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FOIA Number: 2017-1092-F
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This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the William J. Clinton
Presidential Library Staff.
Collection/Record Group:
Clinton Presidential Records
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Council on Environmental Quality
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Kathleen (Katie) McGinty
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2897
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Folder Title:
2nd World Climate Conference [1]
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Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
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DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. memo
re: Second World Climate Conference [Personally Identifiable
10/12/1990
b(6)
Information] [partial] (1 page)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council on Environmental Quality
Kathleen (Katie) McGinty
OA/Box Number: 2897
FOLDER TITLE:
2nd World Climate Conference [1]
2017-1092-F
jm 1858
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file swee - Ministeral Declaration
globalasm drover 7 November 1990
MINISTERIAL DECLARATION
OF THE SECOND WORLD CLIMATE CONFERENCE
PREAMELE
1.
We, the Ministers and other representatives from
137 countries and from the European Communities,
meeting in Geneva from 6 to 9 November 1990 at the
Second World Climate Conference, declare as follows:
2.
He note that while climate has varied in the past and
there is still a large degree of scientific
uncertainty, the rate of climate change predicted by
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
to occur over the next century is unprecedented.
This is due mainly to the continuing accumulation of
greenhouse gases, resulting from a host of human
activities since the industrial revolution, hitherto
particularly in developed countries. The potential
impact of such climate change could pose an
environmental threat of an up to now unknown
magnitude; and could jeopardize the social and
economic development of some areas. It could even
threaten survival in some small island States and in
low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas.
3.
We appreciate the work of the world Climate Programme
(WCP) during the past decade which has improved
understanding of the causes, processes and effects of
climate and climate change. We also congratulate the
IPCC, established by the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) on its First Assessment Report on
Climate Change. It has identified causes and
possible effects and strategies to limit and adapt to
climate change, and in the light of the United
Nations General Assembly resolutions, has identified
possible elements for inclusion in a framework
convention on climate change.
4.
Recognizing climate change as a common concern of
mankind, we commit ourselves and intend to take
active and constructive steps in a global response,
without prejudice to sovereignty of States.
2
I. GLOBAL STRATEGY
5.
Recognizing that climate change is a global problem
of unique character and taking into account the
remaining uncertainties in the field of science,
economics and response options, we consider that a
global response, while ensuring sustainable
development (1) of all countries, must be decided and
implemented without further delay based on the best
available knowledge such as that resulting from the
IPCC assessment. Recognizing further that the
principle of equity and the common but differentiated
responsibility of countries should be the basis of
any global response to climate change, developed
countries must take the lead. They must all commit
themselves eo actions to reduce their major
contribution to the global net emissions and enter
into and strengthen co-operation with developing
countries to enable them to adequately address
climate change without hindering their national
development goals and objectives. Developing
countries must, within the limits feasible, taking
into account the problems regarding the burden of
external debt and their economic circumstances,
commit themselves to appropriate action in this
regard. To this end, there is a need to meet the
requirements of developing countries, that adequate
and additional financial resources be mobilised and
the best available environmentally-sound technologies
be transferred expeditiously on a fair and most
favourable basis.
II. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS FOR ACTION
5.
We realfirm that, in Order to reduce uncertainties,
to increase our ability to predict climate and
climate change on & global and regional basis,
including early identification of as yet unknown
climate-related issues, and to design sound response
strategies, there is a need to strengthen national,
regional and international research activities in
climate, climate change and sea level rise. We
recognize that commitments by governments are
essential to sustain and strengthen the necessary
research and monitoring programmes and the exchange
of relevant data and information, with due respect to
national sovereignity. We stress that special
efforts must be directed to the areas of uncertainty
as identified by the IPCC.
(1)
Statement of sustainable development as agreed at the
15th session of UNEP Governing Council (Annex II
UNEP/GC 15/L.37).
We maintain that there is a need to intensify
research on the social and economic implications of
climate change and response strategies. We commit
ourselves to promoting the full participation of
developing countries in these efforts. We recognize
the importance of supporting the needs of the World
Climate Programme, including contributions to the WMO
Special Fund for Climate and Atmospheric
Environmental Studies. The magnitude of the problem
being addressed is such that no nation can tackle it
alone and we stress the need to strengthen
international cooperation. In particular, we invite
the 11th Congress of the World Meteorological
Organization, in the formulation of plans for the
future development of the World Climate Programme, to
ensure that the necessary arrangements are
established in consultation with UNEP, UNESCO (and
its IOC), FAO, ICSU and other relevant international
organisations for effective coordination of climate
and climate change related research and monitoring
programmes. We urge that special attention be given
to the economic and social dimensions of climate and
climate change research.
7.
In order to achieve sustainable development in all
countries and to meet the needs of present and future
generations, precautionary measures to meet the
climate challenge must anticipate, prevent, attack,
or minimize the causes of, and mitigate the adverse
consequences of, environmental degradation that might
result from climate change. Where there are threats
of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full
scientific certainty should not be used as a reason
for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent
such environmental degradation. The measures adopted
should take into account different socio-economic
contexts.
8.
The potentially serious consequences of climate
change, including the risk for survival in low-lying
and other small island States and in some low-lying
coastal, and arid and semi-arid areas of the world,
give sufficient reasons to begin by adopting response
strategies even in the face of significant
uncertainties.
Such response strategies include phasing out the
production and use of CFC's, efficiency improvements
and conservation in energy supply and use,
appropriate measures in the transport sector,
sustainable forest management, afforestation schemes,
developing contingency plans for dealing with climate
related amergencies, proper land use planning,
adequate coastal zone management, review of intensive
agricultural practices and the use of safe and
cleaner energy sources with lower or no emissions of
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other
greenhouse gases and ozone precursors, paying special
attention to new and renewable sources.
Further actions should be pursued in a phased and
flexible manner on the basis of medium and long-term
goals and strategies and at the national, regional or
global level, taking advantage of scientific advances
and technological developments to meet both
environmental and economic objectives.
9.
We note that per capita consumption patterns in
certain parts of the world along with a projected
increase in world population are contributing factors
in the projected increase in greenhouse gases.
10.
We agree that the ultimate global objective should be
to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with climate.
11.
We stress, as a first step, the need to stabilize,
while ansuring sustainable development of the world
economy, emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled
by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer. Contributions should be equitably
differentiated according to countries'
responsibilities and their level of development. In
this context, we acknowledge efforts already
undertaken by a number of countries to meet this
goal.
12.
Taking into account that the developed world is
responsible for about 3/4 of all emissions of
greenhouse gases, we welcome the decisions and
commitments undertaken by the European Community with
its Member States, Australia, Austria, Canada,
Finland, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland, and other developed countries to take
actions aimed at stabilizing their emissions of CO2,
or CO₂ and other greenhouse gases not controlled by
the Montreal Protocol, by the year 2000 in general at
1990 level, yet recognizing the differences in
approach and in starting point in the formulation of
the above targets. We also acknowledge the
initiatives of some other developed countries which
will have positive effects on limiting emissions of
greenhouse gases. We urge all developed countries to
establish targets and/or feasible national programmes
or strategies which will have significant effects on
limiting emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled
by the Montreal Protocol.
We acknowledge, however, that those developed
countries with as yet relatively low energy
consumption (measured on a per capita or other
appropriate basis) which can be reasonably expected
to grow, and some countries with economies in
transition, may establish targets, programmes and/or
strategies that accommodate socio-economic growth,
while improving the energy efficiency of their
economic activities.
13.
We urge developed countries, before the 1992 UN
Conference on Invironment and Dave opment, to analyze
the feasibility of and options for, and, as
appropriate in light of these analyses, to develop
programmes, strategies and/or targets for a staged
approach for achieving reductions C. all greenhouse
gas emissions not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol, including carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide, over the next two decades and beyond.
14.
We recommend that in the elaboration of response
strategies, over time, all greenhouse gases, sources
and sinks be considered in the most comprehensive
manner possible and also that limitation and
adaptation measures be addressed.
6
15.
We recognize that developing countries have as their
main priority alleviating poverty and achieving
social and economic development and that their net
emissions must grow from their, as yet, relatively
low energy consumption to accommodate their
development needs. Narrowing the gap between the
developed and the developing world would provide a
basis for a full partnership of all nations and would
assist the developing countries in dealing with the
climate change issue. To enable developing countries
to meet incremental costs required to take the
necessary measures to address climate change and sea-
level rise, consistent with their development needs,
we recommend that adequate and additional financial
resources should be mobilized and best available
environmentally sound technologies transferred
expeditiously on a fair and most favourable basis.
Developing countries also should, within the limits
feasible, take action in this regard.
18.
The specific difficulties of those countries,
particularly developing countries, whose economies
are highly dependent on fossil fuel production and
exportation, as a consequence of action taken on
limiting greenhouse gas emissions, should be taken
into account.
17.
We recommend that consideration should be given to
the need for funding facilities, including the
proposed World Bank/UNEP/UNDP Global Environmental
Facility, a clearing house mechanism and a new
possible international fund composed of adequate
additional and timely financial resources and
institutional arrangements for developing countries;
taking into account existing multilateral and
bilateral mechanisms and approaches. Such funding
should be related to the implementation of the
framework convention on climate change and any other
related instruments that might be agreed upon. In
the meantime, developed countries are urged to co-
operate with developing countries to support
immediate action in addressing climate change
including sea-level rise without imposing any new
conditionality on developing countries.
18.
We recommend further that resources be assessed.
Such assessments, to be conducted as soon as
possible, should include country studies and
mechanisms to meet the financing needs identified,
taking note of the approaches developed under the
Montreal Protocol.
19.
Financial resources channelled to developing
countries should, inter alia, be directed to:
(i) Promoting efficient use of energy, development
of lower and non-greenhouse gas emitting energy
technologies and paying special attention to
safe and clean new and renewable sources of
energy;
(ii) Arranging expeditious transfer of the best
available environmentally sound technology on a
fair and most favourable basis to developing
countries and promoting rapid development of
such technology in these countries;
(111) co-operating with developing countries to enable
their full participation in international
meetings on climate change;
(iv) Enhancing atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial
observational networks, particularly in
developing countries, to facilitate conducting
research, monitoring and assessment of climate
change and the impact on those countries;
(v) Rational forest management practices and
agricultural techniques which reduce greenhouse
gas emissions;
(vi) Enhancing the capacity of developing countries
to develop programs to address climate change,
including research and development activities
and public awareness and education.
Funding should also be directed to the creation of
regional centres to organize information networks on
climate change in developing countries.
20.
Appropriate economic instruments may offer the
potential for achieving environmental improvements in
a cost-effective manner. The adoption of any form of
economic or regulatory measures would require careful
and substantive analyses. We recommend that relevant
policies make use of economic instruments appropriate
to each country's socio-economic conditions in
conjunction with a balanced mix of regulatory
approaches.
8
21.
We note that energy production and use account for
nearly half of the enhanced radiative forcing
resulting from human activities and is projected to
increase substantially in the absence of appropriate
response actions. We recognize the promotion of
energy efficiency as the most cost-effective
immediate measure, in many countries, for reducing
energy-related emissions of carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases and ozone
precursors, while other safe options such as no or
lower greenhouse gas emitting energy sources should
also be pursued. These principles apply to all
energy sectors. Transport energy use attracts
special attention of many of us in the light of its
role in many developed countries and of its expected
importance in many developing countries.
22.
We recognize that there is no single quick-fix
technological option for limiting greenhouse gas
emissions. However, we are convinced that
technological innovation as well as individual and
social behaviour and institutional adaptations is a
key element of any long-term strategy that deals with
climate change in a way that meets the goal of
sustainable development. Therefore, we urge all
countries, the developed countries in particular, to
intensify their efforts and international cooperation
in technological research, development and
dissemination of appropriate and environmentally
sound technologies, including the reassessment and
improvement of existing technologies and the
introduction of new technologies.
23.
We urge that environmentally sound and safe
technologies be utilized by all sectors in all
countries to the fullest extent possible and further
urge all countries, developed and developing, to
identify and take effective measures to remove
barriers to the dissemination of such technologies.
To this end, the best available environmentally sound
and safe technologies should be transferred to
developing countries expeditiously on a fair and most
favourable basis.
9
24.
We note that the conservation of the world's forests
in their role as reservoirs of carbon along with
other measures are of considerable importance for
global climatic stability, keeping in mind the
important role of forests in the conservation of
biological diversity and the protection of soil
stability and of the hydrological system. We
recognize the need to reduce the rate of
deforestation in consonance with the objective of
sustained yield development and to enhance the
potential of the world's forests through improved
management of existing forests and through vigorous
programmes of reforestation and afforestation, and to
support financially the developing countries in this
regard through enhanced and well-coordinated
international cooperation including strengthening
Tropical Forest Action Plan (TFAP) and International
Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). We recommend
that the protection and management of boreal,
temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest
ecosystems must be well-coordinated and preferably
compatible with other possible types of action
related to reduction of emission of greenhouse gases,
rational utilisation of biological resources,
provision of financial resources, and the need for
more favourable market conditions for timber and
timber products. The developing countries should be
able to realize increased revenue from these forests
and forest products.
25.
We also recognize that forests and forest products
play a key social and economic role in many nations
and communities. We recognize that States have, in
accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and
the principles of international law, the sovereign
right to exploit their own resources pursuant to
their own environmental policies, and the
responsibility to ensure that activities within their
jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the
environment of other States or of areas beyond the
limits of national jurisdiction.
26.
We recommend that appropriate precautionary and
control measures be developed and implemented at
regional, sub-regional and country levels as
appropriate to counter the increasing degradation of
land, water, genetic and other productive resource
bases by drought, desertification and land
degradation.
Observatories on climate and climate change and
observatories on ecosystems should be encouraged to
work together on drought risks consequences.
10
Studies must be undertaken on drought and
desertification.
We stress that stepped-up financial and scientific
contributions be provided to facilitate these
efforts.
27.
We recommend that similar measures be adopted to
address the particular problems and needs, including
funding, of low-lying coastal and small vulnerable
island countries, some of whose very existence is
placed at risk by the consequences of climate change.
III. GLOBAL FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
28.
We call for negotiations on a framework convention on
climate change to begin without delay after a
decision is taken by the 45th Session of the General
Assembly of the United Nations recommending ways,
means and modalities for further pursuing these
negotiations. Taking note of all the preparatory
work, particularly the recommendations adopted
26 September 1990 by the Ad hoc working group of
government representatives and regional economic
integration organizations to prepare for negotiations
on a framework convention on climate change, we urge
all countries and regional economic integration
organizations to join in these negotiations and
recognize that it is highly desirable that an
effective framework convention on climate change,
containing appropriate commitments, and any related
instruments as might be agreed upon on the basis of
consensus, be signed in Rio de Janeiro during the
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development. We welcome the offer of the Government
of the United States of America to host the first
negotiating meeting.
29.
We recommend that such negotiations take account of
the possible elements compiled by the IPCC, and that
the framework convention on climate change be framed
in such a way as to gain the support of the largest
possible number of countries while allowing timely
action to be taken. We reaffirm our wish that this
convention contain real commitments by the
international community. We stress, given the
complex and multi-faceted nature of the problem of
climate change, the need for new and innovative
solutions including the need to meet the special
needs of developing countries.
11
30.
We also welcome the invitations of Thailand and Italy
to host workshops, respectively on the feasibility of
forestry options, and on all technologies for energy
production and use and their transfer to developing
countries.
31.
We believe that a well-informed public is essential
for addressing and coping with as complex an issue as
climate change, and the resultant sea-level rise, and
urge countries, in particular, to promote the active
participation at the national and when appropriate,
regional levels of all sectors of the population in
addressing climate change issues and developing
appropriate responses. We also urge relevant United
Nations organizations and programmes to disseminate
relevant information with a view to encouraging as
wide a participation as possible.
4 AP 11-07-90 16:27 EST
79 LINES
AM-Global Warming.0644<
U.N. Conference Calls for Global Response to Climate Changes<
By HANNS NEUERBOURG=
Associated Press Writer=
GENEVA (AP) A U.N. conference ended Wednesday with a
declaration committing governments to a `global response' to
global warming but stopped short of setting targets to control the
greenhouse gases that cause the trend.
The 30-point declaration included an appeal for an international
global warming treaty with real commitments' and a pledge to
provide developing countries with additional funds to deal with the
issue.
The document welcomed the decisions of West European countries,
Australia, Canada, Japan and New Zealand to stabilize their
emissions of the heat-trapping greenhouse gases. A global
response must be decided and implemented without further
delay, the declaration said.
But it made no reference to a paper adopted unanimously by some
700 scientists attending the conference.
That report. reflecting discussions during the first week of the
conference, urged immediate reduction of carbon dioxide emissions,
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE OR ENTER A REQUEST.
the chief greenhouse gas. It said cutting the gases was technically
feasible and cost-effective for many industrialized countries.
The 10-day conference attended by representatives of 137
countries was intended to set the stage for formal negotiations
opening in Washington next February on an international treaty to
be ready for signing in mid-1992.
In a joint statement, 40 environmental groups expressed severe
disappointment' at the outcome of the United Nations meeting.
''In the name of 'compromise,' they failed to meet their
responsibility of committing industrial nations to reduce their
emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. the
statement said. The world cannot afford continued failure to meet
the global warming threat.
The United States, which led opposition against any
target-setting. considered the U.N. declaration a good
compromise, said its chief delegate, John Knauss, head of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Knauss told the conference any policy decisions "must be based
on the best available economic and sociological, as well as
scientific. information.
Reflecting Washington's view that more research is needed before
taking drastic action that might involve immense outlays, he said
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE OR ENTER A REQUEST.
we should work aggressively to reduce scientific and economic
uncertainties.
The United States, he said, was committed to a global approach
to deal with climate change but was not prepared to make
commitments to percentage reductions (of emissions) which we do not
know how to guarantee.
The Soviet Union, the world's No. 2 carbon dioxide polluter
after the United States, took a similar approach. Any immediate and
radical steps `could also have contrary results, said Soviet
The conference's relatively low-key ending stood in contrast
with statements of profound concern at its opening.
Delegates were shown a report asserting that if nothing is done
to curb the greenhouse effect, global temperatures will rise by 5.4
degrees by the end of the next century, the fastest rise in 10,000
years.
The report, compiled during the past two years by a
U.N. -mandated international panel of experts, said such an increase
could lead to the flooding of vast coastal areas and islands as sea
levels rise.
Mostafa K. Tolba. head of the U.N. Environment Program, said in
an opening speech that the change in world climate has created a
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE OR ENTER A REQUEST.
H
threat potentially more catastrophic than any other threat in
human history.
European environment ministers said they had hoped participants
could at least agree on stabilizing carbon dioxide emissions by the
end of this century. along the lines of a decision by the 12-nation
European Community.
Absence of such a pledge was a black spot in the final
declaration. Italian Environment Minister Giorgio Ruffolo said in
an interview.
Greenpeace environmentalists voiced their disapproval by
floating a giant balloon reading `Climate Criminals' above the
conference center. At one point they formed a small human chain
around the entrance.
5 AP 11-08-90 03:12 EST
47 LINES
AM-CO-Advisory,<
Eds: The following stories have moved for late AMS use:
BOULDER The National Science Foundation has awarded the
University of Colorado and the U.S. Geological Survey a $2 million
grant to build an ice core storage lab for a global warming study.
Slug: Global Warming.
PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE OR ENTER A REQUEST.
End world
Climate
Conference
Date: October 1, 1990
To: Albert Gore Jr.
S, Leon Fuerth
From: Rick Adcock
Just got a call from Stockholm from Irving Mintzer, who's over
there monitoring the developments in preparatory meetings for the 2nd
World Climate Conference. Recall, that's the conference for which the
IPCC prepared its reports. Recall also that Sununu has referred to the
Working Group I (scientific) report as a political document (because he
doesn't agree with it).
The 2nd World Climate Conference will occur in two parts. The first
week will be a SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MEETING, and the first few days
of the next week will be the MINISTERIAL MEETING.
Mintzer called to give me the heads-up that the US is busy
torpedoing the 2nd WCC. Apparently what I'm about to describe happened
over the weekend, and Mintzer will be spending the day trying to confirm
the details but for now, our best information is as follows (this
information should be regarded as preliminary and it needs to be
confirmed later today):
Obasi (head of WMO, whom you met several months ago) has apparently
struck a deal with the US reps at the preparatory meeting -- in return
for a US commitment to fund WMO's World Climate Research Program, Obasi
has agreed to sever the link between the SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL MEETING
and its reports, and the MINISTERIAL MEETING. This has the effect of
keeping the WG1 scientific report (which is among the "reports" that
will be presented at the SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL MEETING) from playing
directly into the MINISTERIAL MEETING. As originally constructed, of
course, the SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL MEETING was to evaluate the IPCC
reports and pass them on the MINISTERIAL MEETING, where they were to be
used as the basis for drafting the all- important ministerial statement,
which is the substantive product of the 2nd WCC.
In addition, the US has orchestrated the development of a number of
amendments to the ministerial statement, which means that the US wants
the MINISTERIAL MEETING to turn into a 3-day shouting match about where
the statement should say "might" and where it should say "will", rather
than the ministers using the time to draft a consensus response
strategy. In short, it sounds like the US is cleverly attempting to
undermine the effectiveness of the 2nd WCC, in spite of the 2 years and
100's of thousands of man-hours spent preparing for the meeting through
the IPCC process.
I asked Mintzer where Tolba was in all of this, but he claimed that
the meeting is predominated by WMO, and Obasi is controlling it. US
official spearheading this effort is J.R. Spradley, Spl. Ass. to U-Sec.
of Comm for Int'l Env. Affairs.
#####
WCC- SCIENCE
SECOND WORLD CLIMATE CONFERENCE
Brue t
SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL
math
PORTION
SECOND WORLD CLIMATE CONFERENCE
FINAL
CONFERENCE STATEMENT
SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL SESSIONS
FOREWORD
1.
The Second World Climate Conference was convened in Geneva,
Switzerland, from 29 October through 7 November, 1990, under the sponsorship
of the World Meteorological Organization; the United Nations Environment
Programme; the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization and its Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission; the Food and
Agriculture Organization; and the International Council of Scientific Unions.
This Statement was adopted by the participants in the scientific and technical
sessions from 29 October to 3 November 1990, on the basis of the presentations
at the Conference, the deliberations of task groups of participants organized
to address various specific issues, and plenary discussions involving all
participants. The scientific and technical sessions involved 747 participants
from 120 countries.
2.
The Conference discussed the results of the first decade of work under
the World Climate Programme (WCP), the First Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (August, 1990) and the development
of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and other relevant
global programmes. In particular, the Conference considered the role,
priorities, and programme structure for the future development of the World
Climate Programme.
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SUMMARY STATEMENT
1.
Climate issues reach far beyond atmospheric and oceanic sciences,
affecting every aspect of life on this planet. The issues are increasingly
pivotal in determining future environmental and economic well-being.
Variations of climate have profound effects on natural and managed systems,
the economies of nations and the well-being of people everywhere. A clear
scientific consensus has emerged on estimates of the range of global warming
which can be expected during the 21st century (paragraph B). If the increase
of greenhouse gas concentrations is not limited, the predicted climate change
would place stresses on natural and social systems unprecedented in the past
10,000 years.
2.
At the First World Climate Conference in 1979, nations were urged "to
foresee and to prevent potential man-made changes in climate that might be
adverse to the well-being of humanity". The Second World Climate Conference
concludes that, notwithstanding scientific and economic uncertainties, nations
should now take steps towards reducing sources and increasing sinks of
greenhouse gases through national (and regional actions, and negotiation of a
global convention on climate change and related legal instruments, The
long-term goal should be to halt the build-up of greenhouse gases at a level
that minimizes risks to society and natural ecosystems. The remaining
uncertainties must not be the basis for deferring societal responses to these
risks. Many of the actions that would reduce risk are also desirable on other
grounds.
3.
A major international observational and research effort will be
essential to strengthen the knowledge-base on climate processes and human
interactions, and to provide the basis for operational climate monitoring and
prediction.
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PART I. MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
1.
Emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing
atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases. These increases will
enhance the natural greenhouse effect, resulting on average in an additional
warming of the Earth's surface. The Conference agreed that this and other
scientific conclusions set out by the IPCC reflect the international consensus
of scientific understanding of climate change. Without actions to reduce
emissions, global warming is predicted to reach 2 to 5 degrees c over the next
century, a rate of change unprecedented in the past 10,000 years. The warming
is expected to be accompanied by a sea level rise of 65 cm + 35 cm by the end
of the next century. There remain uncertainties in predictions, particularly
in regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change.
2.
Climate change and sea level rise would seriously threaten low-lying
islands and coastal zones. Water resources, agriculture and agricultural
trade, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, forests, and fisheries are
especially vulnerable to climate change. Climate change may compound existing
serious problems of the global mismatch between resources, population and
consumption. In many cases the impacts will be felt most severely in regions
already under stress, mainly in developing countries.
3.
Global warming induced by increased greenhouse gas concentrations is
delayed by the oceans; hence, much of the change is still to come. Inertia in
the climate system due to the influence of the oceans, the biosphere and the
long residence times of some greenhouse gases means that climate changes that
occur may persist for centuries.
4.
Natural sources and sinks of greenhouse gases are sensitive to a
change in climate. Although many of the response or feedback processes are
poorly understood, it appears likely that, as climate warms, these feedbacks
will lead to an overall increase rather than a decrease in greenhouse gas
concentrations.
5.
The historical growth in emissions has been a direct consequence of
the increase of human population, rising incomes, the related exploitation of
fossil fuels by industrialized societies and the expansion of agriculture.
Under "Business-as-Usual" assumptions*, it is projected that emissions will
continue to grow in the future as a consequence of a projected doubling of
energy consumption in the first half of the 21st century and an expected
doubling of population by the latter half. As a result, the effect of
human-induced greenhouse gas concentrations on the earth's radiation balance
would by 2025 correspond to a doubling of carbon dioxide unless remedial
actions are taken.
*
"Business-as-Usual" assumes that few or no steps are taken to limit
greenhouse gas emissions. Energy use and clearing of tropical forests
continue and fossil fuels, in particular coal, remain the world's primary
energy source. The Montreal Protocol comes into effect but without
strengthening and with less than 100 percent compliance.
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6.
Over the last decade, emissions of carbon dioxide (002) contributed
55% of the increased radiative forcing produced by greenhouse gases from human
activities. The CFCs contributed about 24% of the past decade's changes, and
methane 15%, with the balance due to other greenhouse gases. With controls on
CFCs under the Montreal Protocol, the relative importance of CO2 emissions
will increase, provided the substitutes for CFCs have minimal greenhouse
warming potential. Some 75% of total CO2 emissions have come from the
industrialized countries.
7.
The above emissions can be expected to change the planet's atmosphere
and climate, and a clear scientific consensus has been reached on the range of
changes to be expected. Although this range is large, it is prudent to
exercise, as a precautionary measure, actions to manage the risk of
undesirable climate change. For the four scenarios of future emissions which
IPCC has developed as assumptions (ranging from one where few or no steps are
taken to limit emissions, viz., Scenario A or Business-as-Usual Scenario,
through others with increasing levels of controls, respectively called
Scenarios B, c and D), there will be a doubling of equivalent carbon dioxide
concentrations from pre-industrial levels by about the year 2025, 2040 and
2050 in Scenarios A, B, and C respectively. Stabilization of equivalent
carbon dioxide concentrations at about twice the pre-industrial level would
occur under Scenario D towards the end of the next century. In order to
stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations by the middle of the 21st
century at about 50% above pre-industrial concentrations, a continuous
7:60%
world-wide reduction of net carbon dioxide emissions by about 1% per year
starting now would be required. A 15-20% reduction in methane emissions would
stabilize atmospheric concentrations of that gas.
8.
Many studies conclude that technically feasible and cost-effective
opportunities exist to reduce CO2 emissions in all countries. Such
opportunities for emissions reductions are sufficient to allow many
industrialized countries to stabilize CO2 emissions from the energy sector and
subsequently to reduce these emissions by at least 20 percent by 2005. The
measures include increasing the efficiency of energy use and employing
alternative fuels and energy sources. As additional measures to achieve
further cost-effective reductions are identified and implemented, even greater
decreases in emissions should be achieved in the following decades. In
addition, reversing the current net losses in forests would increase storage
of carbon. The economic and social costs and benefits of such measures should
be urgently examined by all nations. An internationally coordinated
assessment should be undertaken through the IPCC.
9.
Countries are urged to take immediate actions to control the risks of
climate change with initial emphasis on actions that would be economically and
socially beneficial for other reasons as well. Nations should launch
negotiations on a convention on climate change and related legal instruments
without delay and with the aim of signing such a convention in 1992.
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B. Use of Climate Information in Assisting Sustainable Social and Economic
Development
Climate data, analyses, and eventually climate predictions, can
contribute substantially to enhancing the efficiency and security of economic
and developmental activities in environmentally sustainable ways. These
benefits are particularly important in food and wood production, water
management, transportation, energy planning and production (including
assessment of potential resources of biomass, hydropower, solar and wind
energy), urban planning and design, human health and safety, combatting of
drought and land degradation, and tourism. This requires both data on the
climate system, and its effective application. Data acquisition, collection,
management and analysis must be more vigorously supported in all countries and
special assistance provided to developing countries through international
cooperation. Transfer of techniques for applying climate information should be
accelerated through more widespread use of software (e.g. CLICOM) for readily
available personal computers and other means. Further development of methods
for predicting short-term variations in climate and the environmental and
social impacts should be vigorously pursued. These advances would provide
enormous economic and other welfare benefits in coping with droughts,
prolonged rain, and periods of severe hot and cold weather. Such predictions
will require major steps forward in ocean-atmosphere-biosphere observing
systems. Much greater efforts are also needed to increase involvement in
these fields by developing countries, especially through increased education
and training.
C. Priorities for Enhanced Research and Observational Systems
1.
A consensus exists among scientists as summarized in the Report of
Working Group I of the IPCC that climate change will occur due to increasing
greenhouse gases. However, there is substantial scientific uncertainty in the
details of projections of future climate change. Projections of future
regional climate and climate impacts are much less certain than those on a
global scale. These uncertainties can only be narrowed through research
addressing the following priority areas:
clouds and the hydrological cycle
greenhouse gases and the global carbon and biogeochemical
cycles
oceans: physical, chemical and biological aspects; and
exchanges with the atmosphere
paleo-climatic studies
polar ice sheets and sea ice
terrestrial ecosystems.
2.
These subjects are being addressed by national programmes, the World
Climate Research Programme and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
and other related international programmes. Increased national support and
substantially increased funding of these programmes is required if progress on
the necessary time scale is to be made in reducing the uncertainties.
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3.
Present observational systems for monitoring the climate system are
inadequate for operational and research purposes. They are deteriorating in
both industrialized and developing regions. Of special concern is the
inadequacy of observation systems in large parts of the southern hemisphere.
4. High priority must be placed on the provision and international
exchange of high-quality, long-term data for climate-related studies. Data
should be available at no more than the cost of reproduction and
distribution. A full and open exchange of global and other data sets needed
for climate-related studies is required.
5.
There is an urgent need to create a Global Climate Observing System
(GOOS) built upon the World Weather Watch Global Observing System and the
Integrated Global Ocean Service System and including both space-based and
surface-based observing components. GOOS should also include the data
communications and other infrastructure necessary to support operational
climate forecasting.
6.
GOOS should be designed to meet the needs for:
(a) climate system monitoring, climate change detection and response
monitoring, especially in terrestrial ecosystems
(b) data for application to national economic development, and
(c) research towards improved understanding, modelling and prediction
of the climate system.
7.
Such a GOOS would be based upon:
(1) an improved World Weather Watch Programme;
(2) the establishment of a global ocean observing system (GOOS) of
physical, chemical and biological measurements;
(3) the maintenance and enhancement of monitoring programmes of other
key components of the climate system, such as the distribution of
important atmospheric constituents (including the Global
Atmosphere Watch), changes in terrestrial ecosystems, clouds and
the hydrological cycle, the earth's radiation budget, ice sheets,
and precipitation over the oceans.
8.
The further development and implementation of the GOOS concept should
be pursued, with urgency, by scientists, governments and international
organizations.
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9.
The impacts of climate variability on human socio-economic systems
have provided major constraints to development. Climate change may compound
these constraints. In semi-arid regions of Africa, drought episodes have been
directly responsible for major human disasters. Research undertaken during
the first decade of the WCP and through other international and national
programmes has improved drought early warning systems, including FAO's Global
Early Warning System, and increased the reliability of climate impact
analyses. But much more remains to be done. Intensified efforts are required
to refine further our ability to predict short-term climate variability,
anticipate climate impacts, and identify rational strategies to mitigate or
prevent adverse effects. The threat of climate change brings new challenges
to the future well-being of people. This requires greater efforts to
understand impacts of climate change. Mitigation and adaptation strategies
are also essential. Immediate steps to be taken include:
(a) national and regional analyses of the impacts of climate
variability and change on society, and study of the range of
response and adaptation options available.
(b) closer co-operation and communication among natural and social
scientists, to ensure that climate considerations are accounted
for in development planning.
(c) significant increases in resources to carry out impact/adaptation
studies.
10.
Improvements in energy efficiency and non-fossil fuel energy
technologies are of paramount importance, not only to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions but to move to more sustainable development pathways. Such advances
will require research and development, as well as technology transfer and
co-development.
11. A specific initiative would create a network of regional,
interdisciplinary research centres, located primarily in developing countries,
and focussing on all of the natural science, engineering and social science
disciplines required to support fully integrated studies of global change and
its impacts and policy responses. The centres would conduct research and
training on all aspects of global change and study the interaction of regional
and global policies.
D. Public Information
People need better information on the crucial role climate plays in
development and the additional risks posed by climate change. Governments,
intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations should give more emphasis
to providing accurate public information on climate issues. The public
information and education and training component in the WCP and IGBP must also
be expanded.
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PART II
Specific Issues:
1.
Water
1.1
Among the most important impacts of climate change will be its effects
on the hydrological cycle and water management systems, and through these, on
socio-economic systems. Increases in incidence of extremes, such as floods
and droughts, would cause increased frequency and severity of disasters.
1.2
The design of many costly structures to store and convey water, from
large dams to small drainage facilities, is based on analyses of past records
of climatic and hydrological parameters. Some of these structures are
designed to last 50-100 years or even longer. Records of past climate and
hydrological conditions may no longer be a reliable guide to the future. The
design and management of both structural and non-structural water resource
systems should allow for the possible effects of climate change.
1.3 Data systems and research must be strengthened to predict water
resources impacts, detect hydrological changes, and improve hydrological
parameterization in global climate models.
1.4 Existing and novel technologies, for more efficient use of water for
irrigation, should be made available to developing countries in semi-arid
zones.
2.
Agriculture and Food
2.1
Important uncertainties remain regarding the prediction of the
magnitude and nature of potential impacts of changing climate and higher CO2
levels on global food security. The potential impact on food production in
developing countries, with more than half the world's population, could be
more uncertain than recent reviews suggest.
2.2 High priority should therefore be given to research on the direct
effects of rising CO2 concentrations on food and fibre crop productivity and
equal priority should be given to research on agricultural emissions so as to
determine agriculture's present and potential role as a source of and sink for
greenhouse gases, and to clarify the costs and possible trade-offs arising
from limitation measures.
2.3 New or strengthened institutional mechanisms are required to upgrade
natural resource inventories, research strategies and extension services to
raise agricultural productivity and minimize emissions. These mechanisms
should include collaborative programmes between FAO and international and
national agencies with stress on interdisciplinary activities on food security
and related topics.
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3.
Oceans, Fisheries, and Coastal Zones
3.1
The earth's climate including shorter-term variations is influenced by
the coupled atmosphere - ocean system. Coastal zones and their associated
high biological productivity, including fisheries, are especially affected.
Thus, an improved data base of oceanic parameters is considered indispensable
for operational climate forecasting. It is recommended that a global ocean
observing and data management system be developed for improving predictions of
climate change. Research on the oceans will provide quantification of
important feedback loops in climate processes. Observation and research on
the El Niño - Southern Oscillation phenomena, on upwelling areas and on
biological productivity of the open sea are also important.
3.2 Coastal zones, which are the source of most of the global fish catch,
are especially susceptible to effects of global warming and sea level rise.
Predicting the impact of changes would be of enormous benefit to the
increasing number of people living in coastal areas. Thus, it is also
recommended that a programme of coastal zone research and monitoring be
established to identify the effects of climate change on the coast and coastal
ecosystems, and to assess the vulnerability of various natural and managed
ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves and coastal aquaculture.
3.3 Action should be taken now to develop coastal zone adaptation
strategies and policies.
4.
Energy
4.1
In order to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases
while allowing for growth in emissions from developing countries,
industrialized countries must implement reductions even greater than those
required, on average, for the globe as a whole. However, even where very
large technical and economic opportunities have been identified for reducing
energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, and even where there are significant
and multiple benefits associated with these measures, implementation is being
slowed and sometimes prevented by a host of barriers. These barriers exist at
all levels - at the level of consumers, energy equipment manufacturers and
suppliers, industries, utilities, and governments. Overcoming the barriers
obstructing least-cost approaches to meeting energy demands will require
responses from all parts of society - individual consumers, industry,
governments, and non-governmental organizations.
4.2 Developing countries also have an important role in limiting climate
change. Maintaining development as a principal objective, energy and
development paths can be chosen that have the additional benefit of minimizing
radiative forcing.
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5.
Land Use and Urban Planning
Population growth, increasing urbanization, and competing demands for
finite areas of arable land will produce increasingly severe problems of food
supply, energy production, and water resources. Climate changes may
exacerbate these problems in some regions. Prudent planning will require
baseline analyses of land use, quality and quantity of water resources, and
the assessment of vulnerability of urbanized societies to environmental
change. In particular, improved adaptation of urban areas to local climatic
regimes needs to be achieved by more appropriate layouts and building
densities, and improved building construction through modifications to
building and planning regulations. Because comurbations make a major
contribution to energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, the design and
efficiency of all aspects of urban systems should be enhanced.
6.
Health and Human Dimensions
6.1
The direct impact of climate change on people, their. health and
cultural heritage, could be severe. There is likely to be increased health
inequity between peoples of developing and developed countries. Climatic
change could result in increasing numbers of environmental refugees with
associated increases of ill-health, disease and death among them.
6.2 Global warming is likely to shift the range of favourable conditions
for certain pests and diseases, causing additional stresses on people,
particularly those of the semi-arid tropics. It must be appreciated however
that serious problems may arise in all parts of the world.
6.3
Research into how human behaviour contributes to and responds to
climate change must have increased emphasis. Public awareness and education
programmes are particularly essential in this regard.
7.
Environment and Development
7.1
Climate change, superimposed on population pressures, excessive
consumption, and other stresses on the environment imperils the sustainability
of socio-economic development throughout the world. In addition, slowing
climate change will give countries more time to enhance their prospects for
sustainable development. The developed countries need to reduce emissions and
assist the developing countries to adopt new, clean technologies.
7.2
Climate change has such important implications for the sustainability
of development that policy responses, including measures to reduce greenhouse
gases, measures to reduce deforestation, and the commitment of financial and
other resources, are justified for that reason alone. Economic policies, such
as subsidies and trade restraints, can distort markets so they harm the
environment and contribute to global warming and sea level rise. There is an
imperative need for development policies that not only reduce global warming
trends but also increase economic and social resilience.
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8.
Forests
While increasing forest cover can contribute to the slowing of global
climate change, this is not the major cure for the problem.
Five priority actions are recommended:
(1) Assessing national opportunities to increase forest carbon
storage commensurate with national resource development policies,
developing an approach by 1992 and completing assessment by 1995.
(2) Managing the world's forests to optimize biomass and resultant
carbon storage in addition to the maintenance of sustainable
yields of forest products, biological diversity, water quality
and the many other values that forests provide.
(3) Accelerating research to assess the added contribution that
forests can make to atmospheric CO2 reduction and the impacts of
climate change on the world's forests.
(4) Designing and implementing international monitoring systems to
determine conditions and changes in forest ecosystems in response
to anticipated climate changes.
(5) Supporting the development of an international instrument on
conservation and development of the world's forests linked with
climate and biodiversity conventions.
PART III
Organizational and Policy Issues for International Activities
1.
The future structure of the WCP
1.1 The WCP should be broadened and closely coordinated with related
programmes of other agencies in response to increased emphasis on the
prediction of climate and its impacts.
1.2 The World Climate Data Programme, renamed the World Climate System
Monitoring Programme, should be redefined to take into account new objectives.
1.3 Greater emphasis in the strengthened WCP (WCP-2) should be given to
adaptation, mitigation and education, with adaptation and mitigation
activities closely linked to the Impact Studies Programme (WCIP).
1.4 The World Climate Applications Programme should be renamed the World
Climate Applications and Services Programme (WCASP) to reflect the need for
intensifying efforts to provide climatological services to a wide variety of
users. There should be strong interaction between WCIP and WCASP.
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1.5 The organizational framework for international scientific research is
in place, constituted by the WCRP, emphasizing the physical aspects, and the
IGBP, covering bio-geochemical aspects.
1.6 Governments should establish national committees for the WCP to
mobilize support for national activities and to coordinate efforts. The UN
agencies and ICSU should work towards ensuring regular contact and exchange of
information with national committees.
1.7 The mechanism established for overall coordination of the WCP,
involving meetings of the chairs of steering bodies for the various
components, should be actively supported by WMO, the other UN bodies concerned
and ICSU. Annual meetings of Executive Heads should consider their
recommendations.
1.8 Restructuring and strengthening of the WCP will also be necessary to
support new activities, such as the development of the proposed GOOS. The
Conference recommended that a proposal for the new structure of WCP be
formulated by the organizations involved, taking into account the above
comments, and presented to the Eleventh World Meteorological Congress, May
1991, and at appropriate meetings of other participating organizations.
2.
Special needs of the developing countries
2.1 As stated in the IPCC report, industrialized and developing countries
have a common but differentiated responsibility for dealing with the problems
of climate change. The problem is largely the consequence of past patterns of
economic growth in the industrial countries. However, in future the much
needed economic growth in the developing countries could play an important
role in determining the rate of climate change.
2.2 Developing countries are being asked to participate in the alleviation
of the legacy of environmental damage from prior industrialization. If they
are to avoid the potentially disastrous course followed by industrialized
countries in the past, they need to adopt modern technologies early in the
process of development, particularly in regard to energy efficiency. They
also must be full partners in the global scientific and technical effort that
will be required. It is clear that developing countries must not go through
the evolutionary process of previous industrialization but rather, must
"leapfrog" ahead directly from a status of under-development through to
efficient, environmentally benign, technologies.
2.3
Although developing countries have collaborated in providing data, and
participated to a degree in meetings and research, they have benefited to a
lesser extent from the analyses developed from their contributions, and even
less so from the applications derived therefrom.
2.4 Therefore, a massive and sustained flow of scientific and
technological expertise towards the development of the intellectual resources,
technical and institutional capacity of the developing countries is a
necessary complement to the efforts of those countries.
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2.5
Developing countries should be assisted to build up their capabilities
- to monitor, assess and apply climate information;
- to prepare inventories of greenhouse gases emissions and
future emissions projections;
- to identify impacts of potential global warming;
- to prepare cost estimates and priorities for response
strategies to adapt and mitigate problems posed by climate
change;
- to participate in the World Climate Programme.
The mechanisms of the transfer of technology and provision of
technical assistance and co-operation to developing countries
should take into account considerations such as the need for
preferential and assured access, intellectual property rights, the
environmental soundness of such technology and the financial
implications.
Taking note that industry plays a significant role in the
development and transfer of science and technology, efforts by
industry to promote further the development and transfer of
environmentally sound technologies should be encouraged, and
policies to encourage such efforts should be formulated.
Additional financial resources will have to be channelled to
developing countries for those activities which contribute both to
limiting greenhouse gas emissions and/or adapting to any adverse
effects of climate change, and promoting economic development.
Areas for co-operation and assistance could include the efficient
use of energy, land use planning, forest management, soil and
water conservations, strengthening of observational systems and
scientific and technological capabilities.
3.
Co-operation in international research
3.1 The existing and planned research projects of the WCRP and the IGBP
address the highest priority scientific issues related to the understanding
and prediction of climate variability and change.
3.2 These programmes should be implemented completely and rigorously. It
is particularly important that adequate funding, including long-term funding
commitments, be provided.
3.3 In view of the progress made in climate research, it is now timely to
proceed to the detailed design of an operational global climate observing
system (Section c, paras. 5 - 8), together with the data communications and
other infrastructure needed to support operational climate forecasting.
Governments should enter into early discussions aimed at international
cooperation in operational climate forecasting.
(STATEMEN/V.6)
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4.
Co-ordinated International Activities and Policy Development
4.1
The Conference endorsed the three streams of international activity:
a. Global measurement and research efforts through the WCP, IGBP,
and other related international programmes.
b. Assessment functions of a continuing IPOC to support
negotiation of and provide technical input to a Convention.
C. Development of a Convention on Climate Change.
It is essential that all parties to a Convention and related legal instruments
should, as part of their obligations, be required to participate fully in the
free exchange and flow of information necessary for technical input to the
convention. Such a convention should include a technical annex to provide for:
- International co-operation in research, systematic observation and
exchange of related information;
- Adjustments based on up-dates of scientific knowledge;
- Strengthening national scientific and environmental capabilities
of developing countries.
4.2
The development of policy regarding climate change requires on the
part of policy makers an understanding of the underlying science and a
weighing of the scientific uncertainties associated with the prediction of
climate change and its likely impacts. An important aspect of future work is
therefore a continued dialogue between scientists and policy makers.
4.3 The UN Conference on Environment and Development (Brazil 1992)
provides a valuable opportunity to relate the above three themes to the other
environment/development issues and objectives being examined by the
Conference. It is therefore essential that the three streams should interact
effectively with UNCED.
4.4
It is proposed that the sponsoring agencies for the SWCC consider the
possibility of holding a Third World Climate Conference at an appropriate time
about the year 2000.
(STATEMEN/V.6)
OCTOBER 27 1990
The
Economist
Warm world, cool heads
T
AKE a typical politician: a man in his 50s,
dictable ones come mainly from sea-level
well aware that his political future is
rises, and from agricultural changes. World
sounder if his country and people get richer.
food production can probably be maintained
Invite him to sign an international treaty to
at present levels, and might even rise as wheat
ward off a change in the world's climate that
and rice flourished on extra carbon dioxide.
may be doing damage in the middle of the
The best (though magnificently simplified)
next century. Tell him that this will commit
cost-benefit analysis, by Professor William
him, now, to raise the price of energy-the
Nordhaus, concludes that humanity's "best
basis of so much voter-comfort. Wait for the
buy" would be to phase out chlorofluorocar-
expletives.
bons (CFCs, responsible for about a fifth of
Just such an apparently doomed project is
global warming, as well as gobbling up ozone)
about to start in Geneva. The Second World
and to cut carbon-dioxide output fractionally.
Climate Conference will launch negotiations on a conven-
That is small beer beside Toronto's tall order.
tion on global warming, to be readied for signing at a great
Several unquantifiables could raise the costs of warming
environmental jamboree in Brazil in mid-1992. If such a con-
beyond Mr Nordhaus's hard-nosed calculations, and govern-
vention is to mean anything, the talks to devise it will make
ments might sensibly buy insurance against them, by moving
even the struggling Uruguay round of the GATT look like
somewhat beyond his prescription. Besides, many people
child's play.
would mourn the loss of coral reefs and forests that fail to
The starting point will be a report on man-made climatic
adapt as temperatures rise, and would be willing to pay to save
change, compiled by an authoritative group of scientists. On
them. Less guzzling of energy would have green side-effects
present trends, they predict, gases released by mankind will
beyond cooling the warming: a check to acid rain, oil spills,
warm the earth by between 0.2°C and 0.5°C in each decade of
traffic jams and city smog. And just as the benefits of action
the next century. This rise, faster than any seen in the past
can be larger than expected, so, too, its costs can be smaller.
10,000 years, will raise the earth's mean temperature by about
By using the best technology, much energy-saving invest-
1°C by 2025 and 3°C by the end of the next century, making
ment-enough, some reckon, almost to halve energy con-
the globe warmer than it has been for 100,000 years. The level
sumption in industrial countries-could yield a profit to the
of the warmed seas will rise. More rain will fall in some places,
investor in its own right, even at pre-Saddam energy prices.
less in others. Some deserts will grow, some tundra become
Timing alters the calculations profoundly. The sooner
fertile, some prairies and forests will die. Nobody can say
governments start to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases,
which, where. The changes cannot yet be seen but the scien-
the smaller the cut eventually needed. But, having once be-
tists believe they are already, irreversibly, under way.
gun, the level at which output of the gases is stabilised will be
What Mrs Margaret Thatcher has called a "massive ex-
more important than the date by which it is achieved. By the
periment with the system of this planet" cannot be stopped. It
middle of the next century, it will matter much more whether
can be slowed, though, and ridden out. If the output of warm-
emissions were held at 1990 levels, or those of 2010, than
ing gases were held at, or reduced below, current levels, the
whether the trick was done by 2000 or 2020. And the more
climatic change would be less traumatic. At a conference in
time countries give themselves to adapt, the cheaper adapting
Toronto in 1988 a motley mixture of politicians, academics
will be. The British Treasury reckons that the costs of Brit-
and green lobbyists picked a 20% cut, by 2005, in the rate at
ain's intention to hold gas emissions down to 1990 levels will
which these gases were being pumped out in 1988. This, they
exceed benefits if those limits have to be met from 2000 on,
thought, would reduce warming to an "ecologically manage-
but not if from 2005 on.
able" 0.1°C a decade-a rate that species could cope with.
Any convention must contain some sort of target; other-
Send the bill to mother nature
wise countries and companies will not take it seriously.
Choosing an overall target will be hard; subdividing it coun-
Ecologically manageable, yes; economically manageable, no.
try by country, harder still. An apt formula would share out
No country seriously contemplates Toronto levels of self-re-
greenhouse-gas production on the basis of wealth and popula-
straint. The convention will settle not for an informed guess
tion, leaving some room for adjustments in future. But each
of what nature might bear, but for what mankind thinks it
country will make special pleas. Japan will moan that it is al-
worth paying to protect her. The quantifiable direct costs of
ready frugal; Canada about its cold; India that development
warming by around 2050 may actually be modest. The pre-
will be impossible; Eastern Europe that it is under new man-
THE ECONOMIST OCTOBER 27 1990
13
LEADERS
agement. It would be best for rich nations to agree targets
Deciding how many permits to give each country would
quickly, leaving poorer countries, which as yet emit fewer
raise all the arguments of sharing-out. But once issued, their
greenhouse gases, to shape up more gradually.
extra flexibility would save several billions of dollars of world
The convention's biggest headache will be free riders—
economic output for the same green impact. Why not test this
countries that refuse to sign but benefit from the restraint of
idea on a smaller scale to see if it works? On October 29th the
others. Threats of trade sanctions against non-compliers
environment ministers of the EC will try to set carbon-dioxide
would be hard to make stick, and would backfire against the
targets for the whole Community. Tradable permits would be
threateners if they stuck. Bribery is a better bet: its cost is
a better bet than the tax on carbon dioxide that the EC Com-
clear, it cannot leak like a sanction, and it has been tried be-
mission yearns to impose. They would leave each country free
fore. Several large third-world countries agreed to the Mon-
to decide the best way to meet its target; and they would spur
treal protocol to reduce CFCs only after developed countries
the most energy-efficient companies to bring frugal technol-
had promised to help pay for the needed technology.
ogy to energy-lax countries.
Trade in permits could help keep the cost of bribes down.
The quest of climate negotiators will be for altruism. They
If countries were issued with permits that allowed them a cer-
want today's voters to make changes that will benefit their
tain level of carbon-dioxide output, they or their industries
children and grandchildren. They will have most chance it
could trade them. Rich countries that found it costly to curb
they urge commitments that make good sense on their own
their gas-puffing could pay poorer countries to do part of the
energy efficiency, a ban on CFCs, curbs on deforestation. I
job for them. Thus Britain, rather than shutting down coal-
countries bind themselves to do what is in their own interest
fired power stations in their prime, might pay for energy-sav-
they are more likely to turn their promises into policies
ing investment in Poland. Japan, rather than increase petrol
These might not remotely amount to what is needed to stop
taxes, might pay Brazil to plant trees and thus mop up carbon
the climate changing. But better a pragmatism that makes :
dioxide emitted elsewhere.
start than visionary declarations that achieve nothing.
George Herbert Walker Coolidge
President Bush's domestic inattention has left him suddenly vulnerable
G
EORGE BUSH is losing a blame game. America's budget
bloated that only austerity could see it off.
fiasco has had little to do with pulling the country's fi-
So he abandoned his no-new-taxes pledge. He had to
nances back on to the straight-and-narrow; much to do with
But, having done so, he should then have fought for the ta
making political opponents look bad. In the space of two
changes he thought were necessary. Instead, the only ta
weeks the Democrats in Congress have managed to turn an
change he insisted on was a cut in the rate of capital-gair
argument about overspending into one about making mil-
tax-a cut that has the odd effect of temporarily (but on
lionaires pay their fair share. Just before congressional elec-
temporarily) trimming the deficit and the perverse one (
tions, that is not a comfortable position for any Republican to
benefiting the rich. That left the field wide open for the Den
defend. The opinion polls suggest Republican candidates may
ocrats to suggest more equitable tax changes and to paint M
now be in trouble. If so, they will blame their president. They
Bush as a defender of the wealthy, which they have done wit
will say he threw away their best electoral weapon-the anti-
relish. The new House budget slapped a 10% surcharge o
tax pledge-and replaced it with nothing.
income tax for those earning more than $1m a year. The Sei
In his first two years Mr Bush has been on average the
ate cut by 5% the deductions those earning more tha
most popular president since John Kennedy. In the past
$100,000 could take. Such measures would do even less t
month, though, things have soured for him-and quickly.
reduce the 1991 deficit than Mr Bush's capital-gains tax cu
Now only about half of Americans approve of him. For those
But they sound better on the campaign trail.
who have maintained all along that Mr Bush has not the mak-
ings of a great man, this is I-told-you-so time. Mr Bush, half
The turn of the rich
way through his first term and on the brink of elections, war
As long ago as May this year the proportion of people wh
and recession, has to move briskly to prove them wrong.
identified the Republican party with the interests of the ric
Mr Bush rode high in the polls partly because he did the
had risen to 51%, from 18% three years before. Mr Bush
right things, especially in foreign policy. But another, mis-
rapidly confirming their instincts. His party has appeared
guided, reason was that he avoided doing anything that might
become the defender not so much of free enterprise as of b
make him unpopular. This included virtually anything to do
business, and the greed that now seems to have characteris
with policies at home. In 1989 he had a chance to get the
the 1980s: the Milkens, Silverados and HUDs.
budget deficit under control without too much pain. But no:
The Grand Old Party has always been torn between
-
he invented a "rosy scenario", predicting that the deficit
Main Street roots and its Wall Street friends. For a while
would shrink in a blaze of low interest rates and buoyant reve-
the 1980s they seemed to have identical interests: deregu
nues. In 1990 the deficit came back to haunt him, this time so
tion, tax breaks, free trade and peace. But increasingly the
14
THE ECONOMIST OCTOBER 27 19
Remarks of
SENATOR AL GORE
on
Administration Preparations for the
Second World Climate Conference
October 27, 1990
Mr. President, shortly after the Congress adjourns, the Second
World Climate Conference will be held in Geneva under the auspices of
the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meterological
Organization. Participating nations from around the world will be
represented by their relevant ministers, and 10 heads of state will make
an appearance. Meanwhile, the U.S. is sending a much lower-level
official, an undersecretary of Commerce, Dr. John Knauss, Administrator
of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.
This week, on October 23, Dr. Alan Bromley, the President's Science
Advisor, asserted in a speech at the National Press Club that actions
such as the CFC phaseout, Clean Air Act, the Department of Energy's
National Energy Strategy, and President Bush's tree-planting program,
will collectively:
"hold U.S. greenhouse gas emissions at 1987 levels until at
least the year 2000. No other nation can make this claim.
This will provide a 10-year window of opportunity to gather
data, improve understanding, and determine what future actions
are necessary."
I ask my colleagues to carefully note these words, because Dr.
Bromley has given us an important clue into Admininistration policy over
the longer haul. He seems to be laying out a U.S. position that
essentially claims to have already sufficiently reduced greenhouse gas
emissions until the end of the century, and that all we need to do
between now and 2000 is global change research. If the U.S. takes this
position into international negotiations, and refuses to address the
all-important carbon dioxide emissions, the results could be
devastating.
Without U.S. leadership, global greenhouse gas emissions will grow
tremendously throughout the 1990s, and into the 21st century. Third
World nations, where over 90% of population growth will occur, and where
economic growth must proceed, will easily overtake today's
industrialized nations as the producers of the lion's share of
greenhouse gases in the next century.
Dr. Bromley's claim for greenhouse gas emissions reductions was
based on a September 1990 report by the Environmental Protection Agency,
which stated:
"Given current U.S. environmental commitments, total
greenhouse gas emissions (including CFCs) will be held to 1987
levels in the year 2000. If CFCs are not included in the
total greenhouse gas budget, total emissions in the year 2000
will exceed 1987 levels by approximately 115 million metric
tonnes of carbon equivalent."
Note here that this report explicitly states that carbon emissions
will increase, by 115 million metric tonnes of carbon equivalent over
1987 levels. Indeed, the report states that carbon dioxide emissions
in the year 2000 will actually increase 15% over 1987 levels.
Now, consider Dr. Bromley's statements in a hearing before the
Commerce Committee's National Ocean Policy Study, on November 14, 1989,
concerning the Bush Administration's position going into a ministerial
meeting on climate change, in Noordweijk, The Netherlands:
"What we were saying, and what we said repeatedly, was that we
were committed in the period between now and November of 1990
to doing what was required so that we could come up at that
time, at the Second World Climate Conference, with the kind
of information that I hope that would make it possible for us
to come forward and say that we could reduce C02 emissions."
Note here that Dr. Bromley stated that he hoped, one year ago, that
the U.S. would come forward with a plan for reducing C02 emissions in
time for the Second World Climate Conference in November 1990.
The reality of today is that while the Administration has
consistently argued against action to control carbon dioxide emissions
because it would be a "unilateral" action, over one dozen other
industrialized nations have committed to carbon dioxide emission
stabilization or reduction, including Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands,
New Zealand, (West) Germany, Belgium, Canada, Italy, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Japan.
But, rather than join with other nations in addressing this most
serious global challenge, the Bush Administration seems clearly to be
reneging on Dr. Bromely's statements to a Senate Committee one year ago,
and instead is laying the foundation for not commiting to carbon dioxide
reductions, neither now, nor in the next 10 years.
In so doing, the Administration threatens the very security of our
planet in the 21st Century.
*****
Daily Beacon
P4
10-25-90
Gore has environmental concerns
Senator Albert Gore Jr., D-Tenn., is
trying to prevent the results of any
qi Scul-B long range surface to
not a hot-beaded or publicity-driven
scientific discourse from taking place
CODY
surface missiles.
politician who'll do anything to grab
during the first days of the meeting
SHEARER
The House Government Operations
headlines. "Mr. Smooth," as be is
and from being part of any
Subcommittee on Commerce and
known to his colleagues, delivers his
ministerial meetings that follow.
Monetary Affairs is planning to sub
cautious thoughts in carefully
While the Bush Administration
measurements of laud and sea sur-
poena the U.S. government to provide
measured sentences.
believes this conference is not the
face temperatures also show the
sensitive documents detailing U.S.
So when an irate Sen Gore told a
proper forum to discuss specific
1980s to be the warmest decade ever
sales to Iraq over the past decade in
Senate Commerce, Science and
policy options, since another climate
recorded by scientists.
volving goods and technology with
Transportation Committee hearing
change treaty conference is to take
Unless something is done soon to
potential military use.
the other day that the Bush Ad-
place in February, one can't avoid
reverse the global warming trend, at
Investigators are new saying that
ministration was attempting to
the obvious shortcomings of U.S.
least 500 million people around the
two CIA operatives from Beirut died
"sabotage" all international meeting
behavior in this area. Neither the
world will face the growing risk of
on Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie,
on global change issues in Geneva
United States nor any other country
devastating floods. Rising oceans,
Scotland, in December of 1988.
later this month, many people took
in the Western Hemisphere has
sinking land levels and ill-considered
Domestic manufacturers must
note.
drawn up a strategy for addressing
flood control schemes will be
rethink the ways in which they do
It is Gore's contention that the U.S.
climate change.
responsible.
business if they are going to survive
delegation to the Second World
Without U.S. involvement, it is
By the year 2030, for example, Jun
in the turbulent 1990s, according to
Climate Conference (Oct. 29-Nov. 7)
almost impossible for the interna-
Titus of the Environmental Protec-
David E. Cole, director of the Office
has been trying to derail specific ac-
tional community to stabilize global
tion Agency estimates that the
for the Study of Automotive
tions that might reduce greenhouse
greenhouse emissions. So, as much as
coastline along the Gulf of Mexico
Transportation.
gas emissions. He said, as a case in
the world may think we're moving too
could have reached the southern
Infant mortality continues to climb
point, the U.S. delegation had submit-
slowly, they have few options.
suburbo of New Orleans.
in this country. Whereas 12 babies per
ted 30 pages of amendments, in-
Though bargaining acceptable car-
Without new environmental
thousand died in 1963, that figure in-
cluding a proposal to delete a state-
bon dioxide emissions won't ever be
policies, the reality of life-
creased to 15 per thousand in 1986, to
ment that "the ultimate global objec-
easy, the inevitable political com-
threatening floods will make our
17.4 per thousand in 1988 and 18 per
Live should be to stabilize and reduce
promises will be worth it. A logical
children ask why dad's generation
thousand last year. Back in 1981. only
greenbouse bas concentrations."
first step involves recording accurate
was too busy making money to
one mother in ten gave birth without
"It is a thinly disguised attempt to
scientific updates 00 the greenhouse
understand the inherent risks of
any previous pre-natal care. Today,
sabotage the meeting by insisting on
effect workhwide so that revised
global warming.
one in three deliver children without
changes to every part of the docu-
targets and timetables to any treaty
The Pentagon has been begging the
such knowledge.
ment that points to change," Gore
agreement might be implemented.
Soviet Union for more military in-
complained.
For those who think global warm-
telligence on Iraq. So far the Soviets
Cody Shearer is a syndicated colum-
The Tennessee Democrat also
ing is no big deal, 1990 appears to be
have provided little data on such
nist who writes about politics and
charged that the U.S. delegation was
the hottest year on record. Further
items as the guidance systems of Ira-
culture.
WHATSNEW weekly
The American Physical Society
OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
-
TINA M. KAARSBERG, Ph.D.
-
Liaison
2000 FLORIDA AVENUE, N.W.
(202) 232-0189
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20009
FAX (202)328-3729
OUTGOING
UNCLASSIFIED
TELEGRAM
Department of State
STATE 305256
6656
PAGE B; OF B3 STATE 305856
6656
ON THESE MATTERS. (WE NOTE THAT IN SOME COUNTRIES THERE
ORIGIN DES-09
HAVE BEEN DIFFERENCES OF OPINION AMONG MINISTRIES, SO IT
INFO
LOC-89
ADS-08
AID-88
INR-05
EUR-00
SS-00
01C-B2
WILL BE IMPORTANT TO ASCERTAIN WHO SPEAKS WITH AUTHORITY
AF-00
CIAE-88
EB-00
DINT-05
DODE-98
N-01
HUD-82
ON THE SUBJECT OF NEGOTIATIONS, AS OPPOSED TO THE
10-19
NEA-98
NSCE-B0
MS -02
ARA-28
NSAE-00
COME-00
NON-BINDING IPCC PROCESS.)
NASA-02 L-83
TRSE-00
PM-88
EAP-09
EPA-04
CEA-01
DOTE-98
FEMA-02
OMB-01
STR-18
HHS-BE
INRE-89
AGRE-90
3. DEMARCHE
PHOTOCOPY
ACDA-13
USIE-08
JUSE-00
SP-00
DOEE-08
CEQ-81
PRS-91
E-81
P-02
T-81
/111 R
PRESERVATION
GENERAL POINT:
DRAFTED BY: OES/EGC:SSKINNEY:GCS
APPROVED BY: DES:EUGBOHLEN
DES/EGC:DAREIFSNYDER
OES/E:RAREINSTEIN
--THE US APPRECIATES YOUR COUNTRY'S PARTICIPATION IN THE
L/DES:BINIAZS/P:DAWSON(SUBS
EPA:RMORGANSTERN (SUBS)
IPCC AND HOPES THAT THIS PARTICIPATION WILL ALSO EXTEND TO
DOE:TWILLIAMS (SUBS)
DOC: JRSPRADLEY (SUBS)
PREPARATIONS FOR NEGOTIATIONS ON A FRAMEWORK CLIMATE
DOJ:JWIENER 10/TJBECKER (SUBS)
OSTP:NMAYNARD (INFO)
CONVENTION.
383375 1190197 /63
0 1023182 SEP 90
--WE BELIEVE THE PARTICIPATION OF ALL COUNTRIES WILL BE
FM SECSTATE WASHDC
ESSENTIAL IF A MEANINGFUL CONVENTION IS TO BE DEVELOPED.
TO AMEMBASSY MEXICO IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY BEIJING IMMEDIATE
--WE LOOK FORWARD TO THE UPCOMING MEETING ON SEPTEMBER 24
AMEMBASSY LAGOS IMMEDIATE
IN GENEVA CALLED BY WMO AND UNEP TO DISCUSS ORGANIZATIONAL
AMEMBASSY DAKAR IMMEDIATE
ISSUES RELATED TO THE NEGOTIATION OF A FRAMEWORK CLIMATE
AMEMBASSY SEOUL IMMEDIATE
CONVENTION.
AMEMBASSY CAIRO IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY JAKARTA IMMEDIATE
--WE BELIEVE THAT WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO NEGOTIATE THIS
AMEMBASSY CARACAS IMMEDIATES
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION IN THE SAME INFORMAL WAY AS WE DID
AMEMBASSY WARSAW IMMEDIATE
THE VIENNA CONVENTION. DUE TO THE BROADER SCOPE AND
AMEMBASSY ADDIS ABABA IMMEDIATE
COMPLEXITY OF THE ISSUES, AS WELL AS THE MORE ACTIVE
AMEMBASSY ALGIERS IMMEDIATE
PARTICIPATION OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, A MORE FORMAL
AMEMBASSY PORT LOUIS IMMEDIATE
PROCESS WILL BE REQUIRED:
AMEMBASSY BUDAPEST IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY RIYADH IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY BUENOS AIRES IMMEDIATE
SEPTEMBER ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING
AMEMBASSY NEW DELHI IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY KUALA LUMPUR IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY KATHMANDU IMMEDIATE
--WE ARE INTERESTED TO KNOW WHETHER YOUR COUNTRY WILL
AMEMBASSY SANTO DOMINGO IMMEDIATE
ATTEND THE SEPTEMBER 24 MEETING IN GENELA REGIN
AMEMBASSY BELGRADE IMMEDIATE
PREPARING FOR NEGOTIATIONS ON A FRAMEWORK CLIMATE
AMEMBASSY BANGKOK IMMEDIATE
CONVENTION. WHO WILL REPRESENT YOUR COUNTRY AT THE
AMEMBASSY PORT OF SPAIN IMMEDIATE
SEPTEMBER MEETING?.
INFO USMISSION GENEVA IMMEDIATE
USMISSION USUN NEW YORK IMMEDIATE
FYI: WE ANTICIPATE THAT OES DAS FOR ENVIRONMENT: HEALTH
AMEMBASSY NAIROBI IMMEDIATE
AND NATURAL RESOURCES ROBERT A. REINSTEIN, DES/EGC
DIRECTOR DANIEL A. REIFSHYDER, AND L/OES LEGAL ADVISOR SUE
UNCLAS STATE 385056
BINIAZ WILL REPRESENT THE UNITED STATES. END FYI.
FOR ECON/SI COUNS. BRUSSELS PLS PASS USEC
-THE US STRONGLY SUPPORTS THE CONCEPT THAT THE CHAIRMAN,
VICE-CHAIRS, AND OTHER OFFICERS FOR THE NEGOTIATIONS BE
E.O. 12356: N/A
SELECTED BY THE NEGOTIATING PARTIES THEMSELVES AT THEIR
TAGS: SENV,KSCA
FIRST MEETING IN FEBRUARY 1991. WHAT is YOUR GOVERNMENT'S
SUBJECT: CLIMATE CHANGE: DEMARCHE: PREPARING FOR
THINKING ON THIS ISSUE?
NEGOTIATIONS
--DOES YOUR GOVERNMENT FAVOR A PARTICULAR CANDIDATE TO
REF: A. STATE 299268 B. STATE 298375
CHAIR THE MEETING?
1. AS PREPARATION FOR THE SEPTEMBER 24-26 ORGANIZATIONAL
--IF IT IS THE CONSENSUS OF PARTICIPANTS iN THE SEPTEMBER
MEETING IN GENEVA TO PREPARE FOR NEGOTIATIONS ON
MEETING, THE UNITED STATES IS PREPARED TO ACCEPT
FRAMEWORK CLIMATE CONVENTION, POSTS ARE REQUESTED TO
AMBASSADOR TOPKOV FOR THIS MEETING ONLY, PROVIDING THIS
MAKE THE FOLLOWING DEMARCHE AND REPORT ON HOST COUNTRY
DESIGNATION IS WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO THE SELECTION OF
REACTIONS AND VIEWS BY NO LATER THAN SEPTEMBER 28. REFS
OFFICERS FOR THE NEGOTIATIONS THEMSELVES.
A AND B PROVIDE IMPORTANT BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR
YOUR USE. IN ADDITION, GOVERNMENTS SHOULD HAVE
--WHILE THE U.S. HAS NOT ENDORSED ANY CANDIDATE, THERE ARE
RECEIVED FROM WMD/UNEP AN AUGUST 24 "NOTE" ON THE
OTHER CANDIDATES) SUCH AS MR. RIPERT OF FRANCE AND OTHERS,
SEPTEMBER MEETING THAT ALSO CONTAINS PROPOSALS FOR
WHO HAVE BEEN PROFOSED TO HEAD UP THE NEGOTIATIONS AND WHO
ORGANIZING THE NEGOTIATIONS.
SHOULD BE GIVEN FULL CONSIDERATION BY THE NEGOTIATING
PARTIES.
2. POSTS SHOULD IDENTIFY THE MOST AUTHORITATIVE HOST
COUNTRY OFFICIAL WITH WHOM TO REVIEW THE ISSUES BELOW SC
--WE REMAIN CONCERNED THAT THE AGENDA FOR THE SEPTEMBER
THAT VIEWS REFLECTED REPRESENT FULL GOVERNMENT THINKING
MEETING SUGGESTS THE FOCUS OF DISCUSSION MAY BE MORE
UNCLASSIFIED
OUTGOING
PHOTOCOPY
UNCLASSIFIED
TELEGRAM
PRESERVATION
Department of State
6656
STATE 305856
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SUESTANTIVE THAN ORGANIZATIONAL, CONTRARY TO
-THE USG BELIEVES THAT THE FUNCTION OF THE NEGOTIATIONS
UNDERSTANDINGS REACHED AT THE WMO/EC AND THE UNEP/GC AND
SECRETARIAT WILL BE TO FACILITATE TIMELY COMMUNICATION AND
10 PERSONAL ASSURANCES FROM DR. TOLBA. IN THIS REGARD, WE
PREPARATION FOR MEETINGS AND TO PREPARE DOCUMENTS
00 NOT BELIEVE IT WOULD BE APPROPRIATE TO DISCUSS THE
DEVELOPED BY THE NEGOTIATING PARTIES THEMSELVES. THE
QUESTIONS ON "GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR CONSIDERATION UNDER
SECRETARIAT SHOULD NOT BE INVOLVED IN DRAFTING DOCUMENTS
THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION", WHICH WERE ATTACHED TO THE
ON ITS OWN AS HAS BEEN SUGGESTED.
PROPOSED AGENDA PROVIDED IN WMD/UNEP'S NOTE OF AUGUST 24.
BELIEVE THAT SUCCESSFUL NEGOTIATIONS DEPEND ON OUR
DOCUMENTATION
ABILITY 10 FORGE A STRONG CONSENSUS ABOUT HOW THE
NEGOTIATING PROCESS WILL BE STRUCTURED AND WHAT RULES OF
PROCEDURE WILL BE ADOPTED TO GOVERN IT.
--AS WE START THE NEGOTIATING PROCESS, WE BELIEVE THAT
INITIAL DOCUMENTATION FOR THE NEGOTIATIONS SHOULD BE THE
--WE WE SHARE THE CONCERNS OF THOSE WHO HAVE NOTED THE NEED
IPCC LEGAL MEASURES PAPER, AS CALLED FOR BY UN RESOLUTION
FOR LESS FREQUENT MEETINGS AND MORE REGULAR RULES OF
43/53, AND ANY OTHER APPROPRIATE MINISTERIAL DOCUMENTS
PROCEDURE WITHIN THE IPCC PROCESS. FOR THIS REASON WE
THAT HAVE THE FULL AUTHORITY OF GOVERNMENTS BEHIND THEM.
BELIEVE THAT THE SEPTEMBER ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING SHOULD
FOCUS ON SUCH IMPORTANT ISSUES FOR THE NEGOTIATIONS AS
IN GENERAL, WE SHOULD RELY ON THE PAST AND FUTURE WORK
ESTABLISHING CLEAR RULES OF PROCEDURE 10 ASSURE TIMELY
OF THE IPCC IN ASSISTING THE NEGOTIATING PROCESS.
NOTIFICATION OF MEETINGS, TIMELY DELIVERY OF DOCUMENTS,
SELECTION OF PRESIDING OFFICERS, ETC. WE SHALL ALSO NEED
TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE NEGOTIATIONS SECRETARIAT WILL BE
STRUCTURE OF NEGOTIATIONS
ABLE TO COMPLY WITH THESE RULES AND STANDARDS. IN
ADDITION, WE WILL NEED TO CONSIDER SCHEDULING AND LOCATION
THE PROPOSAL (MADE IN THE AUGUST 24 UNEP/WMO "NOTE") FOR
OF MEETINGS.
STANDING SUBGROUPS HEADED UP BY VICE CHAIRS OF THE
-THE IMPORTANCE or REGULARIZING PROCEDURE AND IMPROVING
NEGOTIATIONS PREJUDICES THE OUTCOME OF THE NEGOTIATING
COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE NEGOTIATING PROCESS IS ONE OF THE
PROCESS, AND IS THEREFORE UNACCEPTABLE AS PROPOSED. WE
REASONS THAT WE HAVE SUPPORTED THE IDEA OF BUILDING ON THE
NOTE, IN PARTICULAR. THAT A NUMBER OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SECRETARIAT OPERATION, WHICH WILL HAVE TO GO THROUGH A NEW
HAVE RECENTLY EXPRESSED THEIR OPPOSITION TO CONSIDERING
FORESTRY ISSUES IN THIS CONTEXT AT THIS TIME. WE SHARE
LEARNING CURVE.
THIS VIEW.
--WE ASSUME THERE WILL EVENTUALLY BE A NEED FOR A STANDING
NEGOTIATIONS SECRETARIAT
GROUP FOR LEGAL DRAFTING NEEDS, BUT WE BELIEVE THAT THE
NEGOTIATORS SHOULD ESTABLISH AD HOC GROUPS ON OTHER
WE CONSIDER THAT A SEPARATE NEGOTIATING PROCESS UNDER
MATTERS OR RELY ON THE IPCC AS THEY SEE FIT DURING THE
WMO/UNEP AUSPICES IS NECESSARY FOR THE FRAMEWORK
COURSE OF THE NEGOTIATIONS.
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE. THE ROLE OF THE IPCC SHOULD
BE TO PROVIDE TECHNICAL SUPPORT TO THE NEGOTIATORS.
-BECAUSE THE ISSUE OF SUBGROUPS AND THEIR TERMS OF
REFERENCE IS QUITE SUBSTANTIVE, WE DO NOT BELIEVE THIS IS
HOWEVER, FOR REASONS OF ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY, WE
AN APPROPRIATE MATTER FOR DISCUSSION AT THE SEPTEMBER
CONTINUE TO SUPPORT USING A SINGLE EXPANDED SECRETARIAT TO
MEETING.
STAFF BOTH THE NEGOTIATIONS AND THE CONTINUING WORK OF THE
IPCC.
DATE AND DURATION OF SESSIONS
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO BUILD ON AND EXPAND THE IPCC
SECRETARIAT FOR THE NEGOTIATIONS, THEN WE BELIEVE IT IS
ESSENTIAL THAT THE NEW NEGOTIATIONS SECRETARIAT BE STAFFED
-WE BELIEVE THAT, GIVEN THE SENIOR LEVEL REPRESENTATION
AND ORGANIZED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO ENSURE CLOSE
EXPECTED AT THE INITIAL SESSION AND THE NEED TO TASK
COORDINATION WITH THE IPCC SECRETARIAT. FOR THIS REASON
PARTICIPANTS WITH FUTURE WORK. A FOUR OR FIVE DAY SESSION
WE BELIEVE THE NEGOTIATIONS SECRETARIAT SHOULD 8E LOCATED
WOULD BE SUPPICIENT. DUE TO OTHER INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS
X GENEVA, PREFERABLY AT WMO. (WE WOULD NOT LIKE 10 SEE A
SCHEDULED IN LATE JANUARY, WE BELIEVE THE WEEK OF FEBRUARY
REPETITION OF WHAT WE HAVE OBSERVED IN THE SWCC PROCESS.
& WOULD BE THE EARLIEST WE SHOULD COMMENCE NEGOTIATIONS.
DESPITE ITS PHYSICAL PROXIMITY, THE SWCC SECRETARIAT HAS
COORDINATED ONLY IN A CURSORY FASHION WITH THE 1PCC
THINK THAT THE NUMBER AND LOCATION OF SUBSEQUENT
MEETINGS SHOULD BE DISCUSSED AT THE SEPTEMBER MEETING AND
SECRETARIAT.)
THAT OPTIONS SHOULD BE PLACED BEFORE NEGOTIATORS AT THE
-SOMF PROPOSALS FOR THE NEGOTIATIONS SECRETARIAT STRIKE
FIRST NEGOTIATING SESSION IN FEBRUARY. WE BELIEVE IT 1S
US AS UNREALISTIC. THEY SEEM TO SUGGEST THAT THE J08 OF
DIFFICULT TO STIPULATE AT THIS TIME HOW MANY TWO-WEEK
FACILITATING TIMELY COMMUNICATION CAN BE DONE WITH FEWER
NEGOTIATING SESSIONS WILL BE REQUIRED TO REACH ACCORD ON
PEOPLE THAN WE HAVE HAD TO STAFF THE IPCC. AT THE SAME
THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION. HOWEVER, WE BELIEVE IT IS VERY
TIME, THEY SEEM TO SUGGEST THAT THESE PEOPLE WOULD ALSO
IMPORTANT THAT THESE SESSIONS BE TIMED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO
INVOLVE THEMSELVES IN THE SUBSTANCE OF THE NEGOTIATIONS BY
ENSURE ADEQUATE NOTICATION AND TRANSMITTAL OF
DRAFTING DOCUMENTS. WE 00 NOT BELIEVE SUCH AN ARRANGEMENT
DOCUMENTATION. WE SHOULD SEEK TO MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF
MEETINGS REQUIRED.
WOULD BE WORKABLE.
FYI ONLY: SEE REFS A AND B FOR BACKGROUND ON THIS POINT
THE US WOULD FAVOR HOLDING AS MANY NEGOTIATING SESSIONS
AS POSSIBLE IN GENEVAL GIVEN ITS FACILITIES AND CENTRAL
AND THE FOLLOWING ONE.
LOCATION, BUT WE WOULD BE WILLING TO CONSIDER OTHER
UNCLASSIFIED
OUTGOING
UNCLASSIFIED
TELEGRAM
Department of State
PAGE B3 OF 83 STATE 305056
6656
POSSIBILITIES.
END DEMARCHE
4. FOR POSTS INFORMATION THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS HEADED
HOST COUNTRY DELEGATIONS TO THE RECENT IPCC PLENARY IN
PHOTOCOPY
SUNDSVALL:
PRESERVATION
ARGENTINA-ANA MARIA BIANCH) (MFA)
BRAZIL-VERA PEDROSA (UNESCO PERMREPI/FERNANDO COIMBRA (MFA)
CHINA-ZOU JINGMENG (METEOROLOGICAL (MET) ADMINISTRATION)
U
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC-RAFAEL VELOZ (AGRICULTURE)
EGYPT-DR. IBRAIM ARMED AMIN
ETHIOPIA-TAMIRE HAWANDO (MET SERVICE)
INDIA-DEEPA WADHA IUN MISSION GENEVA)
INDONESIA-ACA SUGANDHY (MIN POP AND ENV)
KENYA-JOSEPH NJINIA (MET DEPT)
KOREA-YOUNG-MYUNG CHOI (KAERI)
MALAYSIA - KOK KEE CHOW (MET SERVICE)
MAURITIUS-RANJIRA! R. VAGHJEE (MET SERVICE)
MEXICO-SERGIO REYES-LUJON (ENV) /VICTOR LICHTINGER (MFA)
NEPAL-SHARAD P. ADHIKARY (DEPT OF HYDROLOGY AND MET)
NIGERIA - JOSEPH A. ADEJOKUN (MET SERVICE)
POLAND-MACIEJ SAVOUSKI (INST OF MET AND WATER)
SAUDIA ARABIA-DR. ABDULBAR AL-GAIN
SEMEGAL-MANSOUR SECK
4
1
THAILAND-SUPHAVIT PIAMPHONGSANT (NAT ENV BOARD)
TRINIDAD-CERIL BERRIDGE (CARIB MET ORG)
URUGUAY-M. IGNACIO CAPANDEQUY (MFA)
VENEZUELA-MARTHA PERDOMO (ENV)
YUGOSLAVIA-GORDANA SOKOL LEMB STOCKHOLM) EAGLEBURGER
UNCLASSIFIED
OUTGOING
PHOTOCOPY
UNCLASSIFIED
TELEGRAM
PRESERVATION
Department of State
PAGE 01 OF 02 STATE 388491
6648
STATE 308491
6648
ORIGIN DES-09
1. OPENING REMARKS BY SECRETARY-GENERAL OF WMO AND EXECUTIVE
DIRECTOR of UNEP
INFO
LOG-00
ADS-B0
AID-00
INR-05
EUR-00
SS-00
01C-02
AF-02
CIAE-00
EB-00
DINT-05
DODE-88
H-01
10-19
2. ELECTION OF BUREAU FOR THE PREPARATORY MEETING OF THE WORKING
NEA-00
NSCE-00
NSF-02
ARA-00
NSAE-00
COME-00
L-03
GROUP
PM-00 EAP-00 EPA-04 INRE-00 ACDA-13 USIE-00 SP-00
DOEE-00
CEQ-01
PRS-01
E-01
T-01
/877 R
CHAIRMAN
7361
RAPPORTEUR
DRAFTED BY: DES/EGC: SSKINNEY
APPROVED BY: DES/EGC: DREIFSNYDER
3. PROCESS OF NEGOTIATING THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION
053522 1219.09Z /44
0 121982Z SEP 98
4. ELEMENTS FOR INCLUSION IN THE CONVENTION AND ITS ASSOCIATED
FM SECSTATE WASHDC
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
TO AMEMBASSY ADDIS ABABA IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY ALGIERS IMMEDIATE
5. PROPOSALS FOR COMPOSITION OF THE BUREAU DURING NEGOTIATIONS
AMEMBASSY BEIJING IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY BONN IMMEDIATE
6. ADOPTION OF THE REPORT
AMEMBASSY BRASILIA IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY CAIRO IMMEDIATE
7. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION
AMEMBASSY CANBERRA IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY CARACAS IMMEDIATE
NOTE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF WMO AND THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
AMEMBASSY DAKAR IMMEDIATE
OF UNEP FOR THE AD HOC GROUP OF GOVERNMENT-NOMINATED LEGAL AND
USMISSION GENEVA IMMEDIATE
TECHNICAL EXPERTS FOR PREPARING FOR NEGOTIATIONS OF A FRAMEWORK
AMEMBASSY JAKARTA IMMEDIATE
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE,
AMEMBASSY LAGOS IMMEDIATE
GENEVA, 24-26 SEPTEMBER 1999
AMEMBASSY LONDON IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY MEXICO IMMEDIATE
INTRODUCTION
AMEMBASSY MOSCOW IMMEDIATE
AMENBASSY NAIROBI IMMEDIATE
THIS MEETING IS CALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FOLLOWING
AMEMBASSY NEW DELHI IMMEDIATE
RESOLUTION AND DECISION. (THE TEXTS ARE GIVEN IN ATTACHMENT 11.
AMEMBASSY OSLO IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY OTTAWA IMMEDIATE
RESOLUTION 4.1/1 (EC-XLII) ENTITLED "FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
AMEMBASSY PARIS IMMEDIATE
CLIMATE CHANGE" BY THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF WMO:
AMEMBASSY PORT LOUIS IMMEDIATE
AMEMBASSY SEOUL IMMEDIATE
DECISION ADOPTED ON 3 AUGUST 1990 BY THE SECOND SPECIAL SESSION
AMEMBASSY THE HAGUE IMMEDIATE
OF THE GOVERNING COUNCIL OF UNEP.
AMEMBASSY TOKYO IMMEDIATE
USMISSION USUN NEW YORK IMMEDIATE
DURING THE PAST THREE YEARS THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL MEETINGS
AMEMBASSY WARSAW IMMEDIATE
DEALING WITH THIS SUBJECT PROPOSING SPECIFIC ACTIONS. EXAAMPLES
ARE THE MEETING IN TORONTO (JUNE 1988), CANADA (FEBRUARY 1989),
UNCLAS STATE 308491
(DECEMBER 1989), AND, OF COURSE, ALL MEETINGS HELD IN THE
FRAMEWORK OF IPCC.
FOR ECON/SCI COUNSELORS
ORGANIZATIONAL MATTERS
E.O. 12356: N/A
TAGS: SENV KSCA
THE MEETING MAY WISH TO CONSIDER WAYS IN WHICH NEGOTIATIONS
SUBJECT: AUGUST 24 WMO/UNEP "NOTE" ON PREPARING FOR NEGOTIATIONS
TOWARDS A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION AND ASSOCIATED LEGAL INSTRUMENTS,
IF ANY, MAY PROCEED. IT HAS ALSO TO SET A TIMETABLE FOR THE
REF: A. STATE 299268 B.STATE 302653 C. STATE 302565
NEGOTIATION.
1. DEPARTMENT is PROVIDING BELOW FOR YOUR INFORMATION KEY
ONE OF THE OPTIONS WOULD BE FOR THE NEGOTIATIONS TO BE CARRIED
PORTIONS OF THE AUGUST 24 WMO/UNEP LETTER AND NOTE ON PREPARING
OUT IN AN AD HOC WORKING GROUP OF LEGAL AND TECHNICAL EXPERTS.
FOR NEGOTIATIONS ON A FRAMEWORK CLIMATE CONVENTION, WHICH WAS
THERE MAY BE ONE OR MORE SUBGROUPS WHICH WOULD REPORT TO THE
REFERENCED IN REFTELS. SUSBSTANCE OF COVER LETTER, WHICH IS NOT
WORKING GROUP. THE WORKING GROUP WOULD WORK ON THE GENERAL
PROVIDED BELOW, IS TO REMIND WMO/UNEP MEMBERS OF AN EARLIER
PRINCIPLES TO BE INCLUDED IN A FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
INVITATION TO ATTEND THE SEPTEMBER 24 MEETING IN GENEVA TO
CHANGE WHILE THE SUBGROUPS COULD WORK ON SUCH ELEMENTS AS:
PREPARE FOR CLIMATE CONVENTION NEGOTIATIONS. IF IN DELIVERING
RECENTLY REQUESTED DEMARCHES ON PREPARING FOR NEGOTIATIONS, HOST
RESEARCH, MONITORING, ASSESSMENT AND INFORMATION EXCHANGE
GOVERNMENTS INDICATE THAT THEY HAVE NOT RECEIVED COPIES OF THIS
DOCUMENT FROM WMO AND/OR UNEP, THEY SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO
GREENHOUSE GASES LIMITATION MEASURES INCLUDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY
OBTAIN IT. FYI: ATTACHMENTS REFERENCED BELOW ARE NOT PROVIDED IN
THIS CABLE.
- IMPROVED FOREST MANAGEMENT, AND
BEGIN QUOTE
THE SPECIAL NEEDS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
PROVISIONAL AGENDA FOR OPEN-ENDED WORKING GROUP MEETING OF
IT IS PROPOSED THAT THE WORKING GROUP AND THE SUBGROUPS SHOULD
GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES TO PREPARE FOR NEGOTIATIONS ON A
MEET AT THREE MONTHLY INTERVALS FOR PERIODS OF TWO WEEKS WHICH
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE:
WOULD ALLOW FOR FOUR OR FIVE SESSIONS BEFORE UNCED 1892. THE TWQ
WEEKS MEETINGS WOULD BE ORGANIZED IN THE FOLLOWING WAY:
OUTGOING
PHOTOCOPY
UNCLASSIFIED
TELEGRAM
PRESERVATION
Department of State
PAGE 02 OF ' 02 STATE 308491
6648
FIRST WEEK. FIVE WORKING GROUPS OF SIMULTANEOUS MEETINGS OF TWO
OR MORE SUBGROUPS.
SECOND WEEK. FIVE DAYS OF SIMULTANEOUS MEETINGS OF THE WORKING
GROUP AND ,TWO OR MORE SUBGROUPS. THE WORKING GROUP WOULD THEN
MEET FOR ONE MORE DAY (SATURDAY). THIS WOULD ALLOW THE WORKING
GROUP TO SPEND FOUR WORKING DAYS IN THE SECOND WEEK ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND TWO DAYS ON THE
CONSIDERATION OF THE REPORTS FROM THE SUBGROUPS.
5
THE SECRETARIATS OF WMO AND UNEP WILL WORK IN FULL COOPERATION
WITH FAD AND TUCH ON THE ISSUE OF FORESTRY.
TO ENSURE APPROPRIATE REPRESENTATION OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
IN THE NEGOTIATING PROCESS IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO ENSURE
ADEQUATE FUNDING OF EACH OF THE THREE MONTHLY MEETINGS, AS WELL
AS OF ANY SMALLER SUPPORTING MEETINGS.
ALL RELEVANT UN ORGANIZATIONS WILL BE INVITED TO ATTEND THE
MEETING AS OBSERVERS. NGOS AND INDUSTRY WHO REQUEST
PARTICIPATION WILL BE INVITED AS OBSERVERS.
THE PROPOSED SCHEDULE WOULD NOT APPLY TO THE FIRST NEGOTIATING
SESSION IN WASHINGTON, D.C.
IN THE WASHINGTON MEETING THE WORKING GROUP WOULD MEET FOR THE
FIRST DAY TO ESTABLISH ITS WORK PROGRAMME AND THE SUBGROUPS.
THEN IT CONTINUES CONCURRENTLY WITH THE MEETING OF THE
SUPGROUPS. THE LAST TWO DAYS OF THE SESSION WOULD BE DEVOTED TO
A MEETING OF THE WORKING GROUP TO RECEIVE REPORTS OF THE
SUBGROUPS AND ADOPT ITS DWN REPORT.
SUBJECTS FOR DISCUSSION
IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THIS PREPARATORY MEETING FOR THE
NEGOTIATIONS SHOULD ADDRESS A SERIES OF QUESTIONS. THIS WOULD
ALLOW THE SECRETARIATS OF WMO AND UNEP TO ELABORATE ELEMENTS OF A
DRAFT LEGAL INSTRUMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE TO BE CONSIDERED BY THE
FIRST NEGOTIATING MEETING IN WASHINGTON EARLY NEXT YEAR. THESE
QUESTIONS MIGHT INCLUDE THOSE LISTED IN ATTACHMENT 11.
EACH SUBGROUP MAY ALSO NEED TO CONSIDER RELEVANT SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL SUPPORT REQUIRED TO ENSURE IMPLEMENTATION OF EACH
ELEMENT UNDER ITS CONSIDERATION. IF THESE SPECIFIC ELEMENTS WERE
SUBSEQUENTLY TO BE DEALT WITH IN THE FORM OF SEPARATE PROTOCOLS,
THEN THE APPROPRIATE SUPPORT MIGHT FORM AN ANNEX TO EACH
PROTOCOL. SUCH SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT MAY BE DRAWN
FROM IPCC.
SOME ELEMENTS ARE COMMON FOR ANY LEGAL INSTRUMENT BE IT THE
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION OR AN ASSOCIATED PROTOCOL. THEY MIGHT
INCLUDE:
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT (CONTRACTING PARTIES MEETING,
SECRETARIAT, SUBSIDIARY BODIES);
NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES, SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES;
CONSULTATIVE MECHANISMS:
REPORTING OF DATA:
ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING;
EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS;
TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER.
EAGLEBURGER
UNCLASSIFIED
# 7
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PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
John C. Rodda D.Sc.
Director Hydrology & Water Resources Department
World Meteorological Organization
Case Postale No. 5.
CH-1211 Geneva 20. Switzerland
Tel: 022-34-64-00 Switchboard
34-82-45 Direct Line
Telex: 23260-OMM-CH
head of
DIIASA
PROF. DR. ZDZISLAW KACZMAREK
Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Leader, Water Resources Project
hydrology
International Institute
for Applied Systems Analysis
working
A-2361 Laxenburg/Austria
Tel. 10 2236) 71521*439
Telex 079137 llass a, Telefax: 10 2236) 71313
group @ SWCC
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. memo
re: Second World Climate Conference [Personally Identifiable
10/12/1990
b(6)
Information] [partial] (1 page)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Council on Environmental Quality
Kathleen (Katie) McGinty
OA/Box Number: 2897
FOLDER TITLE:
2nd World Climate Conference [1]
2017-1092-F
jm1858
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors |a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy |(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions |(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells |(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
SENT BY:
:10-12-90 ; 10:54 :
2023283729-
22405801#12
London
6555
Amstrider
(b)(6)
[001]
- Germany -
Posted: Sun, Sep 30, 1990 3:03 AM EDT
Msg: MGJA-4414-7711
From:
I.MINTZER.SEI
To:
whats.new (receipt)
CC:
i.mintzer.sei
Subj:
Second World climate Conference
science
PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
Hi Bob Parki
Keep up the good work|
I have a quick question for you: Do you know anything
about a deal going down between the US govt or US National
Academy of Engineering and the World Meteorological Org
to sever the reporting of scientific results presented at
ema ministers
the Second World Climate Conference and the results of the
1
state dept.
Task Working Groups at the Scientific Meeting of the
Second World Climate Conference from the Ministerial Meeting
of the Second World Climate Conference? I have heard a
nasty rumor to that effect in Europe. Say it ain't so,
U.S sponsor
Pleassssse!
Thanks for your help on this.
ingeneva Switzerland
IPKC
Oct 29 -
Regards.
telemine 2
Irving Mintzer
Action?
[IMINTZER. SEI]
MAIL/
USA
ipacts
Rafe Pomeran Z
/OMNET]_ MAILY USA
esponse
w
[I MINTZER SEI/OMNET]
,tainly
MAIL/USA
Isally Tsotablety Ballywous
1436
USTNW
- - the Global Greepeace warming - Report
[Jeremygett
dir. of suem in JK office in Lodon
$'10.95
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10:15am
DRAFT
the saga continues
SEN. GORE ACCUSSES U.S. OF SABATOGING GLOBAL CLIMATE NEGOTIATIONS.
In a hearing on Coral bleaching yesterday Sen. Al Gore of Tennessee
grilled John Knauss of NOAA, who will represent the US at the
upcoming 2nd World Climate Conference at the end of this month.
Prior to the preliminary ministerial drafting meeting (see last
week) the U.S. [State department] prepared 160 amendments to what
was to have been a two page ministerial statement.
said Gore of this "that seems to create tremendous difficulty
for the sucess of the ministerial
Knaus said
I have just been recently informed that I was to
head the U.S. delegation and I concur (with the above)"
A 4 page summary of the resulting 30 page document was then sent
to the White House which made 19 pages of comments.
Knauss said it was "not time to get into the details of timetables
or limits for CO2 stabilization"
Gore wanted to know when it was time.
"This meeting has been two years in the You said wait till the IPCC
report was complete. (the scientific portion was first presented
last May)
# that was the excuse for not agreeing to do anything" now its
complete
said Gore
" What are we waiting for before we agree to do something
specific."
"It seems to me that Mr. Sununu is handling the climate
negotiations the same way he handled the budget negotiations."
PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
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PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
Mr. Gore compared the draft of the ministerial statement proposed
(by the SWCC Secretariat) with some suggested US changes:
BEFORE: Policy Targets for Urgent Action
AFTER: Policy Considerations
BEFORE: (PP 19) we agree that the ultimate global objective should
be to stabilize and reduce green house gas concentrations.
AFTER: delete this section
Before: (PP20) we stress as a first step the need to stabilize,
while ensuring development of the world economy, emissions of
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
AFTER: we recognize that the most effective response stategies
especially in the short term, are those which are economically
efficent and cost effective, able to serve multiple social,
economic and environmental purposess, justified for reasons other
than climate change administratively practical and effective
Before (article 21) we agree that that stablization of CO2
emmisions should be achieved, jointly, by industrialized countries
by the year 2000 and set at the lowest possible emmission levels
AFTER: we recommend that limitation and adaption stategies be
considered as an integrated package that completement each other
to minimize net cost"
GORE
The pattern is real clea
weaken and dilite every proposal to actually do something.
He wondered why Knauss, a deputy administrator at NOAA, not Mr.
Bill Rielly, head of EPA will be representing the US.
A top EPA administrator, commented after the hearing, that no one
in EPA, was eager to have Rielly undergo such a grilling. Rielly,
(a friend of Allan Bromley) like most scientists working on the
problem, has personal views quite different from those of the
administration.
Indeed, Gore alluded to this in his questioning
Apparently a NOAA lawyer, J.R. Spradley,
played the lead role ("he was the one who talked")
in the U.S. delegation to the drafting meeting. Our Oliver North
of Global Warming cause88888d an uproar in the meeting when he
reassured the environment minister from low lying Bangaladesh
"before you had cows, now you'll have fish."
This seems to support the comment from international WMO officials
(who were at the AGU reception last week) that the US government
is not taking the global warming threat very seriously.
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PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
Said Gore (we implied this last week)
If the scientific portion were not attached to the ministerial it
would make it easier to dilute the ministerial statement
less at action and more
In other news U.S. is rumored to have made a deal with Sec. Gen.
Bossey of the WMO that if they maintained a strictly scientific
posture (--no policy, no limits) that their U.S. funding (their main
source) would be assured.
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PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
WHAT'S NEW, Friday, 5 October 1990
Washington, DC
1. U.S. SIDES WITH DEVELOPING NATIONS ON GLOBAL CLIMATE POLICY.
Last week in Geneva, at an organizational meeting to prepare for
upcoming Second World Climate Conference, the US led an effort to
keep the scientific statement that will come out of the Confer-
ence from being annexed to the Ministerial Declaration. The SWCC
was originally planned as a scientific conference, but it was
decided that a Ministerial portion should be included. Now it
seems that the US, together with such nations as Brazil and Saudi
Arabia, want to leave off the scientific portion, arguing that it
would be "confusing." Moreover, a State Department telegram backs
the developing countries in opposing consideration of forestry
issues. A spokesperson insisted that the State Department has no
idea what conclusions might come from the scientific sessions,
but the main item on the agenda is a report of the International
Panel on Climate Change. That oft-cited report unequivocally
concludes that "There is a natural greenhouse effect that already
keeps Earth warmer than it would otherwise be. Human activities
are substantially increasing atmospheric concentrations of green-
house gases." The US steadfastly maintains its "Sununu stance,"
that any action should await more research (WN 20 Apr 90).
2. EXPORT CONTROLS CONTINUE TO THREATEN SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION.
The Export Administration Act, which has been used to deny Soviet
bloc nations access to Western advances in technology since 1979,
is due to expire this month. The law bans the export of technol-
ogies that appear on a control list and applies to scientific and
technical information as well as goods. Now that the Soviet bloc
has disintegrated, Congress is preparing to lift the ban on many
items, such as advanced personal computers. The Optical Society
has raised a new concern: a federal court ruled in 1988 that
criminal penalties could be imposed under the export laws without
proving that the technology exported is covered by the control
list. The Optical Society argues that the decision puts American
scientists at risk whenever they make a scientific presentation--
unless they first obtain an export license. The Optical Society
stated its position in an amicus brief filed with the US Supreme
Court, but the high court declined to reconsider the lower court
decision. The Optical Society is now urging Congress to correct
the situation in the reauthorized Export Administration Act.
3. CANDIDATES SOUGHT FOR APS CONGRESSIONAL SCIENTIST FELLOWSHIPS.
The program offers qualified physicists an opportunity to spend a
year in Washington working in a congressional office. In the 17
years of the program, about half of the APS Congressional Scien-
tist Fellows have elected to remain in Washington, where they
continue to have an important influence on science policy issues.
Fellows will receive a maximum stipend of $40,000, plus allowance
for relocation and travel, for the fellowship year beginning 1
Sept 91. The deadline for completed applications is 15 Feb 91.
Anyone interested should contact Dr. Mary Shoaf at 212-682-7341.
Robert L. Park (202) 232-0189
The American Physical Society
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wn 1
10/5/90
MEETING OF GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES TO
PM/D.Decl./REPORT/1
DRAFT MINISTERIAL DECLARATION FOR THE
29 September 1990
SECOND WORLD CLIMATE CONFERENCE
Canava, 27-29 September 1990
PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
1.
Introductory Remarks
The meeting of government representatives to prepare a draft
Ministerial Declaration for consideration at the Ministerial portion of the
Second World Climate Conference (Geneve, 29 October to 7 November 1990) was
held 27-29 September 1990 at the International Conference Centre, Generva,
Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary-General of the World Nateorological
Organization (WMO), welcomed the delegates on behalf of WMO to this important
"open-ended" meeting of government representatives. He noted the structure of
the Second World Climate Conference (SWOC) with its two major components, (1)
a scientific and technical conference, and (2) a Ministerial meetins. He
indicated that the purpose of this meeting is to prepare a draft Ministerial
Declaration. Prof. Obasi informed the meeting of the extensive consultations
undertaken, to prepare an initial declaration which was sent to foreign
ministries of all countries in July 1990. The informal meeting of some 20
representatives from developed and developing countries in May 1990 was of
great value in this connection. Be advised that the intention was that a
second draft would be provided to all countries for their further
consideration as a result of this meeting. A further meeting would be held
before the Ministerial part of the SWOC to consider any remaining differences
of view. He stressed the importance attached to this declaration as an input
to the negotiation of a Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Dr. M.K. Tolba, the Executive Director of UNEP in his openins remarks
noted the quickening pace of events relating to climate change drawing
attention to the two recent important events, namely:
(1)
the release of the First Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPOC) and
(ii) the immediately preceding Intergovernmental Group of Legal and
Technical Experts preparing for the negotiations on a global
framework convention on climate change.
(ID: REPORT) (Wans J172-12h20. 29.9.90)
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PM/D.Dacl./REPORT/1. p. 2
He emphasized that the epicentre of negotiations will have to
encompass greanhouse gas emissions. energy efficiency. afforestation. research
and monitoring and the special situation of developing countries. He said
that the Ministerial Declaration must infuse an urgency into the negotiations
on a Framework Convention and take the past agreements a step forward.
Success in negotiations. Dr. Tolba pointed out, will depend on the
fibre and flexibility of global partnership - on international resolve to
guarantee access of the global south to new technologies and additional
financial resources.
2.
Officers of the Meeting and Organization of the Work
In introducing the question of organization of the work of the session
Dr. Tolba advised that he and Prof. Obasi recommended to the meeting that the
President of WMO, Mr. Zou Jingmeng, and the President of the Coverning Council
of UNEP. Ambassador I. Topkov, be asked to co-chair the mesting. alternating
as chairs of sessions. In addition to the involvement of Dr. Tolba and
Prof. Cbasi, they would be supported by the SWOC Co-ordinator. Mr. Ferguson
and Mr. Clerc. Dr. Tolba noted that the key documents. available were the
Draft Ministerial Declaration dated 13 July 1990, which is available in all
working languages. All comments on this draft received from governments as of
27 September 1990 are provided in PM/D.Decl./1 of 20 September 1990 and its
Add. 1. These comments were characterized by Dr. Tolba as dealing with
(a) paragraph by paragraph comments, (b) the structure of the declaration and
(c) the size of the document, with most believing that a Ministerial document
should be short and brisk.
Mr. Zou Jingmens in accepting the chair initially. said that the
declaration that will be developed by the meeting can be a milestone in human
history.
In considering the adoption of the agenda it was agreed that in the
provisional agenda, item 3 be amended and agenda item 4 be medified to read
"Preparation of the Draft Ministerial Declaration", with the sub-heading
deleted. The revised agenda was approved and is attached as Annex 1. Several
delegates expressed the need for a Drafting Group. A decision on establishing
such a group WEMB deferred.
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PM/D.Decl./REPORT/1. p. 3
3.
Background
Mr. H.L. Ferguson, the Co-ordinator of the Second world Climate
Conference (SWCC) briefly recalled the history of the development of the SWOC.
It was originally conceived by WMO's Executive Council in 1986 as a Scientific
Conference. The sponsoring agencies subsequently decided that a Ministerial
portion should be included. The scientific and technical portion will produce
a Conference Statement at the and of its deliberations on 3 November 1990. AS
a supplement to the Co-ordinator's comments, Mr. Alain Clerc detailed the
background and the evolution of the 13 July 1990 draft Ministerial
Declaration. He pointed out that the text represented a synthesis of comments
previously received from many countries, the informal meeting in May, and
consultations with officials of government during some international
us
Brazil.
conferences.
saudi
There was a general discussion on procedure. Some delegations made
Arabia
reference to the possible risks in confusing the results of the
scientifie/technical sessions and the Ministerial Declaration and noted that
any such confusion must be avoided. It was agreed that the scientific
statement should not be annexed to the Ministerial Declaration since
governments were not officially represented at the scientific portion of the
conference.
One proposal was made to the effect that there should be 3 short
statements of a general nature prepared as part of the Scientific Conference
Statement, designed for possible acceptance by Ministers, which should address:
(1)
climate change and its impact (based on IPOC WG I Report):
(2)
use of climatic information (data and analysis) in assisting
social and economic development:
and
(3)
priority areas for further scientific work.
4.
Preparation of the Draft Declaration
Many delegations suggested that a draft proposal by Norway be the
basis for discussions since it was short and succinct. However, &
representative of the developing countries pointed out that considering that
the Norwegian paper was only distributed that day, it should be considered
alongside the draft from the Secretarist. This was agreed. Discussion than
started section by section. Following discussion of the preambular
paragraphs, it was agreed to have an open-ended Drafting Group prepare &
revised text. Mexico and Norway agreed to co-chair the Drafting Group, to
work simultaneously with the plenary consideration of other paragraphs.
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PM/D.Decl./REPORT/L. P. 4
PRESERVATION
Subsequently, other sections were referred by the plenary to the
Drafting Group, to assist with the work as a sub-group of plenary.
As a result of extensive discussions a revised draft Declaration was
prepared, with some bracketed text and some alternative formulations. This
compilation is annexed to this report.
It was agreed that the Secretariat would further edit the text with no
substantive changes and would distribute this in all official languages as
rapidly as possible.
3.
Date and Place of Next Meeting
It was also agreed that a further consultation on the Ministerial
Declaration will be required before the Ministerial part of the SWOC. It was
agreed that such a meeting be convened in Geneva in above of secom 1990.
3-4
with a view to having as close as possible to an agreed text in official
hole
languages by Monday morning, 5 November 1990 for consideration by Ministers. dar,
-2oat
6.
Closure of the Session
Topkov
Aoha assumes discussion
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others oppose
ICSU
300
UNEP
NESCO
SECOND
WORLD CLIMATE CONFERENCE
GENEVA - 29 OCTOBER - 7 NOVEMBER 1990
REPORT OF THE MEETING OF GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES TO
DRAFT MINISTERIAL DECLARATION FOR THE SECOND WORLD
CLIMATE CONFERENCE
Geneva. 27-29 September 1990
SWCC Co-ordinator's Office
c/o World Meteorological Organization
P.O. Box No. 2300
CH 1211 Geneva 2. Switzerland
Telephone + -1 22 730 84 01
Fax + 41 22 740 14 39
Telex 23260 OMM CH
- 2 -
1.
Introductory Remarks
The meeting of government representatives to prepare a draft
Ministerial Declaration for consideration at the Ministerial portion of the
Second World Climate Conference (Geneva, 29 October to 7 November 1990) was
held 27-29 September 1990 at the International Conference Centre, Geneva.
Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary-General of the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO), welcomed the delegates on behalf of WMO to this important
"open-ended" meeting of government representatives. He noted the structure of
the Second World Climate Conference (SWOC) with its two major components, (1)
a scientific and technical conference, and (2) a Ministerial meeting. He
indicated that the purpose of this meeting is to prepare a draft Ministerial
Declaration. Prof. Obasi informed the meeting of the extensive consultations
undertaken, to prepare an initial declaration which was sent to foreign
ministries of all countries in July 1990. The informal meeting of some 20
representatives from developed and developing countries in May 1990 was of
great value in this connection. He advised that the intention was that a
second draft would be provided to all countries for their further
consideration as a result of this meeting. A further meeting would be held
before the Ministerial part of the SWOC to consider any remaining differences
of view. He stressed the importance attached to this declaration as an input
to the negotiation of a Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Dr. M.K. Tolba. the Executive Director of UNEP in his opening remarks
noted the quickening pace of events relating to climate change drawing
attention to the two recent important events, namely:
(i)
the release of the First Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and
(ii) the immediately preceding Intergovernmental Group of Legal and
Technical Experts preparing for the negotiations on a global
framework convention on climate change.
- 3 -
He emphasized that the epicentre of negotiations will have to
encompass greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency, afforestation, research
and monitoring and the special situation of developing countries. He said
that the Ministerial Declaration must infuse an urgency into the negotiations
on a Framework Convention and take the past agreements a step forward.
Success in negotiations, Dr. Tolba pointed out, will depend on the
fibre and flexibility of global partnership - on international resolve to
guarantee access of the global south to new technologies and additional
financial resources.
2.
Officers of the Meeting and Organization of the Work
In introducing the question of organization of the work of the session
Dr. Tolba advised that he and Prof. Obasi recommended to the meeting that the
President of WMO, Mr. Zou Jingmeng, and the President of the Governing Council
of UNEP, Ambassador I. Topkov, be asked to co-chair the meeting, alternating
as chairs of sessions. In addition to the involvement of Dr. Tolba and
Prof. Obasi, they would be supported by the SWOC Co-ordinator, Mr. Ferguson
and Mr. Clerc. Dr. Tolba noted that the key documents available were the
Draft Ministerial Declaration dated 13 July 1990, which is available in all
working languages. All comments on this draft received from governments and
N.G.O.'s as of 27 September 1990 are provided in PM/D.Decl./1 of 20 September
1990 and its Add. 1. These comments were characterized by Dr. Tolba as
dealing with (a) paragraph by paragraph comments, (b) the structure of the
declaration and (c) the size of the document, with most believing that a
Ministerial document should be short and brisk.
Mr. Zou Jingmeng in accepting the chair initially, said that the
declaration that will be developed by the meeting can be a milestone in human
history.
In considering the adoption of the agenda it was agreed that in the
provisional agenda, item 3 be amended and agenda item 4 be modified to read
"Preparation of the Draft Ministerial Declaration", with the sub-heading
deleted. The revised agenda was approved and is attached as Annex 1. Several
delegates expressed the need for a Drafting Group. A decision on establishing
such a group was deferred.
- 4 -
3.
Background
Mr. H.L. Ferguson, the Co-ordinator of the Second World Climate
Conference (SWOC) briefly recalled the history of the development of the SWOC.
It was originally conceived by WMO's Executive Council in 1986 as a Scientific
Conference. The sponsoring agencies subsequently decided that a Minimerial
portion should be included. The scientific and technical portion wi.. produce
a Conference Statement at the end of its deliberations on 3 November 1990. As
a supplement to the Co-ordinator's comments, Mr. Alain Clerc detailed the
background and the evolution of the 13 July 1990 draft Ministerial
Declaration. He pointed out that the text represented a synthesis of comments
previously received from many countries, the informal meeting in May, and
consultations with officials of government during some international
conferences.
There was a general discussion on procedure. Some delegations made
reference to the possible risks in confusing the results of the
scientific/technical sessions and the Ministerial Declaration and noted that
any such confusion must be avoided. It was agreed that the scientific
statement should not be annexed to the Ministerial Declaration since
governments were not officially represented at the scientific portion of the
conference.
One proposal was made to the effect that there should be 3 short
paragraphs of a general nature prepared as part of the Scientific Conference,
designed for consideration by Ministers, which should address:
(1)
climate change and its impact (based on IPCC WG I Report);
(2)
use of climatic information (data and analysis) in assisting
social and economic development;
and
(3)
priority areas for further scientific work.
4.
Preparation of the Draft Declaration
Many delegations suggested that a draft proposal by Norway be the
basis for discussions since it was short and succinct. However, a
representative of the developing countries pointed out that considering that
the Norwegian paper was only distributed that day, it should be considered
alongside the draft from the Secretariat. This was agreed. Discussion then
started section by section. Following discussion of the preambular
paragraphs, it was agreed to have an open-ended Drafting Group prepare a
revised text. Mexico and Norway agreed to co-chair the Drafting Group, to
work simultaneously with the plenary consideration of other paragraphs.
- 5 -
Subsequently, other sections were referred by the plenary to the
Drafting Group, to assist with the work as a sub-group of plenary.
As a result of extensive discussions a revised draft declaration
(Annex 2) was prepared with some bracketed text and some ilternative
formulations. It was stressed that many formulations, although not in
brackets, do not reflect a consensus for there was not sufficient discussion
in plenary on many important issues. Several delegations indicated their
grave concern about the fact that the draft declaration does not give
sufficient emphasis to the energy sector that is the single largest
anthropogenic source of radiative forcing. Those delegations considered that
the Ministerial Declaration should emphasize the need for the adoption of a
World Protocol on the climate change aspects of energy production centred
around the concepts of specific targets for a phased increase of energy
efficiency. Others did not share this opinion.
It was agreed that the Secretariat would further edit the text with no
substantive changes and would distribute this in all official languages as
rapidly as possible.
The Brazilian delegation requested WMO and UNEP to circulate to all of
their Members, and to delegates at the two meetings on climate held in Geneva
the week cf 24 to 29 September 1990, a short statement correcting the
exaggeration of the rate of loss of tropical forests unfortunately contained
in the document circulated by FAO at the first of these meetings, that of the
Ad Hoc Working Group of Government Representatives to Prepare for Negotiations
on a Framework Convention on Climate Change.
5.
Date and Place of Next Meeting
It was also agreed that a further consultation on the Ministerial
Declaration will be required before the Ministerial part of the SWCC. It was
agreed that such a meeting be held in Geneva beginning with an informal
session at 4.00 p.m.on Friday, 2 November and continuing with formal sessions
for the full days of Saturday and Sunday, 3 and 4 November, under the
Chairmanship of Mr. Zou Jingmeng, President of WMO and Mr. I. Topkov,
President of the Governing Council of UNEP, with a view to having as close as
possible to an agreed text in official languages by Monday morning, 5 November
1990 for consideration by Ministers. An official notification of the next
meeting will be issued shortly.
6.
Closure of the Session
The session closed at 5.25 p.m. on Saturday, 29 September 1990.
Annexes: 1. Agenda
2.
Draft
Ministerial
ANNEX 1
AGENDA
1.
Introductory Remarks
- Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary-General, WMO
- Dr. M.K. Tolba, Executive Director, UNEP
2.
Officers of the Meeting and organization of the work
3.
Background
- Review of actions to date on Declaration
- Objective of this meeting
- Discussion of the structure of the Declaration
4.
Preparation of the Draft Ministerial Declaration
5.
Date and place of next Meeting
6.
Closing of the Meeting
ANNEX 2
1 October 1990
Rev.2
DRAFT MINISTERIAL DECLARATION
PREAMBLE
1.
We, the Ministers from countries [and the
Commissioner for the Environment of the European
Community] representing the world community met in
Geneva, Switzerland, from 6 to 7 November 1990 at the
Second World Climate Conference.
2.
We note that while climate has varied in the past and
there is still a large degree of scientific
uncertainty, the rate of climate change predicted by
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
to occur over the next century is unprecedented.
This is due mainly to the accumulation of greenhouse
gases, resulting from a host of human activities
since the industrial revolution, particularly in
industrialised countries. Such climate change could
pose an environmental threat of a magnitude hitherto
unknown, and could severely jeopardize the social and
economic development of some areas, and could in some
cases even threaten habitability.
3.
We appreciate the work of the World Climate Programme
(WCP) during the past decade which has improved
understanding of the causes, processes and effects of
climate and climate change. We also congratulate the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
established by the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) on its First Assessment Report on
the causes and [possible] effects of climate change.
It has identified strategies to limit and adapt to
climate change, and in the light of the United
Nations General Assembly resolutions, has identified
possible elements for inclusion in a framework
convention on climate change.
4.
Recognising climate change as a common concern of
mankind, we commit ourselves to take active and
constructive steps in a global response.
(Cont'd)
2
Proposal para. 2 line 9:
add [potential] after "such"
Proposal para. 2 to delete "and could
in some cases even threaten
habitability" and replace
by:
[Many believe that in some
cases it even threatens
survival, specially for
small islands, low-lying,
coastal, arid and semi-arid
countries.]
Proposal
para. 4 add at the end:
[without prejudice to
sovereignty of states.]
GLOBAL STRATEGY
5.
Recognizing that climate change is a global problem
of unique character, we consider that a global
response [which ensures the stable development of the
world economy] must be decided and implemented
without further delay based on the best available
knowledge such as that resulting from the IPCC
assessment. Recognizing further that the principles
of equity and the common but differentiated
responsibility of countries should be the basis of
any global response to climate change, industrialized
countries must take the lead and commit themselves to
immediate action and enter into and strengthen
cooperation with developing countries to enable them
to adequately address climate change without
hindering their national development goals and
objectives. Developing countries must, within the
limits feasible, commit themselves to appropriate
action in this regard. To this end, there is a need
to contribute [new and] additional, adequate
financial resources and transfer of technology on a
[preferential] [fair and equitable] basis.
Alternative
to the first sentence:
We recognize that climate
change is a global problem
of unique character, we also
recognize that there exists
many uncertainties in the
fields of science,
economics, plus the
effectiveness of response
options in limiting or
averting Potential climate
change.
Alternative
to the second sentence:
Recognizing further that the
principles of equity and the
common but differentiated
responsibility of countries
should be the basis of any
global response to climate
change, industrialized
countries must take the lead
and commit themselves to
immediate action by reducing
their major contribution to
the global net emissions
resulting from
environmentally
unsustainable patterns of
production and consumption
(Cont'd)
Suggestion
to be added as a new para.
"The consideration of
climate change response
strategies present
formidable difficulties for
policy makers because cf:
(A) remaining scientifi
uncertainties regarding
climate change; (B)
uncertain with respect to
how effective specific
response options or groups
of options would be in
actually limiting or
averting potential climate
change; and (C) uncertainty
with respect to the costs,
effects on economic growth,
and other economic and
social implications of
specific response options or
groups of options. There is
an urgent need for continual
national and international
effort to resolve these
uncertainties.
"
I.
ROLE OF SCIENCE IN IMPROVING OUR UNDERSTANDING, CAPACITY
OF PREDICTION AND OUR RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
6.
We reaffirm that, in order to reduce uncertainties,
to increase our ability to predict climate and
climate change on a global and regional basis,
including early identification of as yet unknown
climate-related issues, and to design sound response
strategies, there is a need to strengthen both
national and international, and if necessary regional
activities in science. We recognize that commitments
by governments are essential to sustain and
strengthen the necessary research and monitoring
programmes and the exchange of relevant data and
information, with due respect to national
sovereignity. We stress that special efforts must be
directed to key areas of uncertainty.
We maintain that there is a need to intensify
research on the social and economic implications of
climate change. We commit ourselves to promoting the
full participation of developing countries in these
efforts. We pledge our full support to the needs of
the World Climate Programme including contributions
to the WMO Special Fund for Climate and Atmospheric
Environmental Studies. The magnitude of the problem
being addressed is such that no nation can tackle it
alone and we stress the need to strengthen
international cooperation. In particular, we ask the
[World Climate Programme] [WMO] [and other
international organisations] to take the lead
internationally in coordinating climate and climate
change related scientific studies.
Proposal to add at the beginning of
the para.
We reaffirm the scientific
consensus that global
warming is taking place
owing to the greenhouse
effect; and that the
continued emission of
greenhouse gases,
[especially carbon dioxide,
is committing the earth to
significant future warming.
II. POLICY TARGETS FOR URGENT ACTION *
(Precautionary measures)
7.
In order to achieve sustainable development, (1) in
all countries and to meet the needs of present and
future generations, environmental measures must
anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of
environmental degradations. We must [may] [will] base
ourselves on the precautionary principle.
Environmental measures must anticipate, prevent and
attack the causes of environmental degradation.
Where there are threats of serious or irreversible
damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not
be used as a reason for postponing measures to
prevent environmental degradation [which are
justified in their own right]. The measures adopted
should take into account the different socio-economic
contexts.
*Alternative title:
[POLICY CONSIDERATIONS]
1) Definition of sustainable
development as agreed at the
15th session of UNEP
Governing Council (Annex II
UNEP/GC 15/L.37).
Proposal to delete two last sentences
and reference to
precautionary principle.
Proposal
"Where there are threats of
serious or irreversible
damage, measures to prevent
environmental degradation
should be taken on the basis
of full scientific
certainty."
8.
The potentially serious consequences of climate
change give sufficient reasons to begin by adopting
response strategies that can be justified (1)
immediately [for other reasons] even in the face of
significant uncertainties: [including] [phasing out
of [production] and use of CFC emissions], efficiency
improvements and conservation in energy supply and
use, sustainable forest management, afforestation
schemes, proper land use planning, use of cleaner and
more efficient energy sources, review of agricultural
practices. Further actions should be pursued in a
phased and flexible manner on the basis of, in the
long-term goals and strategies, at the national,
regional or global level taking advantage of
scientific advance and technological development to
meet both environmental and economic objectives.
Alternative
We note that a mechanism is
being set up by WMO and UNEP
to undertake the necessary
intergovernmental
negotiations on global
warming.
Proposal to add after "uncertainties"
line 5
and in view of the potential
risks of survival especially
for small islands, low-
lying, coastal, arid and
semi-arid countries.
1) Proposal after "justified" in the
third line to add
[in their own right]
(Stabilization and reduction of greenhouse gases) [not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol]
9.
We agree that the ultimate global objective should be
to stabilize [and reduce] greenhouse gas
concentrations [emissions]. We agree that the
ultimate global objective should be to stabilize
greenhouse gas concentration at a level that would
prevent anthropogenic interference with climate.
[Noting that following the IPCC Report the long-lived
gases such as CO2, N2O, and CFC could require
immediate reductions in emissions from human
activities of over 60% to stabilize their
concentrations at today's levels; methane would
require a 15-20% reduction.]
Proposal to delete para. 9
Remark:
Ministers are reminded of
the analytical work of the
IPCC on greenhouse gas
emission targets as
recommended by the Noordwijk
Ministerial Declaration in
November 1989.
10.
We stress, as a first step, the need to stabilize,
while ensuring sustainable development of the world
economy, emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled
by the Montreal Protocol. Obligations should be
equitably differentiated according to countries'
respective responsibilities for causing and
combatting climate change and their level of
development.
Alternative
We recognize that the most
effective response
strategies, especially in
the short-term, are those
which are:
Justified for reasons other
than climate change and also
provide beneficial impacts
on potential climate change;
Economically efficient and
cost effective;
Able to serve multiple
social, economic, and
environmental purposes;
Easily modified to respond
to increased scientific and
economic understanding of
climate change;
Compatible with the concept
of sustainable economic
growth and development;
Compatible with the concept
of a comprehensive approach
that deals with all sources
and sinks of greenhouse
gases;
Administratively practical
and effective in terms of
applications, monitoring,
and enforcement; and
inclusive of obligations by
both industrialized and
developing countries.
11.
We agree that stabilization of [in particular CO₂
emissions) [greenhouse gas emissions] [not controlled
by the Montreal Protocol] [the global warming
potential of greenhouse gases] should be achieved
[jointly] by industrialized countries by the year
[2000] * and should be set at [lowest possible]
[present] ** emission levels. We urge all countries
to set achievable national targets and programmes to
achieve those targets.
Alternative
We recommend that limitation
and adaption strategies be
considered as an integrated
package that complement each
other to minimize net costs.
These strategies should
include measures which limit
emissions from greenhouse
gas sources as well as those
which increase the ability
of natural systems to
utilize greenhouse gases. A
comprehensive approach is
needed which considers the
costs of reducing emissions
of different greenhouse
gases and the effects of
those reductions on
potential climate change.
*Proposal to delete the brackets
*Proposal to delete the brackets
Proposal to delete the para.
12.
We urge industrialized countries to establish
greenhouse gases (especially CO₂] [reduction
programmes aiming at achieving at least 20% reduction
of] [their current contribution to global warming
potential], [its contribution to actual global
warming potential) [possibly by the year 2005] and in
[any case not later than the year 2010] [and appeal
to all developing countries to establish their
programmes equivalent to their status of
development.]
Alternative
We stress, [in establishing
emissions reduction targets,
the need for a sound and
equitable basis for setting
such targets and the need
for cost-effective measures
to reach the targets.] [that
if emissions reduction
targets were to be
established.) [We note the
differences today within the
industrialized countries in
the per capita emissions and
urge the countries which
have the highest rate to
reduce these differences due
to account being taken of
their specificities.]
Alternative
We urge industrialized
countries to establish
greenhouse gas reduction
programmes to reduce their
current contribution to
global warming and aiming at
a 20% reduction of co₂-
emissions of 1988 levels by
the year 2005 and in any
case not later than the year
2010, and appeal to all
developing countries to
establish programmes
equivalent to their status
of development.
Proposal to delete.
13.
We recognize that countries with, as yet, relatively
low energy requirements, and which can be reasonably
expected to grow in step with their development, may
have targets that accommodate that development.
Countries should, within the limit feasible, take
measures to suitably adapt their economies.
14.
We recommend that [any] [the] specification[s] of the
obligation[s] [if any] to stabilize and [or] reduce
[net] greenhouse gas[es] emissions [may] be realized
in the form of [a] separate Protocols to the Climate
Convention. [Some of these protocol [s] could be
[negotiated [ [concurrently with the [framework]
convention. ]] [as expeditiously as possible. ]]
[developed on the basis of consensus decisions by the
negotiating body.]
Proposal to delete the last sentence:
"Some convention. "
14 bis
We urge industrialized countries to establish
greenhouse gases reduction programmes aiming at
achieving [at least 20%] reduction of their current
contribution to global warming potential, [possibly
by the year 2005] and in any case not later than the
year 2010.
Proposal to retain this para. if new
para. 12 is not retained in
the form proposed by the
Secretariat.
Proposal para. should be put in
brackets.
(Diverse situation of individual countries) *
14. ter
*Proposal to add a new para. with the
following wording
We stress that any response
will have to take into
account the great diversity
of different countries'
situations and their
responsibility for and
negative impacts on
different countries
consequently would require a
wide variety of responses.
(Economic situation of certain countries)
15.
We recognize that [net] emissions from developing
countries with their, as yet, relatively low energy
requirements will need to grow in step with the 11
development [and these countries may have targets to
accommodate that development.) Narrowing the gap
between the industrialized and the developing world
would facilitate the developing countries dealing
with the climate change issue. Recognizing the
priorities of developing countries of alleviating
poverty and achieving social and economic
development, we recommend that [new] adequate [and
additional] financial resources should be mobilized
and environmentally sound technologies transferred
[on a preferential/fair and equitable basis] to
enable developing countries to take the necessary
measures to address climate change and sea-level rise
consistent with their development needs. Developing
countries also should, within the limits feasible,
take action in this regard.
[The particular difficulties of the developing
countries whose economies are highly dependent on
fossil fuel production and exportation, as a
consequence of the action taken on limiting
greenhouse gas emissions, should be taken into
account.]
Proposal The alternative to the above
would be the language that
has been approved by
consensus in the IPCC
report.
(Funding)
16.
We recommend that consideration should be given to
the need for funding facilities [including the
proposed World Bank/UNEP/UNDP "Global Environmental
Facility"] [a clearing house mechanism] [and a
possible new international fund] composed of [new
and] additional financial resources for developing
countries taking into account existing multilateral
and bilateral mechanisms. Such funding should be
related to the implementation of the framework
climate convention. In the meantime, industrialized
countries are urged to co-operate with developing
countries to support immediate action addressing
climate change and sea-level rise without imposing
any new conditionality on developing countries.
17.
We recommend further that the scope of needed
resources be assessed. Such assessments to be
conducted as soon as possible should include inter
alia country studies and mechanisms to meet the
financing needs identified [[similar to] [taking note
of] the approaches developed under the Montrea
Protocol.]
18.
International funding should be directed in priority
to the sectors identified by the IPCC report, in
particular:
(i) promoting efficient use of energy
(ii) arranging rapid transfer of technology on a
[preferential] [fair and equitable] basis to
developing countries and technology development
in these countries
(iii) co-operating with developing countries to enable
their full participation in international
meetings on climate change
(iv) enhancing observational network, particularly in
developing countries, to facilitate conducting
research, monitoring and assessment of climate
change.
Funding should also be directed to the creation of
regional centres to organize information networks on
climate change in developing countries.
(Economic instruments)
19.
[Economic or market-based instruments frequently
offer the potential of achieving environmental
improvements at lower costs than through regulatory
mechanisms.] [We recommend that policies at the
national, regional and international level make
extensive use of economic instruments] [appropriate
to each country's socio-economic conditions] in
conjunction with a balanced mix of regulatory
approaches. [Such instruments could include taxes
and charges, emission trading (tradeable
permits/allowances) , [subsidies], [elimination of
subsidies to activities that induce climate change]
and other measures such as fees and deposit refund
systems.]
Proposal: to add a new sentence
It is evident that the
question of adoption of any
form of economic instrument
raises many complex and
difficult issues. Careful
and substantive analyses of
all implications of such
instruments are needed.
" (Energy) "
20.
We note that energy production and use account for
nearly half of the enhanced radiative forcing
resulting from human activities and is expected to
increase its contribution in the absence of
appropriate response actions. We recognize the
promotion of energy efficiency as the most cost-
effective immediate measures, in many countries, for
reducing energy-related emissions of greenhouse
gases, in particular CO₂ while other options such as
no or lower greenhouse gas emitting energy sources
should be pursued. Transport energy use attracts
special attention of many of us in the light of its
role in many industrialised countries and of its
expected importance in many developing countries.
(Role of the Energy and Transport Sector)
Alternative
We note that the energy and
transport sector presently
accounts for nearly half of
the man-made greenhouse
effect and is projected to
increase substantially. We
recognize that an
environmentally-sound
development must include
policies which will achieve
an environmentally-
sustainable energy system
[and take the environmental
costs and benefits of energy
fully into account.] We
urge the promotion of energy
conservation and of energy
efficiency demand management
and [fuel switching as the
most cost-effective
immediate measure for
reducing energy-related
emissions of atmospheric
pollutants, [in particular
CO₂.]]
(Cont'd)
2
Alternative
The single largest
anthropogenic source of
radioactive forcing is
energy production and use.
The consumption of energy
from fossil fuels for
industrial, commercial,
residential, transportation
and other purposes results
in large emissions of
greenhouse gases. The
energy sector accounts for
an estimated 46% (with an
uncertainty range of 38-54%)
of the enhanced radioactive
forcing resulting from human
activities. [p.3 - WG-
III/IPCC-final Report.]
We note that emissions due
to fossil fuel combustion
amounts to about 70-90% of
the total anthropogenic
emissions of CO₂ into the
atmosphere, whereas the
remaining 10-30% is due to
human use of terrestrial
eco-systems. A major
decrease of the rate of
deforestation as well as an
increase in afforestation
would contribute
significantly to slowing the
rate of co₂ concentration
increases in the
atmosphere. (IPCC-Overview-
p.11.)
(Technology development and transfer of technology)
21.
We recognize that there is no single quick-fix
technological option for limiting greenhouse gas
emissions. However, we are convinced that
technological innovation as well as social behaviour
and institutional adaptations is a key element of any
long-term strategy that deals with climate change in
a way that meets the goal of sustainable development.
Therefore, we urge all countries, the industrialized
countries in particular, to intensify their efforts
and international cooperation in [technological
research] development and dissemination of
[deployment, including improvement and reassessment
of existing technologies.] [environmental favourable]
"new" and ["green"] [renewable energy] technologies. ]
22.
We urge that [environmentally-sound] technology be
utilized by all sectors in all countries to the full
extent possible and further urge all countries,
industrialized, and developing, and least developed
to identify and take effective measures to remove
barriers to the dissemination of the best
environmentally-safe technology. There is a need for
the effective transfer to the developing countries,
[on a preferential and non-commercial basis] [on a
preferential and affordable basis] [on favourable
terms], of technologies for addressing climate
change.
Proposal to add at the end
To this end, we also urge
all industrialised countries
and international
organisations concerned to
contribute towards financing
the transfer of appropriate
technology to the developing
countries.
(Forestry)
23.
We recognize that the conservation of the world's
forests in their role as reservoirs and sinks of
greenhouse gases along with other measures are/is of
[crucial] [significant] importance for global
climatic stability, [as well as the state of the
environment in general] particularly having regard to
the important contribution of forest destruction to
global warming through the emission of carbon-
dioxide, methane and other trace gases.
We stress the need to reduce the rate of
deforestation [in consonance with the objective of
sustained yield development] and to enhance the
potential of the world's forests as a sink for
greenhouse gases, [through vigorous programmes of
reforestation and afforestation.] [through improved
management of existing forests and vigorous
programmes of reforestation and afforestation.)
[We endorse the target included] [We urge the
earliest completion of the feasibility assessment
called for] in the Noordwijk Declaration of achieving
net global forest growth of 12 million hectares per
year, through conservation of existing forests and
through aggressive programmes of reforestation and
afforestation.
We call for the develoment of a World Forest
Conservation Protocol or Convention, covering boreal
temperate subtropical and tropical forests in the
context of or in association with a Climate
Convention.
We call on all countries to strengthen [and reform]
[support and extend] the Tropical Forests Action Plan
[to enable it to tackle forestry programmes
effectively,] [process to all countries with tropical
forests,] to strengthen the role of the [Food and
Agriculture Organization and] International Tropical
Timber Organisations and to support the countries
concerned to implement sustainable management of
forests through enhanced and well-coordinated
international cooperation.
We also recognize that forests and forest products
play a key social and economic role in many nations
and communities.
(Cont'd)
2
We acknowledge that increasing population and
economic growth would result in greater conversion of
forest lands to other uses, unless offset by
increased productivity in activities sustained by
current land uses.
We affirm and recognize the sovereign rights of all
countries to make use of their natural resources.
Alternative to sub-para.1
"We recognize that the
conservation of the world's
forests is of crucial
importance for global
climatic stability, as well
as the conservation of
biological diversity, and
the protection of soil
stability and of the
hydrological system. Forest
destruction contributes to
global warming through the
emission of carbon-dioxide,
methane and other trace
gases.
Alternative
for the three last lines of
sub-para.1
"
of forest as a sink for
carbon-dioxide, and other
trace gases."
Proposal
to delete sub-paras. 4 to 8
in order to balance with
para. 20 (Energy)
24.
We call finally for the development of a World Forest
Conservation [Protocol or Convention,] [Convention or
Agreement] covering temperate, boreal, subtropical
and tropical forests, in the context of or in
association with a Climate Convention which also
addresses energy-related and other greenhouse gas
emissions. The specific elements of such a protocol
or convention are a matter for international
negotiations which should begin at an early date.
These elements may include: fundamental research,
tropical and subtropical forest planning, measures to
use, protect and reforest, international trade,
financial assistance and possible national, regional
and international targets for conservation,
reforestation and afforestation.
Alternative
We recommend that
discussions on the
protection and management of
boreal, temperate, sub-
tropical and tropical forest
ecosystems must be well-
coordinated and compatible
with other possible types of
action related to reduction
of emission of greenhouse
gases, rational utilisation
of biological diversity,
financial assistance and the
need for more favourable
market conditions for timber
and timber products that
might be taken up by the
Food and Agriculture
Organisation, the United
Nations Environment
Programme, the World
Meteorological Organisation
and the International
Tropical Timber
Organisation.
(Cont'd)
2
Alternative
We recommend a forest
protocol to be developed in
parallel to the Framework
Convention on climate
change, dealing especially
with the role of forests as
reservoirs and sinks for
greenhouse gases. We
further note with interest
the initiative to develop a
legal instrument on the
protection and management of
forests to stimulate
positive forest actions and
address threats to the
world's forests. These
considerations should take
into account the work of
IPCC but not delay or
complicate ongoing
negotiations of a Framework
Convention on climate change
and related legal
instruments.
(Desertification, drought and land degradation)
25.
We recommend that [precautionary] [appropriate]
measures be [adopted] [developed] by the countries
concerned in collaboration with donors [i.e. through
stepped-up financial contributions, ] scientific
contribution to counter the increasing degradation of
water resources as well as the productive resource
base in areas affected by drought, desertification
and land degradation.
We also recommend that similar measures be adopted to
address the funding needs of low-lying coastal and
small vulnerable island countries, some of whose very
existence is placed at risk by the rise in sea levels
resulting from climate change
Alternative
We recommend that
precautionary measures be
adopted by the countries
concerned in collaboration
with donors to counter
Alternative
We recommend that regional
and/or sub-regional studies
on these subjects be
undertaken to cover the
impacts of climate change in
the following fields:
(i) Drought;
(ii) Desertification;
(iii) Water resources and
their evolution;
(iv) Agriculture (positive
and negative impacts) ;
(v) [Energy]; [Salinization]
(vi) [Forests]
[Reforestation]
(vii) Socio-economic aspects
These studies should lead to
the development of scenarios
and short-, medium- and
long-term measures for
mitigation of drought and
stopping and reversing
desertification for the
attention of economic and
political decision-makers.
(Cont'd)
2
Proposal to add after subpara. 1
Observatories on climate and
climatic change and
observatories on ecosystems
should be encouraged to work
together on drought rlsks
consequences.
Proposal to add at the end of the
para.
Financial support must be
given for rural development
programmes in countries
already suffering from
desertification and those
which will be in the event
of widespread climate
change.
Station networks and
observatories must be
established to measure
climate change indices and
environmental impacts, and
to monitor continuously
those ecosystems which are
sensitive to
desertification.
(Population)
26.
We note that a large, projected increase in world
population will be a major factor in causing the
projected increase in global greenhouse gases. We
recognise that global climate change strategies
should take into account the need to deal with this
issue.
Alternative:
to add a new sentence after
the first one
We also note that another
major factor which
contributes to the projected
increase in global
greenhouse gases will be the
maintenance of
environmentally
unsustainable patterns of
production and consumption
in industrialized countries.
Alternative
We note that extravagant and
unsustainable consumption
patterns in certain parts of
the world resulting in high
per-capita greenhouse
emissions along with a
projected increase in world
population are contributory
factors in the projected
increase in global
greenhouse gases. Global
climate change should take
into account the need to
deal with these issues.
III. GLOBAL FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
27.
We take note of the recommendations adopted 26
September 1990 by the Ad hoc-working group of
government representatives and regional economic
organizations to prepare for negotiations on a
framework convention on climate change. We call for
such negotiations to begin [without delay] after a
decision is taken by the 45th Session of the UNGA
recommending ways, means and modalities for further
pursuing these negotiations. We urge all
countries
and regional economic integration organizations to
join in these negotiations and recognize that it is
highly desirable that an effective framework
convention on climate change, containing appropriate
commitments, and any related instruments as might be
agreed upon, on the basis of consensus be ready for
signing in conjunction with UNCED, in Brazil, in June
1992. We welcome the offer of the Government of the
USA to host the first negotiating meeting.
Proposal to add para. 39 of the
Declaration of 13 July
39. We welcome the offer of the
Government of the United
States to host the first
negotiating meeting of a
Working Group on the
elaboration of a Climate
Convention. We also welcome
the possible invitation of
Italy to host the first
meeting of the Working Group
for the elaboration of an
Energy Protocol. We urge
that these two meetings be
convened at the beginning of
1991.
28.
We recommend that such negotiations take account
[inter alia] of the possible elements compiled by the
IPCC, and that the framework Convention on climate
change be framed in such à way as to gain the support
of the largest possible number of countries while
allowing timely action to be taken. [We reaffirm our
wish that this convention contain real commitments by
the international community.] We stress, given the
complex and multi-faceted nature of the problem of
climate change, the need for new and innovative
solutions including to meet the special needs of
developing countries.
IV.
INFORMATION ON PUBLIC AWARENESS
29.
We believe that a well-informed public is essential
for addressing and coping with as complex an issue as
climate change, and the resultant sea-level rise, and
urge countries, in particular, to promote the active
participation at the national and when appropriate,
regional levels of all sectors of the population in
addressing climate change issues and developing
appropriate responses and relevant United Nations
organizations and programmes to disseminate relevant
information with a view to encouraging as wide a
participation as possible.
29 September
Add.1
The following paragraphs were submitted by several delegations
to the Secretariat but were not discussed in plenary, neither
in the drafting group:
USSR
para. 19
We agree that continued emissions of greenhouse gases
at present rates would commit us to increase
concentration for centuries ahead.
We recognize that for various scenarios of future
emissions developed by IPCC as assumptions, there
will be a projected doubling of equivalent carbon
dioxide concentrations from pre-industrial levels in
2025-2050.
We further recognize that there exists an IPCC
scenario under stabilization of equivalent carbon
dioxide concentrations at about twice pre-industrial
levels which would occur towards the end of the next
century.
Therefore we note that any future decisions to limit
the adverse affect of human-induced greenhouse gas
emissions will have to consider the ultimate need to
stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations.
BRAZIL
20 bis
We therefore call for the development of a world
protocol on the climate change aspects of energy
production and use, centred on the concepts of
specific targets for a phased increase of energy
efficiency, reduction of fossil fuel emissions,
associated with specific mechanisms towards the
adaptation of economies.
2
USA
Para. 2
Second sentence, insert: [prediction] after "This";
Delete "particularly" substitute with "historically"
Insert [continuing] before "accumulation"
Sentence would read:
This [prediction] is due mainly to the [continuing]
accumulation of greenhouse gases resulting from a
host of human activities, [particularly]
[historically] in the industrialized countries.
Para.5
Bracket [additional] in last sentence.
Para.6
Second sentence, insert: [free and unrestricted]
before "exchange of relevant data". In second sub-
para. last sentence, insert new text in brackets:
[WMO to take the lead and coordinate, through the
World Climate Programme, international scientific
activities related to climate and climate change.]
Para.9
Bracket entire para. 9.
Para. 10
Insert [net] before "emissions of greenhouse gases"
bracket [not controlled by the Montreal Protocol].
Bracket entire last sentence beginning with
["Obligations should be
Para. 11
Bracket last sentence.
Para. 15
Bracket [additional financial resources] in second
sentence of Secretariat text.
Para. 23
Fourth sub-para., line 2 Bracket [conservation
Protocol or] insert [or Agreement] after convention)
First sentence would then read:
"We call for the development of a World Forest
[Conservation Protocol or] convention [or Agreement]"
ANNEX 3
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES
COUNTRY
NAME/CAPACITY/ADDRESS
ALGERIA
Dr. K.E. Mostefa Kara
Chargé d'études et des synthèses
19, Ali Khodja
Alger
Algeria
Tel: 74.76.29
Tlx: 66.137 MIN TRAS
ARGENTINA
Mr. Gregorio Dupont
Plenipotentiary Minister
Permanent Mission
10, route de l'Aéroport
1215 Geneva 15
Tel: 798 1952
Fax: 798 5995
Tlx: 415 300
Ms Viviana Berdou
Secretary of Embassy
Permanent Mission
10, route de l'Aéroport
1215 Geneva 15
Tel: 798 1952
Fax: 798 5995
Tlx: 415 300
- 2 -
ARGENTINA (cont'd)
Ms Ana Maria Moglia
Secretary of Embassy
Permanent Mission
10, route de l'Aéroport
1215 Geneva
Tel: 798 1952
Fax: 798 5995
Tlx: 415 300
Ms. Ana Maria Bianchi
International Organizations Department
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Reconquista 1088
1088 Buenos Aires
Tel: (541) 312 4481/95
Fax:
Tlx: 21246 METEO AR
Mr. Luis Brasesco
National Senator
Honourable Congress of the
Argentinian Republic
Buenos Aires
AUSTRALIA
Mr. Ronald Walker
Ambassador
Permanent Representative
to UN in Geneva
56, rue de Moillebeau
1209 Geneva
Tel: 734 6200
Fax: 7336586
Tlx: 22665 austn ch
Mr. John Whitelaw
Assistant Secretary
Environment Protection Division
Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment
Tourism and Territories
P.O. Box 787
Canberra Act 2611
Tel: (61-6) 274 1499
Fax: (61-6) 274 1123
(28LISTPA)
- 3 -
AUSTRALIA (cont'd)
Mr. William Kininmonth
Superintendent
National Climate Centre
Bureau of Meteorology
GPO Box 1289 K
Melbourne Vic. 3001
Tel: (03) 669 4086
Fax: (03) 669 4515
Tlx: AA 30664
Dr. Palitha T. B. Kohona
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
56, rue de Moillebeau
1209 Geneva
Tel: 734 6200
Fax: 7336586
Tlx: 22665 austn ch
Ms Lisa Willis
Secretary
Permanent Mission
56 rue de Moillebeau
1209 Geneva
Tel: 734 6200
Fax: 7336586
Tlx: 22665 austn ch
AUSTRIA
Ms. Renate Christ
Counsellor
Ministry for Environment
Youth and Family
Vienna
Tel: 711 58 4889
Fax: 711 58 4221
Mr. Willy Kempel
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
9-11, rue de Varambé
1211 Geneva 10
Tel: 7337750
Fax: 7344591
Tlx: 22471 aegf ch
(28LISTPA)
4
BANGLADESH
H. E. Harun-ur Rashid
Ambassador
Permanent Mission
65, rue de Lausanne
1202 Geneva
Tel: 732 5940
Fax: 7384616
Tlx: 28554 doot ch
Mr. Iftikharul Karim
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
65, rue de Lausanne
1202 Geneva
Tel: 732 59 40
Fax: 7384616
Tlx: 28554 doot ch
Mr. M.H.K. Chowdhury
Director of Meteorological
Department
Meteorological Complex
Agargaon
Dhaka 1207
Ms. Nasim Firdaus
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
65, rue de Lausanne
1202 Geneva
Tel: 732 59 40
Fax: 7384616
Tlx: 28554 doot ch
BELGIUM
Mr. Marc Gudopt
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
58, rue de Moillebeau
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 733 0581/58/59
Mr. Jean-Paul Poncelet
Cabinet du Secrétaire d'Etat
à l'Environnement
Place Quetelet
1030 Brussels
Tel: 02 2 90119
(28LISTPA)
- 5 -
BHUTAN
Mr. T. Tashi
Under Secretary
National Environmental Secretariat
of National Planning Commission
Thimpu
Tel: 22226, 22832
Fax:
Tlx: 204 PLANCOTPU BT
BOLIVIA
Gonzalo de Acha Prado
Permanent Mission
7, rue du Valais
1202 Geneva
Tel: 7312725
Fax: 7380022
Tlx: 23650 delbo
Ms. Vilma Banzer
First Sercretary
Permanent Mission
7, rue du Valais
1202 Geneva
Tel: 7312725
Fax: 7380022
Tlx: 23650 delbo
BRAZIL
Mr. Pedro M. P. Coelho
Counsellor
Permanent Mission,
33 rue Carteret
1202 Geneva
Tel: 733 3150
Fax: 7332834
Tlx: 23187-23428 dgbr ch
Mr. Fernando Coimbra
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Divisao Especial do Meio Ambiente (DEMA)
Brasilia
Tel: 211 6864/65/77
Fax:061 2237362
T1x:061 6113 11/19 MNRB R
(28LISTPA)
- 6 -
BRAZIL (cont'd)
Mr. Luiz-Gylvan Meira Filho
Director of Earth Observation
Institute for Space Research
P. O. Box 515
12.211 Sao Jose dos Campos
Sao Paolo
Tel: (55) 123 22 92 56
Fax: (55) 123 21 87 43
Tlx: (123) 3530 INPE BR
BULGARIA
H. E. Izgrev N. Topkov
Ambassador
Chief of a Political Department
President of the Governing Council of UNEP
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
U1 "Al Jendov" 2
Sofia
Tel: 70 4007
Tlx: 22530
CANADA
Dr. K. Dawson
Director General
Canadian Climate Centre
Environment Canada
4905 Dufferin Street
Downsview, M3H 5T4
Tel: (416) 739 4430
Fax: (416) 739 4380
Mr. Brian Herman
Deputy Director
Energy & Environment Division
Department of External Affairs
L. B. Pearson Building
125 Sussex Drive
Ottawa, K1A OG2
Tel: (613) 992 0503
Fax: (613) 992 6002
Tlx: 053 3745
Dr. J. Stone
Canadian Climate Centre
Environment Canada,
Place du Portage Phase II Level.C
165, Hôtel de Ville
Hull, KIA oH3
Tel: (819) 953 4824
Fax: (819) 953 0505
(28LISTPA)
- - 7
CANADA (cont'd)
Mr. J. Sloan
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
1, rue du Pré-de-la-Bichette
1202 Geneva
Tel: 733 9000
Fax: 734 7919
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Mr. Saï Martin
Directeur
Direction générale de la Météorologie
B.P. 224
Bangui
Tel: 61.53.16
Tlx: 5335 RC
CHILE
Mr. Sigisfredo Monsalve
Deputy Director for
Special Politics Department
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Santiago
Tel: 562 698 0301
Fax: 562 699 4202
Mr. Jaime Acuna
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
56, rue de Moillebeau
1209 Geneva
Tlx: 22 142 Dehil Ch
Fax: 734 41 94
Tel: 734 5130
CHINA
Mr. Zou Jingmeng
President of WMO
Administrator
State Meteorological Administration
Baishiqiaolu 46
Western Suburb
Beijing
Tel: 8312277
Fax: 8618311191
Tlx: 22094 FDSMA CN
(28LISTPA)
- 8 -
CHINA (cont'd)
Mr. Shu-Kong Zhong
Minister-Counsellor
International Department
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Beijing
Tel: 550961
Mr. Dagun Liu
Division Chief
Treaty Law Dept, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
225 Chaunei Street
Beijing
Tel: 555520
Mr. Jian Tan
Government Official
Department of International
Organizations
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Beijing
Tel: 550961
Mr. Caifang Wang
Division Chief
International Organizations
& Co-operation,
Foreign Affairs Department
State Meterological Administration
Beijing
Tel: 89 1595
Fax: 831 1191
Mr. Lu Jicai
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
Chemin de Surville 11
1213 Petit Lancy
Tel: 7934203
Fax: 7937014
Tlx: 427941 mpc ch
(28LISTPA)
- 9 -
COLOMBIA
Ms Ligia Galvis
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
17-19 Ch. du Champ d'Anier
1209 Geneva
Tel: 798 4554
Fax: 791 0787
Tlx: 415512 deco ch
COTE D'IVOIRE
Mr. Koffi Kouakou James
Assistant de Programme à la
Commission Nationale de
l'Environnement
BP. V.67
Abidjan
Tel: 22 5354/22 6635
Tlx: 23339 Minima CI
DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S
Mr. Chung Song Li
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
20, route de Pré-Bois
1215 Geneva
Tel: 735 4370
DENMARK
Mr. Ole Frijs-Madsen
Secretary of Embassy
Permanent Mission of Denmark
58, rue de Moillebeau
1209 Geneva
Tel: 733 71 50/58/59
Tlx: 22530 damis ch
Fax: 733 29 17
Mr. Ulrik Torp
Head of Section
National Agency of Environmental
Protection
29 Strandgade
DK-1401 Copenhagen
Tel: 45 315 78310
Fax: 45 31 576 2449
Mr. Bo Lidegaard
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, DMI
Asiatisk Plans 2
DK-1448 Copenhagen
Tel: +45 33 92 1304
Fax: +45 31 54 0533
Tlx: 31292 etr dk
(28LISTPA)
- 10 -
EGYPT
Dr. Mamdouh Shawky
Counsellor
Department of Legal Affairs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Cairo
Tel: 724768
Ms. Naela Gabr
Permanent Mission
49, Avenue Blanc
1202 Geneva
Tel: 731 6530/39
Fax: 738 44 15
ETHIOPIA
Dr. Tamirie Hawando
Deputy Head of Economic & Social
Dept, Responsible for Agriculture
& Natural Resources Development
Chairman of National Committee on
Climate Change
c/o General Manager, National
Meteorological Services Agency
P. O. Box 1090
Addis Ababa
Tel: 128555
Tlx: 21474 TMET ET
FINLAND
H. E. Esko Kiuru
Ambassador
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Helsinki
Tel: 1341 5585
Ms. Aira Kalela
Assistant Director-General
Ministry of the Environment
Ratakatu 3
SF-00120 Helsinki
Tel: 358 01991460
Fax: 358 01991499
Ms Satu Nurmi
Senior Ministerial Secretary
Ratakatu 3
SF-00120 Helsinki
Tel: 35801991322
Fax: 35801991499
(28LISTPA)
- 11 -
FINLAND (cont'd)
Mr. Juha P. A. Kuusi
Counsellor
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
Box 176
00161 Helsinki
Tel: 13 41 5726
Fax: 13 41 57 55
Mr. Jussi Manninen
Senior Adviser
Ministry of Trade and Industry
Energy Department
P.O. Box 37
SF-00131 Helsinki
Tel: 358 01605243
Fax: 358 01602695
FRANCE
Mr. Jean Ripert
Special Adviser
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
37 Quai D'Orsay
75007 Paris
Tel: 4753 5138
Mr. Serge Antoine
Ministry of the Environment
14, avenue du Général Leclerc
Paris
Tel: 47 58 12 12
Fax: 46 40 75 47
Ms Delphine Borione
Cellule Environment
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
37 Quai d'Orsay
75007 Paris
Tel: 47 53 5138
Fax: 47 53 5085
Ms. Marie Laure Tanon
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Legal Department
37 Quai D'Orsay
75007 Paris
Tel: 33 1 47535353
(28LISTPA)
- 12 -
FRANCE (cont'd)
Mr. Philippe Delacroix
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
Villa "Les Ormeaux"
36, route de Pregny
1292 Chambésy
Tel: 758 2123
Fax: 758 2123
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF Dr. Wolfgang Hoffmann
Head of Division
Foreign Office
85 Adenauer Allee
D-5300 Bonn
Tel: 228 172781
Mr. Dietrich K.L. Kupfer
Head of Division
Ministry of the Environment
Bernkastelerstrasse 8
D-5300 Bonn
Tel: 228 305 2310
Dr. Wendelin Wilhelm
Head of Division
Ministry of Economics
D-5300 Bonn 1
Tel: 228 615 3929
Ms. Monika Breuch-Moritz
Federal Ministry of Transport
D-5300 Bonn 2
Tel: 228 3007842
Fax: 228 3007849
Mr. Juergen Wenderoth
Graurheindorferstr. 108
D-5300 Bonn 1
Tel: 228 6827361
Fax: 228 6827272
GHANA
Mr. Kwame A. Tenkorang
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
56, rue de Moillebeau
1209 Geneva
Tel: 734 9150
Fax: 734 9161
Telex: 22434 CH
(28LISTPA)
- 13 -
GHANA (cont'd)
Mr. S.O. Saaka
Programme Officer
Environmental Protection Council
P.O. Box M.326
Accra
Tel: 664697/8
Tlx: 2609 Environ-GH
GREECE
Dr. Ioannis Kinnas
Permanent Mission
2 rue Thalberg
1201 Geneva
Tel: 732 3356
Fax: 7322150
Tlx: 27035 GRECE CH
HONDURAS
Ing. Franklin Bertrand Anduray
Advisor to the President
Director Secretary
National Commission of the
Environment
Presidential House
Tegucigalpa, D. C.
Tel: (504) 37 94 05
Fax: 32 87 16
Tlx: 1177
Mr. Jose E. Mejia Ucles
Permanent Mission
6, route de Meyrin
1202 Geneva
Tel: 733 6916
Fax: 734 1608
Tlx: 421376
INDIA
Mr. K. Madhava Sarma
Additional Secretary
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Paryavaran Bhavan
C. G. O. Complex
Lodi Road, New Delhi 110003
Tel: 362281/383468
Tlx: W 66185 DOE IN
Ms. Deepa Wadhwa
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
9, rue du Valais
1202 Geneva
Tel: 732 0859
(28LISTPA)
- 14 -
INDONESIA
Dr. R. T. M. Sutamihardja
Deputy Assistant Minister
for Population & Environment
JL Merdeka Barat 15
Jakarta Pusat
Tel: (62 21) 37 4307
Fax: (62 21) 380 2183
Dr. N. Hassan Wirajuda
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
16, rue de St Jean
1203 Geneva
Tel: 453350
Tlx: 415 906 PTRI CH
Fax: 45 57 33
Mr. Heri Indra Jaya
Third Secretary
Permanent Mission
16, rue de St Jean
1203 Geneva
Tel: 453350
Tlx: 415 906 PTRI CH
Fax: 45 57 33
IRELAND
Mr. John Cullen
Principal Officer
Environment International Section
Department of the Environment
Custom House
Dublin 1
Tel: 353 1 786481
Fax. 353 1 742710
Tlx: 31014
ISRAEL
Mr. A. Kerem
Permanent Mission
9, Chemin de Bonvent
1216 Cointrin
Tel: 9784500
ITALY
Dr. Giancarlo Pinchera
Ministry of Environment
c/o ENEA
Viale Regina Margherita 125
Rome 00198
Tel: 06 8528 24 26
Fax: 06 855 1000
(28LISTPA)
- 15 -
ITALY (cont'd)
Dr. Corrado Clini
Director of the Ministry of the Environment
Ministry of the Environment
P. Venezia 11
Rome
Tel: 0667593265
Fax: 0667593267
JAPAN
Mr. Keiichi Yokobori
Deputy Director-General
Global Environmental Affairs
Minister's Secretariat
Ministry of International Trade and
Industry
1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100
Tel: 813 501 3567
Fax: 580 0710
Mr. Saburo Kato
Director General
Global Environment Department
Environment Agency
1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku
Tokyo 100
Tel: 813 581 3351 Ext. 6730
Fax: 813 504 1634
Mr. Koji Yamamoto
Director
Observations Management Division
Observations Department
Japan Meteorological Agency
1-1-3 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo
Tel: (03) 212 8341
Mr. Jun Okumura
Director for International Affairs
Global Environmental Affairs Office
Ministry of International Trade and
Industry
1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo
Tel: 81 3 501 7830
Fax: 81 3 580 0710
(28LISTPA)
- 16 -
JAPAN (cont'd)
Mr. Shinichi Isashiki
Director
Global Environmental Affairs Division
United Nations Bureau
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo
Tel: 03 581 3882
Fax: 03 591 4914
Mr. Hidemichi Takahashi
Deputy Director
Office of Pollution Control and
Environmental Protection
Minister's Secretariat
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo
Tel: 03 502 8111
Fax: 03 502 4185
Mr. Kazuo Kawahara
Global Industrial & Social Progress
Research Institute
7th Floor Mori Bldg No. 33
3-8-21 Toranomon, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105
Tel: 03 435 8800
Fax:03 435 8810
Mr. Hiroya Ogata
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
10, Avenue de Budé
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 734 8400
Mr. Yoshiaki Nishimura
Special Assistant
Permanent Mission
10, Avenue de Budé
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 734 8400
KENYA
Mr. J.K. Njihia
Deputy Director of
Meteorological Services
Kenya Meteorological Department
P. O. Box 30259
Nairobi
Tel: 567880
Tlx: 22208
(28LISTPA)
- 17 -
KENYA (cont'd)
Mr. J. N. O. Onyango
Deputy Secretary
Ministry of Foreign Affairs &
International Cooperation
P. O. Box 41395
Nairobi
Ms. Amina C. Mohamed
Second Secretary
(Legal Adviser)
Permanent Mission
80, rue de Lausanne
1202 Geneva
Tel: 7327272
KIRIBATI
Mr. P.T. Timeon
Secretary for Foreign Affairs
P.O. Box 68
Bairiki, Tarawa
Tel: (686) 21342
Fax: (686) 21466
MALAYSIA
Ms. Hasmah Harun
Leader
Assistant Director General
Department of Environment
12 & 13 Floor, Wisma Sime Darby
Jalan Raja Laut
60000 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 293 8955
Fax: 293 1480
Tlx: Mostec Ma 28154
Mr. Chow Kok Kee
Assistant Director
Malaysian Meteorological Service
Jalan Sultan
46667 Petaling Jaya
Tel: 756 3203
Ms. Fadzillah Kamaruddin
Federal Counsel
Attorney General's Chambers
Advisory & International Division
Bangunan Bank Rakyat,
Jalan Tangsi
Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 03 292 3077
Fax: 03 292 3031
(28LISTPA)
- 18 -
MALAYSIA (cont'd)
Ms. Sudha Devi
Second Secretary
Mission of Malaysia
20, route de Pré-Bois
1215 Genève 15
Tel: 788 15 05
MALDIVES
Mr. Abdullahi Majeed
Director of Meteorology
Department of Meteorology
Malé 20.05
Tel: (960) 32 3303
Fax: (960) 32 4432
Tlx: (896) 66032 FINANCE MF
MALI
Dr. Moulaye Diallo
Technical Counsellor
Ministry of Environment and Livestock
BP 1664
Bamako
Tel: 226 024
Tlx: E FORET 52615 MJ (MALI)
MALTA
Prof. David Attard
Ambassador
P. O. Box 60
Slienna
Tel: 356 997878
Fax: 356 247310
Tlx: 925 Legis MLT
Mr. Anthony Borg
First Secretary
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Valetta
Tel: 222407/223244
Fax: 227822
Tlx: 1100 MOD MLT
MEXICO
Lic. Patricia Lagrange-Martinez
Chief of International Affairs Unit
Ministry of Urban Development & Ecology
Avenida Constituyento 947
Col. Belen de las Flores
Mexico, D.F. C.P. 01110
Tel: 271 4510/271 25 57
Fax: 271 66 14
Tlx: 177 11 98
(28LISTPA)
- 19 -
MEXICO (cont'd)
Ms. D. L. Ponce-Nava
Legal Adviser's Office
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Homero 213 - Piso 17
Polanco
Mexico, D.F. 11570
Tel: (525) 254 7306
Fax: (525) 254 7316
MOROCCO
Mr. Abderrahim Bebdaoud
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
18 A, Chemin François Lehmann
1218 Grand-Saconnex
Tel: 798 1535
NAURU
Prof. W. Jackson Davis
Scientific Advisor and
Executive Director
Environmental Studies Institute
2309 Empire Grade
Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
Tel: (408) 459 8353
Fax: (408) 459 8354
NETHERLANDS
Prof. W. J. Kakebeeke
Director, International
Environmental Affairs
Ministry of Housing, Physical
Planning & the Environment,
P. O. Box 450
2260 MB Leidshndam
Tel: 31 70 31 74 712
Fax: 31 70 31 74 722
Dr. A. P. van Ulden
Research Manager
Head Physical Meteorology KNMI
Royal Netherlands Meteorolocial
Institute
P. O. Box 201
3730 AE de BILT
Tel: 31 30 206 447
Fax: 31 30 210 407
(28LISTPA)
- 20 -
NETHERLANDS (cont'd)
Dr. P. Vellinga
National Co-ordinator
Climate Change Program
P.O. Box 450
2260 MB Leidschendom
Tel: 3170 3174452
Fax: 3170 3174449
NEW ZEALAND
Mr. Peter Rider
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
28a, Chemin du Petit Saconnex
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 734 9530
Fax: 734 3062
NICARAGUA
Mr. Alejandro Rodriguez
Director-General, INETER
Aptdo 2110, Managua
Tel: 4 47 39
Fax: 4 18 90
Mr. Juan J. Gazol
Minister Counsellor
Permanent Mission
16, rue de Roveray
1207 Geneva
Tel: 736 6644
Fax: 736 6012
Tlx: 413262 mini ch
Ms Myrna Moncada Fonseca
Third Secretary
Permanent Mission
16, rue de Roveray
1207 Geneva
Tel: 736 6644
Fax: 736 6012
Tlx: 413262 mini ch
(28LISTPA)
- 21 -
NIGERIA
Mr. Scott Omene
Minister - Counsellor
Permanent Mission
1, rue Richard Wagner
1211 Geneva 2
Tel: 734 2140
Mr. Eric Bell-Gam
Second Secretary
Permanent Mission
1, rue Richard Wagner
1211 Geneva 2
Tel: 734 21 40
Mr. George Agim
Second Secretary
Permanent Mission
1, rue Richard Wagner
1211 Geneva 2
Tel: 734 21 40
NORWAY
Mr. Per M. Bakken
Co-ordinator
Air Pollution
Ministry of the Environment
P. O. Box 8013 Dep
Oslo 1
Tel: 47 2 34 5985
Fax: 47 2 34 956
Mr. Jan Thompson
Director General
Ministry of the Environment
P. O. Box 8013
N-0030 Oslo 1
Tel: 34 5480
Fax: 34 9561
Mr. Eivind Tandberg
Economic Adviser
Ministry of Finance
P.O. Box 8008 Dep,
0030 Oslo 1
Tel: 02 34 43 22
Fax: 02 34 9505
(28LISTPA)
- 22 -
NORWAY (cont'd)
Mr. Svein Aas
Special Advisor
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
7 Juni-Plassen 1
Oslo DEP., Oslo 1
Norway
Tel: (47) 2 343366, 343600
PAKISTAN
Mr. Aslam Khan Muhammad
Second Secretary
Permanent Mission
56, rue de Moillebeau
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 7347760
Fax: 7348085
Tlx: 23214 pak ch
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Mr. Nilip Nakikus
Counsellor
Papua New Guinea Embassy, Bonn
Gotenstrasse 163
D-5300 Bonn II
Federal Republic of Germany
Tel: (228) 376855
Fax: (228) 375103
Tlx: 886340 KUNDU D
PARAGUAY
Mr. L. Monney
Mission Permanent
2, chemin des Mines
1202 Geneva
Tel: 7386515
Fax: 7382760
Tlx: 24810
PERU
Mr. Hubert Wieland
Second Secretary
Permanent Mission
63, rue de Lausanne
1202 Geneva
Tel: 731 1130/38/39
Tlx: 28802/03
Fax: 731 1168
Mr. Mario Lopez Chavarri
Third Secretary
Permanent Mission
63, rue de Lausanne
1202 Geneva
Tel: 731 1130/38/39
Tlx: 28802/03
Fax: 731-1168
(28LISTPA)
- 23 -
PHILIPPINES
M. Leslie B. Gatan
Second Secretary
Permanent Mission
47, Avenue Blanc
1202 Geneva
Tel: 731 83 20
Tlx: 22160 miphi oh
Fax: 731 68 88
M. Bernarditas C. Muller
Third Secretary
Permanent Mission
47, Avenue Blanc
1202 Geneva
Tel: 731 83 20
Tlx: 22160 miphi oh
Fax: 731 68 88
PORTUGAL
Mr. Emilio Aquiles de Oliveira
Economic Counsellor
Permanent Mission
1 rue Richard Wagner
1211 Geneva 20
Tel: 733 3200
Fax: 733 4110
Tlx: 23 129
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Mr. Chong Hoon Kim
Second Secretary
Permanent Mission
20, route de Pré-Bois
1215 Geneva
Tel: 791 01 11
SAUDI ARABIA
Dr. Abdulbar Al-Gain
President MEPA
P. O. Box 1358
Jeddah 21431
Tel: 651 2312
Fax: 6511424
Mr. Abdulwahab Dakkak
Director General
Natural Resources
P. O. Box 1358
Jeddah 21431
Tel: 651 7832
Fax: 651 3640
(28LISTPA)
- 24 -
SAUDI ARABIA (cont'd)
Dr. Mohammad Al-Sabban
P. 0. Box 30304
Jeddah
Fax: 478 3230
Dr. Mosaad Alaiban
P. O. Box 247
Riyadh
Fax: 478 3230
Mr. A. M. Al Shahri
c/o ARAMCO
P.O. Box 6771
Dhahran
Tel: 875 0094
Fax: 873 9963
Mr. Sulaiman Budair
Permanent Mission
263, route de Lausanne
1292 Chambésy
Tel: 758 24 41
Fax: 738 41 28
Mr. Ahmed I. Mandoura
MEPA
P.O. Box 1358
Jeddah 21431
SINGAPORE
Mr. Seng Eng Ong
Senior Engineer
Pollution Control Department
Ministry of the Environment
40 Scotts Road
Singapore 0922
Tel: 731 9672
Fax: 731 9651
Mr. Tek Liong Tong
Second Secretary
Permanent Mission, Geneva
6 bis, rue Carteret
1202 Geneva
Tel: 44 73 30
Fax: 45 79 10
(28LISTPA)
- 25
SPAIN
Mr. Jose L. Candela
Vice-Director General
Technical & Scientific Co-operation
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
Abascal 41
28071 Madrid
Tel: 441 41 44
Mr. Antonio Labajo
Vice-Director General of
Climatology
Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia
Paseo de las Moreras s/n
Madrid
Tel: 5819871
Fax: 5819767
Mr. Antonio Pou
Technical Advisor to the
Secretary-General for the
Environment
Secretaria de Medio Ambiente
Po de la Castellana, 67
28071 Madrid
Fax: 34 1 253 7811
Mr. Luis C. Mas Garcia
Vice-Director General
International Co-operation
Department of Environmental
Politics,
Ministry of Urbanism (MOPU)
Po de la Castellana, 67
28071 Madrid
Tel: 533 1621
Fax: 533 0711
Mr. Fernando Garcia Casas
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
53, Avenue Blanc
1202 Geneve
Tel. 731 2230
Fax: 731 5370
(28LISTPA)
- 26 -
SPAIN (cont'd)
Mr. Jeronimo Zaragoza Garcia
Vice Director General de Planificacion
Energetica
Ministerio de Industria y Energia
Tel: 2597257
SRI LANKA
Mr.Siridala Palihakkara
First Secretary
Permanent Mission
36, rue de Moillebeau
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 734 9340/49
Fax: 734 9084
Tlx: 23530
SUDAN
Mr. Ahmed A. Wahab Ciubartalla
Chargé d'Affaire
Permanent Mission
56, rue Moillebeau
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 733 2560 168/69
Mr. Abdel Ghani Alnaim
Third Secretary
Permanent Mission, Geneva
56, rue Moillebeau
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 733 2560 168/69
SWEDEN
Mr. Thomas Palme
Counsellor for Environmental Affairs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
P. O. Box 16121
S-10323 Stockholm
Tel: 46 8 786 6000
Tlx: 10590
Fax: 723 11 76
Mr. Sture Irberger
Head of Section
Ministry of the Environment
S-10333 Stockholm
Tel: 46 8 763 2094
Fax: 46 8 24 1629
Tlx: 15499
(28LISTPA)
- 27 -
SWITZERLAND
Mrs. Pascale Morand Francis
Scientific Collaborator
Federal Office of Environment
Forests and Landscape
3003 Bern
Tel: 031 61 6862
Fax: 031 61 9981
Mr. Jean-Bernard Dubois
Head of Section
Federal Office of Environment
Forests and Landscape
Hallwystrasse 4
3003 Bern
Tel: 031 61 93 23
Fax: 031 61 99 81
Mr. Christian Pauletto
Counsellor
Bundesamt für Aussenwirtschaft
Bundeshaus Ost
3003 Bern
Tel: 61 2651
Fax: 61 2669
THAILAND
Mrs. Monthip Sriratana Tabucanon
Secretary, Global Environmental
Conservation Committee
Office of the National Environment Board
Soi Piboonwatana 7, Rama 6 Rd
Bangkok 10400
Tel: 279 2398
Fax: 279 0672
(28LISTPA)
- 28 -
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Ms. Donna Henry
Foreign Service Officer
Permanent Mission
37-39, avenue de Vermont
1202 Geneva
Tel: 734 9130
Fax: 734 9138
TUNISIA
Ms. Fethla Mezhoud
Conventions Internationales
et des relations extérieures
à l'Agence Nationale de Protection
de l'Environnement
15 rue 8000 Montplaisir
1002 Belvedere
ANPE Tunis
Tel: 785 618
Fax: 789 844
Ms Habib Tebourbi
Secretary, Foreign Affairs
Permanent Mission
58, rue Moillebeau
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 734 8450
Fax: 734 0663
TURKEY
Dr. Murat Turkes
State Meteorological Service
Department of Weather Forecasts
Ankara
Tel: 359 7545/274
Mr. Tomur Bayer
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
28B, Chemin du Petit-Saconnex
1211 Geneva 19
Tel: 734 3930/38/39
Tlx: 23386 Turku ch
Fax: 734 5209
UGANDA
Mr. Philip Gwage
Assistant Director of Meteorology-Climatology
Ministry of Environment Protection
Department of Meteorology
Box 7025
Kampala
Tel: 258 537/256166
(28LISTPA)
- 29 -
UNION OF SOVIET
Dr. A. P. Metalnikov
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
Deputy Chairman
USSR State Committee for
Hydrometeorology
Pavlik Morozov Street 12
123376 Moscow
Tel: 2552219
Dr. Sergei Martchouk
First Secretary of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Smolenskaya-Sennaya 32/34
Moscow
Tel: 244 26 94
Dr. S. S. Khodkin
Chief
Department of International Co-operation
USSR State Committee for
Hydrometeorology
Pavlik Morozov Street 12
123376 Moscow
Tel: 252 38 73
Mr. Boris V. Smirnov
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
15, Avenue de la Paix
1202 Geneva
Tel: 733 1870
Mr. Victor Bondarenko
Second Secretary
Permanent Mission
15, Avenue de la Paix
1202 Geneva
Tel: 733 1870
UNITED KINGDOM
Dr. D.J. Fisk
Chief Scientist
Department of the Environment
Room A117 Romney House
43 Marsham St
London SW1
Tel: 071 276 8369
Fax: 071 276 8355
(28LISTPA)
- 30 -
UNITED KINGDOM (cont'd)
Mr. A. H. Davis
Head of Global Atmosphere Division
Department of the Environment
Room A117 Romney House
43 Marsham St
London SW1
Tel: 071 276 8239
Fax: 071 276 8285
Mr. J. M. Hammond
Head of Climate Change Branch
(International)
Department of the Environment
Room A121 Romney House
43 Marsham Street
London SW1
Tel: 71 276 8837
Fax: 71 276 8285
Ms Helen May Pickering
Third Secretary
Permanent Mission
37-39, rue de Vermont
1211 Geneva 20
Tel: 734 3800/733 2385
Fax: 734 5254
Mr. A. R. Brenton
Head, Environment Science
& Energy Department
Foreign Commonwealth Office
King Charles Street
London SW1
Tel: 270 2270
Mr. John Moss
Deputy Head International Unit
Department of Energy
1 Palace St.
London SWIE 5HE
Tel: 071 238 3494
Fax: 071 233 5807
Tlx: 91837 energyg
(28LISTPA)
- 31 -
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
Mr. Dominic T. Mussa
Director
Applied Meteorology Division
Directorate of Meteorology
P. O. Box 3056
Dar-Es-Salaam
Tel: 32591
Fax: 32591
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Mr. R. A. Reinstein
Deputy Assistant Secretary, OES/E
Room 7825
Department of State
Washington D.C., 20520
Tel: (202) 647-2232
Fax: (202) 647-0217
Mr. Daniel A. Reifsnyder
Director
Office of Global Change
OES/EGC, Room 4329-A
Department of State
Washington D.C. 20520
Tel: (202) 647-4069
Fax: (202) 647-5947
Mr. J.R. Spradley
Counsellor to Under Secretary
for Oceans and Atmosphere
U.S. Department of Commerce
Room 5814HCHB
Washington, D.C. 20230
Tel: (202) 377-2151
Fax: (202) 377-8203
Ms. Denise Dwyer
International Economist
U.S. Department of Energy
IE-141, Room 7G-090
1000 Independence Ave. SW
Washington DC 20585
Tel: 202 5866384
Fax: 202 5866148
(28LISTPA)
- 32 -
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
J.F. Fitzgerald
(cont'd)
Special Assistant for International Affairs
Environmental Protection Agency
401 M St. SW
Washington, D.C. 20460
Tel: 202 382 4034
Mr. Marty Yerg
U.S. Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20230
Tel: (202) 377-2151
URUGUAY
Lic. Fernando Gonzalez Guyer
Director para Asuntos Especiales
Ministerio de Relaciones
Exteriores
Palacio Santos
Montevideo
Tel: 90 2605
Lic. Ines Rodriguez
Counsellor
Permanent Mission
65, rue de Lausanne
1202 Geneva
Tel: 732 83 66
VENEZUELA
Mrs. Martha Perdomo
Co-ordinator
Institutional Group
of Climate Change
Ministry of the Environment
Apdo 66401 - Las Americas
Caracas 1061-A
Tel: 541 3132
Fax: 545 0607
Mr. Carlos R. Pestana Macedo
Permanent Mission
18 A Chemin François Lehmann
1218 Grand Saconnex
Geneva
Tel: 798-2621
Fax: 798 5877
(28LISTPA)
- 33 -
VENEZUELA (cont'd)
Ms. Imeria de Ooreman
Abogado Asesor
Jefe de la Oficina de Asuntos
Internacionales
Consultoria Juridica
Torre MRE - Conde A
Carmelitas - 4o Piso
Consultoria Juridica
Caracas
Tel: 814631
Fax: 814632
YUGOSLAVIA
Dr. Vid Vukasovic
(representing the Federal Institute
for Meteorology and Hydrology)
Institute of International
Politics & Economics
Makedonska 25
11000 Belgrade
Tel.: (011) 325 611
ZIMBABWE
Mr. M.C. Zinyowera
Director, Meteorological Services
Department of Meteorological Services
P.O. Box BE150
BELVEDERE
(28LISTPA)
- 34 -
OBSERVERS
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE
Mr. Ulrich Cording
ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
UNCTAD Economic Affairs Officer
(UNCTAD)
E.10009
Palais des Nations
Geneva
Switzerland
UNITED NATIONS
Mr. Thierry Delbreuve
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Programme Officer
(UNDP)
European Office
Petit Saconnex
16, Avenue Jean Trembley
Geneva
Switzerland
Tel: 798 58 50
UNITED NATIONS
Mr. Janos Pasztor
CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT
Senior Officer
AND DEVELOPMENT
C.P. 80
(UNCED)
1231 Conches
Switzerland
Tel: (41 22) 789 1676
Fax: (41 22) 789 3536
Mr. Lucas Assunção
Executive Assistant to UNCED Secretary General
C.P. 80
1231 Conches
Switzerland
Tel: (41 22) 789 1676
Fax: (41 22) 789 3536
UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR
Mr. Lars D. Ludvigsen
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (HABITAT)
Head of UNCHS (Habitat) Office
Office E.3.1.
Palais des Nations
1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland
UNITED NATIONS
Mr. Hans-Fredrik Samuelsson
CENTRE ON TRANSACTIONAL
Chief, ECE/UNCTC
CORPORATION (UNCTC)
Bureau 350
Palais des Nations
1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland
Tel: 734 6011
(28LISTPA)
- 35 -
UNITED NATIONS
Mr. Klaus Voigt
EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC
Deputy Secretary
AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(UNESCO)
7, Place de Fontenoy
75007 Paris
France
Tel: 331 4568 3990/3
Fax: 331 4056 9316
Tlx: 204461
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL
Ms. Irene Lorenzo
DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
Director
(UNIDO)
UNIDO Liaison Office
Villa les Feuillantines
Palais des Nations
1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland
Mr. David Rakotopare
Liaison Officer
UNIDO Liaison Office
Villa les Feuillantines
Palais des Nations
1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland
Tel: 733 2993
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
Mr. David Norse
ORGANIZATION OF THE
Senior Policy & Planning
UNITED NATIONS (FAO)
Co-ordinator
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome
Italy
Tel: 396 5797 3216
Fax: 396 5797 4408
Mr. Lawrence C. Christy
Chief, Development Law Service
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome
Italy
Tel: 396 5797 3216
Fax: 396 5797 4408
(28LISTPA)
- 36 -
COMMISSION OF EUROPEAN
Ms Lisbeth Dissing
COMMUNITIES (CEC)
200 rue de la Loi
(Brey 7/211)
1049 Brussels
Belgium
Tel: 2363395
Fax: 2350144
Mr. Ingolf Pernice
Legal Advisor
Commission of the EEC
200, rue de la Loi
1049 Brussels
Belgium
Tel: (322) 235 91 29
Fax: 236 30 86
Mr. Guy Corcelle
Commission des Communautés
Européennes
200, rue de la Loi
1049 Brussels
Belgium
EC COUNCIL SECRETARIAT
Mrs Adèle Airoldi
Council Secretariat
170, rue de la Loi
1048 Brussels
Belgium
Tel: 234 78 75
Fax: 234 81 07
CLIMATE NETWORK EUROPE
Ms. Annie Roncerel
Co-ordinator
98, rue du Trône
1050 Brussels
Belgium
Tel: 322/5143113
Fax: 322/5126673
(28LISTPA)
- 37 -
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND
Mr. Scott A. Hajost
Senior Attorney
Suite 150
1616 P Street NW
Washington D.C. 20036
U.S.A.
Tel: (202) 387 3500
Tlx: 6503232147
Fax: (202) 234 6049
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Mr. Richard N. Mott
INSTITUTE
ELI
1616 P Street NW
Washington D.C. 20036
U.S.A.
Tel: (202) 328 5150
Fax: (202) 328 5000
GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL
Mr. Paul E. Hohnen
International Atmosphere Advisor
176 Keizersgracht
Amsterdam 1016 DW
The Netherlands
Tel: 5236556
Fax: 523 6500
INTERNATIONAL
Mr. Jean W. M. La Rivière
COUNCIL OF
Secretary General of ICSU
SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
51 Boulevard de Montmorency
(ICSU)
F-75016 Paris
France
Tel: 33 1 4525 0329
Fax: 33 1 4288 9431
INTERNATIONAL PETROLEUM
Mr. John Lemlin
INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTAL
Executive Secretary
CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION
2nd Floor Monmouth House
(IPIECA)
87-93 Westbourne Grove
London W2 4UL
U.K.
Tel: 071 221 2026
Fax: 071 229 4948
(28LISTPA)
- 38 -
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR
Mr. Danny Elder
CONSERVATION OF NATURE
Co-ordinator, International Union
(IUCN)
for Conservation of Nature
Global Change Programme
Avenue du Mont Blanc
1196 Gland
Switzerland
LEADERSHIP COUNCIL FOR
Mr. Donald Pearlman
EFFECTIVE CLIMATE CHANGE
c/o Patton Boggs & Blow
POLICIES
2550 M Street N.W
Washington D.C. 20037
U.S.A.
Tel: (202) 457 6512
Fax: (202) 457 6315
WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE
Mr. Adam C. J. Markham
Head of Pollution & Consumer Policy
CH-1196 Gland
Switzerland
Tel: 022 64 9223
Fax: 022 64 3239
Ms. U. Morgenthaler
WWF Switzerland
P.O. Box
8037 Zürich
Switzerland
Tel: 011 2722044
Fax: 011 2722844
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
I. Topkov
President of the Governing Council of UNEP
M.K. Tolba
Executive Director UNEP
P. Usher
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
Zou Jingmeng
President of WMO
G.O.P. Obasi
Secretary-General WMO
Jin Kui
Assistant to President of WMO
J.P. Bruce
Advisor to the Secretary-General
Erna Dar-Ziv
Conference Officer
(28LISTPA)
- 39 -
SWCC Secretariat
H.L. Ferguson
Co-ordinator, SWCC
A. Alusa
SWCC Secretariat
A. Clerc
SWCC Secretariat
Joelee Joyce
SWCC Secretariat
J. Maunder
SWCC Secretariat
IPCC Secretariat
N. Sundararaman
Secretary, IPCC
S. Tewungwa
IPCC Secretariat
(28LISTPA)
Secretariat compilation of Articles 17 and 18
Rev.1
after discussion in plenary (28 September)
Proposal by the chairman at the end of this discussion
Title
POLICY TARGETS FOR URGENT ACTION *
17.
In order to achieve sustainable development, (1) [in
all countries] [and to meet the needs of present and
future generations, environmental measures must
anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of
environmental degradations] we must [may] [will] base
ourselves on the precautionary principle. (2)
Environmental measures must anticipate, prevent and
attack the causes of environmental degradation.
(3) [Where there are threats of serious or
irreversible damage,] lack of full scientific
certainty should not be used as a reason for
postponing measures to prevent environmental
degradation [which are justified in their own right.]
[The measures adopted should take into account the
different socio-economic contexts.]
18.
The potentially serious consequences of climate
change give sufficient reasons to begin [by] adopting
response strategies that can be justified [in their
own right] immediately [for other reasons] even in
the face of significant uncertainties: [including]
[phasing out of [[production and use of]] CFC-[[use]]
emissions], efficiency improvements and conservation
in energy supply, [and use] sustainable forest
management, [afforestation schemes, proper land use
planning,] use of cleaner and more efficient energy
sources, review of agricultural practices. [Further
actions should be pursued in a phased and flexible
manner on the basis of, in the long-term goals and
strategies, [at the national, regional or global
level] taking advantage of scientific advance and
technological development to meet both environmental
and economic objectives.]
18. SAUDI ARABIA [alternative]
[We note that a mechanism is being set up by WMO and
UNEP to undertake the necessary intergovernmental
negotiations on global warming.]
*
Alternative title by USA: [POLICY CONSIDERATIONS]
1)
Definition of sustainable development as agreed at the
15th session of UNEP Governing Council (Annex II UNEP/GC
15/L.37).
2)
Saudi Arabia proposes to delete two last sentences and
reference to precautionary principle.
3)
Bangladesh proposes:
"Where there are threats of serious or irreversible
damage, measures to prevent environmental degradation
should be taken on the basis of full scientific
certainty."
28 September 1990
Secretariat compilation of Article 19
after discussion in plenary
(Stabilization and reduction of greenhouse gases) [not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol]
Para. 19
We agree that the ultimate global objective should be
to stabilize and reduce greenhouse gas concentrations
[emissions] [noting that following the IPCC Report
the long-lived gases such as CO₂, N₂O, and CFC could
require immediate reductions in emissions from human
activities of over 60% to stabilize their
concentrations at today's levels; methane would
require a 15-20% reduction.]
SWITZERLAND
[Alternative]
[We agree that the ultimate global objective should
be to stabilize greenhouse gas concentration at a
level that would prevent anthropogenic interference
with climate.]
USA
Delete para. 19.
UK
Delete "reduce greenhouse gas concentrations".
28 September 1990
Secretariat compilation of Article 20
after discussion in plenary
We stress, as a first step, the need to stabilize,
while ensuring [stable] [sustainable] development of
the world economy, emissions of greenhouse gases not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol. [Obligations
should be equitably differentiated according to
countries' respective responsibilities for causing
and combatting climate change and their level of
development.]
USA [Alternative]
[We recognize that the most effective response
strategies, especially in the short-term, are those
which are:
Justified for reasons other than climate change
and also provide beneficial impacts on potential
climate change;
Economically efficient and cost effective;
Able to serve multiple social, economic, and
environmental purposes;
Easily modified to respond to increased
scientific and economic understanding of climate
change;
Compatible with the concept of sustainable
economic growth and development;
Compatible with the concept of a comprehensive
approach that deals with all sources and sinks
of greenhouse gases;
Administratively practical and effective in
terms of applications, monitoring, and
enforcement; and
inclusive of obligations by both industrialized
and developing countries.]
28 September 1990
Secretariat compilation of Article 21
after discussion in plenary
Para. 21 We agree that stabilization of [C02 emissions]
[greenhouse gas emissions] [in particular CO₂
emissions] [not controlled by the Montreal Protocol]
should be achieved [jointly] by industrialized
countries by the year [2000] * and should be set at
[lowest possible] [present] ** emission levels. [We
urge all countries to set achievable national targets
and programs to achieve those targets.]
USA [Alternative]
[We recommend that limitation and adaption strategies
be considered as an integrated package that
complement each other to minimize net costs. These
strategies should include measures which limit
emissions from greenhouse gas sources as well as
those which increase the ability of natural systems
to utilize greenhouse gases. A comprehensive
approach is needed which considers the costs of
reducing emissions of different greenhouse gases and
the effects of those reductions on potential climate
change.]
UK
[Alternative]
We agree that stabilization of the global warming
potential of greenhouse gases should be achieved by
industrialised by the year [2000] and should be set
at [present] emission levels.
*
Uruguay, Austria, Japan and Denmark propose to delete the
brackets.
Uruguay, Austria, Denmark delete the brackets
USSR Delete the para. although USSR can agree with the
paras. 19-23 proposed by Norway.
THE NEW Y
EARLIER HARM SEEN
IN GLOBAL WARMING
Don't и
Severe Damage in First Years
of Next Century Forecast
by Study for the U.N.
By WILLIAM K. STEVENS
After two years of study, an interna-
tional group of scientists working
under United Nations auspices has
found that global warming could cause
serious environmental damage start-
ing in the early years of the next cen-
tury, long before the maximum tem-
perature levels predicted by many
scientists are reached.
! And for the first time, they recom-
mended establishing limits beyond
which the average global temperature
and sea level should not be permitted to
rise, lest the world be subjected to seri-
ous and ever-increasing risks.
These limits are well below the levels
that another international scientific
panel said last June will ultimately re-
sult if heat-trapping gases, mainly car-
bon dioxide, continue to pour into the
atmosphere at the present rate.
A report issued yesterday also in-
cludes a detailed analysis of measures
that might bring the expected warming
under control and concludes that if the
measures are aggressively pursued,
the limits can be achieved.
Steps Toward Formal Treaty
The conclusions, recommendations
and supporting analyses will furnish
grist for the Second World Climate
Conference starting in Geneva on Oct.
29, a gathering sponsored by the United
Nations at which governments from
around the world expect to take the
first steps toward what they hope will
be a formal treaty aimed at controlling
global warming.
Two international groups of scien-
tists have been studying the problem,
both with United Nations sponsorship.
One, operating as part of the Intergov-
ernmental Panel on Climate Change,
was formed in late 1988 to advise the
governments attending the World Cli-
mate Conference. The other, which was
formed in 1986 and was the progenitor
of the intergovernmental panel, has no
government affiliation but rather is an
association of independent scientists
called the Advisory Group on Green-
house Gases.
The independent group's report,
issued yesterday in London, Stockholm
and New York, goes beyond the scien-
tific assessment of the intergovern-
mental panel, made public last June, in
attempting to set targets for the con-
trol of global warming.
29, a gathering sponsored by the United
Nations at which governments from
around the world expect to take the
AL
first steps toward what they hope will
be a formal treaty aimed at controlling
global warming.
Two international groups of scien-
tists have been studying the problem,
both with United Nations sponsorship.
2
One, operating as part of the Intergov-
ernmental Panel on Climate Change,
was formed in late 1988 to advise the
governments attending the World Cli-
mate Conference. The other, which was
ALRI
formed in 1986 and was the progenitor
of the intergovernmental panel, has no
government affiliation but rather is an
association of independent scientists
called the Advisory Group on Green-
& SPEC
house Gases.
The independent group's report,
issued yesterday in London, Stockholm
and New York, goes beyond the scien-
tific assessment of the intergovern-
mental panel, made public last June, in
attempting to set targets for the con-
EVE
trol of global warming.
Among the practical measures that
the scientists said might be taken to
FROM #:1
limit the warming were improved
energy efficiency, greater reliance on
natural gas, reforestation and the
adoption of alternative energy sources
that are both technologically and eco-
Wools enric
nomically feasible. The sources include
solar, wind, geothermal and biomass
technologies. "Limiting emissions so
we can stay below the minimums
should be attainable," said Michael Op-
penheimer, senior scientist for the En-
vironmental Defense Fund, who was
the chairman of the working group on
EN
control measures.
Rate of Increase Forecast
FROM CHRI
In June, the scientists advising the
intergovernmental group predicted
that under what it called the "business
K.
as usual" scenario, the average global
temperature would rise by nearly two
Trenche
degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2025
and by more than five degrees by the
end of the next century. The rate of in-
crease, which scientists say is as im-
portant as the absolute increase be-
cause of the difficulty of adjusting to
rapid climatic change, was predicted
at about half a degree per decade.
In the report issued yesterday, the in-
FROM JO
dépendent scientists said that to mini-
mize the risk of environmental dam-
age, the rate of increase should be held
EVAI
below one-fifth of a degree per decade.
An absolute increase beyond 1990 of
Swinge
more than about two degrees above
pre-industrial levels, it said, "may
elicit rapid, unpredictable and non-lin-
ear responses that could lead to exten-
sive ecosystem damage." Non-linear
responses refer, for example, to sudden
jumps in global temperature rather
than even, gradual increases.
The report last June of the intergov-
ernmental scientific panel said that the
world has already warmed by about
half a degree to one degree since the in-
FROM GALI
dustrial age began, but scientists do not
know whether this rise was caused by
greenhouse gases emitted as a result of
Flight
human activity or whether it is attrib-
utable to natural climatic variability
and therefore, possibly, is temporary.
"Severe Impacts' Without Action
The report said that the atmosphere
may already contain enough heat-trap-
ping gases to push the global tempera-
He
ture above the two-degree target.
"This means that unless we take very
prompt and significant actions to re-
should be attainable," said Michael Op-
penheimer, senior scientist for the En-
vironmental Defense Fund, who was
the chairman of the working group on
control measures.
EV
Rate of Increase Forecast
FROM CHRIS
In June, the scientists advising the
intergovernmental group predicted
that under what it called the "business
KA
as usual" scenario, the average global
temperature would rise by nearly two
degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2025
Trenchco
and by more than five degrees by the
end of the next century. The rate of in-
crease, which scientists say is as im-
pertant as the absolute increase be-
cause of the difficulty of adjusting to
rapid climatic change, was predicted
at about half a degree per decade.
In the report issued yesterday, the in-
FROM JO
dépendent scientists said that to mini-
mize the risk of environmental dam-
age, the rate of increase should be held
EVAN
below one-fifth of a degree per decade.
"An absolute increase beyond 1990 of
more than about two degrees above
Swingco
pre-industrial levels, it said, "may
elicit rapid, unpredictable and non-lin-
ear responses that could lead to exten-
sive ecosystem damage." Non-linear
responses refer, for example, to sudden
jumps in global temperature rather
than even, gradual increases.
The report last June of the intergov-
ernmental scientific panel said that the
-
world has already warmed by about
half a degree to one degree since the in-
FROM GALL
dustrial age began, but scientists do not
know whether this rise was caused by
greenhouse gases emitted as a result of
Flight
human activity or whether it is attrib-
utable to natural climatic variability
and therefore, possibly, is temporary.
'Severe Impacts' Without Action
The report said that the atmosphere
may already contain enough heat-trap-
ping gases to push the global tempera-
Hei
ture above the two-degree target.
"This means that unless we take very
prompt and significant actions to re-
duce greenhouse emissions, we're very
likely to experience severe impacts,"
Our
said Peter Gleick, a co-chairman of the
working group dealing with targets. He
directs the global environmental pro-
grams of the Pacific Institute in Berke-
ley, Calif., a non-profit research insti-
P1
tute.
The report established an "upper
limit" of about 3.5 degrees in tempera-
4
ture increase since the start of the in-
dustrial age "beyond which the risks of
grave damage to ecosystems, and of
non-linear responses, are expected to
increase rapidly."
While the voluminous study was re-
viewed in detail by other scientists be-
fore it was issued, not all authorities
were initially prepared to give it un-
qualified endorsement.
"It sounds as if they've taken the
worst-case scenarios and tried to make
the case for a maximum effort," said
William D. Nordhaus, a Yale Univer-
sity economist who cautioned that he
had not yet had a chance to read the re-
port. He has been the chairman or co-
chairman of a number of National
Coats in misses sizes 4 to 16, petites 2 to 14; dow
Academy of Sciences panels looking
Sixth Floor, Lord & Taylor, Fifth Avenue. And at Lord & Taylor, Westchester, Stamford, Manhasset, Garden City, Ridgewo
into global warming.
Lord & Taylor Pricing Policy: Our regular and original prices are offering prices only and may or may not have resulted
XEROX TELECOPIER 295 ; 22-72-27:27:?? ??;
CCITT G3
# 2
SENT BY:
:10-12-90 ; 15:45 ;
2023283729-
2240580;# 2
PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
WHAT'S NEW, Friday, 12 October 1990
Washington, DC
1. GORE ACCUSES WHITE HOUSE OF SABOTAGING CLIMATE NEGOTIATION!
In a hearing on coral bleaching yesterday, Sen. Albert Gore (D-
TN) grilled John Knauss of NOAA, who will represent the US at the
upcoming Second World Climate Conference (WN 5 Oct 90). Gore
charged the US delegation with attempting to "weaken and dilute
every proposal to actually do something. Knauss argued that
it's too soon to get into details of CO2 stabilization. Gore
complained that "Mr. Sununu is handling the climate negotiations
the same way he handled the budget negotiations." He wondered
why Knauss, a deputy administrator at NOAA, and not EPA head
William Reilly, will be representing the US. A top EPA official
commented privately that no one at EPA was eager to have Reilly
undergo such a grilling. Like most scientists working on the
problem, he said, Reilly's personal views differ from White House
policy. Officials from the World Meteorological Organization feel
the US government is not taking global warming seriously. A NOAA
lawyer caused an uproar in Geneva when he answered the concerns
of the minister of environment from low-lying Bangladesh about a
rise in sea level: "Before you had COWS, now you'll have fish."
2. SEMI-TOUGH COMMITTEE SANCTIONED SALE OF SEMI-GAS SYSTEMS. The
Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), is
charged with reviewing proposed foreign takeovers for the Presi-
dent, who has authority to block such sales on national security
grounds. CFIUS does not seem unduly alarmed; of 460 takeovers
reviewed so far, only one was ever blocked. But in a hearing on
Wednesday, Sen. Gore (he had a busy week) questioned approval of
the acquisition of Semi-Gas Systems by Nippon Sanso. Semi-Gas
has been an active participant in Sematech, a research consortium
funded by US tax-payers and the semiconductor industry to compete
with Japan; since 1988 the selling price of Semi-Gas rose from
$5M to $23M. Sematech claims a confidentiality agreement, which
was not in place prior to the sale, does not adequately protect
their technology. Sematech was not consulted about the agreement,
and first heard about it from the Wall Street Journal. "You've
been taken to the cleaners," Gore declared to CFIUS officials.
3. AN OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT REPORT ON SPACE DEBRIS,
released yesterday, dampened jubilation at NASA over its first
shuttle flight in over five months. Discovery sent the Ulysses
spacecraft on a mission to investigate the polar regions of the
Sun. According to OTA, the low-Earth orbits reached by the
shuttle may be too cluttered with space junk to use in another
decade. It's more bad news for Freedom, NASA's proposed orbiting
pork barrel. A GAO report last April (WN 27 Apr 90) warned that
the space debris model NASA used to design Freedom underestimated
the hazard. Spy satellites also populate low-Earth orbits, and
SDI envisions putting up 4,600 Brilliant Pebbles, exacerbating
the problem of debris from space-weapons tests. The OTA report
calls for international agreements to curb additional littering.
Robert L. Park (202) 232-0189
The American Physical Society
Non-paper
beneva
Prep Meeting for surce
DRAFT MINISTERIAL DECLARATION
Sept. =4 30
NORWAY
PREAMBLE
1.
We, the Ministers from
countries representing the world
community met in Geneva, Switzerland, from 6 to 7 November
1990 at the Second World Climate Conference.
2.
Being deeply concerned by the global climate change issue, we
commit ourselves to take active and constructive steps in a
global response.
7.
We appreciate the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) established by U.N.E.P. and W.M.O. and
its First Assessment Report on the causes and effects of
climate change. It has identified strategies to delay, limit
or mitigate the impact of climate change, and at the request
of United Nations General Assembly has proposed possible
elements for inclusion in a convention on climate.
DEFINITION OF PROBLEM AND RISKS
8.
From the IPCC report we note that global climate change poses
environmental threat of a magnitude the world has never known
before. Human activities which have lead to the emissions of
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere have so far committed the
Global Commons to an irreversible warming.
GLOBAL STRATEGY
9.
Recognizing that climate change is a global problem of unique
character, we consider that a global response must be decided
and implemented without further delay based on the best
available knowledge such as those resulting from the IPCC
assessment. Recognizing further that the principle of equity
should be the basis of any global response to climate change
and the common but differentiated responsibility of countries,
industrialized countries, which are responsible for most of
the observed increase in the greenhouse gases' concentration
in the atmosphere must take the lead, commit themselves to
immediate action and provide resources and assistance to
developing countries to help them in addressing climate change
in a way compatible with their development needs. To this end
there is a need to provide the necessary support, including
new, additional and specific financial assistance to the
developing countries.
I. ROLE OF SCIENCE IN IMPROVING OUR UNDERSTANDING, CAPACITY OF
PREDICTION AND OUR RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
12. We reaffirm that, in order to reduce uncertainties, to
increase our ability to predict (including early
identification of as yet unknown climate-related problems) and to
design scientifically sound response strategies, there is a need to
strengthen both national and international activities in research,
monitoring, and data and information exchange related to climate
change. We stress that special efforts be directed to key areas of
uncertainty.
II. TARGETS FOR URGENT POLICY ACTION
(Precautionary measures)
17. In order to achieve sustainable development, we must base
ourselves on the precautionary principle. Environmental
measures must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of
environmental degradation. Where there are threats of serious
or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty
should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to
prevent environmental degradation.
18. The potentially serious consequences of climate change give
sufficient reasons to begin adopting response strategies that
can be justified immediately even in the face of significant
uncertainties: phasing out of CFC-emissions, efficiency
improvements and conservation in energy supply, sustainable
forest management, use of clearer and more efficient energy
sources, review of agricultural practices.
(Stabilization and reduction of greenhouse gases)
19. We agree that the ultimate global objective should be to
stabilize and reduce greenhouse gas concentrations.
20. We stress, as a first step, the need to stabilize, while
ensuring stable development of the world economy, emissions of
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
21. We agree that stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions should
be achieved by industrialized countries by the year [2000] and
should be set at [present] emission levels.
22. We stress, in establishing emissions reduction targets, the
need for a sound and equitable basis for setting such targets
and the need for cost-effective measures to reach the targets.
23. We recommend that the specifications of the obligation to
stabilize and reduce greenhouse gases emissions be realized in
the form of separate Protocols to the Climate Convention. Some
of these protocols could be negotiated concurrently with the
framework convention.
(Special Situation of Developing countries)
24. We recognize that emissions from developing countries with,
their as yet, relatively low energy requirements, and which
can reasonably be expected to grow in step with their
development may have targets that accomodate that development.
Developing countries should, within the limits feasible, take
measures to suitably adopt their economies. Recognizing the
poverty that prevails among the populations of developing
countries, it is natural that achieving economic growth is
given priority by them. We recommend that new and additional
resources should progressively be mobilized to help developing
countries take the necessary measures to address climate change
consistent with their development needs.
26. We further recommend that consideration should be given to the
need for funding facilities including the proposed World
Bank/UNEP/UNDP "Global Environmental Facility". Such funding
should eventuallly be related to the implementation of the
climate convention and associated protocols.
(Economic instruments)
31. Economic or market based instruments frequently offer the
potential of achieving environmental improvements at lower
costs than through regulatory mechanisms. We recommend that
new policies at both the national and international level be
established making extensive use of economic instruments in
conjunction with a balanced mix of regulatory approaches in
order to increase efficiency.
Such instruments could include:
(i) taxes on environmentally damaging activities and energy
inefficient product
(ii) emission trading (tradeable permits/allowances)
(iii) reduction or, wherever possible, elimination of
subsidies to energy intensive and other activities that
induce climate change
(iv) other measures such as emission changes and fees deposit
refund systems and fiscal incentive
(Role of the Energy and Transport Sector)
We note that the energy sector presently accounts for nearly
half of the man-made greenhouse effect and is projected to
increase substantially. We recognize that an environmentally
sound development must include policies which will ahieve a
sustainable energy system and take the environmental costs and
benefits of energy fully into account. We urge the promotion
of energy efficiency as the most cost effective immediate
measure for reducing energy-related emissions of atmospheric
pollutants, in particular CO2.
(Technology development)
We recognize that there is no single quick-fix technological
option for limiting greenhouse gas emissions. However, we are
convinced that technological breakthrough is a key element of
any long-term strategy that deals with climate change in a way
that meets the goal of sustainable development. Therefore, we
urge all countries, the industrialized countries in
particular, to intensify their efforts and international
cooperation in development of "new" and "green" technologies.
(Transfer of technology)
33. We urge that relevant technology be utilized by all sectors in
all countries to the full extent possible and further urge all
countries, industrialized and developing, to identify and take
effective measures to remove barriers to the dissemination of
the best available technology. There is a need for the rapid
transfer to, the developing countries, on a preferential basis,
of technologies for addressing climate change.
(Forestry)
34. We recognize that the conservation of the worlds's forests is
of crucial importance for global climatic stability,
particularly having regard to the important contribution of
forest destruction to global warming through the emission of
carbon-dioxide, methane and other trace gases.
We stress the need to reduce the rate of deforestation and to
enhance the potential of the world's forests as a sink for
greenhouse bases, through vigorous programmes of reforestation
and afforestation.
We endorse the target included in the Noordwijk Declaration of
achieving net global forest growth of 12 million hectares per
year,) through conservation of existing forests and through
agressive programmes of reforestation and afforestation.
(Desertification)
36. We recommend that precautionary measures be adopted by donors
in collaboration with the countries concerned, i.a. through
stepped-up financial contributions, to counter the increasing
degradation of the productive resource base in areas affected
by drought and desertification.
III. GLOBAL FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
37. We endorse the recommendations adopted 26 September 1990 by
the Ad hoc-working group of government representatives to
prepare for negotiations on a framework convention on climate
change. We call for such negotiations to begin without delay
after a decision is taken by the 45th Session of the UNGA
recommending ways, means and modalities for further pursuing
these negotiations. We urge all countries to join in these
negotiations, with the aim of completing negotiations to
ensure adoption of a Climate Convention and other relevant
legal instruments by the time of the UN Conference on
Environment and Development in 1992. We welcome the offer of
the Government of the US to host the first negotiating meeting.
38. We recommend that such negotiations take account of the
possible elements compiled by the IPCC, and that the Climate
Convention be framed in such a way as to gain the support of
the largest possible number of countries while allowing timely
action to be taken. We stress, given the complex and
multi-faceted nature of the problem of climate change, the
need for new and innovative solutions.
IV. INFORMATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS
41. We believe that a well informed public is essential for
addressing and coping with as complex an issue as climate
change and urge countries, in particular, to encourage wide
participation of all sectors of the population in addressing
climate change issues and developing appropriate responses.
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29 September 1990
PREAMBLE
Addender
1.
I
We, the Ministers from countries representing the
world community met in Geneva, Switzerland, from 6 to
7 November 1990 at the Second World Climate
Conference.
2.
We note that while climate has varied in the past and
there is still a large degree of scientific
uncertainty, the rate of climate change predicted by
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
to occur over the next century is unprecedented.
This is due mainly to the accumulation of greenhouse
gases, resulting from a host of human activities
since the industrial revolution, particularly in
industrialised countries. Such climate change could
pose an environmental threat of a magnitude hitherto
unknown, and could severely jeopardize the social and
economic development of some areas, and could in some
cases even threaten habitability.
3.
We appreciate the work of the World Climate Programme
(WCP) during the past decade which has improved
understanding of the causes, processes and effects of
climate and climate change. We also congratulate the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
established by the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) on its First Assessment Report on
the causes and [possible] effects of climate change.
It has identified strategies to limit and adapt to
climate change, and in the light of the United
Nations General Assembly resolutions, has identified
possible elements for inclusion in a framework
convention on climate change.
4.
Recognising climate change as a common concern of
mankind, we commit ourselves to take active and
constructive steps in a global response.
Proposal para. line 9: include
meet
[potential] after "such"
Proposal para.2 to delete "and
could in some cases even threaten
Fri sat - Juh
hability" and replace by:
[Many believe that in some cases
it even threatens survival,
47 an min
specially for small islands, low-
lying, coastal, arid and semi-
Decl
arid countries.]
Proposal para. 4 add at the end:
[without prejudice to sovereignty
of states.]
Zoa (cheme/ Topicojo Bulgaric
continue fa. conceltations
Can cha in ministerial meetry and see need bureey
209 sanscret chair drafting group
Conduct ser smokion
28 September
GLOBAL STRATEGY
5.
Recognizing that climate change is a global problem
of unique character, we consider that a global
response [which ensures the stable development of the
world economy] must be decided and implemented
without further delay based on the best available
knowledge such as that resulting from the IPCC
Assessment. Recognizing further that the principles
of equity and the common but differentiated
responsibility of countries should be the basis of
any global response to climate change, industrialized
countries must take the lead and commit themselves to
immediate action and enter into and strengthen
cooperation with developing countries to enable them
to adequately address climate change without
hindering their national development goals and
objectives. Developing countries must, within the
limits feasible, commit themselves to appropriate
action in this regard. To this end there is a need
to contribute [new and] additional, adequate
financial resources and transfer of technology on a
[preferential] [fair and equitable] basis.
alternative
We recognize that climate change
is a global problem of unique
character, we also recognize that
these exists many uncertainties
in the fields of science,
economics, plus the
effecativeness at response
options in limiting or averting
Potential climate change.
28 September
I.
ROLE OF SCIENCE IN IMPROVING OUR UNDERSTANDING, CAPACITY
OF PREDICTION AND OUR RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
6.
We reaffirm that, in order to reduce uncertainties,
to increase our ability to predict climate and
climate change on a global and regional basis,
including early identification of as yet unknown
climate-related issues, and to design sound response
strategies, there is a need to strengthen both
national and international, and if necessary regional
activities in science. We recognize that commitments
by governments are essential to sustain and
strengthen the necessary research and monitoring
programmes and the exchange of relevant data and
information, with due respect to national
sovereignity. We stress that special efforts must be
directed to key areas of uncertainty.
We maintain that there is a need to intensify
research on the social and economic implications of
climate change. We commit ourselves to promoting the
full participation of developing countries in these
efforts. We pledge our full support to the needs of
the World Climate Programme including contributions
to the WMO Special Fund for Climate and Atmospheric
Environmental Studies. The magnitude of the problem
being addressed is such that no nation can tackle it
alone and we stress the need to strengthen
international cooperation. In particular, we ask the
[World Climate Programme] [WMO] [and other
international organisations] to take the lead
internationally in coordinating climate and climate
change related scientific studies.
alternative: to add at the beginning
of the para.
We reaffirm the scientific
consensus that global warming is
taking place owing to the
greenhouse effect; and that the
continued emission of greenhouse
gases, [especially carbon
dioxide, ] is committing the earth
to significant future warming.
28 September
II. POLICY TARGETS FOR URGENT ACTION *
(Precautionary measures)
7.
In order to achieve sustainable development, (1) in
all countries and to meet the needs of present and
future generations, environmental measures must
anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of
environmental degradations. we must [may] [will] base
ourselves on the precautionary principle. (2)
Environmental measures must anticipate, prevent and
attack the causes of environmental degradation.
(3) Where there are threats of serious or irreversible
damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not
be used as a reason for postponing measures to
prevent environmental degradation [which are
justified in their own right]. The measures adopted
should take into account the different socio-economic
contexts.
*
Alternative title:
[POLICY CONSIDERATIONS]
1)
Definition of sustainable development
as agreed at the 15th session of UNEP
Governing Council (Annex II UNEP/GC
15/L.37).
2)
Proposal to delete two last sentences
and reference to precautionary
principle.
3) Proposal:
"Where there are threats of serious or
irreversible damage, measures to
prevent environmental degradation
should be taken on the basis of full
scientific certainty."
28 September
8.
The potentially serious consequences of climate
change give sufficient reasons to begin by adopting
response strategies that can be justified (1)
immediately [for other reasons] even in the face of
significant uncertainties: [including] [phasing out
of [production] and use of CFC emissions], efficiency
improvements and conservation in energy supply and
use, sustainable forest management, afforestation
schemes, proper land use planning, use of cleaner and
more efficient energy sources, review of agricultural
practices. Further actions should be pursued in a
phased and flexible manner on the basis of, in the
long-term goals and strategies, at the national,
regional or global level taking advantage of
scientific advance and technological development to
meet both environmental and economic objectives.
alternative
We note that a mechanism is being set
up by WMO and UNEP to undertake the
necessary intergovernmental
negotiations on global warming.
alternative: after "uncertainties" line 4
and in view of the potential risks of
survival especially for small islands,
low-lying, coastal, arid and semi-arid
countries.
1)
Proposal after "justified" in the
third line to insert: [in their
own right]
28 September
(Stabilization and reduction of greenhouse gases [not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol] (1)
9.
We agree that the ultimate global objective should be
to stabilize [and reduce] greenhouse gas
concentrations [emissions]. We agree that the
ultimate global objective should be to stabilize
greenhouse gas concentration at a level that would
prevent anthropogenic interference with climate.
[noting that following the IPCC Report the long-lived
gases such as CO2, N₂O, and CFC could require
Refi
immediate reductions in emissions from human
activities of over 60% to stabilize their
concentrations at today's levels; methane would
require a 15-20% reduction.]
Proposal to delete para. 9
1)
Remark: Ministers are reminded of the
analytical work of the IPCC on
greenhouse gas emission targets as
recommended by the Noordwijk
Ministerial Declaration in November
1989.
28 September
10.
We stress, as a first step, the need to stabilize,
while ensuring sustainable development of the world
economy, emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled
by the Montreal Protocol. Obligations should be
equitably differentiated according to countries'
respective responsibilities for causing and
combatting climate change and their level of
development.
alternative
We recognize that the most effective
response strategies, especially in the
short-term, are those which are:
Justified for reasons other than
climate change and also provide
beneficial impacts on potential
climate change;
Economically efficient and cost
effective;
Able to serve multiple social,
economic, and environmental
purposes;
Easily modified to respond to
increased scientific and economic
understanding of climate change;
Compatible with the concept of
sustainable economic growth and
development;
Compatible with the concept of a
comprehensive approach that deals
with all sources and sinks of
greenhouse gases;
Administratively practical and
effective in terms of
applications, monitoring, and
enforcement; and
inclusive of obligations by both
industrialized and developing
countries.
28 September
11.
We agree that stabilization of [in particular CO₂
emissions] [greenhouse gas emissions] [not controlled
by the Montreal Protocol] [the global warming
potential of greenhouse gases] should be achieved
[jointly] by industrialized countries by the year
[2000]* and should be set at [lowest possible]
[present] ** emission levels. We urge all countries
to set achievable national targets and programs to
achieve those targets.
alternative
We recommend that limitation and
adaption strategies be considered as
an integrated package that complement
each other to minimize net costs.
These strategies should include
measures which limit emissions from
greenhouse gas sources as well as
those which increase the ability of
natural systems to utilize greenhouse
gases. A comprehensive approach is
needed which considers the costs of
reducing emissions of different
greenhouse gases and the effects of
those reductions on potential climate
change.
*
Proposal to delete the brackets.
** Proposal to delete the brackets
Proposal to delete the para.
28 September
12.
We urge industrialized countries to establish
greenhouse gases [especially CO₂] [reduction
programmes aiming at achieving at least 20% reduction
of] [their current contribution to global warming
potential], [its contribution to actual global
warming potential] [possibly by the year 2005] and in
[any case not later than the year 2010] [and appeal
to all developing countries to establish their
programmes equivalent to their status of
development.]
alternative
We stress, [in establishing emissions
reduction targets, the need for a
sound and equitable basis for setting
such targets and the need for cost-
effective measures to reach the
targets. ] [that if emissions reduction
target were to be established. ] [We
note the differencies today within the
industrialized countries in the per
capita emissions and urge the
countries which have the highest rate
to reduce these differencies due to
account being taken of their
specificities.]
alternative
We urge industrialized countries to
establish greenhouse gas reduction
programmes to reduce their current
contribution to global warming and
aiming at a 20% reduction of CO₂-
emissions of 1988 levels by the year
2005 and in any case not later than
the year 2010, and appeal to all
developing countries to establish
programmes equivalent to their status
of development.
Proposal to delete
28 September
13.
We recognize that countries with, as yet, relatively
low energy requirements, and which can be reasonably
expected to grow in step with their development, may
have targets that accommodate that development.
countries shawd, within the
11 mits feasure, taken measures
to scutably adapt their
economies )
28 September
14.
We recommend that [any] [the] specification[s] of the
obligation [s] [if any] to stabilize and [or] reduce
[net] greenhouse gas [es] emissions [may] be realized
in the form of [a] separate Protocols to the Climate
Convention. [Some of these protocol [s] could be
[negotiated [ [concurrently with the [framework]
convention. ]] (1) [as expeditiously as possible. 11
[developed on the basis of consensus decisions by the
negotiating body. ]
1) Proposal to delete the last
sentence: "Some ... convention"
28 September
14 bis
We urge industrialized countries to establish
greenhouse gases reduction programmes aiming at
achieving [at least 20%] reduction of their current
contribution to global warming potential, [possibly
by the year 2005] and in any case not later than the
year 2010.
Proposal to retain this para. if new
para. 12 is not retained in the form
proposed by the Secretariat.
Proposal: para. should be put in brackets
28 September
(Economic situation of certain countries)
SECRETARIAT TEXT
15.
We recognize that developing countries with, as yet,
relatively low energy requirements, which can
reasonably be expected to grow in step with their
development, may have targets that accommodate that
development. We also recognize that additional
financial resources [will] [may] have to be made
available to developing countries to enable them to
limit their net emissions of greenhouse gases while
ensuring a steady development of their economies;
NORWAY [alternative]
We recognize that emissions from developing countries
with, their as yet, relatively low energy
requirements, and which can reasonably be expected to
grow in step with their development may have targets
that accomodate that development. Developing
countries should, within the limits feasible, take
measures to suitably adopt their economies.
Recognizing the poverty that prevails among the
populations of developing countries, it is natural
that achieving economic growth is given priority by
them. We recommend that new and additional resources
should pregressively be mobilized to help developing
countries take the necessary measures to address
climate change consistent with their development
needs.
28 September
(Funding)
16.
We recommend that consideration should be given to
the need for funding facilities [including the
proposed World Bank/UNEP/UNDP "Global Environmental
Facility"] [a clearing house mechanism] [and a
possible new international fund] composed of [new
and] additional financial resources for developing
countries taking into account existing multilateral
and bilateral mechanisms. Such funding should be
related to the implementation of the framework
climate convention. In the meantime industrialized
countries are urged to co-operate with developing
countries to support immediate action addressing
climate change and sea level rise without imposing
any new conditionality on developing countries.
28 September
17.
"We recommend further that the scope of needed
resources be assessed. Such assessments to be
conducted as soon as possible should include inter
alia country studies and mechanisms to meet the
financing needs identified [similar to the approaches
developed under the Montreal Protocol.]
28 September
18.
International funding should be directed in priority
to the sectors identified by the IPCC report, in
particular:
(i) promoting efficient use of energy
(ii) arranging rapid transfer of technology on a
[preferential] [fair and equitable] basis to,
developing countries and technology development
in these countries
(iii) co-operating with developing countries to enable
their full participation in international
meetings on climate change.
(iv) enhancing observational network, particularly in
developing countries, to facilitate conducting
research, monitoring and assessment of climate
change.
Funding should also be directed to the creation of
regional centers to organize information networks on
climate change in developing countries.
28 September
(Economic instruments)
19
Economic or market based instruments frequently offer
the potential of achieving environmental improvements
at lower costs than through regulatory mechanisms.
[We recommend that policies at the national and
international level make extensive use of economic
instruments] [appropriate to each country's socio-
economic conditions] in conjunction with a balanced
mix of regulatory approaches. [Such instruments
could include taxes and charges, emission trading
(tradeable permits/allowances), [subsidies],
[elimination of subsidies to activities that induce
climate change] and other measures such as fees and,
deposit refund systems.]
alternative: add a new sentence
It is evident that the question
of adoption of any form of
Economic instrument raises many
complex and difficult issues.
Careful and substantive analyses
of all implications of such
instruments are needed.
28 September 1990
"Energy"
20.
We note that energy production and use account for
nearly half of the enhanced radiative forcing
resulting from human activities and is expected to
increase its contribution in the absence of
appropriate response actions. We recognize the
promotion of energy efficiency as the most cost
effective immediate measures, in many countries, for
reducing energy-related emissions of greenhouse
gases, in particular CO₂ while other options such as
no or lower greenhouse gas emitting energy sources
should be pursued. Transport energy use attracts
special attention of many of us in the light of its
role in many industrialised countries and of its
expected importance in many developing countries.
(Role of the Energy and Transport Sector)
alternative
We note that the energy and transport
sector presently accounts for nearly
half of the man-made greenhouse effect
and is projected to increase
substantially. We recognize that an
environmentally sound development must
include policies which will achieve
environmentally sustainable energy
system [and take the environmental
costs and benefits of energy fully
into account.] We urge the promotion
of energy conservation and of energy
efficiency demand management and fuel
switching as the most cost effective
immediate measure for reducing energy-
related emissions of atmospheric
pollutants, [in particular CO₂.]
(Cont'd)
28 September 1990
(Technology development and transfer of technology)
21.
We recognize that there is no single quick-fix
technological option for limiting greenhouse gas
emissions. However, we are convinced that
technological innovation as well as social behaviour
and institutional adaptations is a key element of any
long-term strategy that deals with climate change in
a way that meets the goal of sustainable development.
Therefore, we urge all countries, the industrialized
countries in particular, to intensify their efforts
and international cooperation in [technological
research] development and dissemination of
[deployment, including improvement amd reassessment
of existing technologies.] [environmental favourable]
"new" and ["green"] [renewable energy] technologies.]
28 September
22.
We urge that [environmentally sound] technology be
utilized by all sectors in all countries to the full
extent possible and further urge all countries,
industrialized, and developing, and least developed
to identify and take effective measures to remove
barriers to the dissemination of the best
environmentaly safe technology. There is a need for
the effective transfer to the developing countries,
[on a preferential and non-commercial basis] [on a
preferential and affordable basis] [on favourable
terms], of technologies for addressing climate
change.
28 September
(Forestry)
23.
We recognize that the conservation of the world's
forests in their role as reservoirs and sinks of
greenhouse gases along with other measures are/is of
[crucial] [significant] importance for global
climatic stability, [as well as the state of the
environment in general] particularly having regard to
the important contribution of forest destruction to
global warming through the emission of carbon-
dioxide, methane and other trace gases.
We stress the need to reduce the rate of
deforestation [in consonance with the objective of
sustained yield development] and to enhance the
potential of the world's forests as a sink for
greenhouse bases, [through vigorous programmes of
reforestation and afforestation.] [through improved
management of existing forests and vigorous
programmes of reforestation and afforestation.]
[We endorse the target included] [We urge the
earliest completion of the feasibility assessment
called for] in the Noordwijk Declaration of achieving
net global forest growth of 12 million hectares per
year, through conservation of existing forests and
through agressive programmes of reforestation and
afforestation.
We call for the develoment of a World Forest
Conservation Protocol or Convention, covering boreal
temperate subtropical and tropical forests in the
context of or in association with a Climate
Convention.
We call on all countries to strengthen [and reform]
[support and extend] the Tropical Forests Action Plan
[to enable it to tackle forestry programmes
effectively,] [process to all countries with tropical
forests,] to strengthen the role of the [Food and
Agriculture Organization and] International Tropical
Timber Organisations and to support the countries
concerned to implement sustainable management of
forests through enhanced and well coordinated
international cooperation.
We also recognize that forests and forest products
play a key social and economic role in many nations
and communities.
2
We acknowledge that increasing population and
economic growth would result in greater conversion of
forest lands to other uses, unless offset by
increased productivity in activities sustained by
current land uses.
We affirm and recognize the sovereign rights of all
countries to make use of their natural resources.
alternative to sub-para.1
"We recognize that the conservation of
the world's forests is of crucial
importance for global climatic
stability, as well as the conservation
of biological diversity, and the
protection of soil stability and of
the hydrological system. Forest
destruction contributes to global
warming through the emission of
carbon-dioxide, methane and other
trace gases.
alternative for the three last lines of
sub-para.1
"
of forest as a sink for carbon-
dioxide, and other trace gases. "
Proposal to delete sub-paras. 4 to 8
in order to get balance with para. 20
(Energy)
28 September
24.
We call finally for the development of a World Forest
Conservation [Protocol or Convention,] [Convention or
Agreement] covering temperate, boreal, subtropical
and tropical forests, in the context of or in
association with a Climate Convention which also
addresses energy-related and other greenhouse gas
emissions. The specific elements of such a protocol
or convention are a matter for international
negotiations which should begin at an early date.
These elements may include: fundamental research,
tropical and subtropical forest planning, measures to
use, protect and reforest, international trade,
financial assistance and possible national, regional
and international targets for conservation,
reforestation and afforestation.
alternative
We recommend that discussions on the
protection and management of boreal,
temperate, sub-tropical and tropical
forest ecosystems must be well
coordinated and compatible with other
possible types of action related to
reduction of emission of greenhouse
gases, rational utilisation of
biological diversity, financial
assistance and the need for more
favourable market conditions for
timber and timber products that might
be taken up by the Food and
Agriculture rganisation, the United
Nations Environment Programme, the
World Meteorological Organisation and
the International Tropical Timber
Organisation.
alternative
We recommend a forest protocol to be
developed in parallel to the Framework
Convention on climate change, dealing
especially with the role of forests as
reservoirs and sinks for greenhouse
gases. We further note with interest
the initiative to develop a legal
instrument on the protection and
management of forests to stimulate
positive forest actions and address
threats to the world's forest. These
considerations should take into
account the work of IPCC but not delay
or complicate ongoing negotiations of
a Framework Convention on climate
change and related legal instruments.
28 September
(Desertification, drought and land degradation)
25.
We recommend that [precautionary] [appropriate]
measures be [adopted] [developed] by the countries
concerned in collaboration with donors [i.e. through
stepped-up financial contributions, ] scientific
contribution to counter the increasing degradation of
water resources as well as the productive resource
base in areas affected by drought, desertification
and land degradation.
We also recommend that similar measures be adopted to
address the funding needs of low-lying coastal and
small vulnerable island countries, some of whose very
existence is placed at risk by to rise in sea levels
resulting from climate change
alternative
We recommend that precautionary
measures be adopted by the countries
concerned in collaboration with donors
to counter
alternative
We recommend that regional and/or sub-
regional studies on these subjects be
undertaken to cover the impacts of
climate change in the following
fields:
(i) Drought;
(ii) Desertification;
(iii) Water resources and their
evolution;
(iv) Agriculture (positive and
negative impacts) ;
(v) [Energy]; [Salinization]
(vi) [Forests] [Reforestation]
(vii) Socio-economic aspects
These studies should lead to the
development of scenarios and short-,
medium- and long-term measures for
mitigation of drought and stopping and
reversing desertification for the
attention of economic and political
decision makers.
28 September
Population
26.
We note that a large, projected increase in world
population will be a major factor in causing the
projected increase in global greenhouse gases. We
recognise that global climate change strategies
should take into account the need to deal with this
issue.
Non-paper
Genera
Prep steeting for serce
DRAFT MINISTERIAL DECLARATION
Sept. 24 30
PREAMBLE
NORWAY
1.
We, the Ministers from
countries representing the world
community met in Geneva, Switzerland, from 6 to 7 November
1990 at the Second World Climate Conference.
2.
Being deeply concerned by the global climate change issue, we
commit ourselves to take active and constructive steps in a
global response.
7.
We appreciate the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) established by U.N.E.P. and W.M.O. and
its First Assessment Report on the causes and effects of
climate change. It has identified strategies to delay, limit
or mitigate the impact of climate change, and at the request
of United Nations General Assembly has proposed possible
elements for inclusion in a convention on climate.
DEFINITION OF PROBLEM AND RISKS
8.
From the IPCC report we note that global climate change poses
environmental threat of a magnitude the world has never known
before. Human activities which have lead to the emissions of
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere have so far committed the
Global Commons to an irreversible warming.
GLOBAL STRATEGY
9.
Recognizing that climate change is a global problem of unique
character, we consider that a global response must be decided
and implemented without further delay based on the best
available knowledge such as those resulting from the IPCC
assessment. Recognizing further that the principle of equity
should be the basis of any global response to climate change
and the common but differentiated responsibility of countries,
industrialized countries, which are responsible for most of
the observed increase in the greenhouse gases' concentration
in the atmosphere must take the lead, commit themselves to
immediate action and provide resources and assistance to
developing countries to help them in addressing climate change
in a way compatible with their development needs. To this end
there is a need to provide the necessary support, including
new, additional and specific financial assistance to the
developing countries.
I. ROLE OF SCIENCE IN IMPROVING OUR UNDERSTANDING, CAPACITY OF
PREDICTION AND OUR RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
12. We reaffirm that, in order to reduce uncertainties, to
increase our ability to predict (including early
identification of as yet unknown climate-related problems) and to
design scientifically sound response strategies, there is a need to
strengthen both national and international activities in research,
monitoring, and data and information exchange related to climate
uncertainty. change. We stress that special efforts be directed to key areas of
II. TARGETS FOR URGENT POLICY ACTION
(Precautionary measures)
17. In order to achieve sustainable development, we must base
ourselves on the precautionary principle. Environmental
measures must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of
environmental degradation. Where there are threats of serious
or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty
should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to
prevent environmental degradation.
18. The potentially serious consequences of climate change give
sufficient reasons to begin adopting response strategies that
can be justified immediately even in the face of significant
uncertainties: phasing out of CFC-emissions, efficiency
improvements and conservation in energy supply, sustainable
forest management, use of clearer and more efficient energy
sources, review of agricultural practices.
(Stabilization and reduction of greenhouse gases)
19. We agree that the ultimate global objective should be to
stabilize and reduce greenhouse gas concentrations.
20. We stress, as a first step, the need to stabilize, while
ensuring stable development of the world economy, emissions of
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
21. We agree that stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions should
be achieved by industrialized countries by the year [2000] and
should be set at [present] emission levels.
22. We stress, in establishing emissions reduction targets, the
need for a sound and equitable basis for setting such targets
and the need for cost-effective measures to reach the targets.
23. We recommend that the specifications of the obligation to
stabilize and reduce greenhouse gases emissions be realized in
the form of separate Protocols to the Climate Convention. Some
of these protocols could be negotiated concurrently with the
framework convention.
(Special Situation of Developing countries)
24. We recognize that emissions from developing countries with,
their as yet, relatively low energy requirements, and which
can reasonably be expected to grow in step with their
development may have targets that accomodate that development.
Developing countries should, within the limits feasible, take
measures to suitably adopt their economies. Recognizing the
poverty that prevails among the populations of developing
countries, it is natural that achieving economic growth is
given priority by them. We recommend that new and additional
resources should progressively be mobilized to help developing
countries take the necessary measures to address climate change
consistent with their development needs.
26. We further recommend that consideration should be given to the
need for funding facilities including the proposed World
Bank/UNEP/UNDP "Global Environmental Facility". Such funding
should eventuallly be related to the implementation of the
climate convention and associated protocols.
(Economic instruments)
31. Economic or market based instruments frequently offer the
potential of achieving environmental improvements at lower
costs than through regulatory mechanisms. We recommend that
new policies at both the national and international level be
established making extensive use of economic instruments in
conjunction with a balanced mix of regulatory approaches in
order to increase efficiency.
Such instruments could include:
(i) taxes on environmentally damaging activities and energy
inefficient product
(ii) emission trading (tradeable permits/allowances)
(iii) reduction or, wherever possible, elimination of
subsidies to energy intensive and other activities that
induce climate change
(iv) other measures such as emission changes and fees deposit
refund systems and fiscal incentive
(Role of the Energy and Transport Sector)
We note that the energy sector presently accounts for nearly
half of the man-made greenhouse effect and is projected to
increase substantially. We recognize that an environmentally
sound development must include policies which will ahieve a
sustainable energy system and take the environmental costs and
benefits of energy fully into account. We urge the promotion
of energy efficiency as the most cost effective immediate
measure for reducing energy-related emissions of atmospheric
pollutants, in particular CO2.
(Technology development)
We recognize that there is no single quick-fix technological
option for limiting greenhouse gas emissions. However, we are
convinced that technological breakthrough is a key element of
any long-term strategy that deals with climate change in a way
that meets the goal of sustainable development. Therefore, we
urge all countries, the industrialized countries in
particular, to intensify their efforts and international
cooperation in development of "new" and "green" technologies.
(Transfer of technology)
33. We urge that relevant technology be utilized by all sectors in
all countries to the full extent possible and further urge all
countries, industrialized and developing, to identify and take
effective measures to remove barriers to the dissemination of
the best available technology. There is a need for the rapid
transfer to the developing countries, on a preferential basis,
of technologies for addressing climate change.
(Forestry)
34. We recognize that the conservation of the worlds's forests is
of crucial importance for global climatic stability,
particularly having regard to the important contribution of
forest destruction to global warming through the emission of
carbon-dioxide, methane and other trace gases.
We stress the need to reduce the rate of deforestation and to
enhance the potential of the world's forests as a sink for
greenhouse bases, through vigorous programmes of reforestation
and afforestation.
We endorse the target included in the Noordwijk Declaration of
achieving net global forest growth of 12 million hectares per
year,) through conservation of existing forests and through
agressive programmes of reforestation and afforestation.
(Desertification)
36. We recommend that precautionary measures be adopted by donors
in collaboration with the countries concerned, i.a. through
stepped-up financial contributions, to counter the increasing
degradation of the productive resource base in areas affected
by drought and desertification.
III. GLOBAL FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
37. We endorse the recommendations adopted 26 September 1990 by
the Ad hoc-working group of government representatives to
prepare for negotiations on a framework convention on climate
change. We call for such negotiations to begin without delay
after a decision is taken by the 45th Session of the UNGA
recommending ways, means and modalities for further pursuing
these negotiations. We urge all countries to join in these
negotiations, with the aim of completing negotiations to
ensure adoption of a Climate Convention and other relevant
legal instruments by the time of the UN Conference on
Environment and Development in 1992. We welcome the offer of
the Government of the US to host the first negotiating meeting.
38. We recommend that such negotiations take account of the
possible elements compiled by the IPCC, and that the Climate
Convention be framed in such a way as to gain the support of
the largest possible number of countries while allowing timely
action to be taken. We stress, given the complex and
multi-faceted nature of the problem of climate change, the
need for new and innovative solutions.
IV.
INFORMATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS
41. We believe that a well informed public is essential for
addressing and coping with as complex an issue as climate
change and urge countries, in particular, to encourage wide
participation of all sectors of the population in addressing
climate change issues and developing appropriate responses.