under paragraph 2 above shall remain in force until it
expires in accordance with its terms or until three months after written
notice of its revocation has been deposited with the Depositary.
4. A new declaration, a notice of revocation or the expiry of a declaration
shall not in any way affect proceedings pending before the International Court
of Justice or the Arbitral Tribunal, unless the Parties to the dispute
otherwise agree.
Additional provisions
Option I
5. Subject to the operation of paragraph 2 above, if, after the expiry of
twelve months following a request made under paragraph 1 above, the Parties
concerned have not been able to settle their dispute through the means
mentioned in that paragraph, the dispute shall be submitted, at the request of
any of the Parties to it, to conciliation.
6. A conciliation commission shall be created upon the request of one of the
Parties to the dispute. The commission shall be composed of an equal number
of members appointed by each Party concerned and a chairman chosen jointly by
the members appointed by each Party. The commission shall render a [final
and] recommendatory award, which the Parties shall consider in good faith.
Option II
5. A Party that has not made a declaration under paragraph 2 above or in
respect of which a declaration is no longer in force shall be deemed to have
accepted the competence of the Arbitral Tribunal.
6. If the Parties to any dispute have accepted the same means for the
settlement of a dispute, the dispute may be submitted only to that procedure,
45
unless the Parties otherwise agree. If, however, the Parties have not accepted
the same means for the settlement of the dispute, or if they have accepted
both means, the dispute may be submitted only to the Arbitral Tribunal, unless
the Parties otherwise agree.
7. If, after the expiry of twelve months following a request made under
paragraph 1 above, the Parties concerned have not been able to settle their
dispute through the means mentioned in that paragraph, the dispute shall be
submitted, at the request of any of the Parties to the dispute, for settlement
in accordance with the procedure determined by the operation of paragraphs 5
and 6 above.
Related Legal Instruments
7./8. The provisions of this Article shall apply to any related legal
instrument which the Conference of Parties may adopt, unless the instrument
provides otherwise.]
46
VII. 4. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONVENTION
Proposals
1.
Any Party may propose amendments to this Convention.
Adoption of Amendments
2.
Amendments to this Convention shall be adopted at a [ordinary] [or
extraordinary] meeting of the Conference of the Parties. The text of any
proposed amendment to this Convention shall be communicated to the Parties by
the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed
for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate proposed amendments to
the Signatories to the Convention for information.
3.
The Parties to the Convention shall make every effort to reach
agreement on any proposed amendment to the Convention by consensus. If all
efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement reached, the
amendment shall be adopted by a [two-thirds] [three-quarters) majority vote of
such Parties present and voting at the meeting [whose [net] emissions of
[greenhouse gases] [CO₂ represent at least [xx%] [50%] [75%] [80%] of
estimated global [net] [CO₂] [greenhouse gases] (emissions in the preceding
[five] year [8]] The amendment shall be submitted by the Depositary to all
Parties for their ratification, acceptance or approval.
:
Voting
4.
For the purposes of this Article, "Parties present and voting" means
Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote.
Entry into Force of Amendments
5.
Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval of amendments shall
be deposited with the Depositary. Amendments adopted in accordance with
paragraph 3 above, for those States having accepted the amendment, shall [,
unless otherwise provided in the amending instrument itself,] enter into force
on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the Depositary of
notification of their ratification, acceptance or approval, by at least
[two-thirds] [three-quarters] of the Parties to this Convention [and whose
[net] emissions of greenhouse gases represent at least 80% of [net] global
emissions in the preceding year].
6.
The amendments shall enter into force for any other Party on the
ninetieth day after the date on which that Party deposits with the Depositary
its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of the amendments.
47
[VII. 5. PROTOCOLS
Adoption
1.
The Conference of the Parties may at any [ordinary] [or extraordinary]
meeting adopt Protocols to this Convention [that are aimed at implementing the
[comprehensive] purposes and principles established in the Convention,
specifying [comprehensive] measures or obligations relating to [certain] [all]
aspects of climate change). [The Protocols shall be in conformity with the
provisions of the Convention.]
Notification to the Parties
2.
The text of any proposed Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties
by the secretariat at least six months before such a meeting.
Entry into Force
[3. The requirements for the entry into force of any Protocol shall be
established by that instrument [and may include provisions regarding
[accelerated] [differentiated] procedures for entry into force].]
Parties to a Protocol
4.
Only Parties to the Convention may be Parties to a Protocol.
5.
Decisions under any Protocol shall be taken only by the Parties to the
Protocol concerned.)
48
VII. 6. ADOPTION AND AMENDMENT OF ANNEXES TO THE CONVENTION
Annexes as Integral to the Convention
1.
The Annexes to this Convention shall form an integral part of this
Convention and, unless expressly provided otherwise, a reference to this
Convention constitutes at the same time a reference to any Annexes thereto.
[Such Annexes shall be restricted to [procedural, scientific, technical and
administrative matters) [technical lists or forms of a scientific or technical
character] [lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature
only]. ]
Adoption of Additional Annexes to the Convention
2.
[Additional] Annexes to the Convention shall be proposed and adopted
according to the procedure set forth in Article [VII. 3.) (Amendments to the
Convention). [Such Annexes shall be restricted to [procedural, scientific,
technical and administrative matters] [technical lists or forms of a
scientific or technical character] [lists, forms and any other material of a
descriptive nature only]. ]
Procedure for Entry into Force of Additional Annexes to the Convention
3.
Annexes that have been adopted in accordance with paragraph 2 above
shall enter into force for all Parties to the Convention six months after the
date on which the Depositary issues notices to such Parties of the adoption of
the Annex, except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary, in
writing, within that period of their non-acceptance of the Annex. The Annex
shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw their notification of
non-acceptance on the ninetieth day after the date of withdrawal of such
notification has been received by the Depositary.
Procedure for Amendments to Annexes
4.
The proposal, adoption and entry into force of amendments to Annexes to
the Convention shall be subject to the same procedure as that for the
proposal, adoption and entry into force of Annexes to the Convention.
5.
If an additional Annex or an amendment to an Annex involves an amendment
to the Convention, the additional Annex or amended Annex shall not enter into
force until such time as the amendment to this Convention enters into force.
49
VII. 7. RIGHT TO VOTE
1. Each Party to the Convention shall have one vote, except as provided for
in paragraph 2 below.
2.
Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their
competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to
the number of their member States that are Parties to the Convention [and
which are present at the time the vote is taken). Such an organization shall
not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its
right, and vice versa.
50
VIII. FINAL CLAUSES
VIII.1. DEPOSITARY
this Convention.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of
51
VIII.2. SIGNATURE
This Convention shall be open for signature by States (Members of the
United Nations or members of the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations]
and by regional economic integration organizations at [ ] from [ ] to [
1, and at the United Nations Headquarters in New York from 1 ] to 1 1.
52
VIII.3. RATIFICATION, ACCEPTANCE, APPROVAL OR ACCESSION
1. The Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession by States and by regional economic integration organizations. It
shall be open for accession from the day after the date on which the
Convention is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.
Regional Economic Integration Organisations
2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to
this Convention without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound
by all the obligations under the Convention. In the case of such
organizations, one or more of whose member States is a Party to the
Convention, the organization and its member States shall decide on their
respective responsibilities for the performance of their obligations under the
Convention. In such cases, the organization and the member States shall not
be entitled to exercise rights under the Convention concurrently.
Declarations of Competence
3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession,
regional economic integration organizations shall declare the extent of their
competence with respect to the matters governed by the Convention. These
organizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in turn inform the
Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.
53
VIII.4. ENTRY INTO FORCE
Entry into Force of the Convention:
1. This Convention shall enter into force on:
(Four options)
-
Option 1:
The ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the [twentieth]
[twenty-fifth] [fortieth] [fiftieth] [sixtieth] (eightieth)
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
-
Option 2:
The ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the instrument of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession from States or
regional economic integration organizations whose [net] emissions
of greenhouse gases [CO₂] represent [fifty percent] [two-thirds]
(three-quarters) of estimated total global net emissions in [year].
-
Option 3:
The ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the [twentieth]
[twenty-fifth] [fortieth] [fiftieth] [sixtieth] [eightieth]
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by,
and of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by States or
regional economic integration organizations whose [net] emissions
of greenhouse gases [CO₂] represent [one half] [two-thirds] [three-
quarters] of estimated total global net emissions in [year].
-
Option 4:
The ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the [twentieth]
[twenty-fifth] [fortieth] [fiftieth] [sixtieth] [eightieth]
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or
the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the instrument of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession from States or
regional economic integration organizations whose [net] emissions
of greenhouse gases [CO₂] represent [two-thirds] [three-quarters]
of estimated total global net emissions in [year], whichever is the
earlier.
Entry into Force for Parties Once Convention Already in Force
2. For each State or regional economic integration organization that
ratifies, accepts or approves this Convention or accedes thereto after the
deposit of the [twentieth] [twenty-fifth] (fortieth) [fiftieth] [sixtieth]
[eightieth] instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, [in
accordance with paragraph 1] it shall enter into force on the ninetieth day
after the date of deposit by such State or regional economic integration
organization of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession.
Regional Economic Integration Organisations
3. For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2 above, any instrument deposited by
a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as
additional to those deposited by member States of the organization.
54
VIII.5. RESERVATIONS AND DECLARATIONS
1.
[No] reservations may be made to this Convention.
Parties Not Precluded from Making Declarations
[2. Paragraph 1 above shall not, however, preclude a State or regional
economic integration organization, when signing, ratifying, accepting,
approving or acceding to this Convention, from making declarations or
statements, provided that such declarations or statements do not purport to
exclude or to modify the effects of the provisions of the Convention in their
application to that State or regional economic integration organization.)
55
VIII.6. WITHDRAWAL
Written Notification of Withdrawal from Convention
1. At any time after [three] [five] years from the date on which this
Convention has entered into force for a Party, that Party may withdraw from
the Convention by giving written notification to the Depositary.
Effective Date of Withdrawal
2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of (six months] [one
year] from the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on such later date as
may be specified in the notification of the withdrawal.
Withdrawal from Convention Considered as Withdrawal from Protocol
3. Any Party that withdraws from this Convention shall be considered as also
having withdrawn from any protocol to which it is a Party.
56
VIII.7. AUTHENTIC TEXTS
The original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English,
French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited
with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect,
have signed this Convention.
Done at
this
day of
19
57
[ANNEXES]
[ANNEX I
[RESEARCH[TECHNOLOGICAL][[AND] DEVELOPMENT]
AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION [TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION] 1*/
*/ Same text as in A/AC.237/15, Annex II
58
[ANNEX II
REPORTING
1.
Reports submitted pursuant to Article [VII. 1.] (Reporting) [shall] [may]
contain inter alia, ] the following information:
(a)
Description of relevant national circumstances relating to climate
change and, for developing countries, any particular difficulties
faced by them;
(b)
National inventories of sources and sinks of all greenhouse gases
not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable
methodologies agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties;
(c) Option 1
[The measures it is taking to implement this Convention, including
the fulfilment of any general or specific commitments, with respect
to, inter alia; national [strategies and) programmes; mitigating
and adapting to climate change; research and systematic
observation; exchange of information; public awareness; financial
resources and cooperation and related technology transfer;]
Option 2
[For developed country Parties, ] [and developing country Parties]
[measures] [national strategies] [policies] to mitigate and adapt
to climate change [including a description of specific actions
being taken or to be taken, with respect to each gas in each sector
selected for action by the Party];
[Measures taken in fulfilment of the [obligations] [specific
commitments) under the Convention, [with particular attention to
[reductions of emissions, transfer of financial resources and
technology] [energy efficiency and conservation, new [and
renewable) energy sources, ] [mitigating the adverse consequences of
climate change] [protection and enhancement of] sinks, [land use
and management,] coastal zone management, transportation and
industrial processes [and agriculture] i ]
[ (d) Current projections for annual levels of sources and sinks of
greenhouse gases and expected changes and trends taking into
account measures and policies described under (c) ;]
[
(e) Expected changes and trends in [net] emissions of [main] greenhouse
gases [and sinks] [including estimates of the [net] effects of its
actions on national [net] greenhouse gas emissions] [and sinks]
[with particular reference to the achievement of any target
established in the Convention]
[
(f) Parties undertaking specific commitments may include estimates of
the costs of specific measures to meet commitments under the
Convention, guided by a methodological framework they have agreed
upon;]
[ (g) Contributions to the financial and technology transfer
mechanism;)
59
[(h) For developing country Parties, [projects for] [requirements of]
transfer of technology and financial resources to mitigate and
adapt to climate change, as well as estimated gross and incremental
costs [of these projects] [to fulfil these requirements;]
(i) Option 1
[Effective measures in fulfilment of obligations and specific
commitments relative to the provision of adequate, new and
additional financial resources, and access to and transfer of
environmentally sound technology on a preferential and non-
commercial basis contributions to the financial mechanism of the
Convention and description of programmes for technological
cooperation;]
Option 2
[Effective measures in fulfilment of obligations and specific
commitments relative to the provision of financial resources and
cooperation on transfer of technology;]
[(j) Description of methodologies used in making its estimates in areas
where there is no methodology agreed under the present Convention;]
[(k) Efforts [,as appropriate, ] to coordinate and harmonize measures to
avoid trade distortions; ]
[(1) Relevant national research [and development ] and systematic
observation programmes and participation in international
programmes;)
[ (m) National [programmes] [measures] and international cooperation with
regard to education, training and public awareness [and technology
transfer) ];]
[(n) Efforts to implement [obligations] [specific commitments] jointly
with another Party or Parties; ] and
(o) Such other actions as are relevant to the achievement of the
objective of the Convention.
2. Further, reports may, on a voluntary basis, identify proposed projects in
need of investment including specific technologies, materials, equipment,
techniques or practices that would be needed to implement such projects and an
estimate of the costs and net greenhouse gas emission reduction associated
therewith.
3. [A Party may designate [the following) [any] type[s] of information
contained in its report as confidential| ][:]]
[Possible alternative chapeau
[A Party and the Advisory Committee on Implementation may agree that
certain information contained in the report of that Party is confidential.
Categories of confidential information include:]
[(a) Information that is directly related to the national defence [and
security] of that Party;)
[(b) Information that is of a proprietary commercial nature;)
60
(c)
Information the release of which would result [directly] in
[significant] economic or commercial dislocation for that Party; or
((d) Such other information as [the Party believes is confidential]
[agreed upon] [thought necessary by the Party] [by the Party and
the Advisory Committee on Implementation). . 111
61
[ANNEX III
ARBITRATION]*/
*/ Same text as in A/AC.237/15 Annex II
62
[ANNEX IV
INSURANCE MECHANISM
1. The Parties recognize that:
(a)
There should be established, as an integral part of the Convention,
an International Climate Fund to finance measures to counter the
adverse consequences of climate change, especially drought and
desertification, and a separate International Insurance Pool
(hereinafter referred to as "the Pool") to provide financial
insurance against the consequences of sea level rise;
(b)
Revenue for the Pool should be drawn from mandatory sources, in
particular developed country assessments;
(c)
The financial resources of the Pool should be new, additional and
adequate;
(d)
The Pool should be under the control and direction of the
Conference of the Parties; and
(e)
The resources of the Pool should be used to compensate the most
vulnerable small island and low-lying coastal developing countries
for loss and damage resulting from sea level rise.
2.
The Parties further recognize that the formulation of a scheme for a Pool
involves consideration of the following main questions:
-
Methods of funding a Pool;
-
Classification of the types of loss to be covered by the Pool;
-
Criteria for establishing entitlement to claim against the Pool;
-
Methods of evaluating loss resulting from sea level rise; and
-
Limitations on the amount of compensation payable by the Pool.
3.
The Parties accordingly agree as follows:
(a)
The financial burden of loss and damage suffered by the most
vulnerable small island and low-lying developing countries
(hereinafter referred to as "Group 1 countries") as a result of sea
level rise shall be distributed in an equitable manner amongst the
industrialized developed countries (hereinafter referred to as
"Group 2 countries") by means of a Pool;
(b)
The Pool shall be funded by contributions levied on Group 2
countries;
(c)
The administrating authority for the scheme (hereinafter referred
to as "the Authority") shall be a body controlled on an equitable
basis by the Group 1 and Group 2 countries within the framework of
the Conference of the Parties;
63
(d) The contributions referred to in paragraph (b) shall be calculated
according to a formula modelled on the 1963 Brussels Supplementary
Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy,
as follows:
(i)
as to 50%, on the basis of the ratio between the gross
national product at current prices of each Group 2
country and the total of the gross national products of
all Group 2 countries in the year prior to the year in
which the contribution was levied (hereinafter referred
to as "the contribution year");
(ii)
as to 50%, on the basis of the ratio between the total
emissions of CO of each Group 2 country and the total
CO emissions of all Group 2 countries in the year prior
to²the contribution year;
(e) Ten years from the date on which the Convention enters into force
the Group 2 countries shall contribute to the Pool an agreed
percentage of the total of the gross national products of all Group
2 countries in the year prior to the contribution year, apportioned
as in paragraph (d), provided that over the ten year period the
rate of global mean sea level rise will have reached an agreed
figure. If the rate of global mean sea level rise has not reached
the agreed figure by the end of the ten year period, a review shall
thereafter be carried out at five-yearly intervals and the
obligation of the Group 2 countries to contribute to the Pool will
not arise until the year following the review in which it is
established to the satisfaction of the Authority that the rate of
global mean sea level rise has reached the agreed figure or that
absolute global mean sea level rise has reached an agreed figure;
(f) The insurance fund so constituted shall be invested by the
Authority in interest bearing securities as determined by the
Conference of the Parties;
(g) No right to claim against the Pool in respect of loss or damage in
any area of a Group 1 country shall arise until:
(i)
it shall have been established to the satisfaction of
the Authority that the rate of global mean sea level
rise and the absolute level of global mean sea level
rise has reached agreed figures;
(ii)
it shall have been established to the satisfaction of
the Authority that the relative mean sea level rise for
any insured area in a Group 1 country has reached an
agreed level above base levels determined for each area
insured (such relative mean sea level figures having
been determined within ten years of the Convention
coming into force); and
(iii)
one year shall have elapsed from the date upon which the
figures referred to in sub-paragraph (i) shall have been
established as having been reached (that date plus one
year being (hereinafter referred to as "the inception
date").
64
(h) In the first instance those areas of Group 1 countries which would
be directly affected by sea level rise to a level of an agreed
number of centimetres above the base levels referred to in
paragraph (g) (ii) shall be valued for insurance. Marketed assets
shall be valued on the basis of gross domestic product for the
insured area in question. Non-marketed interests shall be valued
on the basis of formulae to be agreed;
(i) The insured values covered shall be negotiated between the
Authority and the Government of each Group 1 country in accordance
with valuation principles to be agreed. The same policy conditions
shall be applicable to all Group 1 countries;
(j) All assets and interests intended to be insured under the scheme
shall be listed by Group 1 countries for registration with the
Authority. Records of assets and interests registered shall be
kept up to date. Valuations of assets and interests registered for
insurance shall be carried out in accordance with the agreed
formulae and shall be assessed as soon as possible after the
setting up of the Authority and in any event within ten years of
the Convention coming into force. Revaluations shall be carried
out periodically as appropriate;
(k) The first period of insurance shall commence on the inception date
as defined in paragraph (g) (iii) and shall cover an agreed period
following the inception date. Loss or damage occurring within the
first and each following period of insurance, if accepted as a
valid claim by the Authority, shall be paid out of the Pool as
accumulated at the closing date of the period of insurance;
(1) If the funds in the Pool are insufficient to meet all valid claims,
the claims shall be paid out on an equitable basis. If, after
payment out of all valid claims in full, any surplus shall remain
in the Pool, the surplus shall be carried over to the credit of the
following insurance period;
(m) Prior to the closing date of the first period of insurance and of
each subsequent period, the Conference of the Parties shall, after
consultation with the Authority:
(i)
Fix the length of the next period of insurance;
(ii)
Estimate the probable extent of claims on the Pool
during the next insurance period;
(iii)
Determine the level of contributions to be levied on
Group 2 countries sufficient to meet the estimated
claims, after taking account of any surplus carried
forward from the preceding period.
(n) Claims against the Pool in respect of insured assets and interests
shall be dealt with by the Authority. The Authority shall
investigate the cause of any claimed loss, prepare estimates,
determine whether the claim comes within the terms of the
insurance, evaluate the extent of loss and assess the amount of the
claim recoverable by reference to the insured value of the asset or
interest and any applicable limits;
(o) All assets in insured areas of Group 1 countries, whether
commercially insured or not, shall in the first instance be valued
for insurance, but no claims shall be accepted by the Pool in
respect of property which at the time loss or damage occurs is
insured commercially, whether by a private insurance company or
otherwise;
65
(p) In assessing claims against the Pool, the Authority shall determine
whether the loss or damage claimed could have been avoided or
mitigated by measures which might reasonably have been taken at an
earlier stage. In determining whether measures could or could not
reasonably have been taken at an earlier stage, account shall be
taken, amongst other things, of the availability of funds, both
domestic and international, which would have enabled mitigating or
preventative measures to have been taken, and the availability of
commercial insurance on reasonable terms; and
(q) If differences of opinion arise between the Authority and the
participating countries, every effort shall be made to negotiate a
resolution, but if this is not achievable disputes shall be
submitted to [an] [the] arbitration tribunal under (a special
arbitration scheme] [the Convention]. ]
U.S. Statement on
Commitments
U.S. Statement on Commitments
INC V, February 27, 1992
New York City
Thank you Mr. Chairman.
A number of countries have expressed concern over what they
perceive to be a lack of commitment by developed countries,
particularly certain developed countries, regarding actions to
mitigate or adapt to climate change and to assist other
countries in doing the same. I would like to put on record
what the United States is prepared to do today -- not in two or
three years when this convention enters into force or at some
point subsequent to that date, but today.
First, the United States recognizes the need to provide
financial resources to enable developing countries to
participate fully in global efforts to address climate change
and other issues of a global nature. For this reason, we are
committing to contribute $50 million to the core fund of the
Global Environment Facility (GEF) of the World Bank, which we
believe is the appropriate financial mechanism for providing
such resources.
Second, the United States is unilaterally committing $25
million over the next two years to be used for country studies
to enable developing countries to prepare national inventories
of greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with any reporting
requirement in the Convention. Such studies would be carried
out cooperatively, drawing on resources provided by donor
countries. Country studies could also examine what options
might be available to the host country to mitigate and/or adapt
to climate change. We hope that other developed countries
might make similar commitments on resources for this purpose.
In this regard, we will need to consider how the needs and
resources of recipient and donor countries can best be matched
and how such a process should relate to this convention.
Third, the United States is committed to addressing the
issue of technology. We are currently examining how to promote
a result-oriented approach to technology cooperation, including
technology transfer. We believe such an approach should focus
on identifying the needs that developing and other countries
have for mitigation and/or adaptation technologies, as well as
the resources which might be mobilized to address these needs.
-2-
In this context, we interpret technology in the broadest
sense, including not only "hard" technology but also "soft"
technology -- techniques, practices and "know-how." We are
examining specific ways to involve the private sector in this
effort. The private sector is crucial because, in most cases,
it is industry rather than government that can provide existing
technology, and it is industry rather than government that has
the greatest capacity to develop the new technology that will
be needed if we are to meet the challenge of climate change
effectively over the longer term.
Finally, the United States is committed to taking actions
to mitigate climate change -- actions which we believe will
have significant results. We think these actions and their
effects on greenhouse gas emissions in the United States will
compare favorably with those of other developed countries.
In keeping with the commitment we made in Geneva last
December, the United States has begun to update its climate
action plan, which was first published a year ago this month.
I will not take the time of this Committee to elaborate on all
of the actions we have taken in the United States since the
announcement of our first plan in Chantilly last year, but we
will make them available as an attachment to these remarks for
interested members of the INC. In connection with these
efforts, I should note that many private sector interests and
state and local governments are also contributing to help
ensure we have the most comprehensive and effective approach
possible as we confront this global problem.
Since last February, the United States has begun
implementing a National Energy Strategy which defines a new,
more efficient energy path for the United States. We have also
passed a new transportation law that will greatly improve the
efficiency of moving people and goods by autos, rapid transit,
and other means. Our new energy strategy and the
transportation law, combined with other initiatives, commit us
to action in areas such as: energy efficiency, transportation,
the use of lower emitting supply technologies, agriculture and
natural resources, and technology R&D.
We intend to provide a more exhaustive list of actions,
along with preliminary estimates of what these new actions may
mean for limiting U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, prior to the
final INC negotiating session.
Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
Attachment: New U.S. Measures to Mitigate Climate Change
NEW U.S. MEASURES TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE
The following actions represent measures the United States has
begun to take in the areas of energy efficiency, transpor-
tation, the use of lower emitting supply technologies,
agriculture and natural resources, and technology research and
development. Also noted are examples of actions taken by the
private sector and by our fifty states:
IMPROVED ENERGY EFFICIENCY
To increase the efficient use of energy in the industrial,
commercial and housing sectors we are:
strengthening energy efficiency standards for appliances
and equipment;
expanding energy efficiency labelling programs;
developing and encouraging the use of building efficiency
standards;
promoting the use of industrial energy efficiency audits;
and
establishing voluntary public-private "green"
partnerships in the areas of lighting, piping, commercial
buildings, computer systems, industrial motors and
refrigerator program, all of which are designed to
improve the efficiency of energy use.
--For example, over 300 major corporations and
utilities have committed to voluntary participation in
programs to renovate their facilities with high
efficiency lighting.
Deserving of special mention are the diverse set of state and
utility efforts to cut electricity demand through integrated
resource planning and demand side management initiatives.
TRANSPORTATION SECTOR IMPROVEMENTS
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector
we are:
encouraging intermodal shifts through pricing measures,
e.g., expanded use of tolls on Federal highways;
increasing Federal purchases of alternative fuel vehicles;
requiring centrally fueled fleets to purchase vehicles
capable of using alternative fuels;
increasing the use of public transit, vanpooling, and
ride-sharing by raising the limit on tax free commuter
subsidies;
accelerating the development of a new generation of
battery technology for electric vehicles through
public-private consortia; and
increasing the production of cost-competitive liquid
fuels, such as ethanol from non-food crops and other
renewable biomass sources through use of pilot programs.
-2-
SUPPLY SIDE CHANGES TO LOWER EMITTING TECHNOLOGIES
To increase the use of lower emitting supply technologies we
are:
streamlining natural gas pipeline construction review,
deregulating pipeline sales rates in competitive markets,
and improving gas pipeline transportation access;
streamlining the nuclear plant licensing process and
developing standardized designs for the next generation
of power plants;
extending the renewable energy tax credit, proposing a
ten million dollar solar bank which will provide
subsidized financing for residential and commercial
applications of solar energy, and increasing the use of
municipal solid waste; and
streamlining the hydroelectric licensing processes,
AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
In addition to the landfill regulations announced last year
that will capture methane, the U.S. will encourage an increase
in the capture of methane from coal mines and agricultural
sources. In addition, programs exist which provide for:
replacement of annual crop production systems on highly
erodable lands with perennial vegetation, enhancing soil
carbon reservoirs; and
expanded tree planting programs in forest and urban areas.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT MEASURES
To facilitate the longer-term market penetration of more
efficient and lower-emitting technologies, the U.S. is pursuing
vigorous technology research and development programs in the
following areas:
high performance aircraft engines, and high speed rail;
intelligent vehicles and highway systems;
building technologies;
industrial waste reduction and recycling;
the next generation of passively safe nuclear
reactors;
cleaner, more efficient coal technologies, an industry
government program with 60% industry funding;
developing cost effective liquid fuels from non-food
biomass;
electric and hybrid vehicle development;
solar and wind energy technologies; and
solid waste derived fuels.
The Global Change Research Program funding request for FY 93
was expanded by 24% to nearly $1.4 billion.
-3-
INDUSTRY PROGRAMS WHICH REDUCE EMISSIONS
U.S industry has a number of domestic and international
programs which will have the effect of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and it is studying other opportunities for action.
Examples of existing domestic programs include:
the National Association of Manufacturers, an association
representing 18,000 manufacturing organizations, has an
education and action program to incorporate energy
efficiency into all aspects of manufacturing;
the chemical industry's RESPONSIBLE CARE program promotes
both the efficient use of energy and measures to protect
the environment;
the 33/50 program which reduces the use of toxic
chemicals and has over 300 participating companies. They
have committed to total reductions in releases of over
250 million pounds.
joint ventures have been established between the utility
and automobile industries to promote the development of
electric vehicles; and
200 utilities are spending $2 billion on 1,300
conservation programs.
Examples of international cooperation between U.S. industry and
their counterparts in other countries include activity in every
major industrial sector in all regions of the world. Using
joint ventures and cooperative R&D, the U.S. automobile,
petro-chemical, utility, mining, and manufacturing industries
are promoting the international diffusion of technologies which
will lower global greenhouse gas concentrations
STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
State and local governments in the U.S. are taking actions
which will have the effect of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. These actions are being carried out independently
and/or cooperatively with the Federal Government. We have not
yet completed an inventory of measures being taken by our fifty
states, but an assessment of state and local programs will be
provided later, together with estimates of how these programs
will affect greenhouse gas emissions.
Statements of other
Delegations and Participants
UNITED
NATIONS
A
General Assembly
A/AC.237/WG.I/L.8
19 December 1991
Original: ENGLISH
INTERGOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIATING COMMITTEE FOR
A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Fourth session
WORKING GROUP I
Geneva, 9-20 December 1991
Agenda item 2 (a)
Joint statement of the Group of 77, made by its Chairman (Ghana) at
the fourth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee
for a Framework Convention on Climate Change
Geneva, (9-20 December 1991)
1. On behalf of the Group of 77 and China, I would like to make a statement
which sets out certain elements which should be incorporated in the text on
the Principles of this Convention, it being understood that this is without
prejudice to the right of each delegation member of this group to articulate
further more specific formulations on the elements dealt with here as well as
to propose additional elements both individually and collectively. I would
also request on behalf of the group that this statement be circulated as a
text of this session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee.
2. I will now read out the elements for incorporation:
(a) The principle of the sovereignty of States shall be adhered to and
strictly respected in all fields of international cooperation, including that
for protection of the global climate.
GE.91-73347/2589H
A/AC.237/WG.I/L.8
page 2
(b) The right to development is an inalienable human right. All peoples
have an equal right in matters relating to living standards. Economic
development is the prerequisite for adopting measures to address climate
change. The net emissions of developing countries must grow to meet their
social and economic development needs.
(c) Protection of the global climate against human-induced change should
proceed in an integrated manner with economic development in the light of the
specific conditions of each country, without prejudice to the socio-economic
development of developing countries. Measures to guard against climate change
should be integrated into national development programmes taking into account
that environmental standards valid for developed countries may have
inappropriate and unwarranted social and economic costs in developing
countries.
(d) All States have an obligation to protect the climate for the
benefit of present and future generations of mankind on the basis of
intra-generational as well as inter-generational equity. This obligation
shall be carried out with different time-frames for implementation in
accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities
between developing and developed countries and taking fully into account that
the largest part of emissions of greenhouse gases have been originating from
developed countries and those countries have the main responsibility in
combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof.
(e) The parties shall give full consideration to the specific needs
and special circumstances of developing country parties, especially those
developing countries which are particularly vulnerable to the adverse
consequences of climate change and also those developing countries which would
have to bear a disproportionate or abnormal burden under the Convention.
(f) In order to achieve sustainable development in all countries and to
meet the needs of present and future generations, precautionary measures to
meet the climate challenge must anticipate, prevent, attack or minimize the
causes of, and mitigate the adverse consequences of, environmental degradation
that might result from climate change. Where there are threats of serious or
irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a
reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent such environmental
degradation. The measures adopted should take into account different
socio-economic contexts.
(g) The need to improve the international economic environment for the
developing countries and to promote their sustained economic development are
prerequisites for enabling developing countries to participate effectively in
the international efforts to protect the global environment including climate
protection.
In this context, new, adequate and additional financial resources and
transfers of and access to environmentally safe and sound technology on most
favourable, concessional and preferential terms shall have to be channelled to
developing countries in order to enable their full participation in global
efforts for the protection of the climate.
A/AC.237/WG.I/L.8
page 3
States shall promote an open and balanced multilateral trading system.
Except on the basis of a decision by the Conference of Parties no country or
group of countries shall introduce barriers to trade on the basis of claims
related to climate change.
3. The issues of economic development and equity are vital for the
conclusion of a Convention in which the developing countries can participate.
Prospects for arriving at a consensus depend upon these factors being given
the importance they deserve to arrive at a balanced result. The developing
countries cannot be expected to accept any formulation that would
institutionally help perpetuate, however well intentioned the motives of
some parties, the present economic disparity amongst the members of the
international community.
UNITED
NATIONS
A
General Assembly
A/AC.237/WG.I/L.9
19 December 1991
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
INTERGOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIATING COMMITTEE FOR
A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
FOURTH SESSION
WORKING GROUP I
Geneva, 9-20 December 1991
Agenda item 2 (a)
Statement on commitments submitted by the delegation of Vanuatu
on behalf of the States members of the Alliance of Small Island
States to Working Group I at the fourth meeting of the
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee
We have the honour of submitting, on behalf of the Alliance of
Small Island States (AOSIS), this statement setting forth certain
elements which AOSIS believes should form the basis of the
provisions of the Convention relating to Commitments.
We had hoped to join in a statement on this subject which would
have been made by the delegation of Ghana or. behalf of the Group of
77. Regrettably, but through no fault of the Chairman of the Group
of 77 who laboured tirelessly to promote such a statement, no such
statement can be made at this time.
We feel that it is unfortunate. However, these negotiations are
far too important to allow further delay in the necessary dialogue
which we hope will result in an effective framework convention to
confront mankind's most severe challenge.
We commend the Co-chair's text and applaud the laudable efforts you
and your colleague have made to point the Working Group in the
right direction. We take this opportunity to set forth a few items
we feel are of major importance. Thus, we propose the following:
GE.91-73353
- 2 -
I. The Parties shall, in accordance with the Objectives and
Principles stated in the Convention, and in accordance with their
common but differentiated responsibilities, taking into account
their specific national and regional development priorities and
objectives:
(a) Develop national or regional inventories of sources and
sinks cf Greenhouse Gases, as well as activities within their
jurisdiction or control that affect or are likely to affect
the climate, and to update these on a regular basis;
(b) Implement national action plans, on the basis of
information compiled under the Convention, aimed at reducing
the effects of human activities on the climate and submit such
plans in accordance with criteria established by the
Conference of the Parties.
(c) Perform environmental impact assessments with respect to
projects, programmes and policies within their jurisdiction or
control including, inter alia, those on energy generation,
transport, and land use, to ascertain whether such activities
are likely to have an adverse impact on climate;
(d) Conduct research aimed at promoting technologies and
practices that minimize the effects. of human activity on
climate and allow human society to adapt to and mitigate the
adverse consequences of climate change;
(e) Cooperate with other Parties and with relevant
international and intergovernmental organisations to ensure:
(i)
effective implementation of the Convention,
(ii)
the sharing of and free access to information,
(iii)
systematic observation,
(iv)
the coordination of research,
(V)
effective national, regional and, global
strategies for responding to climate change;
(f) Promote public education and awareness of causes and
consequences of climate change and actions that can be taken
by individuals;
(g) Preserve, protect and enhance all sinks and reservoirs of
greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide, within their
territorial jurisdiction.
- 3 -
II. Developed country parties shall, in accordance with the
Objectives and Principles as provided in Articles ( )
(a) Stabilize their emissions of carbon dioxide, and other
Greenhouse Gases as appropriate:
(i) by the year 1995 at 1990 levels or
(ii) by such earlier time and at such lower level as may
be agreed by the Conference of the Parties, acting
on the basis of the best available scientific
evidence and in accordance with the Principles
established under this Convention;
(b) Reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, and other Greenhouse
Gases as appropriate, on a timetable agreed by the Conference
of the Parties, designed to achieve the objective of the
Convention;
(c) Undertake measures to mitigate the adverse consequences
of climate change, including risk assessment, implementation
of energy conservation and efficiency, and the development of
new, safe and renewable energy sources;
(d) Remit annual assessments and contributions to an
International Climate Fund, representing new, additional and
adequate financial resources that will not impact on existing
multilateral or bilateral financial assistance arrangements,
to provide financial assistance to developing country Parties
to enable them to meet their obligations under this
Convention, and to mitigate and adapt to the adverse
consequences of climate change;
(e) Transfer and provide assured access to developing country
Parties, on concessional, preferential and most-favoured
terms, technologies and know-how required for compliance with
this Convention, including:
(i) technologies relating to energy conservation and
efficiency;
(ii) new, safe and renewable energy technologies.
( f ) Ensure that actions taken to control the effects of human
activity in the climate, and to mitigate the adverse
consequences of climate change, do not damage the environment;
III. Developing country Parties shall, in accordance with the
Objectives and Principles agreed to under this Convention and in
accordance with their national development plans, priorities,
objectives, and specific country conditions, take, in accordance
with their capabilities, measures to address climate change.
recognising that new and additional financial resources will be
needed to implement such measures.
Preliminary Response of the Government of Pakistan to the
GEF Administrator Office's First Draft on the Future
Evolution of the Global Environment Facility Issues and
Options:
(a) The valuable work done by the GEF Administrator's Office is very
much appreciated. Because of transmission difficulties and late receipt sufficient
time is not left for a comprehensive examination and response. Nor has there
been time for consultations amongst G-77 members. In this context the comments
that are being offered should be considered as the preliminary views of the
Government of Pakistan on the important issues that the paper raises. While the
entire paper is extremely well drafted certain additional material and concepts
based on the views of Participants expressed in the last GEF meeting and
elsewhere should be introduced to set the scene for the discussion and as a
foundation from which any further series of options must proceed. In this context
Part Two: Principles could be redrafted exclusively in the following way.
PART TWO: PRINCIPLES
2.01. A starting point for considering options for the future evolution of the
GEF must be a clear conceptual framework based upon a set of commonly-agreed
principles. In this section, we attempt to reflect upon the discussions of the
December, 1991 Participants' meeting, the views of the Participants expressed
elsewhere, and the responses of the Participants to the
first draft of this paper, as they relate to these principles. A consensus on a set
of principles which covers the objectives and rationale for the Facility is an
important first step in determining its future evolution.
2.02. A limited set of relevant documentation given below is annexed with this
paper.
i)
GEF: Governance and the Project Cycle.
ii)
Montreal Protocol: Governance and Project Cycle.
iii)
Resolution 44/228 of 22nd December 1989 by which the UNGA
decided to convene UNCED and which lays down the
development-environment linkage as well as the preconditions
towards a successful integration.
iv)
The UNCED PrepCom-III's documents. (August 1991).
a)
A/CONF.151/PC/L.41 giving the G-77 and China draft
decision on the elements which should be included on the
item on Financial Resources.
b)
A/CONF.151/PC/L.54 decision that at the Fourth Session
negotiations on the issue of financial resources should be
based on L.41 taking into account other proposals.
c)
A/CONF.151/PC/93. Position paper submitted by
Argentina and Brazil on Financial Resources.
d)
A/CONF.151/PC/L.43. Position paper submitted by
Australia on Financial Resources.
e)
A/CONF.151/PC/51. Progress Report on Financial
Resources by the Secretary General of the Conference.
v)
Policy Statement: Meeting of OECD Ministers on Environment
and Development, Paris 2-3 December 1991.
vi)
DAC High-level Meeting to Review Role of Development
Cooperation in addressing current Global Challenges and
Supporting Democratisation, Human Rights and Good Governance.
OECD Press Release, Paris 4th December 1991.
vii)
The joint statement of the developing countries on the future
evolution of GEF at the GEF Participants meeting in Geneva, 6
December 1991.
viii)
A/AC.237/WG.I/L.8. Joint Statement on Principles of G-77 at 4th
INC on a Framework Convention on Climate Change, 19th
December 1991.
ix)
A/AC.237/WG.1/L.7.
4th
INC/FCCC.
Proposal on
Commitments by a number of developing countries.
18th
December 1991.
x)
UNCED PrepCom-IV documents.
a)
A/CONF.151/PC/101. Report of the Secretary General of
the Conference on Financial Resources and Mechanisms.
b)
A/CONF.151/PC/100/Add.3. Report of the Secretary
General of the Conference on International Policies to
Accelerate Sustainable Development in Developing
Countries and Related Domestic Policies.
2.03. It is clear from the discussions and documentation that a number of
general and specific issues and approaches in the global environmental dialogue
are relevant to the future evolution of the GEF.
2.04. Some of the pertinent general issues are:
i)
While there is tremendous global concern and good will on the
environmental issue on the part of both peoples and governments.
there is as yet no clear and concrete signal that new, adequate, and
additional funds for incorporating environmental concerns into the
development process in the developing countries will be
forthcoming.
ii)
Global, regional. and national environmental efforts and impacts
are inextricably mixed. Awareness of this fact has not yet found
the recognition and operational expression that it deserves.
iii)
The issue of whether funding for environmental issues is
compensatory in nature, because of the historical responsibility of
the developed countries, or to be regarded as additional
developmental assistance, has yet to be agreed upon.
iv)
Mandatory contributions from developed countries which are
necessary to guarantee the predictability in the flow of funds have
not yet been pledged by the developed countries.
v)
If voluntary funding is to become the main vehicle for inadequate
developed country funding, Agenda 21 is likely to become an
expression of well meaning intentions. Developing countries could
not then be expected to undertake specific commitments.
2.05. In regard to both GEF and the potential linkage with various eventual
Environmental Conventions developed countries would seem to hold these main
views:
a)
The administration and implementation process in any financial
delivery mechanism must be cost effective and of the highest
standard. The lead should be taken by the World Bank.
b)
A modified GEF under appropriate governance should constitute
the central environmental financial mechanism to cover eventually
activity under Agenda-21. and the Environmental Conventions
once they are negotiated.
c)
The procedure of governance must ensure that the major donors
can not be outvoted.
2.06. The developing countries would seem to hold these specific views in this
context:
i)
The Green Fund to serve the sustainable needs of developing
countries, including Agenda 21. and the Funds under the eventual
Biodiversity and Climate Change Conventions, should be separate
from the GEF.
ii)
Funding should be predictable. mandatory and to a great extent of
a compensatory nature.
iii)
Adequate funding covering full incremental cost should be
provided without entailing reallocation of ongoing and required
developmental programmes from the developing countries own
resources. and without reallocating existing multilateral or bilateral
donor assistance flows.
iv)
The governance of the funding mechanisms should be transparant;
democratic in nature; with an equal voice for all parties; with
access to all developing countries without any conditionality; and
provide for funding of activities according to the priority of the
developing countries, taking into account the priorities identified
in Agenda 21.
v)
Discussions within GEF. where there are only a few developing
countries, should concentrate on suitably modifying the present
scope, governance. and structure, recognizing that the issue of
linkage with Agenda 21 and the Conventions must primarily be
decided in the UNCED PrepCom and the INC negotiations on
these Conventions.
2.07. The basic question is how far GEF can be moved towards meeting the
objectives of the developing countries while maintaining the confidence of the
donor countries.
2.08. There are a number of potential options.
a)
GEF remains a pilot programme with modified governance. The
modified governance would include the following elements:
i)
The Participants control GEF, and have the ultimate
responsibility for selecting projects and releasing funds.
ii)
For the Participants to exercise control on an effective basis
they could constitute a smaller Board or Committee.
iii)
While the effort would be to take decisions by consensus,
if voting had to be resorted to. a democratic system would
be utilized. In this context the example of the Interim
Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol's Executive
Committee could be explored.
iv)
The scope of GEF would be modified to more closely
accord with the developmental and environmental needs of
the developing countries for whom it has been set up.
v)
The Executive Head of the GEF, a Managing Director,
would be approved by the Assembly of Participants.
vi)
Annually the Participants would elect from themselves a
Chairman to preside over the bi-annual meetings. The
Participants would also elect the members of a Board or
Committee, should that be set up, taking into account
equitable balance between donors and recipients. and would
also elect from themselves the Head of that Committee.
b)
GEF tries to become the Green Fund under Agenda 21.
i)
The elements given in option (a) above would be essential
preconditions.
ii)
In addition funding would be mandatory.
c)
GEF linkage with the Conventions.
This option depends on the wishes of the States negotiating the
Conventions. However, a linkage is unlikely to be acceptable
unless:
a)
The preconditions given in the first two options are
fulfilled.
b)
Control of the Funds of the Convention rests with the
Conference of Parties who would maintain the authority to
select projects and to release funds. GEF could be offered
to be utilized for holding, administrating. and implementing
activities as authorised by the Conference of Parties.
2.09. Principle I: The GEF should provide grant. concessionary and
additional funding of the incremental costs for national and regional
projects and programmes which integrate developmental and
environmental concerns.
2.10. Principle II: The GEF should address issues which would have a
bearing on the global environment.
Phenomena of significant environmental and human concern such as
desertification. water scarcity. deforestation. and afforestation. would inter
alia be included.
2.11. Principle III: The priorities of GEF in terms of project criteria. and
inter-sectoral allocation of funds would be guided by the expressed
needs of the developing countries for whom it has been set up.
2.12. Principle IV: The GEF should enable beneficiary countries to take
cost-effective actions to benefit the global environment consistent with,
and supportive of, their nationally determined sustainable
development strategies, and as may be agreed upon in UNCED's
Agenda 21.
2.13. Principle V; The GEF should take into account the cost effectiveness
of its activities in addressing the targeted global environmental issues.
2.14. Principle VI: The GEF should build on proven mechanisms and
institutions to enable it to continue in an operationally efficient
manner and be particularly prudent with respect to administrative
costs.
2.15. Principle VII: The GEF must be inclusive. transparent. and
accountable to contributors and beneficiaries alike.
2.16. Principle VIII: The GEF should have sufficient flexibility to allow
modifications as the need arises.
1
2.17. Principle IX: The governance of GEF is democratic and rests with the
Assembly or Participants where each Participants will have an equal
voice.
2.18. Principle X: Mandatory funding constitutes a priority objective.
(b) The preliminary comments of the Government of Pakistan are
concluded at this point.
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Global Environment Facility
Issues and Options Paper
Page ,
PART TWO: PRINCIPLES
2.01 A starting point for considering options for the future evolution of the GEF must be a clear
conceptual framework based upon a set of commonly-agreed principles. In this section, we attempt
to reflect upon the discussions of the December, 1991 Participants' meeting as they relate to these
principles. A consensus on a set of principles which covers the objectives and rationale for the
Facility is an important first step in determining its future evolution. They are discussed in the
following paragraphs.
2.02 Principle I: The GEF should provide concessionary and additional funding of the
incremental costs for achieving global environmental benefits.
However, it should be recognized that flexibility is warranted in the application of the
incremental costs principle. There are several reasons for this. Where there is a plan to undertake
globally justified actions, the incremental costs must be determined against a "business-as-usual"
baseline plan based on a purely national perspective. Alternative, yet reasonable assumptions, about
baseline conditions have been shown to make very large differences about the implied incremental
costs. In addition, there will be cases where distinguishing global from national benefits is
impossible: the "joint product" problem.
2.03 Principle II: The GEF should address issues concerning the global environment. These
will include issues for which there is a global convention or agreement in existence or
under discussion, as well as other environmental issues, discussed in global and regional
fora, whose impact extends beyond national borders.
The global environment may be defined as the global commons6 plus environmental issues
of sufficient scale or inherent importance that they are considered of significance for the planet's
welfare.
2.04 The Participants would need to determine eligible categories of GEF activities. This could
include:-
(a)
global environmental issues for which a multi-lateral environmental convention or
agreement is in place, under negotiation or likely to be initiated in the future. Under
such a definition, the Facility's existing objectives of (i) protection of biodiversity
(conventions such as CITES and RAMSAR in place and a global one is under
negotiation); (ii) depletion of ozone (Montreal Protocol in place): (iii) reduction of
Under international law. the global commons are defined areas not subject to the jurisdiction of any
state. such as the high seas and outer space. This excludes national territories of global interest. such 23 the
remaining tropical rainforests, the US redwood forests. and the Russian Lake Baikal. While it may be the objective
of environment conventions to create obligations concerning the use of such national territories. they will evidently
remain territory under national sovereignty. outside the global commons.
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Global Environment Facility
Issues and Options Paper
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global warming (convention under negotiation); and (iv) protection of internationa
waters ( the Barcelona Convention for the Mediterranean Sea, MARPOL and other
regional seas agreements in place, others yet to be initiated) would all qualify: and
(
regional phenomena of significant global concern, such as desertification,
deforestation and the international movement and management of hazardous materials.
Indeed, some of the existing projects in the international waters category of the
current GEF might be considered a precedent for this category.
2.05 Principle III: The GEF should assure the cost effectiveness of its activities in addressing
the targeted global environmental issues.
One important feature of adhering to the principle of cost effectiveness is that the least cost
means of meeting many global environmental objectives lie in a judicious combination of investment
and policy actions at the national and regional level. Thus, in assessing the net-worth of program
interventions, the range of policy and investment options at the national or regional level will need
to be carefully reviewed, including their sustainability.
2.06 Principle IV: The GEF should enable beneficiary countries to take cost-effective actions
to benefit the global environment that are consistent with, and supportive of, national
sustainable development strategies as may be enunciated in UNCED's Agenda 21.
The costs of incremental action needed to protect the global commons are strongly influenced
by existing national policies. In a highly distorted economy, these costs could be very high. The
provision of concessional funding for the high costs of corrective action, while ignoring opportunities
for much more cost-effective national policy actions, may ultimately distort national priorities. GEF
funds will need to be coordinated at the national level with other forms of domestic and external
development funds in order to maximize the cost effectiveness of global and national benefits.
2.07 Principle V: The GEF should build on proven mechanisms and institutions to enable it
to continue in an operationally efficient manner and be particularly prudent with respect
to administrative costs.
Whatever form the governance of the Facility takes, care must be taken to ensure that its
management is cost effective, its staffing levels prudent. and its operating modalities efficient. The
Participants responsible for establishing the Facility's pilot phase were especially concerned about
the need to minimize administrative costs and unwieldy bureaucratic mechanisms.
2.08 Principle VI: The GEF must be inclusive, transparent, and accountable to contributors
and beneficiaries alike.
The Facility will need to ensure that its membership includes a wide range of constituent
71
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countries from the developing and developed regions of the world. Broad representation of countries
in the governance and direction of the Facility is needed. In addition, some procedure which protects
the interests of particular groups and engenders consensus, needs to be considered to provide for an
equitable resolution of differences. This issue is revisited later in the report.
2.09 Principle VII: The GEF should have sufficient flexibility to allow modifications as the
need arises.
There remains considerable uncertainty on a number of issues that could affect the Facility's
modus operandi. Foremost, the outcome from UNCED could put a range of new demands on the
Facility. The level and sources of funding may change over time; the outcome of the conventions
currently under discussion is not yet clear. etc. Thus while improving the present governance of the
Facility, it would be prudent to provide sufficient flexibility to allow mid-course correction and
modifications.
Statement to the Fifth INC on a Framework Convention
on Global Climate Change
by Mohamed T. El-Ashry,
Chairman of the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
New York, February 22, 1992
Introduction
1. I very much appreciate the INC's invitation to address the
fifth INC on Climate Change. The negotiations that you are
conducting here concern a key element of the global effort to
further the sound stewardship of our planet's fragile environment.
The world is watching in the sincere hope that your undertaking may
be concluded successfully to the benefit of present and future
generations alike.
2. Just returning from the last GEF Participants meeting in
Geneva, I am acutely aware that in each of the international fora -
- be it the UNCED Prepcoms, Climate and Biodiversity negotiations,
or GEF discussions -- we have arrived at a critical juncture.
Many have expressed the concern that the remarkable energies that
have been unleashed by UNCED not be dissipated but rather be
harnessed into agreements that benefit the planet's environment and
its inhabitants, especially the less fortunate among them. There
will be a better chance to achieve this, if the tracks of the
various negotiating fora and international discussions were to
converge. Most specifically, there would be important gains
derived from assuring that discussions related to global
environmental financing mechanisms could ensure that they serve the
objectives of the prospective global conventions.
3. We are all aware that a number of Climate Convention
negotiators have shown some concern about the governance of the GEF
in its pilot phase. The future governance of the GEF, as it
evolves into a permanent mechanism, was in fact a major topic of
discussion at the special GEF Participants' meeting held on
February 14 in Geneva. I would like to report to you today on the
results of that meeting. The GEF Participants felt that it was
important to inform you of their latest thinking as you are
addressing in your deliberations the issues related to financing
mechanisms.
2
Summary of GEF Participants Governance Discussion
(Geneva, February 14, 1992)
4. Following the December GEF Participants meeting, an options
paper on the future evolution of the GEF was prepared and
circulated to the GEF Participants. The comments received covered
both general issues of strategy as well as detailed commentary on
specific mechanisms. Issues requiring further discussion fell into
three broad areas: principles and coverage; links with the global
environmental conventions; and governance. These three areas
constituted the agenda of the February 14 meeting of the GEF
Participants in Geneva. There was a general consensus at the
meeting in support of a set of principles that can be summarized
as follows:
5. Mission. The GEF's mission is to provide concessionary and
additional funding of the incremental costs for achieving global
environmental benefits. The ability to raise additional funds is
linked to the focus on incremental cost financing. The GEF should
not replace other funds; it should be additional and complement
multilateral and bilateral development assistance, in particular
IDA.
6. The GEF should pursue cost-effective, country-driven programs
designed in support of sustainable development. It should continue
to build on proven institutional structures, such as the the
tripartite working agreement between UNDP, UNEP, and the World
Bank, thus minimizing the creation of new bureaucracies.
7. Scope. The GEF should remain flexible so that it can
accommodate the possible financing arrangements for the global
environmental conventions as they develop, as well as other global
initiatives that may arise from UNCED. At this time, it should
maintain the focus on the current four areas of global concern:
global warming prevention, biodiversity conservation, international
waters pollution abatement, and ozone layer depletion prevention.
Three of these areas are expected to be governed by international
conventions. At the same time, the GEF should explore the extent
to which some activities related to cross-cutting issues such as
desertification and afforestation could be considered as eligible
under these existing focal areas.
8. Links with the Conventions. The GEF could function as the
funding mechanism for global environment conventions that are
currently being negotiated. A number of GEF Participants felt that
a unitary funding mechanism would enhance the overall funding
potential for activities that aim to address global environmental
problems, while minimizing the overhead costs. It was the desire
of the GEF Participants to signal to the climate and biodiversity
negotiators that, in its new form, the GEF would be ready to serve
as the financing mechanism for the global conventions if the
3
negotiators so desire. A model in which the GEF would service the
conventions could look as follows:
(a) the Parties to the Convention would prepare guidelines on
priorities and criteria for project formulation and implementation
to be utilized by the implementing agencies in the development of
work programs. GEF Participants would ensure compliance;
(b) the Parties would determine eligibility, especially on
country criteria for accessing GEF resources. This might include
limiting access to specific GEF resources to countries which had
become signatories to the particular Convention. The GEF
Participants would ensure that the implementing agencies were fully
in compliance with these eligibility criteria;
(c) GEF Participants would provide routine reports to the
Convention Parties on the fulfillment of those functions mandated
by the parties;
(d) periodic consultations should take place between the GEF's
Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) and the scientific
and technical advisory bodies of the conventions. In addition, the
chairpersons of the advisory bodies of the conventions would become
full members of the STAP; and
(e) as more global conventions come into existence there will
likely be an increase in "cross-cutting" projects and overall
guidance and oversight by a body that, by definition, cannot be the
same as the contracting parties of each Convention. It would be
desirable to ensure that a representative (s) of the Parties, for
example a member from each Convention's Implementation Committee or
policy board, is invited to the GEF Participants' meeting. Such
arrangements would be reciprocal.
9. This model was generally supported by the GEF Participants
with the understanding that the primacy of the Conference of the
Parties to the Conventions should be stressed in terms of setting
program priorities, and eligibility criteria.
10. Governance. Were it to be chosen as the funding mechanism for
the global environmental conventions, the GEF, as restructured at
the Geneva Participants' meeting, would have the following
features:
O
The GEF would function as a unitary fund, that would finance
incremental costs;
The Parties to each of the Conventions would establish program
priorities and eligibility criteria for their area of concern;
4
A "Participants Assembly" (PA) would be constituted to, inter
alia, ensure compliance with the Convention-specific
priorities and criteria;
The PA would meet twice a year, review and endorse a joint
workprogram of the implementing agencies (UNDP, UNEP, and the
World Bank), leaving project details and approvals to the
agencies, thus avoiding the inefficiencies of micro-
management;
The GEF would assure effective participation and
representation in the PA;
The GEF's present decision-making process, based on agreement
by consensus, is considered satisfactory for the restructured
GEF. At a later stage more specific decision making mechanisms
could be analyzed;
For beneficiary countries to receive funding in a specific GEF
focal area for which a Convention has been signed, they have
to be signatories to that Convention;
An Implementation Committee (IC) consisting of UNDP, UNEP, and
the World Bank would prepare joint workprograms. The IC would
assure that GEF activities are consistent with country-driven
programs and strategies, that in turn are grounded in national
environmental action plans;
STAP, an independent scientific and technical advisory panel
composed of recognized experts from developing and developed
countries and supported by a secretariat provided by UNEP,
would keep a central advisory role in the GEF's strategic
planning, early review of project proposals, and scientific
linkage with the global environmental conventions; and
o
Procedures and practices would be established to ensure
maximum transparency and accountability, and to ensure cost
effectiveness.
11. These points will be elaborated upon in preparation for the
next GEF Participants meeting in April, Nevertheless, by sharing
with you the latest thinking of the GEF Participants, I hope to
have provided some useful information for your current negotiating
process. I am most grateful to the Chairman of the INC and the co-
Chairmen of this Working Group for the opportunity to do so, and
wish you well in the crucial considerations of the next week as
well as the coming months leading up to UNCED.
National Audubon Society
950 THIRD AVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10022 (212) 832-3200 CABLE: NATAUDUBON
AUDUBON "CAUTIOUSLY ENCOURAGED" BY
U.S. ANNOUNCEMENT AT CONCLUSION OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
CHANGE CONFERENCE
Contact: Brooks Yeager
Audubon Public Affairs
212-546-9200
NEW YORK, NY, Feb. 27 -- Audubon representatives said they felt
"cautiously encouraged" by the Bush Administration's announcement
that it would provide funding for developing countries and take certain
limited steps to reduce growth in U.S. carbon dioxide emissions at the
global climate change negotiations that conclude tomorrow at the
United Nations.
Robert Reinstein, the Administration's top negotiator at the climate talks,
announced today that the U.S. would contribute $75 million to
developing countries to assist them in reducing carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gas emissions, and listed a series of steps that the
Administration intends to take to reduce growth in carbon dioxide
emissions.
"While we are somewhat encouraged by the Administration's
announcement, we must recognize that the world is still waiting for our
government to commit to stabilize emissions. We hope that the list of
actions given today can form the basis of such a commitment. But this
decision must be made in the next few weeks in order to propel the
negotiations to success. We also hope that the U.S. funding initiative for
developing nations is a signal that we can expect even greater
progress in future climate negotiations." said Audubon President
Peter A.A. Berle.
Brooks Yeager, Audubon's Vice President for Government Affairs,
said: "The steps announced today will be valuable if they are followed
by a U.S. commitment to stabilize carbon dioxide emissions. This is the
fundamental issue. Almost every other industrialized nation has
demonstrated a commitment to reduce fossil fuel consumption and
set targets for stabilizing carbon dioxide emissions. The United States is
still lagging in reaching this very critical goal."
AMERICANS COMMITTED TO CONSERVATION
This IS Recycled Paper
ENVIRONMENT
GLOBAL CL MATICOA - T ON
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
GROWTH
GLOBAL
February 27, 1992
IN
A
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT:
Glen Kundert, 212/355-3400 x3038
Andy Smart, 202/637-3090
GLOBAL CLIMATE COALITION ENDORSES ADMINISTRATION PROPOSAL TC
CREATE TECHNOLOGY FUND
NEW YORK -- The Global Climate Coalition today strongly
endorsed a plan by the Bush Administration to provide a $75 million
fund to assist developing nations in reducing their emissions of
greenhouse gases. "We support the Administration's proposal and
believe that it recognizes the critical role that the developing
world will play in limiting emissions of greenhouse gases," said
Coalition Executive Director, John Shlaes. "From the outset: of this
debate we've maintained that, over time, emissions of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases by developing nations will far exceed the
U.S. output."
Shlaes noted that a Department of Energy study has estimated
that by 2025 the developing countries share of carbon dioxide will
be nearly 50 percent of the world's total. By contrast, the U.S.
share will amount to about 14 percent of the total.
Shlaes said that the fund proposed by the Administration will
be used to help provide developing countries with energy efficient
technologies -- clean coal technologies and other more efficient
industrial processes - to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide.
Shlaes said the Coalition remains opposed to measures such as a
tax on coal, oil, and natural gas that have been proposed as a means
1331 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Suite 1500 North Lobby
Washington, DC 20001 1703
(202) 637-3161
Fax: (202) 637-3182
of helping reduce emissions of carbon dioxide. "A tax on our basic
fuels would have a severe negative impact on the nation's economy,
costing thousands of jobs and affecting the ability of American
industry to compete in foreign markets," he said. He noted that one
such tax proposal -- had it been levied in 1991 - could have
resulted in a $95 billion loss to the U.S. economy and doubled the
price of gasoline.
"If science concludes that global warming is, in fact, a
problem, our strategy should consist of helping to improve the
energy infrastructure of the developing world," Shlaes said. "The
answer does not lie in burdening our own economy and in heaping
additional costs on the American people."
Shlaes added that the United States has,
"
the most
comprehensive environmental legislation in the world. " He noted
that the National Energy Security of 1992 which was passed in the
Senate -- will soon be debated in the House -- could result in lower
carbon dioxide emissions by encouraging: 1) more efficient use of
energy, 2) the use of nuclear power which does not produce carbon
dioxide emissions, and 3) by stimulating the use of alternative
fuels, particularly in the transportation sector of the economy.
The Global Climate Coalition is an organization of 46 major
business groups formed to coordinate the involvement of the U.S.
business community in the scientific and policy debates concerning
global climate change.
#
#
#
JOINT STATEMENT BY INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Presented to the Fifth Session
of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee
for a Framework Convention on Climate Change
18-28 February, 1992
New York
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THIS STATEMENT: AGIC
(Belgium), Australian Chamber of Manufacturers, Australian Coal Association, Australian Gas
Association, Australian Mining Industries Council, British Steel, Business Council of Australia,
Canadian Coal Association, Confederation of Australian Industry, German Hardcoal Mining
Association, Global Climate Coalition (USA), International Association of Ports and Harbors
(Japan), International Road Federation (Switzerland), International Road Transport Union
(Switzerland), National Association of Forest Industries (Australia), Organizational Association of
Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (Egypt), State Mineral Advisory Council (Australia), Tractebel
(Belgium), World Coal Institute (UK).
The business community believes that management of the environment requires coherent and cost
effective integration of economic, social, and environmental policies. Sustainable growth requires
participatory approaches which involve accountability and the broad based involvement of all sectors
in the formulation and implementation of policy. Industry, as the driving force of economic growth,
creates the resources needed to protect and enhance the environment.
To effectively confront global environmental problems requires commonly agreed action by all
countries. We are of the view that any Framework Convention should encourage the development
of sensible, flexible and comprehensive response strategies, which reflect not only the substantial
scientific, economic and environmental uncertainties, but also the clear economic costs of possible
response strategies.
Response Strategy Costs
Virtually all recent analyses suggest that should governments decide to control greenhouse gases, the
costs to most countries - in terms of GDP losses - will be high. The economic burden of
controlling emissions will vary even among industrialized countries. This variance in costs is
essentially attributable to differences in resource endowment, infrastructure, population density and
patterns of energy use. The business community urges governments to look at the impact that the
adoption of any expensive and ill-conceived measures would have on all countries, but especially on
developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
Global Economic Interdependence
North and South are economically interdependent. Trade, interest rates, capital flows and
commodity prices are the common denominator of this interdependence. The linkage is so intimate
1
that a 1991 World Bank report estimated that a one percent per annum change in OECD growth
could affect the growth rate of developing countries by an average of 0.7 percent. Lower
economic growth rates in industrialized countries could result in a deteriorating balance of trade for
developing countries and for countries with economies in transition. The business community
stresses that an integrated assessment of the possible economic consequences of reduced growth in
developed countries on the economies of developing countries and countries in transition is urgently
required as a basis for policy decisions included in any Framework Convention.
Solutions Lie in Cost Effective Technology
The role of energy in promoting economic growth makes it central to these negotiations.
Development needs will increasingly manifest themselves as energy services: more electricity, more
industrial power and more transportation. The potential problem in developing countries is
therefore the forecast escalation in greenhouse gas emissions associated with an increase in
agricultural production, energy use, land clearing and the like. Because there should be no
constraints on sustained long term growth, the business community urges that cost effective,
efficient, clean technologies be deployed as a matter of course - as an integral part of the building of
infrastructure and the industrial base - and that heightened attention be paid to those factors which
could limit the introduction of commercially viable technologies.
In some situations the use of existing environmentally sound technologies may be appropriate. In
many other situations the "technological leapfrogging approach" may be part of the solution to any
anticipated need to control greenhouse gas emissions as access to, and application of,
environmentally sound technologies can play a major role in raising the productivity and
sustainability of resources. The business community recognizes that developing countries and
countries with economies in transition sometimes find it difficult to secure information on these
clean, efficient technologies. Therefore, we thoroughly endorse programs to establish information
clearing houses.
Given that the trajectory of Research and Development is largely shaped by business decisions and
funding, in suitable policy environments, industry has an important contribution to make in
promoting an effective transition to sustainable growth through continued research, entrepreneurship
and diffusion of new technologies.
The business community urges government and international institutions to help improve the
strengths, and reduce the vulnerabilities of all, but especially those of developing countries and
countries with economies in transition by promoting programs of technology cooperation which
include administrative and technological capacity building within each country. We believe that the
use of currently available options can be accelerated in a number of ways:
- focusing on "no regrets" options - which integrate economic and
environmental objectives rather than trade them off against one
another:
- strengthening local ability to evaluate alternative methods, and to
introduce and adapt appropriate technologies to meet local needs:
2
- increasing the rate and extent of electrification;
- promoting effective land use and forestry management practices;
- promoting appropriate policies for management of coastal zones:
- assisting the prevention of further desertification:
- assisting with the development of policies, legislation, institutions
and management training conducive to sustainable growth:
- providing information on technology availability and options and
support for the acquisition of patents and licenses taking full account
of the need to protect intellectual property rights;
- removing barriers to technology cooperation that exist in both
developed and developing countries for the transfer of
environmentally sound and state of the art technologies;
Bearing in mind IPPC Chairman Professor Bolin's comment at the fourth session of the INC, that
the IPCC scenarios are a band of possibilities and not predictions, the business community endorses
the efforts of all countries to enhance the world's environment, taking into account their own
capabilities, national plans and priorities. We are of the view that any international cooperation
should act to support and supplement, not supplant, national efforts.
Global Participation
Development goals and the eradication of poverty will require an increased use of energy and raw
materials. The challenge for governments is how to reconcile this with responsible stewardship of
the environment and how to devise means for international cooperation. Industry supports the view
that underlying the principle of "common concern" is the need to forge a global partnership. The
full participation of all nations in any response to possible climate change is necessary. It is
inconceivable that effective global responses could be mobilized without this.
Concluding Remarks
The strength of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was that it
contained general rules of cooperation in the legal, scientific and technical fields. Its flexibility
made it an important instrument. Rather than impose a static solution, it provided for a process of
assessment and revision. The business community urges that any Framework Convention on
Climate Change built on these same vital foundations. Measures which are comprehensive, flexible,
rational, cost-effective in relation to benefits and equity, and which take account of limited resources
are less likely to burden future generations unnecessarily.
3
Eco Newsletter/Newspaper
Clips
CLIMATETALKS NEWYORK FEB 92 NGONEWSLETTER
19
FEBRUARY
FURRY ANIMALS
ISSUE
Eco has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Groups at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment
Conference in 1972. This issue is produced co-operatively by groups attending the Climate Talks in New York, February 1992
Front Line Ecosystems Threatened
Major changes due to Global Warming, says WWF
by Eco Reporter
ready forcing a response from the ecosystem".
erally regarded as carbon sinks-they absorb
According to a major new report to be pub-
Coral bleaching-which occurs when wa-
and have locked in them more carbon than they
lished today by the World Wide Fund for Na-
ter temperatures exceed 30°C, causing corals to
release. With warming these areas may be-
ture, up to 60% of the world's top national
expel symbiotic algae (which give them some
come major new sources of CO2, thus exacer-
parks-UNESCO's 'Man and Biosphere Re-
of their colour and food through photosynthe-
bating climate change.
serves'-are potentially under threat from cli-
sis) and subsequently die, could well be a pri-
Snow and ice cover in the European Alps
mate change. "Nature" says the report; "is un-
mary indicator of a changing climate, claims
could be reduced to a quarter of its current ex-
doubtedly a loser from global warming".
WWF, who report that bleaching has been ob-
tent, with the possible extinction of at least 150
Publication of the report has been timed to
served in 48 countries worldwide.
alpine plant species. Similar problems face
ncide with the New York climate negotia-
Research on mangroves in Bermuda, Bang-
tropical montane and cloud forests as water
hs, to bring the ecological effects of climate
ladesh, and throughout the South Pacific indi-
balances change. Costa Rica, they claim, could
change on to the political agenda.
cates that they are nearing their tolerance for
loose all of its cloud forest.
The report identifies 'Front Line' ecosys-
sea level rise.
Many climate models, the report says.
tems-coral reefs, mangroves, and the arctic
Just off the immediate critical list is tundra,
show that forests in the north could theoreti-
marine environment-as areas where "there is
predicted to disappear completely from Eurasia
cally shift northwards, but they face a range of
compelling evidence that climate change is al-
and much of Canada. Tundra regions are gen-
barriers like farmland, or zones that are too wet
or too dry. These forests are therefore unlikely
INC 5,
to be able to migrate quickly enough. In the
Yellowstone national park, WWF claims, 90%
New York
of the whitebark pine forests, crucial for griz-
zly bears, will disappear.
This new report clearly puts added pressure
on delegates in New York to speed up the ne-
gotiation process on climate change.
CONTENTS
News
1
Editorial
2
Conference Reports
2,3
Maryland Pollution Tax Considered
3
Only 100 hours left": Chairman Ripert's urgent appeal to delegates to get moving
having some effect, at least on the pace of the talks. Whether progress will be made
NGOs Listed
4
the substance remains to be seen-Full report on Day One, pages 2 and 3.
US to Change Stance?
4
ISSUE NO 2 VOLUME LXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CONFERENCE REPORTS
eco
Working group One opened by deferring dis-
North. Portugal (on behalf of the EC) said it
cussion of specific commitments on green-
was prepared to consider making patent rights
house gas emissions until Wednesday after-
available to developing countries while pro-
noon, in the hope that "informal consultations"
tecting intellectual property rights, but ex-
now under way among a number of delega-
pressed concern about "preferential" tran
tions might produce tangible results by then
terms conflicting with international trade
Today a new angle has emerged in
that would facilitate discussion of this charged
The Swedish delegate suggested a need to set
the debate over climate change. What
topic.
up an informal drafting group, at which point
are the potential impacts on forests in
The group spent the afternoon discussing
Chairman Akao asked the Swedish Ambassa-
the draft language on financial resource com-
dor to take on the task.
the US, mangroves in Bermuda, the
mitments, technology [transfer] [cooperation]
India and China pleaded that the brackets
tundra of the north?
take your pick - and special situations of de-
should be removed from the sentence linking
veloping countries. India, China and several
developing country party compliance with the
We have perhaps paid too little at-
other delegations expressed concern that many
convention to "effective implementation" of
tention to the earths own warning
of the points contained in the paper on commit-
the treaty's financial assistance and technology
mechanism. Ecosystems are remark-
ments tabled by some forty-plus developing
transfer provisions. The French delegate said
countries at the end of the last negotiating ses-
he had no problem with removing the brackets
ably sensitive to alterations in their
sion in Geneva, weren't adequately reflected in
eventually, but that given the lack of clarity as
environment-and there is now little
the new consolidated text. Chairman Akao
to what commitments developing countries
doubt that the global environment is
noted that with this being the fourth round of
would actually be making, it might make sense
starting to change.
working group meetings, there is no more time
to keep them in for the time being. For now,
for making general statements of position; in-
the brackets remain, but the issue may be revis-
Exactly how, and where is, of
stead it is time to "streamline and debracket"
ited Wednesday evening.
the text.
The afternoon ended with a somewhat con-
course, still uncertain, but the warning
On the issue of financial commitments,
fused discussion of the section on special situa-
signs are starting to emerge.
there were no breakthroughs; discussion cen-
tions of developing countries, with much dis-
tred on whether financial aid should be volun-
cussion of how to treat the very different needs
'Front Line' is an apt description
tary or obligatory, how to define "new, ad-
of 1) developing countries particularly vulner-
for ecosystems that are already start-
equate and additional," and what is meant by
able to the effects of global warming, 2) coun-
ing to reach their ecological limits.
'full incremental costs."
tries with economies in transition, and 3) coun-
These, however, are only the first,
Portugal, speaking on behalf of the Euro-
tries whose economies are highly dependent or
pean Community, linked their support of new
fossil fuels. The delegate from Grenada no
trapped on a window ledge with the
and additional funding to progress on the is-
that "the list of countries dependent on fos
pressure of global warming slowly
sues of the authority of the Conference of the
fuels would be quite long." Chairman Akao
pushing them into oblivion. Other
Parties and use of the Global Environmental
proposed to take up a revised text on this sec-
species and perhaps entire ecosystems
Facility as the funding mechanism Chairman
tion at Wednesday morning's session.
Akao designated US chief of delegation Robert
Throughout the afternoon Chairman Akao
may well follow that path.
Reinstein to head an informal drafting group to
was adamant in heading off repetitive com-
The implications stretch far be-
bring streamlined text back for a possible "in-
ments by delegations, pressing for consensus
formal informal" session on Wednesday
on his alternative negotiating text proposals,
yond what is traditionally regarded as
evening.
and setting up informal consultation groups
wildlife conservation. The same
On technology transfer/cooperation, a
over objections from the Saudis and others. It
changes threaten the bread baskets of
number of developing countries stressed the
seems that Chairman Ripert's appeal for del-
the world, both those that are full and
importance of assistance in development of in-
egates to get moving is having some effect, at
digenous technologies and capacity-building,
least on the pace of the talks. Whether substan-
those that are already lean.
not just transfer of technologies from the
tial progress will be made remains to be seen.
Editor: Phil Hurst
Production Managers:
Implemen
Alister Sieghart and Richard Elen
Sility
joint
goalettect
litica
SURRING
Assistance from: Frank Muller, Liz Barrett-Brown,
culture
bank
Navroz Dubash, Ralph Hallo and David Doniger.
WHERE
off
ion
Published by: Media Natura for the Climate Action
critter
nilated
on
sove
signt
lobal
warm
Network
Eco can be contacted at:-
Room 506, the Tudor Hotel, 304 E42nd St., New
York, NY 10017. Tel. (212) 986 8800 Fax (212)
297 3567; e-mail igc:relen or applelink:uk.region1
In the Forest of Brackets (regrettably unaffected by climate change)
ISSUE 2 - FEBRUARY 19
2
Working Group II spent two and one half
hours working on the first two paragraphs of
M ary and Cons't ers Air Pollutio 1 Tax
section VI.1 'Conference of the Parties'. They
by Frank Muller, Center for Global Change
energy efficiency and address potentially ad-
succeeded in removing all brackets and con-
A bill has been introduced into the Maryland
solidating the text on the first two paragraphs
verse social and economic effects: including
state senate for an air pollution tax on fossil
tax collected from motor fuels dedicated to
the text. The text on specific tasks for the
fuel consumption. The proposed tax would be
inference of the Parties presented too many
public transit projects and measures to re-
levied on fossil fuels used to meet in-state en-
duce vehicular traffic;
problems, however, and by 5:50 pm the co-
ergy needs at a rate of $3.75 per ton of carbon
revenues to promote low income weather-
chair moved to appoint a working group of
content. The bill illustrates how proposals de-
representatives of seven countries to work out
ization and energy assistance programs;
veloped at a international level, to respond to
and
an agreement on the text.
global warming, (for example the EC Carbon
For the mathematically inclined, WG II
a cap on the total amount of tax payable by
Tax), may be applied at a state level to address
large electricity consumers.
managed to approve about five lines - a rate of
broader environmental and economic concerns.
Maryland's largest city, Baltimore, has the
one line per 30 minutes - a pace that may not
Like many states, Maryland is in fiscal cri-
nation's fourth worst smog and the state faces
build great confidence. However, it is a bit pre-
sis, having to find $1.3 billion in spending cuts
mature to conclude that WG II will continue at
federal sanctions, including a cut-off of high-
and tax increases to balance next year's budget.
way funds if national air quality standards are
the same pace. The move to resolve issues in
With strong opposition to both new taxes and
not met. And with its vast Chesapeake Bay
working groups could speed the resolution of
program cuts, any measure which at the same
coastline the state is vulnerable to sea level rise
fairly uncontroversial text at least.
time provides environmental benefits and helps
due to global warming.
A proposal on the specific tasks for the
bridge the budget gap is attractive to legisla-
The tax proposals are not set high enough
Conference of the Parties will be presented to
tors.
to significantly affect short term consumer be-
the Working Group on Wednesday morning -
Members of the state's house of delegates
haviour but they send a clear signal about the
at least, a proposal on the first three of twenty-
are similarly working on an air pollution tax
future direction of tax policy to long-term in-
two proposed tasks. A lot of work will have to
proposal, at $7.50 per ton of carbon. The sen-
be done to elaborate the mandates of the Con-
vestors and into the national political arena.
ate bill would raise nearly $100 million per
Frank Muller is Senior Policy Analyst at the
ference of the Parties and the other implement-
year, the draft house proposal $200 million.
Center for Global Change at the University of
ing bodies - critical to an effective convention.
The later proposal would increase gasoline
Maryland at College Park
Commentary by Liz Barratt-Brown
prices by 2 cents per gallon and electricity
The Conference of the Parties should be struc-
Eco Staff add: Maryland is not alone in acting
prices, on average, by 2 mill per kilowatt hour.
to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Twelve
tured to respond quickly to scientific develop-
A 5 cent increase in the state's gasoline tax
other states have already enacted legislation to
ments. First, the reports from national govern-
would raise around $120 million.
reduce emissions of global warming gases.
pents and the subsidiary bodies, such as the
Current taxes with an energy element are
California, Florida, Iowa, Massachusetts, Mis-
visory Committee on Science, should be
levied on motor fuels utilities, and a sales tax
souri, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Or-
abmitted to the Conference of the Parties in a
on commercial uses. An air pollution tax has
egon, Washington, Wisconsin and Vermont all
timely manner to facilitate immediate consid-
two important advantages over increases in ex-
now have programmes aimed at reducing en-
eration of new information. Second, the deci-
isting taxes. First, it distinguishes between
ergy use and emissions of greenhouse gases.
sion-making process of the Conference of the
clean and dirty fuels, favouring the develop-
The National Governors' Association rec-
Parties should not rely on old, slow mecha-
ment of renewable resources. By setting the tax
ommended in 1990 that Mr Bush take immedi-
nisms. For example, the convention could des-
rate on the basis of carbon content, it also re-
ate steps to combat global climate change, not-
ignate a lower threshold - perhaps a limited
flects relative emissions of conventional pollut-
ing that energy efficiency and renewables
number of parties - that could refer questions
ants such as hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide.
bring additional pay-offs of creating jobs and
of implementation to a subsidiary body or form
Second, because it is more broadly based than
boosting state economies.
an ad hoc panel.
existing taxes, an air pollution tax can raise
US utilities are also moving down the clean
In regard to amendments, the adjustment
more revenue for less pain.
energy path. Sacramento Municipal Utility
process under the Montreal Protocol, which
The air pollution tax would be collected
District has committed to obtaining all its new
provides for the rapid adoption of amendments
from electric and gas utilities, petroleum prod-
capacity needs from energy efficiency and re-
related to existing text, should serve as a
uct distributors and industrial consumers of
newables, while Southern California Edison
model. Requiring that all amendments be
coal. The rate for electricity is set on the basis
and the Los Angeles Department of Water and
adopted through a protocol ratification proce-
of each utility's fuel mix.
Power, and the New England Electric System,
dure would keep governments busy approving
Included in the senate bill are several fea-
have announced plans to cut CO₂ emissions by
new language and short on time to actually im-
tures to use the new revenues to promote
20% by 2010 and 2000 respectively.
plement climate protection measures.
A successful convention must include spe-
cific reference to the right of observer status
for NGOs before the sessions of the Confer-
ence of the Parties and any subsidiary bodies,
including financing bodies. NGOs should have
ccess to all documents and reports of the con-
ntion and have the right to speak and seek
institution of subsidiary bodies.
What price personal transportation?
3
ISSUE 2 - FEBRUARY 19
CLIMATETALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
US Wall About to Crumble?
by David Doniger
tion has been re-examining what it really
"Earth Summit" taking place right in the hei,
At the opening of INC5, returning delegates
thinks would be necessary to stabilize emis-
of the campaign, media attention is guarant
may be forgiven for seeing little apparent
sions of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases by
to the conclusion of these negotiations. Last
change in the US's 'Berlin wall' of opposition
the turn of the century. Publicly, the Depart-
week, the leaders of most US national-level en-
to binding curbs on CO₂ and other greenhouse
ment of Energy claims the need for large en-
vironmental organizations met with the Presi-
gases. But delegates should be aware of go-
ergy taxes, but more quietly, the Administra-
dent's new Chief of Staff, Samuel Skinner, and
ings-on in America, both inside and outside the
tion is reviewing an Environmental Protection
a dozen other senior Administration officials.
US Administration, that are sapping the
Agency analysis showing that stabilization
Their message: the President will bear the
strength of that wall.
could be achieved through 15 to 20 profitable,
blame for the failure of these negotiations if the
Since the dismissal of Chief of Staff John
voluntary measures, focusing mainly on im-
US does not accept targets and timetables to
Sununu in December, the US Administration is
proving energy efficiency.
reduce CO₂ and other greenhouse gases.
reportedly reconsidering its policy on global
At the political level, global warming is a
The Administration's biggest problem,
warming. At the policy level, the Administra-
major issue in election year and with the Rio
however, may be disorganisation at the White
FRIENDLY NEIGHBORHOOD NGO PARTICIPANTS
House. Here, literally dozens of people think
Annie Roncerel
they have a say in any issue, and the result is
Climate Network Europe
Belgium
Maritza Cecilia Fortes
paralysis until Skinner, or the President him-
Instituto de Ecología Política-IEP
Chile
Rosario Ortiz
self, steps in.
Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
Colombia
Toni Vidan
So while on the surface US pronounce-
Zelena Akcija Zagreb
Croatia
Jan Hrebec
Brontosaurus Movement-Ekowatt
ments on global warming may seem little
Czechoslovakia
Susan Legro
changed, an undercurrent of change is at work.
Energy Efficiency Center
B. W. Garbrah
David Doniger is with the Natural Resources
Friends of the Earth-FOE
Ghana
Defense Council
Jyoti Parikh
Indira Gandhi Inst. of Development Research
India
Yasuko Matsumoto
Greenpeace International
Japan
EXCHANGE OF THE DAY
Gilbert Arum
KENGO
Kenya
Gerardo Alatorre
Grupo de Estudios Ambientales
Mexico
Dasgupta (India): My suggestion is based on
Ore Salau
Nigerian Environmental Study Team
Nigeria
text agreed to by 43 states.
Ralph Hallo
Stichting Natuur En Milieu
Netherlands
Reinstein (U.S.A.): I am speaking on behalf
Paul Hohnen
Greenpeace International
50 states but unfortunately have only one vo
Thomas Takahu
Friends of the Earth-FOE
Papua New Guinea
in this forum
Hector D. Soliman
Haribon Foundation/Green Forum
Philippines
Masse Lo
ENDA
Senegal
THANKS
Adam Markham
WWF International
Switzerland
Richard Mott
WWF International
The Climate Action Network would like to thank
Phil Hurst
Climate Action Network-UK
the following, who have provided funds and
U.K.
Jeremy Leggett
facilities for Eco:
Greenpeace International
Tessa Robertson
WWF-UK
Liz Barratt-Brown
Natural Resources Defense Council-NRDC
U.S.
EDF
Clif Curtis
Greenpeace International
David Doniger
Natural Resources Defense Council-NRDC
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
Navroz K. Dubash
Environmental Defense Fund-EDF
T.J. Glauthier
WWF-US
Todd Goldman
Environmental Defense Fund-EDF
Debbie Good
Environmental Defense Fund-EDF
Scott Hajost
Environmental Defense Fund-EDF
WWF
Preethi Junnarkar
Natural Resources Defense Council-NRDC
Daniel Lashof
Natural Resources Defense Council-NRDC
WWF INTERNATIONAL
Marda Mayo
Ancient Forests
Alden Meyer
Union of Concerned Scientists-UCS
Micl Oppenheimer
Environmental Defense Fund-EDF
Rafe Pomerance
World Resources Institute-WRI
APPLE COMPUTER
Eileen Quinn
Union of Concerned Scientists-UCS
Jan Sinclair
Greenpeace International
with resources donated by:
Ken Snyder
National Audubon Society
Aldus UK, Creative Technology Associates,
Fran Spivy-Weber
National Audubon Society
Computers Unlimited, Dial-a-Fax, EcoNet,
Jim Tripp
Environmental Defense Fund-EDF
Microsoft, MCMXCIX, Shades & Characters Ltd.,
"WHO- ME?
Software Club, the Tudor Hotel, Vodafone plc.
ISSUE NO 2 VOLUMELXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CLIMATETALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
20
FEBRUARY
PENGUIN
ISSUE
Eco has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Groups at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment
Conference in 1972. This issue is produced co-operatively by groups attending the Climate Talks in New York, February 1992
Now the Lesson Must Be Learned
Norway's GHGs Up
New information released today by
can be expected to increase in both range and
by Gunnar Bolstad
Greenpeace underlines the fact that the first
severity. Vaccination programmes could be
New information about the until recently un-
serious effects of climate change are now be-
compromised: UNEP's 1989 report, The Envi-
known greenhouse gases tetrafluoromethane
ing observed. The depletion of the ozone
ronmental Impacts of Ozone Depletion says
and hexafluoroethane, changes Norway's offi-
layer-initially in the southern hemisphere
immunization through skin that has been ex-
cial emissions of greenhouse gases. Taking
and now in northern latitudes-reinforces
posed to excessive ultra-violet radiation could
CF4 and C₂F₆ into account increases GHG
the contention that the nations of the world
make the individual more rather than less
emissions by between 12 and 18%.
cannot afford to wait to see if other effects of
likely to contract the disease.
The two gases are by-products of the alu-
climate change will be as catastrophic as has
The ozone lesson is one which climate ne-
minium production and Norway, Europe's
been predicted. The question now is
gotiators should bear in mind. Science did not
largest aluminium producer, emits between
whether or not this lesson will be learned.
predict the formation of the Antarctic ozone
871 and 1,306 million tons of the two gases
worldwide release today of video foot-
hole, nor the extent of mid-latitude depletion
annually-equivalent to between 7.3 and 11
Chile shows chilling effects of ozone
now being observed Nor did it predict the
million tons of CO2. Norway's emissions of
depletion already being observed.
alarming potential for ozone depletion above
CO₂ are 35 million tons: including other GHGs
The Greenpeace film shows blind sheep,
the Arctic.
it has been numbered to a total of 61 million
stunted yellow plants and damaged pasture-
The IPCC has warned that climate change
tons of CO₂ equivalents. The Parliament has
land. It is a worrying premonition of the im-
may bring unpleasant surprises. It has stated
decided to stabilize CO₂ emissions on 1989
pacts the more highly populated Northern
that its predictions of likely temperature rise
levels in 2000, a target heavily under pressure
Hemisphere can expect as ozone depletion
cannot include the impacts of feedback mecha-
from ministers, parliamentarians, union lead-
worsens in the North.
nisms. As with ozone depletion, the risks are
ers, and industrialists.
As a depleting ozone layer lets more dam-
great, and there is a lag time between emission
The emissions of CF, and C₂F₆ will not
aging ultra-violet radiation through to the
of chemicals and resulting impacts.
officially have consequences for the
Earth's surface, the impacts will be far worse
For many people, a risk of no more than
stabilization target, but will deal another blow
than the expected increase in skin cancer and
5% of their house catching fire makes it worth
to the green profile of the land of Brundtland-
blindness. Ozone depletion, the United Nations
taking out an insurance policy. With the risk of
an image that has become seriously tarnished
Environment Programme has warned, will also
ecological catastrophe currently estimated at
over the last few months.
"profoundly influence" the immune system.
around 95%, the current negotiations must be-
A wide variety of diseases including her-
gin to place more emphasis on the need for just
CONTENTS
pes, leprosy, measles, malaria and tuberculosis
such insurance.
News
Ozone Depletion
1
1. Normally, harmful ultraviolet radiation is
Refresher Course
absorbed by the ozone layer.
2. The action of sunlight breaks down CFCs and
Penguins On The Brink
2
other substances in the upper stmosphere to form
Chiorine stoms.
3. Chlorine atoms combine with ozone molecules
Conference Reports
2
to form Chlorine Monoxide (CIO) and an oxygen
molecule. A CIO molecule can combine with
another oxygen atom to form en oxygen molecule
AOSIS's Interests are Everyone's
3
and a chiorine stom-which can then attack
further ozone molecule.
5
4. The oxygen stoms do not block ultraviolet
German NGOs Push Bush
4
radiation
5.
allowing it through to the Earth's surface.
880
Richard Elen
Greenpeace IPCC Survey
4
ISSUE NO 3 VOLUME LXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CONFERENCE REPORTS
eco
Working Group 1 first focused on the text on
After the optimistic notes sounded in its open- W
special situations of developing countries.
ing session Tuesday, Working Group 2 tum-
The most significant event was the adop-
bled back to earth yesterday as discu ons
tion of the 'Green Plan', originating from a
turned to core issues of the institution:
group of African delegates, concerning the re-
rangements and procedures.
covery of fragile ecosystems. (African NGOs
The Co-Chairs' stated objective of paring
Penguins on the
will respond in a later ECO).
the text of its brackets quickly ran into difficul-
Brink?
The discussion on special situations then
ties that continued throughout the day. Fre-
centred on consideration due to economies
quent interventions came from the trio familiar
Anybody who has watched a wildlife film
highly dependent on fossil fuels and on coun-
from previous negotiating rounds: Saudi Ara-
with penguins in it. knows that these birds
tries with 'economies in transition'. After sev-
bia, China and India.
have a habit of running up to the edge of
eral conflicting interventions on the fossil fuel
A tremendous amount of time was devoted
he sea, and then hovering as a mass fear
dependency section, Chairman Akao requested
to debate over whether the Conference of the
of the unknown takes over.
the delegate from Singapore to head an infor-
Parties should be instructed to review the cu-
mal consultation on this section.
mulative impact of measures taken under the
Suddenly, after some seemingly invis-
The discussion on countries with 'econo-
convention. If the Conference of the Parties, as
ble sign, en masse they decide the water
mies in transition' quickly bogged down on
the convention's supreme institution, is not re-
looks nice, and take the plunge. The fifth
how to define the classification. India noted
quired to review whether or not the convention
INC is starting to look a little like that
that there is awareness of the situation faced by
is doing the job, who will?
group of penguins on the edge, each look-
countries in a certain geographic area (Central
In the afternoon session, Working Group 2
ng for the sign to jump, but unwilling to
and Eastern Europe), but any definition would
took up the provisions on reporting and again
lo so in case someone else has not seen
also apply to some countries outside that area.
struggled without resolution. Still unresolved
he same 'jump' sign.
Tunisia pointed out that the phrase 'economies
are basic questions such as whether parties
in transition' is not recognised by the UN and
must submit reports.
Working group one is frequently
asked how long the 'transition' was expected
The UK finally proposed that the availabil-
eard arguing that they cannot specify
to last. Egypt and India were asked to head a
ity of resources for developing countries
commitments without the mechanisms
drafting group to come up with a suitable defi-
through the financial mechanism should be
being in place to make them workable.
nition of the phrase.
conditional on full implementation of the re-
Meanwhile delegates at working group
The afternoon showed that substantial disa-
porting provisions. Canada's proposal to com-
wo have argued that the mechanisms
greement remains on commitments; should all
bine the three paragraphs on the timing and
eed to fit the commitments.
parties (or just developed countries) commit
frequency of reports met with general app
themselves to control emissions; should coun-
but was also left without final resolution.
In a similar vein, sources within the
tries be required to 'report on' their greenhouse
The European Commission's streamlined
European Community believe that the US
gas inventories and control strategies; and how
text on group reporting also produced a lengthy
position is about to crumble. Within the
important is research aimed at resolving re-
discussion without resolution. While there may
JS administration, however, there
maining uncertainties?
be advantages to group reporting, especially
hose who believe that the EC position
The discussion on reporting requirements
for certain developing countries, such provi-
night be changing. Once again nobody
was constantly disrupted by the Saudi delegate
sions should ensure that each party provide
vants to jump.
who also accused the Chairman of bias to-
public information about their individual ac-
Delegates are at the water's edge. It
wards developed countries in his appointment
tions to meet their obligations.
of drafting group chairs. Chairman Akao re-
vould be tragic if they were to let coun-
Working Group 2 will turn back to the
sponded by asking the Saudi delegate to chair a
open issues on the Conference of the Parties
ries such as Saudi Arabia bully them into
drafting group on two sensitive sub-para-
and Reporting provisions on Thursday with at
lelaying the negotiating process and pull
graphs. The Saudi delegate said he would ac-
least Co-Chair van Lierop optimistic enough to
he entire colony back from the water so
cept, but only if the task were defined to his
invite the delegates to head for the AOSIS re-
rital to the planets survival.
liking.
ception and leave their brackets behind them.
Editor: Phil Hurst
Production Managers:
Alister Sieghart and Richard Elen
Assistance from: Jan Sinclair, Liz Barrett-Brown,
Ralph Hallo, Annie Roncerel and Todd Goldman.
Published by: Media Natura for the Climate Action
Network
Eco can be contacted at:-
Room 506, the Tudor Hotel, 304 E42nd St., New
York, NY 10017. Tel. (212) 986 8800 Fax (212)
297 3567; e-mail igc:relen or applelink:uk.region1
8 Jarocho
SSUE 3 - FEBRUARY 19
2
AOSIS's Interests Are Everyone's Interests
Eco has been asked to print the following, by AOSIS delegates Nakibae Teuatabo, Kiribati; Abdullahi Majeed, Maldives;
and Cyril Berridge, Caribbean Meteorological Organisation.
KOSIS prefers language which commits devel-
We cannot be encouraged by the nature of
move on to cuts as a matter of emergency. If
oped countries to freeze carbon dioxide emis-
the uncertainties in the climate science. Take
OECD countries commit to a freeze in emis-
sions at 1990 levels by 1995. Our position has
just one example. We now know, after last
sions fully 8 years from now, what kind of
been criticised by some delegations as neither
week's worrying announcements by NASA
urgency is that?
feasible nor realistic. We argue, in contrast,
that northern mid-latitude ozone depletion has
There are those who say it cannot be done.
that it is not just achievable but essential.
again been underestimated, and hence that
Why, then, does Pacific Gas and Electric, the
Take, first, the lessons of the Vienna Con-
phytoplankton in the oceans will be im-
biggest utility in the eighth biggest economy in
vention on czone protection. These are lessons
paired-we know not by how much-as a re-
the world (California), plan no new fossil-fuel
which we must not overlook as we decide how
sult of UV radiation. They will be able to take
energy-supply this decade? They plan to make
to deal with the global warming threat. The
less carbon dioxide down from the atmosphere,
money from demand management and renew-
Vienna Convention has seen a series of policy
so amplifying global warming. Do the climate
able supply, cutting greenhouse-gas emissions
targets which have no sooner been set than ren-
models on which climate predictions are based
in- the process. Why does Emil van Lennep,
dered transparently inadequate by one alarm-
take this effect into account? No.
Minister of State in the Dutch Government and
ing, unexpected, scientific discovery after an-
AOSIS states will be the early victims—
long-standing Secretary-General of the OECD,
other. The world's atmospheric scientists have
not the only victims-if we allow the human-
now say that reducing carbon dioxide emis-
consistently underestimated both the pace and
enhanced greenhouse effect to run out of con-
sions "doesn't necessarily have to be difficult
extent of ozone depletion. These same scien-
trol, should feedbacks like this one come into
for the world economy?"
tists are now telling us, via the IPCC's science
play and prove to be large. And that is pre-
Freezing emissions by 1995 is necessary if
working group, that we face dangerous sea-
cisely what we do risk unless we face the chal-
genuine environmental security is the goal. It is
level rise and climate change in the decades
lenge of tough commitments to cut emissions.
feasible if the challenge of change can be
ahead. Dare we risk that this prognosis too-
AOSIS's interests are everyone's interests. We
faced. Not to face it is to commit the nations of
dreadful as it is already for the small island
have no choice. Developed countries must
the world to very probable climatic disaster.
states-is an underestimate?
freeze their emissions as soon as possible, and
Not just AOSIS nations, but all nations.
Bush: Drowning by Numbers?
China: Agriculture
Threatened
By Eco reporter
climate change before taking measures to pre-
China has released an official report warning
While the Bush Administration complains it
vent it.
that global warming could disrupt agriculture
can't risk its economy for the sake of global
Further evidence comes from a CNN/USA
nationwide and harm economic development
warming, growing numbers of US citizens and
Today/Gallup poll conducted between January
in the country's booming coastal region. As the
companies alike are deciding it's time for ac-
6 and 9 this year. Asked whether the US
climate gradually warms, agricultural produc-
tion.
should join other industrial countries in com-
tion will become unstable, says a synopsis of
Recent proof came with a McKinsey and
mitting to carbon dioxide emission cuts, with-
the report published by the official New China
Co investigation which surveyed the top man-
out waiting for further scientific certainty, 62%
News Agency and read out on state radio.
agers of 400 businesses each with an annual
agreed.
Rising sea levels associated with the warm-
turnover of more than US$5 billion.
Moreover, 61% said they would be more
ing trend could flood coastal regions which
The survey found that 52% of North
likely to vote for a candidate who favoured
now are among the most vibrant economically.
American managers believe there is no need to
strengthening environmental regulations, even
The report says agriculture might be helped
wait for more concrete scientific evidence of
if it hurt business conditions.
initially by the warming, but it says there
Of the fifteen policy items that this survey
would be grim bad effects as well.
covered, only two other proposals, one requir-
It warns that the already dry north would
ing welfare recipients to work for their welfare
be made even more parched, the threat of ty-
checks, and the other offering college loans to
phoons and floods would be increased, there
all young Americans in return for military or
would be a rise in plant diseases and pests and
non-military service, received a higher percent-
some animal and plant species would disappear
age of replies confirming that the issue would
entirely.
affect their presidential voting decision.
China is the world's fourth largest producer
In another poll, conducted in Florida be-
of greenhouse gases. The broadcast version of
tween December 18 and 20 last year, 71% of
the report, compiled for the United Nations
those surveyed believed global warming is a
Conference on Environment and Development,
serious problem which demands aggressive
does not include any recommendations for
movement towards solutions by government
measures China could take to alleviate the
and society, before the problem gets worse.
problem
After Washington Post
©1092
3
ISSUE 3 - FEBRUARY 19
CLIMATETALKS NEWYORK NGONEWSLETTER
NGOs Ask Kohl to Push Bush
letter from
Last week the chairmen of the three major
Um SO besorgniserregender ist die man-
Turtle Bay
German environmental NGOs, the director of
gelnde Bereitschaft der USA, sich im Rahmen
Maurice Strong, UNCED
the national youth organisation and the head
der derzeit verhandelten Klimakonvention auf
Dear Maurice,
of the church relief group wrote to Chancellor
konkretere Reduktionsziele zu verpflichten.
Greetings from New York! Did you know
Kohl asking him in very strong terms to use his
Aus diesem Grunde haben sich zahlreiche ent-
there are a whole bunch of people up here who
influence with President Bush to make con-
wicklungs- und umweltpolitische Nicht-
say they have been invited to some sort of party
crete commitments on emissions targets. Here
Regierungsorganisationen aus Deutschland
in Brazil in June - just say Maurice said you
is the text of their letter - a similar letter was
dazu entschlossen, sich in einem offenen Brief
could come - they told me. Do you know these
also sent to President Bush
direkt an Präsident Bush zu wenden.
people? I thought you should know as I was
Sehr geehrter Herr Bundeskanzler,
Daher wenden wir uns heute an Sie als
sure you could only get in with some kind of
die Treibhausproblematik und die beabsich-
einen Staatsmann, dessen dringende Anliegen
written agreement about those gases that are
tigte Weltklimakonvention haben sich in letzter
Präsident Bush nicht ignorieren kann: Wir bit-
making our weather go crazy.
Zeit zu einem ständigen Tagesordnungspunkt
ten Sie, Ihren politischen Einfluß zu nutzen,
der aktuellen Politik entwickelt. So hat auch
um die Vereinigten Staaten von der Notwen-
I only flew in on Wednesday afternoon, but
die Anhorung der Enquete-Kommission des
digkeit zu überzeugen, CO₂ und andere Treib-
almost got crushed by a large group of Afri-
Bundestages "Vorsorge zum Schutz der Erd-
hausgasemissionen zu reduzieren.
cans who seemed in a very good mood and
atmosphäre" am 28./29.01.1992 mit zahlreich-
Wir sind sicher, daß ein signal gerade der
were all congratulating each other on some
en internationalen Sachverständigen wieder
Vereinigten Staaten die Verhandlungen für den
green plan or other. They were all desperate to
einmal eindringlich deutlich gemacht, daß eine
internationalen Klimaschutz entscheidend vor-
get on planes to Switzerland and kept mention-
solche Klimakonvention, die für uns und uns-
ing banks they were friendly with
anbringen wird und hoffen auf Ihre Unter-
ere Nachkommen überlebenswichtig werden
stützung,
Earlier today I was having a chat with
könnte, nur dann zu erreichen ist, wenn die
Mit freundlichen Grüßen
Akao, a very polite gentleman, but kept getting
industrialisierten Staaten als Hauptverursacher
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Engelhardt, Präsident,
interrupted by some chap from Saudi Arabia
des Treibhauseffektes mit konkreten Maß-
Deutscher Naturschutzring (DNR)
He seemed intent on stopping our conversa-
nahmen zum Klimaschutz ein Zeichen setzen.
Hubert Weinzierl, 1. Vorsitzender, Bund für
tion, and unless some environmental people
Auch die Bundesregierung hat mit dem
Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland
from a magazine had told him to shut up, we
Beschluß einer 25- bis 30prozentigen Reduk-
would still be there now.
Klaus Dürkop, Präsident, Naturschutzbund
tion der CO2-Emissionen bis zum Jahr 2005
Deutschland
Hope all is well with you in Canada and
das Problem anerkannt und eine Richtung
Roland Klapproth, ehem. Vorsitzender,
the UV-B sunglasses are working.
aufgezeigt, an der sich zukünftige Beschlüsse
Bundesjugendring
Yours
und Maßnahmen messen lassen müssen.
Prälat Norbert Herkenrath, Misereor
Donatello
Scientists Fear Runaway Warming
THANKS
The Climate Action Network would like to thank
A poll of the world's leading climatologists
leading climate centres. The models prodict
the following, who have provided funds and
shows that many fear global warming could be
that the world will warm by 3° by the year
facilities for Eco:
unstoppable if emissions of polluting gases are
2100, but none of them takes into account pos-
merely frozen and not cut. Even more believe
sible feedback mechanisms.
EDF
progress at the climate negotiations is too slow.
These mechanisms are large, involving re-
Last December Greenpeace surveyed 400
actions of the planet's natural ecosystems to an
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
scientists who had contributed to the work of
unaccustomed warming. The Intergovernmen-
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
tal Panel on Climate Change has warned that
change, or who had written on related matters
these feedback mechanisms would most likely
in Nature and Science magazines. Of the 113
increase the predicted warming.
scientists who had returned their questionnaires
The Greenpeace survey shows climate sci-
WWF
by the time the climate negotiations began,
entists are generally dissatisfied with progress
13% said a runaway greenhouse is probable if
at the climate negotiations, with 66% believing
WWF INTERNATIONAL
actions are not taken to reduce greenhouse gas
progress is too slow. In addition, 42% believe
emissions, while a further 32% think such a
the work of the IPCC has not been taken seri-
catastrophe is possible if 'business as usual'
ously enough.
continues.
Greenpeace International Director of Sci-
Professor Bert Bolin, Chairman of
APPLE COMPUTER
ence Dr Jeremy Leggett called the results "a
the IPCC, will be addressing the
with resources donated by:
message which most of those at the negotia-
INC today, to present a summary of
Aldus UK, Creative Technology Associates,
tions have yet to accept". The negotiations
the latest science on the problems
Computers Unlimited, Dial-a-Fax, EcoNet,
hinge on the most widely accepted estimates of
global warming, based on models from several
of Climate Change
Microsoft, MCMXCIX, Shades & Characters Ltd.,
Software Club, the Tudor Hotel, Vodafone plc.
ISSUE NO 3 VOLUME DAILY OF CHARGE
CLIMATETALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
21
FEBRUARY
FOSSILS
ISSUE
Eco has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Groups at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment
Conference in 1972. This issue is produced co-operatively by groups attending the Climate Talks in New York, February 1992
Efforts Not Enough - Bolin
US Senate Passes
Energy Bill
by Daniel Lashof
am worried that even a very modest achieve-
The Chairman of the Intergovernmental
ment to reduce the rate of increase of carbon
The US Senate Wednesday overwhelmingly
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Prof. Bert
dioxide in the atmosphere as aimed for by
passed a grab bag energy bill by a margin of
Bolin presented the 1992 IPCC Supplement to
some OECD countries might be compromised
94-4. The bill sends mixed signals on US CO2
delegates at the climate change negotiations in
by special allowance amongst the OECD coun-
policy. It includes measures to increase the en-
New York today. The Report was adopted at a
tries." In a warning to all delegations he added
ergy efficiency of lighting, motors, and com-
meeting of the full IPCC in Geneva last week.
"the scenarios show that more far reaching ef-
mercial air conditioning which should help
Professor Bolin drew the delegates atten-
forts are required than are now being contem-
limit emissions, as well as measures to pro-
tion to the IPCC's conclusion that the commit-
plated in order to achieve a major reduction of
mote coal consumption and deregulate electric-
ents by many OECD countries to stabilize
the rate of carbon dioxide increase in the at-
ity generation that may push emissions up. As
2 emissions would only result in a 4-6%
mosphere."
significant as what is included in the bill are
duction in future increases of atmospheric
He also stressed that the IPCC carefully
the provisions that were dropped: increased au-
carbon dioxide relative to a baseline scenario.
considered and rejected the objections of some
tomobile efficiency standards and opening
In an apparent reference to the United States
scientists to the 1990 Scientific Assessment.
Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for
and perhaps Australia, he commented that "I
The IPCC concluded that "the findings of sci-
oil development.
entific research since 1990 do not affect our
A previous version of the energy bill was
fundamental understanding of the science of
killed last November primarily due to environ-
the greenhouse effect." A few scientists, such
mentalists' opposition to Arctic Refuge drill-
as Dr Richard Lindzen, had argued that reduc-
ing. The earlier bill also had weaker energy
tions in the water vapour content of the upper
efficiency measures and undermined environ-
atmosphere would prevent significant warming
mental protection in numerous other areas, in-
from increased greenhouse gas concentrations.
cluding rules governing damming rivers for
Professor Bolin noted that both model studies
hydropower, and pollution controls on modi-
and observations contradict this hypothesis.
fied power plants. A highly controversial
He then discussed the role of ozone deple-
continued on back page, col 1
tion and sulphur emissions in masking some of
the warming expected from greenhouse gas in-
CONTENTS
creases. Taking these findings into account
News
1,4
gives "added confidence in the IPCC-assessed
sensitivity of the climate system to increasing
Editorial
2
atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse
gases," he said. The IPCC reiterated its conclu-
Conference Reports
2
sion that the sensitivity of global mean surface
temperature to doubling of carbon dioxide is
Opinion and Analysis
3
unlikely to lie outside the range of 1.5 to 4.5°C.
NGO Profile
3
Dr Bolin also noted:
the anomalously high global mean tem-
Oxymoron
4
peratures of the late 1980s have continued
continued on back page, col. 3
NGO Update
4
ISSUE NO 4 VOLUME LXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CONFERENCE REPORTS
eco
Working Group began with discussion of
Netherlands, China, Japan, Vanuatu and Gre-
the general commitments: paragraph that calls
nada take the lead in refashioning the text on
for actions to promote the conservation,
this section. It then was time to adjourn for
sustainable management and enhancement of
lunch and the afternoon plenary session.
sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases."
There is a clear pattern emerging in Wo
Trinidad-Tobago asked that "in particular, car-
ing Group one: discussion (often lengthy)
Science once again warns against nego-
bon dioxide gases" be inserted after "green-
most paragraphs is followed by appointment or
tiators thinking a soft option would be
house gases". The Saudi delegate complained
a drafting group to work out a "streamlined"
sufficient to stop global warming. It is
that this paragraph and the preceding one on
text on the particular language involved. ECO
highly significant that Professor Bolin,
energy were too detailed, proposing that the
has heard rumblings that this may not be the
specifics be left to future (if any) protocols.
most efficient use of delegates' limited time
an individual tied by the restraints of
during these negotiations; perhaps it's not only
representing agreement between 500 sci-
the text that needs to be streamlined, but the
entists, is still able to warn delegates that
process as well?
their current plans are not enough.
"Almost as many brackets left as minutes to
Stabilisation of CO₂ emissions by the
negotiate them", Co-chair van Lierop accu-
OECD countries will only reduce future
rately. summed up Working Group 2's
increases of atmospheric CO₂ by be-
achievements at yesterday's Plenary.
The morning session struggled with the six
tween 3 and 6%. The global warming
Conference of the Parties clauses (VI.I). Com-
juggernaut is still on the same course;
promise wording brought in by the co-chairs
the EC's firm stance on commitments at
WG1 was riveting again today
and by informal consultations was chipped
least puts pressure on the brakes, but in
away for three hours. The efforts of the infor-
the end cuts are the only means of
India indicated support of the text, but only
mal small group charged with finding a basis
changing direction.
if it included the phrase "on the basis of, in the
for agreement on re-wording of one subsection
case of developing nations, provision of the
(2.k) was promptly undone when France re-
The role of 'special consideration',
full incremental costs involved." The chair re-
introduced the very word ('harmonization')
for countries heavily dependent on fossil
ferred India to phrases elsewhere in the text
which caused disagreement before. Pakistan
fuels, is restricting efforts to change di-
that would cover such cost concerns. The In-
objected. Ever-vocal Saudi Arabia also found
rection. There is a certain irony in giving
dian delegate responded that he felt bound to
"co-ordination unacceptable. The floodgates
'special consideration' to economies
include such phrases assuring financial support
opened. Finally, the US and India said they'd
heavily dependent on the very substance
because he saw less and less evidence of coop-
prefer bracketing it all to more major revisio
eration on costs as the conference goes on. The
that has caused the problem in the first
Australia aptly chastised delegates for wasting
chair then offered to include India's proposed
the good compromise initiative. Co-chair
place.
text in brackets, to which India responded, in
Dowdeswell removed the whole subsection
One must wonder what exactly is
the sharpest exchange of the morning, by
from discussion until consensus emerged.
thought by these countries asking for
threatening to propose putting the entire para-
There followed laboured progress through the
such consideration. At best the discus-
graph in brackets. China supported India's po-
rest of the section. Co-chair: "I sincerely hope
sion is a distraction from the task of
sition, complaining that the financial assistance
there'll be no discussion on this one". Then,
reaching agreement on real commit-
section "has been mutilated the arms, legs
looking up resignedly, "Saudi Arabia?". France
and feet have been cut off as if they were not
belatedly withdrew its earlier intervention on
ments. At worst, such special 'considera-
needed." The chair asked Malaysia and Fin-
"harmonization". By lunch break the section
tions' could represent a trap intended to
land to refine the text.
was completed, with brackets left behind like
undermine the commitments themselves.
Next, the chair turned to the text calling on
the footprints of yesterday. Van Lierop later
parties to, "make preparations for the impacts
said, "were not as encouraged as we'd like".
Editor: Phil Hurst
of climate change... The chair proposed re-
Reference to existing international agree-
Production Managers:
moving the other brackets from the paragraph
ments might help pick up the rate of progress.
Alister Sieghart and Richard Elen
and most delegates concurred. India once again
Thus, for example, sticking points in the para-
insisted on inclusion of the "full incremental
A
graph on observers how to refer to the IAEA
nce from: Dan Lashof, Bruce Mcleod, Todd
costs" phrase. Burkina Faso proposed inclusion
Goldman, Ralph Hallo, Jan Sinclair, Jim Speer, Scott
and how to provide for the admission as ob-
Haj
of "areas prone to natural disasters" in the text.
Debbie Good, Tessa Robertson, Alden
servers (national or international, governmental
Meyer.
After further discussion the chairman ap-
or non-governmental) - have been addressed in
pointed a drafting committee to be led by Tuni-
other recent conventions (e.g. Vienna, Basle)
Published by: Media Natura for the Climate Action
sia.
Network
and time might well be saved at the expense of
The discussion then moved to the section
novelty here.
Eco can be contacted at:-
calling for preparation of environmental and
In particular, it would be a significant
Room 506, the Tudor Hotel, 304 E42nd St., New
socioeconomic impact statements on actions to
shame if the climate treaty, which necessitates
York, NY 10017. Tel. (212) 986 8800 Fax (212) 297
combat climate change; after a fair amount of
even greater NGO participation, would bac
3567; e-mail igc:relen or applelink:uk.region1
discussion, Chairman Akao requested that the
track from existing international agreements.
ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 19
2
OPINION AND ANALYSIS
NGO PROFILE
Should the World Bank Control GEF?
Brontosaurus
Movement/Ekowatt,
by Climate Network Africa
are vastly under-polluted, their air quality is
The World Bank is fighting for control of
probably vastly inefficiently low compared to
Czechoslovakia
Global Climate Fund (GCF) through the
Los Angeles or Mexico City Only the lam-
The Brontosaurus Movement began in the mid-
bal Environment Facility (GEF). Climate
entable facts that so much pollution is gener-
1970s, when a group of young people became
Network Africa asks: are these the people we
ated by non-tradeable industries (transport,
concerned about the state of the environment in
want in charge? The thoughts of World Bank
electrical generation) and that the unit transport
Czechoslovakia. The name comes from its
Chief Economist Lawrence Summers, leaked
costs of solid waste are so high prevent world
founding slogan: "The brontosaurus didn't sur-
earlier this month, represent the economic
welfare enhancing trade in air pollution."
vive - will we?" Its first activities were limited
thinking behind the Bank.
Summers is also reported to have said;
to nature conservation and small-scale clean-up
The following statement was made by
"The concern over an agent that causes a one
projects, but as the movement evolved, it be-
Lawrence Summers in an Office Memorandum
in a million change in the odds of prostate can-
gan to sponsor a series of summer camps and
dated December 12, 1991:
cer is obviously going to be much higher in a
weekend projects for young people. The 'Vel-
"Just between you and me, shouldn't the
country where people survive to get prostate
vet Revolution' in November, 1989, was a
World Bank be encouraging more migration of
cancer than in a country where under-5 mortal-
turning point, paving the way for Brontosaurus
the dirty industries to the LDCs? (Less Devel-
ity is 100 per thousand." In effect, Summers is
to become a legally independent organization.
oped Countries)
I think the economic logic
saying that the poor cannot afford to have scru-
The movement has many different groups,
behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the
ples.
for example Ekowatt, specialists in the envi-
lowest wage country is impeccable and we
Africans should continue their opposition
ronmental impacts of energy consumption and
should face up to that."
to GEF and their insistence on independence,
production. In a country where public aware-
Referring to Africa, he said, "I've always
transparency, participation and public account-
ness of global energy issues is low, these ac-
thought that underpopulated countries in Africa
ability in the administration of the GCF.
tivities are particularly important.
Ekowatt has focused on drawing attention
Sea Level Rise Threatens Nukes
to innovative options for a national energy
policy, including supply-side programs and re-
and shrinkage, which would add to problems
newable energy sources. Last June, Bronto-
of the upward movement of water which is a
saurus co-sponsored a conference on energy in
common feature of large concrete construc-
Central and Eastern Europe with Friends of the
tions.
Earth-UK, bringing together delegates from
Increasingly saline conditions would accel-
both Eastern and Western organizations. One
erate degradation of concrete, while
of the most difficult tasks that Ekowatt faces is
decommissioned stations, whose reactors must
that of convincing the public that energy is not
be vented, could experience greater problems
the cheap and expendable resource that it was
with salt-laden air. This could cause corrosion
seen as over the last 40 years.
and possible hydrogen build-up.
In spite of the critical environmental situa-
Wylfa Magnox reactor-Close to the edge?
Coastal Ministry of Defence establish-
tion in Czechoslovakia, there is an unprec-
A new Climate Action Network (UK) study
ments which store radioactive wastes could
edented opportunity to employ innovative solu-
suggests that as sea levels rise and storms pos-
also create environmental hazards in future.
tions and learn from the experiences of other
sibly become more severe, coastal nuclear
Toxic waste landfills, which frequently are
countries. Brontosaurus sees its mission as one
power plants and toxic waste dumps could be-
sited on mudflats and tidal marshes, could be
of both making people aware of existing prob-
come major environmental problems.
directly affected by rising seas, storm surges,
lems and encouraging them to take responsibil-
The CAN UK report says all operational
coastal erosion or permanent flooding.
ity for finding creative solutions.
UK Magnox nuclear stations store highly reac-
Potentially saline rising groundwater could
Contact: Jan Hrebec, EKOWATT, Bubenska 6,
tive magnesium sludges, along with consider-
saturate the lower layers of such dump sites,
CS-170 00 Praha 7, Czechoslovakia. Tel.
able amounts of other radioactive materials.
while salt water could alter and possibly hinder
(+42-2) 80 29 10
Many stations are sited on low-lying land and
biodegradation and chemical deposition proc-
are poorly defended against storm damage.
esses.
Apart from the danger of wastes reaching
While the WWF-funded CAN report deals
coastal waters, there is the threat of flooding
with nuclear power stations and toxic waste
and physical damage which could knock out
sites in the UK only, its conclusions apply to
power supplies needed for pumping of reactor
other nations as well. For example, many of
coolant.
France's nuclear stations are also sited near the
In addition, rising groundwater levels ex-
coastline. There is also the question of what
pected as the oceans move inland could cause
will happen to the highly radioactive caverns
problems with leaks within the stations. Mas-
of Mururoa, the Pacific island used for French
e concrete structures have to incorporate
underground nuclear testing, as sea waters rise
ack joints" to allow for thermal expansion
and eventually flood the entire island.
Jan Hrebec, Brontosaurus
3
ISSUE 4 - FEBRUARY 19
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
Sulfate Aerosol Masks Greater Threat, For Now
Energy Bill-continued from front page
provision to grant combined construction and
by Todd Goldman, EDF
operating licenses for nuclear power plants sur-
Scientists have long known that adding sulfur
for carbon), atmospheric sulfur concentrations
vived a close vote and is included in the
to the atmosphere has a moderating effect on
will fall simultaneously with cuts in emissions.
adopted by the Senate.
potential warming from greenhouse gases.
Less sunlight will be scattered, and the planet
Perhaps the least understood, but poten-
Recently, the IPCC indicated that this ef-
will experience an accelerated warming effect.
tially the most significant provision, would
fect may be much larger than previously be-
This suggests that reducing fossil fuel combus-
make it easier for non-regulated entities to gen-
lieved, and that it might be masking a signifi-
tion provides the best, long-term solution to
erate power to sell to electric utilities. While
cant fraction of the warming which otherwise
both environmental problems: acid rain and
environmentalists and consumer advocates do
might have already occurred. This new finding
climate change.
not necessarily oppose the general concept,
reveals the danger that as industrial sulfur pol-
Most estimates indicate that global mean
several grave concerns are raised by the ap-
lution falls, an accelerated greenhouse warm-
temperature will rise between 1.5-4.5°C in the
proach taken in the Senate. First, the bill fails
ing will occur.
next century due to greenhouse gas concentra-
to protect and enhance state authority to re-
Globally, fossil fuel combustion results in
tions, absent the aerosol effect.
quire least-cost utility planning, which allows
the emission of large quantities of sulfur diox-
With the previous low estimates for sulfate
investments in energy efficiency to compete
ide into the atmosphere. This SO₂ reacts in the
aerosol cooling, computer calculations which
with investments in supply on an equal footing.
atmosphere to form tiny droplets called sulfate
projected temperature changes in the low end
Second, there is no guarantee of transmission
aerosol, which scatter sunlight, thereby cooling
of this range provided the best match with the
access in order to prevent utilities, which will
the Earth.
historical temperature record. But the new,
still control the transmission and distribution
But because sulfur pollution's other major
higher sulfate aerosol forcing results imply that
systems, from using their power to stifle real
environmental impact, acid rain, is destroying
warming due to greenhouse gases may be
competition.
forests and lakes in the Northern Hemisphere,
higher up along this range.
A proposed amendment to raise automobile
there have been increasingly aggressive efforts
A short informational piece by Environ-
efficiency standards to 40 miles per gallon was
in industrialized nations to cut sulfur emis-
mental Defense Fund Senior Scientist Michael
not offered. This provision would have eventu-
sions.
Oppenheimer, Sulfate Aerosol and Global Cli-
ally saved 2.5 million barrels of oil per day and
Because sulfur's atmospheric lifetime is
mate, explains these recent findings and their
would have cut CO2 emissions by more than all
only about a week (as compared with a century
implications in more detail.
of the other efficiency measures in the bill
combined. This proposal will be considered as
Bolin-continued from front page
a separate bill at a future time.
into 1990 and 1991, which are the warmest
NGO Update
Action on energy legislation now move
years on record.
the House of Representatives, which is
small low-lying island states and large
Bruce McLeod, World Council of
pected to take up a bill in the next few months.
populations living in low-lying coastal ar-
Churches, Canada;
eas will be increasingly vulnerable to the
Jim Speer, World Council of Churches,
THANKS
combination of sea level rise, storm surges
US;
The Climate Action Network would like to thank
and coastal flooding.
Victoria Dompka, WWF International,
the following, who have provided funds and
new analyses support the IPCC 1990 con-
Switzerland;
facilities for Eco:
clusion that the impacts of climate change
Jim Bereen, Global Commons Inst., UK;
on forests could have significant socio-eco-
Janet Alty, Global Commons Inst., UK;
EDF
nomic consequences.
Brooks Yeager, National Audubon Soc.,
energy conservation and improved effi-
US;
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
ciency in the production, conversion, distri-
Susan Subak, Stockholm Env. Inst., US
bution and end-use of energy is one of the
most effective options available now and in
United Nations English Dept.
the future.
reducing global anthropogenic methane
Glaring Oxymoron
WWF
emissions by 15-20% can slow a rise in its
During INC5, the United States has taken the
atmospheric concentration and halt it. Im-
lead in calling for "Voluntary Commitments"
WWF INTERNATIONAL
portant options for reducing methane emis-
to stabilization of greenhouse gases.
sions from anthropogenic sources have
The Random House Dictionary defines
been identified and they are potentially
'Oxymoron' as, "A figure of speech by which
powerful.
a locution produces an incongruous, seemingly
APPLE COMPUTER
Correction-The lead article in yesterday's ECO
self-contradictory effect, as in 'to make haste
pointed to blind sheep, stunted yellow plants and dam-
slowly' while the Oxford American Dic-
with resources donated by:
aged pastures as effects of ozone depletion. We should
tionary adds as an example, "faith unfaithful
Aldus UK, Creative Technology Associate
have pointed out that the link between these particular
kept him falsely true".
Computers Unlimited, Dial-a-Fax, EcoN
observations and measured ozone depletion remains
The United States has given the delegates a
Microsoft, MCMXCIX, Shades & Characters Ltd.,
controversial within the scientific community.
classic example of an oxymoron.
Software Club, the Tudor Hotel, Vodafone pic.
ISSUE 4 VOLUME LXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CLIMATETALKS NEWYORK FEB ' 92 NGO NEWSLETTER
22
FEBRUARY
GRUENSPECHT
ISSUE
Eco has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Groups at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment
Conference in 1972. This issue is produced co-operatively by groups attending the Climate Talks in New York, February 1992
US DOE News Conference
EC holds firm!
by Annie Roncerel
Goes Astray
After a week of hard fights among OECD
countries, European countries have confirmed
that they are holding to their position. They are
by Alden Meyer
Energy Strategy and other measures with the
open to negotiations to reach an agreement at
A US Department of Energy official held a
actions of other industrial countries.
the international level. but the EC target cannot
UN
Mr Gmenspectit's the
nxed it. Ms Corneha Quenett from the German
on CO₂ reduction strategies. But after a ten-
can be expected to comply with its commit-
Delegation said tonight that with or without a
minute technical overview of the study, the of-
ments under a climate treaty, the same cannot
Convention, the Community has to implement
ficial, Howard Gruenspecht, quickly slipped
be said of certain other OECD countries whose
what the Ministers decided in Luxembourg in
into a defense of the US position on green-
commitments are more political than substan-
November 1990. How this target will be met is
house gas emissions limits. It is unclear
tive. This questioning of other countries' ve-
not yet defined; this will be done in the coming
whether Mr. Gruenspecht was authorized to
racity is, to put it mildly, less than helpful in
months when current work will be completed.
speak for the US government on its INC nego-
building the needed trust and cooperative spirit
Despite questions being raised by the US
tiating position, but it quickly became apparent
among INC negotiating partners.
on the integrity of the EC stance on commit-
that it was a political thicket into which he
The news conference's closing question
ments, developments on the other side of the
should have avoided being drawn.
was whether the US was "prepared to go its
Atlantic have in fact been reiterating the EC
Questioned on the controversy among in-
own way if the negotiating consensus doesn't
position.
dustrial countries on CO₂ limits, Mr.
go in your direction?" Mr Gruenspecht replied
On February 13th, three EC officials were
Gruenspecht stated the US is "prepared to
that "it's inconceivable that things would come
invited to testify at the British House of Lords
make a commitment to action," but wants to
to that point - I just don't see that as an is-
on the progress of their work on the EC strat-
avoid the "symbolic issues of targets and time-
sue." This may come as a surprise to INC del-
egy. Mr Peter Wilmott, of the Directorate Gen-
tables." He claimed that various industrial
egates who have been struggling with the 'is-
eral for Customs and Indirect Taxation in the
countries "are in a different boat" when it
sue' of US intransigence on industrial country
European Commission reported that the
comes to meeting targets: the US has large
emissions limits for more than a year now.
continued on back page, col I
supplies of low-cost coal, while the European
countries have "high-cost, subsidized coal."
CONTENTS
Asked whether countries committed to a
stronger climate treaty could proceed without
News
1,4
the US, he replied "it's hard to imagine a con-
vention being successful without US participa-
Editorial
2
tion." When a reporter pointed out that US op-
position to carbon limits puts it in a "defensive
Conference Reports
2
position" 111 these negotiations, he charged that
NGOs on GEF
3
"we have offered a lot of specific actions and
are looking at more." In a thinly veiled swipe
Talking Climate
3
at other OECD countries, he said we need to
get beyond these grandiose statements without
NGO Profile
4
actions to back them up. Where's the beef?" he
Gruenspecht - "don't put my picture in Eco"
asked, urging comparison of the US National
Turtle Bay
4
ISSUE NO 5 VOLUME LXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CONFERENCE REPORTS
eco
Working Group 1 continued to make slow
CP in some (e.g. aggregrate) form. Otherwis
progress, spending most of the day dealing
as these delegations pointed out, the entire re-
with countries with special situations and be-
porting provision could be rendered a nullity.
ginning discussions on general commitments.
The criteria for confidentiality, presently found
The informal group led by Singapore ta-
in Annex III, received scant attention.
bled a new text which defined those develop-
rently drafted, however, these over-bro
An effective funding mechanism-along
ing countries which deserve special considera-
visions could also render the reporting provi-
with provision of adequate financial re-
tion, either because they are physically at risk
sions meaningless. Again, the delegates might
sources-is critical for developing coun-
from climate change, or because their econo-
do well to draw on provisions embodied in ex-
tries if they are to shift to low emissions
mies are dependent on fossil fuels. A para-
isting agreements.
development paths. Low emissions, in
graph giving consideration to all parties whose
The UK and the US deserve credit for
turn, are essential to a workable and effec-
economies are dependent on fossil fuels was
identifying a major gap in the reporting provi-
tive convention.
also included, but there are believed to be some
sions and introducing and firming up a pro-
One of the central issues is control over
legal problems with this text. Consideration
posal for making the reports available to the
was also given to those parties with economies
public. The US advanced the idea that reports
funds. Most countries are in agreement on
in transition, with an attempt to define these
should be made available prior to their consid-
the "primacy of the conventions in setting
more closely by using the phrase, in 'transit
eration by the Conference of the Parties (which
policy guidelines." The US is alone in op-
from centrally planned system to market
after all may not meet any more often than
posing windows within GEF for the con-
economy'.
once every two years). The public would be
ventions or earmarking funds for specific
The most interesting debate came over the
best served by making the reports available at
purposes. as it is on commitments to limit
paragraph on the adoption of the 'green plan'
the same time as they are distributed to the
its emissions and on financial commit-
for the protection of fragile ecosystems, par-
Parties.
ments.
ticularly areas affected by drought and
In the afternoon session, Working Group 2
Several other issues remain unresolved.
desertification in Africa. The UK and the USA
adopted pared-down text establishing a secre-
had concerns which they had failed to raise
tariat which (unless revisited in light of the fi-
sion making, some industrialised countries
Akao ruled that they could not now ask for the
restricting the Secretariat from fully perform-
have pushed for voting rights weighted by
brackets round the text to be restored, and the
ing necessary functions.
financial contributions.
paragraph was included without them
The debate on the text describing the Advi-
The role of the Participants, and the in-
An attempt by an informal group led by
sory Committee on Implementation (ACI) was
terface between the Participants and the
France and India to streamline some of the
derailed by an otherwise well-meanin
Parties to the Convention, remains unclear.
lengthy text in paragraph 1 of the general com-
posal by Germany to consolidate the fu
Where do the responsibilities of the bodies
mitments section, by separating strategies and
of the Executive Committee and ACI one
of the convention end and those of the
programmes from measures, failed when nu-
body. The US, pointing out that the proposal
GEF Participants begin? Common sense
merous countries intervened with their own
does not include important technical functions,
dictates that these responsibilities should
suggested text. Working group 1 is now wait-
wisely suggested that the existing text serve as
lie with the convention bodies-why then
ing for the results of informal groups looking at
the basis of the debate.
other parts of the general commitments section.
is the US denying the convention bodies
In a deja VII for weary delegates and NGOs
Lack of progress by the OECD on their paper
alike, the Saudi Arabians made the first inter-
control over convention funds?
on specific commitments means that discus-
vention on the Advisory Committee on Science
The GEF continues to raise more ques-
sion on the first part of that section is delayed,
(ACS) and questioned the need for an ACS at
tions for these negotiations than it answers.
and WG1 will start work tomorrow on funding
all. This evoked a firestorm of commentary
The thoughts of a large cross section of
mechanisms.
about the importance of science.
NGOs in the article on page three, how-
Working Group 2's tough day grappling with
The US, responding to questions regarding
ever, may provide some answers.
some of the most important issues on the Con-
the different roles for the IPCC and ACS, out-
vention's mechanisms reinforced doubts that
lined the unique functions of the ACS: review
Editor: Phil Hurst
the agreement that emerges will produce a
cumulative effects of measures undertaken by
Production Managers:
strong and effective convention.
the parties; serve as a scientific advisor to the
Alister Sieghart and Richard Elen
A major issue was the exception for confi-
parties; evaluate technical matters arising from
Assistance from: Annie Roncerel, Alden Meyer, Liz
dential information. Mexico opened with the
future protocols; and synthesize, from a policy
Barrett-Brown, Navroz Dubash, Ralph Hallo, Scott
surprising suggestion to delete the provision,
perspective, technical reports-such as those
Hajost, Oreoluwa Salau, Debbie Good.
reasoning that parties would simply omit infor-
from the IPCC-for the parties.
mation they considered confidential under An-
Published by: Media Natura for the Climate Action
The UK made a compromise proposal to
nex III criteria. St. Lucia, Canada and the US
Network
move the determination of the functions of the
objected to the notion that a party could arbi-
Eco can be contacted at:-
ACS to the first Conference of the Parties, po-
trarily and on its own determine to exclude in-
tentially delaying yet another matter to future
Room 506, the Tudor Hotel, 304 E42nd St., New
formation from its report on the grounds of
negotiations. It is critical that the ACS
York, NY 10017. Tel. (212) 986 8800 Fax (212)
confidentiality. At a minimum, the information
that the IPCC serves the CoP in meeti
297 3567; e-mail igc:relen or applelink.uk.region1
deemed confidential must be provided to the
objectives of the convention.
ISSUE 5 FEBRUARY 22
2
NGOs' GEF Position
Consider This When You Talk Climate
As delegates discuss funding mechanisms,
Climate Change compounds Africa's Problems
ECO presents a set of principles and areas
where the GEF is lacking. This list has been
by Gilbert Arum
environmental degradation. Experience, however,
endorsed by 40 NGOs from 16 countries:
Since independence, Africa's development has
has shown that the same so-called poor, who are
GEF projects must respond directly to the
been bound up with, influenced, and often domi-
forced by circumstances not of their own making
needs and priorities of local communities di-
nated, by external forces. Climate Change intro-
to live in degraded environments, are often armed
rectly affected by projects. There should be ad-
duces new problems.
with a great deal of environmental management
equate participation of developing countries in
The problems afflicting the conservation of
knowledge acquired through generations of sus-
the decision-making process of the GEF. Envi-
Africa's natural resources are symptoms of the
tainable livelihood that they can no longer prac-
ronmental specialists and social scientists from
long-term effects of centuries of colonial domina-
tice. Such people are at times forced to continue
developing countries should be given opportu-
tion. Disruptive and materialistic customs intro-
degrading their environment-even while know-
nities to get involved in the design and imple-
duced in the region have disintegrated the re-
ing the dangers. In such circumstances one may
mentation of GEF projects.
gion's systems maintenance culture.
come to believe that poverty results in environ-
Complete project documentation should be
Africans are being told sustainable develop-
mental degradation, even though the process
made available to the public in appropriate lan-
ment is their only way out. It is foolhardy to talk
starts much earlier.
of sustainable development in a region whose re-
guages and throughout the project cycle.
But poverty cannot, as such, be said to cause
source base continues to be depleted; mined to
environmental degradation. Often, however, the
In the case of GEF projects associated with
unsustainable levels. Sustainability will only be
two are associated with each other. It is the failure
other projects and loans, full documentation on
achieved when the ability to exploit and utilize the
of policies to adapt to new circumstances that is a
these projects should be disclosed early in the
world's resources is balanced between the North
project cycle. This means that institutions such
common cause of these twin scourges. Change
and the South.
leaves behind winners and losers; the losers have
as the World Bank will have to modify their
Equality that lifts the standard of the poor to-
information disclosure policy to accommodate
few choices available and are forced to adopt
wards the level of the rich is one way out. This
this principle.
short-term survival strategies under which longer-
assumes that becoming richer, or less poor, means
The GEF's resources will be wasted unless it
term resource management considerations appear
to an unaffer Lible luxury
reform in existing development programs:
should reduce its consumption levels. Merely
gration of traditional social systems have gener-
(a) GEF implementation agencies must be
greening economic activity will not help. Sustain-
ally occurred in response to outside pressures of
committed so that other development activities,
able living has a lot to do with moderation. Afri-
different kinds. For example, in recent years,
projects and loans do not undermine the goals
cans growing trees to absorb Northern wastes will
rapid decline in mortality rates have not been ac-
of the GEF:
not contribute to sustainable livelihoods.
companied by declining fertility rates. This imbal-
(b) Only those countries should qualify for
Sustainable development also has a let to do
ance has created pressures on the natural resource
GEF funding which have in place or are devel-
with the way resources are valued A realistic
base not immediately matched by the expansion
oping policy and institutional frameworks that
symmetry between the price of goods and serv-
of production capabilities through new technol-
promote the goals of the GEF.
ices traded in the market place and their environ-
ogy, investments or efficiency through specializa-
Specific guidelines for projects in each issue
mental and social costs is needed. The task for the
tion and reorganization of indigenous systems.
area need to be established by a broad range of
North is to create behavioural changes with care-
If poverty and environmental threats are inex-
scientists and specialists, including a signifi-
fully-designed incentives to achieve this. Can we
tricably linked, then strategies which do not ad-
cant share of social scientists, in consultation
depend on the single superpower nation to have
dress both effectively are likely to fail.
with potentially affected population groups:
the political will to start this process off? Even
Contemporary international trade arrange-
NGO representatives should have observer
then, Africa has not established any market
ments are nothing but a curse. An international
status at all GEF participants meetings with
mechanisms of its own. It does not even have a
system which fosters environmental destruction
suitable opportunities to provide information,
capital goods market.
must be brought to an end. Those who control this
documents and other analyses to the govern-
In proposals under consideration under the
deplorable system must act now. Current trade
ment representatives and to address meetings.
Framework Convention, transactions for joint un-
programs tempt countries to ruin their own valu-
Quality control, monitoring and evaluation
plementation to offset emissions will be pursued
able resources in return for imported machinery
of the GEF should be separate and independent
in the open market. Credits will accrue to the
and consumer goods-leading to a hopeless fu-
from the implementing agencies in a body with
north while debits will go to the poor of the South
ture for the poor countries as far as sustainability
representation of developed and developing
as they forsake their land, biodiversity and social
is concerned
countries, as well as of NGOs and popular or-
systems for trees to soak Northern emissions. The
It is clear that assisting poor countries to
ganizations. This body would have the author-
poor in Africa will become poorer-and receive
move towards the same pattern of polluting con-
ity to hear petitions and complaints from af-
more blame for environmental degradation.
sumerism as the North will result in the continued
fected individuals and communities.
The consistency with which poverty and des-
net transfer of resources from the poor developing
There should be a public commitment by the
titution affects many in the developing countries
countries to capital-rich countries supplying the
GEF Participants and the World Bank that les-
has been related to increasing natural resource de-
South with machinery (read technology) for
sons learned from the pilot GEF experiences
struction in the same countries. This relationship,
speedier resource extraction-consistently driv-
will be incorporated into the regular, main-
exacerbated by the fact that the degraded lands
ing the resource prices down.
stream operations of the Bank and other multi-
are often the last available habitat for the poor, has
This is one of the main reasons why GATT is
lateral institutions.
led to the notion that poverty is a major cause of
not moving forward.
3
ISSUE 5 - FEBRUARY 22
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
EC-continued from front page
the carbon/energy tax is "a component of the
NGO PROFILE
Commission's idea for a Community strategy
Nigerian Environment Action
to limit CO₂ emissions and improve energy cf-
Maurice Strong, UNCED
Study Team (NEST)
ficiency". He recalled the discussion at the
Dear Maurice,
NEST was formed in 1985. Since then
Council of Economic and Finance ministers in
The engineers in New York seem to be hav-
has produced a major study on the state
December 1991 "where ministers laid down
ing trouble with a sign that keeps popping up
geria's environment and each year produces
guidelines for the design of the tax and asked
in the United Nations building a lot this week.
annual reports on specific subject including en-
for detailed work to be done so that it could
Evidently, despite employing the 'best in the
vironmental problems in the dry belt and
form a view before the Rio summit".
land', UN officials cannot stop the Saudi del-
wetlands.
Answering a question from Lord Geddes,
egate's sign from involuntarily springing up
NEST also works at the more practical
Mr Wilmott said that "if we discovered in our
every few minutes.
level, studying methods of sustainable hunting
research that there was no way we could turn
in the humid forests of Nigeria. They are also
the general principle of the EC Communication
This has caused some problems for the
working on sustainable use of marine resources
into a tax which would produce the right effect,
Saudi delegate who, when the sign pops up,
in coastal areas affected by oil pollution, help-
then it would be the duty of Commission offi-
feels under some sort of obligation to say
ing local people improve the management of
cials to tell clearly that it was the case, but
something-whatever seems to come into his
their now limited resources.
there has been nothing in the preliminary work
head at the moment / suspect. After this hap-
NEST plans to do research on the nipa
they have done so far to suggest this is an en-
pened for the tenth time today we were all hop-
palm which is currently invading mangroves
tirely impractical idea".
ing that he might at least come up with some
and causing problems along the entire coast.
Mr Delbeke, from the Directorate General
jokes or something, but no luck so far.
Contact: Dr Oreoluwa Salau; Dept. of Ge-
Environment after explaining his Directorate's
Rumour has it that some delegates have got
ography; University of Harcourt, PO Box 177,
work on a tradeable permits system concluded
hold of a tube of super-glue as a last ditch
Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
that "domestic policy is to some extent sepa-
effort to keep the sign down, but they obviously
rated from the international target sharing and
haven't managed in get near enough vet se-
and external are compatible" he said.
little an ulea of where any of like rooms are as
Finally, Mr Leydon from the Directorate
delegates.
General Energy. answering Lord Lucas of
I'm not sure where / am right now, some-
Chilworth insisted that the balance of the EC
where in the UN building-hope this message
package should not be forgotten and listed non-
eventually gets to you.
fiscal measures to be taken. "We believe that
Yours,
we have to be creative and more imaginative to
respond to the challenge we have been given".
Donatello
Desperately Seeking Science
THANKS
The Climate Action Network would like to thank
Global Climate Coalition showcases 'pseudo-science'
the following, who have provided funds and
facilities for Eco:
US industry rolled out its 'big' guns in New
questionable', at a conference of 'greenhouse
York Thursday, with a Global Climate Coali-
skeptics' held in Arizona in January, just days
EDF
tion press conference featuring Dixy Lee Ray,
before NASA released its findings of chlorine
ex-Governor of Washington state, ex-chair of
pollution over Europe and North America.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
the Atomic Energy Commission, and now de-
"The scientific basis for [the CFC ban] has not
scribed as a 'veteran scientist', who tried to
been established," she charged.
convince journalists that global warming is a
"This is pseudo-science" said Dr. Michael
perceptual rather than a factual problem. "The
Oppenheimer, senior scientist with the EDF.
WWF
earth is not warming up", she claimed.
He went on to describe Ray's claim that "pro-
Accusing the scientific community of in-
jections for warming, even in the most extreme
WWF INTERNATIONAL
consistency, she continued "Fifteen years ago,
models, do not reach the levels of warming that
the people who are now warning us about glo-
occurred during medieval times" as "simply
bal warming were warning us about global
not true". Dr Daniel Lashof, senior scientist
cooling-a new ice age We should not be
with NRDC, added "US Industry's 'Global
basing any public policy on science that is SO
Climate Coalition must he feeling desperate to
APPLE COMPUTER
open ended".
sponsor a talk that is SO far away from the basic
with resources donated by:
Dixy Lee Ray is also reported by the Na-
facts-they know better and should feel
Aldus UK, Creative Technology Associates
tional Coal Association's "Coal News" to have
ashamed."
Computers Unlimited, Dial-a-Fax, Ecol
stated that 'Supporting data for both global
Eco asks: Who put the coal in Global Cli-
Microsoft, MCMXCIX, Shades & Characters
warming and ozone depletion is sparse and
mate Coalition?
Software Club, the Tudor Hotel, Vodafone plc.
ISSUE NO5 VOLUME DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
24
FEBRUARY
ULTRA-SECRET
ISSUE
Eco has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Groups at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment
Conference in 1972. This issue is produced co-operatively by groups attending the Climate Talks in New York, February 1992
Europe Can Cut CO2 50% at a Profit
GEF Reports to INC
Many people believe that strategies to signifi-
Western Europe will spend at least 15% and as
On Saturday, Mr Mohamed T El-Ashry, Chair-
cantly reduce fossil carbon emissions below
much as 40% more on energy services in the
man of the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
present levels would be economically costly.
year 2020 than it would under a least cost strat-
presented a report to Working Group 2 on the
Our study shows this to be a myth. Quite to the
egy. When monetized environmental externali-
latest GEF Participants* meeting in Geneva on
contrary, strategies aimed at stabiliz-
ties are included, these percent-
February 14th.
ing the world's climate will
ages rise further.
According to his report, a consensus was
help eliminate market dis-
To a large extent, a
agreed on the following points:
tortions that now make
least-cost strategy is
Mission: the GEF should pursue cost-ef-
Western Europe's
a least environ-
fective, country driven programs designed
bill for energy
mental risk strat-
in support of sustainable development.
services higher
egy. It would not
Scope: the GEF should remain flexible so
han it needs to
only have the
that it can accommodate the possible fi-
A least-cost
effect of cutting
nancing arrangements for the global envi-
approach to car-
Western Eu-
ronmental conventions as they develop as
bon emissions
rope's energy
well as other global initiatives that may
reductions would
bill, but also
arise from UNCED.
have additional
cut carbon mis-
Links with the Conventions: the GEF
beneficial macro-
sions by up to
could function as the funding mechanism if
economic effects
40%, shrink
the negotiators so desire. A possible model
by reducing the
acid rain emis-
of functioning was presented. According to
capital requirements
sions and nuclear
continued on back page, column 1
for energy services and
power production.
by boosting productive in-
A risk minimization
CONTENTS
vestment and economic growth.
strategy would pursue these
For these reasons, carbon reduction
outcomes deliberately. Carbon
News
1,6
targets of 20% and 50% relative to Western
emissions would be cut as much as Western
Europe's present levels could be achieved at
Europe's efficiency, fuel switching, and renew-
Editorial
2
negative net cost both from an energy expendi-
able resource potentials allow. At the same
ture and from a macroeconomic point of view.
time, nuclear reactors would be phased out and
Conference Reports
2,3
A tapestry of market barriers, regulatory
acid rain emissions would be lowered drasti-
failures, and institutional impediment prevent
cally.
What's So Confidential?
3
the delivery of energy services at least eco-
In the EC-5 region, such a strategy will
nomic cost. Under business-as-usual trends,
continued on page 4, col. 2
Reservations On EIA
4
Editors note: This article is extracted from a briefing given by Dr Florentin Krause on the
results of a three-year study due to be released next month. The study, Energy Policy in the
Czechosiovakia-In Transition
4
Greenhouse: Volume II, provides the most detailed analysis of energy options completed to
date for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, referred to as
Climate Action Network-US
5
the EC-5. The study covers the period to 2020, using the business-as-usual scenario (SI) of
the EC Directorate General XVII Energy for the Next Century report as a starting point.
NGO Update
5
ISSUE NO 6 VOLUME LXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CONFERENCE REPORTS
eco
Working Group 1 spent Saturday morning
commentary on page 4 for analysis.). When
discussing the paragraph on technology coop-
several delegations opposed the US proposal,
eration/transfer produced by an informal draft-
the US delegate called for the entire paragraph
ing group, but the working group itself was
to be bracketed. The chair finally persuaded th
only able to agree exact wording on the first
US to drop its request for brackets leaving t
two lines. The rest of the paragraph, excluding
US delegation rather confused and disorgan-
Fifty hours to go and counting. As del-
the last sentence, was sent back to an informal
ized.
egates enter the final week of the penul-
group led by Brazil for further consideration.
The debate on financial assistance to devel-
timate round of the INC they have to
One major dispute was on the phrase 'envi-
oping countries made little progress, with divi-
start thinking how the two working
ronmentally safe and sound technologies'. In-
sions over voluntary versus mandated commit-
dia, supported by Argentina, wanted this word-
ments. Several developing countries expressed
groups are to come together. Tired
ing deleted here and 'safe and' put in brackets
anger over the state of the text, with the Chi-
thinking on this marriage process could
everywhere else it appears in the convention
nese saying "This section has been mutilated
sacrifice much of what little has been
text. Saudi Arabia and Kenya objected.
Its arms are cut off, its legs are cut off, the
achieved. Integrating the working
On the issue of 'assured access' to tech-
whole body is bleeding. Those responsible for
groups is not a process that can be left to
nologies the US contended that they could not
putting on so many brackets should do some
the hope that 'it will all fall together on
'assure' access as government did net own the
surgery or transplanting to restore the body to
technologies. China replied that governments
health."
the day'. Too much is at risk for that.
could purchase patents from private companies
Commentary
This adds additional urgency to del-
and then make the technologies available on
Eco is confused by the debate over the inclu-
egates' work, an urgency that is only
concessional and preferential terms. Delegates
sion of 'environmentally safe and sound tech-
perhaps starting to show at the working
restated their general positions on concessional
nologies' in the text. On the face of it, it ap-
group level as negotiators are starting to
and preferential with no surprises.
pears that countries such as Saudi Arabia want
become increasingly irritated at constant
Attempts to address the bracketed text on
it included because they regard it as a way of
interventions. This week is crucial as
ensuring that intellectual property rights do not
seeing off the nuclear power threat. However,
pose a barrier to technology transfer bogged
proponents of nuclear power argue that it is
delegates continue the process of negoti-
down when the US tried to reverse the mean-
environmentally safe already, so why the need
ating the core of the treaty, a process
ing of the text by proposing adding the words
to exclude the text?
that only really started this weekend.
"lack "of" before intellectual property rights.
A balance must be struck: this is no
They also proposed an entirely new sentence
Working Group 2 Saturday took on Funding
time to rush through wording that means
requiring parties to "reduce or eliminate barri-
Mechanisms.
nothing - but at the same time there is a
ers" to technology transfer such as tariffs and
Three options for discussion were pro
other trade policies.
posed: Option 1 - a compromise text drafted
deadline appearing. Pressure can some-
Mauritania responded that delegates should
by the co-chairs, Option 2 - using the GEF;
times bring out the most creative think-
"resist reopening of the text. and avoid re-
Option 3 - the G77 text - creating an inde-
ing in people - we shall have to see.
writing history and undermining the success of
pendent mechanism. The UK tabled a new text
The treaty signing, however, is only
our efforts thus far." The Chair appealed to the
merging these alternatives.
one horizon on the hill to stop climate
US not to complicate matters further referring
France supported the GEF, Pakistan, on be-
change. Delegates should remember that
this dispute to the Brazilian working group.
half of the G77 opposed, and Working Group 1
After lunch the US found itself in another
agreed to discuss Option 1, on condition that
whatever is signed in Rio, there have to
dispute when it proposed alteration of the im-
the discussion not prejudice consideration of
have mechanisms and policies at na-
pact assessment language that had been agreed
the other two options and that any proposed
tional level that will actually implement
in a previous 'informal informal' session. The
new text be placed in brackets.
the treaty.
US proposed that such assessments be con-
Establishment: India and Mexico began by
Have a nice day.
ducted only "where appropriate" (see
adding "the principle of one country, one
Editor: Phil Hurst
Production Managers:
Alister Sieghart and Richard Elen
Assistance from: Annie Roncerel, Tessa Robertson,
Daniel Lashof, Alden Meyer, Liz Barrett-Brown, Scott
Hajost, Debbie Good, Jan Hrebec, Susan Legro.
Published by: Media Natura for the Climate Action
Network
Eco can be contacted at:-
Room 506, the Tudor Hotel, 304 E42nd St., New
York, NY 10017. Tel. (212) 986 8800 Fax (212) 297
3567; e-mail igc:relen or applelink:uk.region1
Experts indicate that insurance covers sea-level rise - victims celebrate
ISSUE 6 - FEBRUARY 24
2
COMMENT AND ANALYSIS
US: Reservations on EIA Proposal
Discussion in Working Group I Saturday, on
US government was not involved in a major
environmental impact assessment (EIA) provi-
way. Moreover, the US Executive Branch has
sion, brought belated US reservations on the
thus far not construed US EIA law to require
Czechoslovakia:
proposal. The draft EIA obligation is severely
consideration of global climate change in
deficient in that it requires ELAs for measures
preparation of Assessment documents. The US
to mitigate or adapt to climate change, but not
Government is presently being sued on this is-
Economy In
for programs and projects that would actually
sue. This is in contrast to US efforts to promote
worsen climate change.
better assessment practices in the multilateral
Transition
Despite having been a leader in developing
financial institutions including on climate
ELA procedures, the US is apparently not sup-
change.
porting a specific EIA provision in the climate
Now is the critical chance, not only to ad-
One of the most significant products of
convention. This comes on the heels of the US
vance international law on EIA but also
Czechoslovakia's energy-intensive economy is
ensuring that the 1991 Economic Commission
substantively to promote the objectives of the
CO2. In a country where two-thirds of all en-
for Europe EIA Convention definition of cli-
convention. EIA has been one of the pillars in
ergy is consumed in non-residential sectors
mate change was limited to 'local climate' and
the US for public disclosure and public in-
there is a strong link between industry and
therefore arguably restricting the scope of the
volvement. Hopefully the US will find a way
emissions.
treaty.
to rise above its domestic legal questions and
The Czechoslovak program for a sustain-
EIA law in the US applies only to 'major
promote incorporation of this critical tool in
able transition is not conceived as being de-
federal actions' that 'significantly' affect the
the climate treaty. If not, it will be a glaring
pendent upon outright gifts or long-term subsi-
environment. In international negotiations, the
hole in the otherwise good record of the US in
dies. Instead, it is based on the principle of
US has resisted agreeing to any language that
supporting EIA as a vital decision-making
profitable investment. Options for increasing
would require ELAs for activities in which the
mechanism
energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas
emissions are cost-effective. In fact, they are
EC-continued from front page
usual energy strategies are pronounced.
able to produce results with a short pay-back
reduce year 2020 carbon emissions by as much
If properly implemented, a carbon reduc-
period.
as 58% below 1985 levels. The cost of energy
tion strategy will strengthen, not weaken,
However, it is important to remember that
services will rise by 2-12% relative to the least
Western Europe's economic competitiveness.
a recent drop in the amount of energy con-
cost case but would still be 13-27% lower than
First, industries and consumers will spend less
umed in Czechoslovakia occurred because of
undercurrent trends and plans.
on energy services. Second, less money will
perilous drop in economic output. In addi-
Certainly, the full realization of these least
flow out of the region to pay for energy im-
tion, the economic recession in Czechoslovakia
cost or minimum risk out-
ports. Third,
and other Eastern European countries will get
comes will be
programs and
worse before it gets better, evidenced by rising
difficult,
policies that
unemployment and negative growth. The break
given prac-
promote in-
from a highly inefficient command economy
tical con-
vestments in
means that Czechoslovakia will be able to sta-
straints.
new effi-
bilize emissions, but it will not be in a position
The full
ciency and re-
to fund stabilization in developing countries.
mobili-
newables
This is the main reason why countries like
zation of
technologies
Czechoslovakia are seeking special status in
unconven-
will stimulate
the confines of the climate convention; they are
tional demand-
technological in-
afraid of committing themselves to contribut-
side and supply-side
novation on a
ing money that they simply do not have.
resources is a great chal-
broad front.
The federal government in Czechoslovakia
lenge for energy policy even be-
While carbon re-
recently adopted an energy policy that includes
fore considering opposition from vested
ductions are robustly advantageous in eco-
a minimum reduction of primary energy use by
interests.
nomic terms, they present major implementa-
7%, with a corresponding reduction in emis-
However, major carbon reductions could
tion challenges.
sions. This strategy for the country's energy
be achieved in Western Europe even if effi-
Macroeconomic instruments such as car-
future is not based on large amounts of funding
ciency and renewables resources were not fully
bon or energy taxes are important, but are
from the West; rather, it draws upon the exist-
utilized. If only 50% of the EC-5 low carbon
doomed to be ineffective unless they are ac-
ing potential for savings inherent in the
resource potentials are mobilized, carbon re-
companied by specific policies and incentive
Czechoslovak economy. If negotiations over
ductions of 27% can be achieved under a mini-
programs to overcome persistent market and
the content of the climate framework conven-
mum risk approach, and up to 10% under a
institutional barriers. Efficiency standards, fee/
tion are bogged down in a debate over seman-
least cost approach. For a 75% mobilization,
rebates programs, energy efficiency extension
ics, attention will be drawn away from devel-
carbon emissions can be cut by 43% (mini-
services, and least cost planning reforms in the
Sping countries, who do not have the means to
mum risk) and by up to 20% (least cost). In all
utility sector are prerequisites for achieving the
bring about stabilization by themselves.
cases, the cost advantages over business-as-
goal of climate stabilization.
ISSUE 6 - FEBRUARY 24
4
vote," and a "balanced representation of devel-
oped and developing countries," to the first
W a SO conf ial?
paragraph of Option 1. Canada clarified that
the proposed text be placed in brackets.
Surviving the Rand McNally Test
Mexico suggested removing brackets around
By Liz Barratt-Brown and Scott Hajost
other person (not bound by a confidential-
"independent funding" whereupon Canada
The debate in Working Group II Friday on the
ity agreement);
suggested creating a funding umbrella where
treatment of confidential information made us
and information can only be a 'trade sec.
"the financial mechanism may also include
wonder what we had missed in the annex
if its disclosure is likely to cause substan-
other means of multilateral, regional and bilat-
specifying the contents of national reports. We
tial harm to the company's competitive po-
eral cooperation". Brazil, Iran and India op-
turned to Annex III on reporting and found a
sition.
posed.
request for the following sort of information
Functions: China suggested deleting brack-
a description of population, gross national
UNITED
ets around "preferential and non-commercial"
product, and land area. Well, this information
NATIONS
and moving "Pursuant to the operational guide-
was sure to be found in the latest Rand
lines and policy direction of the Conference of
McNally World Atlas. Other requested infor-
Parties" to a more prominent position in the
mation pertained more immediately to the con-
chapeau. Iran, Egypt and Mexico intervened to
vention
a description of relevant national
replace the text from Option 1 with the text of
laws, national research and systematic observa-
General NOT READ!
Option 3.
tion, and efforts to mitigate and adapt to cli-
Norway, Canada and New Zealand ob-
mate change. Hmmn. Not Rand McNally ma-
jected to the insertion of "assessed contribu-
terial but certainly fairly basic information and
INTERGO ERNMENTAL NEGOTIATING COMMITTEE
A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
tions" in this section on the obligations of Par-
of the type we suspect should be in the public
ties. Iran and Egypt supported deleting
domain. And, then, requirements for invento-
The EPA also has the power to determine,
"jointly", Norway, with support from Canada,
ries of greenhouse gases. Ahhh, maybe the in-
either on its own or in response to a citizen
insisted it remain.
ventories are the source of concern. Yet we've
petition, that information designated as confi-
After lunch, Mexico proposed replacing
been hard pressed to figure out just how emis-
dential does not meet the criteria. In order to
the technology transfer sections in option 1
sions of carbon dioxide and methane would be-
carry out such reviews, the agency can require
with those from Options 3. No agreement was
tray national security interests, jeopardize pro-
supplemental information.
reached on this section.
prietary commercial information or cause eco-
Why, then, had the discussion on confiden-
The Co-chair convened an 'open-cnded'
nomic dislocation - all (thankfully) bracketed
tial information been so hotly debated with
group of eleven countries to discuss unresolved
text in the section on confidential information.
even submission of information to the Secre-
issues on funding mechanisms.
While much more work was remaining to be
tariat questioned? Perhaps other international
Insurance: several African countries pro-
done in establishing national inventories, work
environmental agreements had extensive cont
posed to include desertification and drought -
is already underway and much information
dentiality provisions. We did not find much.
small island and low-lying countries opposed.
such as emissions of CO₂ related to use of fos-
Indeed, under the Montreal protocol - which
The UK, supported by Germany, proposed a
sil fuels can be derived from other public
address production and consumption of chemi-
new formulation acknowledging the issue, but
sources.
cal products - it has been confirmed that data
leaving it open for the Conference to decide
So we turned to US law to see what types
on consumption of controlled substances are
details. The Marshall Islands and Santa Lucia
of information is considered confidential and
not to be confidential.
insisted on creating another open ended group
how such information is handled. What we
Reporting requirements will hopefully
on this.
found is this: Nowhere in US law are compa-
stimulate national planning and actions to bring
Later, at the INC's invitation, Mr
nies (or the federal government for that matter)
down emissions of greenhouse gases and pre-
Mohamed T El-Ashry, Chairman of the Global
allowed to keep information on emissions re-
serve primary forests. Reporting will also be
Environment Facility (GEF) presented a report
leased into the environment secret. Information
critical in measuring whether or not the con-
to the group on the GEF Participants meeting
that does receive protection is related to chemi-
vention is meeting it's objectives, both in terms
held in Geneva on February 14th (see page 1).
cal products. Consider the 'state-of-the-art'
of developing further measures to reduce
text on confidential information under the Fed-
greenhouse gases and in assessing and ensur-
Watch Out for
eral Emergency Planning and Community
ing compliance. Thus, large 'loopholes', cre-
Informal Informals!
Right-to-Know Act:
ated by broad language on confidentiality and
information designated confidential must
proposals for unilateral decisions to withhold
Some of the most intense negotiations of the
be submitted to the government (in this
information, could imperil the positive process
INC are taking place in closed 'informal infor-
case, the Environmental Protection
of planning at the national level, collaboration
mal' meetings. The OECD group has had some
Agency). In other words, it cannot be with-
at the international level, and the ability of the
particularly hard fought rounds, and what is
held completely;
parties - and the public - to know whether
going on there is likely to have a significant
the information can be designated confi-
signatories are in fact meeting their commit-
effect on the negotiations as a whole.
dential only if it meets the criteria for 'trade
ments. Our conclusion? All information desig-
Other informal informals covered joint im-
secrets';
nated confidential must meet the 'Rand
plementation (Saturday) and trade implica-
information is not a 'trade secret' when it
McNally' test - it should be truly confidential
tions. Watch out - no Informal Informal time-
must be made available to the public under
subject to the same similar limitations we hav
table; no comment.
any other Federal or State law or to any
identified above in US law.
3
ISSUE 6- FEBRUARY 24
CAN US Joint Statement
Pentagon Plans
Climate Action Network US Thursday
NGOs should play a central role in advis-
Ozone Protection
inched a joint statement from nine major US
ing the parties through representation before
Os. The coalition includes the Center for
the implementation bodies. Representatives
by Eco Reporter
International Environmental Law-US, Center
from the scientific, academic, environmental,
The US Department of Defense uses vast
for Global Change, Environmental Defense
industrial and trade communities should be
quantities of ozone-depleting chemicals every
Fund, Friends of the Earth-US, National
called upon to aid in implementing the conven-
year. But now it's making plans to change all
that.
Audubon Society, Natural Resources Defense
tion.
Council, Sierra Club, Union of Concerned Sci-
The preamble should be strengthened by
The new policy may be made public next
week, and directs US military contracting of-
entists, and World Wildlife Fund-US.
references to the importance of reducing green-
house gas emissions - in particular the need to
ficers to ensure that new military hardware can
They first urged that parties at INC 5 must
commit to concrete actions rather than vague
reduce emissions in high per capita emitting
be manufactured and repaired without using
concepts. Specific commitments for reducing
industrialized countries, the multi-sectoral na-
ozone-depleting substances. Thousands of
greenhouse gases should be adopted and an ef-
ture of the problem, the critical importance of
specifications will be rewritten, following the
fective and strong framework for implementing
addressing energy use, including efficiency
President's decision last week to phase out by
these commitments, including comprehensive
and renewables, the role of public financial in-
1996 a range of CFCs and other chemicals that
cause destruction of the ozone layer.
reporting, must be put in place simultaneously.
stitutions such as the World Bank, the contri-
bution of non-governmental organizations in
The policy change will have a marked ef-
Significant emission reductions are essential to
begin stabilizing greenhouse gas concentra-
addressing climate change and the need for in-
fect on industry throughout the industrialised
world, as US military specs are widely used as
tions. Legally binding commitments are critical
creased technology cooperation and financial
the basis for commercial standards in con-
in this regard. Goals are simply commitments
assistance to developing countries.
sumer and industrial electronics and
parties do not intend to keep.
Reporting is vital to the success of the con-
The CAN-US position remains that com-
vention. Without adequate reporting the work
firefighting technologies, amongst others.
of all the institutional bodies of
The US military purchased and used about
mitments by industrialized
the convention would be
4% of the ozone-destroying chemicals manu-
countries to reduce
factured in the USA in 1990, amounting to
fossil fuel-related
CO₂ emissions by
GREENBUSE
paralyzed. All coun-
over 16 million pounds in weight, while being
tries should par-
at least 20 per-
FAILING
/
/
ticipate in
directly and indirectly responsible for over
ent
CHOPLAND
FLACKS
50% of the world's consumption of CFC-113.
from
formulating
90 levels
national
About 200 million pounds of this solvent, com-
plans and re-
monly used to clean flux residues from elec-
by the year
SPREAD ME
tronic printed circuit boards, is used annually
2000 are war-
porting on
around the world, according to the US Envi-
ranted now. In-
their implemen-
tation of these
ronmental Protection Agency. This represents
dustrialized coun-
Signature
GASES
15% of the world's CFC usage.
tries should also com-
plans.
It is very important that
At present, approaching 10,000 US mili-
mit to significant cuts in
New World Order?
the objective of the convention
tary specifications call for the use of ozone-
methane emissions and all
now recognizes the concept of
depleting chemicals, and about 900 require
countries should contribute to the
CFCs, halons and chlorinated solvents.
rapid halt to deforestation of primary forests.
ecological limits and relates the level and tim-
Progress may be slower than many would
It is critical that the convention begin oper-
ing of climate protection measures to these
like, however. According to the New York
ating immediately following adoption. Prepara-
limits. This concept is key to effective imple-
Times, General Accounting Office investiga-
tions of national strategies, inventories and data
mentation of the convention and any proposals
tors found that the US Navy was replacing
collection can begin at the national level. Sig-
to weaken the objective should be rejected.
natories should also commit to rapid negotia-
The preparation of Environmental Impact
CO2-based fire extinguishers with new ones
Assessments is extremely important. In con-
containing halon, and was replacing old air
tions on follow-on agreements. Additionally,
conditioners with new CFC-based systems, de-
the convention should elaborate the mandate of
ducting assessments, governments should fully
consider the climate effects of their actions.
spite less ecologically-damaging, and equally
the implementation bodies, establish a mecha-
effective alternatives being available.
nism to provide new and additional financial
Commitments to reduce greenhouse gases
resources to assist developing countries in
other than CO2 must be an additional obliga-
NGO UPDATE
meeting the objectives of the convention and
tion.
convene these bodies within the year.
There will have to be new and additional
Abby Spring, WWF, US
There should be no presumption that the
financial resources, clearly linked to the com-
Sean Fox, World Resources Institute, US
environmental programs constitute a barrier to
monly agreed objectives and obligations of de-
Julie Williams, Woods Hole Research Centre, US
trade and there should be no implication that
veloping countries. Highly vulnerable States
George Varclighese Development Alternatives, India
trade rules override the rights of states to estab-
should be given priority for financial and tech-
Jim Tripp, EDF, US
sh stricter environmental standards. There
nical assistance and an insurance pool should
Rubens Born, Brazilian NGO Forum for UNCED, Brazil
must be no presumption that the climate treaty
be established to compensate against damage
Atiq Rahman, Bangladesh Centre for Advanced
is subsidiary to GATT.
from sea level rise.
Studies
5
ISSUE 6- FEBRUARY 24
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
CFC Proposals 'Still Too Slow'
letter from
Turtle Bay
by Richard Elen
on all ozone destroying substances," Heslop
To: Maurice strong, UNCED
European Community Environment Ministers,
concluded. "This is no time for half measures."
Dear Maurice,
meeting informally in Estoril, Portugal, on Sat-
They called on all countries in the European
urday, reached agreement to halt the produc-
Community to adopt an immediate ban in ad-
I got a very strange phone call yesterday
tion and use of CPCs by 1995. The Ministers
vance of the formal Ministers' meeting on
from your old friend Dr Earle in Texas, you
further agreed to reduce CFC use by at least
March 23rd.
know, the chief scientist at the US NOAA (Na-
85% by the end of 1993. The decision is based
The new EC policy is closely aligned with
tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
on the UK proposal of last December, and in-
the announcement by the United States two
tion). She seemed very agitated but managed to
cludes a range of other ozone-depleting chemi-
weeks ago, one curious difference being the
tell me that "As private citizen Earle, I will be
cals. It should be confirmed in a month's time.
fact that the EC decision calls for halons to be
able to do and say things that are not appro-
Greenpeace reacted immediately to the de-
phased out a full year in advance of the date set
priate for a senior official of the U.S. govern-
cision with a statement from ozone campaigner
by the US administration. However, neither
ment". This is most strange. What can she be
Tracy Heslop. "The agreement by EC Minis-
US, UK or EC proposals currently address the
thinking of? Could she be implying that US
ters is far too slow and fails to match the
phasing out of methyl bromide or HCPCs.
government officials can't say what they want
urgency of the threat the world now faces", she
US environmental groups, in addition to
on matters of public concern? I think we
said. "The EC agreement improves on a De-
calling for a shorter time-frame for the elimina-
should be told
cember 1991 proposal by the UK-made be-
tion of CFC's and other ozone-depleting
I thought you should know as this might
fore evidence was available that an ozone hole
chemicals contained in the US announcement,
have some kind of bearing on your June party.
over Europe could be imminent-but only by
want methyl bromide to be phased out by the
By the way, how are things going? This lot up
two days", she continued.
end of this year, while HCFCs with long life-
here seem to be getting their act together in
Greenpeace believes that this proposal is
times, they say, should be eliminated in new
what they call informal meetings. These sound
still too slow. "The only environmentally re-
products by the end of the century and discon-
like good fun-it's about time some of them let
sponsible decision would be an immediate ban
tinued completely by 2005.
o
their hair down a bit-but / never seem to be
Montreal protocol-CFCs
able to find out about these parties until its too
10
EC Proposal, Feb '92-CFC#
late. Perhaps they're warming up for your
UK Dec 1991/US-CFCe
20
Previous EC Position-CFCs
party. I should watch out as they might all be
UK/EC-methyl chioroform,
thoroughly intoxicated before they even get
30
US-halons
down to Rio. Hope you have some good secu-
UK/EC-halons
40
rity down there.
% Reduction of ozone-deplating c
50
Yours,
Donatello
60
THANKS
70
The Climate Action Network would like to thank
80
the following, who have provided funds and
90
facilities for Eco:
100
RE
1992
1993
EDF
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
International Plans to Eliminate Ozone-Depleting Substances
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
GEF Reports continued from front page,
ventions within the scope of GEF to re-
M Ashry, "this model was generally sup-
ceive GEF funding. The independent Sci-
ported by the participants, with the under-
entific and Technical Advisory Panel
standing that the primacy of the Confer-
(STAP) will keep a central advisory role in
ence of the parties to the conventions
WWF
strategic planning and early review of
should be stressed in terms of setting pro-
projects. Procedures and practises will be
WWF INTERNATIONAL
gram priorities and eligibility criteria".
established to ensure maximum transpar-
Governance: a 'Participants Assembly'
ency and accountability and cost effective-
will be constituted; it will meet twice a
ness.
year and endorse a joint work program pre-
*List of participants to the GEF as of Decem-
pared by the implementing agencies
ber 3, 1991: Australia, Austria, Belgium
APPLE COMPUTER
(UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank's Im-
Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
with resources donated by:
plementation Committee).
Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Spain,
Aldus UK, Creative Technology Associates,
Project details and approvals will be left
Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Brazil, China,
Computers Unlimited, Dial-a-Fax, EcoNet,
to these implementing agencies. Countries
Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Morocco, Pa-
Microsoft, MCMXCIX, Shades & Characters Ltd.,
will have to be signatories of agreed Con-
kistan, Turkey.
Software Club, the Tudor Hotel, Vodafone plc.
ISSUE N06 VOLUME LXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB 92 NGONEWSLETTEI
R
TM
25
FEBRUARY
COPYRIGHT
ISSUE
Eco has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Groups at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment
Conference in 1972. This issue is produced co-operatively by groups attending the Climate Talks in New York, February 1992
G77 Speaks Its Mind
Oh oh, it's
By Eco Reporter
have put their proposals on the table in terms
OECD
If there were any doubts on the position of the
of treaty language". By entering into these ne-
developing countries on what is needed to re-
gotiations they demonstrate their preference for
ECO has learned that a draft text on specific
solve the climate problem, these were resolved
a 'no regrets' strategy over a 'wait and see',
commitments to limit greenhouse gas emis-
on Monday by the G77 joint statement read on
but they were "extremely dismayed and con-
sions from developed countries may be tabled
their behalf by Tariq Osman Hyder.
cerned at the slow rate of progress".
at the climate negotiations in New York today.
He started by reminding the conference
The statement went on to describe how de-
OECD countries have been working on this
that these negotiations are about commitments
veloping countries have already made national
paper since the beginning of the current round
on emissions for the stabilization and reduc-
commitments to providing a safe and less pol-
of negotiations last week. The text includes
tions of greenhouse gases. "Indeed, the 1972
luted environment, but that these are dependent
paragraphs on emission limits, on implementa-
N Conference on the Human Environment in
on the availability of scarce resources.
tion in cooperation with other countries, on off-
tockholm was in large part held due to the
According to the G77, the convention has
setting emissions with sinks, and on integrating
initiative and apprehensions of the developing
three main elements. First, blame for the global
action on CO2 with action on other greenhouse
countries in regard to the world's environment.
warming problem lies squarely at the feet of
gases not covered by the Montreal Protocol.
Unfortunately, the structures that emerged
industrial nations, and the "developed countries
According to several OECD delegates, the
from that process were not adequately sup-
must clearly indicate the commitments
they
paper's purpose is to encapsulate the existing
ported by the developed countries". Referring
are willing to enter into, along with a specific
positions of developed countries on these is-
to the climate negotiations, Mr Hyder contin-
timetable." Secondly, on funding, the first step
sues as the basis for subsequent negotiations.
ucd: "Commitment and sincerity is needed on
"is for the OECD countries to signal that the
Informed NGOs have, however, raised a
all sides." This unfaithfulness on the part of
financial resources required to fulfil the Con-
number of questions about the legal meaning
developed countries, however, is still evident
vention" will be available on a predictable ba-
of the formulations in the text.
as "the developed countries have not clearly
sis. Lastly, on the issue of technology transfer,
Analysis page 4.
stated the commitments they are willing to
it must be "available in terms which will max-
enter into under this proposed Convention.
imise its use".
CONTENTS
"To a large extent the developing countries
Commentary- page 3
News
1,4
Editorial
2
WORLD COAL
ECOAL
1
Conference Reports
2
INSTITUTE
Commentary
3
Paying for Policy Change
3
Some of you may have been struck by the uncanny resemblance of a newsletter circulating at the INC
to our own august publication - right down to the small diamond for the issue in the top right-hand
OECD Analysis
4
comer. While the question of similarity is obviously now in the hands of our lawyers, Messrs. Sue,
Grabbitt and Runne, we would like to point out that we have no connection with this publication, which
NGO Profile
4
Includes such statements as: "The benefits of increased CO2 have been ignored and the warming
exaggerated." Enough said.
Turtle Bay
4
ISSUE NO7 VOLUMELXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CONFERENCE REPORTS
eco
The morning's Plenary focused on resuming
ary bodies for implementation and science, re-
the INC in April. The Secretariat's announce-
spectively) by presenting alternative text back-
ment that the participatory fund required at
fired. Other delegations seized on the opportu-
least $250,000 for the concluding session was
nity to engage in endless discussion of the ap-
met with monetary commitments from various
propriate basis and manner for further discus-
developed nations. The group then took up a
sion. In particular, the afternoon intervention.
Waiting For The
confusing debate over when and where the fi-
by Saudi Arabia, India and Iran had the appear-
Avalanche
nal meeting will occur. After substantial dis-
ance of concerted delaying tactics.
cussion, a preliminary decision was made that
Most of the time remaining to Working
Avalanches usually give initial
the meeting will start on April 30th and con-
Group 2 in the morning was devoted to the
tinue until May 4th or Sth. A number of del-
question of which text to use as the basis of
rumblings before they start rolling.
egates pointed out that more time might be re-
discussion. The chair, perhaps too patiently, let
Days of behind-the-scenes talks with a
quired for the successful completion of the
this run its course, before proposing that a
whole range of groups, on a whole
work. Given this concern, the Secretariat was
smaller group form to consult, drawing on the
range of subjects, have taken place-
instructed to explore whether facilities were
Co-Chair's text on the Advisory Committee on
there are rumblings, but is there move-
available to extend the meeting longer, possi-
Implementation, the Executive Committee and
ment?
bly until the 8th. The question still remains
the German proposal treating both. The small
whether the meeting will occur in New York
group was mandated to consider the two ques-
To outward appearances, progress
City or Geneva. The final decision on the loca-
tions of what functions are necessary in these
has stalled. Monday was a lost day-
tion and dates of INC 6 will be made at Fri-
areas and which body would be most appropri-
unless you count the tentative setting of
day's plenary. In addition, the G-77 (joined by
ate to perform each desired function.
dates for the final session, and the hag-
China) presented their joint statement (see
The whole afternoon was spent in excruci-
gling over the mandate for small groups,
page one).
ating discussion on procedural matters with re-
Working Group 1 renewed its discussion of
spect to the Advisory Committee on Science.
as progress.
financial resources with delegates adamantly
The debate focused on whether the Co-chair's
With but-three working days left un-
restating their past positions. In particular,
text or an abbreviated proposal by UK was go-
til the end of this session, delegates are
China elaborated on the importance of this sec-
ing to be used as the basis for discussion. The
going to have to start to moving, and
tion while the US pointed out the many areas
opening salvo was fired by the Indian delega-
remove the snow-fence of brackets.
of disagreement that remain. To the delight of
tion who objected strongly to the use of the UK
many, Co-Chairman Akao finally asked the US
draft. The Co-chair however insisted that the
Despite days of probing, the OECD
delegation whether it was willing to remove
decision in the morning's session was to use
has not yet fired the cannon-shot to start
the controversial phrase "on a voluntary basis".
the UK proposal as the basis for the discussion.
the snow rolling. Have they even loaded
Unsurprisingly the US resisted. Shortly after,
After a long discussion, which the co-chair
the cannon for which the US has prob-
the entire section on financial resources was
himself acknowledged as repeating much of
ably stolen the shells?
referred to an "informal informal" meeting for
the discussion that went on last week, and even
What can we expect from the re-
Monday night.
in Geneva, he urged the formation of a smaller
The rest of the afternoon was spent consid-
group, to be chaired by the UK, to "marry" the
maining few days? An avalanche of
ering the section dealing with those countries
UK proposal with the Co-Chair's text. At this
agreement from the firing of that long-
that are highly dependent on the production
point, the UK declined, stating that their pro-
awaited shot, or an uncontrolled slide
and/or export of fossil fuels. The introduction
posal was an attempt to shorten - not add to
into disastrous warming?
of new language resulted in a number of del-
- the original text. In one of the more humor-
The winter Olympics are over, time
egates requesting more time to consider the en-
ous moments of the day, Antigua and Barbuda
tire paragraph. At the end of the session, the
commented that this working group would
to turn to climate change.
Secretariat announced that text on specific
have a difficult task in "marrying" the two pro-
Editor: Phil Hurst
commitments of developing countries should
posals - such a task would require "a short
Production Managers:
be available on Tuesday. In addition, the
courtship followed by a quick marriage and
Alister Sieghart and Richard Elen
OECD has nearly reached the end of its nego-
consumation, high fertility rate, and short ges-
tiations concerning developed country commit-
tation period". ECO wishes the delegates well
Assistance from: Annie Roncerel, Daniel Lashol,
Mi
ments and is expected to introduce it to WG1
in their attempt at legal procreation.
Oppenheimer, Navroz Dubash, Liz Barrett-
Brown, Ralph Hallo, Scott Hajost, Debbie Good,
within a day or two.
Susan Legro, Hector Soliman, Sean Fox, Rosario
Progress in Working Group 2 ground to a
Someone Is Winning.
Ortiz Quijano.
complete halt yesterday. Not a bracket was re-
Rumours have been circulating at recent scien-
moved nor word of text debated during the en-
tific conferences about the money to be made
Published by: Media Natura for the Climate Action
tire day. Which text to use seems to be more
Network
as a greenhouse sceptic. It seems that the addi-
important to the delegates than the substantive
tional income from lecture fees and other perks
Eco can be contacted at:-
issues. And all the while the clock keeps run-
can reach US$10,000 a month. But you have to
Room 506, the Tudor Hotel, 304 E42nd St., New
ning.
live in the United States, have friends in the
York, NY 10017. Tel. (212) 986 8800 Fax (212) 297
The well-meaning efforts by Germany and
fossil fuel industry-and a complete lack of
3567; e-mail igc:relen or applelink:uk.region1
the UK to advance the discussion (on subsidi-
scientific credibility. (Source: Tiempo-4)
ISSUE 7 FEBRUARY 25
2
COMMENTARY
Gilbert Arum on the G77 Joint Statement
Paying o Sh'ft Energy
When the developing countries put forward
by Dr. Jyoti Parikh, Indira Gandhi Institute
that the current 'incremental costs' analysis
their proposals in treaty language during INC
The economic ramifications of reducing green-
fails to address. A case study for India, carried
4. the industrialised states must have ignored
house gas emissions are much wider than the
out by the Indira Gandhi Institute of Develop-
dismissed these as being inconsequential.
'full incremental costs' being discussed at
ment Research (IGIDR) in Bombay, shows
by are wrong!
INCS. Even if 'full incremental costs' as they
that electricity generation accounts for 33% of
Developing countries are, as the AOSIS
are being discussed are paid to the developing
total direct CO2 emissions-nearly 70% of the
has frequently stated, going to be the first vic-
countries, there are a large amount of other
country's electricity is generated from coal.
tims. If developing countries had been respon-
costs, which will go unpaid.
Iron and steel production account for 10%,
sible for the danger of global warming in the
Even if no GHG reductions are immedi-
transport 8% and non-metallic minerals 4.5%.
first place, they would have been expected to
ately expected from developing countries,
However, to provide a realistic appraisal, addi-
take the first steps in cutting emissions of car-
there will be pressure from many aid agencies
tional indirect emissions need to be consid-
bon dioxide.
to shift their current energy policies. When
ered-not only direct emissions at the factory
With no guarantee on new and additional
long term agreements such as the INC are ne-
site, but also related activities necessary to
resources separate from, and additional to, ex-
gotiated, a longer perspective is needed. Full
carry out that activity. Taking into account the
isting development aid budgets, few options re-
'impact analysis' must be carried out for each
transport required to bring in raw materials,
main. Funding mechanisms have to take into
developing country.
and the energy needed for processing them,
account the wider global financing systems.
These costs obviously differ from country
carbon emission coefficients for iron and steel
First, the current net transfer of resources be-
to country, but it would especially hurt those
may increase by more than 100% and electric-
tween developing and developed countries has
developing countries whose main energy
ity by more than 30%. It is highly doubtful if
to be reversed; and second, protectionist trade
source is coal-such as India, China, South
these indirect emissions will be paid for by
policies have to be restructured.
Korea and others-whose coal resources have
'full incremental costs'.
In addition to commitments on reductions,
become devalued. Many of them have fol-
Unfortunately, the Research and Develop-
industrial countries must: make a specific time-
lowed a policy of substituting coal for oil to
ment Section in the Working paper (Annex 1
table on which to pursue these commitments;
save foreign exchange. Current discussions on
page 103) does not include any item to cover
show a willingness to work towards supporting
global warming will bring pressure to do the
analysis of impacts on energy systems of de-
the capacity of the developing countries to ad-
opposite, ie save coal rather than oil and thus
veloping countries. It is to be hoped that there
dress their technology needs; and finally, and
place added costs on the economy. This shift in
could be more than vague promises of renew-
perhaps more pertinent to these negotiations,
conservation policy calls for totally different
able energy options which still require exten-
concentrate on first designing the functions be-
sectoral approaches. For example, while India
sive testing, not just in the laboratory, but also
re discussing the modalities.
is currently trying to conserve oil from the
in the prevailing socio-economic conditions. It
The developed countries cannot claim not
transport sector, fertilizer sector etc., the recent
is to be hoped that efforts for commercialisa-
to have heard the southern position. There is
debate will divert their attention from savings
tion would be paid by the developed countries
nothing holding them back this time-unless
in the transport sector to conserving coal from
and would be covered under a wider interpreta-
they are having difficulty focusing on the per-
the power sector. While coal costs Rs 350 per
tion of 'incremental costs'.
vading central issues.
ton, oil costs Rs 3,000 per ton.
It is further to be hoped that an item to
This diversion of attention from oil to coal
cover a comprehensive impact analysis of en-
Costing The Earth Summit
and to different sectors will also translate into
ergy systems for a wide variety of countries
As the world prepares for UNCED, criticism is
diversion of efforts, manpower, technology de-
will be included in the R & D section of the
being increasingly heard of some of the cos-
velopment and so on. Thus, such a shift in en-
INC working Papers, and that a wider interpre-
metic environmental developments taking
ergy policy could involve opportunity costs for
tation of 'incremental costs' will be taken by
place in Rio de Janeiro.
'roads not chosen'. This is a complex matter
the INC.
Twenty miles of coastline are being land-
6
scaped in readiness, including a cycle path the
length of seven beaches. UNCED delegates
Carbon
5
4.89
who have not the time for cycling can still ad-
Emission
mire the trees newly-planted along key routes
from airport to city centre.
Coefficients for
To be fair, it should be acknowledged that
Carbon Emission Coefficients (tons/Rs.1000)
4
India
3.47
there have been some benefits for the residents
2.95
Direct and Indirect
3
of Rio.
Coefficients by Sectors
2.22
A host of green projects are underway and
2.19
1.89
1.82
1.82
the 250,000 people living in Rocinha, a par-
2
1.78
ticularly visible and impoverished area, have
Direct
1.20
been promised a hospital, 27 creches, two
Direct + Indirect
0.92
0.94
1
roads and hillside reforestation.
0.59
0.26
But will this development be sustainable?
RE
ource: Tiempo-4, published by IIED, London,
0
and the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK)
Electricity
Cement
Iron
&
Steel
Paper
Fertilizer
Inorganic
Non-Metalic
Chemicals Minerals
3
ISSUE FEBRUARY 25
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
NGO Analysis on OECD
NGO PROFILE
Legally Binding Commitments
guage of Document 15.
On the principal issue - commitments on
Joint Implementation
Fundación Pro-Sierra
emissions - none of the alternatives would
Paragraph 2 begins by providing that coopera-
Nevada de Santa Marta
require the emission reductions needed to put
tive arrangements may be made among coun-
the world on a path to achieving the objective
tries subject to "quantitative commitments" un-
(FPSN) - Colombia
of the convention. Under no circumstances
der paragraph 1. The most explosive issue here
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an iso-
should industrialized countries be allowed to
is the status of central European countries and
lated mountain in the north of Colombia. It
increase their CO₂ emission above current lev-
the Commonwealth of Independent States.
emerges from sea level to 19,000 feet, making
els by taking advantage of cooperative imple-
Under the draft language developed coun-
it the highest mountain in the world near the
mentation, sink enhancement, or integration of
tries that are not 'economies in transition' are
sea. The mountain has unique flora and fauna
action on other greenhouse gases.
allowed to implement commitments coopera-
and is currently inhabited by 25,000 Indians of
The next question is whether any of the
tively subject only to notification of the Con-
three different tribes (Kogi, Arhuaco and
formulations in the OECD paper would estab-
ference of the Parties. Arrangements involving
Wiwa), and 150,000 peasants.
lish a legally binding commitment to stabilize
Article IV.3.4 countries ("countries with
The Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa
emissions. The text formally before the INC
economies in transition") would require ap-
Marta (FPSN), created in 1986, is working to-
paragraph IV.2.1(b) (Alternative A) (Docu-
proval from and reporting to the Conference of
wards the conservation of the tropical rain for-
ment 15) - plainly says that developed coun-
the Parties. And arrangements involving
est in the Sierra, 80% of which has disap-
try parties "shall commit themselves" to stabi-
"other" parties (developing countries) could go
peared. FPSN activities include the creation of
lize CO2 at 1990 levels by the year 2000.
forward only under "criteria to be agreed by
Community Attention Centres in each of the
But the strongest option in the OECD draft
the Conference of the Parties".
three flanks that form the Sierra, where social
would provide only that developed countries
But can a central European country decide
and biological research is developed to encour-
must adopt "policies and measures" that "will
to define itself as a "normal" industrialized
age sustainable development in the area. Dur-
have the effect of", stabilizing CO₂ at 1990 lev-
country? Under this paragraph, could a central
ing the last year a Biodiversity Program has
els by the year 2000.
European country sign up to a stabilization
been initiated, and in spring 1992 a two-year
Is this the same? Perhaps it is a small point,
commitment that they will achieve in any case
series of workshops is going to start, with the
but we note first the shift from "shall" to
because their emissions are falling and then en-
inhabitants of the Sierra, to develop a Strategy
"will". "Shall" is the language of a legally
ter a cooperative arrangement with an OECD
for the Conservation of the rain forest.
binding command. "Will" is the weaker lan-
country. The credit for emission reductions in
Contact: Rosario Ortiz Quijano. Depart
guage of mere prediction. It would not be ac-
the central European country would then allow
amento de Biodiversidad. Fundación Pro
ceptable simply to allow each party to make its
the industrial country's emissions to keep ris-
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Calle 74
own prediction of what its policies and meas-
ing! Net global emissions would then rise com-
# 2-86. Piso 2. Bogotá, Colombia.
ures "will" accomplish.
pared to what they would have been without
Even if the paragraph read "shall have the
cooperative implementation.
THANKS
effect of", the question remains whether a party
To prevent such a scenario the baseline for
will be responsible for actually stabilizing
The Climate Action Network would like to thank
these countries cannot ignore their declining
emissions by the deadline. That is, must a party
emissions trend, granting windfall credits to
the following, who have provided funds and
produce the desired result itself (stabilization
facilities for Eco:
OECD countries. We understand this is the in-
in the first step) or merely implement measures
tent of OECD delegations.
calculated to achieve that result.
There are other questions: should coopera-
EDF
If it becomes apparent that a party's poli-
tive arrangements among developed countries
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
cies and measures are not 'on course' to stabi-
be free from scrutiny by the Conference of the
lize emissions by the deadline, must the party
Parties? Does the OECD group intend that co-
revise its policies and add to its measures? Or
operative arrangements involving developing
will it remain in compliance even though it
countries require agreement by the Conference
does not actually stabilize emissions? If true
of the Parties? If not, why should cooperative
WWF
legal obligations are intended, why not draft
implementation arrangements involving devel-
mandatory language such as 'shall commit to
oping countries receive less scrutiny than those
WWF INTERNATIONAL
stabilize' and 'shall adopt and report on meas-
involving countries with economies in transi-
ures and policies to meet such commitments"?
tion?
Also, why is language included saying that
commitments would be met "in general" by the
year 2000 and "taking into account differences
Turtle letter
APPLE COMPUTER
in starting points and approaches..."
Maurice strong, UNCED
with resources donated by:
These questions should make representa-
Dear Maurice,
Aldus UK, Creative Technology Associates,
tives of the OECD countries committed to ac-
As far as I can tell nothing happened today
Computers Unlimited, Dial-a-Fax, EcoNet,
tion quite uncomfortable. They should hold
at the INC.
Microsoft, MCMXCIX, Shades & Characters Ltd.,
firm and insist on retaining the original lan-
Yours, Donatello
Software Club, the Tudor Hotel, Vodafone plc.
ISSUE N07 VOLUMELXXX DAILY CHARGE
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGO NEWSLETTER
26
FEBRUARY
TURTLE ISLAND
ISSUE
Eco has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Groups at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment
Conference in 1972. This issue is produced co-operatively by groups attending the Climate Talks in New York, February 1992
Canada Reaffirms GHG Targets
California's CO₂ Goal
California is in the process of deciding whether
by Eco Reporter
the Committee.
to adopt a state-wide CO₂ reduction target.
A new report presented to the Canadian Parlia-
The report commended the position taken
Last October, Governor Pete Wilson charged
ment on Monday calls for Canada to "take
by the Canadian delegation at the Climate
the California Energy Commission to hold
every step to become a world leader in the im-
Talks, and stated that "the domestic implemen-
hearings on the subject.
plementation of effective measures at home
tation strategy for GHG emissions reduction
On January 15, the Commission held an
which would reduce GHG emissions".
needs to be comprehensive in nature, encom-
informal staff workshop, followed by a public
The Chairman of the Canadian Standing
passing all forms of greenhouse gases (not just
hearing on Feb. 18 in Sacramento and another
Committee on Energy, Mines and Resources,
CO₂), and all carbon sinks."
on Feb. 20 in Los Angeles.
Al Johnson, tabled the unanimous Report in
The Committee made several recommen-
At the Sacramento hearing, the Commis-
the House of Commons.
dations to the House, including that:
sion's staff released a summary of their recom-
The Committee's report recommends that
"at UNCED, the federal government
mendations:
e Government's position at UNCED must
reconfirm its stated commitment to stabi-
A 10% CO2 reduction from 1988 levels by
take into account the Canadian economy's high
lise GHG emissions not controlled by the
1998, with a 1% annual reduction thereaf-
degree of energy intensity and reliance on in-
Montreal protocol, at 1990 levels by the
ter, "equal to a goal of 20% (sic) reduction
ternational trade. "It is vital that the Canadian
year 2000, and that it also seek a global
by the year 2010."
response bears in mind the significant contribu-
commitment to a reduction of total global,
The reduction goal should have separate
tion that the energy and mineral industries
anthropogenic GHG emissions by 20%
goals for each sector, established within
make to the domestic economy," said Johnson.
from 1990 levels by the year 2005, to be
two years.
The report also calls on the Canadian govern-
achieved by co-ordinated global efforts";
Reduction goal should focus only on CO2
ment to include environmental and other NGO
"to help meet any commitments reached as
at this time, because of difficulties in in-
representatives in its UNCED delegation.
part of a global climate change convention,
ventorying other greenhouse gases by
Because of each country's differing cir-
and mindful of the need to enhance the
source. Reduction goals for other GHGs
cumstances, the Committee calls for the Gov-
competitiveness of the Canadian energy
Continued on back page, column 2
ernment to instruct the Canadian delegation at
and mineral sectors, the federal govern-
UNCED to urge the adoption of a flexible glo-
ment instruct the Canadian UNCED del-
CONTENTS
bal strategy. In addition to commitment on vi-
egation to support proposals to facilitate
able domestic action regarding greenhouse gas
Canada taking global action such as con-
News
1,4
emissions, Canada should also pledge to sup-
tributing, financially and through technol-
port actions in other countries where such ac-
ogy transfer, to emissions reduction efforts
Editorial
2
tions would be more effective. "It is generally
in other countries";
recognised that the transfer of more efficient
"the Government ensure that the Canadian
Conference Reports
2
energy technologies to certain high polluting
delegation to the 4th Preparatory Confer-
countries could help generate significantly
ence in New York of UNCED include sen-
Biodiversity
3
greater global environmental benefit for the
ior representatives of the Departments of
in the US' Own Back Yard
3
same investment made at home".
Environment; Energy, Mines and Re-
The Committee calls for the Government
sources; Finance; and Industry, Science
Watchdogs on the Convention
3
to "reconfirm its domestic commitment on
and Technology along with key representa-
HG stabilisation" and to seek a global reduc-
tives from interested non-government or-
Markets and Joint Efforts
4
non of 20%. Efforts toward reducing emissions
ganisations, particularly from the energy,
in other countries are essential, in the view of
mining and environmental sectors."
Turtle Bay
4
ISSUE NO8 VOLUME LXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CONFERENCE REPORTS
eco
Working Group I opened with an announce-
lar difficulties faced by them".
ment by the co-chair that the day's agenda
The UK made another proposal to pare
would be devoted to Section П (Principles),
down the text of pars. 1(c) and (e) just to in-
postponing discussion on commitments until
clude national and regional strategies to miti
the following day, when various streamlined
gate and adapt to climate change, includi
texts would be available.
measures in fulfilment of convention obliga
These past seven days, it appears that
Nearly two hours were devoted to discuss-
tions. This did not sit well with other delega-
delegates have been looking through
ing - as the delegate from India phrased it -
tions, who insisted other important items like
the wrong end of a telescope. They
"the principle of including principles." The
financial commitments, emissions reductions,
session began with statements by several de-
technology transfer and other specific items be
have only been asking how their own
veloped countries to the effect that they did not
included in the reporting requirements.
countries can live with a climate con-
feel that Section II was necessary. The UK del-
The UK proposal to pare down the text to
vention, rather than taking a global
egation, for example, stated that while they
bare minimum might facilitate the process of
view.
would discuss the specific language in the ses-
negotiation. However, there is a real danger of
To be fair, delegates find themselves
sion, they were opposed to the notion of the
cutting out important references to specific re-
section. Criticism by delegates centered around
porting items, like reductions in CO₂ emis-
in a bind. Governments are asking them
the argument that the section was redundant,
sions. These need to be clearly spelled out in
to reach a collective decision on a cli-
and that it needlessly repeated elements in-
the reporting requirements, and should not be
mate treaty, but they have sent them to
cluded elsewhere in the text, working against
left to the discretion of the reporting parties.
New York with rigid negotiating in-
delegates' desires to consolidate the document.
Vagueness here will make it difficult to judge
structions that require them to give no
However, Ghana responded by saying-that
whether a report is sufficient and complete.
ground. Governments must decide what
"the principles are dear to the developing coun-
There was also discussion on Pars. (d) and
tries." In addition, China, along with several
(f), regarding projections of greenhouse gas
they want - a meaningful treaty or a
other developing country delegations, felt that
emissions over a twenty year period, and
never-ending debate on perceived na-
the principles provided a "compass" that would
trends in GHG emissions. Some delegations
tional interests.
guide the remaining articles. A movement was
contended that this was a matter too technical
There are just twelve hours left, and
made to hold an informal informal meeting,
for developing countries to comply.with, while
these negotiations have stagnated. The
during which a redesigned text would be pre-
others believed that this is where the financial
sented, consolidating those elements of the sec-
assistance from the developed countries could
delegates should be striving to arrive at
tion seen as redundant into similar material in
be useful. The Danish delegation was ap-
solid commitments, since their role is to
the preamble and other parts of the text.
pointed to chair an informal group that wou
defend their people's well-being. But
The discussion then moved on to specific
try to reconcile these positions.
what happens? Developed countries
articles in the section, with debate springing up
Working Group 2 is now in a time bind. It
seem fixated on the narrow economic
once again over the inclusion of the phrase
never even began discussions on even the first
"countries with economies in transition." The
item on the proposed program of work for the
concerns of particular industries; devel-
working group departed for lunch with 11 del-
day. With only two working days left, major
oping nations understandably concen-
egates asking for the floor and having agreed
outstanding issues remain to be reached. These
trate on their short-term development
definitely upon only one item - deleting a
include settlement of disputes, the subsidiary
needs. What gets obscured is humani-
single word from the text.
bodies (on implementation, science and the ex-
ty's need for a long-term sustainable
The working group meeting resumed with
ecutive committee), final clauses and the grow-
a brief rundown of the streamlined texts cur-
ing number of reports from the various small
environment, now jeopardized by ever-
rently being drafted in informal meetings and a
groups. Perhaps the delegates feel comfortable
rising greenhouse gas emissions.
listing of the leaders of those groups. Discus-
returning to their capitals each with their own
Global warming, the 'only common
sion then continued on specific principles,
set of 'mental brackets' around the text.
problem of humanity,' is not inspiring a
while the entire text remained in brackets.
joint effort. Delegates, trapped in con-
Editor: Phil Hurst
Working Group 2 spent the entire day on An-
siderations about what their countries
nex III (reporting). No conclusive reports were
Production Managers:
received from the informal working groups and
Alister Sieghart and Richard Elen
could lose, and trying to minimize their
commitments, are forgetting the Con-
several additional groups were established.
Assistance from: Liz Barratt-Brown, Ralph Hallo, TJ
Reflecting rising panic that negotiating
Glauthier, Debbie Good, Hector Soliman, Sean Fox,
vention's objective: "stabilization of
time is running out, the Working Group enter-
Rosario Ortiz Quijano, Gerardo Alatorre, Susan
greenhouse gas concentrations in the at-
tained proposals to cut the annex text back to
Legro, Cecilia Fortes, Alden Meyer, Don Goldberg.
mosphere at a level which would pre-
the bare bones. The US opened the discussion
Published by: Media Natura for the Climate Action
vent dangerous anthropogenic interfer-
by proposing to pare down the text of par. 1(a)
Network
ence with climate.'
to a minimum, making only a reference to "rel-
Eco can be contacted at:-
evant national circumstances relating to cli-
It is time for delegates to turn the
Room 506, the Tudor Hotel, 304 E42nd St., New
mate change". This idea was adopted by the
York, NY 10017. Tel. (212) 986 8800 Fax (212) 29
telescope around and take a more far-
group with an additional proposal made by
3567; e-mail igc:relen or applelink:uk.region1
sighted view of the problem.
Malaysia to include in the report "any particu-
ISSUE 8 - FEBRUARY 26
2
n the JS' Own Backyard
Biodiversity:
by Victoria Dompka
cally rich wetland, is in danger from sea level
A Power To Be Used
As the US Presidential campaign gathers pace,
rise. Olympic National Park, Washington, one
by Agus P Sari
candidates will be speaking in states which
of the largest forest landscapes containing the
Developing countries have been pressurised in
ay look considerably different if global
only remaining US rain forests, is particularly
the Biodiversity Convention into commitments
warming is not halted. The US' own backyard
vulncrable to climate change. Yellowstone Na-
to preserve the biodiversity of ecosystems in
is not immune from a changing climate.
tional Park in Wyoming, the centerpiece of all
their place, for the sake of 'global interest'.
US ecosystems most at threat from rapid
American parks, stands to be permanently al-
Can a convention on biodiversity be effec-
climatic change include coastal wetlands (East
tered if global warming proceeds course.
tive if the climate convention is weak? The
coast); Arctic marine and tundra (Alaska);
In the mountainous region of Great Basin
answer is probably no.
coral reefs and mangroves (Florida, Hawaii,
National Park, scientists say a 3°C temperature
Firstly, Environmental problems must be
Texas, Puerto Rico); and borcal and temperate
rise (the IPCC prediction for the next 100
addressed in an integral way. The conse-
forests throughout the western and northern
years) would result in loss of nearly half of the
quences facing the Biodiversity convention
US, where up to 40% loss could be expected
mammal and resident bird species there, and a
must be taken into account in the climate con-
east of the Rocky Mountains.
quarter of the butterfly species.
vention.
At risk are one quarter of all (45) US-based
Numerous other species show signs of
Secondly, A strong biodiversity convention
Man and the Biosphere reserves, and national
pending impact over the short and long term. A
is worthless without a strong convention on cli-
protected areas in California, Florida, North
study of all 14,000 native plant species in the
mate change. The WWF report released last
Carolina, Tennessee, Massachusetts, Washing-
US shows that if the earth warms 3°C, climate
week emphasises this point.
ton and Wyoming.
conditions will be unsuitable for the survival of
Thirdly, the issue of equity and fairness
In California, temperature and precipitation
about one-fifth of them. For those already en-
must be raised while talking about both issues.
fluctuations threaten the ancient redwood for-
dangered or threatened, the figure rises to
In biodiversity, suddenly the developing
ests, along with the rare and endangered spe-
three-quarters at risk.
countries have the major role, while in climate
cies which live there. The Florida Everglades
Victoria Dompka is Campaigns officer with
change, the industrialized countries have it.
National Park, US's largest and most biologi-
WWF International
On biodiversity, developing countries have
a strong bargaining power they can play off
Watchdogs on the Convention
against the industrialized countries to have a
commitment in the climate change convention.
By Liz Barratt-Brown, NRDC attorney
fact-finding. In the ILO, parties are initially
Developing countries should not announce any
As Working Group 2 discusses reporting, I was
offered technical and financial assistance in
commitment in the biodiversity convention un-
aunted by the conclusions of two recent stud-
meeting their obligations, then, if non-com-
less there is a strong commitment from indus-
es on the implementation of environmental
pliance persists, cases are referred to the
trialized countries in the climate change con-
agreements; one by the Secretary General of
full governing body for action;
vention.
UNCED in preparation for the 'Prepcoms'; the
Finally, in the ILO, the human rights re-
Agus P Sari is Regional Coordinator of the
other by the US General Accounting Office for
gimes, and under CITES, NGOs are well
Climate Action Network-Southeast Asia, and
the US Congress. Both reports come to re-
integrated in the review processes, receiv-
Coordinator of the Working Group on Energy
markably similar conclusions:
ing reports and aiding in compliance re-
and Climate in WALHI: Indonesian Forum for
Most environmental agreements rely heav-
view (indeed, they have been voting mem-
Environment/ Friends of the Earth Indonesia
ily on reporting and review to bring about
bers of the ILO's governance body since
compliance. While dispute resolution pro-
1919). In other words, NGOs have been
process that meets regularly and conducts fact-
visions may provide some incentive to pre-
treated as a valuable resource in making
finding missions; along with the active partici-
vent or minimize disputes, they have sel-
agreements effective.
pation of NGOs. In the ILO, human rights area,
dom been invoked. Most often, it is the
The figures on compliance with reporting
and recently in the EC, NGOs have brought
'mutual supervision' of parties, and provi-
requirements alone are telling. The UNCED
cases of non-compliance to the attention of the
sion of technical and financial assistance,
paper reports that in the ILO, 88% of the na-
reviewing bodies far more frequently than par-
that has had an impact on implementation.
tional reports due over the past five years have
ties, who are hesitant to lodge complaints
Despite reporting and review being the
been submitted. By contrast, under CITES,
The success of the climate convention will
compliance mechanism of choice-such as
only 38% of the industrialized countries, and
not be measured solely by commitments, but
for CITES and the Montreal Protocol, they
19% of developing countries, reported in 1989;
by meaningful provisions for reporting, review,
suffer from inadequate reporting, ineffec-
and under the MARPOL convention, only 30%
technical and financial assistance, and adoption
tive review, and thin staffing at the secre-
of the reports required were submitted. Even
of future obligations. Procedures set in motion
tariat level. The average secretariat em-
under the enormously popular Montreal Proto-
in Rio must allow for a dynamic agreement in
ploys less than a dozen professional and
col, only 80% of required baselines were sub-
which all affected participants-developed and
clerical staff;
mitted, with many gaps in information.
developing countries, NGOs and the public-
The International Labor Organization
Determining compliance requires more
are given the opportunity to stem climate
(ILO), human rights regimes, and IAEA
than simply receiving and distributing reports.
change. The lessons told by the UNCED and
safeguards procedures, employ far more
It requires; a strong secretariat that can initially
GAO reports shouldn't be lost in the fray as
rigorous systems for reporting and review
review reports and ask for supplemental infor-
delegates work hastily to produce agreement
including independent "on the ground"
mation; a respected and unpolitical review
by Thursday's deadline.
3
ISSUE 8- FEBRUARY 26
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
Markets and Joint Efforts
letter from
By Cecilia Fortes - IEP
social and economic damage and do little to
Turtle Bay
In these negotiations some countries see a po-
solve the root cause of the problem: for exam-
Maurice strong, UNCE
tential future for joint implementation mecha-
ple large portions of farmland might be trans-
Dear Maurice
nisms led by market forces. This raises ques-
formed into forest because developed countries
Things are really hotting up here at the
tions about what type of proposals for sustain-
will have the power to decide which projects
INC. I spent most of today in WG1, and was
able development will emerge from UNCED
they choose to support.
able to be present at the momentous occasion
92. Joint implementation as currently discussed
These are questions where the logic of the
when they actually deleted a word from the
will work through a market economy where
market economy has as yet provided no solu-
text. It was almost as exciting at WG2, where
environmental goods are priced according to
tions: neither for the countries of the South nor
the delegates came close to making a start on
availability. This idea negates the possibility of
for the future of the planet.
the agenda for the day, but unfortunately 6pm
creating new ways of global and environmen-
arrived and they hadn't quite got there.
tally safe behaviour. Joint implementation is
California plans cuts, continued from page 1
I also came across M Christophe
based on thinking which assumes that the envi-
"should be established at a later time."
Bourillon, the editor of 'Ecoal' - you know, the
ronmental crisis can be dealt with by tinkering.
"Trading between sources of carbon diox-
humor magazine that's been floating around
It attempts to give more time to the present
ide is viewed by staff as a good option for
up here. He claimed to be much relieved, as
development system, which is not sustainable,
reducing total carbon dioxide emissions be-
someone had just told him the law firm of Sue,
as the problem of global warming shows.
cause it introduces flexibility in meeting
Grabbitt and Runne was as fictitious as the
We should bear in mind that market based
the overall state goal. Without quantitative
contents of his publication. The thing is, len
mechanisms are very powerful, often in a way
goals for each gas, however, trading be-
minutes later I ran into old Mr Grabbitt, who
which is out of government control. Another
tween carbon dioxide and other non-carbon
was looking for the chap to serve a subpoena.
point is that it doesn't matter whether we have
dioxide greenhouse gases is not possible."
By the way, could you help there seems to
the most sophisticated market tools to fight
Establishing carbon sinks, with tree plant-
be some kind of dispute going on here. I hope
global warming; the real problem of climate
ing, as a way to offset CO2 emissions.
I've got this right, it appears that UNDP
change is in the patterns of over-consumption
At the Los Angeles hearing, Los Angeles
doesn't recognize the existence of UNEP as an
in some countries. If we really want to work on
Department of Water and Power and Southern
'authorized implementing agency.' It's all
the causes of climate problems, we will need to
California Edison (SCE), who voluntarily set
very confusing - I always thought the UN was
change those patterns.
reduction targets last May, said they would not
supposed to be about friendship and co-opera-
In developing countries there are many ex-
oppose a voluntary goal, but did object to the
tion. Perhaps you could use your influence to
amples in energy consumption sectors (trans-
state setting the target.
sort this out
portation and electric power) where the use of
These developments provide further evi-
Isn't life strange!
market mechanisms mean that the environmen-
dence of the distance between Federal and
Yours, Donatello
tal costs and social aspects are not considered
state policies throughout the US. Chris Cald-
priorities. The "joint effort" to solve global
well of the NRDC in San Francisco described
THANKS
warming could in fact result in environmental,
the proposals as "fairly ambitious"
The Climate Action Network would like to thank
I WANT TO BE
I WANT TO BE YOUR
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27
FEBRUARY
CALIENTE
ISSUE
Eco has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Groups at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment
Conference in 1972. This issue is produced co-operatively by groups attending the Climate Talks in New York, February 1992
EC Statement Maintains Position
The following statement was presented by the
the case. We find it particularly regrettable
tiations are concerned. While the statement
Portuguese delegation yesterday, following the
that not even the very general texts agreed
presented yesterday at the INC reaffirms this
presentation of the OECD position regarding
in Noordwijk, Bergen, the Second World
position, it is also important to note here that
special commitments on CO₂ and GHG reduc-
Climate Conference, and the last OECD
the EC is pointing out the gap between existing
tion for developed countries.
Ministerial Conference can be found with-
language adopted by Ministers and their will-
"Mr. Chairman,
out brackets in the present document.
ingness to translate it into legal terms. Obvi-
"On behalf of the European Community
"On behalf of the European Community
ously Ministerial declarations do not have
and its Member States, I would like to thank
and its Member States, I find it very impor-
much priority!
the distinguished Swedish delegate to bring
tant to stress that the Community position
this text forward.
on specific Commitments, as expressed in
"Confronted with the daunting task to
our interventions at the previous INC Ses-
compress over four pages of text, he has ar-
sions, remains the same and is reflected in
rived at a much shorter and streamlined
the document."
EUROPEAN
formulation which reflects accurately the
Giovanna Melandri, of Lega per l'Ambiente,
COMMUNITY
positions of the different OECD countries,
Italy, comments: It is extremely important that
without however attempting to resolve
the EC does not slide from its previously-ex-
them.
pressed positions, and that it stands firm by the
"We recognize that this represents a
Luxembourg Ministerial Declaration of last
progress towards a clarification of the situa-
November. This, in fact, seems to be the main
tion, but we regret that the positions re-
conclusion of the informal Council held last
flected in the document are as far apart as is
weekend in Estoril, as far as the climate nego-
The EC-still where it was.
EC Drafts Monitoring Measures
CONTENTS
by Susan Subak
become available to the public.
The European Community is moving through
News
1
The Commission also has the responsibility
the task of drafting mechanisms aimed at en-
to publish, on an annual basis, the Member
Editorial
2
suring compliance with the Community's com-
States' reports of CO2 emissions of the previ-
mitment to stabilize CO2 emissions by the year
ous year. The draft articles lack specifics about
2000 at 1990 levels. Oblivious to the hedging,
Conference Reports
2
what the national programs must include, but
bracketing, and meanderings of Working
outline a number of possibilities: legal, regula-
Commitments, Equity & Mechanisms
3
Group Two, the EC's DGXI has produced
tory, and administrative provisions; economic
draft text that is sketchy in parts but includes
instruments; infrastructural programs; volun-
Beware GATTzilla!
4
key items that require member states to submit
tary agreements; information and training ac-
national plans which, taken together, are to en-
tions.
Changement Climatique en Afrique
4
sure the Community will meet its stabilization
According to the draft text, the Member
target, and for review of national programs by
States must submit the national programs one
Urging A Global Perspective
5
a consultative committee.
year after the agreement comes into force. Af-
As outlined in the draft articles, the reports
ter review, the Commission can require Mem-
Canada: Rhetoric and Reality
6
of the consultative body (which is to be made
ber States to make additional efforts to meet
up of experts from the Member States), are to
the stabilization target.
Turtle Bay
6
ISSUE NO9 VOLUMELXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CONFERENCE REPORTS
eco
On Wednesday, Working Group 1 turned to
Working Group 2 spent the morning sorting
the long-awaited discussion of specific com-
out whether the co-chair's text on the "resolu-
mitments in industrialized countries. The
tion of questions of interpretation and imple-
OECD language, which had been the focus of
mentation" and on "settlement of disputes
intense negotiations since the beginning of
were alternatives to each other or separ
One message came out loud and clear
INC 5, was met with skepticism by many de-
items. Ultimately, delegates agreed these pro-
veloping countries. A focal point of criticism
visions were indeed separate items. Austria, a
from Working group one yesterday; the
was the inclusion of "cooperative arrange-
vocal proponent of a strong and effective con-
OECD must get its act together. The
ments" and a perceived lack of concrete com-
vention, intervened to stress that there should
US needs a new script; they must join
mitments. Representing the mood of the mom-
be a link between these provisions and any
the cast or continue to wait in the
ing, the Argentine delegate expressed "deep
standing body on implementation. New Zea-
wings.
disappointment" in the text and stated that in
land presented a proposal consolidating options
this paper "there is no position on the part of
in the text on dispute settlement. This proposal
We know that the extended Bureau,
the developed countries." He continued, "we
plus the co-chairs text was referred to an infor-
representing 25 countries, met behind
are no closer to getting any change in lifestyle
mal working group for consideration. France
closed doors last night, to discuss
which would result from reductions of green-
asked that language on dispute settlement from
where the negotiations are, in these the
house gas emission in developed countries."
the last round of biodiversity convention nego-
most critical round of discussions.
The Indian delegate asserted that the OECD
tiations also be considered.
language does not contain binding legal com-
The afternoon brought surprisingly rapid
Their agenda should have included
mitments. In response, numerous developed
consideration of language on amendments,
how to approach the impasse within the
countries disputed these allegations and vigor-
protocols, amendments to annexes, and final
OECD. Nothing is going to happen
ously reaffirmed their commitment to
clauses. Delegates added bracketed text to al-
without this influential group as a
stabilization of CO₂ at 1990 levels by 2000.
low adoption of amendments and protocols at
whole making its position clear. This is
Early in the discussion, the Marshall Is-
extraordinary meetings. The discussion on
lands called for a strengthened text which
amendments to annexes did not result in any
apparent to the governments of the
would commit developed countries to stabilize
decisions but raised questions about whether
OECD nations-the political strength
their carbon dioxide emission at 1990 levels by
the content of annexes should be limited to
of the group cannot afford to falter on
1995 and thereafter to progressively reduce
procedural, scientific, technical and administra-
this issue. The US is the only members
them. They argued such action "is essential for
tive matters.
of this alliance unwilling to move.
our survival." This sentiment was echoed by
Not surprisingly, decisions on voting for-
other AOSIS nations.
mulas were deferred to resolution of WG 1 tex
The G77 have clearly indicated that
Saudi Arabia and Kuwait attempted to
on commitments. As anticipated, entry into
they are waiting for the OECD to
weaken the OECD text by requesting the dele-
force dominated discussion on final clauses
clarify its position-indeed, the whole
tion of the word quantitative. In particular,
with a chorus of island states and Senegal voic-
conference is waiting. Towards the end
Germany expressed shock at this request, argu-
ing support for the Vienna Convention's
of the last week of INC5 we still do not
ing that reductions should be taken as soon as
"twenty party" provision. This naturally
possible on all greenhouse gases, and reiterated
brought on an intervention by Saudi Arabia
know what the OECD governments are
its national commitment to a 25-30% carbon
that a range of sixty to eighty parties would be
willing to put on the table. The confer-
dioxide reduction by the year 2000.
more appropriate. Co-chair Van Lierop thought
ence is still not sure what it is negotiat-
Unfortunately, the session ended with even
he'd found an opportunity for eliminating
ing with-and it looks like the US
more brackets than in the original text. All the
eighty but alas that was to evaporate on hot
wants to keep it that way.
various proposed language changes will be
Saudi sands. Delegates will find themselves in
compiled and distributed to the delegates,
a bit of a dilemma if they attempt to include
rather than trying to integrate the various sug-
requirements for percentages of CO2 or GHGs
Editor: Phil Hurst
gestions into the text.
more generally-what sort of inventories will
Production Managers:
The afternoon session addressed general
exist upon which to calculate percentages?
Alister Sieghart and Richard Elen
commitments. No observable progress was
The pace came to a halt when delegates
Assistance from: Liz Barratt-Brown, Ralph Hallo,
made. In more than three hours of interven-
turned to consideration of a proposal by the
Sean Fox, Carol Werner, Robert Hornung, Pamela
tions, only a single bracket was removed.
informal working group on the Advisory Com-
Wexler, Rosario Ortiz Quijano, Gerardo Alatorre,
Commentary With one working day left in
mittee on Science. Brazil raised time weary
Cecilia Fortes, Alden Meyer, Don Goldberg, Ken
INC 5, it seems apparent that most countries
concerns about the relation of the IPCC to the
Snyder, Rubens Bom.
have resigned themselves to no major progress
Conference of the Parties.
Published by: Media Natura for the Climate Action
now. Before the next meeting, we urge del-
Saudi Arabia then attempted to intervene,
Network
egates to reassess both their substantive posi-
leading to a tense exchange between the co-
Eco can be contacted at:-
tions and negotiating tactics. Without an ob-
chair and the Saudi delegate about his right to
Room 506, the Tudor Hotel, 304 E42nd St., New
servable shift by all sides, the chances for a
speak. ECO learned that time-out signs were
York, NY 10017. Tel. (212) 986 8800 Fax (212) 297
strong convention will slip through our collec-
universal symbols and not the exclusive do-
3567; e-mail igc:relen or applelink:uk.region1
tive fingers.
main of the sports field.
The peoples of the world deserve better.
There are high expectations for tomorrow's
ISSUE 9 - FEBRUARY 27
2
Com n't nents, Equ ity a d M echan'sms
The following represents the broad view-
tries. This suggests that the OECD countries
tate transfer of GHG-reducing technologies,
points of the environmental NGOs attending
believe that developing countries have a pri-
will have to be developed provided two basic
INC 5.
mary role for helping OECD countries satisfy
conditions are met: 1) that the OECD countries
Economic relationships between industrial-
such a weak commitment. We oppose any such
assume primary responsibility for reducing
zed countries and developing countries are
transfer of responsibility from North to South
GHG emissions, and 2) that the flow of re-
currently shaped by trade, aid and lending sys-
for limiting GHG emissions in this context. We
sources will clearly be from North to South,
tems that, in most cases, favor the industrial-
therefore oppose "cooperative arrangements"
and not the other way around. For condition 1)
ized countries. Many industrialized countries
described in the OECD draft text at this stage.
to be met, the OECD countries will have to
impede imports of food, textile and other prod-
Finally, we must recognize that climate issues
commit themselves to steady and deep reduc-
ucts from developing countries. Bi-lateral and
are closely tied on the ecological, political and
tions, described above. Acceptance of such
multilateral assistance often results in construc-
social level to other environmental problems,
commitments will drive industries in the
tion of projects preferred by the North that do
such as the loss of biodiversity. Without seri-
OECD countries to develop rapidly technolo-
not promote long-term, sustainable develop-
ous commitments by the industrialized coun-
gies that are much more energy efficient and
ment that benefits all tiers of affected commu-
tries to reduce GHG emissions, other efforts
clean than is now the case, technologies that
nities.
and commitments that require cooperation of
may be more relevant to sustainable develop-
The current stage of negotiations for a cli-
developing countries will be undermined. We
ment in developing countries than many tech-
mate convention reflect these relationships.
are also concerned that any projects that may
nologies are today.
The primary responsibility for reducing CO₂
result from "cooperative arrangements" may
Once OECD countries commit themselves
and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) must rest
be the same kinds of projects that are all too
to measures that achieve significant reductions
with the industrialized countries since they
often imposed on developing countries. Many
in GHG emissions and develop GHG reducing
have historically been the largest emitters of
of these projects do not contribute to sustain-
technologies, developing countries could have
CO2 and they continue to be responsible for
able development and increase the debt of de-
increasing interests in these technologies. At
more than half of those emissions even though
veloping countries.
the same time, developing countries will de-
they are home to only one-fifth of the world's
This is in part due to the fact that local,
velop innovative technologies in response to
population.
affected communities in developing countries
convention commitments that the industrial-
Yet, in the OECD draft statement, the
usually have no voice in the shape of these
ized countries would want to use.
OECD countries are talking in terms of
projects, the kinds of technologies employed
Mechanisms that could facilitate these
stabilization of CO₂ emissions, not the deep re-
and environmental and socio-economic re-
transfers with appropriate safeguards should be
ductions that are needed to protect the earth,
views.
developed and clearly incorporated into the
and even the OECD concept of stabilization is
The OECD text and other relevant parts of
convention. Full environmental and socio-eco-
hot clearly defined. In fact, what is needed is
the draft negotiating text does not address this
nomic assessments are critical. Assurance
commitments by the OECD countries to re-
issue at all about what kinds of projects and
should be given that projects in developing
duce their CO2 emissions 20% by 2000 and by
technologies are appropriate and what kind of
countries resulting from this kind of "coopera-
more than 60% by 2025 in order to halt the
participation by non-government groups will
tion" are truly useful. Cultural diversity must
warming trend so as to avoid major harm to
be required.
be respected and these projects should not only
ecosystems and societies.
Thus, we fear that these cooperative ar-
limit GHGs, but also contribute to sound de-
At the same time, this draft makes refer-
rangements could end up in the net transfer of
velopment. At that stage, and according to the
ence to "cooperative arrangements" under
resources from South to North typical of much
criteria described above, a limited number of
which industrialized countries could partially
financial assistance in the past.
pilot projects to test how innovative mecha-
satisfy a stabilization commitment by investing
To achieve necessary global reduction tar-
nisms could function in reality could be con-
in certain kinds of projects in developing coun-
gets, innovative mechanisms designed to facili-
sidered.
discussions. Informal working groups are ex-
national agreements.
pected to report back on implementation func-
Yet WG II is proceeding in the traditional
tions, financial mechanisms, insurance, the re-
convention/protocol/annex mode and missing
porting article and annex, resolution of ques-
an opportunity for new thinking. Delegates
tions and dispute settlement, and a paragraph
should consider narrowing the scope of re-
on the Conference of Parties. Additionally, the
quirements for formal ratification and entry
group will need to consider language on scien-
into force procedures and allow the Conference
tific cooperation and definitions. And, of
of the Parties more flexibility to respond to sci-
course, there is the outstanding text on the Ad-
entific, economic and social developments.
visory Committee on Science. We wish the
Short of entrusting this sort of flexibility to the
delegates well in recapturing the pace of the
CP, delegates should consider adjustments pro-
early afternoon.
cedures similar to the Montreal Protocol's arti-
Commentary A certain time warp fell over
cle 2.9.
WG 2 when it turned to text regarding future
We hope that the more visionary Declara-
modifications of the convention. A great deal
tion of the Hague calling for new institutional
of attention has been paid in the past few years
capabilities will serve to re-inspire delegates
to innovative mechanisms for modifying inter-
when they return to New York in April.
St George, of the UK Delegation, tackles bracket
3
ISSUE 9- FEBRUARY 27
INC: Watch out for GATTzilla
by Donald Goldberg
give advantages to domestic producers. On the
may have under GATT.
The GATT has shown itself to be singularly
whole GATT has shown itself to be hostile to
These principles will not operate, however,
unsympathetic to global environmental con-
environmental concerns.
if the convention agrees in advance not to
cerns, so it is important that it is not allowed to
Recently a GATT panel took an unduly
anything that might conflict with GATT.
take precedence over a Climate Convention.
narrow view of the range of trade actions for
fortunately, as it stands, the convention say
Principles 6 and 7 and commitment
environmental protection that are permitted un-
exactly that. Principle 6, in the Consolidated
IV.1(k), of the Consolidated Working Docu-
der GATT. Disapproving of import curbs im-
Working Document, prohibits countries from
ment, by requiring consistency with GATT
posed by the US on tuna caught without ad-
imposing, unilaterally or in groups, climate re-
could limit options for future strategies to re-
equate protection for dolphins, it ruled that
lated trade barriers. While principle 6 would
duce greenhouse gas emissions by:
GATT does not permit states, acting unilater-
permit barriers to be introduced by the Confer-
barring restrictions on the import and ex-
ally, to use trade restrictions to protect re-
ence of the Parties, they must be consistent
port of natural resources, including fossil
sources outside their borders. While it has yet
with GATT. Principle 7 prohibits measures to
fuels and timber.
to be adopted by the GATT Council, the deci-
combat climate change that might "introduce
prohibiting restrictions on imports to Par-
sion raises disturbing questions as to the types
trade distortions inconsistent with GATT."
ties, and exports to non-Parties, of green-
of actions that states may take to protect the
Commitment IV.1(k) may require that "meas-
house destructive technologies.
environment without running afoul of GATT.
ures and instruments" be "in accordance with
calling into question 'subsidies' to develop-
A subsequent report by the GATT Trade and
the principles and rules of the GATT system".
ing countries of preferential or com-
Environment Committee suggests the panel's
In the rush to conclude a climate agreement
mercial transfer of environmentally sound
conclusions should be extended to multilateral
in time for Rio, negotiators must avoid making
technologies or financial assistance.
agreements, leaving the status of trade provi-
hasty decisions they will regret later. It would
denying the use of trade incentives or sanc-
sions in the Montreal Protocol uncertain.
be better to defer addressing complex trade is-
tions to encourage compliance with the
Because many prospective Parties to the
sues until negotiators are ready to deal with
convention, particularly by non-Parties (ex-
convention are also GATT contracting parties,
them in specific terms and have time to fully
perience with the Montreal Protocol shows
prospects look poor for using trade restrictions
consider all the implications. At the very least,
that these are critical for implementing
to advance a response to global warming, ex-
all present references to GATT should be
compliance).
cept for a simple international legal principle.
eliminated. To make the climate convention
In short, they open to challenge virtually
When two international agreements conflict,
subservient to a regime that clearly puts trade
every meaningful action that might be taken to
the one that is later in time has priority for
ahead of the environment will interfere with
implement an effective climate agreement.
states that are party to both. Thus, new obliga-
efforts to tackle global warming.
Generally, GATT prohibits all non-tariff
tions arising under a climate agreement would
Donald Goldberg is an attorney with the a
barriers that discriminate between nations or
take precedence over earlier obligations Parties
tre for International Environmental Law (US
Changement climatique en Afrique de l'Ouest
By Masse Lo, ENDA Energy
hopes to extend this programme to all west Af-
CIRED (Centre International de Recherches
Africa is confronted by numerous northern ex-
rican countries.
sur l'Environnement et le Développement-
perts and studies on global warming presenting
Paris), et avec le soutien du Ministère Français
ready-made solutions. To avoid losing its iden-
Le monde est confronté à un grave problème
de la coopération, l'ENDA a engagé depuis
tity, however, Africa must master the tools and
de réchauffement climatique dont les conséqu-
octobre 1991, une réflexion de fonds dans le
methods needed to analyse by itself the impli-
ences sur l'environnement global (baisse de la
cadre d'un programme pilote de 6 mois,
cations of global warming in the region.
pluviométrie, déforestation, désertification, in-
intitulé Programme Energie-Environnement en
In three West African countries Senegal,
nondation, avancée de la mer, etc.), sont
Afrique (PEEA), sur les problèmes d'émission
Mali and Ivory-coast a six-month 'Pro-
néfastes.
de gaz à effet de serre dans trois pays africains:
gramme for Energy and Environment in Af-
Face à ce problème, les pays du nord se
le Sénégal, le Mali et la Côte d'Ivoire.
rica' (PEEA) has been established to address
mobilisent pour asseoir des stratégies de lutte
L'ENDA compte à terme élargir le programme
this problem The programme is a collaborative
contre les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les
à tous les pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest.
effort between the ENDA Energy Programme,
pays africains par contre sont à court d'outils et
L'ENDA et le CRES envisagent
the Regional Centre for Solar Energy (CRES),
d'instruments pour évaluer l'ampleur des
d'organiser à Bamako en Avril 1992, un atelier
and the International Centre for Research on
dommages dans leur propre pays.
sur 'les outils et méthodes d'analyse des
the Environment and development (CIRED).
Face au déploiement de nombreux experts
problèmes d'environnement liés au développe-
One of its primary aims is to assist African
du nord, l'Afrique doit, avant que le vide
ment', susceptibles d'être appliqués aux pays
countries who lack the means to evaluate pos-
scientifique ne s'installe, maîtriser les outils et
africains. Cet atelier contribuera à préparer les
sible damage caused by changing climate and
méthodes de diagnostic. Ceci lui permettra
pays africains aux prochaines échéances décis-
to help develop appropriate strategies.
d'engager elle-même ses propres recherches et
ionnelles en matière d'environnement, dont la
Results of the programme, which has car-
de faire valoir ses aptitudes à étayer ses posi-
première est la CNUED de Rio en juin 1992.
ried out in-depth analysis on GHG emissions in
tions sur la base de résultats scientifiques
For more information contact ENDA at
the three countries, will be presented in a
irréfutables.
adress above, (or see Masse Lo at the IN
workshop at the Regional Centre for Solar En-
En collaboration avec le CRES (Centre
Bp 3370, Dakar, Senegal. Tlx 51456 SG/jax
ergy (CRES), Bamako, Mali in April. Enda
Régional d'Energie Solaire-Bamako) et le
(221) 222695, tel (221)222496/225983
ISSUE 9 FEBRUARY 27
4
NGO PROFILE
Urging a Global Perspective
a critique by Latin American NGOs present at the INC
Grupo de Estudios
A Climate Change Convention, which will
sites of biodiversity, conserve soil and wa-
Ambientales (GEA)
ontain commitments having a global impact,
ter resources and are the habitat for many
(Group for Environmental Studies-Mexico)
Innot be addressed from a fragmented view
animals, plants and human communities.
which excludes the wide and complex range of
The main enemies of these forests have
social and economic problems of regions such
been private lumber or paper companies,
as Latin America This kind of approach has
whose only interest is in getting the great-
reduced the discussion of climate change just
est profit in the least time. Plans for sus-
to the search for technological solutions in ar-
tainable uses of forests should take into ac-
eas such as energy. A global problem needs
count the experience acquired by tradi-
global, integral solutions.
tional communities which have utilized
The answers to such problems should aim
forests for centuries.
at two main goals: a transformation of the de-
Looking ahead
velopment model and implementation of alter-
In many Latin American countries coalitions
natives for the reduction of greenhouse gases.
have formed in the process towards UNCED.
These alternatives could include: reduction of
Grassroots movements are becoming sensitive
consumption; the development and transfer of
to environmental issues, and environmentalists
energy-efficient technologies; and sustainable
are taking into account the social and political
use of forestry resources beyond simply their
dimension of ecological problems. This proc-
Established in 1977 as a non-profit association,
important role as sinks.
ess of organization is important, and govern-
GEA has been involved in five main issues:
Issues of Greatest Concern
ments cannot ignore it.
Rural sustainable development
The developed countries, as a consequence
To achieve the Convention's objectives,
Environmental education and publications
of their historical contributions, should
each country must assume different responsi-
Regional planning with the participation of
have the greatest responsibility in this ef-
bilities and conditions. Obviously, countries of
local communities
fort. Although these countries have more
the Third World cannot be expected to reduce
Research and diffusion of environmentally
resources, they will face challenging politi-
their consumption in the same proportion as
sound technologies, for example wood-
cal, economic and cultural difficulties in
Northern countries, but, at the same time, we
efficient stoves, recycling and use of solid
promoting the necessary changes, espe-
cannot continue to waste time looking for
wastes
cially in their consumption patterns and de-
guilty parties. Instead, we have to identify re-
Information services (presently a focal
velopment style. The answers to the prob-
sponsibilities and distribute tasks in an equita-
point for UNCED)
lems of climate change must involve a re-
ble and fair way, recognizing our duties and
The regions where GEA has worked are:
definition of international relationships
obligations with our own resources. We cannot
the southern part of Mexico City's Bassin,
which include commercial, industrial and
continue to support projects or concepts which
where there still exists a well-known pre-
cultural structures.
reproduce development models that cause the
hispanic agricultural system called chinampas;
In Latin American countries, as in most
destruction of our productive potential, as well
the state of Oaxaca, where several ethnic
countries, energy policy is very centralized.
as increasing social injustice. It is important in
groups survive in difficult conditions; the State
The bigger an energy plant is, the more
this sense that the transfer of resources from
of Guerrero, where more than twenty commu-
'modern' it is considered to be. It seems
the South to the North due to debt payments be
nities from the Nahua ethnic group are oppos-
that governments are opposed to decentral-
reversed.
ing a federal dam project, and with whom GEA
ized energy development. For instance,
Latin American NGOs: Instituto de Ecología
is formulating an alternative regional plan; and
there is almost no support for technical de-
Política, Chile; Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada
several forest regions in the central part of the
velopment of small hydro-electrical
de Santa Marta, Colombia; Grupo de Estudios
country.
projects which have important potential.
Ambientales, Mexico; Forum de ONG's
GEA's forestry work is directly linked with
Forests, besides being important sinks, are
Brasileiras para UNCED - 92, Brasil
other NGO projects and local peasant organi-
stop
skate boards cars
so
much
try
to
use
like
zations. The aim is to develop a strategy so that
peasant enterprises can effectively tackle eco-
nomic problems and maintain sustainable use
of their resources. Some important issues GEA
is working on include the relationship between
efficiency and democracy, and the impact of
the timber trade within the US, which is lower-
ing the price of wood in Mexico and putting
pressure on forest resources.
Contact: Gerardo Alatorre
Grupo de Estudios Ambientales A.C.
Mathran
Apartado Postal 76-089
Mexico, D.F. 04200. Mexico
Kathleen is a 3rd-grader at Greenfield Elementary School in Philadelphia PA
Tel. (5) 684-02-53 Fax: (5) 684-03-77
5
ISSUE 9- FEBRUARY 27
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB 92 NGONEWSLETTER
letter from
Canada: Rhetoric and Reality
Turtle Bay
By Eco Reporter
need to urge that "the federal government set
To, Maurice strong, UNCE
Yesterday, we reported that a Canadian Parlia-
Canada on a new course of action regarding its
Dear Maurice,
mentary Committee called on the federal gov-
greenhouse-gas emissions strategy [and] de-
ernment to maintain its commitment to stabi-
cide on a detailed action plan".
Some Europeans gave a speech today:
lize net emissions of CO2 and other GHGs not
It is a sad commentary on the INC negotia-
something about a "daunting task to compress
controlled by the Montreal Protocol, at 1990
tions that the fear of backsliding has become as
four pages of text". This is clearly rubbish -
levels by the year 2000.
important as the fear of failure.
there are some green Eco people just around
The fact that such advice is coming from a
the corner who do this on a daily basis.
committee representing industry interests is
After lunch / bumped into a Monsieur Re-
significant, but that significance indicates the
pair, who seemed to have lost his 'jewel' for
fragility of the commitments already made by
your party. I asked him where he last saw it but
many OECD countries to control their CO₂
a Saudi gentleman insisted on dragging him
emissions. In Canada, the gap between rhetoric
away to sort out a problem he was having with
and reality remains unbridged.
some 'relations' called Ink.
Canada's stabilization commitment was
Rumour has it that the US Administration
made in May, 1990, but the government still
has come up with a novel idea to revitalise its
has no idea how it will meet this target. A
policy makers, who have been in constant
number of policy measures were proposed by
meeting since 'pit bull' Sununu was taken
the federal government in December 1990 that
away. They have given them all handsome
would take the government only 60% of the
plaques and free 'air miles' tickets - one way
way to stabilization, and the first of these
to Tuvalu I'm told.
measures only began the long path to imple-
mentation in late 1991.
By the way, I should warn you that some
Like the climate change convention nego-
very unsavory types from the coal industry are
tiations, one of the most striking characteristic
planning to gatecrash your party in June. They
of Canadian discussions on this issue is an
call themselves NGOs, but I'm sure they've
overwhelming lack of urgency. Even the En-
been running governments for years.
ergy, Mines and Resources committee felt the
Deep Puck - Eco's Canadian source
wouldn't let them in if I were you.
Yours,
NGO UPDATE
Donatello
Robert Hornung, Friends of the Earth, Canada; Giovanna Melandri, Lega per L'Ambiente, Italy;
Gurmit Singh, Environmental Protection Society, Malaysia; Fiona Weir, Friends of the Earth, UK;
THANKS
Jaydee Hanson, World Council of Churches, USA; Carol Werner, Environment & Energy Institute,
USA; Dan Becker, Sierra Club, USA; Pamela Wexler, Centre for Global Change, USA; Donald
The Climate Action Network would like to thank
Goldberg, CIEL, USA; Liz Cook, Friends of the Earth, USA.
the following, who have provided funds and
facilities for Eco:
"Learning by
Some things can
take over a lifetime to
EDF
Experience is a
learn by experience-
which is rather a
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
WASTE
disadvantage.
Eureke! If we ignore
OF TIME"
the greenhouse effect
WWF
then the ice
caps melt!
WWF INTERNATIONAL
If I'd known then
glub
blub
what I know now.
etc. etc,
WATE THANKS to NDAMAN.
APPLE COMPUTER
with resources donated by:
Aldus UK, CAPE '92, Creative Technology Asso
Hurrah! Your's
a
ciates, Computers Unlimited, Dial-a-Fax, EcoNet
BY STEVEN APPLEBY
genius, minister.
Microsoft, MCMXCIX, Shades & Characters Ltd.,
Software Club, Tudor Hotel, Vodafone plc.
ISSUE N09 VOLUMELXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGO NEWSLETTER
28
FEBRUARY
LAST LAUGH
ISSUE
Eco has been published by Non-Governmental Environmental Groups at major international conferences since the Stockholm Environment
Conference in 1972. This issue is produced co-operatively by groups attending the Climate Talks in New York, February 1992
US Breaks Silence on Climate
NGO Intervention
By Eco Reporter.
The statement then went on to say that the
Professor Henry Kendall of the Mi
The United States Thursday broke its silence
US is currently looking at how to promote "re-
chusetts Institute for Technology, Nobel
over the climate talks with an official statement
sult-orientated" technology transfer, but gave
prize winner for physics and Chair 1
on commitments to the INC. The US delega-
no further details except that the Administra-
of the Union of Concerned Scientists,
tion head, Mr Reinstein, told delegates that the
tion expects the private sector to take a lead.
will present a statement on behalf of en-
US was willing to put funds into a "revised"
Reinstein then alerted delegates to the
vironmental Non-Governmental Or-
Global Environmental Facility and to help de-
planned US National Energy Strategy, aimed
ganisations attending INC 5 in New
veloping countries asses their own greenhouse
at improving energy efficiency in both the in-
York session of during this afternoon's
gas emissions.
dustrial and domestic sectors. He also pointed
plenary session.
"We are committing to contribute $50 mil-
delegates to the recent transportation legisla-
Copies of the statement will be
ion to the core fund of the GEF" said
tion, which provides flexibility to support use
available in the conference room imme-
Reinstein. The GEF, currently managed by the
of public transport and car sharing. New initia-
diately after the presentation.
World Bank, has four main areas it invests in:
tives include programs for expanding voluntary
biodiversity, ozone depletion, international wa-
energy efficiency and for methane recovery,
NGO Press Conference
ters issues and climate change. Reinstein con-
both developed by the Environmental Protec-
Date
Today
tinued "the United States is unilaterally com-
tion Agency.
Time
mitting $25 million over the next two years
The US intervention concluded by an-
1.15 pm
for country studies to enable developing coun-
nouncing that it intended to provide a more
Place
NGO Press Center
tries to prepare national inventories on green-
exhaustive list of actions, with analysis of
12th Floor, 777 UN Plaza
house gas emissions". He also called on other
"what these actions may mean for limiting US
developed countries to "make similar commit-
greenhouse gas emissions before the final INC
ments" for these studies.
negotiating session".
CONTENTS
NGOs React to
US Statement
News
1
NGOs at INC reacted negatively to the US fail-
ing for a firm US commitment." Annie
ure to announce a commitment on CO2 targets
Roncerel from Climate Network Europe stated:
Editorial
2
and timetables, although there was cautious en-
"It is impossible to believe the political will of
couragement that the Administration had
the US when they announce new funding in the
Conference Reports
2
something new to say. Michael Oppenheimer,
morning and brackets around the ecological
senior scientist with the EDF stated that the
objectives of the convention in the afternoon."
So You Don't Care, Uncle Sam
3
funding proposal is a "positive first step" but
All groups criticised the use of the GEF as
that the US refusal to commit to GHG limits
the funding mechanism. Cecilia Fortes of IEP
INC and Prepcom: Missing Links
3
"leaves the US as a potential 'treaty-buster'."
Chile described the move as "Closing the door
"This is a sign of flexibility in the post-Sununu
on channelling funds through a new mecha-
UN Shock
3
White House", said David Doniger of NRDC,
nism rather than the World Bank." Toni Vidan
Australia: No Costs for Cuts
4
"however, the climate talks will fail unless the
of Green Action Zagreb, Croatia, said "the
Bush Administration agrees at least to emis-
GEF is the baby of the World Bank - this con-
tribution is for that baby, not the environment."
Sustainable Mobility
4
sion stabilization as the EC is demanding." TJ
Glauthier of WWF said "the world is still wait-
continued on back page, col XX
Eco Classifieds
4
ISSUE N010 VOLUME LXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
CONFERENCE REPORTS
eco
Thursday's Working Group 1 meeting began
but it fails to resolve the fundamental issue of
with a discussion of principles. The chair intro-
whether funds will be provided on a voluntary
duced a working paper developed coopera-
or assessed basis, and how the provision of fi
tively by a number of delegations. The major-
nancial resources will be linked to the comm
ity of the discussion focused on paragraph 8,
ments taken by developing countries.
the "polluter pays" principle, including issues
Working Group 2 "completed" its work to-
In the Past
of compensation for damages and costs of miti-
day. We use the word advisedly since WG 2
Elder readers of Eco might remem-
gation. A contentious discussion resulted in the
was unable to engage in substantive discussion
ber how we told the story of negotiators
addition of many new brackets and serious
of many important questions. Article V on sci-
on the long climb to the earth summit.
questions about the inclusion in the final con-
entific and other forms of cooperation was re-
Since those distant times a draft text
vention of the principles section in general and
vised to reflect the incorporation by WG 1 of
this principle in particular.
similar provisions in its text on commitments.
emerged-a brief clearing of the clouds.
Shifting to the section on commitments, the
Only an hour was required for the necessary
We all hoped to leave the base camp of
United States made a long-awaited statement
cut and paste work. WG 2 then turned to a
Chantilly. We misjudged the weather.
pledging $75 million in financing and listing
consideration of definitions. Saudi Arabia
An initial snow flurry on the fundamen-
measures the US is taking that will reduce
blocked removal of the definition of forests
tal issue of commitments rapidly devel-
emissions (see page 1).
and related terms and India asked for the
The afternoon discussion moved on to sec-
bracketing of sinks, sources, and other terms.
oped into a blizzard of brackets. A time-
tion III, the objective for the convention. This
The principal work of the day was the re-
table disappeared but the party plodded
entire section remains in brackets, additional
ceipt of reports and proposals for modifications
on. Now, negotiators find themselves on
brackets were reintroduced from INC4, and
to the text from the slew of informal small
a small ledge, perilously close to the
still other brackets were introduced by del-
groups that have been working in parallel to
precipice of reaching no agreement be-
egates. The US bracketed the reference to eco-
the WG throughout this session. Reporting in
fore the summit. The leaders are arguing
logical limits while Kuwait bracketed the refer-
today were the small groups on "functions"
ence to stabilizing concentrations.
(twice); the mechanism on funding: insurance;
amongst themselves, those not responsi-
Finally, delegates addressed new text on
the Advisory Committee on Science; and lefto-
ble for the route chosen find themselves
general commitments. Initial discussion fo-
ver points on reporting and the Conference of
with no way back.
cused on sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse
the Parties.
The Future
gases. Substantial numbers of brackets were
Time did not permit full discussion of most
To reach the Summit, INC needs the
added and additional language was proposed.
of the work of the informal groups. What di
Later discussion focused on new text on har-
cussion there was centered on the issue of wh
following in the next eight weeks:
monization of economic and administrative in-
text would be left for consideration when the
to break the impasse on industrial-
struments and concluded with agreement to re-
negotiations resume in late April.
ized country specific commit-
vert to previous text.
Commentary
ments-primarily the US must build
Thursday's session concluded the work of
Looking back on this session, we wonder if
on the initial steps announced yester-
Working Group 1. Its report leaves the resolu-
WG 2 has not lost sight of its original aims of
tion of a number of contentious issues and the
day, and join other industrialized na-
crafting a strong, effective and innovative
removal of brackets to the full INC when it
structure to carry out the commitments of the
tions in accepting a firm commit-
resumes negotiations in late April.
parties. As it now stands, the Convention will
ment to targets and timetables.
Commentary.
fall far short of these expectations.
an inter-sessional meeting of those
After two weeks of discussion, the text is
The efforts to move stagnated debate along
countries being asked to make spe-
hardly in better shape than at the start of the
by putting important decisions off until the first
cific commitments (primarily the
session. If the final document contained only
meeting of the Conference of the Parties raises
the text that is not now in brackets one won-
several concerns. The CP is likely to be se-
OECD) to agree to specific commit-
ders whether it would even be possible to dis-
verely overburdened unless the delegates agree
ments prior to the next INC session
cern the subject of the convention.
to subsidiary bodies and set some processes in
to shift from what has been a con-
Much time was expended discussing prin-
motion, such as the dates and scope of national
sensus mode of decision-making to
ciples without resolving any of the basic differ-
reports. It may meet only biennially and may
one that identifies majority views
ences between delegations.
not meet for some time.
and stops minorities from delaying
The US failure to agree to specific commit-
Among the most important outstanding
ments on targets and timetables continues to
matters is the establishment of subsidiary bod-
the process
block any substantial progress toward a mean-
ies. There was strong sentiment for an execu-
developing countries to continue
ingful convention. The OECD group did pro-
tive committee function to ensure the prepara-
pushing the industrialized nations to
duce a consolidated text on specific commit-
tion for the meetings of the CP. There was also
make firm, meaningful commit-
ments, but so many brackets and alternatives
broad support for bodies to advise the CP on
ments
remain that Ministers would be hard put to find
developments in science and on the effective
all participants to shift from national
the issues that need to be seriously negotiated.
ness of measures taken under the convention
On financial resources, the new money
Yet no agreements were reached that these
thinking to a global perspective.
pledged by the US yesterday may be helpful,
bodies will be established and their mandates
ISSUE 10 FEBRUARY 28
2
delineated before June.
While reporting is obviously central to
So You Don't Care, Uncle Sam?
measuring the success of the convention, the
provisions were made more general and may
By Gilbert Arum: Climate Network Africa
stitutions it dominates. These efforts - at
make assessing national programs far more dif-
The developed countries are in control of the
"structural adjustment" - impose political
Ficult. There is also a danger that unnecessary
current global movement towards a free market
and social stresses on developing societies
or over-broad exceptions for confidential infor-
system. Even though their long term interests
that few countries - developed or develop-
mation will imperil comprehensive reporting.
are different from those of the developing
ing - could withstand.
The delegates spent very little time discuss-
countries, it remains in their interest to promote
Given this background, one would surmise
ing the role of NGOs and the public more gen-
global cooperation and compromise, without
that developing countries are not entirely at
erally. Yet including NGOs will be important
risking potential polarization and conflict, eco-
ease with these negotiations. The statement by
in ensuring the success of the convention, from
nomic or otherwise.
the US delegation has made developing coun-
aiding review of national reports to providing
This makes the issues in the climate nego-
tries even more nervous than before.
independent scientific and other information.
tiations North/South in nature. Additionally:
What are the motives of the North?
Debate on the use of the GEF or an alterna-
The end of the Cold War and the growing
Doesn't the Climate Convention, whatever its
tive funding mechanism for the convention has
needs of the former Eastern Bloc, have put
stated objective, represent a clever plan by the
been avoided at this session. Instead, both op-
new pressures on the limited pool of global
North to exercise control over the development
tions were retained. Decisions on the relative
savings, tending therefore to further
plans, strategies, and projects of the South?
powers of convention bodies and the GEF Par-
marginalize developing countries, both po-
The US knows what reservations develop-
ticipants and implementing bodies will be put
litically and economically.
ing countries have regarding the GEF - the
off to the Conference of Parties. While post-
The Gulf War demonstrated the political
structure that places control with donors; the
poning resolution of one of the most conten-
will and technological capability of the
dismal environmental record of the World
tious issues, it may also delay the day develop-
West to assert itself. The Southern world is
Bank - and yet this is where they have put their
ing countries will feel able to come on board.
now faced with a situation in which an as-
small "donation". This arm twisting is unac-
An opportunity for creative thinking on
cendant North is forcefully trying to lay
ceptable.
streamlined decision-making was missed with
down the law about how the South should
GEF, lack of commitment to reduce emis-
the delegates proceeding in the old convention/
behave.
sion, shifting the burden to the developing
protocol/annex mode. This could be revisited if
Increasingly, new conditionalities are being
countries all spell doom for the global coopera-
the "Prepcom" and recent international decla-
imposed on the South by the North and the
tion needed for the world's people to attain a
rations on the need for innovative mechanisms
international organizations and financial in-
sustainable future.
inspire the delegates to break new ground.
Looking ahead to the final round of nego-
Climate and Prepcom: Missing Links
tiations before Rio, it is difficult to escape the
As the INCS negotiators fly home, a new set of
cast over the whole UNCED outcome.
conclusion that only substantial inter-sessional
diplomats descend on New York for the final
Rio Earth Summit
work can pave the way for breakthroughs. Oth-
session of the UNCED Preparatory Committee
There are a number of key actions which
erwise, WG-2 will have far too much on its
('Prepcom'). A casual observer might be for-
delegations to the Prepcom can take to assist a
plate when the INC reconvenes in two months.
given for thinking that the two were unrelated
positive outcome of both UNCED and INC,
United Nations Shock
processes. However, nothing could be further
without encroaching on the climate negotia-
from the truth.
Eco staff were horrified to learn that the coffee
tions. Among the Agenda 21 papers there are
The close links between INC and UNCED
bar outside the conference rooms in the UN
reasonably progressive draft texts on Atmos-
building do not recycle any of their cans, paper
are worth recalling. While the General Assem-
phere and Energy, and on Institutions, which
cups, cardboard trays etc. New York has a
bly deliberately separated the INC and
have a direct bearing on climate issues.
'Bottle Bill of Rights' to encourage re-cycling
UNCED processes because of their differing
Specifically, proposals in these texts for ac-
in the city: the UN should follow that example.
roles, it determined that the two should con-
tion to support the rapid development and de-
clude concurrently in Rio.
ployment of renewable energy technologies of-
Editor: Phil Hurst
It is generally accepted that a substantive
fer cost-effective and practicable responses for
Production Managers:
Climate Convention will be the major legally-
reducing CO2 emissions, while at the same
Alister Sieghart and Richard Elen
binding achievement of UNCED. Apart from
time expanding energy services, particularly
Assistance from: The NGOs at INC5, including: Liz
the proposed Biodiversity Convention the other
for developing countries. Moreover, proposals
Barratt-Brown, Ralph Hallo, Sean Fox, Annie
items on the UNCED agenda, such as 'Agenda
for the transport sector, including civil avia-
Roncerel, T J Glauthier, Don Goldberg, and Scott
21', will amount only to non-binding declara-
tion, are vital in combating climate change and
Hajost. Special thanks to Debbie Good, for services
tions of political intent. Like the 1972 Stock-
other environmental and social problems.
above and beyond the etc etc And to Matt Fisher
holm Declaration. And we know where that
Options for institutional reform also de-
in Oz for the Eco #6 cover pic.
has got us over the last 20 years.
serve close attention. Current institutions, in-
Published by: Media Natura for the Climate Action
UNCED negotiators must view with deep
cluding the multi-lateral development banks,
Network
concern therefore, the failure of the INC proc-
have failed to meet the challenge of reducing
Eco can be contacted by electronic mail at: igc:relen
ess to make more progress over the last fort-
dependence on polluting energy sources, and
(APC systems) or applelink: uk.region1.
night. If the Climate Convention is not ready
must be redesigned fundamentally with the ob-
We hope you'll be reading us at INC 5½
by June, or is only (in the words of one diplo-
jective of minimising emissions of greenhouse
mat) a 'fig-leaf' convention, a shadow will be
gases and other polluting emissions.
3
ISSUE 10- FEBRUARY 28
CLIMATE TALKS NEWYORK FEB'92 NGONEWSLETTER
Australia Could Limit
"Sustainable
Emissions At No Cost
Mobility"
CLASSIFIED SECTION
by Richard Elen
by Annie Roncerel
Two reports released in Australia this week in-
Under this new and unexpected title, the EC,
dicate that the country can stabilise CO2 emis-
on February 12, released a new Green Paper on
sions at 1988 levels-at no net cost. They urge
the Impact of Transport on the Environment.
BUY AND SELL
the Federal Government to adopt a "no regret"
For Sale. Two trees - ideal as carbon sinks. One care-
After reviewing the historical background, the
ful owner. Will swap for large barrel of oil. Box 29.
policy of energy savings and efficiencies. One
paper defines current problems-in particular
Listen through 12 ft thick walls with this amazing
of groups involved, the Ecologically Sustain-
the consequences of the future EC internal
new "HyperEar". Ideal for "Informal Informal" listening
able Development working group (ESD) in-
market, the expected growth in transport de-
and closed sessions. John Sununu, ex US Chief of
cludes industry representatives and current
Staff: "I wouldn't be where 1 am today without my
mand and traffic, and the environmental impact
HyperEar". Only $12.95 from all good electronic stores.
members of Australia's delegation to the INC.
of this growing activity. Economic trends are
Emissions permits for sale. Little used. Best price
The ESD report, tabled in the Australian
analysed, and a final chapter outlines the future
secures. Box G 77.
parliament Tuesday, takes a more optimistic
common strategy proposed by the EC Com-
Beautiful Tropical Island Running water. Change of
circumstances forces sale. Box AO 515
view of the costs involved than other recent
mission to the Member States.
Brackets, Brackets, Brackets! We're giving them
Australian analyses.
This strategy is inspired by the logic of the
away! Fit anywhere. Prices negotiable. Box A11
The ESD suggests that even if other GHG
Bergen Ministerial Declaration on Sustainable
Climate Treaty Unfinished project. Must go due to
producing countries do not take similar action,
Development as quoted at the very beginning
lack of time. With additional work should last for years.
Needs suitable environment. No reasonable offer re-
Australia could act without inflicting a net ad-
of the document. It "would promote sustain-
fused. Box GWIZ.
verse impact on either the economy or on trade
able mobility by integrating transport into an
Daily Newsletter Perfect for conferences. Also avail-
competitiveness. It makes a series of recom-
overall pattern of sustainable development" ac-
able for weddings and barmitzvahs. Box EC 0.
mendations and calls for them to be imple-
cording to the famous Bruntland report's defi-
LONELY HEARTS
mented immediately. These include: increased
nition. It also refers explicitly to the EC Com-
Major developed country feeling isolated would like
to make new friends. No commitments. Box G7.
power station efficiency by switching fuels and
munication of September 1991 on its Strategy
Swingers! To join the party dial 900-GEF. ($75m per
using new technology; greater investment in
to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and
call)
renewables; tighter fuel efficiency standards
presents a wide range of measures. These in-
JOBS WANTED
for new vehicles; more efficient domestic heat-
clude, for example, traffic management
300 Diplomats seek work after June 12. Much speak-
ing and cooling; and a range of other business
schemes in areas most vulnerable to conges-
ing experience on 3 continents, but none in production.
Box INC.
and industry-based energy-saving measures.
tion; the introduction of advanced telematics to
100 NGOs seek work after June 12. Much speakir
Prime Minister Keating commented on the
improve efficiency of transport operations; and
experience on 3 continents, but none in productic
report. "The challenge now for [state] govern-
the use of fiscal and economic instruments to
Box CAN.
ments and the wider community is to de-
To advertize in this space, dial 1-800-UNCED.
influence the user's and operator's choice in
Cost: 25c per head of population.
velop new policies and processes which will
favour of both cleaner technology and more
move us towards ecologically sustainable de-
environment-friendly modes of transport.
THANKS
velopment", he said.
This document indicates the desire for a
The ESD report indicates that it would be
new policy orientation in the EC. Action will
The Climate Action Network would like to thank
possible to cut CO₂ emissions by between 72
have to follow!
the following, who have provided funds and
and 107 million tonnes, plus an additional 45
facilities for Eco:
million tonnes from rural sources.
The group's chairman said that government
EDF
action would be required if the no-cost, or "no
regrets" options formed the basis for develop-
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
ing a national strategy on GHG emissions, a
course which the ESD prefers over carbon
taxes, emission permits and other measures.
The latest report coincides with a recent
WWF
report to senior ministers by the Australian
Commission for the Future, which argues that
The mode of transport favored by UN delegates
WWF INTERNATIONAL
GHG emissions could be stabilised at 1988
levels at no net cost to the community. The
NGOs react-continued from front page
CFF report says increased energy savings
Agus Sari, of WALHI Indonesia, said that
would stabilise emissions and boost Australia's
most of the money for the country inventories
economic growth by 0.2% per year from 1995-
is likely to be spent on "importing foreign ex-
APPLE COMPUTER
2005 and 0.6% per year thereafter. The CFF
perts" and that the reports will enable the US
with resources donated by:
scenario indicates that emissions stabilisation
"to point its finger at developing countries
Aldus UK, CAPE '92, Creative Technology Asso-
would cost $AUS 25 million to achieve, but
while making no commitment itself" He con-
ciates, Computers Unlimited, Dial-a-Fax, EcoNet
that this would be more than offset by greater
tinued, "the money will not pay for the US sin
Microsoft, MCMXCIX, Shades & Characters Ltd.,
energy efficiency.
of no commitments-this is just a bribe".
Software Club, Tudor Hotel, Vodafone pic.
ISSUE N010 VOLUMELXXX DAILY FREE OF CHARGE
THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1992
White House Vows Action to Cut U.S. Global Warming Gases
By, WILLIAM K. STEVENS
Offering a plan
oping countries, while reserving ulti-
"and for that we should all be happy."
Special in The New York Times
mate judgment; noted with approval
The American initiative comes in a
that the United States was reversing a
political year when environmentalists
UNITED NATIONS, Feb - The
that resists
position in which it' had opposed the
are casting the talks as a litmus test of
Bush Administration said today that it
principle of aid. Emissions caps and
the Administration's ability to show
was taking actions that would signifi-
specific goals.
finances have been the central issues
leadership on global environmental is-
cantly limit the United States' contri-
at the talks.
sues. All five major Democratic Presi-
bution to global warming and help de
Environmentalists reacted to the
dential candidates have endorsed the
veloping countries address the prob-
emissions of carbon dioxide, which Is
American statement with qualified ap-
European position on targets and time-
lem.
Some environmentalists said the
produced by the burning of fossil fuels
proval. "At least we now have a signal
tables for carbon dioxide reduction,
like coal and oil. Some of the main
that people at high levels in the White
and Mr. Bush would be open for harsh
statement could lead to an agreement
energy efficiency measures are includ-
House are beginning to think about how
criticism if the United States were per-
between the United States and the Eu-
ed in the energy bill that has just
to limit global warming, and that's a
ceived as torpedoing the treaty.
ropean Community on an issue that has
deadlocked talks here on global warm-
passed the Senate but has not yet been
good sign," said Dr., Michael Oppen-
Industry groups praised the Admin-
actedion in the House
heimer, a climate expert with the Envi-
istration's move. "I think the U.S. is
ing whether industrialized countries
Mr. Reinstein listed several dozen
ronmental Defense Fund. 'But if it's
putting its money where its mouth is,"
should commit themselves to stabiliz
ing carbon dioxide emissions at 1990
measures that he said together would
the last thing we hear out of the Admin-
said John Shlaes, executive director of
istration on global warming," he said,
the Global Climate Coalition.
levels by the year 2000 as the first step
significantly reduce emissions. The
then i a sham
toward-ultimately reducing them
measures include strengthened effi
The coalition; which consists of trade
Carbon dioxide, methane and other
ciency standards for appliances and
The head of the British delegation,
associations, supports a policy in which
gases, whose atmospheric concentra
equipment; incentives for electric utili-
Dr. David Fisk, said the American an-
steps taken to limit emissions of the
tions are growing as a result of human
ties to improve efficiency rather than
nouncement was received by every.
gases also have other benefits, like
activity, trap heat in the atmosphere
build coal power plants; increasing
one as a very, encouraging first step.
controlling ground-level air pollution or
Scientists fear that this could lead to a
Federal purchases of alternative-fuel
But, he said, We want to hear more.
achieving greater energy efficiency.
catastrophic warming of the earth in
vehicles capturing methane from
Daniel Becker, a global-warming
The measures listed by Mr. Rein-
the 21st century
landlills planting more: trees, which
expert for the Sierra Club, said the
stein fit that description. The Adminis-
The talks are aimed at producing a
absorb carbon dioxide, and establish
measures described by Mr. Reinstein
tration would focus on a policy of "do-
multinational treaty en steps to contain
ing voluntary public-private programs
were still subject to testing. But "it is
able" actions that "have whatever re-
global warming that would be signed at
to install more efficient lighting
really clear that the President has
sults they have," he said.
a meeting called the "Earth Summit"
$75 Million in U.S.Ald
abandoned the Flat Earth Society ap-
"If it achieves stabilization, that's
in Rio de Janeiro in June
proach to global warming,' he said,
wonderful."
If the measures do result in carbon
U.S. Opposes Goals
dioxide reductions comparable to those
The Europeans have been Insisting
planned by the Europeans, it would put
on the year 2000 deadline for stabilizing
the Europeans and the Americans in
emissions of carbon dioxide, the chief
the same ballpark" in the negotiations,
heat-trapping gas, while the Ameri-
said Rafe Pomerance of the World
cans have been resisting any targets
Resources Institute: a Washington
and timetables. Bei Robert A. Rein-
based environmental organization The
stein, the chief American at
present round of negotiations ends Fri-
the talks, told delegates from around
day, but substantive talks concluded
the world that the measures he listed
today. A final session before the Rio de
work provide innits on heat trapping
Janeiro conference is tentatively
favorably with
scheduled to start on April 39 in either
those planned by Puropean countries.
New York or Geneva
Most of the American measures are
The United States also announced
being undertaken: for reasons other
today that It would unilaterally provide
than global warming, like improving
$75 million to help developing countries
ener efficiency and reducing ground-
deal with emissions of the heat-trap-
lev pollution. But they also reduce
ping gases. Some delegates from devel-
U.S. TO PLEDGE AID
Envir mental In' 101
TO FIGHT WARMING
The Administration will contribute
$50 million to the Global Environment
Facility, a new program for distribut-
ing environmental aid set up by the
World Bank, the United Nations Envi-
Help for Developing Nations
ronment Program and the United Na-
tions Development Program. The pro-
Marks Change in Position
gram, under a proposal favored by the
industrialized countries, would dis-
burse funds donated by them for the
use of developing countries in coping
By WILLIAM K. STEVENS
with global warming.
Another $25 million is to be pledged
The Bush Administration will an-
over two years by the United States for
nounce today the first change in its
direct aid to developing countries in
position on a critical issue affecting
producing precise inventories of their
efforts to negotiate a multinational
heat-trapping emissions, as well as of
treaty to control global warming, a
forests that might help absorb carbon
White House official said last night.
dioxide. The funds would also help de-
The official, Michael Deland, the
veloping countries analyze their cli-
chairman of the White House Council
mates so that future changes can be
on Environmental Quality, said the
gauged.
United States would pledge to contrib-
Many developing countries oppose
ute $75 million to help developing coun-
channeling money through the Global
tries do their part in stabilizing atmos-
Environmental Facility because, they
pheric concentrations of carbon diox-
say, they would not have enough con-
ide and other heat-trapping gases pro-
trol over what is done with the funds.
duced by human activity.
Developing countries are represented
Scientists have said the buildup of
on the facility's governing body, how-
the gases could cause a catastrophic
ever, and discussions are under way
warming of the globe by the end of the
how it is to be administered.
next century.
The United States has been under
Many developing countries have said
fire from many countries who see it as
they would not sign a treaty that did not
obstructing the creation of a global
include financial aid. The issue is one of
warming treaty in time for the "Earth
two important stumbling blocks in
Summit" meeting in Rio de Janeiro in
treaty negotiations now going on at the
June, where the agreement would be
United Nations among more than 150
signed.
countries.
The financial contributions the Ad-
The second issue, which has received
ministration is to announce today re
more attention, is the United States'
flect 'the President's commitment tc
refusal 80 far to agree to European
working to see a successful conclusion
demands that carbon dioxide emis
in these ongoing negotiations so that a
sions be stabilized at 1990 levels by the
convention can be agreed on in time tc
year 2000.
be signed in Rio,' Mr. Deland said
Representatives of the European
The present round of negotiations
Community said yesterday at the nego-
ends Friday. A final session is tenta
tiating session that their position re-
tively scheduled for late April and ear:
mained unchanged
ly May in New York or Geneva.
Discussions are going on within the
Bush Administration to determine
whether the stabilization target could
be met without damaging the United
States economy which depends or the
burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil.
The burning of fossil fuels produces
carbon dioxide
Mr. Deland said that, even though no
conclusion had been reached on wheth-
er the United States should set 1990
levels as a goal, the Administration
would announce today at the United
Nations a number of measures aimed
at achieving greater energy efficiency.
These include, for example, more effi-
cient lighting and Federal incentives
for electric utilities to achieve greater
efficiency rather without building new
coal-burning power plants.
"We will continue to push a number
of measures that will result in energy
efficiency,' he said, 'but we don't yet
have solid numbers as to what they will
achieve" in carbon dioxide emissions.
THE BOSTON GLOBE
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 1992
3
Nation
Fear expressed of runaway
greenhouse effect
pressed fear among a growing number of cli-
controversy over the exact impact of many
"It would be arrogant nonsense to say
By David Chandler
GLOBE STAFF
mate scientists," said Jeremy Leggett, direc-
factors involved in the greenhouse effect,
that we could predict the transient effects,
tor of the science, atmosphere and energy
'If these climate models
"almost all the bouncing around from all the
or compensate for them," he said.
CHICAGO - Almost half of the climate
program of Greenpeace International, "that
prove - like all the
scientific uncertainties that has taken place
scientists from around the world surveyed in
global warming could lead not just to severe
has led to conclusions
Most scientists agree that drastic redue-
in the last 20 years
3 new pull say the greenhouse effect, caused
problems but complete ecological collapse."
forecasts of ozone
that have largely remained" within the same
tion of greenhouse gas emissions - primarily
by the burning of fossil fuels, could reach a
Leggett said most climate models al-
depletion - to be
range: that a global warming of about 3 to 9
by reducing the burning of fossil fuels and
destruction of forests - could significantly
point of no return, after which global warm-
ready predict global warming at a level that
degrees is likely sometime during the next
ing would continue to increase no matter
could produce significant damage to agricul-
significant
century - a range he characterized as being
reduce and delay the warming effect. But
what measures were later taken to combat
ture and ecosystems. "If these climate mod-
"from mild to catastrophic."
the scientists publed by Greenpeace warned
underestimates, we are
that without such reductions the world could
it.
els prove - like all the forecasts of ozone de-
But Schneider strongly disagreed with a
A leading climatologist said, meanwhile,
pletion - to be significant underestimates,
in potentially terminal
reach a point at which the warming might
suggestion by the National Research Coun-
that efforts to adapt to warmer global tem-
we are in potentially terminal trouble," he
trouble.'
cil's Adaptation Panel that agriculture might
become unstoppable.
peratures could be thwarted by the unpre-
said.
be able to adapt to such a change and that
The reason for that concern is that there
JEREMY LEGGETT
dictable and chaotic nature of the changes,
The survey asked for predictions based
productivity could be maintained. That con-
may be a variety of natural "feedback" M.
Greenpeace International
making it almost impossible to predict how a
on the assumption that no significant at-
clusion, he said, was based on the assump-
fects that are not yet understood and which,
given area might be affected.
tempts would be made to cut back on emis-
tion that the temperature change would
for the most part, have not been included in
Thirteen percent of the climate scientists
sions of carbon dioxide and other green-
come as a smooth, predictable increase.
computer models. For example, the deple-
pulled by the environmentalist group Green-
house gases. International negotiations
search in Boulder, Colo., warned of the un-
In fact, he said, it is more likely that "the
tion of the 02000 layer - a separate and un-
peace said that an unstoppable "runaway"
about proposed policies to attempt to reduce
predictability of the exact consequences of
more rapidly we force climate to change
related problem - could increase the green-
greenhouse effect is likely, and another 32
such emissions will resume in New York on
greenhouse warming in a lecture here at the
the more it is 'transient,' and the more un-
house effect by damaging plankton in the
percent said it is possible. Forty-seven
Feb 18.
annual meeting of the American Association
prodictable it would be." And in turn. he
world's oceans and thus reducing their abili-
percent said it is unlikely.
Stephen Schneider, a climatologist with
for the Advancement of Science.
said, "the harder il is to predict, the harder
ly to remove carbon dioxide, the principal
"This result reveals an as-yet poorly ex-
the National Center for Aunospheric Re-
Schneider said that despite continuing
it is to adapt."
greenhouse gas. from the air.
THE WASHINGTON POST
"HIS STRONG SUIT IS FOREIGN POLICY"
For the Record
From remarks by William Reilly, ad-
ministrator of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Feb. 16 on CNN:
AGREEMENTS WARMING
ENVIRONMENTAL ON
We have estimated that the expo-
sure to ultraviolet radiation will cause
in the range of 200,000 cancer deaths
over the next 50 years or so, and pos-
sibly as many as 12 million new in-
stances of cataracts and skin cancers.
Those data, those numbers, were de-
veloped prior to some recent discover-
ies. It's possible that they're even
higher than that. We know enough to
ponsibility is to be
have a clear understanding that this is
a very serious problem the world
needs to move fast in addressing
would also give up
lsess on the issue of
We committed to phase-out [of
CFCs] fully. And we now have moved
provision that they
up another five years, to the end of
er time be about as
1995. That is about as fast as any
as the president has
country I know. It's faster than the
about except the
European Community schedule, which
was put in the bill to
is a 1997 phase-out date.
the bill on grounds of
And I think given the complexity of
of responsibility while
the technological changes and the
Democrats say that
need to bring on these substitutes in
to move money from
sufficient volume, having tested them
middle class that does.
for toxicity and for all of the same
class tax credit after
kinds of concerns that we bring to
CFCs, it's the best we can do. It's
gains cut that would
moving quite fast
effect would be
[T]hese chemicals are very persis-
for a tax cut
tent. They're long-lasting. They take a
permanent cut in the
also put in the bill. Is
BUSH
long time to rise up into the atmos-
phere, and they do damage for tens of
hat the Democrats are
92
years. It does give a much greater ur-
contest that can only
NEED
gency to the problem. And, frankly, it
1
should bring home to us an insight that
eady the House Demo-
JOB
probably has come to us uniquely in
on of the president's
this generation, that human activities
can destabilize fundamental life sup-
while he has adopted a
port systems on the planet. That's a
dle-income. tax cut. The
1992
proposals of its own.
HERBLOCK,
responsibility I think previous genera-
tions didn't know they had and now we
ryone's losses, including
very clearly do.
ections
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
has been restored. But
only one phase of the
Knoll and the city's
facilities. The fact is
No Apologies Necessary
The President,
behind those locked
I always enjoy the annual announce-
science can be excused for this inter-
Checking It Out
only 13 years old and
ment of the finalists of the Westing-
est if he or she is also on the swim
It was amazing to learn that Presi-
being confined in a
house Science Talent Search and am
team or plays soccer. I do not say that
dent Bush's experience with a bar-
ice system that
happy that seven students from the
there is anything wrong with a finalist
code-reading checkout macl e at the
in
Washington area are among the win-
being a "typical teenager" or a "down-
National Grocers Association conven
sterday that today's so-
ners [Metro, Jan. 29]. It is important
to-earth kid," as one student's mother
tion in Orlando, Fla., was an encoun
is not like the joy-riding
that young scientists are encouraged
described him, but neither is there
ter of the first kind [Style, Feb. 6]
and recognized for their impressive
anything wrong with finding joy in
Perhaps if the president had to reac)
The daily reports of shoot-
achievements.
solving a scientific problem that few
deep into his own pocketbook to pa
loting teenagers back her
I have noticed, however, an unwar-
of one's peers understand or appreci-
for those groceries he would have
en in the city detention
ranted defensiveness in these an-
ate.
greater appreciation as to how th
or irre-
nouncements, and this year's is no
No apology should be necessary for
recession is affecting the America
in science. even to the
middle and lower classes.
how
much
THE WASHINGTON POST
Senate Nears Passage of Energy Bill
Measure Would Require Alternative Fuels, Ease Nuclear Licensing
The package "represents a
run on natural gas, ethanol, elec-
By Thomas W. Lippman
Washington Post Staff Writer
sweeping commitment to energy
tricty or some other alternative to
efficiency," said Sen. Timothy E.
gasoline.
The Senate neared approval last
Wirth (D-Colo.), a leading critic of
Automakers know how to pro-
night of a complex, ambitious en-
the Bush administration's energy
duce such vehicles, but have been
ergy bill that would change the way
policy.
held back from doing so by a lack of
the nation fuels its vehicles, gener-
"We can no longer criticize it as
buyers. The Senate bill could re-
ates electricity, transports natural
weak on energy efficiency," said
solve this perennial chicken-and-
gas and licenses nuclear power
Sierra Club lobbyist Daniel Beck-
egg question by guaranteeing a
plants.
er. But he said the environmental
market and ensuring that money
The bill would require millions of
community still objects to the bill
will be spent on alternative fuel
cars and trucks in commercial and
because of its provision making it
technologies.
public fleets to run on fuels other
easier to obtain a federal license
Intense lobbying by environmen-
RY E. STUDDS
than gasoline, beginning in 1995. It
to build a nuclear power plant.
tal groups was instrumental in kill-
g is "irresponsible"
would encourage new companies to
While acknowledging the bill is
ing an earlier version of the bill that
get into the business of generating
better than before the amendments
contained the Alaska drilling pro-
council of playing
electricity and compete with each
were adopted, William Magavern,
vision. Alaska's Republican sena-
bureaucratic games"
other to produce low-cost power. It
energy lobbyist for U.S. Public In-
tors, Frank H. Murkowski and Ted
e to take control of
would expedite federal approvals of
terest Research Group, said it is
Stevens, had planned to try to put
the business," East
natural gas pipelines and require
"still not good enough" because it
the provision back in, but said yes-
es Foundation head
the Energy Department to set ef-
does not do enough to curtail the
terday they were abandoning the
[alley predicted that
ficiency standards for light bulbs
nation's appetite for oil.
effort because they did not have the
ead bankrupt-
and electric motors, as it now does
Without the section on Alaska oil
votes.
ion measures
for appliances.
drilling, which generated emotional
They complained bitterly that
cussion are imposed.
Parts of the bill are similar to the
debate, the bill is a compilation of
opponents-mostly liberal Demo-
roblem is one of gov-
National Energy Strategy that the
technical provisions with great po-
crats-were depriving the Senate
sion into small busi-
Bush administration proposed a
tential economic impact but little
of an opportunity to vote on the
les
regulations
year ago. But the legislation lacks a
political appeal.
issue on its merits by threatening to
le who don't have a
crucial provision to which the ad-
The electricity section, for exam-
filibuster any bill containing an Arc-
p of either the indus-
ministration is committed-open-
ple, would amend the 1935 Public
tic drilling provision.
ironment to make cor-
ing part of the Arctic National Wild-
Utility Holding Company act to al-
So far, the opponents of Arctic
d O'Malley,
life Refuge in Alaska to oil drill-
low independent, non-utility corpo-
drilling have kept it out of the bill
represents commer-
ing-and is festooned with amend-
rations to build power plants wher-
by procedural maneuvering. Ste-
ments promoting efficiency and the
ever they want and sell the output
vens and Murkowski wanted to
leone, such criticisms
use of renewable fuels that were
to whatever utility they could per-
force them into a recorded vote on
he calls a "damned if
added in an attempt to make it
suade to buy it. This provision could
the issue, not in the expectation of
ed if you don't" reality.
more palatable to environmental
revolutionize one of the country's
winning but in the hope of depicting
il fails to enact mea-
groups.
stodgiest and most regulated indus-
them as anti-jobs and in favor of
the fishery, he says,
Among these are provisions to:
tries, and it split the utility industry,
exporting more American dollars to
greement will simply
add solar-powered cells to the list of
but it has attracted very little public
foreign oil producers.
to the National Marine
alternative fuels permitted in ve-
attention.
Once the Alaskan senators decid-
vice.
hicle fleets; increase federal acqui-
Similarly, the alternative fuels
ed not to force the issue, the way
real love for this busi-
sition of high-efficiency motors;
section could have vast impact on
was clear for the Senate to work its
aleone said. "Now, in
grant money to states to promote
the nation. At an accelerating pace,
way through dozens of technical
1, having to face my
energy effficiency; tighten efficien-
beginning in 1995, the federal gov-
ámendments toward final passage,
difficult. I hear people
cy standards for commercial heat-
ernment, state and local govern-
expected Wednesday morning.
I're going to ruin my
ing and air-conditioning equipment;
ments, and most commercial vehi-
A similar bill is expected to be
My feeling is, if we
and set efficiency standards for new
cle fleets such as delivery vans,
marked up by the House Energy
nething, we will ruin a
housing purchased with federally
would have to replace their current
and Commerce Committee this
insured mortgages.
stock with cars and light trucks that
spring.
n rod icing The Best
Fauity
Credit
ne
Vet
A18
THE NEW YORK TIMES EDITORIA
ARTHUR OCH8 SULZBERGER JR., Publisher
MAX FRANKEL. Executive Editor
JOSEPH LELYVELD, Managing Editor
WARREN HOGE, Assistant Managing Editor
DAVID R. JONES, Assistant Managing Editor
CAROLYN LEE, Assistant Managing Editor
JOHN M. LEE, Assistant Managing Editor
The New York Times
ALLAN M. SIEGAL, Assistant Managing Editor
JACK ROSENTHAL, Editorial Page Editor
PHILIP M. BOFFEY, Deputy Editorial Page Editor
Founded in 1851
LANCE R. PRIMIS, President and General Manager
RUSSELL T. LEWIS, Executive V.P., Deputy Gen. Mgr.
ADOLPH B. OCHS, Publisher 1896-1935
JOHN M. O'BRIEN, Executive V.P. Deputy Gen. Mgr.
ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER, Publisher 1935-1961
WILLIAM L. POLLAK, Executive V.P. Sales
ORVIL E. DRYFOOS, Publisher 1961-1963
JAMES A. CUTIE, Sr. V.P. Marketing
ARTHUR OCH8 SULEBERGER, Publisher 1963-1992
ERICH G. LINKER JR., Sr. V.P., Advertising
ELISE J. ROSS, Sr. V.P. Systems and Technology
MICHAEL d. KURTZ, V.P. Human Resources
KAREN A. MESSINEO, V.P. Controller
JOSEPH M. MULLEN, V.P. Production
CHARLES E. SHELTON, V.P. Circulation
Global Snub on Global Warming
The United States heads into important envi-
dangerous. Even so, experts consider it prudent
ronmental negotiations today with a heavy burden
minimize the danger, assuming no huge cost.
to overcome - the perception that it is unwilling to
The U.S. could readily provide more aid to
join the rest of the industrialized world in trying to
developing countries to curb global warming activi
reduce the threat of global warming.
ties. Such aid might help China, for example, adopt
Several European countries and Japan have
efficient technologies for mining and burning its
proposed that all nations agree to cap their emis-
vast reserves of coal. An American contribu
of
sions of carbon dioxide, the chief gas implicated in
say, $50 to $100 million a year to an international
the "greenhouse" effect that traps heat in the
fund would seem a cost-effective way of reducing
atmosphere. All five Democratic Presidential can-
the world's risk.
didates support a cap. But the Bush Administration
Imposing firm caps on carbon dioxide emis
is balking, leaving the impression that America
sions poses a more difficult issue. Other nations
shrinks from doing its part.
propose to hold their emissions in the year
to
Today, delegates will meet in New York City in
1990 levels. But Administration officials rightly
one of the final negotiating sessions before a United
warn that focusing on carbon dioxide alone c
Nations conference in June on a global climate
drive up energy costs and divert attention fr
treaty. With the departure of John Sununu, the
other greenhouse gases.
skeptical White House chief of staff, there may now
Even so, setting targets and timetables for
be new flexibility. Its good faith in question, the U.S.
carbon dioxide would send a beneficial signal to all
needs to show its commitment on a problem most
nations and all industries that the U.S. is serious,
experts deem potentially serious.
Why does the Administration hesitate?
One reason: a deep-seated suspicion that other
countries are glibly endorsing caps without
The Administration has contended that the U.S.
barking on programs capable of achieving
is already pursuing strategies that will cap or
Another reason: potential cost. Though the
reduce its combined emissions of all greenhouse
ronmental Protection Agency believes it would be
gases - while allowing carbon dioxide emissions to
manageable, the Energy Department says it would
increase.
be severe.
Most of this reduction was to come from phas-
On such an important issue, the Administra
ing out chlorofluorocarbons, the gases that have
needs to open its cost estimates to public scrutiny. If
been eating up the ozone shield and also happen to
the cost seems tolerable, it would do well to sign
be greenhouse gases. But new findings suggest that
to common global goals. Goals, after all, can be,
chiorofluorocarbons cause as much cooling, by
defined as just that, targets subject to change if the
eliminating ozone, as warming.
cost becomes exorbitant.
If the Administration hc
to
stabilize
or
re-
Ur
the Bush Administration-quickly adopts
duce gi
iouse emissions, it needs to do more. But
a more
ble course, it will cast the U.S.
how much? E after years of udy, no knows
environmental pariah more c
el
with its own
how much warming will occur
whether it is
comfort than with the well-being of the
rth.
THE NEW YORK TIMES OP-ED TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 1992
Forests, Scapegoats and Global Warming
By George M. Woodwell
gy efficiency and gradually switching
are their intrinsic value as protectors
from fossil fuels to renewable energy
of watersheds, safeguards against
and Kilaparti Ramakrishna
- an idea that is anathema to some
landslides, renewers of farm fertility,
industrialized nations, particularly
recreation areas and homes to di-
the United States: In the eyes of de-
verse plants, animals and people. The
WOODS HOLE, Mass.
veloping nations, the developed coun-
discussions reveal ignorance of what
he earth's last great
tries are instead pushing strongly for
forests do for the world and why
T
forests are being de-
saving forests because this would be
international action to assure that
stroyed in this century,
torn apart for trifling
less economically painful.
they do not vanish is essential.
Certainly one aspect of the debate
Deforestation is the second biggest
profits. Some destruc-
tion is deliberate -
seems to suggest that the developing
source of carbon dioxide, which traps
logging for lumber and pulp, burning
countries are right. Most of Canada,
the sun's heat in the atmosphere;
to-create pasture land. And some of it
the eastern U.S. and Russia are cov-
only the burning of oil, coal and gas
is collateral damage - assault by air
ered by trees. But discussion of global
produces more. But scientists are be-
and water pollution, the general toxi-
warming has focused almost entirely
ginning to recognize the possibility
fication of an environment downwind
on tropical forests. True, these for-
that the earth's warming will speed
of thousands of smokestacks.
ests are diverse and fascinating but
the decay of organic matter in soils,
But letting forests die is self-de-
they are also almost entirely in un-
adding extra carbon dioxide and
structive. Their role as a filter of the
methane to the atmosphere. If this is
world's pollution, a sponge that ab-
to be slowed, the world must not only
sorbs carbon dioxide and slows global
stop cutting and burning large for-
warming is crucial to the life of the
Industrialized
ests, but replace many millions of
earth. Governments are only slowly
acres that have been destroyed.
recognizing the need for a global plan
nations are
There is little immediate prospect
to manage the earth's forests. And
of improvement without major
the implications scare them.
hypocritical.
changes in leadership and perspec-
Forest management is turning into
tive. One promising suggestion is the
one more issue over which industrial-
creation of an International Commis-
ized and developing countries are
sion on the Conservation and Utiliza-
fighting. In July 1990, the world's
derdeveloped countries. And it is on
tion of World Forests to strengthen
seven wealthiest nations endorsed the
those forests that developed nations
the scientific and economic analyses
idea of an international agreement
are working hardest to impose their
available and to draft an agreement
for managing the world's forests.
wills. But the north seems unable to
for all countries to sign.
Writing such a document is now on
live by the rules it wants to impose on
The project is urgent. The cost of
the agenda of the United Nations Con-
the south: government-subsidized
the delay could be the world's forests,
ference on Environment and Devel-
greed is allowing wide swaths of Can-
the biotic wealth they contain, the
opment to be held in Brazil this June.
ada and the northwestern U.S. to be
environmental services they perform
The last of the meetings to arrange
clear-cut, and lumber companies are
and a possibly irreversible contribu-
that conference are to be held in New
now maneuvering to make profits
tion toward making the earth too hot
York this month and in March.
from the Siberian taiga.
to live on.
But the discussions have not gone
As a result, a "convention on for-
well. The world's poorer nations rec-
ests" has become unacceptable to
ognize that they are likely to be made
many nations preparing for the Bra-
the scapegoats of global warming.
zil conference. Now the best that
Simply put, if the warming trend.is
seems possible is a "non-legally bind-
to be slowed down, there need to be
ing authoritative statement of princi-
more trees and fewer exhaust pipes.
ples for a global consensus on the
Reducing pollution depends on ener-
management, conservation and de-
velopment of all types of forests."
Christophe Vorlet
George M. Woodwell is director of the
That promises little.
Woods Hole Research Center. Kil-
The scandal is the common as-
parti Ramakri
senior associ-
sumption of these n
ings:
that
for-
ate for interno
environmental
ests are only valuable for their tim-
law at the center.
ber, pulp and fuel. All but dism
d
washington,
Odd Man Out,
May Shift
On Climate
With Sununu gone, U.S. may
abandon roadblock stance at
crucial talks on global warming.
By WILLIAM K. STEVENS
S delegates from around
A
the world meet at the
United Nations today to
try to avert the threat of
global warming, the Bush Admin-
istration finds itself in the hot seat,
but there are signs that it may be
preparing to wiggle out.
Negotiators from Europe and.
Japan are expected to continue
putting pressure on the United
States to agree that all industrialized countries should
accept a limit on their emissions of carbon dioxide, the
chief heat-trapping gas that scientists fear will bring on a
possibly catastrophic warming of the earth's climate.
The limit proposed is that by the year 2000 each country
should reduce its emissions to 1990 levels.
The United States, the largest producer of carbon
dioxide, has long resisted the concept of a limit. Under
John H. Sununu, the recently departed White House chief
of staff, Washington was committed to a position that the
scientific basis for believing in global warming was
flawed, that curbing carbon dioxide would restrain eco-
nomic growth, and that in any case the United States had
already taken all necessary actions to stabilize its contri-
bution of world-warming gases by 2000.
Today's climate conference is the fifth negotiating
session in a series leading up to the "Earth Summit" in
Rio de Janeiro this June. Although one more session is
planned, for April, many experts believe a breakthrough
must come now if there is to be time to achieve a treaty
for signature at the June meeting.
New scientific findings about the role of ozone-
destroying CFC chemicals in global warming have un-
dercut one of the Administration's principal arguments,
that this nation's sharp cutback on these gases would
significantly reduce its contribution to greenhouse
warming. The Environmental Protection Agency has
dusted off economic analyses, shelved in the days of Mr.
Sununu, that indicate the proposed cap might not be so
costly
to
the
United
States.
And all five Democratic Presidential candidates
support caps on carbon dioxide emissions.
Under all these pressures, Washington is taking
another look at the issue. "It's on the scope now," said an
official close to the situation who spoke on condition of
anonymity.
Pressure is also being brought on behalf of the
Administration's present stance, however, by energy and
energy-related industries. Officials familiar with the
discussions within the Administration say that the situa-
tion is fluid and that no decision on any policy change has
yet been made. Nor, they say, will any change material-
Continued on Page C11
THE NEW YORK TIMES, TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1992
With Sununu Out, U.S. Reviews Climate Stance
Continued From Page CI
effects of a carbon dioxide cap, long
But a more recent scientific finding
in preparation against the day when
indicates that the greenhouse warm-
they might be needed, are now being
ing caused by CFC's is approximate-
ize when the treaty talks begin today
scrutinized in the White House. They
in New York.
ly offset by a cooling brought on by
indicate that under private forecasts
The American position paper for
ozone depletion, also caused by
of economic growth for the next de-
CFC's. The CFC's, in effect, cancel
the opening of the session, made pub-
cade, carbon dioxide emissions in the
out their own contribution to global
lic on Sunday in a document obtained
United States will grow only slightly
warming. The finding has been cited
by Senator AI Gore, Democrat of Ten-
or, on a per capita basis, not at all.
in a report to be released soon by the
nessee, includes no reference to tar-
Hopes for a Treaty
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
gets and timetables. Rather, it calls
for nations to take "cost-effective
Change, the international group of
The analyses indicate that a varie-
measures" to limit emissions of heat-
scientists convened by the United Na-
ly of actions now under way to pro-
tions to advise the climate negotia-
trapping gases "in accordance with
mote energy efficiency, not taken into
tions.
their national circumstances, devel-
account by the economic forecasts,
opment priorities and capabilities."
could rein in carbon dioxide enough to
"This undercuts the Administra-
It is possible, some officials say,
make it possible for the United States
tion position that it's not so important
that a change in the United States
LO sign a treaty that pledges to stabil-
to concentrate on carbon dioxide,"
position could take place before the
Dr. Oppenheimer said.
New York session ends on Feb. 28.
The panel also cited recent findings
Otherwise it would have to surface, If
that sulfate aerosols created by the
at all, at a sixth session expected at
"The line that science
burning of the same fossil fuels that
the United Nations in April.
produce carbon dioxide are scatter-
Environmentalists and some Euro-
says "do nothing"
ing sunlight and helping clouds to
peans fear that this will not allow
form. thereby cooling the Northern
enough time to reach a meaningful
has sort of gone by
Hemisphere and limiting the warm-
convention on global warming that
ing there in recent decades.
could be signed, as planned, at the
the board.'
Computerized mathematical mod-
Earth Summit dealing with a range of
els hat simulate the workings of the
global environmental questions in
atmosphere say the earth's climate
Rio de Janeiro.
should have warmed by about 2 de-:
"In April it may be too late," said
tions include, for example, the adop-
grees Fahrenheit in the last 100
Dr. Michael Oppenheimer, a climate
tion of more efficient lighting and
years. In fact, it has warmed by about
specialist at the Environmental De-
appliances, incentives for public utili-
half that amount. Opponents of early
fense Fund in New York. "We're not
ties to promote the more efficient use
action to combat global warming, in-
leaving enough time to build an intel-
Jose 9. Lopez The New York Times
of electricity rather than build new
cluding those in the Administration,
ligent agreement unless the U.S.
John H. Sununu, former White
power plants and the planting of a
have cited this discrepancy as evi-
switches its position during this nego-
House chief of staff, opposed
billion trees, which absorb carbon
dence that the models, which are the
tiation."
timetables and targets for carbon
dioxide.
main tool in forecasting future warm-
Possible Catastrophic Effects
Advocates of caps on carbon diox-
ing. are too crude to be believed.
dioxide emission control.
ide see them as a first step toward an
If scientists are right, the stakes in
Accuracy of Models
eventual cut in the amount of carbon
the global warming talks are high.
dioxide in the atmosphere. Environ-
The international panel, however,
Carbon dioxide and other gases emit-
Washington's performance in the cli-
mentalists have long promoted ener-
says the discrepancy could have been
ted as a result of human activity trap
mate talks, and at the R10 conference,
gy efficiency as a way to make a start
accounted for by the cooling effect of
heat in the atmosphere much as glass
as a litmus test of the Administra-
on the control of global warming
the sulfate aerosols. If so, it could
panes trap it in a greenhouse.
tion's willingness to take a leadership
while reaping savings on energy, re-
mean that the models are more accu-
Scientists convened by the United
role on global environmental ques-
ducing air pollution and promoting
rate than the critics say. The sulfates,
Nations to advise the negotiations
tions that are moving to prominence
energy independence.
which also cause acid rain, are being
predict that at present rates of emis-
with the end of the cold war.
Until now, the Administration has
eliminated in the United States and
sion, the buildup of greenhouse gases
As discussion has opened up within
been arguing that any attempt to
Europe. As this is being done, the
will increase the earth's average sur-
the Administration, environmental-
limit the emission of greenhouse gas-
panel said, aerosol concentrations
face temperature by 3 to 8 degrees
ists have been able to follow the ac-
es should focus not on carbon dioxide
will rapidly diminish and no longer
Fahrenheit by the end of the next
tion much more closely than when
but on the "full basket" of gases.
mask the warming. Carbon dioxide,
century, with possibly catastrophic
Mr. Sununu controlled the debate.
These include methane, nitrous OX-
by contrast, remains in the atmos-
effects. These could include a rise in
Several of them met last week with
ides and especially chiorofluorocar-
phere for decades and will continue to
sea level, a shifting of climatic and
Samuel K. Skinner, the current White
bons, or CFC's. The manufacture of
warm the earth.
agricultural zones, more frequent
House chief of staff, to discuss global
CFC's. which are used as refriger-
In large measure, the debate about
droughts, and severe ecological dis-
warming. Although Mr. Skinner re-
ants and propellants in aerosol cans,
a climate convention has moved be-
ruption.
portedly made no commitments and
is being phased out under a previous
yond the science and is now verging
Some dissenting scientists say that
said that industry pressure to avoid
international agreement because
on the purely political. In part, this
caps on carbon dioxide emissions had
they are destroying the stratospheric
may be because the Administration,
the predictions exaggerate the warm-
despite the uncertainty of future
ing, and others say that whatever
intensified, the meeting itself would
ozone shield. The shield protects liv-
have been inconceivable under Mr.
ing things from the sun's harmful
warming. now accepts the basic sci-
warming does come could be benign,
Sununu.
ultraviolet rays.
ence and sees warming as a potential
occurring mostly at night and in the
Everything considered, "there will
Administration's Position
problem.
winter. But a panel of the National
Academy of Sciences has concluded
"The line that science says 'do
likely be a change" in the Adminis-
On the basis of earlier analyses, the
that the threat, though uncertain in
tration's position in the climate nego-
nothing' has sort of gone by the
Administration has argued that at
board, said Rafe Pomerance of the
severity and timing, is sufficient to
tiations, "but it has not been resolved
though carbon dioxide emissions will
justify a prompt response.
World Resources Institute, a Wash-
yet," said another Administration of-
rise somewhat in this country, the
ficial who, like others, spoke on the
ington-based environmental organi-
Environmentalists see the United
reduction in CFC's would stabilize
condition of anonymity.
zation. "They're not saying it's not a
States as essential to a climate con-
this country's overall contribution to
The Environmental Protection
problem. They're just saying 'We
vention with any teeth. As the world's
global warming by the end of the
Agency's analyses of the economic
don't know what our policy is going to
biggest economy and largest single
decade.
be.
emitter of carbon dioxide, they say,
the United States must take a leading
role - not only because of its part in
whatever greenhouse warming oc-
curs but also as an example for devel-
oping countries.
Many developing countries, whose
use of fossil fuels is rapidly expand-
ing. have expressed skepticism about
the global warming threat. Collec-
lively. they are demanding that the
developed countries foot the bill for
their conversion to energy sources
that produce less greenhouse gas. But
many say they are reluctant to make
commitments unless the United
States makes them as well.
Environmentalists are casting