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    82 THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN 1-25-00 THE CRITICS a "more perfect" union, not a more feck- less one. The new Constitution removed all term limits and created many na- tional powers, including the controver- sial standing army that has stood ever since. Madison saw the states as too partial for justice ("parties in their own cause"), and, indeed, tried to build into the new Constitution a veto power for the federal government over every state law. He helped design the three-branch separation of powers for greater effi- BOOKS ciency-"to unite a proper energy in the executive with a proper stability in the legislative departments," he wrote-and ROLL OVER, MADISON yet the phrase "checks and balances," which does not appear in the Constitu- How we learned to hate Washington. tion, has become a watchword of an al- LiauaBY TAYLOR BRANCH leged desire on his part to stymie gov- Guul BRew wellaut worth reading Br ernment by internal constraint. Wills debunks this exaggeration along with a Plur causes (locgala) dozen related myths. "Americans believe I' James Madison, the chief architect "especially surprised to hear that most that they have a government which is it- of the American system, were to thinkers in our Western tradition thought self against government, that our Con- return to life for a millennial in- of government as a necessary good. not stitution is so distrustful of itself as to spection of his handiwork, perhaps noth- a necessary evil." What remains evil in hamper itself," he argues. "We are pious ing would dismay him more than the our politics "cannot be identified and toward our history in order to be cynical sight of his own silhouette emblazoned eliminated from the good," he writes, toward our government. We keep sum- on the headquarters of the Federalist "if the very existence of the good is moning the founders to testify against Society, in Washington-a states'-rights being denied at every level." To arouse what they founded." organization that promotes our era's sig- public discourse from unwarranted pes- nature distrust of national government. simism, Wills excavates American his- Even in an age of self-sufficient farm- tory in the style of the Federalist Pa- "I" seems that no bad idea can ever die," Wills laments in "A Neces- ers, Madison looked beyond the states pers themselves, with closely shaved sary Evil." Whereas only the far fringes to frame constitutional hopes for liberty meaning, grounded realism, and mas- once feared flu capicel in the nation, and he would scarcely terly allusion to ancient and American sumption of cer Podesta have welcomed the pervasive disregard texts. Not since Hannah Arendt wrote through our poli Ricche #i for "big government" of recent decades, on revolution and on totalitarian psy- stops to the Ivy Echaveste with Congress and conservative federal chology has a scholar of such broad fend a putative courts shipping authority back to the classical training addressed a popular laws by disregar Sperling states, Presidential candidates running readership on issues of such moment, jury nullificatio Reed/th against Washington, major media brim- and with such animating reverence for to bear arms, an Lockhart ming with condescension for any na- what Arendt called the public space "argue for insur Penn tional agenda, and liberal apologists de- among citizens. anteed within tl fending halfhearted variations of "Think Wills reminds us that the first gov- tution-guaran Cerville Globally, Act Locally." Garry Wills, in ernment that the American revolution- Second Amend Begala "A Necessary Evil" (Simon & Schuster; aries created, under the 1778 Articles quotes a profes $25), his third book on the foundations of Confederation, was a decentralized their own rev Sosnik of American democracy, writes that structure that would have gladdened the last thing Madison "did not go to the Constitu- the hearts of devolutionists in the Newt done is to deny tional Convention to defend the states- Gingrich electoral surge of 1994. The armed insurre more nearly to destroy them." states coined separate monies and pur- lumps togethe Wills warns that contemporary dis- sued their own foreign policies. Wills of antifederal dain for government is based upon a mis- notes, "Under the Articles, every conti- conservatives reading of the Madisonian design which nental officeholder had a one-year term, Scalia, ignoring endangers its lasting promise. He finds and every one was subject to term lim- them to rebuk democratic faith shrivelled to the point its." It was precisely such weakness that ars for a com that many of the students at North- Madison and his colleagues set about to tion that seeks western University, where he teaches- remedy in Philadelphia, at the Consti- federal purpose and authority. He is fre- and, no doubt, many more readers-are tutional Convention of 1787-to form quently prickly toward those in the acad- 82 THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN 1-25-00 THE CRITICS "more perfect" union, not a more feck- less one. The new Constitution removed all term limits and created many na- tional powers, including the controver- sial standing army that has stood ever since. Madison saw the states as too partial for justice ("parties in their own cause"), and, indeed, tried to build into the new Constitution a veto power for the federal government over every state law. He helped design the three-branch separation of powers for greater effi- BOOKS ciency-"to unite a proper energy in the executive with a proper stability in the legislative departments," he wrote-and ROLL OVER, MADISON yet the phrase "checks and balances," which does not appear in the Constitu- How we learned to hate Washington. tion, has become a watchword of an al- TAYLOR BRANCH leged desire on his part to stymie gov- Guul worth reading ernment by internal constraint. Wills debunks this exaggeration along with a Fewe causes dozen related myths. "Americans believe I' James Madison, the chief architect "especially surprised to hear that most that they have a government which is it- of the American system, were to thinkers in our Western tradition thought self against government, that our Con- return to life for a millennial in- of government as a necessary good. not stitution is so distrustful of itself as to spection of his handiwork, perhaps noth- a necessary evil." What remains evil in hamper itself," he argues. "We are pious ing would dismay him more than the our politics "cannot be identified and toward our history in order to be cynical sight of his own silhouette emblazoned eliminated from the good," he writes, toward our government. We keep sum- on the headquarters of the Federalist "if the very existence of the good is moning the founders to testify against Society, in Washington-a states'-rights being denied at every level." To arouse what they founded." organization that promotes our era's sig- public discourse from unwarranted pes- nature distrust of national government. simism, Wills excavates American his- Even in an age of self-sufficient farm- tory in the style of the Federalist Pa- "I" seems that no bad idea can ever die," Wills laments in "A Neces- ers, Madison looked beyond the states pers themselves, with closely shaved sary Evil." Whereas only the far fringes to frame constitutional hopes for liberty meaning, grounded realism, and mas- once feared fluoridated water, a pre- in the nation, and he would scarcely terly allusion to ancient and American sumption of central poison has seeped have welcomed the pervasive disregard texts. Not since Hannah Arendt wrote through our political culture from truck for "big government" of recent decades, on revolution and on totalitarian psy- stops to the Ivy League. Scholars de- with Congress and conservative federal chology has a scholar of such broad fend a putative right to subvert federal courts shipping authority back to the classical training addressed a popular laws by disregarding jury instructions- states, Presidential candidates running readership on issues of such moment, jury nullification. They defend a right against Washington, major media brim- and with such animating reverence for to bear arms, and, as Wills writes, they ming with condescension for any na- what Arendt called the public space "argue for insurrection as a right guar- tional agenda, and liberal apologists de- among citizens. anteed within the United States Consti- fending halfhearted variations of "Think Wills reminds us that the first gov- tution-guaranteed specifically, in the Globally, Act Locally." Garry Wills, in ernment that the American revolution- Second Amendment." On this point, he "A Necessary Evil" (Simon & Schuster; aries created, under the 1778 Articles quotes a professor at Yale: "Fresh from $25), his third book on the foundations of Confederation, was a decentralized their own revolutionary experience, of American democracy, writes that structure that would have gladdened the last thing the Framers would have Madison "did not go to the Constitu- the hearts of devolutionists in the Newt done is to deny the People the means of tional Convention to defend the states- Gingrich electoral surge of 1994. The armed insurrection." Wills deliberately more nearly to destroy them." states coined separate monies and pur- lumps together the rear-guard liberals Wills warns that contemporary dis- sued their own foreign policies. Wills of antifederal distrust with spearhead dain for government is based upon a mis- notes, "Under the Articles, every conti- conservatives such as Justice Antonin reading of the Madisonian design which nental officeholder had a one-year term, Scalia, ignoring the disagreements among endangers its lasting promise. He finds and every one was subject to term lim- them to rebuke the whole train of schol- democratic faith shrivelled to the point its." It was precisely such weakness that ars for a commonly backward orienta- that many of the students at North- Madison and his colleagues set about to tion that seeks freedom by resistance to western University, where he teaches— remedy in Philadelphia, at the Consti- federal purpose and authority. He is fre- EDWARD SOREL and, no doubt, many more readers-are tutional Convention of 1787-to form quently prickly toward those in the acad- DOWN WIMENT LONG LIVE THE SECOND AMENDMEN MULLIFY MONEY NOT NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM Enwardhore In our anti-government cynicism, Garry Wills writes, "we keep summoning the founders to testify against what they founded." 84 THE NEW YORKER, JANUARY 24, 2000 clares, adding that none of the scholars-"not even the most ar- dent idolater of the Second Amend- ment"-seeks to impugn or dis- solve the U.S. military as a severe inconvenience to insurrectionist prospects outside the classroom and the radio booth. Lastly, Wills accuses the scholars of a backward slant on the very nature of the militias. Contrary to their image as homespun liberators, the militias served primarily as mobile instru- GREGORY ments for political control-of In- "Instead of killing the whale for its blubber, we're going to do a little lipo." dians, of renegade gangs, and, in the South, of slave revolts and run- aways. Modern echoes from these sensitive issues reverberate around emy whom he considers to be slackers, support of disaffected Antifederalists, what Wills calls "the great myth of the but the nullification theorists drive him and his provision for guaranteed federal slaveholding South"-that rebellion into a transcendent zone. "These schol- supply of the militias addressed the nobly resists oppression from Wash- ars exemplify this book's point so well," prosaic reality of early America. "There ington instead of fostering it at home. Wills observes, "that I suppose I should was a drastic shortage of guns," Wills "Patrick Henry's fear that a national be grateful to them for that." writes, noting that militia volunteers com- government would interfere with racial Wills indicts several prominent "aca- monly showed up with rusty flintlocks relations within a state has certainly demic insurrectionists" for bad history, and farm implements when they mus- come true," Wills writes. "But has this bad logic, and bad faith. First, he states tered at all. "There was one gun for destroyed human freedom or increased that in their myopic search for prece- every ten people in the colonies. Now it?" The states codified slavery and seg- dent they draw supporting quotations there is more than one for every man, regation; the federal government abol- almost exclusively from the minority woman, and child in America, with ished them to raise the flag higher. That Antifederalists, who "were not framers three for every adult male of the pop- has been the pattern of performance on of the Constitution but opponents of it, ulation. Yet this latter situation is justi- all the great issues. those who tried to prevent its adoption fied by appeal to the former." because it did not express their fear of Here Wills charges a fifth error: that government." Second, the scholars mis- H OW did we stray so far from his- to support gun rights the scholars min- torical balance? Wills concedes takenly believe that the Founders an- gle legends of revolutionary Minute- that the Founders themselves faltered chored anti-government hopes in Sec- men with Hollywood visions of pio- in early tests of their democratic model, ond Amendment militias, whereas, once neers unfettered on the range, securing which, adapted from failures discarded the Antifederalists had lost the consti- "their own liberties with their own arms." since ancient Greece, rated somewhere tutional battle, they also lost interest in In fact, George Washington's Conti- between laughingstock and long shot the militias. Their whole point, Wills nental Army won the revolution, and in a world of sovereign monarchs. writes, "was that resistance to the gov- there were no quick-draw duels ("never, In 1804, Senator Timothy Pickering ernment, whether by insurrection or ever happened") in the streets of fron- (George Washington's former Secretary other means, would be doomed if the tier cattle towns. Wills recognizes the of State), of Massachusetts, tried to or- government were given the crushing real Wild West as "the birthplace of ganize a secession of states because he power of a standing army. They strict gun-control laws," with handgun believed that Jefferson had exceeded wanted militias as an alternative to a restrictions that allowed fabled Dodge his authority in the Louisiana Purchase, standing army." Third, the scholars and City to average two killings per year in and disunionist movements intensified kindred pundits distort the role of James the Wyatt Earp era. Our wayward fron- in Pickering's New England before they Madison, overlooking the fact that he tier mythology now sustains an avalanche spread south over slavery. Earlier, in sponsored the four separate clauses that of private firepower that safeguards the wake of the French Revolution, Jef- established the national military, Fourth, public liberty like the Marlboro Man ferson and Madison themselves con- they mangle the Second Amendment fostered public health. spired to the edge of rebellion. When the itself, laboring vainly to give a handgun- These fantasies suggest a sixth error high Federalists under Adams rammed friendly civilian meaning to the term in the unblushing claim of a constitu- through the Alien and Sedition Acts of "bear arms." ("If they are inadequate as tionally sanctioned right to fight Wash- 1798, imprisoning briefly about two historians," Wills says, "they are ludi- ington. "It makes no sense to say that I dozen critics whom they considered "Ja- crous as philologists.") Madison de- must overthrow this abomination, but cobin" extremists, Jefferson and Mad- signed the Second Amendment in part only because it has given me permission ison fatefully panicked. They decided as a consolation prize to win back the to do so," the much vexed Wills de- that Adams had voided the new consti- BOOKS SEEN 85 THE tutional bond by usurpation, and Jeffer- ported his view. "Secession, like any In Henry Adams, Wills identifies a son, the sitting Vice-President, secretly other revolutionary act, may be morally detachment that regards politics as a worked with allies in the Kentucky leg- justified by the extremity of oppression; spectacle of fools. "The Senate took the islature to draft resolutions claiming but to call it a constitutional right is place of Shakespeare, and offered real for each state a right of "nullification" confounding the meaning of terms," Brutuses and Bolingbrokes like against obnoxious federal laws. His col- President Andrew Jackson proclaimed schoolboys in their simplicity," Adams laborator Madison, also anonymously, in 1832, vowing to arrest Calhoun if he wrote during the Theodore Roosevelt coined a milder claim to a state's right continued into treason as properly de- era, having earlier refined his disdain for of "interposition" in a draft he submit- fined-acts of war against the nation, the nineteenth-century populists who ted in his native Virginia. not a state. Still, despite these and many clattered into the gentleman's Enlight- Madison's lapse of trust in his own other Madisonian arguments-down to enment. Wills quotes a letter from Adams national design would remain safely hid- Lincoln's last plea to avert civil war by to the president of Harvard, his alma den for nearly thirty years after the crisis cogent proof that no political body had mater, archly rejecting an entreaty to of 1798 receded. Virginia and Kentucky ever been "a state out of the union"- tolerate President Andrew Jackson as omitted the inflammatory words from Wills reports that many of his students a guest honoree at commencement: "I their resolutions, and no other states ap- arrive on campus today believing that would not be present to witness her dis- proved circulating petitions to join the only Lincoln's brute force subdued the grace in conferring her highest literary challenge. The offending sedition laws just and superior right of preëxisting honors upon a barbarian who could not expired or were repealed, and, most sig- states to free choice, and American opin- write a sentence of grammar and hardly nificant, President Adams and his en- ion flocks uncritically to support nearly could spell his own name." sconced Federalists reluctantly but peace- any local secession around the world. With esoteric awareness, Wills, who fully surrendered national offices to their wrote for National Review early in his hated Jeffersonian rivals after the 1800 M ADISON'S lapse of 1798 can be ex- career, presents Albert Jay Nock as the elections. But after Jefferson and Adams— plained, if not justified, by the "spiritual progenitor" of that magazine long since reconciled-both died, on frailty of infant democracy in an age and therefore of the modern conserva- the fiftieth anniversary of the Declara- accustomed to hierarchy, liege lords, tive movement. He isolates in Nock an tion, July 4, 1826, archivists unearthed and bloody resistance. Wills ascribes the explicit core of anti-democratic ideology and published news that Jefferson not puzzling resurgence in recent times to a that is normally submerged in American only had instigated the Kentucky Reso- "deep emotional engagement in the discourse. Nock wrote in order to pre- lutions but had submitted secret drafts anti-government values." To investigate pare "the saving Remnant" of civilization full of what Wills accurately calls "al- its sources, he moves away from detailed for the inevitable doom of the American most hysterical reaction" to the Alien history to sketch contributing attitudes experiment. He considered the popular and Sedition Acts, with anti-Union lan- from four disparate writers of the past will a pusillanimous doctrine based on guage that "talked recklessly of seces- two centuries: Henry David Thoreau; what he called the subhuman "mass- sion or insurrection." From the grave, Henry Adams, Albert Jay Nock, and man," and did not shrink from prescrib- the great name of Jefferson inflamed H. L. Mencken. From Thoreau, Wills ing its failure in all forms, inside and national controversy around Senator extracts a revulsion for all civic affairs, es- outside the United States: "Indeed, if it John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, pecially voting, which he disparaged as be true that the mass-man is not a hu- who advanced theories of nullification "sort of gaming, like chequers or back- man being, never has been, and never to protect slavery. Calhoun's heirs have gammon, with a slight moral tinge to it, will be, no such society can possibly since claimed Jefferson for states' rights, a playing with right and wrong. "Thoreau be developed, and all our schemes for it while their ideological opponents have achieved his sublime isolation at Walden are visionary." claimed him for the grass roots. "Jef- Pond by purifying himself out of human Next to the rock-ribbed Nock, H. L. ferson's Kentucky Resolutions might company, Wills says. He could not bear Mencken is light fare on the "booboisie" be called the basic document of anti- the smell of distant perfumes or the of America. Wills summarizes the "pro- governmentalism in America, much faintest whiff of friends who tried to foundly anti-democratic" themes of cited and even revered." Wills writes. bail him out of jail, saying that their in- Mencken's five major books, and recalls When Madison was discovered to clination to smelly conversation con- the penchant of chuckling readers to have been Jefferson's secret partner, the demned them as "a distinct race from forgive his blustery, satirical prejudices. belated uproar over what Wills calls his me as the Chinamen and Malays "But even as clown he helped feed the "momentary surrender to 'the spirit of are." (Wills chides that Thoreau, in his fashionable anti-governmentalism, as 1 '98'" mortified him in his old age, and antiseptic vainglory, "manages the clever know to my regret," he confesses. "At a has haunted American politics ever since. feat of being racist toward his own race.") time in the late 1960s, when I admired Laboring to protect his distinctive voice his journalism, and partly because of its for constitutional union, Madison repu- influence, I stopped voting." diated nullification as a "colossal heresy." This personal statement comes as a Hc explicated features of the Constitu- startling departure from Wills's reserved tion that were plainly inconsistent with manner and civic devotion. He reveals notions of state primacy, and powerful his own "momentary surrender" in a spar- figures, including slaveholders, sup- ing account that is admirably restrained 86 SEEM THE NEW YORKER, JANUARY 24, 2000 1-25-00 but unequal to his larger argument. Rel- ment. Together they reduced Washing- The Perfect Storm atively few Americans were exposed ton from bad to useless, fit for mock- to government-bashing directly by ery in the style of Henry Adams. Mencken, let alone Nock, and Wills, ironically, seeks to defend democracy by titles morallable indulging a taste for scholastic short- W ILLS now faces students who have lived entirely in a span of Madi- hand. His thinkers faintly suggest but sonian lapse. Their patriotic scope has scarcely influenced the jarring events been atrophied by its drip of cynicism, READ GREAT BOOKS that swept the entire political spectrum and they bring with them some of its WHILE DRIVING TO WORK! into its prolonged Madisonian lapse. 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In cer- www.tuscanynow.com corrosive duplicity and meaningless tain kinds of war, the most basic right Email:[email protected] USA (EUROVILLAS) slaughter, which is what drove Wills of all-the right to live-can be pro- Tel/Fax 800 767 0275 briefly to his Walden retreat from voting. tected only by the state's assumption of TUSCANY NOW (UK, EUROPE) After the subsequent decade of Wa- vast war-making powers." Tel +44 20 7272 5469 Fax 20 7272 6184 tergate scandals, undertow revelations Logic alone, however, is no match for about assassination conspiracies, and the tenor of an era. To refute canards on Now, order the same weight loss humiliation by the Ayatollah, Washing- government. as the enemy of free mar- foods that over 1,000 physicians ton sank to a Menckenesque farce of Resources Boston kets, Wills quotes David Hume teach- have recommended! fiscal incontinence by running up tril- ing what drug dealers and Russian Free catalog HMR® lions of dollars of new debt capitalists know from hard 1-800-418-1367, PUTS YOU that mocked the basic pre- experience-that without po- Mention code 20029 IN CHARGE: tense of self-government. Into litical authority to guarantee this battered national con- rn contracts, markets are a shoot- STERLING SILVER dition burst stupefying news ing gallery. He brings in Soc- of the Cold War's trium- LOVING HEART rates on the origins of the $50 Pendent (1.75"x phant end, but the inherent public space and St. Augus- strength of free government tine on love as the bond of 1.888.219.6060 www.claireworks.com had become so discredited the state. He argues that most that the nonviolent quakes of the democratic wounds Catalogue Available MC/VISA Shipping free from Moscow and Berlin to Prague from the recent era are healing, that the were somehow understood as military chorus of bad government has begun to Modern Literary First Editions victories, the result of our mountainous weary its audience, and that classified Ken Lopez - Bookseller preparations for Armageddon. We re- national secrecy is the only legacy left Fine books bought and sold. main largely numb to the spiritual and dangerously intact. Unarmed truth has Catalogs issued. intellectual force of our own example. moved governments toward reform The Soviet demise also deflated the more effectively than subversion or con- 413-584-4827 [email protected] nuclear-tipped ideological duel that had tempt, he says, which suggests that riveted the world for forty years. The those who rely on shotguns in the closet crusade that had centered the news and would do better to emulate Rosa Parks. made statesmen of reporters was sud- For patriotic witness, Wills appeals to denly gone, and a mood of disoriented, Madison and Martin Luther King, Jr. Island's 10 Mile Beach post-battle ennui spilled over alongside He confronts the popular notion that Free 28-Page Vacation Guide Kiawah www.kiawah.com 1-800-845-3911 the accumulated distrust of govern- the American system is designed as a Near Historic Charleston, SC Ad / 323 Great Beach Vacations BOOKS 87 1-25-00 collision of selfish interests, as George BRIEFLY NOTED Will contends: "Madison's attention is exclusively on controlling passions with countervailing passions; he is not con- So I AM GLAD, by A. L. Kennedy (Knopf; solicited advice to studio heads and stars, cerned with the amelioration or reform $23). Jennifer Wilson is a self-described and vainly seeks to instill historical mem- of passions." Nonsense, Wills says. This "empty" person, an emotional nihilist who ory and a sense of conscience in an in- again is blinding myth from the An- is unable-or unwilling-to give her- dustry ruled by perpetual attention-deficit self over to another. It makes a certain disorder. tifederalists and their "low view of hu- kind of sense, then, that she works as a man nature that any grant of power radio announcer, veiled by anonymity; it JUST Six NUMBERS, by Martin Rees (Basic; was bound to be abused." Madison told even, bizarrely, makes sense that when $22). There is nothing stranger than the she falls for someone it is her odd new universe we inhabit. Rees, Britain's As- the Virginia ratifying convention in 1788 flatmate-Cyrano de Bergerac. Kennedy tronomer Royal, has written a brief, read- that "to suppose that any form of gov- is hearteningly serious about this prop- able, and profoundly instructive account ernment will secure liberty or happiness osition: Cyrano, it seems, has been re- of where cosmological knowledge stands without any virtue in the people is a chi- stored to life and "dropped" into a house at this moment: how the universe took the in contemporary Glasgow, where he be- shape it did, what structures now prevail merical idea." He separated the functions comes addicted to tranquillizers and strug- in it, and what it will be like many bil- of government to guard against tyranny gles to overcome the fear of his own past. lions of years from now. His book explains but never limited the potential of the Although Jennifer's mordant narration is how finely tuned the forces that govern at first suffocating, Kennedy explores the the universe are, and reminds us of the citizens, writing in Federalist No. 39 improbability of her love with the grav- dimensions of what we still don't know. that republican determination "animates ity of a philosopher and the license of a Rees writes, "The atoms that comprise our every votary of freedom to rest all our daydreamer. bodies and that make all visible stars and political experiments on the capacity galaxies are mere trace-constituents of a GIRL WITH A PEARL EARRING, by Tracy universe whose large-scale structure is of mankind for self-government. This Chevalier (Dutton; $21.95). This ultimately controlled by some quite different (and in- is the unbounded hope expressed by absorbing novel about Vermeer and his visible) substance. We see, as it were, King, whose career was an anguished household at first seems overplotted. Griet, just the white foam on the wave-crests, the new servant girl, arranges chopped veg- not the massive waves themselves." This appeal for the whole people to vindicate, etables by color, so the reader can't miss is the kind of book that transforms not through their national government, the the fact that she and the painter are soul- only how you look at a clear winter sky Founders' intuition of equal citizenship. mates. (Eventually, Griet will pose for the but also how you think about life itself. "All this may seem a little high- famous portrait of the title.) But Che- valier's writing skill and her knowledge of FEEDING THE EYE, by Anne Hollander minded and vaporous to people who are seventeenth-century Delft are such that (Farrar, Straus & Giroux; $27). In a pref- complaining about their taxes, the bu- she creates a world reminiscent of a Ver- ace to this collection, Hollander declares reaucracy, or business regulations," Wills meer interior: suspended in a particular herself "permanently devoted to art, sex, religion, dance, clothes, and movies," and concludes. "The arbitrary and petty acts moment, it transcends its time and place. her essays reflect that devotion. Most of of government are enough to make any- THE UNBURIED, by Charles Palliser (Farrar, them are book reviews, but, however one grumble. But all human relation- Straus & Giroux; $24). Like Palliser's ear- ephemeral or misguided the books, Hol- ships grate or gall at times-which does lier "The Quincunx," this novel is a pas- lander's comments are worth reading be- tiche of nineteenth-century melodramas, cause she always supplies something extra- not make us call the parent-child rela- a mystery set in an English cathedral close an insight or comparison that stimulates tionship, or the husband-wife bond, or whose inhabitants bear little resemblance reflection or helps solve an artistic riddle- friendship, mere necessary evils. They to Trollope's competitive but essentially and her humor is understated almost to gentlemanly clergy. The somewhat claus- slyness. are necessary goods that do not uni- trophobic arena, we learn, has been the formly please. Love itself is a bondage. background for murders in the past, and WHAT WAS TRUE: THE PHOTOGRAPHS AND But the inability to love would stifle and another occurs in the novel's present. All NOTEBOOKS OF WILLIAM GEDNEY, edited the murders are puzzles, and Palliser con- by Margaret Sartor; co-edited by Geoff Imprison far more cruelly." structs his plot like a maze and lures his Dyer (Lyndhurst/Norton; $35). The late If Madison had returned to life a readers into it. The book's ruthless con- William Gedney was a photographer of century ago, he would have found the sistency of style and the somewhat bleak unusual grace and tenderness, but, after a earth still thick with emperors, kings, view of humankind set it apart from the solo exhibit at the Museum of Modern usual thriller. Art in 1968, he did little to promote his and dictators, and menaced by totali- work. His best pictures-whether depict- tarian inventions soon to be born. Now, WHO KILLED HOLLYWOOD?, by Peter Bart ing street scenes in India, the life of a under Madison's influence, even the (Renaissance; $24.95). Few people under- Kentucky coal-mining family, or the per- stand the complex interplay of idiosyn- egrinations of young hippies through fledgling systems, while awkward and cratic personality, fiscal imperative, and the Haight-achieve an offhand intimacy often suffering, are nearly everywhere aesthetic consideration behind contempo- whose resonance derives from his deep un- free. Suffragettes became rabbis and rary moviemaking as well as Bart, who was derstanding of the nature of solitude. A sports stars in the blink of a century. for many years a studio executive before voracious reader, Gedney meticulously becoming the editor-in-chief of Variety. copied out passages from the writings of Nelson Mandela stepped far from his This collection presents the work of a vir- other artists into notebooks he had made prison cell. Garry Wills cannot dispel tuoso kibbitzer as he analyzes the moves himself. A quotation from John Cage, orig- the sour breath of recent decades with a of major dealmakers, directors, writers, inally chosen as the epigraph for an un- and producers over the past decade-a realized book, describes Gedney as well as single book, but he restores perspective time when "corporate gigantism" has in- his subjects: "They seem to be doing happy and integrity to the enduring story of creasingly demanded blockbuster mega- things sadly, or maybe they're doing sad an America that can welcome Madi- pics that emphasize sensation and multi- things happily." Gedney died of AIDS, at media promotional tie-ins at the expense son honorably at this millennium, beck- the age of fifty-six, in 1989. This beauti- of story and character. With vinegar wit, ful collection accords him the recognition oning the rest of us forward. Bart deflates the self-important, offers un- he shied from in his lifetime. Size Al From really enjoyed your recent meeting. He can't tell you Ahow much he's looking forward to working with you to build your living legacy and keep our movement vibrant. See you soon. Luty ER 2/23/00 AL FROM Eeb. 15,2000 Dear Mr. President - Library I really enjoyed own recent meeting. d can & tell you how much I'm locking forward to working with you to build your living legary and keep ow movement a See you soon. Oe .\! From 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, SE Suite -[n0 Washington, Dr 20005 FEB 17 2000 PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON, DC 20500 2008 889 at SILINGTON 200 PM 00 1.werent to There sident - Here IS an - cc sid /BRUD/GUUS article about Hyderabad's ALFLOW Clief minister that I thought you might find intersting. Financial Times (London) Dan Reseathel January 31, 2000, Monday London Edition 1 SECTION: COMMENT & ANALYSIS; Pg. 27 THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN 2-24-00 LENGTH: 1205 words copied Blumenthe HEADLINE: COMMENT & ANALYSIS: India's virtual visionary: Reed Honesty and zeal for e-governance has swept Chandrababu Naidu Sperling to the forefront of politics, says David Gardner: From BYLINE: By DAVID GARDNER Podesta BODY: Shortly after last autumn's general elections in India, a well-known cartoonist featured a grizzled, dhoti-clad, pork- barrel politico trying out a new line on a startled and captive peasant audience. "Ladies and gentlemen dot-com" he began. The cartoon put under the spotlight those politicians who had survived the carnage of an election which replaced half all MPs, and who are now busy clambering aboard a new bandwagon. Its driver, incontestably, is a young south Indian leader with piercing eyes and a passion for IT. N. Chandrababu Naidu, the 49-year-old chief minister of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, emerged from October's polls with unique stature. His ambitious and internationally-backed reform programme (and enthusiasm for "e-governance") confounded the pundits and triumphed over the populist bribes which are the staple of Indian elections. He had cut rice subsidies and = raised electricity charges, while his Congress party adversaries offered free power and debt write-offs to farmers, even though years of subsidies had nearly bankrupted the state electricity board and exchequer. By the time the cartoonist made his acid observation, federal and state ministers were trying to steal Naidu trademarks by posing with laptop computers, mouthing slogans about online accountability, or announcing plans for new "cyberstates". But the real lesson of the charismatic Andhra leader's victory was that for the first time in India, thoroughgoing, hard-nosed reform was transmuted by voters into electoral reward. The nub of the election was what Naidu admirers believe to be the historic question he posed to farmers: "Would you like free power now and no power later, or do you want to pay low rates for uninterrupted, quality electricity?" "Naidu showed you can raise rice prices, cut subsidies, and be re-elected," says an official from a large donor to his programme: "This could be a real turning point in India's electoral history." "He's the best thing in the country, " says Montek Singh Ahluwalia, who as a former chief economic adviser to the finance ministry was architect of India's first tentative opening to the international economy in the 1990s. "He's the first guy to conduct an election on the basis of economic reforms and the fact that we have to compete in the modern world. " But Mr Naidu's unique position rests on more than that. He not only trounced his populist opponents locally but holds the balance of power in New Delhi. His Telugu Desam Party (TDP) nearly tripled its strength to 29 seats in the Lok Sabha or federal parliament, making it the second largest unit in prime minister Atal Behari Vajpayee's 25-party coalition - and the only single party which can rob the government of its 23-seat majority. Mr Naidu, moreover, has chosen to keep his secular TDP outside the federal cabinet. This has three advantages in an increasingly polycentric India where no single party can rule alone and where power is leaking to the regions: he keeps the focus on developing what he calls his "happening state"; he keeps his distance from Mr Vajpayee's Hindu revivalist Bharatiya Janata party (BJP) ; and he emphasises his independence. Many would add that in the absence of credible national opposition from Congress, and should the BJP falter, the fourth advantage for Mr Naidu is that he will become the next prime minister. He says he is not interested in the job. But in the meantime, his position enables him to demand with authority that New Delhi devolve fiscal power to the states and allow them unrestricted access to international capital markets. "There are always SO many programmes we can't get done because of Delhi, he says. "It is my firm belief that we should have much greater devolution of financial power and revenue, as well as legislative power. "Today in India, all states are (involved) in different experiments - we are competing with each other.' What Mr Naidu and the growing number of his imitators are saying is India as the centralised, homogenising state it has been since independence has failed. A competitive model, where the successes of reforming states create a "demonstration effect" to be imitated, must replace it, while the leakage of political power to the regions must be followed by fiscal decentralisation. Critics harp on the Andhra chief's known quirks, such as the video-conferences he holds just after dawn, with ministers and officials he has made practise yoga, as he does, before sunrise. They suggest he is just an upgraded techno-populist with a good line in gimmicks, promising to wire up a state with one of the worst illiteracy levels in India. The World Bank, for one, begs to differ. Just over two years ago it decided to concentrate its Indian lending in Andhra Pradesh - up to Dollars 3bn (Pounds 1.8bn) of it over the next decade - betting on the so-called demonstration effect, and on Mr Naidu to lead the way to reform of India's crippled power sector. Bill Gates is another admirer, siting Microsoft's second foreign research facility (after Israel) in Hyderabad, the Andhra capital, as is Jack Welch, who has located much of GE Capital's call-centre business there. In Hyderabad they rub shoulders with successful Indian high-technology companies and will be able to draw on skills from a new Asian business school and IT centre - inevitably called Cyberabad. Mr Naidu's Vision 2020 programme, co-produced with McKinsey, the consultants, cannot be said to lack ambition. It aims to eradicate illiteracy within 5 years (Andhra's 80m people are only 44 per cent literate against the 62 per cent Indian average). Starting from an income level 25 per cent behind the Indian average, it plans to lift all families above the poverty line and raise per capita incomes seven to eight times over the next two decades, a goal which assumes average annual growth of 11.5 per cent and 20m new jobs. There is political guile as well as vision behind this drive to transform an agricultural, bullock-powered state into a knowledge-based land of opportunity. Before the elections, for instance, he provided simple gas stoves for 1m poor women, among his firmest supporters. He frees up land for construction companies that help him build Hyderabad's flyovers - six finished in 15 months against one by Congress in 13 years. "I am creating a programme at macro level with minute attention to details at the micro level, with IT which gives us control and the digitisation of work in progress which is transparent and verifiable. " He says 36,000 schools have been built in four years and that now, if an official lies about building a school "he will be caught, with the people's participation". "With IT and new media, we can easily reach every part of the state, " says Mr Naidu, "and there is also the possibility of the leapfrog development I'm always looking for. " Andhra's workaholic chief minister is now confident he has established that Indian voters will reward performance and effort. "I work very hard always and I'm asking other people to do it, " he says. "The common man here has abundant common sense, even illiterates (who) have an open mind. And they know there are no short cuts." LANGUAGE: ENGLISH LOAD-DATE: January 31, 2000 THE HAS SEEN 1-31-00 copied cop ed Reed/EL Echaverte Stree H Bruw SStute main (eniginal) reply) for show with Podesta grop location. Do reply B CI YEAR PAA CITY YEAR January 26, 2000 The Honorable William Jefferson Clinton President of the United States of America NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS The White House 285 Columbus Avenue Office of the President Boston, MA 02116 Washington, D.C. 20500 Tel. 617.927.2500 Fax. 617.927.2510 Dear President Clinton: www.cityyear.org Thank you for mentioning City Year in your speech when you were in Boston last week. We are writing to follow up on our invitation of September 30ᵗʰ to you to participate in City Year's national convention, cyzygy 2000, which will be held from May 30th to June 3ʳᵈ, 2000 at San Jose State University in California. We would be happy to accommodate BOSTON your schedule at any time during these days. CHICAGO We would also like to thank you for attending our national convention for the past 2 years CLEVELAND - your presence, leadership and vision in these conventions has been the highlight of our 10 years of work. In particular, we deeply appreciated your words at cyzygy '99 that COLUMBIA "when I saw City Year I knew that I had found the concrete, living, breathing embodiment of what I thought politics ought to be about" - your words were a COLUMBUS tremendous honor that we strive daily to live up to. DETROIT The theme of cyzygy 2000 is "Social Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century." AmeriCorps has been a breeding ground for social entrepreneurs and change agents in our country, PHILADELPHIA and your presence - as the visionary leader who founded AmeriCorps - would be a great honor to all of us. Perhaps you could use this occasion to spell out your vision for RHODE ISLAND AmeriCorps in the 21st century as we become a country with no single majority race. SAN ANTONIO Mr. President, we know that this is an extraordinary request to once again have you attend our convention. But we feel that there is no other person better suited to present SAN JOSE/SILICON VALLEY this message to our organization, to Silicon Valley and to our country than you. We would be deeply honored if you could join us at any time during these four days. SEATTLE/KING COUNTY Thank you very much for considering our request. We will follow up with your office. NATIONAL LEADERSHIP With deep appreciation and gratitude, SPONSORS COMPAQ Timberland Michael Alan NATIONAL SPONSOR Michael Brown Alan Khazei A President Chief Executive Officer AMERICOAPS Mr. President A City Year's Convention wan't be the same without you- please came ! we all Love You! PUTTING IDEALISM TO WORK copied PARADI Reed/EL Podesta Each year an estimated 100,000 people are forced into servitude in the United States in factories, small businesses, prostitution rings, farms and private homes. Now the U.S. government is asking Americans to help: Call To Fight Forced Labor A Report By Molly Gordy FORCED SUBWAY PEDDLERS. This young man was one of more than 50 Mexicans -all deat-who were spirited into the U.S. and compelled to sell trinkets on the subway for more than five years. Brew can wide more on tim- Be INDENTURED GARMENT WORKERS. Thai immigrant workers wait outside in apartment complex in E1 Monte. Calo. after the building is raided by authorities in 1995 Eighty Lindrers antually all women had been forced to Irve in the complex and work 16-hour days there as 56 wing-marchine Upon arrival. however. they NET: taken to the complex and had their passports and operators. The workers had Deen lured to America by the promise of high-paying jobs valuables confiscated Seven or their captors pleaded quilt, to charges of conspiracy, requiring indentured Servitude and harboring diegal immigrants They also admitted to operating their E1 Monte garment ractory rum 1989 to 1995 with a captive worktorce More than 100,000 people many of them smuggled into this country-are ig forced to work in appalling conditions for little or no pay, often under the t of phy ical violence or death. You can do something about it: concerns and A Call To Fight Ideas, images for the 21st century Forced Labor By Molly Gordy Home Lubona AST YEAR. ROGERIO Cadeña, a Mexican national, pleaded guilty in a West Palm Beach. Fla., federal court to "conspiring to enslave" 14 wom- en he had forced to work as prostitutes. Cadeña had lured the women-some as young as 14-from impoverished areas of Mexico with promises of good jobs car- NEW JERSEY: DOMESTIC WORKER KILLED. Marcelina Baluch (1) was convicted of reckless manslaughter in ing for children or the elderly. 1998 for slaying her Filipina maid, Imelda Ritua (F). in letters home, But once the women had crossed the Ritua had complained of being forced to work long hours and to sleep in an unheated basement. Trial evidence revealed physical abuse. border. they were forced at gunpoint to work in a network of nine brothels in ments responded by creating the National have brought the abuses Florida and the Carolinas. Cadeña said Worker Exploitation Task Force in April to public attention. Three CAROLINAS & GEORGIA: A FAMILY he and his family had made about $1 mil- 1998. This week. to accelerate the effort. years ago, 18 persons EXPLOITS MIGRANT WORKERS. Carrie Bonds (I) and son, Willie Bonds Jr. (r), ran a ring of farm-labor crews. lion from the ring. Many cases they are opening a hot- pleaded guilty to hold- In 1993, Carrie pleaded guilty to labor violations, and Willie "This is one of the line to take calls from ing more than 50 deaf admitted to "conspiring to hold migrant workers in peonage." most vile. reprehensi- of involuntary anyone to report cases Mexicans captive and forcing them to sell eight years in prison for involuntary servi- ble and odious crimes of servitude or worker trinkets in New York. In 1998, a New tude. harboring illegal immigrants and I have seen in my 13 servitude are exploitation (see box). Jersey woman was convicted of slaying using credit cards obtained in their names. years on the bench." discovered only "We want to more ag- her Filipina maid. The victim had revealed In all of these cases. the Immigration said Judge Kenneth gressively pursue the in letters home that she had been forced and Naturalization Service (INS) says. Ryskamp of the U.S. by chance. Now cases that we can pros- to sleep in an unheated basement and to the victims had been lured to the United Southern District of you can help. ecute," said Acting As- work 16-hour days. Court evidence later States by false promises. Florida. Yet the case is sistant Attorney Gen- exposed physical abuse. Last month. a Why is this problem arising now. 135 not isolated. Each year. according to com- eral Bill Lann Lee. "A lot of cases don't prominent member of the Thai commu- years after the passage of the Thirteenth bined figures from the Justice. Labor and get discovered now except by chance." nity in L.A. was sentenced to more than Amendment. banning slavery and in- State departments. more than 100,000 peo- "Once word gets around how easy it ple are forced into servitude in the U.S.- is to turn someone in for this, it's bound Do You Know of a Case Of in factories. small businesses and service to have an effect." said Rep. Lamar industries. private homes and on farms. Smith (R., Tex.). chairman of the House Forced Labor? Their ranks include both immigrants and Subcommittee on Immigration. U.S. citizens. And their numbers are rising. The Justice Department defines If you know of or suspect exploitation, "When I joined the Justice Department involuntary servitude as "using physical report it by calling the Justice Department hotline: in 1989. we see maybe two of these cas- force. threats of force or legal coercion es a year." Thomas Perez. a former U.S. (such as threats of arrest or incarcera- 1-888-428-7581. deputy assistant attorney general. told PA- tion) to keep someone working for you." By exposing forced-labor abuses, you can help RADE "By the time I left last February. we For example. an employer might threat- correct an injustice, relieve someone's suffering- were seeing more than 100 victims a year." en to turn in an illegal immigrant. Several criminal cases in recent years perhaps even save a life. The Justice. Labor and State depart- COVER PHOTOGRAPH OF THAI WORKERS BY RICK MEYER/LOS ANGELES TIMES. MEXICAN IMMIGRANT BY APAVIDE WORLD PAGE 4 FEBRUARY 20. 2000 PARADE MAGAZINE voluntary serv =? For one thing, A Rutgers University survey of 300 such U.S. citizens been V1 IS of with a machete othed the fields. Secretary of Labor Alexis Herman told Chinese immig fc that had exp 1. Prosecutions involving The abuses came to light when two of us. "There is better reporting of abuses been tortured before paying off their debts. workers were virtually unheard of before the workers escaped from a camp in as our perception of what is 'unaccept- By the 1990s. INS Commissioner Dons the early 1980s. when Congress passed Benson. N.C. One of them. who asked to able' evolves. Slavery wasn't seen as Meissner noted. sophisticated smugglers the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural be identified only as "Roosevelt." told bad for 200 years in this country. Even were demanding their fees in advance Worker Act. In a case prosecuted under PARADE that whiskey and crack cocaine child labor was legal until 1938. when the from employers. who passed on the cost the act. Willie Bonds Jr. pleaded guilty had been urged on him and others. so that Fair Labor Standards Act was passed." to the workers by withholding pay. in 1993 to "conspiring to hold migrant they would be too indebted and addicted National Worker Exploitation Task A clearer picture of the problem emerged farmworkers in peonage. His mother. to escape. Roosevelt said he'd walked Force members noted several other con- in 1999. when 18 persons pleaded guilty Carrie. and father. Willie. pleaded guilty 40 miles to Raleigh. where he found help tributing factors that converged in the 80s: to running a $200 million immigrant- Civil wars and collapsing economies in smuggling ring. An INS investigation. "Their story is an American story. Third World countries created a flood of "Operation Seek-and-Keep." found that My clients wanted to teach the new immigrants to the States: lax U.S. bor- more than 7000 immigrants from India der controls made it easier to sneak in: and and Pakistan had been smuggled in. "Em- corporations that they are human beings." a massive crackdown on drug traffickers ployers were ordering people like pizzas." -Julle Su, attorney for Thai sweatshop workers at a rural farmworkers' aid society and the North Carolina Council of Churches. "I don't know how I made it." he said. "I guess God showed me the way." According to the Rev. James Creech. who helped bring the case to federal officials, "The only unusual thing about the Bonds case is that the criminals ac- tually were arrested. Folks turned a blind eye back then. and it still goes on today." There have been major reforms. how- ever. In 1996. with overwhelming bi- partisan support. Congress passed the Illegal Immigration Reform Act. Spon- sored by Rep. Lamar Smith and then Sen. Alan Simpson (R., Wyo.). it made the trafficking in humans a felony pun- ishable by up to 15 years. "When we cracked down on drugs with harsher sen- tences," Smith said. "we inadvertently created an imbalance in the penal code that made immigrant smuggling more appealing. This law redresses that." FLORIDA & CAROLINAS: Victims also have begun to fight PROSTITUTION RING. CALIFORNIA: CAPTIVE back. Last month. a maid from Top: Rogerio Cadeña pleaded guilty in WORKERS FIGHT BACK. Bangladesh accused a high-ranking January 1999 to "conspiring to enslave" 14 Mexican women as prostitutes. Bottom: Thai immigrants, forced to work and live diplomat and his wife of holding her A trailer where the women were held. in an EI Monte apartment complex surrounded by razor wire (r), won more a virtual prisoner in their Manhattan led some to switch to smuggling immi- than $4 million in out-of-court settlements apartment. She is now suing her from companies that contracted with the grants. The result was a steep increase in sweatshop. Above are four of the 80 workers former employers in federal court. illegal immigrants who entered the coun- (I-r) Praphaphon Pongpit, Buppha Chaemchoi, Over the last five years. 80 Thai gar- Sutchai Chaisuni and Rotchana Chunchuchit. in indebted to and exploited by criminals. ment workers. who had been held Clearly. a business gains a competitive said U.S. Attorney Paul Coggins in Texas, captive by sweatshop operators in edge by using labor supplied by smug- whose office tried the case. "Only. instead Monte. Calif.. and forced to work glers. "There's no way a business paying of. TII have a large pie with pepperoni. 16-hour days under armed guard. the minimum wage and taxes required it was. Give me a husband and wife who to labor violations. The Bonds family had won more than St million in out-of-court by law can compete with one using in- live in my attic and work in my store." recruited homeless men to work on farms settlements from manufacturers and re- voluntary help." Secretary Herman said: Recently. immigrants from China have in the Carolinas and Georgia in 1991. tail chains that had contracted the work. By the mid-1980s. international rings of promised smugglers as much as $50.000 The men were promised minimum wage "Their story is an American story." mmmigrant-smugglers were charging their in future wages to stow away in metal car- and free apartments. Instead. they were said Julie Su. a lawyer who helped ne- human cargo up to $35,000 for passage go containers on giant freighters. Last held in one room with a single toilet. gotiate the settlements. "My clients and false papers. When the immigrants month, 18 Chinese men were found in Their wages were docked for food and wanted to teach these corporations that were unable to pay. they became inden- containers on a freighter in Seattle. Three "rent." SO that pay for 60 hours of work they are human beings too and to make tured to or actimized by their traffickers. had died during the two-week journey. usually ranged from $10 to nothing. A it harder for this to happen again." 16 PARADE MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 20, 2000 PAGE 5 STREET a HOME 15 not a Solving America's Homeless Dilemma Andrea- Look this over - President THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN askedis to. 3-3-00 -RR Copied Reed Podesta JUDGE ROBERT C. COATES 3-6-00 BUSINESS, CONSUMER, AND REGIONAL ROUNDUP Census Provides First Official E-Commerce Estimate. Retail E-commerce sales were $5.3 billion in the fourth quarter of 1999, according to the first official estimate of such sales, released this week by the Census Bureau. Such sales, defined as sales of goods and services over the Internet and other online systems, were 0.64 percent of total retail sales of $821.2 billion in the quarter. Available evidence suggests that about 15 percent of retail firms are involved in E- commerce sales. Boskin Commission Members See Smaller CPI Bias. Members of the Boskin Commission believe that methodological changes implemented by the Bureau of Labor Statistics have reduced the bias in the CPI from the 1.1 percentage point level reported by the Commission in 1996. Responding to a survey by the General Accounting Office, the individual members put the remaining bias at between 0.73 and 0.9 percentage point annually, and they attribute the remaining caped bias to what the Commission referred to as "new products/quality change bias." Reed, Expanded Insurance Can Mean Fewer Avoidable Hospitalizations. By increasing access to hospital care, expansion of public health insurance should lead to more hospitalizations. At the same time, however, it might reduce avoidable hospitalizations-defined as those that might not have occurred had patients received effective, timely, and continuous outpatient medical care for certain chronic disease conditions. In the case of children, a recent study found that expansions in Medicaid eligibility between 1983 and 1996 led to a net increase of 10 percent in overall pediatric hospitalizations but a decline of 22 percent in avoidable ones. The study notes that because an average inpatient hospital visit is roughly 40 times more expensive than an average outpatient visit, this reduction in avoidable hospitalizations makes medical care more efficient. The eligibility expansions also appear to have been associated with a significant shift in the types of hospitals where children are treated, from public hospitals to for-profit facilities. Homelessness Persists but Services Improve. Between 2.3 and 3.5 million This Bllene people, nearly 40 percent of them children, are estimated to experience homelessness at least once during a year, according to a recent Urban Institute study based on 1996 data. People living at or below the poverty line are the most vulnerable to experiencing a homeless episode; between 6.3 and 9.6 percent of those in poverty are likely to be homeless at some point during the year. At the same time, the network of homeless services is larger and more diverse than it was in the late 1980s. The nation's shelter and housing capacity grew by 220 percent between 1988 and 1996. Soup kitchen and meal distribution services in central cities nearly quadrupled between 1987 and 1996, from 97,000 to 382,100 meals on an average day in February. Much of the new growth, according to the study, is due to new funding and to priorities placed on developing transitional They & and permanent housing. Weekly Economic Briefing 6 March 3, 2000 THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN 3.6.00 participate in these facilitated race discussion and new ones are beginning. Two were just completed in San Francisco. Black History Month: GSA Central Office and regional offices recently hosted programs as part of the observance of Black History Month. The DC program was called a "Salute to Ghana," featuring Koby A. Koomson, the Ambassador of Ghana to the US. The NY region had a guest speaker, Dr. Roscoe Brown, former Tuskegee Airman and Director of the Center for Urban Education Policy at the Graduate School and University Center of the City University of NY. In addition, the African Burial if Ground Office of Memorialization sponsored The African Burial Ground Ring Shout Performance Series in the lobby of the Federal Building in Manhattan. Department of Housing and Urban Development Policy to Sell Homes to Local Governments: HUD has launched a new ate housing real a u sell local governments thousands of HUD-owned homes for $1 each to create for families in need and to benefit neighborhoods. By selling vacant homes for $1 after six months on the market, HUD will make it possible for communities to fix up the homes and put them to good use at a considerable savings. Local governments buying HUD homes for $1 can sell or rent them to low- and moderate-income families, to first- time homebuyers, or to groups that will use the homes to provide services such as child care centers or job training centers. Homes in extremely deteriorated condition, where rehabilitation is not feasible, will be V demolished by HUD and the vacant lots will be offered for sale to the local government for $1. Secretary Cuomo and Congressman John Kasich of Ohio announced the new HUD Good Neighbor Policy stating that it was good for neighborhoods, communities and families. Latina Issues Forum: Eva Plaza, Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, will deliver the keynote address at the Fifth Annual Latina Issues Forum in Moncure, North Carolina, March 11-12, sponsored by El Pueblo (an affiliate of the National Council of La Raza). The event, entitled "Counting on You for Our Future," will bring together Latina leaders of the Southeast to mobilize advocates and plan for future activism. Best Practices Agreement: Assistant Secretary Eva Plaza and senior officials of Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (Countrywide) signed a Declaration of Fair Lending Principles and "Best Practices" Agreement in Pasadena, California, on February 24th before an audience of 150+ people. This current agreement, which supplements a 1994 Agreement, memorializes Countrywide's commitment to the principle of providing greater opportunities to obtain mortgage credit for all creditworthy Americans regardless of race, creed, religion, ethnic background, gender, sexual preference, familial status, age and disability. The effective implementation of this principle has realized greater returns from existing markets, opened new markets to Countrywide, and will enable the 3-7-00 THE WHITE HOUSE Deputy Chief of Staff Mr President: We (Bunce Reed, Bethnolan, etal.) met with Civil Rights coalition on Conyers bill. they walked no through what they would like to see enacted. we made clear that we were not view on the bill atthis in a position to express a time (it will beintroduced latter this muk). Bruce Reed and Beth nolan will coordinate a policy process to develop quickly J an appropriate look disponse and also at H. PRice's letter. MARIA CC: Bruce Reed V Beth Nolan John Podesta THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON Entere Report March 3, 2000 Johnson Potenta MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT FROM: BEN JOHNSON SUBJECT: OFFICE ON THE PRESIDENT'S INITIATIVE FOR ONE AMERICA WEEKLY REPORT ACTIONS Meeting with Minority Journalist: We met with Dorothy Gilliam, a journalist with the Washington Post, and former president of the National Black Journalists Association. The meeting was a forerunner to one on diversity that we are planning to have with the leaders of all minority journalist associations. Ms. Gilliam was very helpful in advising us on how to engage the print media on diversity. She also said that if you plan to speak before the American Society of Newspaper Editors in April, it would be useful to highlight the need for more diversity in the newsrooms of daily newspapers. We learned that 40% of all newspapers do not have any people of color in their ranks. She has agreed to provide us with statistical information on the number of minoritles working for daily newspapers, both at the staff level and in decision-making management positions. Army Corp of Engineers: Congressman James Clyburn sent you a letter citing his concerns about recent news accounts regarding the Army Corp of Engineers. I have attached the letter for your review. Aside from the points made in his letter, it appears that there is concern on the part of some CBC members that Lt. General Ballard is just doing his job and is not being supported strongly enough by civilian appointees in the Defense Department. Ballard is the highest-ranking African American general in the army. Racial Profiling Legislation: Congressman John Conyers is preparing a bill, "Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act of 2000" that goes a lot farther than his previous Bill on racial profiling. Along with amending sections of pre-existing law to increase caupul ww arriver avenues for relief, the bill would require the Justice Department to establish a task force to coordinate the investigation, prosecution and enforcement efforts of federal, state and local governments in cases related to law enforcement misconduct. Additionally, the Bill creates a commission to investigate civil rights complaints against INS and Customs Service and requires the Attorney General to perform an initial analysis of accreditation standards for law enforcement and recommend areas for more standards. charged in the case. Civil Rights organization leaders will also call on Congress this month to introduce and pass a law enforcement bill that requires the AG to perform an analysis of existing law enforcement accreditation standards and recommend areas for the development of national standards for accreditation of law enforcement agencies. Organizational leaders will meet with the Administration on Monday to discuss the proposed Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act of 2000. National Urban League's Hugh Price urges you and your administration to utilize its regulatory and financial leverage to compel local police departments to reform their policies and practices. After a Friday press conference in Washington, DC. Price sent a letter to you recommending: 1.) promulgate a series of best personnel and firearms practices based on real world experiences: 2.) require local police departments that receive federal assistance to institute and adhere to the best practices as a condition of continued receipt of federal aid: 3.) suspend federal funding for local departments that experience and fail to address serious we Co problems of police brutality and abuse: and 4.) terminate federal aid to local departments that steadfastly refuse to implement best practices. Price is concerned that after last week's Diallo verdict, the African American community has lost a significant amount of faith in the ability of state courts to dispense justice and the capacity of local police departments to police themselves. AGRICULTI RE OUTREACH Leland Swenson re-elected as president of NFU. On Saturday, February 26. delegates to the National Farmers Union's (NFU) 98th Anniversary Convention in Salt Lake City, UT re-elected president Leland Swenson and elected Alan Bergman as the organization's new vice president. Swenson. who ran unopposed. has served as president of the NFU for 12 years. Bergman. who succeeds Ohio Farmers Union President Charlie Nash, has served as president of the North Dakota Farmers Union from 1986 and 1996 and is a third-generation family farmer. raising small Crigin grains and livestock near Judd. North Dakota. ASLIN PACIFIC AMERICA Oi TREAC OPI. Hosts Meeting with Bangladeshi American Community on Trip to South Asia. A dozen Bangladeshi American leaders met with OPL. NSC and the State Department to share ideas regarding your upcoming trip to South Asia. The leaders expressed their hope that the President would highlight the need for conflict resolution among political factions and cautioned copied not to be perceived as supporting either the current government leadership or the opposition. They also asked that your trip focus on the issues of health and the environment (i.e. major Echavente problem with arsenic in water supply) and expansion of business and trade between the U.S. and Bankherat Bangladesh. (for cepay) (GA) LESBLAN 01 TREACH Virginia M. Apuzzo. will serve as interim National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Political Director. Apuzzo is the current holder of the Virginia Apuzzo Chair for Leadership in Public Policy at the NGLTF Policy Institute and the former Executive Director. She will be in charge of NGLTF's program efforts. which include state and federal advocacy, communications operations and local organizing and training, including NGLTF's annual "Creating Change" conference. 2 CC Andrea 4-4-00 Groups Seek More Administration Help on Hunger Relief Act. In an OPL-hosted meeting with Bruce Reed, representatives of Catholic, Lutheran, and Jewish social service agencies, the GREAT STATES 33 Salvation Army, and Volunteers of America expressed continuing concern about the resources the working poor must devote to housing. They describe their religious community as becoming "a grocery store not an emergency resource," with families forced to use food pantries and meal programs on a continuing basis because of the high cost of housing. Lutherans reported that over 50% of those coming to their emergency food sites are the working poor and their children. SENIORS OUTREACH Consumer Groups Pleased with the Social Security and Medicare Trustees Reports. Your event in New York was very well received, but it will be important to continue sending the message about the importance of prescription drug coverage for the middle class. Aging Community Applauds Changes in Retirement Earnings Limit. Aging groups, especially the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare, are pleased with the House and Senate votes. They hope you will use this legislation's passage as an opportunity to publicize your dedication to expanding opportunities for seniors and your commitment to preserving and strengthening Social Security. Aging Community Seeks Reauthorization of Older American's Act (OAA). AARP continues to negotiate a compromise between the National Council of Senior Citizens, National Council on Aging, Green Thumb, and minority groups (grantees of Title 5 funding) for reauthorization of the OAA. This is a high priority for the aging community and important for the Administration's efforts to pass the Family Caregiver Initiative. Without OAA reauthorization, Congressional staff claims they cannot fund a $125 million family caregiver support program. copied WOMEN'S OUTREACH Reed Sperling OPL Hosts Activities to Commemorate Women's History Month. The Women's Office kicked off Women's History Month with a conference call for 40 women's history organizations around the country. A central feature of this year's celebration is a first-ever Women's History Month website, with a link on the White House home page. The website includes access to your proclamation, Administration accomplishments, and International Women's Day message. It also provides links to women's offices throughout the Administration. In addition to disseminating information to various organizations, the Women's Office participated in numerous celebratory activities hosted by nearly every Administration agency. The women's community is especially supportive of your establishment of the President's Commission for the Celebration of Women in American History. One of the month's highlights was an event we co- hosted with the Commission and the Congressional Women's Caucus for over 600 women leaders and activists. 4 4-19-00 WEEKLY ECONOMIC BRIEFING OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES Prepared by the Council of Economic Advisers copied with the assistance of the Office of the Vice President Bailey April 14, 2000 Sperling Reed Podesta CHART OF THE WEEK G-7 Announced Contributions to HIPC Trust Fund 800 0.030 Total announced contributions (left scale) 700 Percent of GDP (right scale). 0.025 600 0.020 500 Millions of dollars 400 0.015 Percent of GDP 300 0.010 200 0.005 100 0 0.000 United United Germany Japan France Italy Canada States Kingdom The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Trust Fund is seeking $3.6 billion of external support for regional multinational development banks that are unable to pay their share of the $28 billion enhanced HIPC Initiative. Thus far $329 million in contributions have been received from 16 countries, and 26 countries have pledged almost $2 billion more. The largest donors to the Trust Fund are the G-7 and the Netherlands. Some countries have conditioned pledges or additional new funding on a U.S. contribution. CONTENTS SPECIAL ANALYSES The Digital Divide in IT Employment 1 Guns and Teen Violence 3 ARTICLE Poland: Lessons in Transition 5 DEPARTMENTS Business, Consumer, and Regional Roundup 7 International Roundup 8 Releases 9 U.S. Economic Statistics 10 Financial and International Statistics 11 MY CENSUS FORM ? IT DIDN'T SAY ANYTHING ABOUT WINNING MILLIONS OF DOLLARS So I THREW IT OUT. 98 SPECIAL ANALYSIS The Digital Divide in IT Employment Employment in core information technology (IT) jobs such as computer systems analysts, computer scientists, and computer programmers has doubled over the last decade, reaching 2.2 million workers in 1999. The CEA estimates that median wages are about 80 percent higher than in the non-IT sector. An expanding and well-paid field, IT can offer substantial opportunity for those with appropriate skills. But employment patterns by race/ethnicity and gender reveal another facet of the digital divide. Employment in Core IT Occupations Minority and female representation. 7 CEA calculations find that 6 Percent of full-time workers employment in core IT occupations 5 represents about 2 percent of the full- 4 3 time workforce (see chart). For 2 whites, the percentage is slightly 1 higher, while only about 1 percent of 0 African Americans and less than 1 Overall Black. Asian Men Women Hispanic, percent of Hispanics hold core IT jobs. American Indian Women are only half as likely as men to be employed in these occupations. Educational attainment. Two-thirds of full-time core IT workers have a bachelor's degree or more, hence differences in educational attainment might help explain these differences in IT employment. For African Americans with a bachelor's degree who work full time, there is no employment gap: the proportion of such workers in core IT occupations is about 4½ percent. the same as that of comparable non-Hispanic whites. In contrast, even among those with BA/BS degrees, Asians are still about three times as likely to work in IT as non- Hispanic whites. Women with a bachelor's degree are employed at half the rate as men with bachelor's degrees. Evidence for Hispanics is mixed, but having a bachelor's degree does not appear to eliminate the IT employment gap. What's your major? About two-thirds of core IT workers with a bachelor's degree have a science, mathematics, or engineering background. Thus, the choice of major is a key determinant of subsequent IT employment. Data from a National Science Foundation survey of college graduates indicate that African Americans and Hispanics earn degrees in science and engineering at the same rate as whites. Thus, their low representation in IT employment would seem to reflect lower rates of college attendance, not choice of major once in college. The situation is different for women, who earn more than half of all bachelor's degrees but are much less likely than men to graduate with science or engineering degrees. Earnings. While much of the under-representation of minorities in core IT jobs appears to be related to educational differences, the variation in earnings in core Weekly Economic Briefing 1 April 14, 2000 IT jobs is substantial even when education is held constant. Although small sample sizes in the available data make it difficult to reach definitive conclusions, African Americans with a bachelor's degree or greater appear to earn substantially less in IT jobs than other racial groups with the same educational attainment. Women, for whom there are more data, earn about 15 percent less than men in core IT occupations after controlling for education. These gender earnings differences exist even though age and hours of work are similar for men and women in core-IT jobs. Race and gender pay gaps may arise because women and African Americans are disproportionately represented in lower-paying sub- occupations. Conclusion. Employment and earnings differences by race and gender in IT jobs reveal yet another dimension of the digital divide. While educational attainment and choice of major are key factors in explaining these differences, they do not tell the full story. Weekly Economic Briefing 2 April 14, 2000 SPECIAL ANALYSIS Guns and Teen Violence Recent trends showing declining teen suicide and homicide victimization encouraging. Nevertheless, the harmful effects of the proliferation of in the guns American are Osma mid-1980s remain evident. New evidence focused on African teenagers is instructive. The crack connection. Crack cocaine first arrived in large cities like Miami, Los Angeles, and New York around 1983. A large number of youth, especially African American teenagers. were drawn into the crack trade. After remaining fairly constant from 1975 through 1984, drug arrest rates among non-white juveniles more than doubled between 1985 and 1989. Social scientists have hypothesized that a distressing by-product of the rapid growth in crack trade was the dissemination of guns into the hands of many American teenagers African Americans in particular. The nucleus of the diffusion process was gun possession by teens directly involved in drug markets. but possession became far broader as other teens acquired guns in reaction to this trend-for perceived self-protection copied or as a status symbol. (One 1993 study conducted in center-city schools found that 22 percent of students possessed guns. with 68 percent citing protection as the main reason.) Sperling Reed Gun homicide. The apparent increase in teenage gun possession in the mid- 1980s has been suggested as a factor in several trends, the most disturbing of which is the rapid rise in deaths among African American teens due to gun homicide (see upper chart). There are Black Homicide Rate 80 two competing explanations for the 70 Firearm homicide sharp rise in homicides. First, the rise Deaths per 100,000 aged 15-19 60 in gun possession may have directly 50 increased the lethality of confrontations 40 among teens. Second, there may 30 simply have been an increase in teens' 20 inclination toward violence. Indeed Non-firearm 10 homicide both factors may have been at work, 0 but if the latter explanation were the 1979 1984 1989 1994 predominant influence, we might Black Firearm-Related Suicide and expect to observe an increase in both Accident Rates gun and non-gun homicide. In fact, 9 8 non-gun homicide victimization among Deaths per 100,000 aged 15-19 7 African American teens remained 6 Suicide roughly constant through the 1980s. 5 4 3 Fatal gun accidents. The underlying Accident 2 premise that more guns were finding 1 their way into the hands of African 0 American teens in the mid-1980s is 1979 1984 1989 1994 Weekly Economic Briefing 3 April 14, 2000 ESIDENT HAS BEE 4-19-00 supported by trends in deaths from gun accidents. The rate of fatal gun accidents was more than four times as high in 1993 as in 1983 (see lower chart on previous page). Gun suicide. The proliferation of guns also likely played a key role in suicides among African American teens. While State Gun Ownership Rates and Teen Suicide the rate of gun suicides increased 18 rapidly in the mid-1980s, the non-gun 16 =CO 14 suicide rate remained fairly constant Suicides per 100,000 aged 15 19 WA MO TX 12 : for this group. The idea that gun VA "IN INC 10 PA MI TN access directly leads to increasing IL =CA FL 8 OH NY suicide is also supported by a cross- aMA 6 state analysis of suicide rates among NJ 4 teens generally. In states where more 2 households have guns, overall teen 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percent of households owning a gun suicide rates are much higher (see chart, which presents statistics for the 17 large states for which there are data). Importantly, this relationship holds because gun-related teenage suicide is higher in states with high gun ownership; non-gun teen suicides are not correlated with gun ownership. (These results are consistent with an earlier Weekly Economic Briefing analysis of overall suicide rates and guns.) Some good news in the 1990s. The spread of guns among center-city youth in the mid-1980s was likely responsible for the disastrous increases in homicide, Cash suicide and accidental death among African American teens. By the mid-1990s gun-related death rates were declining for this demographic group, perhaps because of a decline in the levels of gun possession by more recent cohorts of teenagers. However, gun homicide and suicide rates remain relatively high, presumably because a large stock of guns remains accessible to youth. Policies that are effective in reducing the gun possession by teens should reinforce the recent downward trend in teen mortality. MAR copied Sperling Weekly Economic Briefing 4 April 14, 2000 ARTICLE 4-19-00 Poland: Lessons in Transition Poland has been the most successful of the transition economies in moving from a centrally planned to a market economy. A recent study by a large consulting firm explores the reasons why and points to the economic challenge Poland still faces. Adjustment and recovery after 1989. Real GDP per capita in Poland dropped by about 18 percent between 1989 and 1991 following the implementation of market reforms. Communist-era products and services found it difficult to pass the market test following liberalization, and government spending fell. Between 1992 and 1998. however, Polish real GDP per capita grew at around 6 percent per year, reaching a level 16 percent higher GDP per Capita in Transition Economies in 1998 than in 1989. This success contrasts sharply with other major transition Poland 116 economies, which have not yet regained Czech Republic 95 their 1989 level (see chart). Hungary 93 Productivity and employment. Russia 60 Poland's turnaround mostly reflects Ukraine 40 solid productivity growth of 5 percent 0 50 100 150 per year in real GDP per worker Index (GDP per capital in 1989=100) between 1992 and 1998. Employment. by contrast, has yet to recover fully from a sharp setback following liberalization. Though down from its peak of 16 percent, the unemployment rate remains above 10 percent. Growth in productivity resulted from increasing utilization of the industrial assets that continued to operate and from investment in new, more productive facilities. Foreign direct investment accounted for more than half of all private investment in 1998 and was crucial in boosting private investment from 5 percent of GDP in 1995 to 13 percent in 1998. Even this investment level is relatively modest, however, and the overall level of productivity remains low by advanced country standards (29 percent of the U.S. level in 1998). Sound macroeconomic policies. In contrast to other transition economies. Poland followed sound monetary and fiscal policies. Following a surge after liberalization, inflation has gradually been brought under 10 percent. The public sector budget deficit was kept below 4 percent of GDP, which, along with strong economic growth and debt relief granted by foreign creditors, has cut the public debt-to-GDP ratio to around 50 percent. Generally successful privatization. Poland established a successful framework for privatization and the process has been virtually completed in much of the economy. In the privatized markets, prices have been freed and competitive conditions apply. Poland has encouraged foreign investment and allowed foreign Weekly Economic Briefing 5 April 14, 2000 companies to purchase "key" domestic companies. This has brought in hard currency and both management and technological expertise. The successful, broad-based privatization. together with the sound macroeconomic policies, the study argues, account for Poland's strong performance relative to other transition economies. In some sectors privatization has been delayed. In mining and steel. the government is trying to reach agreement on, and then put in place, specific restructuring programs, before selling the assets. In banking, telecom, utilities and airlines, privatization is waiting for the appropriate regulatory structures to be established. Other sectors of the economy have been privatized, but with "no layoff" provisions in force for a period of time. Labor markets. Wage-setting institutions have evolved since 1990. Under the new system, wage bargaining takes place mainly at the firm level, under a nationwide ceiling for increases set by a commission made up of state. employer, and union representatives. Minimum wage rates are negotiated by the same three groups, and the study expressed concern that rising real minimum wages together with large payroll taxes could soon have adverse employment effects in sectors such as retail and apparel, although this has not been a serious problem so far. Promoting competition. Although the government opened markets in much of the economy, the study identifies areas where more needs to be done. For example, 40 percent of urban dwellings are sheltered from market forces by direct and indirect subsidies. These are not allocated according to need or income and their effect is to discourage new residential housing construction. In addition, the structure of property taxes discourages local governments and private landowners from making land available for either residential or commercial development. The challenge. Poland illustrates the dilemma faced by transition economies. Rapid liberalization, privatization, and the opening of international trade encourage efficiency, but they also force large structural adjustments. Productivity rises rapidly, but employment falls or rises only slowly, leading to unemployment or rising employment in subsistence activities. In 1997, for example, Poland had between 44 and 50 percent of its workforce (depending on data source) in agriculture and manufacturing, with a high potential for job loss in the unproductive parts of these sectors. Slowing the pace of adjustment can make sense, in order to allow new jobs to grow fast enough to absorb the job losers. But this also slows the creation of a full market economy. Weekly Economic Briefing 6 April 14, 2000 4.19.00 BUSINESS, CONSUMER, AND REGIONAL ROUNDUP Working Together: Welfare and Workforce Development. A recent study by the Urban Institute finds that establishing closer links between welfare offices and workforce development systems (including JTPA/WIA agencies, community colleges. one-stop career centers, and private employment and training contractors) can benefit TANF recipients. Coordination and integration among these groups, it finds, allows for referrals to a wider range of services, improved case management. and the convenience of co-location. The study notes that creative approaches to assisting TANF recipients find work, including these partnerships, are being spawned by a greater availability of resources per client, the need to address multiple barriers faced by those still on the rolls, and the rapid expansion of computer technology and computer-based labor market information. In light of the tight labor market, which is increasing employer involvement, the study concludes that the current environment offers unprecedented opportunities for partnerships to help welfare clients move successfully to work. Teacher Quality and Students' Future Earnings. Longitudinal data on the impact of teacher quality on subsequent earnings of students is relatively limited. But a new study has combined data from a Wisconsin survey of 1957 high school graduates with information about the characteristics of the school districts from which they graduated. In particular, the study found a significant relationship between a set of education and experience characteristics of high school teachers and the future earnings of male graduates 17 years later, when they were in their mid-30s. Using average teacher salary as a proxy for these characteristics and controlling for family education and income, the study found that a 1 percent increase in average teacher salary increased students' future earnings by 0.3 percent. This is over 80 times larger than the estimated effect of a comparable increase in family income. Why Do Larger Banks Charge Higher ATM Fees? Surveys have shown that large banks charge higher ATM fees than do smaller banks. To some extent at least, these fees reflect the higher costs to the bank and greater convenience to their customers of deploying a larger network of ATMs, according to a recent study. In particular, the study found that differences in the fees that banks charge their own customers for using another bank's ATM are due to differences in cost and convenience. However, larger banks charge non-customers more for using their machines, even after controlling for the greater convenience and higher costs associated with deploying and operating a larger number of machines. This fee structure gives customers an incentive to open accounts at larger institutions with more ATMs, putting competitive pressure on middle-tier banks operating in the same market. Despite the evidence that large banks impose higher fees. the study questions the economic wisdom of bans on ATM charges. Customers can, and for the most part do, avoid paying ATM surcharges by finding machines that do not impose them; bans would limit consumer choice and probably slow the deployment of ATMs; and banks would have to find other, possibly more inefficient ways of financing ATM services. Weekly Economic Briefing 7 April 14, 2000 INTERNATIONAL ROUNDUP IMF Expects Higher World Economic Growth. World output will grow 4.2 percent in 2000, according to the IMF's latest World Economic Outlook. This is 0.8 percentage point higher than in the IMF's October forecast and would mark a significant increase over growth rates of 3.3 percent in 1999 and 2.5 percent in 1998. Despite its optimistic forecast, the IMF points to a number of imbalances that have been building in the world economy, noting that the large U.S. current account deficit combined with persistent surpluses in Japan and the euro area are unlikely to be sustainable. The IMF argues that the large capital inflows into the United States have made the dollar too strong relative to the euro given medium- term fundamentals. which creates the risk of disruptive exchange rate adjustments if market sentiment changes suddenly. The report cautions that world stock markets may be overvalued, due in part to the ample growth in liquidity over the last few years needed to overcome the effects of financial crises in Asia, Russia, and Latin America. In order to secure a transition to a sustainable pattern of global growth, the IMF stresses the need to contain excess demand pressures in the United States while promoting durable expansions in the EU and Japan. Japan Extends Debt Relief Program. This week, Japan became the latest G-7 country to cancel all non-official development assistance (non-ODA) loans for eligible heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs). Japan also pledged an additional $190 million to the HIPC Trust Fund (on top of the $10 million it has already contributed) and promised further provision of bilateral grant assistance. As part of the 1999 enhanced HIPC Initiative, the G-7 agreed to forgive 100 percent of ODA debts and 90 percent or more of their non-ODA claims, which include trade insurance and loans made by export-import banks, for eligible HIPC countries. Several G-7 countries have since expressed their intention to waive 100 percent of their non-ODA claims as well. As Japan is one of the largest HIPC donors, with over $10 billion of loans to the 40 HIPC countries, some see Japan's decision to follow suit as critical to the success of the HIPC Initiative. FDI Promotes Growth in China. A recent OECD study finds that differences in rates of foreign direct investment (FDI) are particularly important in explaining differences in growth rates across Chinese provinces since the mid-1980s. These results help explain why coastal regions of China have grown much faster than central or western regions, since they have attracted the lion's share of foreign investment (88 percent in 1996, for example). The positive effect of FDI on growth is stronger when the average level of schooling of the population is higher, suggesting that FDI and education are complementary. Interestingly, the study finds that differences in export growth have little direct impact on differences in output growth rates. Instead, openness to trade contributes to output growth primarily by helping attract FDI. In addition, FDI is higher in provinces with high incomes, high growth rates, and better transportation infrastructure. The study recommends that to achieve more balanced growth, China should encourage FDI in the inland provinces by introducing preferential measures to attract FDI, providing better infrastructure, and improving education. Weekly Economic Briefing 8 April 14, 2000 RELEASES THIS WEEK Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization **Embargoed until 9:15 a.m., Friday, April 14, 2000** The Federal Reserve's index of industrial production increased 0.3 percent in March. Capacity utilization fell 0.1 percentage point to 81.4 percent. Consumer Price Index **Embargoed until 8:30 a.m., Friday, April 14, 2000** The consumer price index rose 0.7 percent in March. Excluding food and energy, consumer prices rose 0.4 percent. Producer Price Index The producer price index for finished goods rose 1.0 percent in March. Excluding food and energy, producer prices rose 0.1 percent. Retail Sales Advance estimates show that retail sales increased 0.4 percent in March following an increase of 1.8 percent in February. Excluding sales in the automotive group, retail sales rose 1.4 percent following an increase of 1.8 percent. MAJOR RELEASES NEXT WEEK Housing Starts (Tuesday) U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services (Wednesday) Weekly Economic Briefing 9 April 14, 2000 U.S. ECONOMIC STATISTICS 1970- 1993 1999 1999:2 1999:3 1999:4 Percent growth (annual rate) Real GDP (chain-type) 2.9 4.6 1.9 5.7 7.3 GDP chain-type price index 5.2 1.6 1.3 1.1 2.0 Nonfarm business (NFB) sector: Productivity (chain-type) 1.7 3.6 0.6 5.0 6.4 Real compensation per hour: Using CPI 1.0 1.7 1.4 2.1 0.8 Using NFB deflator 1.5 3.0 2.9 4.0 2.1 Shares of Nominal GDP (percent) Business fixed investment 11.4 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.5 Residential investment 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.4 Exports 8.2 10.8 10.7 10.8 10.9 Imports 9.2 13.5 13.4 13.8 14.0 Personal saving 6.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.3 Federal surplus -2.8 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 1970- January February March 1993 1999 2000 2000 2000 Unemployment Rate (percent) 6.7** 4.2** 4.0 4.1 4.1 Payroll employment (thousands) increase per month 394 7 416 increase since Jan. 1993 21213 Inflation (percent per period) CPI 5.8 2.7 0.2 0.5 0.7 PPI-Finished goods 5.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 **Figures beginning 1994 are not comparable with earlier data. New or revised data in boldface. CPI data embargoed until 8:30 a.m., Friday, April 14, 2000. Weekly Economic Briefing 10 April 14, 2000 FINANCIAL STATISTICS February March April 13, 1998 1999 2000 2000 2000 Dow-Jones Industrial Average 8626 10465 10542 10483 10924 Interest Rates (percent per annum) 3-month T-bill 4.78 4.64 5.55 5.69 5.65 10-year T-bond 5.26 5.65 6.52 6.26 5.94 Mortgage rate, 30-year fixed 6.94 7.43 8.33 8.24 8.12 Prime rate 8.35 8.00 8.73 8.83 9.00 INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS Exchange Rates Current level Percent Change from April 13, 2000 Week ago Year ago Euro (in U.S. dollars) 0.952 -0.6 -11.7 Yen (per U.S. dollar) 105.8 0.9 -11.9 Major currencies index (Mar. 1973=100) 95.99 0.7 1.0 (trade-weighted value of the U.S. $) Real GDP Unemployment CPI inflation International Comparisons 1/ growth rate (percent change in index (percent change last 4 quarters) (percent) last 12 months) United States 4.6 (Q4) 4.1 (Mar) 3.7 (Mar) Canada 4.7 (Q4) 6.8 (Feb) 2.7 (Feb) Japan 0.0 (Q4) 4.9 (Feb) -0.6 (Feb) France 3.2 (Q4) 10.0 (Feb) 1.4 (Feb) Germany 2.3 (Q4) 8.6 (Feb) 1.8 (Feb) Italy 2.1 (Q4) 11.2 (Jan) 2/ 2.4 (Feb) United Kingdom 3.0 (Q4) 5.9 (Dec) 2.3 (Feb) U.S. CPI data embargoed until 8:30 a.m., Friday, April 14, 2000. 1/ For unemployment data, rates approximating U.S. concepts as calculated by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, except as noted in footnote 2. 2/ Data from OECD standardized unemployment rates. Weekly Economic Briefing 11 April 14, 2000 5/23/00 THE WORD will make who capied Read ROBERTB.REICH Padesta The Real Risk for Gore Gore's problem is that he's acting as if he's desperate to be pres- kids would get $2,000 vouchers while A ident, but sounding as if he doesn't want to do anything new poor inner-city kids would get giant vouchers of $12,000 a year, which they once elected. Talk about a mixed message. Voters could under- could cash in at any public or charter stand why someone would be driven to get into the Oval school. The poor kids' vouchers would be so big, and the rich kids' so modest, Office if he were intent on making a lot of changes. But Gore's message has that if the suburban schools were to been that we should stay the course. Keep cutting the deficit. Don't tinker survive they would have to compete like with Social Security. Protect Medicare. Don't take any risks. mad to attract the poor kids. The poor kids' vouchers in this plan would be so Yes, the economy is still growing like tion to the wealthy and the healthy while big, in fact, that the inner-city schools gangbusters, and unemployment is as leaving the poor and the sick without would start off at an extraordinary low as we've seen it in 30 years. But Gore adequate insurance coverage. advantage-enabling them can't expect America to vote for him Gore is attacking Bush's to cut down classroom size simply because he had an office in the ideas for being" "too risky," for A successful and attract gifted teachers West Wing of the White House during jeopardizing what America from all over. But if the city these buoyant years. If the polls are to be already has. But Americans Democratic schools didn't make the most believed, the public only partially credits never pay attention to what candidate of their windfall, the poor Bill Clinton for the expansion any- they have. They always want kids would go elsewhere, way. Alan Greenspan wins some of the to move forward to some- can't run as taking their giant vouchers applause. And many people know in thing better. Presidential with them. their bones that the largest driving force contests are won or lost over spokesman for Seen in contrast to an has been technology. It's the Internet, whose definition of "bet- alternative vision like this, stupid-along with computers, satellites, ter" is more compelling. the status quo. Bush's "new" voucher idea fiber-optic cables, and all that. Right now, Bush's vision appears clearly for what it is: It must be frustrating for Gore, because wins by default simply because it dares a way to cut up the old educational pie so everyone under 40 seems to be taking this to be new and different. Gore is losing that more goes to the people who already good economy for granted. The expan- ground because he's not talking about have the biggest slice. The genuinely new sion that began in 1991 represents a siz- what could be. He's riding on what is. idea of a "reverse voucher," on the other able chunk of the working lives of most Gore's charge of "too risky" worked hand, offers up an entirely different kind twenty- and thirty-somethings. People against Bill Bradley because Bradley of pie that improves everyone's chances. over 40, meanwhile, aren't so sure the new wouldn't fight for his ideas. He mumbled, Maybe you don't like my reverse- economy is such a great deal. Middle-aged grumbled, and then crumbled. Americans voucher idea. Fine, let's try something else. men in particular are finding themselves don't mind taking risks, but they want There are a lot of genuinely new and good over the e-hill. Large, old-economy com- someone with enough punch and pizzazz ideas out there for giving poor kids bet- panies are laying them off in droves. to pull it off. Bush isn't rolling over in ter schools, or expanding health care (how Shouldn't the vice president, as the pre- response to Gore's attacks. He's fighting about a "health care minimum wage" of sumptive Democratic nominee, have back, standing up for his cockeyed ideas. $2 an hour paid by your employer into some big ideas on what to do about this? "Here's why parents of failing schools the plan of your choice?), or doing any George W. Bush, meanwhile, does have should have a choice of where to send their number of things we need to do as a some "new ideas"-but they're terrible. kids," he says. "We've got to reform Social nation. How about an "asset grubstake" of They would further split the nation into Security and bring it into the twenty-first $40,000, given to each American at birth, the have-mores and the have-lesses. This century," he claims. What does Gore come to be invested and then put toward col- great divide would be the direct effect of back with? "Too risky." Gore is fighting to lege or a business start-up, financed by a huge tax break whose benefits would preserve the status quo. Who wants to go a national wealth tax? We can afford to go almost entirely to people who became to battle on these grounds? experiment. We're at a rare historic much richer in the 1990s; of school moment when we can think big. This is no vouchers that would remove good stu- ut now imagine that Bush's time to rest on our laurels, stand pat, and dents with ambitious parents from the B vision of protecting the winners claim that almost everything is "too risky." public schools; of privatized Social were matched up against a new America wants to move forward. If Security accounts that would siphon off and inclusive vision. Consider, the Democratic candidate for president the savings of the wealthiest and the say, a bold and original voucher plan, in represents little more than the status youngest; and of privatized medical which everyone were eligible for school quo, he won't be president. And the rest savings accounts that would give protec- vouchers but in varying amounts: Rich of us will end up going backward. 56 THE AMERICAN PROSPECT JUNE 5, 2000 Reich rips Gore camp as timid, 'desperate' Liberal wing says Bush could win by default By Donald Lambro THE WASHINGTON TIMES Former Labor Secretary Robert B. Reich has accused Vice President Al Gore of run- ning a timid, desperate, "status quo" pres- idential campaign that is in danger of let- ting Texas Gov. George W. Bush win "by default." In a stinging broadside attack against Mr. Gore, with whom he worked in the Clinton administration, Mr. Reich said that the vice president's campaign was devoid of any big new ideas that would excite the party. "Al Gore's problem is that he's acting as if he's desperate to be president, but sounding as if he doesn't want to do any- thing new once elected," he said. "America wants to move forward. If the Democratic candidate for president rep- resents little more than the status quo, he won't be president," Mr. Reich writes in the latest issue of the American Prospect. Mr. Reich's attack triggered an equally sharp response from Gore supporters who dismissed his complaints as the last gasp of the Democratic Party's ultraleft wing that thinks Mr. Gore isn't liberal enough for "Al Gore's problem is that them. "Robert Reich is a lefty. If he and his he's acting as if he's other liberal friends had been in charge of desperate to be president, our party, we would not have won the presi- dency in 1992 and 1996," said Garry South, but sounding as if he a key point man in Mr. Gore's California campaign. doesn't want to do anything For the past couple of months, there has new once elected." been increasing back-room grumbling among some Democrats that Mr. Gore's -Ex-Labor Secretary Robert B. Reich campaign was unfocused, lacked a message and still had not nailed down his party's base. ley on almost every important issue." Mr. Reich's latest criticism suggested The article characterized Mr. Gore's po- that this view was growing stronger among sition on paying down the debt, even in a the party's liberal wing. recession, as "worse than Reaganomics. It's "Talk about a mixed message. Voters Coolidgeomics." could understand why someone would be Mr. Bradley laid out a far more liberal driven to get into the Oval Office if he were agenda in his ill-fated canipaign for the intent on making a lot of changes. But nomination and since his withdrawal in Gore's message has been that we should March, many of his supporters still have not stay the course. Keep cutting the deficit. embraced Mr. Gore's candidacy. Don't tinker with Social Security. Don't take "There's no question that Bob Reich's ar- any risks," Mr. Reich said. ticle reflects the frustration of a lot of "Right now, Bush's vision wins by default Democrats," said Jeff Faux, a Democratic simply because it dares to be new and dif- activist and president of the Economic Pol- ferent," he said. "Gore is losing ground be- icy Institute. cause he's not talking about what could be. He's riding on what is." "After eight years of being good soldiers, Writing in the June 5 issue of the publi- there are a lot of Democrats who are getting cation, which is devoted to promoting lib- restless We ve been playing defense for so eral ideas, Mr. Reich said that Mr. Bush long it's about time we had an inspiring "isn't rolling over in response to Gore's acenda and we haven't had that from Gore,' attacks. He's fighting back." Mr. Faux said. Mr. Gore, on the other hand, "is fighting ("The frustration has been there for long to preserve the status quo," a position that time with Clinton. His proposal to invest in Mr. Reich said had failed to animate and the country's needs disappeared after the excite his party's base. "Who wants to go to First year. We didn't like it, but we know the battle on these grounds?" he said. politics of the situation," Mr. Faux said. Mr. Reich, who left office after the 1996 "Now we have Al Gore saying that we election and is now teaching at Brandeis have to reduce the deficit to zero and that University, complained that while Mr. Gore nuts him to the right of was taking credit for the strong economy, said. big businesses were laying off middle-age This frustration comes while Mr. Gore is managers "in droves." "Shouldn't the vice president, as the pre- running 5 to percentage points behind Mr. sumptive Democratic nominee, have some Bush in national polls and the vice pres- ident is behind in a number of states that big ideas on what to do about this?" Mr. Reich surprised the White House last Democrats usually take for granted. fall when he endorsed former New Jersey "The polls are telling us something. Sen. Bill Bradley for the Democratic pres- When you have union members saying they idential nomination. In an article in the would vote for Bush over Gore, there's New Republic in March, Mr. Reich said that something wrong with his campaign," Mr. the vice president was "to the right of Brad- Faux said. The Washington Times FRIDAY, MAY 19, 2000 Sally Quinn Bring the Stolen Children Home President Clinton is going to sion is made, they can argue Germany to visit Chancellor Ger- that the children would be psy- hard Schroeder next week. This chologically damaged by being is his chance to do something ex- taken out of the comfortable traordinary. He can get back surroundings where they have American children who have been such a long time and been stolen from their American placed in an alien environment. parents. In her book, "They Are My That's right, stolen. Hundreds Children Too." Meyer writes of children have been kidnapped that the German courts main- by their German parents and tak- tain that "it is better for a child's en back to Germany. Their non- development to live in Germany German parents have no access and be exposed to German cul- to them and in some cases no visi- ture: that German blood is supe- tation rights-nothing. The Ger- rior to others." man courts maintain that they The German government are better off in Germany, being claims that it can't do anything raised by Germans. about the courts that make the This is not some country that decisions. But in fact it has act- has no rule of law. This is our ally. ed before. When two French ba- a member of the European Com- bies were kidnapped by thugs munity. a signatory to the Hague and driven across the border to Convention that is deliberately their German father. the French and unlawfully keeping children foreign minister flew to Germa- away from their custodial parents BY MARGARET SCOTT ny and raised so much hell that for the simple reason that it feels guess what? The German Germans are better. From 1990 to 1998. as wrote a letter to Germany's foreign min- courts miraculously reversed a ruling they Sen. Mike DeWine (R-Ohio) pointed out istry. In other words, it did virtually noth- had made in favor of the father. last week in a letter to President Clinton, ing. Sens. DeWine and Jesse Helms and And France and Britain put so much "only 22 percent of American children for Rep. Ben Gilman, among others on the pressure on the Germans that last July Ger- whom Hague applications were filed were Hill, are fighting hard for the American man law was changed to allow Hague Con- returned to the United States from Germa- parents. But they need help from Secretary vention cases to be tried in only 25 courts ny-and that percentage includes those of State Madeleine Albright and the White (courts which were aware of and un- who were voluntarily returned by the ab- House. derstood it) rather than the previous 600. ducting parent." Joe Cooke is one of many American par- So pressure does work. There are so many horror stories that it ents brought together by Lady Catherine Germany is not the only offending coun- is incomprehensible that our government, Meyer, the wife of the British ambassador try. Austria and Sweden are as bad. It just Congress and State Department do not to the United States. to form PACT, Par- that there are so many more cases out of simply refuse to have any dealings with the ents of Abducted Children Together. It Germany. And if Germany reverses its po- Germans unless they return these children seeks to raise awareness of this problem sition, the others will most likely follow to their parents or at least allow the parents and to get the children back. suit. (Many other countries are equally to have liberal visitation rights. If the Ger- Catherine Meyer has seen her two sons bad. but they are nations that have not mans were stealing weapons or Internet for a total of 24 hours in the past six years. signed the Hague treaty.) ideas or medicine from us you can imagine They, too, were abducted by their German It is clear that nothing will change unless the outrage. But kids? No problem. father. The German courts decided they President Clinton personally demands of Talk to Joseph Cooke. who was profiled were better off without her. She has spent the German government that our children in this paper recently. His children were six years fighting to no avail. Her children be given back. Bill Clinton is a father. He turned over to foster parents when his Ger- have been told that their mother aban- should recognize that the pain suffered by man wife abducted them back to Germany doned them and did not want them any- many of these American parents is unthink- and was too mentally ill to raise them. The more, SO the few times she has seen them- able. He has it in his power to alleviate that German courts deemed them better off mostly in supervised visits at the father's pain. with foster parents than with their natural house-they have been hostile and unre- father. And what did our State Department sponsive. Sally Quinn is a Washington Post staff do? It assisted in filing a Hague Convention The Germans argue that the courts need writer. She wrote the foreword to "They application, while our embassy in Bonn time to decide the cases. By the time a deci- Are My Children Too.' The Washington Post THURSDAY, MAY 25. 2000 /Samely Deal ben? 5-26-00 26 MR 00 Reed copied Podesta Berger NSC ww Deah - COO O National Civilian 5.30.00 Community Corps PRESIDENT CLINTON CORPORATION FC NATIONAL SERVIC copied Sperling Reed know Podesta True S/Brucer * can cell Due anything about This in and summ 1201 New York Avenue. Washington. D.C 205 wereis ? Be AmeriCorps * National Civilian Community Corps * AMERICORPS THE A Andrew P. Chambers LIEUTENANT GENERAL. U.S ARMY (RET) National Director CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL SERVICE 1201 NEW YORK AVENUE. NW - 9TH FLOOR VEHOILES IVILIAN 10 DELIVERING WASHINGTON, DC 20525 TEL. (202) 606-5000 x178 FAX: (202) 565-2791 E-MAIL. [email protected] PROGRAM 5.30.00 Appropriations Cap on the AmeriCorps* National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC) NCCC Performance NCCC is an exceptionally popular program. At present there are six applicants for each available position. About 50% of all applicants are college graduates; 25% have completed some college; and most of the remaining applicants are high school graduates Over 2,000 highly qualified young adults this year will be denied the opportunity to serve in the NCCC given the current financial situation. NCCC conducts service projects in all 50 states and territories from its five regional sites. In fiscal 1999, approximately 850 members in teams performed nearly 500 service projects across the nation. Accomplishments include renovating/building over 750 homes, tutoring over 20,500 students, and assisting over 50,000 natural disaster victims.. NCCC teams are organized, disciplined and trained to respond rapidly to natural disasters and work closely with FEMA and the American Red Cross. Since its inception in 1994, NCCC has responded to every Federally declared national disaster and many local disasters. NCCC teams are versatile and multi-talented. They are particularly effective at mobilizing and coordinating other volunteers. Habitat for Humanity, the Boys & Girls Clubs of America. the Special Olympics, and a large number of other non-profit organizations rely on the NCCC to serve directly and to coordinate their part-time volunteers. The Appropriations Cap Funding for NCCC was originally set in 1994 at $30 million (including $20 million in an earmarked Department of Defense appropriation). The fiscal 1995 appropriation was reduced in a recision from $26 million to $18 million, and funding has been held at $18 million from 1995 to the present. National service programs (including AmeriCorps). as a whole, have received a significant increase in funding each fiscal year, thanks to the intensive efforts by the President and his administration. However, Congress has consistently singled out NCCC for no increase in budget. In addition to the flat funding, the NCCC appropriations cap is so restrictive that it precludes the CEO of the Corporation for National Service, Harris Wofford, from using funds from other programs to support the NCCC, a limitation not placed on other AmeriCorps programs. As a consequence of flat funding since fiscal 1995, fewer communities are served and fewer members are serving. The President's budget in fiscal 2001 includes a $3 million increase to $21 million; this same increase has been included in the President's budget for the last three budget cycles, but the appropriation has been held at the same level. Request Support the $3 million increase in the NCCC appropriation to $21 million. Relax the restrictive language in the NCCC appropriation to allow for expansion of members, increased service and more efficient resource allocation. 6-6-00 BRug fu was with - receiving BR copied Reed /choul Po desta The Canadian Way in the 21st Century PRIME MINISTER PREMIER MINISTRE Message from Prime Minister Jean Chrétien As we enter the 21st century, countries around the world are facing new opportunities and challenges that will require new approaches to governance: globalization, rapidly changing technology, increasing interdependence, and growing complexity in the issues facing governments today. A number of like- minded countries have been defining new ways to promote economic prosperity and quality of life, new ways that reflect their shared values. They are creating collaborative partnerships with all sectors in society since governments cannot address these challenges alone. They are also working together to build an international community that will bring greater collaboration and coherence to international activities. This document is intended to contribute to the international dialogue on the challenges to progressive governance in the 21st century by describing the choices we have made since 1994 when we laid out a blueprint for action - - An Agenda for Growth and Jobs — and the goals we are setting for the future. what I call the "Canadian Way". It is a distinctly Canadian model that reflects Canada's values and builds on Canada's strengths and history. Some of my colleagues, including Prime Minister Blair, President Clinton, and Chancellor Schröder, talk about the "Third Way" and the "Neue Mitte" to describe these new approaches to governance. They along with other government leaders have launched an international dialogue to discuss how they are pursuing, in this modern context, the values that they share. Chancellor Schröder will host the next discussion of these issues in Berlin in June 2000. I will speak to the Canadian Way, described in the pages of this document, in Berlin as leaders from around the world share their own experiences. I will be proud to speak about the uniquely Canadian way in which Canada is responding to challenge and to change. We have accomplished much and will continue to accomplish even more in the coming years making choices for the future based on our values, with a commitment to concrete results for Canadians and in partnership with our citizens, other sectors, other orders of government, and our allies throughout the world. Jean Chriten The Canadian Way in the 21st Century Context Countries around the world are grappling with how best, in the 21st century, to secure economic prosperity in an increasingly globalized society while at the same time ensuring that no member of their society is left behind. They are responding to the demands for changes in the traditional roles of government and the need to engage civil society in modern governance. They are seeking new ways to promote sustainable economic growth within an international community that works to ensure a coherent approach to trade, the environment, labour, culture, health, and education so that all can realize the human purposes and benefits of globalization. The leaders of a number of countries who share a commitment to progressive government have launched an international dialogue to learn from each other about what has worked and what has not to work together to build progressive governance in the 21st century. As part of this process, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of the Federal Republic of Germany has invited 16 heads of government to an informal meeting in Berlin on June 2-3, 2000, to discuss "Progressive The success we have achieved as a Governance for the 21" nation has come not only from strong Century". At the same time, growth but from an abiding experts from participating countries will hold a commitment to strong values - conference on governance, caring and compassion, an insistence civil society, and social and that there be an equitable sharing of economic policies and will the benefits of economic growth. provide leaders with the results of their deliberations. This paper is an opportunity, first, to articulate Canada's strategy to achieve the highest quality of life for Canadians in the new global economy and to promote our values internationally; and, second, to raise questions about our shared challenges and our choices for the future. The Canadian Way We have established a distinct Canadian Way, a distinct Canadian model: Accommodation of cultures. Recognition of diversity. A partnership between citizens and state. A balance that promotes individual freedom and economic prosperity while at the same time sharing risks and benefits. An understanding that government can be an instrument of collective action - a means of serving the broader public interest. The success we have achieved as a nation has come 2 not only from strong growth but from an abiding commitment to strong values - caring and compassion, an insistence that there be an equitable sharing of the benefits of economic growth. These values are very much at the centre of more recent approaches to governance that some call the "Third Way". As described by world leaders such as Prime Minister Blair, President Clinton, and Chancellor Schröder, the Third Way is an approach to governance that stresses technological innovation, a mixed economy, and education and learning as the keys to economic opportunity and security. It Canadians are, by virtue of represents a rediscovery of the human history and necessity, open to purpose of the economy and a the world. commitment to transform government to look outward, to focus on results, to be centred on citizens. We use the term, the Canadian Way, because Canada's approach to these issues can be traced to our origins and history. Canada's founders made the deliberate choice not to try to forge a single nation with one language but instead created a framework of accommodation among French, English, and Aboriginal peoples, joined by immigrants from all parts of the world. Canada has become a post- national, multicultural society. It contains the globe within its borders, and Canadians have learned that their two international languages and their diversity are a comparative advantage and a source of continuing creativity and innovation. Canadians are, by virtue of history and necessity, open to the world. Canada's relatively small population dispersed across a vast and diverse geography has forced Canada's legal us to be more self-conscious about community framework and history and connections, from our early efforts to build - its mixed economy, a national transcontinental railway to more strong communities, recent innovations in satellite and Internet bilingualism and communications. Canada's frontier history, in diversity, social safety which communities often faced challenging terrain and climate, has no doubt fuelled its net and system of commitment to the environment, individual medicare, and initiative, social justice, and mutual recognition of global responsibility. Canadians have always preferred interdependence - principled pragmatism over ideology. contain the seeds of what we and our Sharing a border and friendship with the world's leading economic power means that friends are calling the Canada has added incentive to strive to be at Third Way. the leading edge of economic innovation and to be equally innovative in preserving its distinctly Canadian path, reflective of its values and diversity. This means the pursuit of excellence in commerce, science and technology but also in the arts and humanities. Canada's Constitution enshrines the values of "peace, order and good government", capturing the traditions of accommodation, peaceful resolution of conflict, the rule of law and democracy. Canada's legal framework and history - its mixed economy, strong communities, bilingualism and diversity, social safety net and system of medicare, and recognition of global interdependence - contain the seeds of what we and our friends are calling the Third Way. The Canadian Strategy In the last decade of the 20th Century, Canada faced challenges similar to many other countries. The government had to restore fiscal sovereignty in order to regain the capacity to make choices for the future; it had to revalidate government as a force for good while realigning government functions to match fiscal capacity and the new realities of globalization and social change; and it had to rebuild trust and confidence in government. Increasingly, success in the global economy depends on human talent - our ability to learn, to act and adapt quickly to new opportunities, to develop new ideas, to make new discoveries. A comprehensive strategy seeks to ensure that all citizens are included. A comprehensive strategy requires a commitment to opportunity, diversity and inclusion; and equally to creativity, innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit. In 1994, the federal government announced its blueprint for change, "An Agenda for Growth and Jobs", to bring the Canadian Way into the 21" Century. It was and is an ambitious agenda. It is based on a clear recognition of the challenges of globalization: polarization, marginalization and exclusion; social fragmentation; environmental degradation; cultural homogenization; and public disaffection with government. It is also based on a recognition of the opportunities for those countries ready to seize them: enhanced trade and investment, the potential of powerful new technologies, new partnerships, and the global flow of information and knowledge to help us realize what we most value. The strategy reflects a clear vision of Canada, building on its strengths and embracing the future. A society of excellence with a commitment to success. Where prosperity is not limited to the few, but is shared by the many and where every child gets the right start in life. Where young people have a chance to grow and to be the best at whatever they choose to do. Where citizens have access to the skills and knowledge they need to excel. Where citizens, regardless of income, receive quality health services. Where families enjoy safe communities and a clean environment. Where Canadians work together and with other countries to promote peace, cultural diversity and the human purpose, and the benefits of the new global economy. 4 Four documents released by the government in 1994 - "Creating a Healthy Fiscal Climate", "Building a More Innovative Economy", "A New Framework for Economic Policy", and "Improving Social Security in Canada" - set out specific elements of the strategy to enable Canadians and their governments, working together, to begin to turn this vision into reality. Over the past six years, the government has A society of excellence pursued this strategy, developing and testing with a commitment to new ways to create and share opportunity, promote mutual responsibility and modernize success. Where governance. Canada has taken major steps; prosperity is not limited much remains to be done. The strategy draws to the few, but is shared no artificial boundaries between social and by the many and where economic policy or, for that matter, between every child gets the right domestic and foreign policy. Rather it is start in life. based on a commitment to realizing the human purpose of the economy, domestically and internationally. To address the challenges and seize the opportunities, we believe that private economic growth has to be complemented by public investment. Governments have to go beyond traditional welfare supports and provide active assistance to help break the cycle of poverty and dependence. Governments have to recognize the inevitability of interdependence domestically and internationally and turn it to advantage. Governments have to find new ways to engage citizens. Governments need to form coalitions to expand international trade and investment in a coherent agenda that brings together financial, social, cultural, labour and environmental issues. The remainder of this paper describes the key elements of this evolving strategy, what Canada is doing, and the challenges and choices for the future. Shared Opportunity Providing the Foundation for Economic Growth Canada's economic strategy is based on the premise that the purpose of economic growth is to enhance the well-being of all Canadians. Without growth we cannot realize this purpose. A strong economy is the indispensable foundation to achieve the Canadian vision. The blueprint recognizes that the sequencing of government action is crucial. The first priority had to be to achieve fiscal health and begin to reate the climate for sustained growth. On this foundation, through continued fiscal responsibility and strategic investment in people and technology, the government can help accelerate transition to the knowledge economy and ensure that all Canadians have the opportunity to contribute to and benefit from It was clear to all economic growth. Canadians that the By 1993, after decades of deficit budgets, service first priority was charges on Canada's debt were strangling to establish a government while the deficit was continuing to grow. healthy fiscal High interest and inflation rates had discouraged climate. This had investment and had harmed the quality of life of become an Canadians. It was clear to all Canadians that the first priority was to establish a healthy fiscal climate. This imperative. had become an imperative. By 1997, the federal deficit had been eliminated. Today, almost all provinces have eliminated their deficits as well. The economy is now growing strongly and Canada's business environment is rated third in the world by the World Economic Forum. Unemployment is lower than it has been in more than two decades and the economy is creating jobs at an unprecedented rate. The net public debt has been reduced from a peak of 71.2 percent of gross domestic product in 1997 to about 61 percent in 1999. It is projected at 50 percent by 2004 and will continue to drop. Most important, on a national accounts basis, which is the measure used for international fiscal comparisons by the OECD and the International Monetary Fund, Canada's debt is now below 50 percent of GDP and is continuing to drop. Canadians are more optimistic about the economy and their own individual prospects today than they have been for a long time. Canada's success in eliminating its deficit can be attributed to three major factors: Canadians wanted their governments to take action, urgently, to restore fiscal health and they were willing to make the sacrifices necessary to achieve this; The Minister of Finance publicly set out two-year targets for deficit reduction, which were exceeded in every case; and The government chose to achieve these targets, not through across- the-board cuts, but through a review of all of its programs to align its activities with the priorities of Canadians and to change how it conducts its business. The result has been a massive transformation of the federal government. Canada calls it "Getting Government Right"; others call it "Reinventing Government". New partnerships are being established, recognizing that no government can meet 6 the challenges of the future alone. Programs have been eliminated or devolved and new, separate service agencies are being established so that the government can focus on setting a new course. The government transferred its delivery of transportation services to the private sector so that the government could focus on its regulatory and policy role. It transferred labour market programs to the provinces so that they could be more easily adapted to local conditions. An extensive regulatory reform is reducing red tape and costs to business and to citizens; regulations are being cut, self-regulatory models are being applied and, where feasible and where accelerated services are required by business, costs are being borne directly by the users rather than burdening all citizens. Sound Public Finances Restoring fiscal sovereignty Deficit elimination and debt and modernizing government were not achieved without reduction are not by themselves a costs to Canadians. Getting the vision for a country's future but fiscal house in order required without a firm commitment to sound difficult and sometimes painful public finances and low inflation no decisions. It required the such vision is possible. deferral of actions in areas of importance. But it restored the capacity of government to play an active and positive role in helping to build the new economy and create shared opportunity. Deficit elimination and debt reduction are not by themselves a vision for a country's future but without a firm commitment to sound public finances and low inflation no such vision is possible. Sound public finances are necessary if we are to realize our values. But the Canadian Way requires that sound fiscal management also be achieved in a manner that respects those values. In this context, Canada's governments made a clear commitment to preserve their public system of earnings-related pensions, the Canada Pension Plan, and make it sustainable for future generations without reducing benefits for current recipients. The financial foundation is being A comprehensive strategy solidified by shifting from pay-as-you-go seeks not only to create to partial funding. Contribution rates are rising more rapidly over six years than opportunity but to ensure previously scheduled to prevent them from that it is widely shared. having to rise even further in the long term. The larger Canada Pension Plan surplus fund that will result is being prudently invested in a diversified portfolio of securities in the best interest of plan members by an independent investment board at arm's length from governments. In addition, a number of changes have been made to the way benefits are administered and calculated to moderate escalating costs. Budgetary surpluses also create difficult choices, in particular, choices about the right balance among debt reduction, tax reduction and social and economic investment. Such choices are now faced by many countries. The choices made necessarily reflect the values of a government and a country. The Government of Canada has chosen a balanced approach, committing half of its fiscal dividend to debt and tax relief and half to economic and social investment for the future. A comprehensive, balanced strategy requires investment, both public and private, in people, in knowledge and in technology. A comprehensive strategy seeks not only to create opportunity but to ensure that it is widely shared. Tax Reductions Lower taxes are an essential part of an economic strategy to provide jobs, growth, rising incomes and a higher quality of life. In its tax reduction measures, the government affirmed its commitment to a progressive income tax system and chose to focus first on low- and middle-income These and future tax measures will Canadians. During the years of deficit reduction, the empower Canadians to invest in their government reduced future and Canadian businesses will Employment Insurance be better able to compete in the premiums for employers and global knowledge-based economy. working Canadians and But tax reduction is only one part of introduced targeted tax reductions to increase real the equation. incomes for low-income Canadians and take large numbers of these Canadians off the tax rolls. With the deficit eliminated, and debt coming down, the government this year introduced a five-year, broad-based tax reduction plan. By the end of the fifth year of the plan, personal income taxes will have been reduced by 22 percent and up to 30 percent for families with children. Canadians will enjoy the full benefit of these reductions because of the reintroduction of full indexation for inflation. The tax plan also introduced measures to provide incentives for investment, entrepreneurship and innovation and to help attract and retain the talent Canada needs: reducing the corporate income tax rate for the highest taxed sectors, reducing the tax rate on capital gains, allowing a tax-free rollover for capital gains on small-business investments, and allowing the deferral of the taxation of benefits from employee stock options. These and future tax measures will empower Canadians to invest in their future and Canadian businesses will be better able to compete in the global knowledge- based economy. But tax reduction is only one part of the equation. 8 Accelerating the Transition to a Knowledge-Based Economy In a global knowledge-based economy, market forces create both opportunities and new disparities. Canada's commitment to an inclusive society requires that all citizens be able to participate, that none be excluded from opportunity. The Canadian Way has four key elements: "Connecting Canadians" to the information highway; investing in access to education and promoting excellence in post- secondary education; investing in children and their families; and developing active measures to help Canadians find and keep work. Investments in the Information Highway Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian, coined the phrase "global village" before he could have possibly imagined how the Internet would indeed make the world, a "wired village". The digital revolution will profoundly affect business, government, society and citizen participation. It will revolutionize the marketplace and society in ways that we can only dimly perceive. Canada has been investing in the information highway since 1994 and is putting in place the legislative framework to protect intellectual property rights and enable secure commerce. The goal of the Connecting Canadians initiative is to make the information highway available to all Canadians - for learning, for commerce, for creative expression and for communication. As a key part of this initiative, the government is building a modern communications infrastructure for schools. SchoolNet brings the Internet to students and into the classroom as a vital learning tool. Computers for Schools, a key to this strategy, is a partnership through which governments and businesses make computers available to schools at no cost. Canada is the first country to have connected each one of its schools and libraries. Our next Getting Canadians connected - to objective is to ensure that each each other, to schools and libraries, to classroom is connected. their diverse stories and voices, to government, to the marketplace and In addition to connecting to the world - is one of the keys to schools and libraries, the establishing Canada as a world- government is helping the voluntary sector extend its leading economy, a country of reach through new technology. opportunity and excitement. Through its Smart Community project, the government is testing how access to the information highway can enrich community life. The Community Access Program is bringing rural Canada on-line by establishing Internet access sites in Canada's rural and remote communities. Canada has set as its goal an inclusive approach to the information highway so that all Canadians have access. Canada has also set as 9 a goal that Canadian businesses will have five percent of the world's e-commerce by 2003. The information highway holds real promise too for improving government services to Canadians and for engaging Canadians in government. The federal government has therefore committed to have all government services on-line by 2004. Getting Canadians connected - to each other, to schools and libraries, to their diverse stories and voices, to government, to the marketplace and to the world - is one of the keys to establishing Canada as a world-leading economy, a country of opportunity and excitement. Canada has made significant progress towards its goal of being the most connected country in the world. Improving Education and Learning The standard of living and quality of life of Canadians will depend directly on our success in fostering knowledge creation and innovation and in maximizing educational opportunity. This requires a commitment to inclusive access to learning and to excellence in knowledge, research, and institutions of higher education. How a government proceeds on this agenda will reflect its values and will, to a large extent, shape the future of the country. Canada has made considerable progress and much remains to be done. The Canadian Way is to make education and learning a top priority, recognizing their importance for opportunity and for citizenship. For its part, the federal government is implementing measures to make it easier for families to save from birth for their children's post-secondary education. It has introduced a sheltered education savings plan and is now providing grants to families who invest in the plan. The government has also increased its support for students in need to ensure that neither income nor family circumstance is a barrier to access. It increased its education loans and grants for students in need and those with young children. It is working with the provinces to harmonize student aid programs and to ensure that aid is fully portable. And it is implementing measures to help graduates manage the debt they may have accumulated as students. Recently the Government of Canada launched the Millennium Scholarship Fund, establishing and endowing an agency which will, beginning this year, provide 100,000 scholarships per year to recognize and reward excellence and encourage the brightest and the best to fulfil their potential. While a good start has been made, student debt continues to be a problem and more must be done to ensure fair and equitable access for all. The government is also implementing a range of measures to encourage lifelong learning for all Canadians, helping Canadians upgrade their skills throughout their working lives by allowing tax-free withdrawals from tax-sheltered retirement 10 savings plans for lifelong learning and extending tax assistance for education to part-time students. Canada has the largest proportion of people with post-secondary education in the world, but the demands of the knowledge economy are placing an increasing premium on quality, not just the number of degrees but the quality of those degrees. The future will demand access to education of the highest quality, access to excellence. And just as Canadian industries The future will are in competition with the world, so too are our researchers, universities, and colleges. demand access to education of the The government is therefore taking steps to highest quality, access promote excellence in education and research. It to excellence. has been implementing a plan to build a modern infrastructure of universities and laboratories, to increase the amount and quality of research, and to attract and retain the brightest and best scholars and researchers. To these ends, it established and continues to build the Canada Foundation for Innovation, which levers significant additional resources from the private sector to build a modern research infrastructure in colleges, universities and teaching hospitals. The government is encouraging research in the sciences and humanities through large increases to the Granting Councils, which provide the major support for research in Canada's post-secondary institutions. It has created the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and doubled its funding for health research to help Canada to become a world leader in this area. It has increased investment in biotechnology and related scientific research. It has created and extended networks of Centres of Excellence to ensure that knowledge and skills are shared. And, the government is now establishing 2000 Canada Research Chairs over the next five years at degree-granting institutions across Canada to help them compete for the brightest and best in an increasingly global market. Investing in Children and Families Inclusiveness does not begin at the post-secondary school level. One of the challenges all countries must grapple with is ensuring that all children get a good start in life and that families are While parents and families given the support they need for the have the primary role in healthy development of their children, so raising children, governments that they are ready to learn and to seize have a responsibility to opportunity later in life. Some argue that ensure that the necessary large, across-the-board tax cuts are sufficient. The Government of Canada supports are also in place. has chosen a different path. While parents and families have the primary role in raising children, governments have a responsibility to ensure that the necessary supports are also in place. The federal and provincial governments, therefore, established and continue to strengthen the National Child Benefit, designed to combat child poverty by helping to protect benefits for low-income parents who enter and stay in the workforce. Under the previous set of uncoordinated welfare and federal child benefits, parents could face a significant drop in benefits when deciding to accept a job and leave welfare. The benefit strengthens and equalizes income support to low-income families with children, while at the same time extending improvements to the majority of families. This important reform is allowing provinces to redirect welfare spending for children to invest in more effective and active programs to help low-income families break the welfare trap; for example, child care, supplementary health benefits, early childhood services, and enhanced income support. The National Child Benefit embodies several key characteristics of the Canadian Way: active instead of passive income support; broad based, inclusive social programs that serve low-income and non-poor Canadians together, rather than marginalizing the most vulnerable; integration of income programs and a range of supporting services; and reforms planned and implemented through federal-provincial joint action. Canada's governments have agreed to build on this ground-breaking initiative. In 1999, they released a framework to guide the efforts of all sectors of Canadian society - Canadians, communities, employers and governments - to better meet the needs of children. The framework focuses on six priority areas: strengthening the family, early childhood development, economic security, readiness to learn, adolescent development and supportive communities. For its part, the federal government launched a major new initiative to double parental leave from its current 26 weeks to a full year to enable working parents to choose to be with their young children. This will come into effect in 2001 and will have major and enduring benefits for children and their families. Investment in Active Measures A particular challenge for all countries is to find new and better ways to bring the poor and marginalized into the A particular challenge for all mainstream. An inclusive approach requires that all individuals and all countries is to find new and regions have the opportunity to better ways to bring the poor participate, to share opportunity. and marginalized into the Governments have an important role but mainstream. they must go beyond the traditional "welfare" approaches; they must find 12 new and better ways, new approaches that put greater emphasis on creating opportunity, promoting responsibility and avoiding dependency. The Government of Canada has reformed and continues to adapt the Employment Insurance system, shifting emphasis to active measures to help the unemployed acquire the skills and tools they need; and it is testing similar programs for people with disabilities, youth at risk and Aboriginal people. At the same time, Canada's governments continue to provide support, through welfare, employment insurance and other programs, to ensure that basic needs are met. Through its progressive tax system, active measures and social safety net, Canada has curtailed income polarization and marginalization and has therefore avoided the worst social and economic costs of social exclusion. More must and can be done, particularly with respect to Canada's Aboriginal peoples, who do not participate equally in Canada's social and economic development. New and better ways must be Canada is therefore modifying its found both to promote opportunity approach to regional and to ensure that the basic needs development, focusing on of all are met. innovation, on excellence, on In Canada, as in many other private-public partnership, on countries, disparities exist not only infrastructure, and on youth. In among individuals but also among the knowledge-based economy, regions. There have been many geography need not be a barrier different approaches to regional to opportunity. development. None have been fully successful. Some approaches may actually deepen dependency and inhibit structural reform. Canada is therefore modifying its approach to regional development, focusing on innovation, on excellence, on private-public partnership, on infrastructure, and on youth. In the knowledge-based economy, geography need not be a barrier to opportunity. Quality of life The purpose of Canada's economic strategy is to provide Canadians with a high quality of life. But quality of life is not simply defined by opportunities in the market. It also requires safe communities where people wish to live and raise their families, where they can receive the health care they need, where they can live without fear of crime or violence, where they can enjoy the benefits of clean air and water and green spaces, where they can participate in amateur sport, cultural activities and the arts, and where people of diverse backgrounds and cultures participate and contribute together. Investments in Health Whatever their system of health, countries throughout the world are having to deal with the rising costs of health care in the face of demographic change, new technologies, advances in medical science and changing expectations. Canadians attach great value to and take great pride in their public health care system. Canada's system of medicare guarantees access to essential health services regardless of income or place of residence. It is part of Canada's competitive advantage and essential to quality of life. Canada's governments are Canadians want assurances therefore increasing their investment in that their health care system core health services. They are also taking will be there for them and steps to modernize the system and make it sustainable by investing in health for their children. Canada's information systems, research and governments have no greater innovation, and particularly preventive obligation than to work approaches. Preventive initiatives are together with an building on efforts to improve prenatal uncompromising nutrition, food safety and the control of commitment to universal toxic substances. Steps are being taken to foster innovation in rural and community access to essential medical health; to improve Aboriginal health services of high quality; to services; and to combat diabetes, the develop common goals and incidence of which is particularly high in objectives to bring medicare Aboriginal communities. into the 21st century; and to Canadians want assurances that their measure results, report to health care system will be there for them Canadians on progress, learn and for their children. Canada's from one another what governments have no greater obligation works best and invest for the than to work together with an future. uncompromising commitment to universal access to essential medical services of high quality; to develop common goals and objectives to bring medicare into the 21st century; and to measure results, report to Canadians on progress, learn from one another what works best and invest for the future. Increasing global mobility, the spread of disease and the emergence of new viruses will require international solutions as well. A Healthy Environment A healthy environment and a high quality of life go hand in hand. The environment is of importance to all Canadians, but particularly to young 14 Canadians. Our generation will be judged on the environmental legacy we leave to our children and grandchildren. This is a matter of very high priority for Canada's governments. Legislation has been introduced to protect species at risk and their critical habitat. The Government of Canada is extending Canada's national parks system and taking steps to ensure the ecological integrity of its parks and the protection of its wilderness areas. Our generation will be judged And it is cleaning up contaminated on the environmental legacy sites to protect the health of we leave to our children and Canadians. grandchildren. This is a matter of very high priority for Canada is adapting existing Canada's governments. technologies aggressively, developing new technologies strategically and exporting its technical products to contribute to the health of the global environment and to contribute to economic growth in Canada. Canada has set itself the goal of being a world leader in environmental technology and science. In collaboration with the provinces and municipalities, the government is investing in green infrastructure to improve water and air quality. Canada is adopting sustainable practices and encouraging our trading partners to do the same. And the Government of Canada is leading a national effort - public, private, federal and provincial - to meet its commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and it will work to achieve concerted international action on climate change. In the new global economy, not only are people connected more than ever before, not only do businesses compete around the world as never before, but the quality of our environment - the air we breathe, the water we drink - depends not only on what we do in this country but also on factors beyond our borders. Environmental quality is both a local and a global challenge; it requires both national action and international partnerships. Strong and Safe Communities Strong communities and good government require engaged citizens, citizens who take responsibility not only for themselves but for one another. Canada has always benefited from a high level of community action, and Canadians take great pride in their reputation for mutual tolerance, mutual respect, and mutual responsibility. Indeed, Canada has been called a "public enterprise" society because of its traditions of social responsibility. Its strong civic base is reflected in relatively low and decreasing rates of crime and violence, high rates of voluntarism and charitable giving, and a strong and active voluntary sector. In times of rapid and persistent change, however, these bonds among citizens and between them and their governments may become strained or weakened at precisely the time that public enterprise must be resilient and inventive. Canada's governments are working together to ensure that their communities continue to be safe and that Canadians do not live in fear of crime. The Canadian Way is a balanced approach in which offenders are held accountable for their crimes; serious offenders receive serious sentences; less serious Strong communities and good offenders, particularly young government require engaged offenders, are helped to reintegrate citizens, citizens who take into their communities; and prisons responsibility not only for are a punishment of last resort. themselves but for one another. Canada's governments have intensified their efforts at prevention and diversion to reduce the social and economic costs of crime. Canada's firearms controls are among the most stringent in the world and new measures are being implemented to control firearms, to ensure their safe handling and to prohibit those most dangerous. Canada is also intensifying its community-based crime prevention, tailoring programs to the specific needs of urban and rural communities and engaging youth to help other young people at risk. Globalization, however, has meant new threats to security - such as computer crime; smuggling of people, arms and drugs; and exploitation of immigrants and refugees. Recent events have shown the global consequences that can arise from local mischief on the Internet. These issues will require international solutions. The most effective domestic approaches to crime prevention and strengthening the quality of life in communities are those that focus on social development and inclusion, Through a series of joint roundtables, engaging those at risk or on the the government and the voluntary margins of community life, sector have set out a shared vision of providing them with social and how this partnership can most market skills and opportunities effectively contribute to serve to contribute. Canada's Canadians, encourage charitable voluntary sector plays a crucial role in reaching out to those giving and promote volunteerism and that government programs may citizen engagement in public too often miss. enterprise. The Government of Canada is therefore strengthening its partnership with the voluntary sector. Through a series of joint roundtables, the government and the voluntary sector have set out a shared 16 vision of how this partnership can most effectively contribute to serve Canadians, encourage charitable giving and promote volunteerism and citizen engagement in public enterprise. The federal government and the voluntary sector are developing an accord which will bring this relationship into the 21st century. Canada is also increasing support for participation in amateur sport, cultural activities and the arts, and the preservation for future generations of its rich cultural heritage. Sport, artistic and cultural activities are important for connecting Canadians to their society and to one another. These activities inspire creativity and a sense of humanity and citizenship and provide some bearings in these global and changing times. The government is introducing measures to promote creative expression across all media and to bring historical and cultural content on-line. In particular, it is taking steps to encourage youth to express themselves, develop their creativity, participate in domestic and international exchanges, and be exposed to excellence in the arts, humanities and sport. Young people are typically at ease in the global, wired world, and can play a major role in In a world where human driving innovation. Canada is increasingly turning to young people development, quality of life and to help citizens and businesses learn economic prosperity are how to access and effectively use increasingly driven by new technologies and the Internet. knowledge and creativity, who Governments will have to find new better to lead the way than our ways to engage young people and artists, writers, and performers. place them at the centre of the action. And who better to lead the way than our youth, many of whom The Government of Canada is are already more at ease than committed to ensuring that their elders with the rapidly self- Canadians have Canadian choices. transforming world in which we To help connect our people to the all live. diverse Canadian experience and to support and promote our rich talent. Canada has an unprecedented opportunity to ensure that its creative artists have new avenues for expression. That all Canadians have access to diverse Canadian stories, voices and images. In a world where human development, quality of life and economic prosperity are increasingly driven by knowledge and creativity, who better to lead the way than our artists, writers, and performers. And who better to lead the way than our youth, many of whom are already more at ease than their elders with the rapidly self-transforming world in which we all live. Modern Government The Canadian Way of governing requires that all citizens have the opportunity to help shape government priorities and directions. The Government of Canada has recognized that the legitimacy of public institutions, the quality of public policy. and the responsiveness of public services will require new and better mechanisms for engaging citizens and civil society in governance. For example, the government has used citizen juries to achieve a consensus declaration on climate change. It has used study circles to bring citizens and decision-makers together to A challenge for all governments is to recommend action in find innovative ways to put citizens at immigration and health policy. the centre of the governing process, The government also to engage youth in public enterprise, recognizes the need to engage citizens in distant communities and to give voice to those who find and, in 1998, launched the themselves on the margins. Canadian Rural Dialogue, which resulted in a long-term action plan which will address the special needs of citizens living in rural and remote communities. A challenge for all governments is to find innovative ways to put citizens at the centre of the governing process, to engage youth in public enterprise, and to give voice to those who find themselves on the margins. Key to reconnecting governments to their citizens is greater transparency and accountability in how government operates. All of Canada's governments are developing new ways to measure and report on performance and results. The Government of Canada is introducing new approaches to performance measurement and results reporting across all departments and agencies. Performance reports are provided to Parliament and made public to ensure that citizens can make informed judgments about the performance of their government. Performance information is also crucial to help governments to learn and to adapt and modify their policies in the light of the evidence on what works and what does not. The federal and provincial governments are also adopting new citizen-centred approaches to service, publicly setting out service standards, providing mechanisms for complaint and redress, and using new technologies to make services available in a way that is relevant to citizens. The Government of Canada made its commitment to have its services on-line by 2004 so that citizens will be able to access its services at a time and place of their choosing. Canada's governments are working together to strengthen their federal system, to find effective ways to manage interdependence in the interest of citizens, to work together whenever this makes sense and to identify new ways to be more 18 transparent and accountable. Initiatives such as the National Child Benefit demonstrate the strength of the federal system, which allows governments to bring their different strengths together in common purpose while also affording the flexibility to tailor programs and services to meet provincial or local needs. Canada's system of federalism provides an increasing advantage in the global economy, allowing the interaction of global and local issues, accommodating diversity and providing a natural laboratory for testing new ideas and bringing those that work best to all Canadians. In 1999, Canada's governments agreed to Initiatives such as the National adopt a more collaborative approach to Child Benefit demonstrate the federalism, making the commitment that, in areas of shared responsibility or strength of the federal system, interest, they would jointly develop which allows governments to objectives and indicators to measure and bring their different strengths publicly report on progress, exchange together in common purpose best practices and learn from one while also affording the another. The key to this new agreement flexibility to tailor programs is the commitment of all governments to report to Canadians on their and services to meet provincial performance, to allow Canadians to or local needs. make informed judgments and to participate more fully in the federal-provincial dialogue. The future will increasingly demand excellence in government policy, administration and services. Governments too will have to attract and retain the brightest and best in an increasingly competitive market, and they will have to be representative of the increasingly diverse population they serve. Attracting and retaining the talent they need will be a significant challenge for all governments. The government is taking concrete steps to build its policy capacity, to strengthen its ability to discern broad trends, to develop long term scenarios and options, and to identify innovative approaches and solutions. The government's Policy Research Initiative devotes resources to long term policy, to help build policy capacity in government departments and to encourage academics and think tanks to help government define its challenges and choices for the future. The Government of Canada has also put added emphasis on restoring pride in public service and on recruitment, retention and learning to ensure that the public service continues to attract, keep, and develop people who can provide excellence in government. Governments will also have to find new approaches to strengthen private-public partnerships and to promote corporate responsibility domestically and internationally. Mutual responsibility requires that all sectors of society contribute to the betterment of quality of life. Global Opportunity Canada's international voice draws on its distinct advantage as a multi-cultural society where people have roots in virtually every country in the world. Canada is surrounded by three oceans and is therefore an Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic country. Canada belongs both to the Commonwealth and La Francophonie and Canada speaks in two international languages. Canada is a trading nation, a vigorous promoter of investment. And Canada speaks to the world through the values that can be traced to our origins of "peace, order and good government". Canada's foreign policy is the mirror image of its domestic policy. In the post Cold War world, foreign Canada's international voice policy can more easily look beyond draws on its distinct advantage relations between states to the needs as a multi-cultural society where of people, needs that transcend people have roots in virtually borders - addressing the human side of globalization, human every country in the world. security, cultural diversity and human rights. Canada continues to play a disproportionate role in conflict avoidance, peacekeeping and peacebuilding, largely because Canadians understand readily that the more people are safe and secure in their countries, the more Canadians too are safe and secure. Canada continues to work with international non- governmental organizations to promote human security, human rights and peace, building on the landmark convention banning anti-personnel mines. Similar approaches will be necessary to control the spread of small arms and migrant smuggling. Canada and its partners in the United Nations recently achieved new rules preventing the recruitment of child soldiers, and Canada continues to advocate the International Criminal Court so that perpetrators of atrocities are held to account. Canada is also promoting a more inclusive and coherent rules-based approach to free trade, anchored in the WTO, as perhaps the major vehicle to achieve shared opportunity globally. Trade and investment are essential for a strong Canadian economy. The trading relationship with the United States is the most important element of Canada's international economic relations. NAFTA has extended this relationship to Mexico. Through its membership in APEC and its leadership role in the Summit of the Americas, Canada is committed to expanding free trade as an essential means of building greater prosperity in a global economy. 20 Globalization means increased wealth, expanded opportunity and improved well- being for Canadians and the citizens of other developed countries. Some are not so fortunate - indeed, there has been little improvement in the absolute number of world citizens living in dire poverty. If developed countries want to continue to secure the advantages of globalization for themselves, they must help those that are excluded to benefit as well. That is the challenge for all of those who believe in If developed countries want to progressive governance. continue to secure the advantages of globalization for themselves, they For its part, Canada is must help those that are excluded to committed to promoting sustainable growth for all benefit as well. That is the challenge nations through enhanced for all of those who believe in trade. This requires reducing progressive governance. debt and freeing up funding for productive expenditures, ensuring appropriate regulatory structures, and developing the capacity to benefit fully from the trading system. Canada is a driving force to reduce the oppressive debt burdens of the poorest nations, in concert with the international financial institutions, and is a prime mover in the work of the G20 to promote international financial stability and greater transparency. But financial order is insufficient to allow developing nations to benefit from globalization. Canada is, particularly through the G8, encouraging the development of social policies to protect the vulnerable in economic hard times. To this end, it is promoting greater coordination, among the WTO, international financial institutions and UN agencies, to provide debt relief to allow countries to concentrate on productive expenditures, develop social safety nets and better integrate trade into development. It is also tailoring development assistance programs to help build developing-country capacity for economic and social development, as well as to respond to urgent humanitarian needs. Canada's approach is to support greater Canada's approach is to policy coherence at the international support greater policy level, to address not only the economic, coherence at the international but also the social, environmental, level, to address not only the health, and cultural consequences of economic, but also the social, globalization. All governments will environmental, health, and have to meet the challenge of building an international agenda that is coherent cultural consequences of and governance structures that are more globalization. transparent and that engage civil society domestically and internationally. Challenges and Choices for the Future Taking the Canadian Way into the 21st Century will require innovation and excellence in government, partnerships of common purpose and a focus on citizens at home and throughout the world. The federal government is proposing for Canada and Canadians clear goals and a vision of a modern Canada in which: Canada is the most inclusive country in the world, where opportunity is shared among all Canadians and all regions; All children get a good start in life so that they will be ready to learn and seize opportunity later in life; Canada's economy is growing strongly and all sectors of the economy are harnessing the power of new technologies and global trade and investment; Canada is the most connected country in the world, a leader in the knowledge economy, and has five percent of the world's e-commerce by 2003; All Canadian classrooms are connected to the Internet; All Canadians have equitable and affordable access to an education of the highest standards of excellence; Canada is the world leader in research and science in key strategic areas; Canada's poor have the tools they need to enter the mainstream and the basic needs of all Canadians are met; Canada's Aboriginal peoples have the tools to participate in Canada's economic growth; All Canadians have access to essential medical services of high quality, and Canada is a world leader in health research and information; Canadian citizens continue to enjoy clean air and water and green spaces, and Canada's rich wilderness and habitats are preserved; Canada is a world leader in environmental technology and science; All Canadians can participate fully in Canada's economy and in its diverse and culturally rich communities without fear of crime or violence, prejudice or hate; 22 Young Canadians have the tools and can seize the opportunity to drive innovation and growth; Canada's artists and creators have the opportunity to express themselves, and Canadians have access to Canadian choices; Government services are available to Canadians on-line, Canada's governments are collaborating in It is a plan for people, for the interests of all Canadians opportunity, for excellence, openly and transparently, and for success, for a high citizens are at the centre of quality of life, for mutual governance; and responsibility and mutual Canada and other liked-minded respect, for creativity and countries build a coherent innovation - an ambitious international agenda of shared vision for an ambitious opportunity and inclusion. country. Sharing Opportunity This is a modern project for a modern society, the project of a forward-looking country. Not old solutions to the problems of today, but new plans to meet new opportunities; to ensure that the opportunities of all of Canada are available to all Canadians; to ensure that Canadians shape their future in the Canadian Way. It is a plan for people, for opportunity, for excellence, for success, for a high quality of life, for mutual responsibility and mutual respect, for creativity and innovation - an ambitious vision for an ambitious country. Canadians' way of living together, their way of working out problems, of respecting and taking responsibility for each other - this Canadian Way - is the way ahead for this even smaller globe in the century ahead. 23 La troisième voie : la voie canadienne PRIME MINISTER PREMIER MINISTRE Message du premier ministre Jean Chrétien À l'aube du XXIe siècle, les pays du monde entier sont appelés à repenser leur façon de voir la gouvernance pour faire face aux nouveaux défis et aux nouvelles possibilités : la mondialisation, le rythme effréné des changements technologiques, l'interdépendance croissante et les questions toujours plus complexes qui se posent aux gouvernements. Nombre de pays animés des mêmes idées cherchent de nouvelles façons d'accroître leur prospérité économique et la qualité de vie de leurs habitants, dans le respect de leurs valeurs communes. Sachant bien qu'ils ne sont pas à même de relever seuls ces défis, les gouvernements établissent des partenariats avec tous les secteurs de la société. De plus, ils travaillent ensemble à l'édification d'une communauté internationale dont les activités seront plus concertées et plus cohérentes. Nous voulons par le présent document contribuer au dialogue international sur les défis d'une gouvernance progressiste en dressant un bilan de notre plan d'action le Programme : emploi et croissance créé en 1994, et en présentant nos objectifs pour l'avenir. La « voie canadienne » est un modèle nettement différent qui reflète nos valeurs et repose sur nos forces et notre histoire. Quelques-uns de mes collègues, dont le premier ministre Blair, le président Clinton et le chancelier Schröder, utilisent les termes « Troisième voie » ou « Neue Mitte » lorsqu'ils parlent de cette nouvelle façon de voir la gouvernance. En collaboration avec d'autres chefs de gouvernement, ils ont lancé un dialogue à l'échelle internationale afin de discuter des moyens mis en œuvre pour approfondir leurs valeurs communes. Le chancelier Schröder sera l'hôte du prochain forum de discussions qui aura lieu à Berlin en juin 2000. À cette occasion, je présenterai aux leaders venus des quatre coins du monde partager leurs expériences, la « voie canadienne » dont il est question dans ce document. Je leur parlerai avec fierté de notre façon à nous de relever les défis et de faire face au changement. Nos réalisations sont nombreuses et nous poursuivrons sur cette lancée au cours des années à venir, en fondant nos choix sur nos valeurs, en nous engageant à donner aux Canadiens et aux Canadiennes des résultats concrets, et en travaillant en collaboration avec les citoyens, les différents secteurs, les autres gouvernements et nos alliés dans le monde entier. Jean La troisième voie : la voie canadienne Contexte Les pays du monde entier cherchent la meilleure façon d'assurer leur prospérité économique dans une société qui se mondialise, en évitant que certains soient laissés pour compte. Ce faisant, ils réagissent aux pressions en faveur de la modernisation du rôle du gouvernement, et à la nécessité de donner une voix à la société civile. Ils cherchent de nouvelles façons de promouvoir une croissance économique durable au sein d'une communauté internationale qui veut se donner des moyens d'action cohérents dans les domaines du commerce, de l'environnement, du travail, de la culture, de la santé et de l'éducation, afin de concrétiser les bienfaits de la mondialisation pour l'humanité. Les chefs de plusieurs pays ont lancé un dialogue à l'échelle internationale afin d'échanger sur leurs expériences positives et négatives, et de chercher des moyens de collaborer à l'édification d'une gouvernance de progrès au XXIe siècle. Dans le cadre de ce processus, le chancelier Gerhard Schröder de la République fédérale d'Allemagne a invité 16 chefs de gouvernement à une rencontre informelle qui aura Le succès du pays comme nation lieu à Berlin les 2 et 3 juin repose non seulement sur une forte 2000. Les spécialistes des pays croissance, mais également sur le participants tiendront en respect continu de valeurs solides : la parallèle une conférence sur la compassion et un partage équitable gouvernance, la société civile des retombées de la croissance et les politiques sociales et économiques dont les résultats économique. seront présentés aux chefs de gouvernement. Le présent document est pour nous l'occasion, d'une part, d'énoncer clairement la stratégie du Canada pour offrir à ses citoyens la meilleure qualité de vie possible dans la nouvelle économie et promouvoir nos valeurs sur la scène internationale et, d'autre part, de nous interroger sur nos défis communs et les choix que nous ferons pour l'avenir. La manière canadienne Nous avons notre propre manière de faire les choses, notre propre modèle. Un accueil à toutes les cultures. La reconnaissance de la diversité. Un partenariat entre les citoyens et l'État. Un équilibre entre libertés individuelles et prospérité économique fondé sur le partage des risques et des bénéfices. Un gouvernement 2 au service de l'action collective, au service de l'intérêt public. Le succès du pays comme nation repose non seulement sur une forte croissance, mais également sur le respect continu de valeurs solides : la compassion et un partage équitable des retombées de la croissance économique. Ces valeurs sont celles que l'on trouve au cœur de la nouvelle philosophie que certains nomment la « troisième voie ». Comme le mentionnent des leaders mondiaux tels que le premier ministre Blair, le président Clinton et le chancelier Schröder, cette philosophie met l'accent sur l'innovation technologique, une économie mixte, l'éducation et l'apprentissage et en fait les clés de la croissance et de la stabilité économiques. On redécouvre ainsi la raison-d'être humaine de l'économie, et on force les gouvernements à se tourner vers l'avenir, à se concentrer sur les résultats et à privilégier l'intérêt des citoyens. La « voie canadienne », c'est la Les Canadiens sont, façon de faire du Canada qui historiquement et par nécessité, remonte au début de son histoire. ouverts sur le monde. Les fondateurs du pays ont délibérément choisi de ne pas édifier une nation unique avec une seule langue. Ils ont plutôt jeté les bases d'une société au sein de laquelle se côtoient plusieurs peuples et plusieurs langues en établissant un cadre d'entente entre Français, Anglais et Autochtones. Sont venus s'y ajouter des immigrants des quatre coins du monde. Le Canada est depuis devenu une société postnationale, une société multiculturelle. On y retrouve des gens de partout dans le monde. Les Canadiens savent que leurs deux langues internationales et leur diversité sont des avantages concurrentiels et sont source de créativité et d'innovation. Les Canadiens sont, historiquement et par nécessité, ouverts sur le monde. Le Canada a une population relativement L'histoire et le cadre petite et dispersée sur un territoire vaste et divers, ce qui nous a contraints à nous juridique du Canada préoccuper des liens entre les communautés, économie mixte, comme en témoignent la construction du collectivités fortes, chemin de fer transcontinental et, plus près de bilinguisme et diversité, nous, les innovations dans les filet de sécurité sociale, communications par satellite et par Internet. Le Canada a vu ses pionniers faire face aux système de soins de rigueurs du climat et de la géographie, et cela santé et reconnaissance a certes contribué à insuffler à la population d'une interdépendance le respect de l'environnement, le sens de mondiale sont les l'initiative, de la justice sociale et du partage racines de ce qu'il est des responsabilités. Les Canadiens ont convenu d'appeler la toujours préféré les principes du pragmatisme troisième voie. plutôt que ceux de l'idéologie. 3 Le fait de partager une frontière et d'entretenir des liens d'amitié avec la plus grande puissance économique au monde est également un stimulant qui pousse le Canada à innover dans le domaine économique et à préserver sa façon de faire typiquement canadienne qui reflète nos valeurs et notre diversité. Le Canada vise l'excellence non seulement dans le commerce, les sciences et la technologie, mais également dans les arts et les sciences humaines. La paix, l'ordre et le bon gouvernement sont des valeurs inscrites dans la Constitution canadienne. Elles résument bien la tradition d'accueil, de résolution pacifique des conflits, de primauté du droit et de démocratie qui est la nôtre. L'histoire et le cadre juridique du Canada économie mixte, collectivités fortes, bilinguisme et diversité, filet de sécurité sociale, système de soins de santé et reconnaissance d'une interdépendance mondiale sont les racines de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler la troisième voie. La stratégie canadienne Au cours de la dernière décennie du XXe siècle, le Canada a eu les mêmes défis à relever que de nombreux pays. Le gouvernement du Canada devait remettre de l'ordre dans ses finances pour reprendre les rênes de sa destinée; il devait se réhabiliter aux yeux des gens tout en réaménageant ses programmes en fonction de ses moyens et des nouvelles réalités qu'entraînent la mondialisation et les changements sociaux; il devait regagner la confiance de la population. Dans la nouvelle économie, le talent humain et la capacité d'apprendre, d'agir et de s'adapter rapidement aux nouvelles conjonctures, de créer de nouvelles idées et de faire de nouvelles découvertes constituent de plus en plus la base du succès. Une stratégie globale doit inclure tous les citoyens. Elle doit laisser place aux opportunités, à la diversité et à l'inclusion, ainsi qu'à la créativité, à l'innovation et à l'esprit d'entrepreneuriat. En 1994, le gouvernement fédéral a annoncé la création de son plan d'action pour le changement, le « Programme : emploi et croissance », afin que la « voie canadienne » entre dans le XXIe siècle. Ce programme était et demeure ambitieux. Il repose sur la reconnaissance lucide des défis de la mondialisation : polarisation, marginalisation et exclusion, fragmentation sociale, dégradation de l'environnement, homogénéisation culturelle et désaffection de la population à l'égard du gouvernement. Il repose également sur la reconnaissance des occasions que doivent saisir les pays prêts à le faire : croissance du commerce et de l'investissement, avantages des nouvelles technologies puissantes, nouveaux partenariats et partage de l'information et des connaissances à l'échelle mondiale pour nous aider à concrétiser nos valeurs les plus précieuses. Cette stratégie s'appuie sur une vision claire du Canada, elle mise sur ses forces et lui ouvre les portes de l'avenir. Une société d'excellence déterminée à réussir. Une société où la prospérité n'est pas l'apanage d'une minorité mais profite à tous 4 et où tous les enfants ont droit à un bon départ dans la vie. Une société où les jeunes ont la chance d'exceller dans le domaine de leur choix. Une société où les citoyens ont accès aux compétences et aux connaissances dont ils ont besoin pour devenir les meilleurs. Une société où tous les citoyens, peu importe leur revenu, ont droit à des soins de qualité, où les familles peuvent vivre en toute tranquillité et en toute sécurité dans leurs collectivités et dans un environnement sain. Une société où les Canadiens et les Canadiennes font, ensemble et avec les autres pays, la promotion de la paix, de la diversité culturelle et des bienfaits de la nouvelle économie pour l'humanité. Dans quatre documents publiés en 1994 Instaurer un climat financier sain, L 'innovation : la clé de l'économie moderne, Un nouveau cadre de la politique économique et La sécurité sociale dans le Canada de demain -, le gouvernement a posé les pierres de sa stratégie afin de permettre aux Canadiens et aux Canadiennes de travailler de concert avec leurs gouvernements pour faire de cette vision une réalité. Au cours des six dernières Une société d'excellence déterminée années, le gouvernement a à réussir. Une société où la prospérité développé cette stratégie, en n'est pas l'apanage d'une minorité élaborant et en testant de mais profite à tous et où tous les nouvelles façons de créer et de enfants ont droit à un bon départ dans faire connaître les débouchés, la vie. de promouvoir la responsabilité mutuelle et de moderniser la gouvernance. Le Canada a fait des pas de géant, mais il reste encore beaucoup à faire. Cette stratégie ne met pas de barrières artificielles entre la politique sociale et la politique économique, ni même entre la politique nationale et la politique étrangère. Elle se fonde plutôt sur l'engagement envers la raison-d'être humaine de l'économie, sur la scène nationale aussi bien qu'internationale. Pour relever les défis et être en mesure de saisir les occasions qui s'offrent, nous croyons que la croissance économique privée et l'investissement public doivent se compléter. L'action des gouvernements ne doit plus se limiter à l'aide sociale, mais doit viser concrètement à rompre le cycle de la pauvreté et de la dépendance. Les gouvernements doivent reconnaître que l'interdépendance entre les éléments national et international est inévitable et en tirer avantage. Ils doivent trouver de nouvelles façons de mobiliser les citoyens. Il est nécessaire de former des coalitions pour accroître l'investissement et le commerce internationaux dans le cadre d'un programme cohérent qui englobe les questions relatives aux finances, à la société, à la culture, à l'environnement et au travail. 5 Dans les sections suivantes, on abordera les éléments fondamentaux qui caractérisent cette stratégie en évolution, les actions prises par le Canada, les défis et les choix qui se posent pour l'avenir. Une distribution équitable des chances Jeter les bases de la croissance économique La stratégie économique du Canada repose sur le principe que voici : le but de la croissance économique est de contribuer au mieux-être de tous les Canadiens. Or, sans croissance, nous ne pouvons pas atteindre ce but. Une économie vigoureuse est la condition indispensable qui nous permettra de concrétiser la vision canadienne. Le plan d'action tient compte de l'importance cruciale de l'ordre dans lequel le gouvernement doit mettre en œuvre les mesures prévues. Ainsi, la priorité devait être de redresser les finances publiques et de commencer à créer les conditions d'une croissance durable. Sur cette base, grâce au maintien d'une rigoureuse discipline financière et à des investissements stratégiques dans nos gens et dans la technologie, le gouvernement peut favoriser le passage à l'économie du savoir et veiller à ce que tous les Canadiens aient la possibilité de Il était clair pour contribuer à la croissance économique et d'en tous les Canadiens profiter. que la priorité était avant tout En 1993, après des décennies de budgets déficitaires, le service de la dette du Canada asphyxiait le d'instaurer un gouvernement, et le déficit ne cessait de se creuser. climat financier Des taux d'intérêt et d'inflation élevés avaient freiné sain. C'était les investissements et entraîné une détérioration de la devenu impératif. qualité de vie des Canadiens. Il était clair pour tous les Canadiens que la priorité était avant tout d'instaurer un climat financier sain. C'était devenu impératif. En 1997, le déficit fédéral avait été éliminé. Aujourd'hui, les provinces ont presque toutes éliminé leur propre déficit aussi. L'économie est maintenant en plein essor, et le climat d'affaires au Canada a été classé au troisième rang mondial par le Forum économique mondial. Le taux de chômage est plus faible qu'il ne l'a été en plus de deux décennies, et l'économie crée de l'emploi à un rythme sans précédent. La dette publique nette a reculé d'un sommet de 71,2 p. 100 du produit intérieur brut en 1997 à environ 61 p. 100 en 1999. Selon les projections, elle sera ramenée à 50 p. 100 d'ici 2004 et continuera de diminuer par la suite. De manière plus importante, si on se base sur la mesure des comptes nationaux qu'utilisent l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques et le Fonds monétaire international pour faire des comparaisons internationales sur les finances, la dette du Canada est sous la barre des 50 p. 100 du produit intérieur brut et continue de baisser. Il y a longtemps que les Canadiens 6 ne s'étaient pas montrés aussi optimistes au sujet de l'économie et de leurs propres perspectives. Trois principaux facteurs expliquent le succès des efforts du Canada en vue d'éliminer son déficit les Canadiens souhaitaient que leurs gouvernements prennent de toute urgence les mesures qui s'imposaient pour redresser les finances publiques, et ils étaient prêts à consentir les sacrifices nécessaires pour y arriver; le ministre des Finances a annoncé publiquement les objectifs de réduction du déficit pour les deux années suivantes, et chaque fois, ces objectifs ont été dépassés; le gouvernement a choisi d'atteindre ces objectifs non pas au moyen de réductions uniformes, mais en passant en revue l'ensemble de ses programmes afin d'aligner ses activités sur les priorités des Canadiens et de modifier ses modes de fonctionnement. Il en est résulté une transformation profonde de l'administration fédérale. C'est ce que le Canada appelle « repenser le rôle de l'État » et que d'autres appellent « réinventer le gouvernement ». L'établissement de nouveaux partenariats tient compte du fait qu'aucun gouvernement ne pourra relever par lui-même les défis en perspective. Certains programmes ont été supprimés ou transférés, et de nouveaux organismes de service distincts sont mis sur pied. De cette façon, l'État peut se concentrer sur la définition des grandes orientations. Le gouvernement a transféré la fourniture des services de transport au secteur privé afin de se recentrer sur son rôle de réglementation et de définition des politiques. Il a cédé aux provinces les programmes relatifs à la main-d'œuvre, qui pourront ainsi être adaptés plus facilement aux conditions locales. Une ambitieuse réforme de la réglementation réduit les tracasseries administratives et les coûts pour les entreprises et les citoyens. Certains règlements sont supprimés; différentes formules d'autoréglementation sont mises en place; et, dans la mesure du possible, lorsque des services accélérés sont requis par les entreprises, les coûts sont assumés directement par les utilisateurs, au lieu d'être imposés à l'ensemble des contribuables. Assainir les finances publiques Le rétablissement de la souveraineté financière et la modernisation de l'État avaient un prix. Le redressement des finances publiques a nécessité des décisions difficiles et parfois douloureuses. Il a fallu retarder certaines actions dans des domaines importants. Cependant, le gouvernement s'est redonné les moyens de jouer un rôle actif et positif dans l'édification de la nouvelle économie et dans la 7 création de retombées dont tous peuvent profiter. L'élimination du déficit et la réduction de la dette ne représentent pas à elles seules une vision d'avenir pour un pays, mais sans un engagement très ferme envers L'élimination du déficit et la le maintien de saines finances publiques et de taux réduction de la dette ne représentent d'inflation modérés, aucune pas à elles seules une vision d'avenir vision d'avenir collective ne pour un pays, mais sans un peut être envisagée. engagement très ferme envers le maintien de saines finances publiques et de taux d'inflation modérés, Il faut posséder les moyens aucune vision d'avenir collective ne financiers pour agir selon nos valeurs. Toutefois, la manière peut être envisagée. canadienne consiste aussi à atteindre une saine gestion financière tout en respectant ces valeurs. Dans ce contexte, les gouvernements du Canada ont pris l'engagement ferme de préserver et de rendre viable le régime public de pensions liées aux gains, le Régime de pensions du Canada, de manière que les futures générations puissent en bénéficier, sans qu'il soit nécessaire de réduire les prestations pour les bénéficiaires actuels. Les assises financières du régime sont en voie d'être consolidées par la transition de la formule du financement par répartition à la capitalisation partielle. Les taux de cotisation augmentent plus rapidement que prévu sur six ans, ce qui évitera des augmentations plus considérables à long terme. L'excédent accru du régime est investi dans des placements sûrs et diversifiés au profit des membres par un comité d'investissement indépendant des gouvernements. De plus, un certain nombre de modifications ont été apportées aux méthodes de gestion et de calcul des prestations afin de freiner l'escalade des coûts. Les excédents budgétaires aussi occasionnent des choix difficiles, en particulier en ce qui a trait au meilleur équilibre à réaliser entre la réduction de la dette, l'allégement des impôts et les investissements sociaux et économiques. Une stratégie globale vise De nombreux pays sont maintenant placés non seulement à créer des devant de tels choix, lesquels sont chances, mais aussi à veiller nécessairement influencés par les valeurs à ce que le plus grand du gouvernement et de la collectivité nombre puisse en nationale. Le gouvernement du Canada, bénéficier. pour sa part, a opté pour une approche équilibrée. Il consacre une moitié du dividende budgétaire à l'allégement de la dette et des impôts et l'autre moitié à des investissements économiques et sociaux destinés à préparer l'avenir. Une stratégie globale équilibrée nécessite des investissements tant publics que privés dans les 8 gens, dans le savoir et dans la technologie. Une stratégie globale vise non seulement à créer des chances, mais aussi à veiller à ce que le plus grand nombre puisse en bénéficier. I duire les impôts Les baisses d'impôt forment un élément essentiel d'une stratégie économique axée sur la création d'emplois, la croissance, la progression des revenus et la qualité de vie. Les mesures d'allégement fiscal du gouvernement réaffirment son engagement envers une fiscalité progressive et s'adressent en premier lieu aux Ces mesures et d'autres à venir en Canadiens à revenu faible et matière de fiscalité donneront aux moyen. Pendant les années de Canadiens les moyens d'investir dans lutte au déficit, le leur avenir et aideront les entreprises gouvernement a réduit les canadiennes à soutenir la concurrence cotisations à l'assurance- dans l'économie mondiale du savoir. emploi pour les employeurs et les travailleurs et a accordé Cependant, la réduction des impôts des baisses d'impôt ciblées n'est qu'un des éléments de conçues pour hausser le l'équation. revenu réel des Canadiens à faible revenu et exempter de l'impôt un grand nombre d'entre eux. Maintenant que le déficit a été épongé et que la dette diminue, le gouvernement a annoncé cette année un plan général de réduction des impôts sur cinq ans. D'ici la fin de la cinquième année du plan, l'impôt sur le revenu des particuliers aura diminué de 22 p. 100. Dans le cas des familles avec des enfants, la réduction pourra atteindre 30 p. 100. Les Canadiens bénéficieront de la totalité de ces réductions grâce au rétablissement de la pleine indexation pour tenir compte de l'inflation. Le plan fiscal comporte également des incitations à l'investissement, à la création d'entreprises et à l'innovation et des mesures qui permettront d'attirer et de retenir au Canada les talents dont nous avons besoin : réduction de l'impôt des sociétés dans les secteurs les plus lourdement taxés; réduction du taux d'imposition des gains en capital; autorisation de transférer les gains en capital des investissements dans les petites et moyennes entreprises en franchise d'impôt; et autorisation de reporter l'impôt sur les options d'achat d'actions accordées à des employés. Ces mesures et d'autres à venir en matière de fiscalité donneront aux Canadiens les moyens d'investir dans leur avenir et aideront les entreprises canadiennes à soutenir la concurrence dans l'économie mondiale du savoir. Cependant, la réduction des impôts n'est qu'un des éléments de l'équation. 9 Accélérer le passage à une économie fondée sur le savoir Dans l'économie mondiale du savoir, les forces du marché créent à la fois des débouchés et de nouvelles disparités. Dans la société inclusive que souhaite instaurer le Canada, tous les citoyens doivent pouvoir participer; personne ne doit être exclu. La manière canadienne comporte quatre grands axes : brancher les Canadiens à l'autoroute de l'information; investir dans l'accès à l'éducation et promouvoir l'excellence dans l'enseignement postsecondaire; investir dans les enfants et leurs familles; et prendre des mesures actives pour aider les Canadiens à trouver un emploi et à le conserver. Investir dans l'autoroute de l'information Le Canadien Marshall McLuhan a forgé l'expression « village planétaire » alors que rien ne pouvait lui permettre d'imaginer à quel point l'Internet ferait effectivement de la planète un « village câblé ». La révolution numérique aura un impact énorme sur les entreprises, l'administration, la société et la participation des citoyens. Nous pouvons à peine concevoir toutes les transformations qui en résulteront dans le marché et dans la société. Le Canada investit dans l'autoroute de l'information depuis 1994 et met en place le cadre législatif nécessaire pour protéger la propriété intellectuelle et assurer la sécurité du commerce électronique. L'objectif du programme « Un Canada branché » est de rendre l'autoroute de l'information accessible à tous les Canadiens qui veulent s'en servir pour apprendre, pour faire du Il est essentiel de brancher les commerce, pour exprimer leur Canadiens entre eux, avec les créativité et pour communiquer. écoles et les bibliothèques, avec des contenus canadiens, avec Une des pièces maîtresses de ce leurs gouvernements, avec le programme consiste dans marché et avec le monde entier l'établissement d'une infrastructure de communications moderne pour pour placer le Canada à l'avant- les écoles. Rescol, le réseau garde des économies mondiales et scolaire, équipe les élèves et les offrir des possibilités salles de classe d'un outil exceptionnelles à tous. d'apprentissage vital : l'Internet. Le programme appelé « Des ordinateurs pour les écoles » est un élément clé de cette stratégie. Il résulte d'un partenariat en vertu duquel les gouvernements et les entreprises fournissent gratuitement des ordinateurs aux écoles. Le Canada est le premier pays à avoir connecté chacune de ses écoles et bibliothèques. Notre prochain objectif est de veiller à ce que chaque classe soit connectée. 10 En plus, le gouvernement aide le secteur bénévole à élargir son champ d'action au moyen des nouvelles technologies et, dans le cadre de son projet de « Collectivités ingénieuses », il explore les façons dont l'autoroute de l'information peut enrichir la vie communautaire. Le Programme d'accès communautaire met le Canada rural en ligne en équipant les localités rurales et éloignées du pays de points d'accès à l'Internet. Le Canada a adopté une formule inclusive qui vise à assurer à tous les Canadiens l'accès à l'autoroute de l'information. Le Canada s'est également fixé comme objectif d'encourager les entreprises canadiennes à conquérir 5 p. 100 du commerce électronique mondial d'ici 2003. L'autoroute de l'information représente aussi un moyen très prometteur d'améliorer les services que le gouvernement offre aux citoyens et de faire participer ces derniers aux affaires publiques. Le gouvernement fédéral s'est donc engagé à offrir tous ses services « en direct » d'ici 2004. Il est essentiel de brancher les Canadiens entre eux, avec les écoles et les bibliothèques, avec des contenus canadiens, avec leurs gouvernements, avec le marché et avec le monde entier pour placer le Canada à l'avant-garde des économies mondiales et offrir des possibilités exceptionnelles à tous. Le Canada a fait d'importants progrès vers son objectif de devenir le pays le plus « branché » au monde. Améliorer l'éducation et l'apprentissage Le niveau de vie et la qualité de vie des Canadiens dépendront directement du succès de nos efforts en vue de promouvoir la création du savoir et l'innovation et de maximiser les possibilités d'apprentissage. Cela implique un engagement envers l'accès pour tous à l'apprentissage et l'excellence dans les domaines du savoir, de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur. L'action du gouvernement à ces chapitres traduira ses valeurs et façonnera dans une grande mesure l'avenir du pays. Si le Canada a fait des progrès considérables, il lui reste encore beaucoup de choses à accomplir. Au Canada, nous accordons une grande priorité à l'éducation et à l'apprentissage, que nous jugeons indispensables pour profiter des avantages et participer à la vie de la société comme citoyens à part entière. C'est pourquoi le gouvernement fédéral prend des mesures afin d'aider les familles à économiser pour les études postsecondaires de leurs enfants dès leur naissance. Il a créé un régime d'épargne- études non imposable et verse maintenant une subvention aux familles qui investissent de l'argent dans ce régime. De plus, le gouvernement a accru son soutien aux étudiants dans le besoin de sorte que ni le revenu ni la situation de la famille n'entravent leur accès à l'éducation. Il a enrichi ses prêts et subventions d'études à l'intention des étudiants dans le besoin et de ceux qui ont de jeunes enfants. Il travaille en collaboration avec les provinces à harmoniser les programmes d'aide aux étudiants et à les rendre entièrement transférables. D'autre 11 part, il a pris des mesures dans le but d'aider les diplômés à gérer leurs dettes d'études. Récemment, le gouvernement du Canada a mis sur pied la Fondation canadienne des bourses d'études du millénaire qui, dès cette année, versera 100 000 bourses d'études annuelles aux plus brillants étudiants afin de reconnaître l'excellence et de les encourager à réaliser leur potentiel. Bien que ce soit un bon début, l'endettement des étudiants demeure préoccupant, et il faudra continuer de travailler à assurer un accès équitable pour tous. Le gouvernement a également adopté toute une série de mesures pour encourager l'apprentissage continu dont l'objectif est d'aider tous les Canadiens à se perfectionner tout au long de leur vie active. Ainsi, ils peuvent retirer des fonds en franchise d'impôt de régimes d'épargne-retraite non imposables pour suivre des cours, et les étudiants à temps partiel bénéficient d'une aide fiscale pour étudier. Le Canada compte la plus forte proportion au monde de citoyens ayant fait des études postsecondaires, mais les exigences de l'économie du savoir font que la qualité est de plus en plus importante, c'est-à-dire que la qualité des diplômes importe davantage que leur nombre. Dans l'univers de demain, l'accès à une éducation de la plus haute qualité et l'accès à l'excellence seront essentiels. Par ailleurs, de même que les industries canadiennes doivent affronter la concurrence Dans l'univers de mondiale, les chercheurs, les universités et les demain, l'accès à une collèges doivent se mesurer aux meilleurs au éducation de la plus monde. haute qualité et l'accès à Aussi, le gouvernement s'attache à l'excellence seront promouvoir l'excellence dans l'enseignement essentiels. et la recherche. Il a entrepris de mettre en place un réseau moderne d'universités et de laboratoires, afin d'augmenter la quantité et la qualité des travaux de recherche ainsi que d'attirer et de retenir les plus brillants universitaires et chercheurs. À ces fins, il a établi et continue de développer la Fondation canadienne pour l'innovation, qui permet d'aller chercher d'importantes ressources additionnelles dans le secteur privé dans le but de doter les collèges, les universités et les hôpitaux universitaires d'une infrastructure de recherche moderne. Le gouvernement encourage la recherche en sciences pures et en sciences humaines en augmentant le budget des conseils subventionnaires qui accordent la majeure partie des fonds destinés à la recherche dans les établissements d'enseignement postsecondaire du Canada. Il a mis sur pied les Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada et doublé le financement de la recherche en santé afin d'aider le Canada à se positionner à l'avant-garde dans ce secteur. Il a accru ses investissements en biotechnologie et dans les disciplines scientifiques 12 connexes. Il a en outre créé et développé des réseaux de centres d'excellence qui veillent à la mise en commun du savoir-faire et des compétences. En plus, d'ici cinq ans, le gouvernement aura terminé la mise sur pied de 2000 chaires d'excellence en recherche dans les établissements de toutes les régions du pays qui confèrent des diplômes. Ils seront ainsi plus à même d'attirer les meilleurs cerveaux dans un marché de plus en plus mondialisé. Investir dans les enfants et les familles Les conditions d'une société inclusive ne se créent pas seulement au niveau postsecondaire. Un des défis qui se posent à tous les pays consiste à assurer un bon départ dans la vie à tous leurs enfants et à accorder aux familles le soutien dont elles ont besoin pour assurer le bon développement de leurs enfants. De cette façon, les enfants seront prêts à apprendre et à profiter des occasions qui s'offriront à eux plus tard dans la vie. Certains soutiennent que d'importantes baisses d'impôt générales sont suffisantes. Quant au gouvernement du Canada, il a choisi une autre voie. Si les parents et les familles sont les premiers responsables de l'éducation des enfants, les gouvernements doivent veiller à Si les parents et les familles sont mettre en place les mesures de soutien nécessaires. les premiers responsables de l'éducation des enfants, les Par conséquent, les gouvernements gouvernements doivent veiller à fédéral et provinciaux ont institué et mettre en place les mesures de continuent d'enrichir la Prestation soutien nécessaires. nationale pour enfants. Celle-ci vise à combattre la pauvreté chez les enfants en aidant à protéger les prestations des parents à faible revenu qui entrent sur le marché du travail et y restent. Sous l'ancien régime de prestations non coordonnées d'assistance sociale et de prestations fédérales pour enfants, les parents pouvaient voir chuter leurs prestations lorsqu'ils décidaient de prendre un emploi et de sortir de l'aide sociale. La Prestation nationale renforce et uniformise le soutien du revenu pour les familles à faible revenu ayant des enfants tout en améliorant la situation de la majorité des familles. Cette importante réforme permet aux provinces de consacrer les dépenses au titre de l'assistance sociale à des programmes plus efficaces et actifs qui aident les familles à faible revenu à sortir du piège de l'aide sociale, par exemple garderies, prestations de santé complémentaires, services à la petite enfance et soutien du revenu enrichi. La Prestation nationale pour enfants comporte plusieurs des caractéristiques clés de la manière canadienne de faire les choses un soutien plus actif que passif; des programmes sociaux inclusifs et d'application générale qui aident les Canadiens quel que soit leur revenu, au lieu de marginaliser les plus vulnérables; l'intégration des programmes de soutien du revenu et d'une gamme 13 de services d'appui; et diverses réformes conçues et mises en œuvre conjointement par le gouvernement fédéral et les provinces. Dans la foulée de cette initiative novatrice, les gouvernements du Canada ont convenu d'un cadre rendu public en 1999 qui doit guider les efforts de tous les secteurs de la société canadienne citoyens, collectivités, employeurs et gouvernements en vue de mieux répondre aux besoins des enfants. L'accent y est mis sur six aspects prioritaires : renforcement de la famille; épanouissement des jeunes enfants; sécurité économique; ouverture à l'apprentissage; développement des adolescents; et solidarité communautaire. Le gouvernement fédéral, pour sa part, a annoncé une importante mesure : il a doublé la durée du congé parental, qui passe de 26 semaines à une année complète pour permettre aux parents qui ont un emploi de rester à la maison avec leurs jeunes enfants. Cette importante mesure entrera en vigueur en 2001 et aura des retombées durables pour les enfants et leurs familles. Investir dans des mesures actives Tous les pays doivent trouver de meilleures façons de mettre fin à l'exclusion des pauvres et des laissés-pour-compte. Dans une société inclusive, tous les citoyens et toutes les régions ont la possibilité de participer et de saisir les occasions qui s'offrent. Les gouvernements ont un rôle important à jouer, mais celui-ci ne doit pas se limiter aux formules traditionnelles de « bien-être social ». Ils doivent mettre au point de nouvelles solutions qui mettent davantage l'accent sur la création de Tous les pays doivent débouchés, la promotion du sens des trouver de meilleures responsabilités et la mise en place de mesures façons de mettre fin à qui découragent la dépendance. l'exclusion des pauvres Le gouvernement du Canada a entamé une et des laissés-pour- réforme du régime d'assurance-emploi pour compte. inclure davantage de mesures actives visant à aider les sans-emploi à acquérir les compétences et les outils dont ils ont besoin pour réintégrer le marché du travail. Il met à l'essai des programmes analogues à l'intention des personnes handicapées, des jeunes à risque et des peuples autochtones. Parallèlement, les gouvernements du Canada continuent de veiller à satisfaire les besoins fondamentaux au moyen de programmes comme l'assistance sociale et l'assurance-emploi. Au moyen de son régime fiscal progressif, de mesures actives et de son filet de sécurité sociale, le Canada a atténué la polarisation des revenus et la marginalisation et évité ainsi les pires conséquences socioéconomiques de l'exclusion sociale. Il faut faire encore mieux, en particulier à l'égard des peuples autochtones du Canada, qui ne participent pas sur un pied d'égalité au 14 développement socioéconomique du Canada. Il faut trouver des façons nouvelles et plus efficaces de créer des débouchés et de répondre aux besoins fondamentaux de tous. Au Canada, comme dans de nombreux autres pays, les Le Canada modifie actuellement sa disparités ne touchent pas stratégie à l'égard du seulement les individus mais aussi les régions. Diverses développement régional pour formules ont été tentées pour mettre l'accent sur l'innovation, favoriser le développement l'excellence, les partenariats entre régional. Aucune n'a donné des les secteurs public et privé, résultats entièrement satisfaisants. l'infrastructure et la jeunesse. Dans Certaines contribuent peut-être l'économie du savoir, il n'y a plus même à accroître la dépendance et à entraver les réformes de raison pour que la géographie structurelles. Le Canada modifie empêche d'avoir accès aux actuellement sa stratégie à l'égard débouchés. du développement régional pour mettre l'accent sur l'innovation, l'excellence, les partenariats entre les secteurs public et privé, l'infrastructure et la jeunesse. Dans l'économie du savoir, il n'y a plus de raison pour que la géographie empêche d'avoir accès aux débouchés. Qualité de vie Le but de la stratégie économique du Canada est de doter les Canadiens d'une qualité de vie supérieure. Mais la qualité de vie ne se définit pas seulement en fonction des possibilités qu'offre le marché. Elle exige également la présence de collectivités sûres où les gens voudront vivre et élever leurs familles, où ils pourront recevoir les soins de santé nécessaires, vivre sans craindre d'être victimes de crimes ou de violence, profiter des avantages d'un air pur, d'une eau potable et d'espaces verts, faire du sport amateur, s'adonner à des activités culturelles et aux arts, et où des gens d'origines et cultures diverses pourront s'intégrer et apporter leur contribution. Investissements dans la santé Quel que soit leur système de santé, les pays du monde entier sont aux prises avec l'augmentation des coûts des soins de santé qu'entraînent les changements démographiques, les nouvelles technologies, les percées médicales et les nouvelles attentes de la population. Les Canadiens accordent une grande valeur à leur système public de soins de santé et en sont très fiers. Le régime canadien d'assurance-maladie garantit l'accès aux 15 services de santé essentiels sans égard au revenu ou au lieu de résidence des bénéficiaires. C'est là un des éléments de l'avantage concurrentiel du Canada, et il est essentiel à la qualité de vie. C'est pourquoi les gouvernements du Canada investissent davantage dans les services de base dans le domaine de la santé. Ils Les Canadiens veulent avoir prennent également des mesures visant à l'assurance qu'eux et leurs moderniser le système et à le rendre enfants bénéficieront de leur durable en améliorant les systèmes système de soins de santé. d'information, la recherche et La plus grande obligation l'innovation et particulièrement la des gouvernements prévention. Les initiatives de prévention s'appuient sur les efforts déployés pour canadiens est de travailler améliorer la nutrition prénatale, ensemble et de s'engager l'innocuité des aliments et le contrôle des sans compromis à fournir un substances toxiques. Des mesures sont accès universel à des prises pour favoriser l'innovation dans le services médicaux essentiels domaine de la santé au sein des de grande qualité, à se fixer collectivités et dans les régions rurales, pour améliorer les services de santé des buts et objectifs offerts aux Autochtones, et pour communs qui leur combattre le diabète, dont l'incidence est permettront d'offrir le même particulièrement élevée dans les régime d'assurance-santé au collectivités autochtones. XXIe siècle, de mesurer les résultats, de faire état de Les Canadiens veulent avoir l'assurance leurs progrès aux Canadiens, qu'eux et leurs enfants bénéficieront de leur système de soins de santé. La plus d'apprendre les uns des grande obligation des gouvernements autres ce qui fonctionne le canadiens est de travailler ensemble et de mieux et d'investir dans s'engager sans compromis à fournir un l'avenir. accès universel à des services médicaux essentiels de grande qualité, à se fixer des buts et objectifs communs qui leur permettront d'offrir le même régime d'assurance-santé au XXIe siècle, de mesurer les résultats, de faire état de leurs progrès aux Canadiens, d'apprendre les uns des autres ce qui fonctionne le mieux et d'investir dans l'avenir. L'accroissement de la mobilité des gens dans le monde, la propagation des maladies et l'apparition de nouveaux virus exigeront aussi des solutions de nature internationale. Un environnement sain Qualité de vie supérieure et environnement sain vont de pair. L'environnement est important aux yeux de tous les Canadiens, et surtout des jeunes Canadiens. Notre génération sera jugée en fonction de l'héritage environnemental qu'elle laissera à ses enfants et à ses petits-enfants. C'est là l'une des grandes priorités des gouvernements du pays. 16 Des lois ont été adoptées afin de protéger les espèces menacées et les éléments vitaux de leur habitat. Le gouvernement du Canada étend son réseau de parcs nationaux et prend les mesures nécessaires pour assurer l'intégrité écologique de ces derniers et la otre génération sera jugée en protection des régions sauvages. De fonction de l'héritage plus, il nettoie les sites contaminés environnemental qu'elle afin de protéger la santé des laissera à ses enfants et à ses Canadiens. petits-enfants. C'est là l'une Le Canada adopte résolument les des grandes priorités des technologies existantes. De façon gouvernements du pays. stratégique, il en met d'autres au point. Il exporte ses produits techniques, contribuant ainsi à la santé de l'environnement mondial et à la croissance économique canadienne. Le pays s'est fixé comme objectif de devenir le chef de file mondial en sciences et en technologie de l'environnement. En collaboration avec les provinces et les municipalités, le gouvernement investit dans l'infrastructure verte afin d'améliorer la qualité de l'eau et de l'air. Il adopte également de saines pratiques et encourage ses partenaires commerciaux à l'imiter. De plus, il dirige des travaux d'envergure nationale avec l'aide de la population, du secteur privé et des provinces qui lui permettront de respecter ses engagements en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, et il s'efforcera d'inciter les autres pays à l'action internationale en ce qui a trait au changement climatique. Dans le contexte de la nouvelle économie mondiale, les gens sont plus branchés que jamais, les entreprises se font plus que jamais concurrence dans le monde entier, et la qualité de notre environnement l'air que nous respirons, l'eau que nous buvons dépend non seulement de ce que nous faisons dans notre pays, mais également de certains facteurs au-delà de nos frontières. La qualité de l'environnement est un défi à la fois local et mondial; elle exige une action nationale ainsi que des partenariats internationaux. Des collectivités fortes et sûres Pour que nos collectivités soient fortes et pour que la société soit bien gouvernée, il faut que les citoyens s'engagent et assument leurs responsabilités non seulement envers eux-mêmes, mais aussi envers les autres. Le Canada a toujours bénéficié d'une action communautaire intense, et les Canadiens sont très fiers de leur réputation de tolérance, de respect mutuel et de responsabilité envers les autres. En effet, on dit du Canada qu'il est une société « d'entreprise publique » en raison de ses traditions de responsabilité sociale. La force de ses collectivités se reflète dans des taux de criminalité et de violence relativement faibles et en décroissance, dans un taux élevé de bénévolat et d'action caritative et dans la force active de son 17 secteur bénévole. En cette époque d'évolution rapide et constante, ces liens entre les citoyens et entre eux et leurs gouvernements risquent de s'affaiblir, au moment précis où l'entreprise publique doit faire preuve de souplesse et d'esprit inventif. Les gouvernements du pays unissent leurs efforts pour aider leurs collectivités à demeurer sûres et pour éviter aux Canadiens de vivre dans la crainte du crime. Au Canada, les contrevenants sont tenus responsables de leurs crimes, les personnes ayant commis des crimes graves reçoivent des sentences sévères, celles qui en ont commis de moins graves, en particulier les jeunes contrevenants, Pour que nos collectivités reçoivent de l'aide pour réintégrer soient fortes et pour que la leurs collectivités, et société soit bien gouvernée, il l'emprisonnement est une sanction de dernier recours. faut que les citoyens s'engagent et assument leurs Les gouvernements du pays ont responsabilités non seulement intensifié leurs efforts de prévention et envers eux-mêmes, mais aussi de déjudiciarisation afin de réduire les envers les autres. coûts sociaux et économiques de la criminalité. Au Canada, le contrôle des armes à feu figure parmi les plus sévères au monde et de nouvelles mesures sont actuellement prises dans ce domaine afin d'assurer une manipulation sécuritaire de ces armes et d'interdire l'utilisation des plus dangereuses. Le Canada intensifie également son travail de prévention de la criminalité au sein des collectivités en mettant au point des programmes qui satisferont aux besoins particuliers des collectivités urbaines et rurales et en mobilisant des jeunes pour aider d'autres jeunes à risque. Mais la mondialisation engendre de nouvelles Dans le cadre d'une série de tables menaces, comme la criminalité informatique, le trafic rondes, le gouvernement et le secteur d'humains, d'armes et de bénévole se sont donné une vision drogue, et l'exploitation des commune sur la façon dont ce immigrants et des réfugiés. Des partenariat pourra contribuer le plus événements récents ont montré efficacement à servir les Canadiens, à les conséquences que peuvent encourager les actions caritatives et à avoir à l'échelle mondiale les méfaits commis localement sur promouvoir le bénévolat et la l'Internet. Ces problèmes mobilisation des citoyens au sein de nécessiteront des solutions l'entreprise publique. internationales. Au pays, les démarches les plus efficaces de prévention de la criminalité et d'amélioration de la qualité de vie dans les collectivités sont celles qui mettent 18 l'accent sur le développement social et l'inclusion, qui mobilisent les personnes à risque ou en marge de la société, qui leur permettent d'acquérir des aptitudes sociales et des compétences de travail, et qui leur fournissent des occasions de contribuer à la vie sociale. Le secteur bénévole canadien joue un rôle crucial pour atteindre ceux qui, trop souvent, glissent entre les mailles des programmes gouvernementaux. C'est pourquoi le gouvernement du Canada renforce son partenariat avec le secteur bénévole. Dans le cadre d'une série de tables rondes, le gouvernement et le secteur bénévole se sont donné une vision commune sur la façon dont ce partenariat pourra contribuer le plus efficacement à servir les Canadiens, à encourager les actions caritatives et à promouvoir le bénévolat et la mobilisation des citoyens au sein de l'entreprise publique. Le gouvernement fédéral et le secteur bénévole élaborent actuellement un accord qui permettra de transposer cette relation au XXIe siècle. Le Canada accroît également son soutien à la participation au sport amateur, aux activités culturelles et aux arts et à la conservation de son riche patrimoine culturel pour les générations à venir. Les activités sportives, artistiques et culturelles contribuent de façon importante à relier les Canadiens à leur société et à les unir. Ces activités inspirent la créativité, accentuent le sens de Dans un monde où le l'humanité et de l'appartenance des développement humain, la citoyens, et constituent des points de qualité de vie et la prospérité repère en cette époque de dépendent de plus en plus du mondialisation et de grands changements. Le gouvernement savoir et de la créativité, qui de adopte des mesures visant à mieux que nos artistes et nos promouvoir l'expression de la auteurs pour ouvrir la voie. Et créativité dans tous les médias et à qui de mieux que nos jeunes « mettre en ligne » le contenu qui, très souvent, sont déjà plus historique et culturel. à l'aise que leurs aînés dans ce Il prend plus particulièrement des monde en évolution rapide mesures destinées à encourager les dans lequel nous vivons. jeunes à s'exprimer, à développer leur créativité, à participer à des échanges au pays et à l'étranger et à s'ouvrir à l'excellence dans les arts, les sciences sociales et le sport. Les jeunes sont généralement à l'aise dans le monde branché, et ils pourront jouer un rôle important en matière d'innovation. Le Canada se tourne de plus en plus vers les jeunes pour aider les citoyens et les entreprises à apprendre à utiliser efficacement les nouvelles technologies et l'Internet. Les gouvernements devront également trouver de nouveaux moyens de mobiliser les jeunes et de les placer au centre de l'action. 19 Le gouvernement du Canada a à cœur de donner des choix aux Canadiens, de les aider à connaître l'histoire diversifiée du pays et de soutenir et promouvoir nos riches talents. Le Canada a l'occasion unique de donner à ses artistes créateurs de nouveaux moyens d'expression et de faire en sorte que les Canadiens aient accès à une vaste gamme d'œuvres de toutes sortes, qu'elles soient littéraires ou audiovisuelles. Dans un monde où le développement humain, la qualité de vie et la prospérité dépendent de plus en plus du savoir et de la créativité, qui de mieux que nos artistes et nos auteurs pour ouvrir la voie. Et qui de mieux que nos jeunes qui, très souvent, sont déjà plus à l'aise que leurs aînés dans ce monde en évolution rapide dans lequel nous vivons. Un gouvernement moderne La manière canadienne de gouverner exige que tous les citoyens aient l'occasion d'aider à définir les priorités et les orientations du gouvernement. Le gouvernement du Canada reconnaît que la légitimité des institutions publiques, la qualité des politiques et la réceptivité des fonctions publiques passeront par de nouveaux mécanismes et par des mécanismes améliorés permettant de faire participer les citoyens et la société civile à la gouvernance. Par exemple, le gouvernement a eu recours à des jurys populaires pour en Tous les gouvernements font face à arriver à une déclaration un même défi : celui de mettre les consensuelle sur le changement climatique. Il a citoyens au cœur du processus également formé des cercles gouvernemental, de mobiliser les d'étude pour amener citoyens jeunes et de donner une voix à ceux et décideurs autour d'une qu'on a tendance à oublier. même table en vue de recommander une ligne de conduite en matière d'immigration et de santé. Le gouvernement est en outre conscient de la nécessité de rejoindre les citoyens des collectivités éloignées, ce qui l'a amené en 1998 à lancer le Dialogue rural canadien, qui a débouché sur un plan d'action à long terme qui répondra aux besoins particuliers des gens vivant en milieu rural ou en milieu éloigné. Tous les gouvernements font face à un même défi : celui de mettre les citoyens au cœur du processus gouvernemental, de mobiliser les jeunes et de donner une voix à ceux qu'on a tendance à oublier. Pour reconnecter les gouvernements avec les citoyens, il est essentiel d'avoir une plus grande transparence et une meilleure responsabilisation. Au Canada, tous les gouvernements sont en train d'adopter de nouveaux mécanismes pour mesurer leur performance et divulguer les résultats obtenus. Pour sa part, le gouvernement du Canada se dote actuellement de nouveaux moyens pour amener tous ses 20 ministères et organismes à mesurer leur performance et à rendre des comptes. Les rapports de performance sont déposés au Parlement puis rendus publics pour que les citoyens puissent évaluer le travail de leur gouvernement en toute connaissance de cause. De tels rapports sont essentiels car ils permettent aux gouvernements de voir ce qui fonctionne et ce qui ne fonctionne pas, et de modifier leurs politiques en conséquence. Les gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux adoptent également de nouvelles approches où la prestation des services est axée sur le citoyen : ils annoncent publiquement les normes de service, prévoient des mécanismes de plainte et de redressement, et utilisent les nouvelles technologies pour mieux rejoindre les bénéficiaires. Le gouvernement du Canada s'est engagé à offrir tous ses services en ligne d'ici 2004 de sorte qu'on puisse y avoir accès à tout moment et de partout au pays. Les gouvernements du Canada travaillent ensemble à renforcer le système fédéral, à gérer l'interdépendance dans l'intérêt de la population, à se concerter et à trouver de nouvelles façons d'accroître transparence et responsabilisation. Des initiatives comme la Prestation nationale pour enfants montrent la Des initiatives comme la force d'un système fédéral qui permet aux gouvernements d'unir Prestation nationale pour enfants leurs forces pour le bien commun montrent la force d'un système tout en leur accordant suffisamment fédéral qui permet aux de latitude pour concevoir des gouvernements d'unir leurs programmes et des services adaptés forces pour le bien commun tout aux besoins provinciaux et locaux. en leur accordant suffisamment Le fédéralisme canadien s'avère de latitude pour concevoir des particulièrement avantageux dans la programmes et des services nouvelle économie mondiale, adaptés aux besoins provinciaux permettant une interaction des et locaux. diverses problématiques, favorisant la diversité et fournissant un laboratoire naturel pour tester les idées nouvelles et retenir les plus prometteuses. En 1999, les gouvernements du Canada se sont entendus pour que notre fédéralisme soit marqué par une plus grande collaboration : ils ont pris l'engagement de se concerter, chaque fois que des responsabilités ou des intérêts communs sont en jeu, pour déterminer les objectifs à atteindre, voir comment les résultats seront mesurés et portés à la connaissance du public, partager les pratiques exemplaires et apprendre les uns des autres. L'aspect clé de cette entente est l'engagement pris par tous les gouvernements de faire rapport aux Canadiens pour que ceux-ci puissent évaluer de façon éclairée la performance de leurs gouvernements et participer plus à fond au dialogue fédéral-provincial. 21 L'excellence devra imprégner de plus en plus tout ce que font les gouvernements politiques, administration, services. Par ailleurs, les gouvernements devront attirer et retenir les meilleurs éléments compte tenu de la concurrence qui s'exerce sur le marché, et ils devront être représentatifs des populations extrêmement diversifiées qu'ils servent. Savoir attirer et retenir les gens de talent : voilà un défi de taille pour tous les gouvernements. Le gouvernement prend des mesures concrètes pour se donner des moyens d'action en matière d'élaboration des politiques, accroître sa capacité de dégager les grandes tendances, dresser des scénarios pour le long terme et mettre au point des démarches et des solutions novatrices. Le projet de recherche sur les politiques consacre des ressources aux politiques à long terme afin d'aider les ministères à se doter de la capacité d'élaborer des politiques, et d'encourager les chercheurs et les groupes de réflexion à aider le gouvernement à définir ses défis et ses choix pour l'avenir. De plus, le gouvernement du Canada veut une fierté à la fonction publique en mettant l'accent sur le recrutement, le maintien des effectifs et l'apprentissage pour qu'elle puisse continuer d'attirer, de garder en poste et de développer des gens qui insuffleront l'excellence au sein du gouvernement. Les gouvernements devront aussi trouver de nouvelles façons de renforcer les partenariats entre les secteurs public et privé et de promouvoir la responsabilité collective au pays comme à l'étranger. Il faut que tous les secteurs de la société contribuent à l'amélioration de la qualité de vie. Les opportunités au niveau mondial Si le Canada réussit à faire entendre sa voix sur la scène internationale, c'est qu'il a l'avantage d'être une société multiculturelle où les gens ont des racines dans presque tous les pays du monde. Le Canada est entouré de trois océans, ce qui en fait un pays de l'Atlantique, du Pacifique et de l'Arctique. Il appartient au Commonwealth et à la Francophonie et s'exprime dans deux langues dont le rayonnement est international. Le Si le Canada réussit à faire Canada est une nation commerçante qui croit à l'importance des entendre sa voix sur la scène investissements. Et il parle au monde internationale, c'est qu'il a en s'appuyant sur des valeurs qui ont l'avantage d'être une société présidé à la création de notre pays : multiculturelle où les gens ont « la paix, l'ordre et le bon des racines dans presque tous les gouvernement ». En cela, la politique étrangère du Canada est le pays du monde. reflet fidèle de sa politique intérieure. 22 Depuis la fin de la guerre froide, la politique étrangère n'a plus à se limiter aux relations entre États elle peut désormais transcender les frontières pour s'intéresser davantage à l'élément humain de la mondialisation, à la sécurité des populations, à la diversité culturelle et aux droits de la personne. Le Canada continue de jouer un rôle disproportionné dans la prévention des conflits, la pacification et le maintien de la paix, car les Canadiens comprennent qu'ils sont eux-même davantage en sécurité lorsque la paix règne ailleurs dans le monde. Notre pays travaille de concert avec les organisations non gouvernementales Si les pays développés veulent internationales à promouvoir la continuer de tirer profit des avantages sécurité des populations, les de la mondialisation, ils doivent aider droits de la personne et la paix, ceux qui en sont exclus à en profiter prenant appui sur la eux aussi. Voilà le défi à relever pour convention historique qui a été tous ceux qui croient à une signée pour éliminer les mines antipersonnel. Il faudra des gouvernance progressiste. approches semblables pour les armes légères et les migrants illégaux. Le Canada et ses partenaires des Nations unies ont récemment élaboré de nouvelles règles pour empêcher le recrutement d'enfants soldats, et nous continuons de préconiser que les auteurs d'atrocités soient traduits devant le Tribunal pénal international. Le Canada fait également la promotion d'une approche à l'égard du libre-échange qui soit plus inclusive, cohérente et réglementée, et qui soit ancrée dans l'OMC, de sorte que le libre-échange devienne peut-être un jour la principale garantie de débouchés à l'échelle mondiale. Le commerce et l'investissement sont essentiels pour renforcer l'économie canadienne. La relation commerciale du Canada avec les États-Unis est la plus importante qui soit pour le Canada. L'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain a eu pour effet d'intégrer le Mexique à cette relation. Par son adhésion au forum de Coopération économique Asie-Pacifique (APEC) et le rôle de chef de file qu'il assume au Sommet des Amériques, le Canada se montre déterminé à élargir le libre-échange et à en faire la clé de voûte de la prospérité dans le nouvel ordre économique mondial. Qui dit mondialisation dit richesse accrue, horizons élargis et qualité de vie améliorée, du moins pour les Canadiens et les citoyens des autres pays développés. Mais tous n'ont pas la même chance. En effet, le nombre absolu de ceux qui vivent dans l'indigence ne s'améliore guère. Si les pays développés veulent continuer de tirer profit des avantages de la mondialisation, ils doivent 23 aider ceux qui en sont exclus à en profiter eux aussi. Voilà le défi à relever pour tous ceux qui croient à une gouvernance de progrès. Pour sa part, le Canada est résolu à promouvoir une croissance durable pour toutes les nations par le biais d'échanges commerciaux accrus. Il faudra pour ce faire réduire la dette et prévoir des fonds pour les dépenses de production; il faudra aussi mettre en place les structures réglementaires appropriées et apprendre à profiter pleinement des retombées du commerce. Le Canada préconise de réduire la dette qui paralyse en ce moment les pays les plus pauvres, de concert avec les institutions financières internationales. Il est l'un des membres les plus actifs du G20, formé pour promouvoir la stabilité financière et la transparence à l'échelle internationale. Cependant, les mesures financières ne sauraient à elles seules permettre aux pays en développement de profiter de la mondialisation. Le Canada croit à la nécessité d'élaborer des politiques sociales pour protéger les pays vulnérables lorsque les temps sont durs. C'est pourquoi il encourage, en particulier par le biais La stratégie canadienne du G8, une coordination accrue consiste à promouvoir une entre l'Organisation mondiale du meilleure cohérence des commerce, les institutions politiques au niveau financières internationales et les international et à ne pas se organismes des Nations unies en limiter aux conséquences vue de consentir un allégement de dette aux pays qui ont besoin économiques de la d'engager des dépenses de mondialisation. production, de se doter de filets de sécurité sociale et de mieux intégrer le commerce à leur développement. Le Canada propose également des programmes d'aide au développement pour donner à ces pays les moyens de vraiment améliorer leur situation économique et sociale, ainsi que pour répondre aux besoins humanitaires urgents. La stratégie canadienne consiste à promouvoir une meilleure cohérence des politiques au niveau international et à ne pas se limiter aux conséquences économiques de la mondialisation. Il faut considérer également les aspects qui touchent la société, l'environnement, la santé et la culture. Tous les gouvernements devront réussir à s'entendre sur un plan d'action international cohérent et à mettre en place des structures de gouvernance plus transparentes et plus aptes à mobiliser la société civile, chez nous et ailleurs dans le monde. 24 Les choix qui s'imposent pour l'avenir Pour que la voie canadienne nous garantisse le succès au XXIe siècle, il faudra que l'innovation et l'excellence soient à l'ordre du jour des gouvernements, que des partenariats s'établissent un peu partout et que notre action soit axée sur les citoyens, au pays comme à l'étranger. Le gouvernement fédéral a des objectifs très clairs à proposer aux Canadiens relativement à ce que doit être le Canada moderne Le Canada est le pays le plus inclusif qui soit, où des possibilités sont offertes de façon égale à tous les Canadiens et à toutes les régions. Tous les enfants partent du bon pied dans la vie de façon à pouvoir apprendre et saisir les occasions qui se présenteront à eux plus tard. L'économie canadienne connaît une forte croissance et tous les secteurs économiques exploitent à bon escient les possibilités des nouvelles technologies ainsi que les avantages des échanges commerciaux et des investissements internationaux. Le Canada est le pays le plus branché du monde, un leader dans l'économie du savoir et il aura 5 p. 100 du commerce électronique mondial d'ici 2003. Toutes les salles de classe au Canada sont branchées à l'Internet. Tous les Canadiens ont la possibilité de faire des études de qualité et d'atteindre les plus hauts niveaux d'excellence, et ce à un coût abordable. Le Canada est le leader mondial dans des grands domaines stratégiques de la recherche et de la science. Les Canadiens défavorisés ont les outils nécessaires pour rattraper le reste de la société, et les besoins fondamentaux de tous les Canadiens sont satisfaits. Les peuples autochtones du Canada ont les outils nécessaires pour participer à la croissance économique du Canada. Tous les Canadiens ont accès à des services médicaux de grande qualité et le Canada est un leader mondial de la recherche en santé et de l'information dans ce domaine. La population canadienne continue de profiter d'air et d'eau propres ainsi que d'espaces verts, dans un pays qui préserve la riche diversité de sa faune et de sa flore, y compris leurs habitats. 25 Le Canada est un leader mondial dans la technologie et la science de l'environnement. Tous les Canadiens peuvent participer pleinement à l'économie et s'épanouir dans des collectivités riches de leur diversité culturelle, sans craindre le crime, la violence, les préjugés ou la haine. Les jeunes Canadiens possèdent les outils et peuvent saisir les occasions nécessaires pour contribuer à l'innovation et à la croissance. Les artistes et les créateurs du Canada ont l'occasion de s'exprimer et les Canadiens ont accès aux œuvres et aux produits canadiens. Les services gouvernementaux sont offerts en ligne, les C'est un plan pour que les gouvernements du pays gens s'épanouissent, et pour collaborent dans l'intérêt de tous que se réalisent les les Canadiens, de façon ouverte opportunités, l'excellence, le et transparente, et les citoyens succès, la qualité de vie, la sont au cœur de la gouvernance. responsabilité mutuelle, le Le Canada et les autres pays qui respect mutuel, la créativité et ont la même philosophie que lui l'innovation. C'est la vision adoptent un plan d'action ambitieuse d'un pays international caractérisé par la ambitieux. cohérence, le partage des avantages et l'inclusion. Partager la prospérité C'est là le projet moderne d'une société moderne, le projet d'un pays résolument tourné vers l'avenir. Finies les vieilles solutions pour les problèmes contemporains! L'heure est venue d'avoir un plan moderne pour que tous les Canadiens puissent se prévaloir des occasions qui s'offrent, où qu'elles se manifestent au Canada, et pour qu'ils continuent d'édifier leur avenir à la manière canadienne. C'est un plan pour que les gens s'épanouissent, et pour que se réalisent les opportunités, l'excellence, le succès, la qualité de vie, la responsabilité mutuelle, le respect mutuel, la créativité et l'innovation. C'est la vision ambitieuse d'un pays ambitieux. La voie canadienne c'est-à-dire cette façon que nous avons de vivre ensemble, de trouver des solutions aux problèmes, de respecter les autres, de nous sentir responsables des autres est assurément celle de l'avenir en ce siècle encore tout jeune qui nous invite au rapprochement. 26 6-13-00 By RANDAL C. ARCHIBOLD work with your children or watch MELVILLE, N.Y., June 12 - If them play in the backyard." a manner that taxpayers deserve," Representatives from HUD were Mr. Lazio said. there is one issue Representative Rick A. Lazio finds solidly his, one on hand. and although everybody act- David Egner, a spokesman for Mr. ed cordially, HUD officials wanted to Cuomo, countered that Congression- area in which he comfortably pro- make clear that many of the ideas al Republicans, including Mr. Lazio, nounces himself an expert, it is hous- Mr. Lazio praises, like the home own- could not describe themselves as al- ing. It is not an area many people iden- ership aid, originated with Mr. Cuo- lies of public housing when they had tify with Republicans, perhaps be- mo's staff and housing advocates. constantly sought substantial cuts to cause the 2.7 million families living "I think it was a combination of a HUD's budget. lot of different people, a lot of hous- Either way, it is not often that in public or subsidized housing na- ing activists," said Charlie King, Mr. Republicans take up public housing tionwide tend to be concentrated in as a selling point. or near urban areas more closely Cuomo's representative for New Lazio Runs on Issue Usually Reserved for Democrats: Housing aligned with Democrats. And Mr. York and New Jersey, who attended Kieran Mahoney, a Republican po- litical consultant not working for Mr. Lazio's claims may irritate Demo- the news conference. "Certainly the Lazio, said that an emphasis on hous- crats, who believe he takes more president had a role in this. Con- ing helps Mr. Lazio for a number of credit than he deserves. But on this issue, Mr. Lazio, the gressman Lazio had some role in reasons. "First of all, 'Mr. Mahoney Republican nominee for the United this. There are a lot of different said, "it is an indication he has a States Senate, totes some creden- people who came together to make record of legislative accomplish- this a reality." ment to run on. It suggests given the tials. As chairman of the House sub- committee on housing, he supported Mr. Lazio, who often speaks of his situation he would acquit himself legislation in 1998 that encouraged a visits to housing projects across the well. Secondly, the fact he acquitted greater presence of moderate-in- country, has noted the bipartisan himself well on an issue that normal- come people in public housing for support on housing but has also not ly is the province of Democrats as low-income tenants. shied from taking a lot of credit for opposed to Republicans is indicative Today he attended a meeting of himself and Republicans. he has an open mind." housing experts here to announce a Last week he angered Mr. Cuomo, Later today in Albany, Mr. Lazio program intended to foster home first during a trip upstate for a con- took up other policy questions, de- ownership. His frequent references ference of mayors and again a day claring his support for the hate to housing on the campaign trail pro- later in Washington, after he said crimes bill that the State: Senate vide a way to appeal to voters un- Republicans had taken the lead on passed last week. It imposes- stiffer comfortable with Hillary Rodham new housing initiatives. penalties for crimes motivated by Clinton by showing he is not a nar- hatred of several particular groups, rowly focused suburban lawmaker. "I don't want to say anything including gays. For years, senators This strategy also serves another much disparaging about Andrew had balked at protecting gays. purpose. It has allowed Mr. Lazio to Cuomo," Mr. Lazio told reporters "I believe that people ought not to criticize Mrs. Clinton indirectly, after his speech last Tuesday at the be subject to violence because of through a war of words with Andrew mayors' conference in Saratoga their background, that that's a par- M. Cuomo, the secretary of housing Springs. "Suffice it to say that I think ticularly corrosive impact on soci- and urban development and a major all the leadership on housing issues ety," Mr. Lazio said. supporter of Mrs. Clinton. has come from the Republican side, Mr. Lazio refrained from overt in particular from the House of Rep- attacks today, since he came to the resentatives." Huntington Hilton here in Suffolk The next day, Mr. Lazio put out a County, his home base, to briefly statement backing Congressional praise a program sponsored by Republicans who had accused HUD HUD, the Community Development of fraud and waste. "We are simply Corporation of Long Island and Fan- raising questions with an agency that nie Mae, the federal home financing consistently fails to manage itself In agency. An outgrowth of the 1998 legislation, it is one of eight pilot programs nationwide that will test the concept of allowing low-income tenants to use federal rent subsidies to help pay mortgages. "Think about what a home means," Mr. Lazio said before flying to Albany. "It's where you do home- The New York Times TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2000 6-13-00 Brend Cours Bear our UFW Js THE copied Was Reed schow Sperling Podesta 6-15 00 P.O Box 146608, Chicago. IL 60614-6608 KidsInDanger org Email@KidsInDanger org (773) 296-9658 (773) Phone/Fax Co-founders Boaz Keysa Ely Keysar Linda Ginzel 5 tea your STATE dangerous juvenile products protection of young children from A nonprofit organization for the KIDS Sub IN DANGER HR 3208 " The Daniel Keysor Memorial and Childrens Consumer Product Safety Act of 1999 " copied Reed/Chout Padesta "need to beas Heather met with supportive as them last week , possible" Jie followup. '00 JUN 23 PM10:02 THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON June 23, 2000 6-26-00 MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT FROM: LISEL LOY ADAM ROSMANAR JUSTIN COLEMAN SUBJECT: Recent Information Items We are forwarding the following recent information items: Berger/Sperling/Brain memo re: progress on Southwest Europe Trade Preference Act (SETPA) - In response to your question on how we can move SETPA, Kaush Sandy/Gene/Chuck report that since we transmitted our SEPTA draft to Congress in November, EU leaders have recognized the need to grant more generous trade preferences to southeast Europe and the EC is developing a proposal. Without effort on will our part, prospects for passage of SETPA are slim. Moynihan introduced SETPA on my April 11th; it has not been introduced in the House. We're taking the following steps to improve the chances of enactment: seeking immediate House introduction; working with Ways and Means Finance Committees to schedule SETPA hearings; and encouraging Ways and Means to attach SETPA to any Miscellaneous Tariff bill that may move this session. (B) ATF Report on Firearms Trafficking (via Summers) - Larry forwards ATF's report "Following the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers," which documents over 1,500 firearms investigations between July 1996 and December 1998, and shows that the Administration's tough enforcement measures are paying off. The Press Office issued a statement on your behalf on June 21 highlighting this report. A copy of the full report is available in our office. (C) Berger memo re: NOAA imagery in support of Gulf War illnesses research - On a Cabinet Affairs weekly report regarding a request by the Presidential Commission for Gulf War Illness for NOAA satellite images, you wrote, "should do this." Sandy reports that the requested imagery was delivered June 5 and was satisfactory. (D) Berger memo re: U.S. Implementation of Chemical Weapons Convention - In response to your question about a recent Wall Street Journal article which claimed that the implementation of the CWC is hobbled by restrictions imposed by the U.S., Sandy discusses the two legislative provisions that the article refers to. The first provision , a condition of the CWC resolution of ratification, prohibits CWC inspectors from taking chemical samples outside the U.S. for analysis; Sandy notes that we are working with other CWC parties to resolve this issue and have proposed designated U.S. labs to do the 2733 -26-00 THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON June 22, 2000 Capied Berger INFORMATION MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT Sperling FROM: SAMUEL BERGER & Podesta GENE SPERLING CHARLES M. BRAIN SUBJECT: Moving the Southeast Europe Trade Preference Act Forward Purpose Respond to your question on how we could move the Southeast Europe Trade Preference Act (SETPA) this year. Background Last July in Sarajevo, you pledged to "take generous, immediate and unilateral steps to improve market access for products made in Southeast Europe and to work with Congress to establish a trade preference program similar to our Andean initiative, offering duty free treatment for most of the region's exports." In November, we transmitted to Congress a draft Southeast Europe Trade Preference Act (SETPA) that would grant duty-free treatment to imports, other than textiles, from beneficiary countries and territories (including Albania, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, Kosovo, and Montenegro) for five years. As trade between the United States and this region is small, the cost of the bill is estimated at $10 million a year. Enactment would send a clear signal in support of market reforms and spur the EU to further liberalize its much larger trade with the region. At their March Council meeting, EU leaders recognized the need to grant more generous asymmetrical trade preferences to Southeast Europe. The Commission is in the process of developing a firm proposal. On April 11, Senator Moynihan introduced SETPA in the Senate by request, without co-sponsors. The bill has not yet been introduced in the House. CC: Vice President Chief of Staff 2 In terms of priorities, everyone agrees that the key focus must be on completing China PNTR. As you said when you signed Africa/CBI, with consideration of PNTR and SETPA Congress has additional opportunities to break down barriers to trade and raise prosperity. Prospects for passage of SETPA at this point, however, are already slim. If we do not begin some effort soon to position SETPA so that it can more easily be attached to some other vehicle, the bill will certainly not move. We intend to take the following steps to improve chances for enactment this year, spur European action and demonstrate we are delivering on your commitment to the region as the one year anniversary of the July 30 Sarajevo Summit approaches: Seek House introduction of SETPA immediately. Work with the Ways and Means Finance Committees to schedule a hearing on SETPA as soon as possible, preferably this month. Encourage Ways and Means to attach SETPA to any Miscellaneous Tariff bill that may move this session. Attachment Tab A SecState Memo with Your Comment THE SECRETARY OF STATE WASHINGTON UNCLASSIFIED Saudy MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT FROM: Madeleine K. Albright lelkA SUBJECT: Breathing Life into the Stability Pact P.Z We kick-started the Stability Pact March 29 and 30 when donors and the nations of southeastern Europe each made significant down payments on their bargain of resources-for- reform at the Brussels Regional Conference. Countries of the region reported on progress made on reform since the Sarajevo Summit. Croatia in particular used the opportunity to outline the new government's reform agenda. Each nation sought to demonstrate progress in tackling corruption, improving the investment climate, reducing trade barriers, promoting democracy and human rights, and strengthening regional security cooperation. The reports were of varying quality; continued monitoring will be essential. Donors announced committed and anticipated funds of about $6.1 billion for the region in 2000. Brady Anderson did a great job heading our delegation, announcing committed U.S. funds of $624.29 million. This puts the U.S. share of year 2000 donor assistance (not including IFIs) in the region at about 15%. We front-loaded this conference so that funding could be matched to specific "Quick Start" regional projects to be implemented this year. Donors announced a $2.28 billion Quick Start funding package. This exceeded our target by $580 million, and includes $77.65 million in U.S. funded projects, a share of just over 3%. The Quick Start package should force more timely disbursements by the EU. It will launch key projects that promise to make a tangible difference in people's lives: accelerating refugee returns; creating a regional electricity UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED -2- market by 2006; bringing potable water to the people of the Danube basin and the Adriatic; fixing transportation bottlenecks and linking southeastern Europe to Europe's main transportation corridors; reviewing the teaching of history throughout the region; protecting free media; retraining demobilized military officers; fighting cross-border crime and corruption. The quickest of the Quick Start package is a deal between DOD, UNMIK, the EU and the Macedonians to relieve congestion at the Blace border crossing. Our team and the Europeans put together a $15 million Quick Start package for Montenegro to begin in two weeks. Brady Anderson also signed a new agreement extending OPIC assistance to Montenegro. There are other positive developments. Stability Pact Coordinator Hombach helped Romania and Bulgaria resolve a ten- year dispute over where to build a second Danube bridge. The World Bank, the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the EBRD have for the first time launched regional strategies that support Stability Pact goals. A regional customs director association has been created to implement World Bank loans to upgrade border crossings and fight corruption. The EU is moving to expand EIB engagement in Montenegro. Canada, Switzerland, Norway and Japan are joining the Stability Pact. Implementation in other areas is mixed. Despite strong pressure, EU member states are not yet ready to announce any new market opening for the region. EU negotiations with key countries to establish so-called Stabilization and Association Agreements will take months. Hombach is under investigation in Germany for possible shady business dealings before assuming this post. At home, our southeast European trade preferences can us legislation is moving slowly. In short, much of the progress we have made has come from consistent U.S. pressure on the EU and active engagement with the region. Prodi and company are pushing in the right direction, but our catalytic role remains essential. I have asked my fellow foreign ministers to join me for a brief Stability Pact Ministerial in May to assess progress and chart the way forward. UNCLASSIFIED 6-29-00 thin? MMM-S Maunt Copie d what By Echaveste Reed / BC mael Podesta Christina - Could you sade an item for the weekly ? CC: AK, Burbine Thanks - BR 6-29-00 Law Enforcement clear to people that the INS is to help families and to help people understand the maze of rules and regulations." And Processing There are at least two bills pending in Con- gress that would restructure the INS. Bush Would Be Separate aides said that the governor's proposal was not patterned after any one particular measure, de- spite its similarities to a proposal by Sen. Spen- By TERRY M. NEAL cer Abraham (R-Mich.). Washington Post Staff Writer Several people at the LULAC conference praised the idea. Frank Sharry, an official at a Citing what his campaign called an "inher- separate pro-immigration policy group. the ent conflict" in immigration policy, Texas Gov. National Immigration Forum, said he was George W. Bush yesterday proposed splitting pleased that Bush is proposing reform of the the Immigration and Naturalization Service in- INS but he said the speech ignored politically to separate agencies-one for law enforce- stickier issues, such as whether Bush supports ment, the other to welcome new people to the amnesty for about 800,000 illegal immigrants country. from the Caribbean and South and Central The Republican presidential candidate also America now in the United States. proposed changing the law to allow the spous- Doug Hattaway, a spokesman for Vice Presi- Bush Proposes Splitting Duties of INS es and children of legal permanent residents to dent Gore, said Gore has supported efforts in apply for visitors' visas while their own appli- Congress to restructure and streamline the cations are pending. Bush said that policy agency but does not support splitting it into would reverse the government's presumption that visiting family members would try to stay two. "We don't need to create another bureau- in the country once their visas expired. cracy," he said. Bush announced the proposals in a speech In Washington, Bush also sought repeatedly to the League of United Latin American Citi- to demonstrate his familiarity with and sensi- zens national convention in Washington yes- tivity to Hispanics, sprinkling his speech with terday afternoon. It was the beginning of two Spanish phrases. "The Latin culture is going to weeks of outreach to minority voters that con- be a powerful influence, not only politically but tinued last night in New York with a Bush in what is right for America," Bush said. He speech to the Congress of Racial Equality. praised the entrepreneurial spirit of Hispanics CORE is a conservative African American in California, where more than 600,000 His- group that opposes gun control, and Bush was panics own businesses. joined by, among other people, National Rifle And he promised to continue and expand Association executive vice president Wayne pro-trade policies that he said are essential to LaPierre. improving the economies of Central and South Besides the new proposals on immigration America. Doing so, he said. will reduce im- in his Washington address, Bush otherwise migration pressures on the United States be- stuck close to his standard stump speech, em- cause most illegal immigrants are coming to phasizing issues such as education and eco- this country out of a desire to care for their nomic empowerment. families. "Family values don't stop at the Rio Taking up an issue he hopes will resonate Grande," he said. with many Hispanics, Bush criticized the INS LULAC is a nonpartisan Hispanic advocacy as overly bureaucratic and said its dual mission group with about 115,000 members. Gore will to enforce the borders and process new arriv- speak to the group on Friday. Bush was re- als "resulted in lax enforcement and adversari- al service." Under Bush's proposal, the INS ceived politely by the crowd, which gave him a would be split into separate agencies that standing ovation at the end of his speech. After- would be headed by an associate attorney gen- ward. LULAC national president Rick Dovali- eral for immigration affairs. na, an attorney from Houston, praised Bush for "It's an agency that sends mixed signals to reaching out but stressed that the organization the people we are trying to help," Bush said. does not endorse political candidates. "People ought to be asking the question, How Before the speech, Bush met privately with can I help you, what can I do to help you fill out a group of LULAC leaders, who aired some of paperwork?" We ought to be saying loud and their concerns. They asked Bush for help with Enrique Moreno, a veteran El Paso lawyer nominated by President Clinton to the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals last September. The nomination has been held up by Texas GOP Sens. Phil Gramm and Kay Bailey Hutch- ison, who questioned Moreno's qualifications. Dovalina, a Democrat, said Bush promised to look into the situation. Last September, Dovalina was quoted in the Austin American-Statesman sharply criticiz- ing Bush efforts to appeal to Hispanic voters. Dovalina yesterday said Bush's efforts to sit down and talk with LULAC leaders had led him to reassess that statement. The Washington Post TUESDAY, JUNE 27, 2000 CC: Bruce Reed hn J. Cullinane - Vice President Gore and Senator Lieberman are on target when identifying Hollywood's role in selling sex and violence to young people. But the real problem is corporate America, whose advertising dollars buy demographics targeting young people without bearing any responsibility for program content. He recommends that Messrs. Gore and Lieberman, if elected, convene a meeting of CEO's of major corporations and show them their corporate advertisements and the material their companies are underwriting that are so detrimental. (cc Vice President Gore) The Cullinane Group, Inc. investors in High Technology Ventures J. Cullinane my President TELEFAX cc VP. TO: The Honorable William J. Clinton FROM: John J. Cullinane DATE: September 19, 2000 Vice President AI Gore and Senator Joseph Lieberman are on target when identifying Hollywood's role in selling sex and violence to young people. However, it's just the tip of the iceberg. The real problem is corporate America, without whose advertising dollars no programs, no matter how offensive, would be on television or radio. The reason is that corporations now buy demographics, which means they are targeting young people without bearing any responsibility for program content. In fact, I believe that if many boards of directors of major U.S. corporations knew that their companies were advertising on shows such as Howard Stern, Jerry Springer, MTV, etc., they would be furious. Ironically, my company was the first software company to advertise on the Super Bowl. We used Bobby Orr as the spokesman. It wasn't until the ad ran across Canada that it occurred to me that we had no idea what programs our advertising dollars were underwriting. This is why is would be important for Messrs. Gore and Lieberman, if elected, to convene a meeting at The White House of the CEO's of major corporations. I would recommend that they show them their corporate advertisements and the program material that their companies are underwriting that are so detrimental to our young people and our society. I believe it would be an eye-opening experience for them. Since a remarkably small group of companies control about 85% of the advertising on television and radio, this would be pretty easy to do. Also, it avoids anything to do with the First Amendment. Besides, peer pressure is a much better force for good than new laws. Hopefully, you can be a major influence in this effort. JJC/mb PAGE 1 OF 1 One Exerer Plaza Boston, MA 02116 TEL 617/494-8894 FAX 617/494-1502 E-mail [email protected] Web site: www.cullinane-group.com The Cullinane Group, Inc. Investors in High Technology Ventures john 1 Cullinane President TELEFAX TO: Nancy Hernreich Office of The Hon. William J. Clinton FROM: John J. Cullinane DATE: September 19, 2000 The attached memo is for President Clinton. Thank you for forwarding it to him. JJC/mb PAGE 1 OF 2 One Exeter Plaza Boston, MA 02116 TEL 617/494-8894 FAX 617/494-1502 E-mail [email protected] Web site: www.cullinane-group.com 10-31-00 BUSINESS, CONSUMER, AND REGIONAL ROUNDUP More Custodial Parents Receiving Full Child Support Due. In the spring of 1998, there were 14 million "custodial parents"-parents of children under 21 whose other parent is not living with the family-according to a recent Census Bureau report. Mothers represent more than 85 percent of all custodial parents. About 56 percent of custodial parents had some sort of child support agreement (most arranged through the legal system). Of parents with support agreements, the share receiving at least partial payments was unchanged from 1993 to 1997 at about two-thirds. However, the proportion receiving full child support payments rose from 34 percent in 1993 to 41 percent in 1997. Between 1993 and 1997, the proportion of custodial parents with full-time. year-round jobs increased, especially among mothers; the proportion in poverty decreased; and the proportion participating in public assistance programs decreased. However, the poverty rate among custodial-parent families, at 29 percent in 1997, was still much higher than the overall poverty rate among families with children. Decreasing Employment Rates among the Disabled May be Due to Greater Working-Age Participation in the Disability Insurance Program. During the 1990s, employment rates for the non-disabled population rose, but employment rates for the disabled fell. Critics of the Americans with Disabilities Act have pointed to this as evidence that the law discourages employers from hiring the disabled by requiring reasonable accommodations for disabled employees, which may raise employers' costs. However, a recent study supports an alternative explanation operating through the supply side of the labor market: the decreased employment of the disabled is largely due to growth in the fraction of the working-aged population receiving Disability Insurance benefits. This increase in DI benefits may be a result of 1984 relaxations of various standards for disability benefit eligibility, in particular, increased eligibility of people suffering from mental illness. Growth in DI availability appears to be facilitating the withdrawal of disabled men and women from the work force. American Families Enjoying Economic Gains Since 1997, But Some Are Not Better Off under Other Measures of Well Being. New data from an Urban copied Institute survey of American families show improvements in several economic Reed indicators over the 1997-99 period, consistent with recent Census Bureau data on Jennings incomes. Employment rates increased for single parents, poverty rates decreased, and fewer families reported having problems affording food. Child poverty rates declined, and the likelihood that low-income children lived in single-parent families decreased. However, other indicators considered by the survey reveal that not all families are better off in all ways. The proportion of middle-income children covered by health insurance declined; the time that higher-income parents spent reading to their children fell; and self-reported stress among parents in higher-income, two-parent families rose. Low-income children continue to fare worse than higher-income children on every measure of child well being. Weekly Economic Briefing 6 October 27, 2000

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    "ocrText": "82\nTHE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN\n1-25-00\nTHE CRITICS\na \"more perfect\" union, not a more feck-\nless one. The new Constitution removed\nall term limits and created many na-\ntional powers, including the controver-\nsial standing army that has stood ever\nsince. Madison saw the states as too\npartial for justice (\"parties in their own\ncause\"), and, indeed, tried to build into\nthe new Constitution a veto power for\nthe federal government over every state\nlaw. He helped design the three-branch\nseparation of powers for greater effi-\nBOOKS\nciency-\"to unite a proper energy in the\nexecutive with a proper stability in the\nlegislative departments,\" he wrote-and\nROLL OVER, MADISON\nyet the phrase \"checks and balances,\"\nwhich does not appear in the Constitu-\nHow we learned to hate Washington.\ntion, has become a watchword of an al-\nLiauaBY TAYLOR BRANCH\nleged desire on his part to stymie gov-\nGuul BRew wellaut\nworth reading Br\nernment by internal constraint. Wills\ndebunks this exaggeration along with a\nPlur causes (locgala)\ndozen related myths. \"Americans believe\nI'\nJames Madison, the chief architect\n\"especially surprised to hear that most\nthat they have a government which is it-\nof the American system, were to\nthinkers in our Western tradition thought\nself against government, that our Con-\nreturn to life for a millennial in-\nof government as a necessary good. not\nstitution is so distrustful of itself as to\nspection of his handiwork, perhaps noth-\na necessary evil.\" What remains evil in\nhamper itself,\" he argues. \"We are pious\ning would dismay him more than the\nour politics \"cannot be identified and\ntoward our history in order to be cynical\nsight of his own silhouette emblazoned\neliminated from the good,\" he writes,\ntoward our government. We keep sum-\non the headquarters of the Federalist\n\"if the very existence of the good is\nmoning the founders to testify against\nSociety, in Washington-a states'-rights\nbeing denied at every level.\" To arouse\nwhat they founded.\"\norganization that promotes our era's sig-\npublic discourse from unwarranted pes-\nnature distrust of national government.\nsimism, Wills excavates American his-\nEven in an age of self-sufficient farm-\ntory in the style of the Federalist Pa-\n\"I\" seems that no bad idea can ever\ndie,\" Wills laments in \"A Neces-\ners, Madison looked beyond the states\npers themselves, with closely shaved\nsary Evil.\" Whereas only the far fringes\nto frame constitutional hopes for liberty\nmeaning, grounded realism, and mas-\nonce feared flu capicel\nin the nation, and he would scarcely\nterly allusion to ancient and American\nsumption of cer Podesta\nhave welcomed the pervasive disregard\ntexts. Not since Hannah Arendt wrote\nthrough our poli Ricche #i\nfor \"big government\" of recent decades,\non revolution and on totalitarian psy-\nstops to the Ivy Echaveste\nwith Congress and conservative federal\nchology has a scholar of such broad\nfend a putative\ncourts shipping authority back to the\nclassical training addressed a popular\nlaws by disregar Sperling\nstates, Presidential candidates running\nreadership on issues of such moment,\njury nullificatio Reed/th\nagainst Washington, major media brim-\nand with such animating reverence for\nto bear arms, an Lockhart\nming with condescension for any na-\nwhat Arendt called the public space\n\"argue for insur Penn\ntional agenda, and liberal apologists de-\namong citizens.\nanteed within tl\nfending halfhearted variations of \"Think\nWills reminds us that the first gov-\ntution-guaran\nCerville\nGlobally, Act Locally.\" Garry Wills, in\nernment that the American revolution-\nSecond Amend\nBegala\n\"A Necessary Evil\" (Simon & Schuster;\naries created, under the 1778 Articles\nquotes a profes\n$25), his third book on the foundations\nof Confederation, was a decentralized\ntheir own rev\nSosnik\nof American democracy, writes that\nstructure that would have gladdened\nthe last thing\nMadison \"did not go to the Constitu-\nthe hearts of devolutionists in the Newt\ndone is to deny\ntional Convention to defend the states-\nGingrich electoral surge of 1994. The\narmed insurre\nmore nearly to destroy them.\"\nstates coined separate monies and pur-\nlumps togethe\nWills warns that contemporary dis-\nsued their own foreign policies. Wills\nof antifederal\ndain for government is based upon a mis-\nnotes, \"Under the Articles, every conti-\nconservatives\nreading of the Madisonian design which\nnental officeholder had a one-year term,\nScalia, ignoring\nendangers its lasting promise. He finds\nand every one was subject to term lim-\nthem to rebuk\ndemocratic faith shrivelled to the point\nits.\" It was precisely such weakness that\nars for a com\nthat many of the students at North-\nMadison and his colleagues set about to\ntion that seeks\nwestern University, where he teaches-\nremedy in Philadelphia, at the Consti-\nfederal purpose and authority. He is fre-\nand, no doubt, many more readers-are\ntutional Convention of 1787-to form\nquently prickly toward those in the acad-\n82\nTHE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN\n1-25-00\nTHE CRITICS\n\"more perfect\" union, not a more feck-\nless one. The new Constitution removed\nall term limits and created many na-\ntional powers, including the controver-\nsial standing army that has stood ever\nsince. Madison saw the states as too\npartial for justice (\"parties in their own\ncause\"), and, indeed, tried to build into\nthe new Constitution a veto power for\nthe federal government over every state\nlaw. He helped design the three-branch\nseparation of powers for greater effi-\nBOOKS\nciency-\"to unite a proper energy in the\nexecutive with a proper stability in the\nlegislative departments,\" he wrote-and\nROLL OVER, MADISON\nyet the phrase \"checks and balances,\"\nwhich does not appear in the Constitu-\nHow we learned to hate Washington.\ntion, has become a watchword of an al-\nTAYLOR BRANCH\nleged desire on his part to stymie gov-\nGuul\nworth\nreading\nernment by internal constraint. Wills\ndebunks this exaggeration along with a\nFewe causes\ndozen related myths. \"Americans believe\nI'\nJames Madison, the chief architect\n\"especially surprised to hear that most\nthat they have a government which is it-\nof the American system, were to\nthinkers in our Western tradition thought\nself against government, that our Con-\nreturn to life for a millennial in-\nof government as a necessary good. not\nstitution is so distrustful of itself as to\nspection of his handiwork, perhaps noth-\na necessary evil.\" What remains evil in\nhamper itself,\" he argues. \"We are pious\ning would dismay him more than the\nour politics \"cannot be identified and\ntoward our history in order to be cynical\nsight of his own silhouette emblazoned\neliminated from the good,\" he writes,\ntoward our government. We keep sum-\non the headquarters of the Federalist\n\"if the very existence of the good is\nmoning the founders to testify against\nSociety, in Washington-a states'-rights\nbeing denied at every level.\" To arouse\nwhat they founded.\"\norganization that promotes our era's sig-\npublic discourse from unwarranted pes-\nnature distrust of national government.\nsimism, Wills excavates American his-\nEven in an age of self-sufficient farm-\ntory in the style of the Federalist Pa-\n\"I\" seems that no bad idea can ever\ndie,\" Wills laments in \"A Neces-\ners, Madison looked beyond the states\npers themselves, with closely shaved\nsary Evil.\" Whereas only the far fringes\nto frame constitutional hopes for liberty\nmeaning, grounded realism, and mas-\nonce feared fluoridated water, a pre-\nin the nation, and he would scarcely\nterly allusion to ancient and American\nsumption of central poison has seeped\nhave welcomed the pervasive disregard\ntexts. Not since Hannah Arendt wrote\nthrough our political culture from truck\nfor \"big government\" of recent decades,\non revolution and on totalitarian psy-\nstops to the Ivy League. Scholars de-\nwith Congress and conservative federal\nchology has a scholar of such broad\nfend a putative right to subvert federal\ncourts shipping authority back to the\nclassical training addressed a popular\nlaws by disregarding jury instructions-\nstates, Presidential candidates running\nreadership on issues of such moment,\njury nullification. They defend a right\nagainst Washington, major media brim-\nand with such animating reverence for\nto bear arms, and, as Wills writes, they\nming with condescension for any na-\nwhat Arendt called the public space\n\"argue for insurrection as a right guar-\ntional agenda, and liberal apologists de-\namong citizens.\nanteed within the United States Consti-\nfending halfhearted variations of \"Think\nWills reminds us that the first gov-\ntution-guaranteed specifically, in the\nGlobally, Act Locally.\" Garry Wills, in\nernment that the American revolution-\nSecond Amendment.\" On this point, he\n\"A Necessary Evil\" (Simon & Schuster;\naries created, under the 1778 Articles\nquotes a professor at Yale: \"Fresh from\n$25), his third book on the foundations\nof Confederation, was a decentralized\ntheir own revolutionary experience,\nof American democracy, writes that\nstructure that would have gladdened\nthe last thing the Framers would have\nMadison \"did not go to the Constitu-\nthe hearts of devolutionists in the Newt\ndone is to deny the People the means of\ntional Convention to defend the states-\nGingrich electoral surge of 1994. The\narmed insurrection.\" Wills deliberately\nmore nearly to destroy them.\"\nstates coined separate monies and pur-\nlumps together the rear-guard liberals\nWills warns that contemporary dis-\nsued their own foreign policies. Wills\nof antifederal distrust with spearhead\ndain for government is based upon a mis-\nnotes, \"Under the Articles, every conti-\nconservatives such as Justice Antonin\nreading of the Madisonian design which\nnental officeholder had a one-year term,\nScalia, ignoring the disagreements among\nendangers its lasting promise. He finds\nand every one was subject to term lim-\nthem to rebuke the whole train of schol-\ndemocratic faith shrivelled to the point\nits.\" It was precisely such weakness that\nars for a commonly backward orienta-\nthat many of the students at North-\nMadison and his colleagues set about to\ntion that seeks freedom by resistance to\nwestern University, where he teaches—\nremedy in Philadelphia, at the Consti-\nfederal purpose and authority. He is fre-\nEDWARD SOREL\nand, no doubt, many more readers-are\ntutional Convention of 1787-to form\nquently prickly toward those in the acad-\nDOWN WIMENT\nLONG LIVE THE\nSECOND AMENDMEN\nMULLIFY\nMONEY NOT\nNOVUS\nORDO SECLORUM\nEnwardhore\nIn our anti-government cynicism, Garry Wills writes, \"we keep summoning the founders to testify against what they founded.\"\n84\nTHE NEW YORKER, JANUARY 24, 2000\nclares, adding that none of the\nscholars-\"not even the most ar-\ndent idolater of the Second Amend-\nment\"-seeks to impugn or dis-\nsolve the U.S. military as a severe\ninconvenience to insurrectionist\nprospects outside the classroom\nand the radio booth. Lastly, Wills\naccuses the scholars of a backward\nslant on the very nature of the\nmilitias. Contrary to their image as\nhomespun liberators, the militias\nserved primarily as mobile instru-\nGREGORY\nments for political control-of In-\n\"Instead of killing the whale for its blubber, we're going to do a little lipo.\"\ndians, of renegade gangs, and, in\nthe South, of slave revolts and run-\naways. Modern echoes from these\nsensitive issues reverberate around\nemy whom he considers to be slackers,\nsupport of disaffected Antifederalists,\nwhat Wills calls \"the great myth of the\nbut the nullification theorists drive him\nand his provision for guaranteed federal\nslaveholding South\"-that rebellion\ninto a transcendent zone. \"These schol-\nsupply of the militias addressed the\nnobly resists oppression from Wash-\nars exemplify this book's point so well,\"\nprosaic reality of early America. \"There\nington instead of fostering it at home.\nWills observes, \"that I suppose I should\nwas a drastic shortage of guns,\" Wills\n\"Patrick Henry's fear that a national\nbe grateful to them for that.\"\nwrites, noting that militia volunteers com-\ngovernment would interfere with racial\nWills indicts several prominent \"aca-\nmonly showed up with rusty flintlocks\nrelations within a state has certainly\ndemic insurrectionists\" for bad history,\nand farm implements when they mus-\ncome true,\" Wills writes. \"But has this\nbad logic, and bad faith. First, he states\ntered at all. \"There was one gun for\ndestroyed human freedom or increased\nthat in their myopic search for prece-\nevery ten people in the colonies. Now\nit?\" The states codified slavery and seg-\ndent they draw supporting quotations\nthere is more than one for every man,\nregation; the federal government abol-\nalmost exclusively from the minority\nwoman, and child in America, with\nished them to raise the flag higher. That\nAntifederalists, who \"were not framers\nthree for every adult male of the pop-\nhas been the pattern of performance on\nof the Constitution but opponents of it,\nulation. Yet this latter situation is justi-\nall the great issues.\nthose who tried to prevent its adoption\nfied by appeal to the former.\"\nbecause it did not express their fear of\nHere Wills charges a fifth error: that\ngovernment.\" Second, the scholars mis-\nH\nOW did we stray so far from his-\nto support gun rights the scholars min-\ntorical balance? Wills concedes\ntakenly believe that the Founders an-\ngle legends of revolutionary Minute-\nthat the Founders themselves faltered\nchored anti-government hopes in Sec-\nmen with Hollywood visions of pio-\nin early tests of their democratic model,\nond Amendment militias, whereas, once\nneers unfettered on the range, securing\nwhich, adapted from failures discarded\nthe Antifederalists had lost the consti-\n\"their own liberties with their own arms.\"\nsince ancient Greece, rated somewhere\ntutional battle, they also lost interest in\nIn fact, George Washington's Conti-\nbetween laughingstock and long shot\nthe militias. Their whole point, Wills\nnental Army won the revolution, and\nin a world of sovereign monarchs.\nwrites, \"was that resistance to the gov-\nthere were no quick-draw duels (\"never,\nIn 1804, Senator Timothy Pickering\nernment, whether by insurrection or\never happened\") in the streets of fron-\n(George Washington's former Secretary\nother means, would be doomed if the\ntier cattle towns. Wills recognizes the\nof State), of Massachusetts, tried to or-\ngovernment were given the crushing\nreal Wild West as \"the birthplace of\nganize a secession of states because he\npower of a standing army.\nThey\nstrict gun-control laws,\" with handgun\nbelieved that Jefferson had exceeded\nwanted militias as an alternative to a\nrestrictions that allowed fabled Dodge\nhis authority in the Louisiana Purchase,\nstanding army.\" Third, the scholars and\nCity to average two killings per year in\nand disunionist movements intensified\nkindred pundits distort the role of James\nthe Wyatt Earp era. Our wayward fron-\nin Pickering's New England before they\nMadison, overlooking the fact that he\ntier mythology now sustains an avalanche\nspread south over slavery. Earlier, in\nsponsored the four separate clauses that\nof private firepower that safeguards\nthe wake of the French Revolution, Jef-\nestablished the national military, Fourth,\npublic liberty like the Marlboro Man\nferson and Madison themselves con-\nthey mangle the Second Amendment\nfostered public health.\nspired to the edge of rebellion. When the\nitself, laboring vainly to give a handgun-\nThese fantasies suggest a sixth error\nhigh Federalists under Adams rammed\nfriendly civilian meaning to the term\nin the unblushing claim of a constitu-\nthrough the Alien and Sedition Acts of\n\"bear arms.\" (\"If they are inadequate as\ntionally sanctioned right to fight Wash-\n1798, imprisoning briefly about two\nhistorians,\" Wills says, \"they are ludi-\nington. \"It makes no sense to say that I\ndozen critics whom they considered \"Ja-\ncrous as philologists.\") Madison de-\nmust overthrow this abomination, but\ncobin\" extremists, Jefferson and Mad-\nsigned the Second Amendment in part\nonly because it has given me permission\nison fatefully panicked. They decided\nas a consolation prize to win back the\nto do so,\" the much vexed Wills de-\nthat Adams had voided the new consti-\nBOOKS\nSEEN\n85\nTHE\ntutional bond by usurpation, and Jeffer-\nported his view. \"Secession, like any\nIn Henry Adams, Wills identifies a\nson, the sitting Vice-President, secretly\nother revolutionary act, may be morally\ndetachment that regards politics as a\nworked with allies in the Kentucky leg-\njustified by the extremity of oppression;\nspectacle of fools. \"The Senate took the\nislature to draft resolutions claiming\nbut to call it a constitutional right is\nplace of Shakespeare, and offered real\nfor each state a right of \"nullification\"\nconfounding the meaning of terms,\"\nBrutuses and Bolingbrokes\nlike\nagainst obnoxious federal laws. His col-\nPresident Andrew Jackson proclaimed\nschoolboys in their simplicity,\" Adams\nlaborator Madison, also anonymously,\nin 1832, vowing to arrest Calhoun if he\nwrote during the Theodore Roosevelt\ncoined a milder claim to a state's right\ncontinued into treason as properly de-\nera, having earlier refined his disdain for\nof \"interposition\" in a draft he submit-\nfined-acts of war against the nation,\nthe nineteenth-century populists who\nted in his native Virginia.\nnot a state. Still, despite these and many\nclattered into the gentleman's Enlight-\nMadison's lapse of trust in his own\nother Madisonian arguments-down to\nenment. Wills quotes a letter from Adams\nnational design would remain safely hid-\nLincoln's last plea to avert civil war by\nto the president of Harvard, his alma\nden for nearly thirty years after the crisis\ncogent proof that no political body had\nmater, archly rejecting an entreaty to\nof 1798 receded. Virginia and Kentucky\never been \"a state out of the union\"-\ntolerate President Andrew Jackson as\nomitted the inflammatory words from\nWills reports that many of his students\na guest honoree at commencement: \"I\ntheir resolutions, and no other states ap-\narrive on campus today believing that\nwould not be present to witness her dis-\nproved circulating petitions to join the\nonly Lincoln's brute force subdued the\ngrace in conferring her highest literary\nchallenge. The offending sedition laws\njust and superior right of preëxisting\nhonors upon a barbarian who could not\nexpired or were repealed, and, most sig-\nstates to free choice, and American opin-\nwrite a sentence of grammar and hardly\nnificant, President Adams and his en-\nion flocks uncritically to support nearly\ncould spell his own name.\"\nsconced Federalists reluctantly but peace-\nany local secession around the world.\nWith esoteric awareness, Wills, who\nfully surrendered national offices to their\nwrote for National Review early in his\nhated Jeffersonian rivals after the 1800\nM\nADISON'S lapse of 1798 can be ex-\ncareer, presents Albert Jay Nock as the\nelections. But after Jefferson and Adams—\nplained, if not justified, by the\n\"spiritual progenitor\" of that magazine\nlong since reconciled-both died, on\nfrailty of infant democracy in an age\nand therefore of the modern conserva-\nthe fiftieth anniversary of the Declara-\naccustomed to hierarchy, liege lords,\ntive movement. He isolates in Nock an\ntion, July 4, 1826, archivists unearthed\nand bloody resistance. Wills ascribes the\nexplicit core of anti-democratic ideology\nand published news that Jefferson not\npuzzling resurgence in recent times to a\nthat is normally submerged in American\nonly had instigated the Kentucky Reso-\n\"deep emotional engagement in the\ndiscourse. Nock wrote in order to pre-\nlutions but had submitted secret drafts\nanti-government values.\" To investigate\npare \"the saving Remnant\" of civilization\nfull of what Wills accurately calls \"al-\nits sources, he moves away from detailed\nfor the inevitable doom of the American\nmost hysterical reaction\" to the Alien\nhistory to sketch contributing attitudes\nexperiment. He considered the popular\nand Sedition Acts, with anti-Union lan-\nfrom four disparate writers of the past\nwill a pusillanimous doctrine based on\nguage that \"talked recklessly of seces-\ntwo centuries: Henry David Thoreau;\nwhat he called the subhuman \"mass-\nsion or insurrection.\" From the grave,\nHenry Adams, Albert Jay Nock, and\nman,\" and did not shrink from prescrib-\nthe great name of Jefferson inflamed\nH. L. Mencken. From Thoreau, Wills\ning its failure in all forms, inside and\nnational controversy around Senator\nextracts a revulsion for all civic affairs, es-\noutside the United States: \"Indeed, if it\nJohn C. Calhoun, of South Carolina,\npecially voting, which he disparaged as\nbe true that the mass-man is not a hu-\nwho advanced theories of nullification\n\"sort of gaming, like chequers or back-\nman being, never has been, and never\nto protect slavery. Calhoun's heirs have\ngammon, with a slight moral tinge to it,\nwill be, no such society can possibly\nsince claimed Jefferson for states' rights,\na playing with right and wrong. \"Thoreau\nbe developed, and all our schemes for it\nwhile their ideological opponents have\nachieved his sublime isolation at Walden\nare visionary.\"\nclaimed him for the grass roots. \"Jef-\nPond by purifying himself out of human\nNext to the rock-ribbed Nock, H. L.\nferson's Kentucky Resolutions might\ncompany, Wills says. He could not bear\nMencken is light fare on the \"booboisie\"\nbe called the basic document of anti-\nthe smell of distant perfumes or the\nof America. Wills summarizes the \"pro-\ngovernmentalism in America, much\nfaintest whiff of friends who tried to\nfoundly anti-democratic\" themes of\ncited and even revered.\" Wills writes.\nbail him out of jail, saying that their in-\nMencken's five major books, and recalls\nWhen Madison was discovered to\nclination to smelly conversation con-\nthe penchant of chuckling readers to\nhave been Jefferson's secret partner, the\ndemned them as \"a distinct race from\nforgive his blustery, satirical prejudices.\nbelated uproar over what Wills calls his\nme\nas the Chinamen and Malays\n\"But even as clown he helped feed the\n\"momentary surrender to 'the spirit of\nare.\" (Wills chides that Thoreau, in his\nfashionable anti-governmentalism, as 1\n'98'\" mortified him in his old age, and\nantiseptic vainglory, \"manages the clever\nknow to my regret,\" he confesses. \"At a\nhas haunted American politics ever since.\nfeat of being racist toward his own race.\")\ntime in the late 1960s, when I admired\nLaboring to protect his distinctive voice\nhis journalism, and partly because of its\nfor constitutional union, Madison repu-\ninfluence, I stopped voting.\"\ndiated nullification as a \"colossal heresy.\"\nThis personal statement comes as a\nHc explicated features of the Constitu-\nstartling departure from Wills's reserved\ntion that were plainly inconsistent with\nmanner and civic devotion. He reveals\nnotions of state primacy, and powerful\nhis own \"momentary surrender\" in a spar-\nfigures, including slaveholders, sup-\ning account that is admirably restrained\n86\nSEEM\nTHE NEW YORKER, JANUARY 24, 2000\n1-25-00\nbut unequal to his larger argument. Rel-\nment. Together they reduced Washing-\nThe Perfect Storm\natively few Americans were exposed\nton from bad to useless, fit for mock-\nto government-bashing directly by\nery in the style of Henry Adams.\nMencken, let alone Nock, and Wills,\nironically, seeks to defend democracy by\ntitles\nmorallable\nindulging a taste for scholastic short-\nW\nILLS now faces students who have\nlived entirely in a span of Madi-\nhand. His thinkers faintly suggest but\nsonian lapse. Their patriotic scope has\nscarcely influenced the jarring events\nbeen atrophied by its drip of cynicism,\nREAD GREAT BOOKS\nthat swept the entire political spectrum\nand they bring with them some of its\nWHILE DRIVING TO WORK!\ninto its prolonged Madisonian lapse.\n\"crudely hydraulic\" notions of strict\n2,500 unabridged titles on cassette & CD\nShortly before the Voting Rights Act of\ntrade-off between power and freedom-\nNot available in bookstores\n1965 enfranchised five million sub-\nthat any flow of power exacts an equal\nEasy money-saving rentals by mail\njugated black Southerners at the zenith\npenalty from the citizen, and that \"one\nof postwar confidence in national pol-\nmust be constantly vigilant, therefore,\n1-(800)-638-1304\nitics, it became uncouth to advocate\nto see that the state takes away as little\nmention code NYRD9\nracial segregation in public but respect-\nof one's freedom as possible.\" Replying\nRecorded Books, Inc.\nable-first in the South-to denounce\nfirst with \"something rather trivial,\"\nwww.recordedbooks.com\nWashington for oppressive meddling.\nWills points to laws that regulate road\nConverts sprang up to hijack the party\ntravel with stoplights, right-of-way rules,\nof Lincoln where it had been extinct,\nand speed limits, among a host of regi-\nTUSCANY NOW\nending the hegemony of the \"Solid\nmentations that are \"immensely liberat-\nSuperior Private Villas and Farmhouses\nSouth\" Democrats, and they, with their\ning\" in reality, both for physical move-\nthroughout Italy with Swimming\nallies, came to dominate national elec-\nment and for peace of mind. \"An increase\nPools some with Tennis Courts.\ntions, for three decades running, on the\nof power does not necessarily entail a\nUnrivalled knowledge of each\nsimple message that our national gov-\ncorresponding loss of rights,\" he observes.\nproperty and surrounding area.\nernment is bad. The Vietnam War spread\n\"Sometimes greater power is precisely\nTUSCANY NOW\nthat hardheaded Nockian theme with\nwhat leads to greater rights.\nIn cer-\nwww.tuscanynow.com\ncorrosive duplicity and meaningless\ntain kinds of war, the most basic right\nEmail:[email protected]\nUSA (EUROVILLAS)\nslaughter, which is what drove Wills\nof all-the right to live-can be pro-\nTel/Fax 800 767 0275\nbriefly to his Walden retreat from voting.\ntected only by the state's assumption of\nTUSCANY NOW (UK, EUROPE)\nAfter the subsequent decade of Wa-\nvast war-making powers.\"\nTel +44 20 7272 5469 Fax 20 7272 6184\ntergate scandals, undertow revelations\nLogic alone, however, is no match for\nabout assassination conspiracies, and\nthe tenor of an era. To refute canards on\nNow, order the same weight loss\nhumiliation by the Ayatollah, Washing-\ngovernment. as the enemy of free mar-\nfoods that over 1,000 physicians\nton sank to a Menckenesque farce of\nResources Boston\nkets, Wills quotes David Hume teach-\nhave recommended!\nfiscal incontinence by running up tril-\ning what drug dealers and Russian\nFree catalog\nHMR®\nlions of dollars of new debt\ncapitalists know from hard\n1-800-418-1367,\nPUTS YOU\nthat mocked the basic pre-\nexperience-that without po-\nMention code 20029\nIN CHARGE:\ntense of self-government. Into\nlitical authority to guarantee\nthis battered national con-\nrn\ncontracts, markets are a shoot-\nSTERLING SILVER\ndition burst stupefying news\ning gallery. He brings in Soc-\nof the Cold War's trium-\nLOVING HEART\nrates on the origins of the\n$50 Pendent (1.75\"x\nphant end, but the inherent\npublic space and St. Augus-\nstrength of free government\ntine on love as the bond of\n1.888.219.6060\nwww.claireworks.com\nhad become so discredited\nthe state. He argues that most\nthat the nonviolent quakes\nof the democratic wounds\nCatalogue Available\nMC/VISA\nShipping free\nfrom Moscow and Berlin to Prague\nfrom the recent era are healing, that the\nwere somehow understood as military\nchorus of bad government has begun to\nModern Literary First Editions\nvictories, the result of our mountainous\nweary its audience, and that classified\nKen Lopez - Bookseller\npreparations for Armageddon. We re-\nnational secrecy is the only legacy left\nFine books bought and sold.\nmain largely numb to the spiritual and\ndangerously intact. Unarmed truth has\nCatalogs issued.\nintellectual force of our own example.\nmoved governments toward reform\nThe Soviet demise also deflated the\nmore effectively than subversion or con-\n413-584-4827 [email protected]\nnuclear-tipped ideological duel that had\ntempt, he says, which suggests that\nriveted the world for forty years. The\nthose who rely on shotguns in the closet\ncrusade that had centered the news and\nwould do better to emulate Rosa Parks.\nmade statesmen of reporters was sud-\nFor patriotic witness, Wills appeals to\ndenly gone, and a mood of disoriented,\nMadison and Martin Luther King, Jr.\nIsland's 10 Mile Beach\npost-battle ennui spilled over alongside\nHe confronts the popular notion that\nFree 28-Page Vacation Guide\nKiawah\nwww.kiawah.com 1-800-845-3911\nthe accumulated distrust of govern-\nthe American system is designed as a\nNear Historic Charleston, SC\nAd / 323\nGreat Beach Vacations\nBOOKS\n87\n1-25-00\ncollision of selfish interests, as George\nBRIEFLY NOTED\nWill contends: \"Madison's attention is\nexclusively on controlling passions with\ncountervailing passions; he is not con-\nSo I AM GLAD, by A. L. Kennedy (Knopf;\nsolicited advice to studio heads and stars,\ncerned with the amelioration or reform\n$23). Jennifer Wilson is a self-described\nand vainly seeks to instill historical mem-\nof passions.\" Nonsense, Wills says. This\n\"empty\" person, an emotional nihilist who\nory and a sense of conscience in an in-\nagain is blinding myth from the An-\nis unable-or unwilling-to give her-\ndustry ruled by perpetual attention-deficit\nself over to another. It makes a certain\ndisorder.\ntifederalists and their \"low view of hu-\nkind of sense, then, that she works as a\nman nature\nthat any grant of power\nradio announcer, veiled by anonymity; it\nJUST Six NUMBERS, by Martin Rees (Basic;\nwas bound to be abused.\" Madison told\neven, bizarrely, makes sense that when\n$22). There is nothing stranger than the\nshe falls for someone it is her odd new\nuniverse we inhabit. Rees, Britain's As-\nthe Virginia ratifying convention in 1788\nflatmate-Cyrano de Bergerac. Kennedy\ntronomer Royal, has written a brief, read-\nthat \"to suppose that any form of gov-\nis hearteningly serious about this prop-\nable, and profoundly instructive account\nernment will secure liberty or happiness\nosition: Cyrano, it seems, has been re-\nof where cosmological knowledge stands\nwithout any virtue in the people is a chi-\nstored to life and \"dropped\" into a house\nat this moment: how the universe took the\nin contemporary Glasgow, where he be-\nshape it did, what structures now prevail\nmerical idea.\" He separated the functions\ncomes addicted to tranquillizers and strug-\nin it, and what it will be like many bil-\nof government to guard against tyranny\ngles to overcome the fear of his own past.\nlions of years from now. His book explains\nbut never limited the potential of the\nAlthough Jennifer's mordant narration is\nhow finely tuned the forces that govern\nat first suffocating, Kennedy explores the\nthe universe are, and reminds us of the\ncitizens, writing in Federalist No. 39\nimprobability of her love with the grav-\ndimensions of what we still don't know.\nthat republican determination \"animates\nity of a philosopher and the license of a\nRees writes, \"The atoms that comprise our\nevery votary of freedom to rest all our\ndaydreamer.\nbodies and that make all visible stars and\npolitical experiments on the capacity\ngalaxies are mere trace-constituents of a\nGIRL WITH A PEARL EARRING, by Tracy\nuniverse whose large-scale structure is\nof mankind for self-government. This\nChevalier (Dutton; $21.95). This ultimately\ncontrolled by some quite different (and in-\nis the unbounded hope expressed by\nabsorbing novel about Vermeer and his\nvisible) substance. We see, as it were,\nKing, whose career was an anguished\nhousehold at first seems overplotted. Griet,\njust the white foam on the wave-crests,\nthe new servant girl, arranges chopped veg-\nnot the massive waves themselves.\" This\nappeal for the whole people to vindicate,\netables by color, so the reader can't miss\nis the kind of book that transforms not\nthrough their national government, the\nthe fact that she and the painter are soul-\nonly how you look at a clear winter sky\nFounders' intuition of equal citizenship.\nmates. (Eventually, Griet will pose for the\nbut also how you think about life itself.\n\"All this may seem a little high-\nfamous portrait of the title.) But Che-\nvalier's writing skill and her knowledge of\nFEEDING THE EYE, by Anne Hollander\nminded and vaporous to people who are\nseventeenth-century Delft are such that\n(Farrar, Straus & Giroux; $27). In a pref-\ncomplaining about their taxes, the bu-\nshe creates a world reminiscent of a Ver-\nace to this collection, Hollander declares\nreaucracy, or business regulations,\" Wills\nmeer interior: suspended in a particular\nherself \"permanently devoted to art, sex,\nreligion, dance, clothes, and movies,\" and\nconcludes. \"The arbitrary and petty acts\nmoment, it transcends its time and place.\nher essays reflect that devotion. Most of\nof government are enough to make any-\nTHE UNBURIED, by Charles Palliser (Farrar,\nthem are book reviews, but, however\none grumble. But all human relation-\nStraus & Giroux; $24). Like Palliser's ear-\nephemeral or misguided the books, Hol-\nships grate or gall at times-which does\nlier \"The Quincunx,\" this novel is a pas-\nlander's comments are worth reading be-\ntiche of nineteenth-century melodramas,\ncause she always supplies something extra-\nnot make us call the parent-child rela-\na mystery set in an English cathedral close\nan insight or comparison that stimulates\ntionship, or the husband-wife bond, or\nwhose inhabitants bear little resemblance\nreflection or helps solve an artistic riddle-\nfriendship, mere necessary evils. They\nto Trollope's competitive but essentially\nand her humor is understated almost to\ngentlemanly clergy. The somewhat claus-\nslyness.\nare necessary goods that do not uni-\ntrophobic arena, we learn, has been the\nformly please. Love itself is a bondage.\nbackground for murders in the past, and\nWHAT WAS TRUE: THE PHOTOGRAPHS AND\nBut the inability to love would stifle and\nanother occurs in the novel's present. All\nNOTEBOOKS OF WILLIAM GEDNEY, edited\nthe murders are puzzles, and Palliser con-\nby Margaret Sartor; co-edited by Geoff\nImprison far more cruelly.\"\nstructs his plot like a maze and lures his\nDyer (Lyndhurst/Norton; $35). The late\nIf Madison had returned to life a\nreaders into it. The book's ruthless con-\nWilliam Gedney was a photographer of\ncentury ago, he would have found the\nsistency of style and the somewhat bleak\nunusual grace and tenderness, but, after a\nearth still thick with emperors, kings,\nview of humankind set it apart from the\nsolo exhibit at the Museum of Modern\nusual thriller.\nArt in 1968, he did little to promote his\nand dictators, and menaced by totali-\nwork. His best pictures-whether depict-\ntarian inventions soon to be born. Now,\nWHO KILLED HOLLYWOOD?, by Peter Bart\ning street scenes in India, the life of a\nunder Madison's influence, even the\n(Renaissance; $24.95). Few people under-\nKentucky coal-mining family, or the per-\nstand the complex interplay of idiosyn-\negrinations of young hippies through\nfledgling systems, while awkward and\ncratic personality, fiscal imperative, and\nthe Haight-achieve an offhand intimacy\noften suffering, are nearly everywhere\naesthetic consideration behind contempo-\nwhose resonance derives from his deep un-\nfree. Suffragettes became rabbis and\nrary moviemaking as well as Bart, who was\nderstanding of the nature of solitude. A\nsports stars in the blink of a century.\nfor many years a studio executive before\nvoracious reader, Gedney meticulously\nbecoming the editor-in-chief of Variety.\ncopied out passages from the writings of\nNelson Mandela stepped far from his\nThis collection presents the work of a vir-\nother artists into notebooks he had made\nprison cell. Garry Wills cannot dispel\ntuoso kibbitzer as he analyzes the moves\nhimself. A quotation from John Cage, orig-\nthe sour breath of recent decades with a\nof major dealmakers, directors, writers,\ninally chosen as the epigraph for an un-\nand producers over the past decade-a\nrealized book, describes Gedney as well as\nsingle book, but he restores perspective\ntime when \"corporate gigantism\" has in-\nhis subjects: \"They seem to be doing happy\nand integrity to the enduring story of\ncreasingly demanded blockbuster mega-\nthings sadly, or maybe they're doing sad\nan America that can welcome Madi-\npics that emphasize sensation and multi-\nthings happily.\" Gedney died of AIDS, at\nmedia promotional tie-ins at the expense\nson honorably at this millennium, beck-\nthe age of fifty-six, in 1989. This beauti-\nof story and character. With vinegar wit,\nful collection accords him the recognition\noning the rest of us forward.\nBart deflates the self-important, offers un-\nhe shied from in his lifetime.\nSize\nAl From really enjoyed your recent meeting. He can't tell you\nAhow much he's looking forward to working with you to build your\nliving legacy and keep our movement vibrant. See you soon.\nLuty\nER 2/23/00\nAL FROM\nEeb. 15,2000\nDear Mr. President -\nLibrary\nI really enjoyed own recent\nmeeting. d can & tell you how\nmuch I'm locking forward to working\nwith you to build your living legary\nand keep ow movement a See\nyou soon.\nOe\n.\\! From\n600 Pennsylvania Avenue, SE\nSuite -[n0\nWashington, Dr 20005\nFEB 17 2000\nPRESIDENT BILL CLINTON\nTHE WHITE HOUSE\nWASHINGTON, DC 20500\n2008\n889 at\nSILINGTON 200 PM 00\n1.werent to There\nsident - Here IS an\n- cc sid /BRUD/GUUS\narticle about Hyderabad's\nALFLOW\nClief minister that I thought\nyou might find intersting.\nFinancial Times (London)\nDan Reseathel\nJanuary 31, 2000, Monday London Edition 1\nSECTION: COMMENT & ANALYSIS; Pg. 27\nTHE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN\n2-24-00\nLENGTH: 1205 words\ncopied\nBlumenthe\nHEADLINE: COMMENT & ANALYSIS: India's virtual visionary:\nReed\nHonesty and zeal for e-governance has swept Chandrababu Naidu\nSperling\nto the forefront of politics, says David Gardner:\nFrom\nBYLINE: By DAVID GARDNER\nPodesta\nBODY:\nShortly after last autumn's general elections in India, a\nwell-known cartoonist featured a grizzled, dhoti-clad, pork-\nbarrel politico trying out a new line on a startled and captive\npeasant audience. \"Ladies and gentlemen dot-com\" he began.\nThe cartoon put under the spotlight those politicians who\nhad survived the carnage of an election which replaced half all\nMPs, and who are now busy clambering aboard a new bandwagon.\nIts driver, incontestably, is a young south Indian leader with\npiercing eyes and a passion for IT.\nN. Chandrababu Naidu, the 49-year-old chief minister of the\nsouthern state of Andhra Pradesh, emerged from October's polls\nwith unique stature. His ambitious and internationally-backed\nreform programme (and enthusiasm for \"e-governance\") confounded\nthe pundits and triumphed over the populist bribes which are\nthe staple of Indian elections. He had cut rice subsidies and\n=\nraised electricity charges, while his Congress party\nadversaries offered free power and debt write-offs to farmers,\neven though years of subsidies had nearly bankrupted the state\nelectricity board and exchequer.\nBy the time the cartoonist made his acid observation,\nfederal and state ministers were trying to steal Naidu\ntrademarks by posing with laptop computers, mouthing slogans\nabout online accountability, or announcing plans for new\n\"cyberstates\".\nBut the real lesson of the charismatic Andhra leader's\nvictory was that for the first time in India, thoroughgoing,\nhard-nosed reform was transmuted by voters into electoral\nreward. The nub of the election was what Naidu admirers\nbelieve to be the historic question he posed to farmers: \"Would\nyou like free power now and no power later, or do you want to\npay low rates for uninterrupted, quality electricity?\"\n\"Naidu showed you can raise rice prices, cut subsidies, and\nbe re-elected,\" says an official from a large donor to his\nprogramme: \"This could be a real turning point in India's\nelectoral history.\"\n\"He's the best thing in the country, \" says Montek Singh\nAhluwalia, who as a former chief economic adviser to the\nfinance ministry was architect of India's first tentative\nopening to the international economy in the 1990s. \"He's the\nfirst guy to conduct an election on the basis of economic\nreforms and the fact that we have to compete in the modern\nworld. \" But Mr Naidu's unique position rests on more than that.\nHe not only trounced his populist opponents locally but\nholds the balance of power in New Delhi. His Telugu Desam Party\n(TDP) nearly tripled its strength to 29 seats in the Lok Sabha\nor federal parliament, making it the second largest\nunit in prime minister Atal Behari Vajpayee's 25-party\ncoalition - and the only single party which can rob the\ngovernment of its 23-seat majority.\nMr Naidu, moreover, has chosen to keep his secular TDP\noutside the federal cabinet. This has three advantages in an\nincreasingly polycentric India where no single party can rule\nalone and where power is leaking to the regions: he keeps\nthe focus on developing what he calls his \"happening state\"; he\nkeeps his distance from Mr Vajpayee's Hindu revivalist\nBharatiya Janata party (BJP) ; and he emphasises his\nindependence. Many would add that in the absence of credible\nnational opposition from Congress, and should the BJP falter,\nthe fourth advantage for Mr Naidu is that he will become the\nnext prime minister.\nHe says he is not interested in the job. But in the\nmeantime, his position enables him to demand with authority\nthat New Delhi devolve fiscal power to the states and allow\nthem unrestricted access to international capital markets.\n\"There are always SO many programmes we can't get done because\nof Delhi, he says. \"It is my firm belief that we should have\nmuch greater devolution of financial power and revenue, as well\nas legislative power.\n\"Today in India, all states are (involved) in different\nexperiments - we are competing with each other.'\nWhat Mr Naidu and the growing number of his imitators are\nsaying is India as the centralised, homogenising state it has\nbeen since independence has failed. A competitive model, where\nthe successes of reforming states create a \"demonstration\neffect\" to be imitated, must replace it, while the leakage of\npolitical power to the regions must be followed by fiscal\ndecentralisation.\nCritics harp on the Andhra chief's known quirks, such as the\nvideo-conferences he holds just after dawn, with ministers and\nofficials he has made practise yoga, as he does, before\nsunrise. They suggest he is just an upgraded techno-populist\nwith a good line in gimmicks, promising to wire up a\nstate with one of the worst illiteracy levels in India.\nThe World Bank, for one, begs to differ. Just over two years\nago it decided to concentrate its Indian lending in Andhra\nPradesh - up to Dollars 3bn (Pounds 1.8bn) of it over the next\ndecade - betting on the so-called demonstration effect, and on\nMr Naidu to lead the way to reform of India's crippled power\nsector. Bill Gates is another admirer, siting Microsoft's\nsecond foreign research facility (after Israel) in Hyderabad,\nthe Andhra capital, as is Jack Welch, who has located much of\nGE Capital's call-centre business there. In Hyderabad they rub\nshoulders with successful Indian high-technology companies\nand will be able to draw on skills from a new Asian business\nschool and IT centre - inevitably called Cyberabad.\nMr Naidu's Vision 2020 programme, co-produced with McKinsey,\nthe consultants, cannot be said to lack ambition. It aims to\neradicate illiteracy within 5 years (Andhra's 80m people are\nonly 44 per cent literate against the 62 per cent Indian\naverage). Starting from an income level 25 per cent behind the\nIndian average, it plans to lift all families above the poverty\nline and raise per capita incomes seven to eight times over the\nnext two decades, a goal which assumes average annual growth of\n11.5 per cent and 20m new jobs.\nThere is political guile as well as vision behind this drive\nto transform an agricultural, bullock-powered state into a\nknowledge-based land of opportunity. Before the elections, for\ninstance, he provided simple gas stoves for 1m poor\nwomen, among his firmest supporters. He frees up land for\nconstruction companies that help him build Hyderabad's flyovers\n- six finished in 15 months against one by Congress in 13\nyears. \"I am creating a programme at macro level with minute\nattention to details at the micro level, with IT which gives us\ncontrol and the digitisation of work in progress which is\ntransparent and verifiable. \" He says 36,000 schools have been\nbuilt in four years and that now, if an official lies\nabout building a school \"he will be caught, with the people's\nparticipation\".\n\"With IT and new media, we can easily reach every part of\nthe state, \" says Mr Naidu, \"and there is also the possibility\nof the leapfrog development I'm always looking for. \"\nAndhra's workaholic chief minister is now confident he has\nestablished that Indian voters will reward performance and\neffort. \"I work very hard always and I'm asking other people to\ndo it, \" he says. \"The common man here has abundant common\nsense, even illiterates (who) have an open mind. And they know\nthere are no short cuts.\"\nLANGUAGE: ENGLISH\nLOAD-DATE: January 31, 2000\nTHE HAS SEEN\n1-31-00\ncopied cop ed\nReed/EL\nEchaverte\nStree H\nBruw SStute main\n(eniginal) reply) for\nshow with\nPodesta\ngrop location.\nDo reply B\nCI YEAR\nPAA\nCITY YEAR\nJanuary 26, 2000\nThe Honorable William Jefferson Clinton\nPresident of the United States of America\nNATIONAL\nHEADQUARTERS\nThe White House\n285 Columbus Avenue\nOffice of the President\nBoston, MA 02116\nWashington, D.C. 20500\nTel. 617.927.2500\nFax. 617.927.2510\nDear President Clinton:\nwww.cityyear.org\nThank you for mentioning City Year in your speech when you were in Boston last week.\nWe are writing to follow up on our invitation of September 30ᵗʰ to you to participate in\nCity Year's national convention, cyzygy 2000, which will be held from May 30th to June\n3ʳᵈ, 2000 at San Jose State University in California. We would be happy to accommodate\nBOSTON\nyour schedule at any time during these days.\nCHICAGO\nWe would also like to thank you for attending our national convention for the past 2 years\nCLEVELAND\n- your presence, leadership and vision in these conventions has been the highlight of our\n10 years of work. In particular, we deeply appreciated your words at cyzygy '99 that\nCOLUMBIA\n\"when I saw City Year I knew that I had found the concrete, living, breathing\nembodiment of what I thought politics ought to be about\" - your words were a\nCOLUMBUS\ntremendous honor that we strive daily to live up to.\nDETROIT\nThe theme of cyzygy 2000 is \"Social Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century.\" AmeriCorps\nhas been a breeding ground for social entrepreneurs and change agents in our country,\nPHILADELPHIA\nand your presence - as the visionary leader who founded AmeriCorps - would be a great\nhonor to all of us. Perhaps you could use this occasion to spell out your vision for\nRHODE ISLAND\nAmeriCorps in the 21st century as we become a country with no single majority race.\nSAN ANTONIO\nMr. President, we know that this is an extraordinary request to once again have you\nattend our convention. But we feel that there is no other person better suited to present\nSAN JOSE/SILICON VALLEY\nthis message to our organization, to Silicon Valley and to our country than you. We\nwould be deeply honored if you could join us at any time during these four days.\nSEATTLE/KING COUNTY\nThank you very much for considering our request. We will follow up with your office.\nNATIONAL LEADERSHIP\nWith deep appreciation and gratitude,\nSPONSORS\nCOMPAQ\nTimberland\nMichael\nAlan\nNATIONAL SPONSOR\nMichael Brown\nAlan Khazei\nA\nPresident\nChief Executive Officer\nAMERICOAPS\nMr. President\nA\nCity Year's Convention wan't be the\nsame without you- please came !\nwe all Love You!\nPUTTING IDEALISM TO WORK\ncopied\nPARADI\nReed/EL\nPodesta\nEach year an estimated 100,000 people are forced into servitude in the United States\nin factories, small businesses, prostitution rings, farms and private homes.\nNow the U.S. government is asking Americans to help:\nCall To Fight\nForced Labor\nA Report By Molly Gordy\nFORCED SUBWAY\nPEDDLERS.\nThis young man was one\nof more than 50 Mexicans\n-all deat-who were\nspirited into the U.S.\nand compelled to sell\ntrinkets on the subway\nfor more than five years.\nBrew\ncan wide\nmore on\ntim-\nBe\nINDENTURED GARMENT WORKERS.\nThai immigrant workers wait outside in apartment complex in E1 Monte. Calo. after\nthe building is raided by authorities in 1995 Eighty Lindrers antually all women\nhad been forced to Irve in the complex and work 16-hour days there as 56 wing-marchine\nUpon arrival. however. they NET: taken to the complex and had their passports and\noperators. The workers had Deen lured to America by the promise of high-paying jobs\nvaluables confiscated Seven or their captors pleaded quilt, to charges of conspiracy,\nrequiring indentured Servitude and harboring diegal immigrants They also admitted to\noperating their E1 Monte garment ractory rum 1989 to 1995 with a captive worktorce\nMore than 100,000 people\nmany of them smuggled into this country-are\nig forced to\nwork in appalling conditions for little or no pay, often under the\nt of phy ical violence or death.\nYou can do something about it:\nconcerns\nand\nA Call To Fight\nIdeas,\nimages\nfor the 21st century\nForced Labor\nBy Molly Gordy\nHome Lubona\nAST YEAR. ROGERIO\nCadeña, a Mexican national,\npleaded guilty in a West Palm\nBeach. Fla., federal\ncourt to \"conspiring\nto enslave\" 14 wom-\nen he had forced to work as prostitutes.\nCadeña had lured the women-some as\nyoung as 14-from impoverished areas of\nMexico with promises of good jobs car-\nNEW JERSEY: DOMESTIC WORKER KILLED.\nMarcelina Baluch (1) was convicted of reckless manslaughter in\ning for children or the elderly.\n1998 for slaying her Filipina maid, Imelda Ritua (F). in letters home,\nBut once the women had crossed the\nRitua had complained of being forced to work long hours and to sleep\nin an unheated basement. Trial evidence revealed physical abuse.\nborder. they were forced at gunpoint to\nwork in a network of nine brothels in\nments responded by creating the National\nhave brought the abuses\nFlorida and the Carolinas. Cadeña said\nWorker Exploitation Task Force in April\nto public attention. Three\nCAROLINAS & GEORGIA: A FAMILY\nhe and his family had made about $1 mil-\n1998. This week. to accelerate the effort.\nyears ago, 18 persons\nEXPLOITS MIGRANT WORKERS. Carrie\nBonds\n(I)\nand son, Willie Bonds Jr. (r), ran a ring of farm-labor crews.\nlion from the ring.\nMany cases\nthey are opening a hot-\npleaded guilty to hold-\nIn 1993, Carrie pleaded guilty to labor violations, and Willie\n\"This is one of the\nline to take calls from\ning more than 50 deaf\nadmitted to \"conspiring to hold migrant workers in peonage.\"\nmost vile. reprehensi-\nof involuntary\nanyone to report cases\nMexicans captive and forcing them to sell\neight years in prison for involuntary servi-\nble and odious crimes\nof servitude or worker\ntrinkets in New York. In 1998, a New\ntude. harboring illegal immigrants and\nI have seen in my 13\nservitude are\nexploitation (see box).\nJersey woman was convicted of slaying\nusing credit cards obtained in their names.\nyears on the bench.\"\ndiscovered only\n\"We want to more ag-\nher Filipina maid. The victim had revealed\nIn all of these cases. the Immigration\nsaid Judge Kenneth\ngressively pursue the\nin letters home that she had been forced\nand Naturalization Service (INS) says.\nRyskamp of the U.S.\nby chance. Now\ncases that we can pros-\nto sleep in an unheated basement and to\nthe victims had been lured to the United\nSouthern District of\nyou can help.\necute,\" said Acting As-\nwork 16-hour days. Court evidence later\nStates by false promises.\nFlorida. Yet the case is\nsistant Attorney Gen-\nexposed physical abuse. Last month. a\nWhy is this problem arising now. 135\nnot isolated. Each year. according to com-\neral Bill Lann Lee. \"A lot of cases don't\nprominent member of the Thai commu-\nyears after the passage of the Thirteenth\nbined figures from the Justice. Labor and\nget discovered now except by chance.\"\nnity in L.A. was sentenced to more than\nAmendment. banning slavery and in-\nState departments. more than 100,000 peo-\n\"Once word gets around how easy it\nple are forced into servitude in the U.S.-\nis to turn someone in for this, it's bound\nDo You Know of a Case Of\nin factories. small businesses and service\nto have an effect.\" said Rep. Lamar\nindustries. private homes and on farms.\nSmith (R., Tex.). chairman of the House\nForced Labor?\nTheir ranks include both immigrants and\nSubcommittee on Immigration.\nU.S. citizens. And their numbers are rising.\nThe Justice Department defines\nIf you know of or suspect exploitation,\n\"When I joined the Justice Department\ninvoluntary servitude as \"using physical\nreport it by calling the Justice Department hotline:\nin 1989. we see maybe two of these cas-\nforce. threats of force or legal coercion\nes a year.\" Thomas Perez. a former U.S.\n(such as threats of arrest or incarcera-\n1-888-428-7581.\ndeputy assistant attorney general. told PA-\ntion) to keep someone working for you.\"\nBy exposing forced-labor abuses, you can help\nRADE \"By the time I left last February. we\nFor example. an employer might threat-\ncorrect an injustice, relieve someone's suffering-\nwere seeing more than 100 victims a year.\"\nen to turn in an illegal immigrant.\nSeveral criminal cases in recent years\nperhaps even save a life.\nThe Justice. Labor and State depart-\nCOVER PHOTOGRAPH OF THAI WORKERS BY RICK MEYER/LOS ANGELES TIMES. MEXICAN IMMIGRANT BY APAVIDE WORLD\nPAGE 4 FEBRUARY 20. 2000 PARADE MAGAZINE\nvoluntary serv\n=? For one thing,\nA Rutgers University survey of 300 such\nU.S. citizens\nbeen\nV1\nIS\nof\nwith a machete\nothed the fields.\nSecretary of Labor Alexis Herman told\nChinese immig\nfc\nthat\nhad\nexp\n1. Prosecutions involving\nThe abuses came to light when two of\nus. \"There is better reporting of abuses\nbeen tortured before paying off their debts.\nworkers were virtually unheard of before\nthe workers escaped from a camp in\nas our perception of what is 'unaccept-\nBy the 1990s. INS Commissioner Dons\nthe early 1980s. when Congress passed\nBenson. N.C. One of them. who asked to\nable' evolves. Slavery wasn't seen as\nMeissner noted. sophisticated smugglers\nthe Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural\nbe identified only as \"Roosevelt.\" told\nbad for 200 years in this country. Even\nwere demanding their fees in advance\nWorker Act. In a case prosecuted under\nPARADE that whiskey and crack cocaine\nchild labor was legal until 1938. when the\nfrom employers. who passed on the cost\nthe act. Willie Bonds Jr. pleaded guilty\nhad been urged on him and others. so that\nFair Labor Standards Act was passed.\"\nto the workers by withholding pay.\nin 1993 to \"conspiring to hold migrant\nthey would be too indebted and addicted\nNational Worker Exploitation Task\nA clearer picture of the problem emerged\nfarmworkers in peonage. His mother.\nto escape. Roosevelt said he'd walked\nForce members noted several other con-\nin 1999. when 18 persons pleaded guilty\nCarrie. and father. Willie. pleaded guilty\n40 miles to Raleigh. where he found help\ntributing factors that converged in the 80s:\nto running a $200 million immigrant-\nCivil wars and collapsing economies in\nsmuggling ring. An INS investigation.\n\"Their story is an American story.\nThird World countries created a flood of\n\"Operation Seek-and-Keep.\" found that\nMy clients wanted to teach the\nnew immigrants to the States: lax U.S. bor-\nmore than 7000 immigrants from India\nder controls made it easier to sneak in: and\nand Pakistan had been smuggled in. \"Em-\ncorporations that they are human beings.\"\na massive crackdown on drug traffickers\nployers were ordering people like pizzas.\"\n-Julle Su, attorney for Thai sweatshop workers\nat a rural farmworkers' aid society and\nthe North Carolina Council of Churches.\n\"I don't know how I made it.\" he said.\n\"I guess God showed me the way.\"\nAccording to the Rev. James Creech.\nwho helped bring the case to federal\nofficials, \"The only unusual thing about\nthe Bonds case is that the criminals ac-\ntually were arrested. Folks turned a blind\neye back then. and it still goes on today.\"\nThere have been major reforms. how-\never. In 1996. with overwhelming bi-\npartisan support. Congress passed the\nIllegal Immigration Reform Act. Spon-\nsored by Rep. Lamar Smith and then\nSen. Alan Simpson (R., Wyo.). it made\nthe trafficking in humans a felony pun-\nishable by up to 15 years. \"When we\ncracked down on drugs with harsher sen-\ntences,\" Smith said. \"we inadvertently\ncreated an imbalance in the penal code\nthat made immigrant smuggling more\nappealing. This law redresses that.\"\nFLORIDA & CAROLINAS:\nVictims also have begun to fight\nPROSTITUTION RING.\nCALIFORNIA: CAPTIVE\nback. Last month. a maid from\nTop: Rogerio Cadeña pleaded guilty in\nWORKERS FIGHT BACK.\nBangladesh accused a high-ranking\nJanuary 1999 to \"conspiring to enslave\" 14\nMexican women as prostitutes. Bottom:\nThai immigrants, forced to work and live\ndiplomat and his wife of holding her\nA trailer where the women were held.\nin an EI Monte apartment complex\nsurrounded by razor wire (r), won more\na virtual prisoner in their Manhattan\nled some to switch to smuggling immi-\nthan $4 million in out-of-court settlements\napartment. She is now suing her\nfrom companies that contracted with the\ngrants. The result was a steep increase in\nsweatshop. Above are four of the 80 workers\nformer employers in federal court.\nillegal immigrants who entered the coun-\n(I-r) Praphaphon Pongpit, Buppha Chaemchoi,\nOver the last five years. 80 Thai gar-\nSutchai Chaisuni and Rotchana Chunchuchit.\nin indebted to and exploited by criminals.\nment workers. who had been held\nClearly. a business gains a competitive\nsaid U.S. Attorney Paul Coggins in Texas,\ncaptive by sweatshop operators in\nedge by using labor supplied by smug-\nwhose office tried the case. \"Only. instead\nMonte. Calif.. and forced to work\nglers. \"There's no way a business paying\nof. TII have a large pie with pepperoni.\n16-hour days under armed guard.\nthe minimum wage and taxes required\nit was. Give me a husband and wife who\nto labor violations. The Bonds family had\nwon more than St million in out-of-court\nby law can compete with one using in-\nlive in my attic and work in my store.\"\nrecruited homeless men to work on farms\nsettlements from manufacturers and re-\nvoluntary help.\" Secretary Herman said:\nRecently. immigrants from China have\nin the Carolinas and Georgia in 1991.\ntail chains that had contracted the work.\nBy the mid-1980s. international rings of\npromised smugglers as much as $50.000\nThe men were promised minimum wage\n\"Their story is an American story.\"\nmmmigrant-smugglers were charging their\nin future wages to stow away in metal car-\nand free apartments. Instead. they were\nsaid Julie Su. a lawyer who helped ne-\nhuman cargo up to $35,000 for passage\ngo containers on giant freighters. Last\nheld in one room with a single toilet.\ngotiate the settlements. \"My clients\nand false papers. When the immigrants\nmonth, 18 Chinese men were found in\nTheir wages were docked for food and\nwanted to teach these corporations that\nwere unable to pay. they became inden-\ncontainers on a freighter in Seattle. Three\n\"rent.\" SO that pay for 60 hours of work\nthey are human beings too and to make\ntured to or actimized by their traffickers.\nhad died during the two-week journey.\nusually ranged from $10 to nothing. A\nit harder for this to happen again.\"\n16\nPARADE MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 20, 2000 PAGE 5\nSTREET a\nHOME 15 not a\nSolving America's\nHomeless Dilemma\nAndrea-\nLook this\nover - President\nTHE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN\naskedis to.\n3-3-00\n-RR\nCopied\nReed\nPodesta\nJUDGE ROBERT C. COATES\n3-6-00\nBUSINESS, CONSUMER, AND REGIONAL ROUNDUP\nCensus Provides First Official E-Commerce Estimate. Retail E-commerce\nsales were $5.3 billion in the fourth quarter of 1999, according to the first official\nestimate of such sales, released this week by the Census Bureau. Such sales,\ndefined as sales of goods and services over the Internet and other online systems,\nwere 0.64 percent of total retail sales of $821.2 billion in the quarter. Available\nevidence suggests that about 15 percent of retail firms are involved in E-\ncommerce sales.\nBoskin Commission Members See Smaller CPI Bias. Members of the Boskin\nCommission believe that methodological changes implemented by the Bureau of\nLabor Statistics have reduced the bias in the CPI from the 1.1 percentage point\nlevel reported by the Commission in 1996. Responding to a survey by the\nGeneral Accounting Office, the individual members put the remaining bias at\nbetween 0.73 and 0.9 percentage point annually, and they attribute the remaining\ncaped\nbias to what the Commission referred to as \"new products/quality change bias.\"\nReed,\nExpanded Insurance Can Mean Fewer Avoidable Hospitalizations. By\nincreasing access to hospital care, expansion of public health insurance should\nlead to more hospitalizations. At the same time, however, it might reduce\navoidable hospitalizations-defined as those that might not have occurred had\npatients received effective, timely, and continuous outpatient medical care for\ncertain chronic disease conditions. In the case of children, a recent study found\nthat expansions in Medicaid eligibility between 1983 and 1996 led to a net\nincrease of 10 percent in overall pediatric hospitalizations but a decline of 22\npercent in avoidable ones. The study notes that because an average inpatient\nhospital visit is roughly 40 times more expensive than an average outpatient visit,\nthis reduction in avoidable hospitalizations makes medical care more efficient.\nThe eligibility expansions also appear to have been associated with a significant\nshift in the types of hospitals where children are treated, from public hospitals to\nfor-profit facilities.\nHomelessness Persists but Services Improve. Between 2.3 and 3.5 million\nThis Bllene\npeople, nearly 40 percent of them children, are estimated to experience\nhomelessness at least once during a year, according to a recent Urban Institute\nstudy based on 1996 data. People living at or below the poverty line are the most\nvulnerable to experiencing a homeless episode; between 6.3 and 9.6 percent of\nthose in poverty are likely to be homeless at some point during the year. At the\nsame time, the network of homeless services is larger and more diverse than it\nwas in the late 1980s. The nation's shelter and housing capacity grew by 220\npercent between 1988 and 1996. Soup kitchen and meal distribution services in\ncentral cities nearly quadrupled between 1987 and 1996, from 97,000 to 382,100\nmeals on an average day in February. Much of the new growth, according to the\nstudy, is due to new funding and to priorities placed on developing transitional\nThey\n&\nand permanent housing.\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n6\nMarch 3, 2000\nTHE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN\n3.6.00\nparticipate in these facilitated race discussion and new ones are beginning. Two were\njust completed in San Francisco.\nBlack History Month: GSA Central Office and regional offices recently hosted\nprograms as part of the observance of Black History Month. The DC program was\ncalled a \"Salute to Ghana,\" featuring Koby A. Koomson, the Ambassador of Ghana to\nthe US. The NY region had a guest speaker, Dr. Roscoe Brown, former Tuskegee\nAirman and Director of the Center for Urban Education Policy at the Graduate School\nand University Center of the City University of NY. In addition, the African Burial\nif\nGround Office of Memorialization sponsored The African Burial Ground Ring Shout\nPerformance Series in the lobby of the Federal Building in Manhattan.\nDepartment of Housing and Urban Development\nPolicy to Sell Homes to Local Governments: HUD has launched a new\nate housing real a\nu\nsell local governments thousands of HUD-owned homes for $1 each to create\nfor families in need and to benefit neighborhoods. By selling vacant homes for $1 after\nsix months on the market, HUD will make it possible for communities to fix up the\nhomes and put them to good use at a considerable savings. Local governments buying\nHUD homes for $1 can sell or rent them to low- and moderate-income families, to first-\ntime homebuyers, or to groups that will use the homes to provide services such as child\ncare centers or job training centers.\nHomes in extremely deteriorated condition, where rehabilitation is not feasible, will be\nV\ndemolished by HUD and the vacant lots will be offered for sale to the local government\nfor $1. Secretary Cuomo and Congressman John Kasich of Ohio announced the new\nHUD Good Neighbor Policy stating that it was good for neighborhoods, communities\nand families.\nLatina Issues Forum: Eva Plaza, Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal\nOpportunity, will deliver the keynote address at the Fifth Annual Latina Issues Forum in\nMoncure, North Carolina, March 11-12, sponsored by El Pueblo (an affiliate of the\nNational Council of La Raza). The event, entitled \"Counting on You for Our Future,\" will\nbring together Latina leaders of the Southeast to mobilize advocates and plan for future\nactivism.\nBest Practices Agreement: Assistant Secretary Eva Plaza and senior officials of\nCountrywide Home Loans, Inc. (Countrywide) signed a Declaration of Fair Lending\nPrinciples and \"Best Practices\" Agreement in Pasadena, California, on February 24th\nbefore an audience of 150+ people. This current agreement, which supplements a\n1994 Agreement, memorializes Countrywide's commitment to the principle of providing\ngreater opportunities to obtain mortgage credit for all creditworthy Americans regardless\nof race, creed, religion, ethnic background, gender, sexual preference, familial status,\nage and disability. The effective implementation of this principle has realized greater\nreturns from existing markets, opened new markets to Countrywide, and will enable the\n3-7-00\nTHE WHITE HOUSE\nDeputy Chief of Staff\nMr President:\nWe (Bunce Reed, Bethnolan,\netal.) met with Civil Rights\ncoalition on Conyers bill.\nthey walked no through\nwhat they would like to\nsee enacted. we made\nclear that we were not\nview on the bill atthis\nin a position to express a\ntime (it will beintroduced latter\nthis muk). Bruce Reed and\nBeth nolan will coordinate\na policy process to develop\nquickly J an appropriate look\ndisponse and also at\nH. PRice's letter.\nMARIA\nCC: Bruce Reed V\nBeth Nolan\nJohn Podesta\nTHE WHITE HOUSE\nWASHINGTON\nEntere\nReport\nMarch 3, 2000\nJohnson\nPotenta\nMEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT\nFROM:\nBEN JOHNSON\nSUBJECT: OFFICE ON THE PRESIDENT'S INITIATIVE FOR ONE AMERICA\nWEEKLY REPORT\nACTIONS\nMeeting with Minority Journalist: We met with Dorothy Gilliam, a journalist with the\nWashington Post, and former president of the National Black Journalists Association.\nThe meeting was a forerunner to one on diversity that we are planning to have with the\nleaders of all minority journalist associations. Ms. Gilliam was very helpful in advising\nus on how to engage the print media on diversity. She also said that if you plan to\nspeak before the American Society of Newspaper Editors in April, it would be useful to\nhighlight the need for more diversity in the newsrooms of daily newspapers.\nWe learned that 40% of all newspapers do not have any people of color in their ranks.\nShe has agreed to provide us with statistical information on the number of minoritles\nworking for daily newspapers, both at the staff level and in decision-making\nmanagement positions.\nArmy Corp of Engineers: Congressman James Clyburn sent you a letter citing his\nconcerns about recent news accounts regarding the Army Corp of Engineers. I have\nattached the letter for your review. Aside from the points made in his letter, it appears\nthat there is concern on the part of some CBC members that Lt. General Ballard is just\ndoing his job and is not being supported strongly enough by civilian appointees in the\nDefense Department. Ballard is the highest-ranking African American general in the\narmy.\nRacial Profiling Legislation: Congressman John Conyers is preparing a bill, \"Law\nEnforcement Trust and Integrity Act of 2000\" that goes a lot farther than his previous Bill\non racial profiling. Along with amending sections of pre-existing law to increase\ncaupul ww arriver\navenues for relief, the bill would require the Justice Department to establish a task force\nto coordinate the investigation, prosecution and enforcement efforts of federal, state and\nlocal governments in cases related to law enforcement misconduct. Additionally, the Bill\ncreates a commission to investigate civil rights complaints against INS and Customs\nService and requires the Attorney General to perform an initial analysis of accreditation\nstandards for law enforcement and recommend areas for more standards.\ncharged in the case. Civil Rights organization leaders will also call on Congress this month to\nintroduce and pass a law enforcement bill that requires the AG to perform an analysis of existing\nlaw enforcement accreditation standards and recommend areas for the development of national\nstandards for accreditation of law enforcement agencies. Organizational leaders will meet with\nthe Administration on Monday to discuss the proposed Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act\nof 2000.\nNational Urban League's Hugh Price urges you and your administration to utilize its\nregulatory and financial leverage to compel local police departments to reform their\npolicies and practices. After a Friday press conference in Washington, DC. Price sent a letter to\nyou recommending: 1.) promulgate a series of best personnel and firearms practices based on\nreal world experiences: 2.) require local police departments that receive federal assistance to\ninstitute and adhere to the best practices as a condition of continued receipt of federal aid: 3.)\nsuspend federal funding for local departments that experience and fail to address serious\nwe Co\nproblems of police brutality and abuse: and 4.) terminate federal aid to local departments that\nsteadfastly refuse to implement best practices. Price is concerned that after last week's Diallo\nverdict, the African American community has lost a significant amount of faith in the ability of\nstate courts to dispense justice and the capacity of local police departments to police themselves.\nAGRICULTI RE OUTREACH\nLeland Swenson re-elected as president of NFU. On Saturday, February 26. delegates to the\nNational Farmers Union's (NFU) 98th Anniversary Convention in Salt Lake City, UT re-elected\npresident Leland Swenson and elected Alan Bergman as the organization's new vice president.\nSwenson. who ran unopposed. has served as president of the NFU for 12 years. Bergman. who\nsucceeds Ohio Farmers Union President Charlie Nash, has served as president of the North\nDakota Farmers Union from 1986 and 1996 and is a third-generation family farmer. raising small\nCrigin\ngrains and livestock near Judd. North Dakota.\nASLIN PACIFIC AMERICA Oi TREAC\nOPI. Hosts Meeting with Bangladeshi American Community on Trip to South Asia. A\ndozen Bangladeshi American leaders met with OPL. NSC and the State Department to share\nideas regarding your upcoming trip to South Asia. The leaders expressed their hope that the\nPresident would highlight the need for conflict resolution among political factions and cautioned\ncopied\nnot to be perceived as supporting either the current government leadership or the opposition.\nThey also asked that your trip focus on the issues of health and the environment (i.e. major\nEchavente\nproblem with arsenic in water supply) and expansion of business and trade between the U.S. and\nBankherat\nBangladesh.\n(for cepay)\n(GA) LESBLAN 01 TREACH\nVirginia M. Apuzzo. will serve as interim National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Political\nDirector. Apuzzo is the current holder of the Virginia Apuzzo Chair for Leadership in Public\nPolicy at the NGLTF Policy Institute and the former Executive Director. She will be in charge\nof NGLTF's program efforts. which include state and federal advocacy, communications\noperations and local organizing and training, including NGLTF's annual \"Creating Change\"\nconference.\n2\nCC Andrea\n4-4-00\nGroups Seek More Administration Help on Hunger Relief Act. In an OPL-hosted meeting\nwith Bruce Reed, representatives of Catholic, Lutheran, and Jewish social service agencies, the\nGREAT STATES 33\nSalvation Army, and Volunteers of America expressed continuing concern about the resources\nthe working poor must devote to housing. They describe their religious community as becoming\n\"a grocery store not an emergency resource,\" with families forced to use food pantries and meal\nprograms on a continuing basis because of the high cost of housing. Lutherans reported that over\n50% of those coming to their emergency food sites are the working poor and their children.\nSENIORS OUTREACH\nConsumer Groups Pleased with the Social Security and Medicare Trustees Reports. Your\nevent in New York was very well received, but it will be important to continue sending the\nmessage about the importance of prescription drug coverage for the middle class.\nAging Community Applauds Changes in Retirement Earnings Limit. Aging groups,\nespecially the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare, are pleased with\nthe House and Senate votes. They hope you will use this legislation's passage as an opportunity\nto publicize your dedication to expanding opportunities for seniors and your commitment to\npreserving and strengthening Social Security.\nAging Community Seeks Reauthorization of Older American's Act (OAA). AARP\ncontinues to negotiate a compromise between the National Council of Senior Citizens, National\nCouncil on Aging, Green Thumb, and minority groups (grantees of Title 5 funding) for\nreauthorization of the OAA. This is a high priority for the aging community and important for\nthe Administration's efforts to pass the Family Caregiver Initiative. Without OAA\nreauthorization, Congressional staff claims they cannot fund a $125 million family caregiver\nsupport program.\ncopied\nWOMEN'S OUTREACH\nReed\nSperling\nOPL Hosts Activities to Commemorate Women's History Month. The Women's Office\nkicked off Women's History Month with a conference call for 40 women's history organizations\naround the country. A central feature of this year's celebration is a first-ever Women's History\nMonth website, with a link on the White House home page. The website includes access to your\nproclamation, Administration accomplishments, and International Women's Day message. It\nalso provides links to women's offices throughout the Administration. In addition to\ndisseminating information to various organizations, the Women's Office participated in\nnumerous celebratory activities hosted by nearly every Administration agency. The women's\ncommunity is especially supportive of your establishment of the President's Commission for the\nCelebration of Women in American History. One of the month's highlights was an event we co-\nhosted with the Commission and the Congressional Women's Caucus for over 600 women\nleaders and activists.\n4\n4-19-00\nWEEKLY ECONOMIC BRIEFING\nOF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES\nPrepared by the Council of Economic Advisers\ncopied\nwith the assistance of the Office of the Vice President\nBailey\nApril 14, 2000\nSperling\nReed\nPodesta\nCHART OF THE WEEK\nG-7 Announced Contributions to HIPC Trust Fund\n800\n0.030\nTotal announced contributions (left scale)\n700\nPercent of GDP (right scale).\n0.025\n600\n0.020\n500\nMillions of dollars\n400\n0.015\nPercent of GDP\n300\n0.010\n200\n0.005\n100\n0\n0.000\nUnited United Germany Japan France Italy Canada\nStates Kingdom\nThe Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Trust Fund is seeking $3.6 billion of\nexternal support for regional multinational development banks that are unable to\npay their share of the $28 billion enhanced HIPC Initiative. Thus far $329 million\nin contributions have been received from 16 countries, and 26 countries have\npledged almost $2 billion more. The largest donors to the Trust Fund are the G-7\nand the Netherlands. Some countries have conditioned pledges or additional\nnew funding on a U.S. contribution.\nCONTENTS\nSPECIAL ANALYSES\nThe Digital Divide in IT Employment\n1\nGuns and Teen Violence\n3\nARTICLE\nPoland: Lessons in Transition\n5\nDEPARTMENTS\nBusiness, Consumer, and Regional Roundup\n7\nInternational Roundup\n8\nReleases\n9\nU.S. Economic Statistics\n10\nFinancial and International Statistics\n11\nMY CENSUS FORM ?\nIT DIDN'T SAY ANYTHING\nABOUT WINNING MILLIONS\nOF DOLLARS So I\nTHREW IT OUT.\n98\nSPECIAL ANALYSIS\nThe Digital Divide in IT Employment\nEmployment in core information technology (IT) jobs such as computer systems\nanalysts, computer scientists, and computer programmers has doubled over the\nlast decade, reaching 2.2 million workers in 1999. The CEA estimates that\nmedian wages are about 80 percent higher than in the non-IT sector. An\nexpanding and well-paid field, IT can offer substantial opportunity for those with\nappropriate skills. But employment patterns by race/ethnicity and gender reveal\nanother facet of the digital divide.\nEmployment in Core IT Occupations\nMinority and female representation.\n7\nCEA calculations find that\n6\nPercent of full-time workers\nemployment in core IT occupations\n5\nrepresents about 2 percent of the full-\n4\n3\ntime workforce (see chart). For\n2\nwhites, the percentage is slightly\n1\nhigher, while only about 1 percent of\n0\nAfrican Americans and less than 1\nOverall\nBlack.\nAsian\nMen\nWomen\nHispanic,\npercent of Hispanics hold core IT jobs.\nAmerican\nIndian\nWomen are only half as likely as men\nto be employed in these occupations.\nEducational attainment. Two-thirds of full-time core IT workers have a\nbachelor's degree or more, hence differences in educational attainment might help\nexplain these differences in IT employment. For African Americans with a\nbachelor's degree who work full time, there is no employment gap: the\nproportion of such workers in core IT occupations is about 4½ percent. the same\nas that of comparable non-Hispanic whites. In contrast, even among those with\nBA/BS degrees, Asians are still about three times as likely to work in IT as non-\nHispanic whites. Women with a bachelor's degree are employed at half the rate\nas men with bachelor's degrees. Evidence for Hispanics is mixed, but having a\nbachelor's degree does not appear to eliminate the IT employment gap.\nWhat's your major? About two-thirds of core IT workers with a bachelor's\ndegree have a science, mathematics, or engineering background. Thus, the choice\nof major is a key determinant of subsequent IT employment. Data from a\nNational Science Foundation survey of college graduates indicate that African\nAmericans and Hispanics earn degrees in science and engineering at the same rate\nas whites. Thus, their low representation in IT employment would seem to reflect\nlower rates of college attendance, not choice of major once in college. The\nsituation is different for women, who earn more than half of all bachelor's degrees\nbut are much less likely than men to graduate with science or engineering degrees.\nEarnings. While much of the under-representation of minorities in core IT jobs\nappears to be related to educational differences, the variation in earnings in core\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n1\nApril 14, 2000\nIT jobs is substantial even when education is held constant. Although small\nsample sizes in the available data make it difficult to reach definitive conclusions,\nAfrican Americans with a bachelor's degree or greater appear to earn\nsubstantially less in IT jobs than other racial groups with the same educational\nattainment. Women, for whom there are more data, earn about 15 percent less\nthan men in core IT occupations after controlling for education. These gender\nearnings differences exist even though age and hours of work are similar for men\nand women in core-IT jobs. Race and gender pay gaps may arise because women\nand African Americans are disproportionately represented in lower-paying sub-\noccupations.\nConclusion. Employment and earnings differences by race and gender in IT jobs\nreveal yet another dimension of the digital divide. While educational attainment\nand choice of major are key factors in explaining these differences, they do not\ntell the full story.\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n2\nApril 14, 2000\nSPECIAL ANALYSIS\nGuns and Teen Violence\nRecent trends showing declining teen suicide and homicide victimization\nencouraging. Nevertheless, the harmful effects of the proliferation of in the\nguns American are Osma\nmid-1980s remain evident. New evidence focused on African\nteenagers is instructive.\nThe crack connection. Crack cocaine first arrived in large cities like Miami, Los\nAngeles, and New York around 1983. A large number of youth, especially\nAfrican American teenagers. were drawn into the crack trade. After remaining\nfairly constant from 1975 through 1984, drug arrest rates among non-white\njuveniles more than doubled between 1985 and 1989. Social scientists have\nhypothesized that a distressing by-product of the rapid growth in crack trade was\nthe dissemination of guns into the hands of many American teenagers African\nAmericans in particular. The nucleus of the diffusion process was gun possession\nby teens directly involved in drug markets. but possession became far broader as\nother teens acquired guns in reaction to this trend-for perceived self-protection\ncopied\nor as a status symbol. (One 1993 study conducted in center-city schools found\nthat 22 percent of students possessed guns. with 68 percent citing protection as the\nmain reason.)\nSperling\nReed\nGun homicide. The apparent increase in teenage gun possession in the mid-\n1980s has been suggested as a factor in several trends, the most disturbing of\nwhich is the rapid rise in deaths among African American teens due to gun\nhomicide (see upper chart). There are\nBlack Homicide Rate\n80\ntwo competing explanations for the\n70\nFirearm homicide\nsharp rise in homicides. First, the rise\nDeaths per 100,000 aged 15-19\n60\nin gun possession may have directly\n50\nincreased the lethality of confrontations\n40\namong teens. Second, there may\n30\nsimply have been an increase in teens'\n20\ninclination toward violence. Indeed\nNon-firearm\n10\nhomicide\nboth factors may have been at work,\n0\nbut if the latter explanation were the\n1979\n1984\n1989\n1994\npredominant influence, we might\nBlack Firearm-Related Suicide and\nexpect to observe an increase in both\nAccident Rates\ngun and non-gun homicide. In fact,\n9\n8\nnon-gun homicide victimization among\nDeaths per 100,000 aged 15-19\n7\nAfrican American teens remained\n6\nSuicide\nroughly constant through the 1980s.\n5\n4\n3\nFatal gun accidents. The underlying\nAccident\n2\npremise that more guns were finding\n1\ntheir way into the hands of African\n0\nAmerican teens in the mid-1980s is\n1979\n1984\n1989\n1994\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n3\nApril 14, 2000\nESIDENT HAS BEE\n4-19-00\nsupported by trends in deaths from gun accidents. The rate of fatal gun accidents\nwas more than four times as high in 1993 as in 1983 (see lower chart on previous\npage).\nGun suicide. The proliferation of guns also likely played a key role in suicides\namong African American teens. While\nState Gun Ownership Rates and Teen Suicide\nthe rate of gun suicides increased\n18\nrapidly in the mid-1980s, the non-gun\n16\n=CO\n14\nsuicide rate remained fairly constant\nSuicides per 100,000 aged 15 19\nWA\nMO\nTX\n12\n:\nfor this group. The idea that gun\nVA\n\"IN\nINC\n10\nPA\nMI\nTN\naccess directly leads to increasing\nIL\n=CA\nFL\n8\nOH\nNY\nsuicide is also supported by a cross-\naMA\n6\nstate analysis of suicide rates among\nNJ\n4\nteens generally. In states where more\n2\nhouseholds have guns, overall teen\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\nPercent of households owning a gun\nsuicide rates are much higher (see\nchart, which presents statistics for the\n17 large states for which there are data). Importantly, this relationship holds\nbecause gun-related teenage suicide is higher in states with high gun ownership;\nnon-gun teen suicides are not correlated with gun ownership. (These results are\nconsistent with an earlier Weekly Economic Briefing analysis of overall suicide\nrates and guns.)\nSome good news in the 1990s. The spread of guns among center-city youth in\nthe mid-1980s was likely responsible for the disastrous increases in homicide,\nCash\nsuicide and accidental death among African American teens. By the mid-1990s\ngun-related death rates were declining for this demographic group, perhaps\nbecause of a decline in the levels of gun possession by more recent cohorts of\nteenagers. However, gun homicide and suicide rates remain relatively high,\npresumably because a large stock of guns remains accessible to youth. Policies\nthat are effective in reducing the gun possession by teens should reinforce the\nrecent downward trend in teen mortality.\nMAR\ncopied\nSperling\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n4\nApril 14, 2000\nARTICLE\n4-19-00\nPoland: Lessons in Transition\nPoland has been the most successful of the transition economies in moving from a\ncentrally planned to a market economy. A recent study by a large consulting firm\nexplores the reasons why and points to the economic challenge Poland still faces.\nAdjustment and recovery after 1989. Real GDP per capita in Poland dropped\nby about 18 percent between 1989 and 1991 following the implementation of\nmarket reforms. Communist-era products and services found it difficult to pass\nthe market test following liberalization, and government spending fell. Between\n1992 and 1998. however, Polish real GDP per capita grew at around 6 percent per\nyear, reaching a level 16 percent higher\nGDP per Capita in Transition Economies in 1998\nthan in 1989. This success contrasts\nsharply with other major transition\nPoland\n116\neconomies, which have not yet regained\nCzech Republic\n95\ntheir 1989 level (see chart).\nHungary\n93\nProductivity and employment.\nRussia\n60\nPoland's turnaround mostly reflects\nUkraine\n40\nsolid productivity growth of 5 percent\n0\n50\n100\n150\nper year in real GDP per worker\nIndex (GDP per capital in 1989=100)\nbetween 1992 and 1998. Employment.\nby contrast, has yet to recover fully\nfrom a sharp setback following liberalization. Though down from its peak of 16\npercent, the unemployment rate remains above 10 percent.\nGrowth in productivity resulted from increasing utilization of the industrial assets\nthat continued to operate and from investment in new, more productive facilities.\nForeign direct investment accounted for more than half of all private investment\nin 1998 and was crucial in boosting private investment from 5 percent of GDP in\n1995 to 13 percent in 1998. Even this investment level is relatively modest,\nhowever, and the overall level of productivity remains low by advanced country\nstandards (29 percent of the U.S. level in 1998).\nSound macroeconomic policies. In contrast to other transition economies.\nPoland followed sound monetary and fiscal policies. Following a surge after\nliberalization, inflation has gradually been brought under 10 percent. The public\nsector budget deficit was kept below 4 percent of GDP, which, along with strong\neconomic growth and debt relief granted by foreign creditors, has cut the public\ndebt-to-GDP ratio to around 50 percent.\nGenerally successful privatization. Poland established a successful framework\nfor privatization and the process has been virtually completed in much of the\neconomy. In the privatized markets, prices have been freed and competitive\nconditions apply. Poland has encouraged foreign investment and allowed foreign\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n5\nApril 14, 2000\ncompanies to purchase \"key\" domestic companies. This has brought in hard\ncurrency and both management and technological expertise. The successful,\nbroad-based privatization. together with the sound macroeconomic policies, the\nstudy argues, account for Poland's strong performance relative to other transition\neconomies.\nIn some sectors privatization has been delayed. In mining and steel. the\ngovernment is trying to reach agreement on, and then put in place, specific\nrestructuring programs, before selling the assets. In banking, telecom, utilities\nand airlines, privatization is waiting for the appropriate regulatory structures to be\nestablished. Other sectors of the economy have been privatized, but with \"no\nlayoff\" provisions in force for a period of time.\nLabor markets. Wage-setting institutions have evolved since 1990. Under the\nnew system, wage bargaining takes place mainly at the firm level, under a\nnationwide ceiling for increases set by a commission made up of state. employer,\nand union representatives. Minimum wage rates are negotiated by the same three\ngroups, and the study expressed concern that rising real minimum wages together\nwith large payroll taxes could soon have adverse employment effects in sectors\nsuch as retail and apparel, although this has not been a serious problem so far.\nPromoting competition. Although the government opened markets in much of\nthe economy, the study identifies areas where more needs to be done. For\nexample, 40 percent of urban dwellings are sheltered from market forces by direct\nand indirect subsidies. These are not allocated according to need or income and\ntheir effect is to discourage new residential housing construction. In addition, the\nstructure of property taxes discourages local governments and private landowners\nfrom making land available for either residential or commercial development.\nThe challenge. Poland illustrates the dilemma faced by transition economies.\nRapid liberalization, privatization, and the opening of international trade\nencourage efficiency, but they also force large structural adjustments.\nProductivity rises rapidly, but employment falls or rises only slowly, leading to\nunemployment or rising employment in subsistence activities. In 1997, for\nexample, Poland had between 44 and 50 percent of its workforce (depending on\ndata source) in agriculture and manufacturing, with a high potential for job loss in\nthe unproductive parts of these sectors. Slowing the pace of adjustment can make\nsense, in order to allow new jobs to grow fast enough to absorb the job losers. But\nthis also slows the creation of a full market economy.\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n6\nApril 14, 2000\n4.19.00\nBUSINESS, CONSUMER, AND REGIONAL ROUNDUP\nWorking Together: Welfare and Workforce Development. A recent study by\nthe Urban Institute finds that establishing closer links between welfare offices and\nworkforce development systems (including JTPA/WIA agencies, community\ncolleges. one-stop career centers, and private employment and training\ncontractors) can benefit TANF recipients. Coordination and integration among\nthese groups, it finds, allows for referrals to a wider range of services, improved\ncase management. and the convenience of co-location. The study notes that\ncreative approaches to assisting TANF recipients find work, including these\npartnerships, are being spawned by a greater availability of resources per client,\nthe need to address multiple barriers faced by those still on the rolls, and the rapid\nexpansion of computer technology and computer-based labor market information.\nIn light of the tight labor market, which is increasing employer involvement, the\nstudy concludes that the current environment offers unprecedented opportunities\nfor partnerships to help welfare clients move successfully to work.\nTeacher Quality and Students' Future Earnings. Longitudinal data on the\nimpact of teacher quality on subsequent earnings of students is relatively limited.\nBut a new study has combined data from a Wisconsin survey of 1957 high school\ngraduates with information about the characteristics of the school districts from\nwhich they graduated. In particular, the study found a significant relationship\nbetween a set of education and experience characteristics of high school teachers\nand the future earnings of male graduates 17 years later, when they were in their\nmid-30s. Using average teacher salary as a proxy for these characteristics and\ncontrolling for family education and income, the study found that a 1 percent\nincrease in average teacher salary increased students' future earnings by 0.3\npercent. This is over 80 times larger than the estimated effect of a comparable\nincrease in family income.\nWhy Do Larger Banks Charge Higher ATM Fees? Surveys have shown that\nlarge banks charge higher ATM fees than do smaller banks. To some extent at\nleast, these fees reflect the higher costs to the bank and greater convenience to\ntheir customers of deploying a larger network of ATMs, according to a recent\nstudy. In particular, the study found that differences in the fees that banks charge\ntheir own customers for using another bank's ATM are due to differences in cost\nand convenience. However, larger banks charge non-customers more for using\ntheir machines, even after controlling for the greater convenience and higher costs\nassociated with deploying and operating a larger number of machines. This fee\nstructure gives customers an incentive to open accounts at larger institutions with\nmore ATMs, putting competitive pressure on middle-tier banks operating in the\nsame market. Despite the evidence that large banks impose higher fees. the study\nquestions the economic wisdom of bans on ATM charges. Customers can, and\nfor the most part do, avoid paying ATM surcharges by finding machines that do\nnot impose them; bans would limit consumer choice and probably slow the\ndeployment of ATMs; and banks would have to find other, possibly more\ninefficient ways of financing ATM services.\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n7\nApril 14, 2000\nINTERNATIONAL ROUNDUP\nIMF Expects Higher World Economic Growth. World output will grow 4.2\npercent in 2000, according to the IMF's latest World Economic Outlook. This is\n0.8 percentage point higher than in the IMF's October forecast and would mark a\nsignificant increase over growth rates of 3.3 percent in 1999 and 2.5 percent in\n1998. Despite its optimistic forecast, the IMF points to a number of imbalances\nthat have been building in the world economy, noting that the large U.S. current\naccount deficit combined with persistent surpluses in Japan and the euro area are\nunlikely to be sustainable. The IMF argues that the large capital inflows into the\nUnited States have made the dollar too strong relative to the euro given medium-\nterm fundamentals. which creates the risk of disruptive exchange rate adjustments\nif market sentiment changes suddenly. The report cautions that world stock\nmarkets may be overvalued, due in part to the ample growth in liquidity over the\nlast few years needed to overcome the effects of financial crises in Asia, Russia,\nand Latin America. In order to secure a transition to a sustainable pattern of\nglobal growth, the IMF stresses the need to contain excess demand pressures in\nthe United States while promoting durable expansions in the EU and Japan.\nJapan Extends Debt Relief Program. This week, Japan became the latest G-7\ncountry to cancel all non-official development assistance (non-ODA) loans for\neligible heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs). Japan also pledged an\nadditional $190 million to the HIPC Trust Fund (on top of the $10 million it has\nalready contributed) and promised further provision of bilateral grant assistance.\nAs part of the 1999 enhanced HIPC Initiative, the G-7 agreed to forgive 100\npercent of ODA debts and 90 percent or more of their non-ODA claims, which\ninclude trade insurance and loans made by export-import banks, for eligible HIPC\ncountries. Several G-7 countries have since expressed their intention to waive\n100 percent of their non-ODA claims as well. As Japan is one of the largest\nHIPC donors, with over $10 billion of loans to the 40 HIPC countries, some see\nJapan's decision to follow suit as critical to the success of the HIPC Initiative.\nFDI Promotes Growth in China. A recent OECD study finds that differences in\nrates of foreign direct investment (FDI) are particularly important in explaining\ndifferences in growth rates across Chinese provinces since the mid-1980s. These\nresults help explain why coastal regions of China have grown much faster than\ncentral or western regions, since they have attracted the lion's share of foreign\ninvestment (88 percent in 1996, for example). The positive effect of FDI on\ngrowth is stronger when the average level of schooling of the population is higher,\nsuggesting that FDI and education are complementary. Interestingly, the study\nfinds that differences in export growth have little direct impact on differences in\noutput growth rates. Instead, openness to trade contributes to output growth\nprimarily by helping attract FDI. In addition, FDI is higher in provinces with high\nincomes, high growth rates, and better transportation infrastructure. The study\nrecommends that to achieve more balanced growth, China should encourage FDI\nin the inland provinces by introducing preferential measures to attract FDI,\nproviding better infrastructure, and improving education.\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n8\nApril 14, 2000\nRELEASES THIS WEEK\nIndustrial Production and Capacity Utilization\n**Embargoed until 9:15 a.m., Friday, April 14, 2000**\nThe Federal Reserve's index of industrial production increased\n0.3 percent in March. Capacity utilization fell 0.1 percentage point\nto 81.4 percent.\nConsumer Price Index\n**Embargoed until 8:30 a.m., Friday, April 14, 2000**\nThe consumer price index rose 0.7 percent in March. Excluding\nfood and energy, consumer prices rose 0.4 percent.\nProducer Price Index\nThe producer price index for finished goods rose 1.0 percent in\nMarch. Excluding food and energy, producer prices rose 0.1\npercent.\nRetail Sales\nAdvance estimates show that retail sales increased 0.4 percent in\nMarch following an increase of 1.8 percent in February. Excluding\nsales in the automotive group, retail sales rose 1.4 percent\nfollowing an increase of 1.8 percent.\nMAJOR RELEASES NEXT WEEK\nHousing Starts (Tuesday)\nU.S. International Trade in Goods and Services (Wednesday)\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n9\nApril 14, 2000\nU.S. ECONOMIC STATISTICS\n1970-\n1993\n1999\n1999:2\n1999:3\n1999:4\nPercent growth (annual rate)\nReal GDP (chain-type)\n2.9\n4.6\n1.9\n5.7\n7.3\nGDP chain-type price index\n5.2\n1.6\n1.3\n1.1\n2.0\nNonfarm business (NFB) sector:\nProductivity (chain-type)\n1.7\n3.6\n0.6\n5.0\n6.4\nReal compensation per hour:\nUsing CPI\n1.0\n1.7\n1.4\n2.1\n0.8\nUsing NFB deflator\n1.5\n3.0\n2.9\n4.0\n2.1\nShares of Nominal GDP (percent)\nBusiness fixed investment\n11.4\n12.6\n12.6\n12.7\n12.5\nResidential investment\n4.5\n4.4\n4.5\n4.4\n4.4\nExports\n8.2\n10.8\n10.7\n10.8\n10.9\nImports\n9.2\n13.5\n13.4\n13.8\n14.0\nPersonal saving\n6.6\n1.7\n1.8\n1.5\n1.3\nFederal surplus\n-2.8\n1.2\n1.3\n1.4\n1.2\n1970-\nJanuary\nFebruary\nMarch\n1993\n1999\n2000\n2000\n2000\nUnemployment Rate (percent)\n6.7**\n4.2**\n4.0\n4.1\n4.1\nPayroll employment (thousands)\nincrease per month\n394\n7\n416\nincrease since Jan. 1993\n21213\nInflation (percent per period)\nCPI\n5.8\n2.7\n0.2\n0.5\n0.7\nPPI-Finished goods\n5.0\n3.0\n0.0\n1.0\n1.0\n**Figures beginning 1994 are not comparable with earlier data.\nNew or revised data in boldface.\nCPI data embargoed until 8:30 a.m., Friday, April 14, 2000.\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n10\nApril 14, 2000\nFINANCIAL STATISTICS\nFebruary\nMarch\nApril 13,\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2000\n2000\nDow-Jones Industrial Average\n8626\n10465\n10542\n10483\n10924\nInterest Rates (percent per annum)\n3-month T-bill\n4.78\n4.64\n5.55\n5.69\n5.65\n10-year T-bond\n5.26\n5.65\n6.52\n6.26\n5.94\nMortgage rate, 30-year fixed\n6.94\n7.43\n8.33\n8.24\n8.12\nPrime rate\n8.35\n8.00\n8.73\n8.83\n9.00\nINTERNATIONAL STATISTICS\nExchange Rates\nCurrent level\nPercent Change from\nApril 13, 2000\nWeek ago\nYear ago\nEuro (in U.S. dollars)\n0.952\n-0.6\n-11.7\nYen (per U.S. dollar)\n105.8\n0.9\n-11.9\nMajor currencies index (Mar. 1973=100)\n95.99\n0.7\n1.0\n(trade-weighted value of the U.S. $)\nReal GDP\nUnemployment\nCPI inflation\nInternational Comparisons 1/\ngrowth\nrate\n(percent change in index\n(percent change last 4 quarters)\n(percent)\nlast 12 months)\nUnited States\n4.6 (Q4)\n4.1 (Mar)\n3.7 (Mar)\nCanada\n4.7 (Q4)\n6.8 (Feb)\n2.7 (Feb)\nJapan\n0.0 (Q4)\n4.9 (Feb)\n-0.6 (Feb)\nFrance\n3.2 (Q4)\n10.0 (Feb)\n1.4 (Feb)\nGermany\n2.3 (Q4)\n8.6 (Feb)\n1.8 (Feb)\nItaly\n2.1 (Q4)\n11.2 (Jan) 2/\n2.4 (Feb)\nUnited Kingdom\n3.0 (Q4)\n5.9 (Dec)\n2.3 (Feb)\nU.S. CPI data embargoed until 8:30 a.m., Friday, April 14, 2000.\n1/ For unemployment data, rates approximating U.S. concepts as calculated by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor\nStatistics, except as noted in footnote 2.\n2/ Data from OECD standardized unemployment rates.\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n11\nApril 14, 2000\n5/23/00\nTHE WORD\nwill make who\ncapied\nRead\nROBERTB.REICH\nPadesta\nThe Real Risk for Gore\nGore's problem is that he's acting as if he's desperate to be pres-\nkids would get $2,000 vouchers while\nA\nident, but sounding as if he doesn't want to do anything new\npoor inner-city kids would get giant\nvouchers of $12,000 a year, which they\nonce elected. Talk about a mixed message. Voters could under-\ncould cash in at any public or charter\nstand why someone would be driven to get into the Oval\nschool. The poor kids' vouchers would\nbe so big, and the rich kids' so modest,\nOffice if he were intent on making a lot of changes. But Gore's message has\nthat if the suburban schools were to\nbeen that we should stay the course. Keep cutting the deficit. Don't tinker\nsurvive they would have to compete like\nwith Social Security. Protect Medicare. Don't take any risks.\nmad to attract the poor kids. The poor\nkids' vouchers in this plan would be so\nYes, the economy is still growing like\ntion to the wealthy and the healthy while\nbig, in fact, that the inner-city schools\ngangbusters, and unemployment is as\nleaving the poor and the sick without\nwould start off at an extraordinary\nlow as we've seen it in 30 years. But Gore\nadequate insurance coverage.\nadvantage-enabling them\ncan't expect America to vote for him\nGore is attacking Bush's\nto cut down classroom size\nsimply because he had an office in the\nideas for being\" \"too risky,\" for\nA successful\nand attract gifted teachers\nWest Wing of the White House during\njeopardizing what America\nfrom all over. But if the city\nthese buoyant years. If the polls are to be\nalready has. But Americans\nDemocratic\nschools didn't make the most\nbelieved, the public only partially credits\nnever pay attention to what\ncandidate\nof their windfall, the poor\nBill Clinton for the expansion any-\nthey have. They always want\nkids would go elsewhere,\nway. Alan Greenspan wins some of the\nto move forward to some-\ncan't run as\ntaking their giant vouchers\napplause. And many people know in\nthing better. Presidential\nwith them.\ntheir bones that the largest driving force\ncontests are won or lost over\nspokesman for\nSeen in contrast to an\nhas been technology. It's the Internet,\nwhose definition of \"bet-\nalternative vision like this,\nstupid-along with computers, satellites,\nter\" is more compelling.\nthe status quo.\nBush's \"new\" voucher idea\nfiber-optic cables, and all that.\nRight now, Bush's vision\nappears clearly for what it is:\nIt must be frustrating for Gore, because\nwins by default simply because it dares\na way to cut up the old educational pie so\neveryone under 40 seems to be taking this\nto be new and different. Gore is losing\nthat more goes to the people who already\ngood economy for granted. The expan-\nground because he's not talking about\nhave the biggest slice. The genuinely new\nsion that began in 1991 represents a siz-\nwhat could be. He's riding on what is.\nidea of a \"reverse voucher,\" on the other\nable chunk of the working lives of most\nGore's charge of \"too risky\" worked\nhand, offers up an entirely different kind\ntwenty- and thirty-somethings. People\nagainst Bill Bradley because Bradley\nof pie that improves everyone's chances.\nover 40, meanwhile, aren't so sure the new\nwouldn't fight for his ideas. He mumbled,\nMaybe you don't like my reverse-\neconomy is such a great deal. Middle-aged\ngrumbled, and then crumbled. Americans\nvoucher idea. Fine, let's try something else.\nmen in particular are finding themselves\ndon't mind taking risks, but they want\nThere are a lot of genuinely new and good\nover the e-hill. Large, old-economy com-\nsomeone with enough punch and pizzazz\nideas out there for giving poor kids bet-\npanies are laying them off in droves.\nto pull it off. Bush isn't rolling over in\nter schools, or expanding health care (how\nShouldn't the vice president, as the pre-\nresponse to Gore's attacks. He's fighting\nabout a \"health care minimum wage\" of\nsumptive Democratic nominee, have\nback, standing up for his cockeyed ideas.\n$2 an hour paid by your employer into\nsome big ideas on what to do about this?\n\"Here's why parents of failing schools\nthe plan of your choice?), or doing any\nGeorge W. Bush, meanwhile, does have\nshould have a choice of where to send their\nnumber of things we need to do as a\nsome \"new ideas\"-but they're terrible.\nkids,\" he says. \"We've got to reform Social\nnation. How about an \"asset grubstake\" of\nThey would further split the nation into\nSecurity and bring it into the twenty-first\n$40,000, given to each American at birth,\nthe have-mores and the have-lesses. This\ncentury,\" he claims. What does Gore come\nto be invested and then put toward col-\ngreat divide would be the direct effect of\nback with? \"Too risky.\" Gore is fighting to\nlege or a business start-up, financed by\na huge tax break whose benefits would\npreserve the status quo. Who wants to go\na national wealth tax? We can afford to\ngo almost entirely to people who became\nto battle on these grounds?\nexperiment. We're at a rare historic\nmuch richer in the 1990s; of school\nmoment when we can think big. This is no\nvouchers that would remove good stu-\nut now imagine that Bush's\ntime to rest on our laurels, stand pat, and\ndents with ambitious parents from the\nB\nvision of protecting the winners\nclaim that almost everything is \"too risky.\"\npublic schools; of privatized Social\nwere matched up against a new\nAmerica wants to move forward. If\nSecurity accounts that would siphon off\nand inclusive vision. Consider,\nthe Democratic candidate for president\nthe savings of the wealthiest and the\nsay, a bold and original voucher plan, in\nrepresents little more than the status\nyoungest; and of privatized medical\nwhich everyone were eligible for school\nquo, he won't be president. And the rest\nsavings accounts that would give protec-\nvouchers but in varying amounts: Rich\nof us will end up going backward.\n56\nTHE AMERICAN PROSPECT\nJUNE 5, 2000\nReich rips Gore camp\nas timid, 'desperate'\nLiberal wing says Bush could win by default\nBy Donald Lambro\nTHE WASHINGTON TIMES\nFormer Labor Secretary Robert B. Reich\nhas accused Vice President Al Gore of run-\nning a timid, desperate, \"status quo\" pres-\nidential campaign that is in danger of let-\nting Texas Gov. George W. Bush win \"by\ndefault.\"\nIn a stinging broadside attack against Mr.\nGore, with whom he worked in the Clinton\nadministration, Mr. Reich said that the vice\npresident's campaign was devoid of any big\nnew ideas that would excite the party.\n\"Al Gore's problem is that he's acting as\nif he's desperate to be president, but\nsounding as if he doesn't want to do any-\nthing new once elected,\" he said.\n\"America wants to move forward. If the\nDemocratic candidate for president rep-\nresents little more than the status quo, he\nwon't be president,\" Mr. Reich writes in the\nlatest issue of the American Prospect.\nMr. Reich's attack triggered an equally\nsharp response from Gore supporters who\ndismissed his complaints as the last gasp of\nthe Democratic Party's ultraleft wing that\nthinks Mr. Gore isn't liberal enough for\n\"Al Gore's problem is that\nthem.\n\"Robert Reich is a lefty. If he and his\nhe's acting as if he's\nother liberal friends had been in charge of\ndesperate to be president,\nour party, we would not have won the presi-\ndency in 1992 and 1996,\" said Garry South,\nbut sounding as if he\na key point man in Mr. Gore's California\ncampaign.\ndoesn't want to do anything\nFor the past couple of months, there has\nnew once elected.\"\nbeen increasing back-room grumbling\namong some Democrats that Mr. Gore's\n-Ex-Labor Secretary Robert B. Reich\ncampaign was unfocused, lacked a message\nand still had not nailed down his party's\nbase.\nley on almost every important issue.\"\nMr. Reich's latest criticism suggested\nThe article characterized Mr. Gore's po-\nthat this view was growing stronger among\nsition on paying down the debt, even in a\nthe party's liberal wing.\nrecession, as \"worse than Reaganomics. It's\n\"Talk about a mixed message. Voters\nCoolidgeomics.\"\ncould understand why someone would be\nMr. Bradley laid out a far more liberal\ndriven to get into the Oval Office if he were\nagenda in his ill-fated canipaign for the\nintent on making a lot of changes. But\nnomination and since his withdrawal in\nGore's message has been that we should\nMarch, many of his supporters still have not\nstay the course. Keep cutting the deficit.\nembraced Mr. Gore's candidacy.\nDon't tinker with Social Security. Don't take\n\"There's no question that Bob Reich's ar-\nany risks,\" Mr. Reich said.\nticle reflects the frustration of a lot of\n\"Right now, Bush's vision wins by default\nDemocrats,\" said Jeff Faux, a Democratic\nsimply because it dares to be new and dif-\nactivist and president of the Economic Pol-\nferent,\" he said. \"Gore is losing ground be-\nicy Institute.\ncause he's not talking about what could be.\nHe's riding on what is.\"\n\"After eight years of being good soldiers,\nWriting in the June 5 issue of the publi-\nthere are a lot of Democrats who are getting\ncation, which is devoted to promoting lib-\nrestless We ve been playing defense for so\neral ideas, Mr. Reich said that Mr. Bush\nlong it's about time we had an inspiring\n\"isn't rolling over in response to Gore's\nacenda and we haven't had that from Gore,'\nattacks. He's fighting back.\"\nMr. Faux said.\nMr. Gore, on the other hand, \"is fighting\n(\"The frustration has been there for long\nto preserve the status quo,\" a position that\ntime with Clinton. His proposal to invest in\nMr. Reich said had failed to animate and\nthe country's needs disappeared after the\nexcite his party's base. \"Who wants to go to\nFirst year. We didn't like it, but we know the\nbattle on these grounds?\" he said.\npolitics of the situation,\" Mr. Faux said.\nMr. Reich, who left office after the 1996\n\"Now we have Al Gore saying that we\nelection and is now teaching at Brandeis\nhave to reduce the deficit to zero and that\nUniversity, complained that while Mr. Gore\nnuts him to the right of\nwas taking credit for the strong economy,\nsaid.\nbig businesses were laying off middle-age\nThis frustration comes while Mr. Gore is\nmanagers \"in droves.\"\n\"Shouldn't the vice president, as the pre-\nrunning 5 to percentage points behind Mr.\nsumptive Democratic nominee, have some\nBush in national polls and the vice pres-\nident is behind in a number of states that\nbig ideas on what to do about this?\"\nMr. Reich surprised the White House last\nDemocrats usually take for granted.\nfall when he endorsed former New Jersey\n\"The polls are telling us something.\nSen. Bill Bradley for the Democratic pres-\nWhen you have union members saying they\nidential nomination. In an article in the\nwould vote for Bush over Gore, there's\nNew Republic in March, Mr. Reich said that\nsomething wrong with his campaign,\" Mr.\nthe vice president was \"to the right of Brad-\nFaux said.\nThe Washington Times\nFRIDAY, MAY 19, 2000\nSally Quinn\nBring the Stolen Children Home\nPresident Clinton is going to\nsion is made, they can argue\nGermany to visit Chancellor Ger-\nthat the children would be psy-\nhard Schroeder next week. This\nchologically damaged by being\nis his chance to do something ex-\ntaken out of the comfortable\ntraordinary. He can get back\nsurroundings where they have\nAmerican children who have\nbeen such a long time and\nbeen stolen from their American\nplaced in an alien environment.\nparents.\nIn her book, \"They Are My\nThat's right, stolen. Hundreds\nChildren Too.\" Meyer writes\nof children have been kidnapped\nthat the German courts main-\nby their German parents and tak-\ntain that \"it is better for a child's\nen back to Germany. Their non-\ndevelopment to live in Germany\nGerman parents have no access\nand be exposed to German cul-\nto them and in some cases no visi-\nture: that German blood is supe-\ntation rights-nothing. The Ger-\nrior to others.\"\nman courts maintain that they\nThe German government\nare better off in Germany, being\nclaims that it can't do anything\nraised by Germans.\nabout the courts that make the\nThis is not some country that\ndecisions. But in fact it has act-\nhas no rule of law. This is our ally.\ned before. When two French ba-\na member of the European Com-\nbies were kidnapped by thugs\nmunity. a signatory to the Hague\nand driven across the border to\nConvention that is deliberately\ntheir German father. the French\nand unlawfully keeping children\nforeign minister flew to Germa-\naway from their custodial parents\nBY MARGARET SCOTT\nny and raised so much hell that\nfor the simple reason that it feels\nguess what? The German\nGermans are better. From 1990 to 1998. as\nwrote a letter to Germany's foreign min-\ncourts miraculously reversed a ruling they\nSen. Mike DeWine (R-Ohio) pointed out\nistry. In other words, it did virtually noth-\nhad made in favor of the father.\nlast week in a letter to President Clinton,\ning. Sens. DeWine and Jesse Helms and\nAnd France and Britain put so much\n\"only 22 percent of American children for\nRep. Ben Gilman, among others on the\npressure on the Germans that last July Ger-\nwhom Hague applications were filed were\nHill, are fighting hard for the American\nman law was changed to allow Hague Con-\nreturned to the United States from Germa-\nparents. But they need help from Secretary\nvention cases to be tried in only 25 courts\nny-and that percentage includes those\nof State Madeleine Albright and the White\n(courts which were aware of and un-\nwho were voluntarily returned by the ab-\nHouse.\nderstood it) rather than the previous 600.\nducting parent.\"\nJoe Cooke is one of many American par-\nSo pressure does work.\nThere are so many horror stories that it\nents brought together by Lady Catherine\nGermany is not the only offending coun-\nis incomprehensible that our government,\nMeyer, the wife of the British ambassador\ntry. Austria and Sweden are as bad. It just\nCongress and State Department do not\nto the United States. to form PACT, Par-\nthat there are so many more cases out of\nsimply refuse to have any dealings with the\nents of Abducted Children Together. It\nGermany. And if Germany reverses its po-\nGermans unless they return these children\nseeks to raise awareness of this problem\nsition, the others will most likely follow\nto their parents or at least allow the parents\nand to get the children back.\nsuit. (Many other countries are equally\nto have liberal visitation rights. If the Ger-\nCatherine Meyer has seen her two sons\nbad. but they are nations that have not\nmans were stealing weapons or Internet\nfor a total of 24 hours in the past six years.\nsigned the Hague treaty.)\nideas or medicine from us you can imagine\nThey, too, were abducted by their German\nIt is clear that nothing will change unless\nthe outrage. But kids? No problem.\nfather. The German courts decided they\nPresident Clinton personally demands of\nTalk to Joseph Cooke. who was profiled\nwere better off without her. She has spent\nthe German government that our children\nin this paper recently. His children were\nsix years fighting to no avail. Her children\nbe given back. Bill Clinton is a father. He\nturned over to foster parents when his Ger-\nhave been told that their mother aban-\nshould recognize that the pain suffered by\nman wife abducted them back to Germany\ndoned them and did not want them any-\nmany of these American parents is unthink-\nand was too mentally ill to raise them. The\nmore, SO the few times she has seen them-\nable. He has it in his power to alleviate that\nGerman courts deemed them better off\nmostly in supervised visits at the father's\npain.\nwith foster parents than with their natural\nhouse-they have been hostile and unre-\nfather. And what did our State Department\nsponsive.\nSally Quinn is a Washington Post staff\ndo? It assisted in filing a Hague Convention\nThe Germans argue that the courts need\nwriter. She wrote the foreword to \"They\napplication, while our embassy in Bonn\ntime to decide the cases. By the time a deci-\nAre My Children Too.'\nThe Washington Post\nTHURSDAY, MAY 25. 2000\n/Samely\nDeal ben?\n5-26-00 26 MR 00\nReed\ncopied\nPodesta\nBerger NSC ww Deah\n-\nCOO O\nNational Civilian\n5.30.00\nCommunity Corps\nPRESIDENT CLINTON\nCORPORATION FC\nNATIONAL SERVIC\ncopied\nSperling Reed know\nPodesta\nTrue S/Brucer\n*\ncan cell Due anything\nabout This in and summ\n1201 New York Avenue.\nWashington. D.C 205\nwereis ? Be\nAmeriCorps * National Civilian Community Corps\n* AMERICORPS THE A\nAndrew P. Chambers\nLIEUTENANT GENERAL. U.S ARMY (RET)\nNational Director\nCORPORATION FOR NATIONAL SERVICE\n1201 NEW YORK AVENUE. NW - 9TH FLOOR\nVEHOILES IVILIAN 10 DELIVERING\nWASHINGTON, DC 20525\nTEL. (202) 606-5000 x178 FAX: (202) 565-2791\nE-MAIL. [email protected]\nPROGRAM\n5.30.00\nAppropriations Cap on the AmeriCorps* National Civilian Community Corps\n(NCCC)\nNCCC Performance\nNCCC is an exceptionally popular program. At present there are six applicants for each available\nposition. About 50% of all applicants are college graduates; 25% have completed some college; and\nmost of the remaining applicants are high school graduates Over 2,000 highly qualified young\nadults this year will be denied the opportunity to serve in the NCCC given the current financial\nsituation.\nNCCC conducts service projects in all 50 states and territories from its five regional sites. In fiscal\n1999, approximately 850 members in teams performed nearly 500 service projects across the nation.\nAccomplishments include renovating/building over 750 homes, tutoring over 20,500 students, and\nassisting over 50,000 natural disaster victims..\nNCCC teams are organized, disciplined and trained to respond rapidly to natural disasters and work\nclosely with FEMA and the American Red Cross. Since its inception in 1994, NCCC has responded\nto every Federally declared national disaster and many local disasters.\nNCCC teams are versatile and multi-talented. They are particularly effective at mobilizing and\ncoordinating other volunteers. Habitat for Humanity, the Boys & Girls Clubs of America. the\nSpecial Olympics, and a large number of other non-profit organizations rely on the NCCC to serve\ndirectly and to coordinate their part-time volunteers.\nThe Appropriations Cap\nFunding for NCCC was originally set in 1994 at $30 million (including $20 million in an earmarked\nDepartment of Defense appropriation). The fiscal 1995 appropriation was reduced in a recision from\n$26 million to $18 million, and funding has been held at $18 million from 1995 to the present.\nNational service programs (including AmeriCorps). as a whole, have received a significant increase in\nfunding each fiscal year, thanks to the intensive efforts by the President and his administration.\nHowever, Congress has consistently singled out NCCC for no increase in budget.\nIn addition to the flat funding, the NCCC appropriations cap is so restrictive that it precludes the CEO\nof the Corporation for National Service, Harris Wofford, from using funds from other programs to\nsupport the NCCC, a limitation not placed on other AmeriCorps programs.\nAs a consequence of flat funding since fiscal 1995, fewer communities are served and fewer members\nare serving.\nThe President's budget in fiscal 2001 includes a $3 million increase to $21 million; this same\nincrease has been included in the President's budget for the last three budget cycles, but the\nappropriation has been held at the same level.\nRequest\nSupport the $3 million increase in the NCCC appropriation to $21 million.\nRelax the restrictive language in the NCCC appropriation to allow for expansion of members,\nincreased service and more efficient resource allocation.\n6-6-00\nBRug\nfu was with - receiving\nBR\ncopied\nReed /choul\nPo desta\nThe Canadian Way\nin the\n21st Century\nPRIME MINISTER PREMIER MINISTRE\nMessage from Prime Minister Jean Chrétien\nAs we enter the 21st century, countries around the world are facing new\nopportunities and challenges that will require new approaches to governance:\nglobalization, rapidly changing technology, increasing interdependence, and\ngrowing complexity in the issues facing governments today. A number of like-\nminded countries have been defining new ways to promote economic prosperity\nand quality of life, new ways that reflect their shared values. They are creating\ncollaborative partnerships with all sectors in society since governments cannot\naddress these challenges alone. They are also working together to build an\ninternational community that will bring greater collaboration and coherence to\ninternational activities.\nThis document is intended to contribute to the international dialogue on the\nchallenges to progressive governance in the 21st century by describing the choices\nwe have made since 1994 when we laid out a blueprint for action - - An Agenda\nfor Growth and Jobs — and the goals we are setting for the future. what I call the\n\"Canadian Way\". It is a distinctly Canadian model that reflects Canada's values\nand builds on Canada's strengths and history.\nSome of my colleagues, including Prime Minister Blair, President Clinton, and\nChancellor Schröder, talk about the \"Third Way\" and the \"Neue Mitte\" to describe\nthese new approaches to governance. They along with other government leaders\nhave launched an international dialogue to discuss how they are pursuing, in this\nmodern context, the values that they share. Chancellor Schröder will host the next\ndiscussion of these issues in Berlin in June 2000.\nI will speak to the Canadian Way, described in the pages of this document, in\nBerlin as leaders from around the world share their own experiences. I will be\nproud to speak about the uniquely Canadian way in which Canada is responding\nto challenge and to change. We have accomplished much and will continue to\naccomplish even more in the coming years making choices for the future based\non our values, with a commitment to concrete results for Canadians and in\npartnership with our citizens, other sectors, other orders of government, and our\nallies throughout the world.\nJean Chriten\nThe Canadian Way in the 21st Century\nContext\nCountries around the world are grappling with how best, in the 21st century, to\nsecure economic prosperity in an increasingly globalized society while at the same\ntime ensuring that no member of their society is left behind. They are responding\nto the demands for changes in the traditional roles of government and the need to\nengage civil society in modern governance. They are seeking new ways to\npromote sustainable economic growth within an international community that\nworks to ensure a coherent approach to trade, the environment, labour, culture,\nhealth, and education so that all can realize the human purposes and benefits of\nglobalization.\nThe leaders of a number of countries who share a commitment to progressive\ngovernment have launched an international dialogue to learn from each other\nabout what has worked and what has not to work together to build progressive\ngovernance in the 21st century. As part of this process, Chancellor Gerhard\nSchröder of the Federal Republic of Germany has invited 16 heads of government\nto an informal meeting in\nBerlin on June 2-3, 2000, to\ndiscuss \"Progressive\nThe success we have achieved as a\nGovernance for the 21\"\nnation has come not only from strong\nCentury\". At the same time,\ngrowth but from an abiding\nexperts from participating\ncountries will hold a\ncommitment to strong values -\nconference on governance,\ncaring and compassion, an insistence\ncivil society, and social and\nthat there be an equitable sharing of\neconomic policies and will\nthe benefits of economic growth.\nprovide leaders with the results\nof their deliberations.\nThis paper is an opportunity, first, to articulate Canada's strategy to achieve the\nhighest quality of life for Canadians in the new global economy and to promote\nour values internationally; and, second, to raise questions about our shared\nchallenges and our choices for the future.\nThe Canadian Way\nWe have established a distinct Canadian Way, a distinct Canadian model:\nAccommodation of cultures. Recognition of diversity. A partnership between\ncitizens and state. A balance that promotes individual freedom and economic\nprosperity while at the same time sharing risks and benefits. An understanding\nthat government can be an instrument of collective action - a means of serving\nthe broader public interest. The success we have achieved as a nation has come\n2\nnot only from strong growth but from an abiding commitment to strong values -\ncaring and compassion, an insistence that there be an equitable sharing of the\nbenefits of economic growth.\nThese values are very much at the centre of more recent approaches to governance\nthat some call the \"Third Way\". As described by world leaders such as Prime\nMinister Blair, President Clinton, and Chancellor Schröder, the Third Way is an\napproach to governance that stresses technological innovation, a mixed economy,\nand education and learning as the keys\nto economic opportunity and security. It\nCanadians are, by virtue of\nrepresents a rediscovery of the human\nhistory and necessity, open to\npurpose of the economy and a\nthe world.\ncommitment to transform government\nto look outward, to focus on results, to\nbe centred on citizens.\nWe use the term, the Canadian Way, because Canada's approach to these issues\ncan be traced to our origins and history. Canada's founders made the deliberate\nchoice not to try to forge a single nation with one language but instead created a\nframework of accommodation among French, English, and Aboriginal peoples,\njoined by immigrants from all parts of the world. Canada has become a post-\nnational, multicultural society. It contains the globe within its borders, and\nCanadians have learned that their two international languages and their diversity\nare a comparative advantage and a source of continuing creativity and innovation.\nCanadians are, by virtue of history and necessity, open to the world.\nCanada's relatively small population dispersed\nacross a vast and diverse geography has forced\nCanada's legal\nus to be more self-conscious about community\nframework and history\nand connections, from our early efforts to build\n- its mixed economy,\na national transcontinental railway to more\nstrong communities,\nrecent innovations in satellite and Internet\nbilingualism and\ncommunications. Canada's frontier history, in\ndiversity, social safety\nwhich communities often faced challenging\nterrain and climate, has no doubt fuelled its\nnet and system of\ncommitment to the environment, individual\nmedicare, and\ninitiative, social justice, and mutual\nrecognition of global\nresponsibility. Canadians have always preferred\ninterdependence -\nprincipled pragmatism over ideology.\ncontain the seeds of\nwhat we and our\nSharing a border and friendship with the\nworld's leading economic power means that\nfriends are calling the\nCanada has added incentive to strive to be at\nThird Way.\nthe leading edge of economic innovation and to\nbe equally innovative in preserving its\ndistinctly Canadian path, reflective of its values and diversity. This means the\npursuit of excellence in commerce, science and technology but also in the arts and\nhumanities.\nCanada's Constitution enshrines the values of \"peace, order and good\ngovernment\", capturing the traditions of accommodation, peaceful resolution of\nconflict, the rule of law and democracy. Canada's legal framework and history -\nits mixed economy, strong communities, bilingualism and diversity, social safety\nnet and system of medicare, and recognition of global interdependence - contain\nthe seeds of what we and our friends are calling the Third Way.\nThe Canadian Strategy\nIn the last decade of the 20th Century, Canada faced challenges similar to many\nother countries. The government had to restore fiscal sovereignty in order to\nregain the capacity to make choices for the future; it had to revalidate government\nas a force for good while realigning government functions to match fiscal capacity\nand the new realities of globalization and social change; and it had to rebuild trust\nand confidence in government.\nIncreasingly, success in the global economy depends on human talent - our\nability to learn, to act and adapt quickly to new opportunities, to develop new\nideas, to make new discoveries. A comprehensive strategy seeks to ensure that all\ncitizens are included. A comprehensive strategy requires a commitment to\nopportunity, diversity and inclusion; and equally to creativity, innovation and the\nentrepreneurial spirit.\nIn 1994, the federal government announced its blueprint for change, \"An Agenda\nfor Growth and Jobs\", to bring the Canadian Way into the 21\" Century. It was and\nis an ambitious agenda. It is based on a clear recognition of the challenges of\nglobalization: polarization, marginalization and exclusion; social fragmentation;\nenvironmental degradation; cultural homogenization; and public disaffection with\ngovernment. It is also based on a recognition of the opportunities for those\ncountries ready to seize them: enhanced trade and investment, the potential of\npowerful new technologies, new partnerships, and the global flow of information\nand knowledge to help us realize what we most value.\nThe strategy reflects a clear vision of Canada, building on its strengths and\nembracing the future. A society of excellence with a commitment to success.\nWhere prosperity is not limited to the few, but is shared by the many and where\nevery child gets the right start in life. Where young people have a chance to grow\nand to be the best at whatever they choose to do. Where citizens have access to the\nskills and knowledge they need to excel. Where citizens, regardless of income,\nreceive quality health services. Where families enjoy safe communities and a\nclean environment. Where Canadians work together and with other countries to\npromote peace, cultural diversity and the human purpose, and the benefits of the\nnew global economy.\n4\nFour documents released by the government in 1994 - \"Creating a Healthy\nFiscal Climate\", \"Building a More Innovative Economy\", \"A New Framework for\nEconomic Policy\", and \"Improving Social Security in Canada\" - set out specific\nelements of the strategy to enable Canadians and their governments, working\ntogether, to begin to turn this vision into reality.\nOver the past six years, the government has\nA society of excellence\npursued this strategy, developing and testing\nwith a commitment to\nnew ways to create and share opportunity,\npromote mutual responsibility and modernize\nsuccess. Where\ngovernance. Canada has taken major steps;\nprosperity is not limited\nmuch remains to be done. The strategy draws\nto the few, but is shared\nno artificial boundaries between social and\nby the many and where\neconomic policy or, for that matter, between\nevery child gets the right\ndomestic and foreign policy. Rather it is\nstart in life.\nbased on a commitment to realizing the\nhuman purpose of the economy, domestically\nand internationally.\nTo address the challenges and seize the opportunities, we believe that private\neconomic growth has to be complemented by public investment. Governments\nhave to go beyond traditional welfare supports and provide active assistance to\nhelp break the cycle of poverty and dependence. Governments have to recognize\nthe inevitability of interdependence domestically and internationally and turn it to\nadvantage. Governments have to find new ways to engage citizens. Governments\nneed to form coalitions to expand international trade and investment in a coherent\nagenda that brings together financial, social, cultural, labour and environmental\nissues.\nThe remainder of this paper describes the key elements of this evolving strategy,\nwhat Canada is doing, and the challenges and choices for the future.\nShared Opportunity\nProviding the Foundation for Economic Growth\nCanada's economic strategy is based on the premise that the purpose of economic\ngrowth is to enhance the well-being of all Canadians. Without growth we cannot\nrealize this purpose. A strong economy is the indispensable foundation to achieve\nthe Canadian vision. The blueprint recognizes that the sequencing of government\naction is crucial. The first priority had to be to achieve fiscal health and begin to\nreate the climate for sustained growth. On this foundation, through continued\nfiscal responsibility and strategic investment in people and technology, the\ngovernment can help accelerate transition to the\nknowledge economy and ensure that all Canadians\nhave the opportunity to contribute to and benefit from\nIt was clear to all\neconomic growth.\nCanadians that the\nBy 1993, after decades of deficit budgets, service\nfirst priority was\ncharges on Canada's debt were strangling\nto establish a\ngovernment while the deficit was continuing to grow.\nhealthy fiscal\nHigh interest and inflation rates had discouraged\nclimate. This had\ninvestment and had harmed the quality of life of\nbecome an\nCanadians. It was clear to all Canadians that the first\npriority was to establish a healthy fiscal climate. This\nimperative.\nhad become an imperative.\nBy 1997, the federal deficit had been eliminated.\nToday, almost all provinces have eliminated their deficits as well. The economy is\nnow growing strongly and Canada's business environment is rated third in the\nworld by the World Economic Forum. Unemployment is lower than it has been in\nmore than two decades and the economy is creating jobs at an unprecedented rate.\nThe net public debt has been reduced from a peak of 71.2 percent of gross\ndomestic product in 1997 to about 61 percent in 1999. It is projected at 50 percent\nby 2004 and will continue to drop. Most important, on a national accounts basis,\nwhich is the measure used for international fiscal comparisons by the OECD and\nthe International Monetary Fund, Canada's debt is now below 50 percent of GDP\nand is continuing to drop. Canadians are more optimistic about the economy and\ntheir own individual prospects today than they have been for a long time.\nCanada's success in eliminating its deficit can be attributed to three major factors:\nCanadians wanted their governments to take action, urgently, to\nrestore fiscal health and they were willing to make the sacrifices\nnecessary to achieve this;\nThe Minister of Finance publicly set out two-year targets for deficit\nreduction, which were exceeded in every case; and\nThe government chose to achieve these targets, not through across-\nthe-board cuts, but through a review of all of its programs to align\nits activities with the priorities of Canadians and to change how it\nconducts its business.\nThe result has been a massive transformation of the federal government. Canada\ncalls it \"Getting Government Right\"; others call it \"Reinventing Government\".\nNew partnerships are being established, recognizing that no government can meet\n6\nthe challenges of the future alone. Programs have been eliminated or devolved and\nnew, separate service agencies are being established so that the government can\nfocus on setting a new course. The government transferred its delivery of\ntransportation services to the private sector so that the government could focus on\nits regulatory and policy role. It transferred labour market programs to the\nprovinces so that they could be more easily adapted to local conditions. An\nextensive regulatory reform is reducing red tape and costs to business and to\ncitizens; regulations are being cut, self-regulatory models are being applied and,\nwhere feasible and where accelerated services are required by business, costs are\nbeing borne directly by the users rather than burdening all citizens.\nSound Public Finances\nRestoring fiscal sovereignty\nDeficit elimination and debt\nand modernizing government\nwere not achieved without\nreduction are not by themselves a\ncosts to Canadians. Getting the\nvision for a country's future but\nfiscal house in order required\nwithout a firm commitment to sound\ndifficult and sometimes painful\npublic finances and low inflation no\ndecisions. It required the\nsuch vision is possible.\ndeferral of actions in areas of\nimportance. But it restored the\ncapacity of government to play\nan active and positive role in helping to build the new economy and create shared\nopportunity. Deficit elimination and debt reduction are not by themselves a vision\nfor a country's future but without a firm commitment to sound public finances and\nlow inflation no such vision is possible.\nSound public finances are necessary if we are to realize our values. But the\nCanadian Way requires that sound fiscal management also be achieved in a\nmanner that respects those values. In this context, Canada's governments made a\nclear commitment to preserve their public system of earnings-related pensions, the\nCanada Pension Plan, and make it sustainable for future generations without\nreducing benefits for current recipients.\nThe financial foundation is being\nA comprehensive strategy\nsolidified by shifting from pay-as-you-go\nseeks not only to create\nto partial funding. Contribution rates are\nrising more rapidly over six years than\nopportunity but to ensure\npreviously scheduled to prevent them from\nthat it is widely shared.\nhaving to rise even further in the long\nterm. The larger Canada Pension Plan\nsurplus fund that will result is being\nprudently invested in a diversified portfolio of securities in the best interest of\nplan members by an independent investment board at arm's length from\ngovernments. In addition, a number of changes have been made to the way\nbenefits are administered and calculated to moderate escalating costs.\nBudgetary surpluses also create difficult choices, in particular, choices about the\nright balance among debt reduction, tax reduction and social and economic\ninvestment. Such choices are now faced by many countries. The choices made\nnecessarily reflect the values of a government and a country. The Government of\nCanada has chosen a balanced approach, committing half of its fiscal dividend to\ndebt and tax relief and half to economic and social investment for the future. A\ncomprehensive, balanced strategy requires investment, both public and private, in\npeople, in knowledge and in technology. A comprehensive strategy seeks not only\nto create opportunity but to ensure that it is widely shared.\nTax Reductions\nLower taxes are an essential part of an economic strategy to provide jobs, growth,\nrising incomes and a higher quality of life. In its tax reduction measures, the\ngovernment affirmed its commitment to a progressive income tax system and\nchose to focus first on low-\nand middle-income\nThese and future tax measures will\nCanadians. During the years\nof deficit reduction, the\nempower Canadians to invest in their\ngovernment reduced\nfuture and Canadian businesses will\nEmployment Insurance\nbe better able to compete in the\npremiums for employers and\nglobal knowledge-based economy.\nworking Canadians and\nBut tax reduction is only one part of\nintroduced targeted tax\nreductions to increase real\nthe equation.\nincomes for low-income\nCanadians and take large\nnumbers of these Canadians off the tax rolls. With the deficit eliminated, and debt\ncoming down, the government this year introduced a five-year, broad-based tax\nreduction plan. By the end of the fifth year of the plan, personal income taxes will\nhave been reduced by 22 percent and up to 30 percent for families with children.\nCanadians will enjoy the full benefit of these reductions because of the\nreintroduction of full indexation for inflation.\nThe tax plan also introduced measures to provide incentives for investment,\nentrepreneurship and innovation and to help attract and retain the talent Canada\nneeds: reducing the corporate income tax rate for the highest taxed sectors,\nreducing the tax rate on capital gains, allowing a tax-free rollover for capital gains\non small-business investments, and allowing the deferral of the taxation of\nbenefits from employee stock options.\nThese and future tax measures will empower Canadians to invest in their future\nand Canadian businesses will be better able to compete in the global knowledge-\nbased economy. But tax reduction is only one part of the equation.\n8\nAccelerating the Transition to a Knowledge-Based Economy\nIn a global knowledge-based economy, market forces create both opportunities\nand new disparities. Canada's commitment to an inclusive society requires that all\ncitizens be able to participate, that none be excluded from opportunity. The\nCanadian Way has four key elements: \"Connecting Canadians\" to the information\nhighway; investing in access to education and promoting excellence in post-\nsecondary education; investing in children and their families; and developing\nactive measures to help Canadians find and keep work.\nInvestments in the Information Highway\nMarshall McLuhan, a Canadian, coined the phrase \"global village\" before he\ncould have possibly imagined how the Internet would indeed make the world, a\n\"wired village\". The digital revolution will profoundly affect business,\ngovernment, society and citizen participation. It will revolutionize the marketplace\nand society in ways that we can only dimly perceive.\nCanada has been investing in the information highway since 1994 and is putting in\nplace the legislative framework to protect intellectual property rights and enable\nsecure commerce. The goal of the Connecting Canadians initiative is to make the\ninformation highway available to all Canadians - for learning, for commerce, for\ncreative expression and for communication.\nAs a key part of this initiative, the government is building a modern\ncommunications infrastructure for schools. SchoolNet brings the Internet to\nstudents and into the classroom as a vital learning tool. Computers for Schools, a\nkey to this strategy, is a partnership through which governments and businesses\nmake computers available to schools at no cost. Canada is the first country to have\nconnected each one of its\nschools and libraries. Our next\nGetting Canadians connected - to\nobjective is to ensure that each\neach other, to schools and libraries, to\nclassroom is connected.\ntheir diverse stories and voices, to\ngovernment, to the marketplace and\nIn addition to connecting\nto the world - is one of the keys to\nschools and libraries, the\nestablishing Canada as a world-\ngovernment is helping the\nvoluntary sector extend its\nleading economy, a country of\nreach through new technology.\nopportunity and excitement.\nThrough its Smart Community\nproject, the government is\ntesting how access to the\ninformation highway can enrich community life. The Community Access Program\nis bringing rural Canada on-line by establishing Internet access sites in Canada's\nrural and remote communities. Canada has set as its goal an inclusive approach to\nthe information highway so that all Canadians have access. Canada has also set as\n9\na goal that Canadian businesses will have five percent of the world's e-commerce\nby 2003. The information highway holds real promise too for improving\ngovernment services to Canadians and for engaging Canadians in government.\nThe federal government has therefore committed to have all government services\non-line by 2004.\nGetting Canadians connected - to each other, to schools and libraries, to their\ndiverse stories and voices, to government, to the marketplace and to the world -\nis one of the keys to establishing Canada as a world-leading economy, a country\nof opportunity and excitement.\nCanada has made significant progress towards its goal of being the most\nconnected country in the world.\nImproving Education and Learning\nThe standard of living and quality of life of Canadians will depend directly on our\nsuccess in fostering knowledge creation and innovation and in maximizing\neducational opportunity. This requires a commitment to inclusive access to\nlearning and to excellence in knowledge, research, and institutions of higher\neducation. How a government proceeds on this agenda will reflect its values and\nwill, to a large extent, shape the future of the country. Canada has made\nconsiderable progress and much remains to be done.\nThe Canadian Way is to make education and learning a top priority, recognizing\ntheir importance for opportunity and for citizenship. For its part, the federal\ngovernment is implementing measures to make it easier for families to save from\nbirth for their children's post-secondary education. It has introduced a sheltered\neducation savings plan and is now providing grants to families who invest in the\nplan. The government has also increased its support for students in need to ensure\nthat neither income nor family circumstance is a barrier to access. It increased its\neducation loans and grants for students in need and those with young children. It\nis working with the provinces to harmonize student aid programs and to ensure\nthat aid is fully portable. And it is implementing measures to help graduates\nmanage the debt they may have accumulated as students.\nRecently the Government of Canada launched the Millennium Scholarship Fund,\nestablishing and endowing an agency which will, beginning this year, provide\n100,000 scholarships per year to recognize and reward excellence and encourage\nthe brightest and the best to fulfil their potential. While a good start has been\nmade, student debt continues to be a problem and more must be done to ensure\nfair and equitable access for all.\nThe government is also implementing a range of measures to encourage lifelong\nlearning for all Canadians, helping Canadians upgrade their skills throughout their\nworking lives by allowing tax-free withdrawals from tax-sheltered retirement\n10\nsavings plans for lifelong learning and extending tax assistance for education to\npart-time students.\nCanada has the largest proportion of people with post-secondary education in the\nworld, but the demands of the knowledge economy are placing an increasing\npremium on quality, not just the number of degrees but the quality of those\ndegrees. The future will demand access to education of the highest quality, access\nto excellence. And just as Canadian industries\nThe future will\nare in competition with the world, so too are our\nresearchers, universities, and colleges.\ndemand access to\neducation of the\nThe government is therefore taking steps to\nhighest quality, access\npromote excellence in education and research. It\nto excellence.\nhas been implementing a plan to build a modern\ninfrastructure of universities and laboratories, to\nincrease the amount and quality of research, and\nto attract and retain the brightest and best scholars and researchers. To these ends,\nit established and continues to build the Canada Foundation for Innovation, which\nlevers significant additional resources from the private sector to build a modern\nresearch infrastructure in colleges, universities and teaching hospitals.\nThe government is encouraging research in the sciences and humanities through\nlarge increases to the Granting Councils, which provide the major support for\nresearch in Canada's post-secondary institutions. It has created the Canadian\nInstitutes of Health Research and doubled its funding for health research to help\nCanada to become a world leader in this area. It has increased investment in\nbiotechnology and related scientific research. It has created and extended\nnetworks of Centres of Excellence to ensure that knowledge and skills are shared.\nAnd, the government is now establishing 2000 Canada Research Chairs over the\nnext five years at degree-granting institutions across Canada to help them compete\nfor the brightest and best in an increasingly global market.\nInvesting in Children and Families\nInclusiveness does not begin at the post-secondary school level. One of the\nchallenges all countries must grapple\nwith is ensuring that all children get a\ngood start in life and that families are\nWhile parents and families\ngiven the support they need for the\nhave the primary role in\nhealthy development of their children, so\nraising children, governments\nthat they are ready to learn and to seize\nhave a responsibility to\nopportunity later in life. Some argue that\nensure that the necessary\nlarge, across-the-board tax cuts are\nsufficient. The Government of Canada\nsupports are also in place.\nhas chosen a different path. While\nparents and families have the primary role in raising children, governments have a\nresponsibility to ensure that the necessary supports are also in place.\nThe federal and provincial governments, therefore, established and continue to\nstrengthen the National Child Benefit, designed to combat child poverty by\nhelping to protect benefits for low-income parents who enter and stay in the\nworkforce. Under the previous set of uncoordinated welfare and federal child\nbenefits, parents could face a significant drop in benefits when deciding to accept\na job and leave welfare. The benefit strengthens and equalizes income support to\nlow-income families with children, while at the same time extending\nimprovements to the majority of families.\nThis important reform is allowing provinces to redirect welfare spending for\nchildren to invest in more effective and active programs to help low-income\nfamilies break the welfare trap; for example, child care, supplementary health\nbenefits, early childhood services, and enhanced income support. The National\nChild Benefit embodies several key characteristics of the Canadian Way: active\ninstead of passive income support; broad based, inclusive social programs that\nserve low-income and non-poor Canadians together, rather than marginalizing the\nmost vulnerable; integration of income programs and a range of supporting\nservices; and reforms planned and implemented through federal-provincial\njoint action.\nCanada's governments have agreed to build on this ground-breaking initiative.\nIn 1999, they released a framework to guide the efforts of all sectors of Canadian\nsociety - Canadians, communities, employers and governments - to better meet\nthe needs of children. The framework focuses on six priority areas: strengthening\nthe family, early childhood development, economic security, readiness to learn,\nadolescent development and supportive communities.\nFor its part, the federal government launched a major new initiative to double\nparental leave from its current 26 weeks to a full year to enable working parents to\nchoose to be with their young children. This will come into effect in 2001 and will\nhave major and enduring benefits for children and their families.\nInvestment in Active Measures\nA particular challenge for all countries is to find new and better ways to bring the\npoor and marginalized into the\nA particular challenge for all\nmainstream. An inclusive approach\nrequires that all individuals and all\ncountries is to find new and\nregions have the opportunity to\nbetter ways to bring the poor\nparticipate, to share opportunity.\nand marginalized into the\nGovernments have an important role but\nmainstream.\nthey must go beyond the traditional\n\"welfare\" approaches; they must find\n12\nnew and better ways, new approaches that put greater emphasis on creating\nopportunity, promoting responsibility and avoiding dependency.\nThe Government of Canada has reformed and continues to adapt the Employment\nInsurance system, shifting emphasis to active measures to help the unemployed\nacquire the skills and tools they need; and it is testing similar programs for people\nwith disabilities, youth at risk and Aboriginal people.\nAt the same time, Canada's governments continue to provide support, through\nwelfare, employment insurance and other programs, to ensure that basic needs are\nmet. Through its progressive tax system, active measures and social safety net,\nCanada has curtailed income polarization and marginalization and has therefore\navoided the worst social and economic costs of social exclusion. More must and\ncan be done, particularly with respect to Canada's Aboriginal peoples, who do not\nparticipate equally in Canada's\nsocial and economic development.\nNew and better ways must be\nCanada is therefore modifying its\nfound both to promote opportunity\napproach to regional\nand to ensure that the basic needs\ndevelopment, focusing on\nof all are met.\ninnovation, on excellence, on\nIn Canada, as in many other\nprivate-public partnership, on\ncountries, disparities exist not only\ninfrastructure, and on youth. In\namong individuals but also among\nthe knowledge-based economy,\nregions. There have been many\ngeography need not be a barrier\ndifferent approaches to regional\nto opportunity.\ndevelopment. None have been fully\nsuccessful. Some approaches may\nactually deepen dependency and inhibit structural reform. Canada is therefore\nmodifying its approach to regional development, focusing on innovation, on\nexcellence, on private-public partnership, on infrastructure, and on youth. In the\nknowledge-based economy, geography need not be a barrier to opportunity.\nQuality of life\nThe purpose of Canada's economic strategy is to provide Canadians with a high\nquality of life. But quality of life is not simply defined by opportunities in the\nmarket. It also requires safe communities where people wish to live and raise their\nfamilies, where they can receive the health care they need, where they can live\nwithout fear of crime or violence, where they can enjoy the benefits of clean air\nand water and green spaces, where they can participate in amateur sport, cultural\nactivities and the arts, and where people of diverse backgrounds and cultures\nparticipate and contribute together.\nInvestments in Health\nWhatever their system of health, countries throughout the world are having to deal\nwith the rising costs of health care in the face of demographic change, new\ntechnologies, advances in medical science and changing expectations.\nCanadians attach great value to and take great pride in their public health care\nsystem. Canada's system of medicare guarantees access to essential health\nservices regardless of income or place of residence. It is part of Canada's\ncompetitive advantage and essential to\nquality of life. Canada's governments are\nCanadians want assurances\ntherefore increasing their investment in\nthat their health care system\ncore health services. They are also taking\nwill be there for them and\nsteps to modernize the system and make\nit sustainable by investing in health\nfor their children. Canada's\ninformation systems, research and\ngovernments have no greater\ninnovation, and particularly preventive\nobligation than to work\napproaches. Preventive initiatives are\ntogether with an\nbuilding on efforts to improve prenatal\nuncompromising\nnutrition, food safety and the control of\ncommitment to universal\ntoxic substances. Steps are being taken to\nfoster innovation in rural and community\naccess to essential medical\nhealth; to improve Aboriginal health\nservices of high quality; to\nservices; and to combat diabetes, the\ndevelop common goals and\nincidence of which is particularly high in\nobjectives to bring medicare\nAboriginal communities.\ninto the 21st century; and to\nCanadians want assurances that their\nmeasure results, report to\nhealth care system will be there for them\nCanadians on progress, learn\nand for their children. Canada's\nfrom one another what\ngovernments have no greater obligation\nworks best and invest for the\nthan to work together with an\nfuture.\nuncompromising commitment to\nuniversal access to essential medical\nservices of high quality; to develop\ncommon goals and objectives to bring medicare into the 21st century; and to\nmeasure results, report to Canadians on progress, learn from one another what\nworks best and invest for the future. Increasing global mobility, the spread of\ndisease and the emergence of new viruses will require international solutions as\nwell.\nA Healthy Environment\nA healthy environment and a high quality of life go hand in hand. The\nenvironment is of importance to all Canadians, but particularly to young\n14\nCanadians. Our generation will be judged on the environmental legacy we leave to\nour children and grandchildren. This is a matter of very high priority for Canada's\ngovernments.\nLegislation has been introduced to protect species at risk and their critical habitat.\nThe Government of Canada is extending Canada's national parks system and\ntaking steps to ensure the ecological\nintegrity of its parks and the\nprotection of its wilderness areas.\nOur generation will be judged\nAnd it is cleaning up contaminated\non the environmental legacy\nsites to protect the health of\nwe leave to our children and\nCanadians.\ngrandchildren. This is a matter\nof very high priority for\nCanada is adapting existing\nCanada's governments.\ntechnologies aggressively, developing\nnew technologies strategically and\nexporting its technical products to\ncontribute to the health of the global environment and to contribute to economic\ngrowth in Canada. Canada has set itself the goal of being a world leader in\nenvironmental technology and science.\nIn collaboration with the provinces and municipalities, the government is\ninvesting in green infrastructure to improve water and air quality. Canada is\nadopting sustainable practices and encouraging our trading partners to do the\nsame. And the Government of Canada is leading a national effort - public,\nprivate, federal and provincial - to meet its commitment to reduce greenhouse\ngas emissions, and it will work to achieve concerted international action on\nclimate change.\nIn the new global economy, not only are people connected more than ever before,\nnot only do businesses compete around the world as never before, but the quality\nof our environment - the air we breathe, the water we drink - depends not only\non what we do in this country but also on factors beyond our borders.\nEnvironmental quality is both a local and a global challenge; it requires both\nnational action and international partnerships.\nStrong and Safe Communities\nStrong communities and good government require engaged citizens, citizens who\ntake responsibility not only for themselves but for one another. Canada has always\nbenefited from a high level of community action, and Canadians take great pride\nin their reputation for mutual tolerance, mutual respect, and mutual responsibility.\nIndeed, Canada has been called a \"public enterprise\" society because of its\ntraditions of social responsibility. Its strong civic base is reflected in relatively low\nand decreasing rates of crime and violence, high rates of voluntarism and\ncharitable giving, and a strong and active voluntary sector. In times of rapid and\npersistent change, however, these bonds among citizens and between them and\ntheir governments may become strained or weakened at precisely the time that\npublic enterprise must be resilient and inventive.\nCanada's governments are working together to ensure that their communities\ncontinue to be safe and that Canadians do not live in fear of crime. The Canadian\nWay is a balanced approach in which offenders are held accountable for their\ncrimes; serious offenders receive\nserious sentences; less serious\nStrong communities and good\noffenders, particularly young\ngovernment require engaged\noffenders, are helped to reintegrate\ncitizens, citizens who take\ninto their communities; and prisons\nresponsibility not only for\nare a punishment of last resort.\nthemselves but for one another.\nCanada's governments have\nintensified their efforts at prevention\nand diversion to reduce the social and\neconomic costs of crime. Canada's\nfirearms controls are among the most stringent in the world and new measures are\nbeing implemented to control firearms, to ensure their safe handling and to\nprohibit those most dangerous. Canada is also intensifying its community-based\ncrime prevention, tailoring programs to the specific needs of urban and rural\ncommunities and engaging youth to help other young people at risk.\nGlobalization, however, has meant new threats to security - such as computer\ncrime; smuggling of people, arms and drugs; and exploitation of immigrants and\nrefugees. Recent events have shown the global consequences that can arise from\nlocal mischief on the Internet. These issues will require international solutions.\nThe most effective domestic approaches to crime prevention and strengthening the\nquality of life in communities\nare those that focus on social\ndevelopment and inclusion,\nThrough a series of joint roundtables,\nengaging those at risk or on the\nthe government and the voluntary\nmargins of community life,\nsector have set out a shared vision of\nproviding them with social and\nhow this partnership can most\nmarket skills and opportunities\neffectively contribute to serve\nto contribute. Canada's\nCanadians, encourage charitable\nvoluntary sector plays a crucial\nrole in reaching out to those\ngiving and promote volunteerism and\nthat government programs may\ncitizen engagement in public\ntoo often miss.\nenterprise.\nThe Government of Canada is\ntherefore strengthening its partnership with the voluntary sector. Through a series\nof joint roundtables, the government and the voluntary sector have set out a shared\n16\nvision of how this partnership can most effectively contribute to serve Canadians,\nencourage charitable giving and promote volunteerism and citizen engagement in\npublic enterprise. The federal government and the voluntary sector are developing\nan accord which will bring this relationship into the 21st century.\nCanada is also increasing support for participation in amateur sport, cultural\nactivities and the arts, and the preservation for future generations of its rich\ncultural heritage. Sport, artistic and cultural activities are important for connecting\nCanadians to their society and to one another. These activities inspire creativity\nand a sense of humanity and citizenship and provide some bearings in these global\nand changing times. The government is introducing measures to promote creative\nexpression across all media and to bring historical and cultural content on-line.\nIn particular, it is taking steps to encourage youth to express themselves, develop\ntheir creativity, participate in domestic and international exchanges, and be\nexposed to excellence in the arts, humanities and sport. Young people are\ntypically at ease in the global, wired\nworld, and can play a major role in\nIn a world where human\ndriving innovation. Canada is\nincreasingly turning to young people\ndevelopment, quality of life and\nto help citizens and businesses learn\neconomic prosperity are\nhow to access and effectively use\nincreasingly driven by\nnew technologies and the Internet.\nknowledge and creativity, who\nGovernments will have to find new\nbetter to lead the way than our\nways to engage young people and\nartists, writers, and performers.\nplace them at the centre of the\naction.\nAnd who better to lead the way\nthan our youth, many of whom\nThe Government of Canada is\nare already more at ease than\ncommitted to ensuring that\ntheir elders with the rapidly self-\nCanadians have Canadian choices.\ntransforming world in which we\nTo help connect our people to the\nall live.\ndiverse Canadian experience and to\nsupport and promote our rich talent.\nCanada has an unprecedented\nopportunity to ensure that its creative\nartists have new avenues for expression. That all Canadians have access to diverse\nCanadian stories, voices and images.\nIn a world where human development, quality of life and economic prosperity are\nincreasingly driven by knowledge and creativity, who better to lead the way than\nour artists, writers, and performers. And who better to lead the way than our\nyouth, many of whom are already more at ease than their elders with the rapidly\nself-transforming world in which we all live.\nModern Government\nThe Canadian Way of governing requires that all citizens have the opportunity to\nhelp shape government priorities and directions. The Government of Canada has\nrecognized that the legitimacy of public institutions, the quality of public policy.\nand the responsiveness of public services will require new and better mechanisms\nfor engaging citizens and civil society in governance. For example, the\ngovernment has used citizen juries to achieve a consensus declaration on climate\nchange. It has used study\ncircles to bring citizens and\ndecision-makers together to\nA challenge for all governments is to\nrecommend action in\nfind innovative ways to put citizens at\nimmigration and health policy.\nthe centre of the governing process,\nThe government also\nto engage youth in public enterprise,\nrecognizes the need to engage\ncitizens in distant communities\nand to give voice to those who find\nand, in 1998, launched the\nthemselves on the margins.\nCanadian Rural Dialogue,\nwhich resulted in a long-term\naction plan which will address the special needs of citizens living in rural and\nremote communities. A challenge for all governments is to find innovative ways\nto put citizens at the centre of the governing process, to engage youth in public\nenterprise, and to give voice to those who find themselves on the margins.\nKey to reconnecting governments to their citizens is greater transparency and\naccountability in how government operates. All of Canada's governments are\ndeveloping new ways to measure and report on performance and results. The\nGovernment of Canada is introducing new approaches to performance\nmeasurement and results reporting across all departments and agencies.\nPerformance reports are provided to Parliament and made public to ensure that\ncitizens can make informed judgments about the performance of their\ngovernment. Performance information is also crucial to help governments to learn\nand to adapt and modify their policies in the light of the evidence on what works\nand what does not.\nThe federal and provincial governments are also adopting new citizen-centred\napproaches to service, publicly setting out service standards, providing\nmechanisms for complaint and redress, and using new technologies to make\nservices available in a way that is relevant to citizens. The Government of Canada\nmade its commitment to have its services on-line by 2004 so that citizens will be\nable to access its services at a time and place of their choosing.\nCanada's governments are working together to strengthen their federal system, to\nfind effective ways to manage interdependence in the interest of citizens, to work\ntogether whenever this makes sense and to identify new ways to be more\n18\ntransparent and accountable. Initiatives such as the National Child Benefit\ndemonstrate the strength of the federal system, which allows governments to bring\ntheir different strengths together in common purpose while also affording the\nflexibility to tailor programs and services to meet provincial or local needs.\nCanada's system of federalism provides an increasing advantage in the global\neconomy, allowing the interaction of global and local issues, accommodating\ndiversity and providing a natural laboratory for testing new ideas and bringing\nthose that work best to all Canadians. In\n1999, Canada's governments agreed to\nInitiatives such as the National\nadopt a more collaborative approach to\nChild Benefit demonstrate the\nfederalism, making the commitment\nthat, in areas of shared responsibility or\nstrength of the federal system,\ninterest, they would jointly develop\nwhich allows governments to\nobjectives and indicators to measure and\nbring their different strengths\npublicly report on progress, exchange\ntogether in common purpose\nbest practices and learn from one\nwhile also affording the\nanother. The key to this new agreement\nflexibility to tailor programs\nis the commitment of all governments to\nreport to Canadians on their\nand services to meet provincial\nperformance, to allow Canadians to\nor local needs.\nmake informed judgments and to\nparticipate more fully in the federal-provincial dialogue.\nThe future will increasingly demand excellence in government policy,\nadministration and services. Governments too will have to attract and retain the\nbrightest and best in an increasingly competitive market, and they will have to be\nrepresentative of the increasingly diverse population they serve. Attracting and\nretaining the talent they need will be a significant challenge for all governments.\nThe government is taking concrete steps to build its policy capacity, to strengthen\nits ability to discern broad trends, to develop long term scenarios and options, and\nto identify innovative approaches and solutions. The government's Policy\nResearch Initiative devotes resources to long term policy, to help build policy\ncapacity in government departments and to encourage academics and think tanks\nto help government define its challenges and choices for the future. The\nGovernment of Canada has also put added emphasis on restoring pride in public\nservice and on recruitment, retention and learning to ensure that the public service\ncontinues to attract, keep, and develop people who can provide excellence in\ngovernment.\nGovernments will also have to find new approaches to strengthen private-public\npartnerships and to promote corporate responsibility domestically and\ninternationally. Mutual responsibility requires that all sectors of society contribute\nto the betterment of quality of life.\nGlobal Opportunity\nCanada's international voice draws on its distinct advantage as a multi-cultural\nsociety where people have roots in virtually every country in the world. Canada is\nsurrounded by three oceans and is therefore an Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic\ncountry. Canada belongs both to the Commonwealth and La Francophonie and\nCanada speaks in two international languages. Canada is a trading nation, a\nvigorous promoter of investment. And Canada speaks to the world through the\nvalues that can be traced to our origins of \"peace, order and good government\".\nCanada's foreign policy is the mirror image of its domestic policy.\nIn the post Cold War world, foreign\nCanada's international voice\npolicy can more easily look beyond\ndraws on its distinct advantage\nrelations between states to the needs\nas a multi-cultural society where\nof people, needs that transcend\npeople have roots in virtually\nborders - addressing the human\nside of globalization, human\nevery country in the world.\nsecurity, cultural diversity and\nhuman rights.\nCanada continues to play a disproportionate role in conflict avoidance,\npeacekeeping and peacebuilding, largely because Canadians understand readily\nthat the more people are safe and secure in their countries, the more Canadians too\nare safe and secure. Canada continues to work with international non-\ngovernmental organizations to promote human security, human rights and peace,\nbuilding on the landmark convention banning anti-personnel mines. Similar\napproaches will be necessary to control the spread of small arms and migrant\nsmuggling. Canada and its partners in the United Nations recently achieved new\nrules preventing the recruitment of child soldiers, and Canada continues to\nadvocate the International Criminal Court so that perpetrators of atrocities are held\nto account.\nCanada is also promoting a more inclusive and coherent rules-based approach to\nfree trade, anchored in the WTO, as perhaps the major vehicle to achieve shared\nopportunity globally. Trade and investment are essential for a strong Canadian\neconomy.\nThe trading relationship with the United States is the most important element of\nCanada's international economic relations. NAFTA has extended this relationship\nto Mexico.\nThrough its membership in APEC and its leadership role in the Summit of the\nAmericas, Canada is committed to expanding free trade as an essential means of\nbuilding greater prosperity in a global economy.\n20\nGlobalization means increased wealth, expanded opportunity and improved well-\nbeing for Canadians and the citizens of other developed countries. Some are not\nso fortunate - indeed, there has been little improvement in the absolute number\nof world citizens living in dire poverty. If developed countries want to continue to\nsecure the advantages of globalization for themselves, they must help those that\nare excluded to benefit as\nwell. That is the challenge for\nall of those who believe in\nIf developed countries want to\nprogressive governance.\ncontinue to secure the advantages of\nglobalization for themselves, they\nFor its part, Canada is\nmust help those that are excluded to\ncommitted to promoting\nsustainable growth for all\nbenefit as well. That is the challenge\nnations through enhanced\nfor all of those who believe in\ntrade. This requires reducing\nprogressive governance.\ndebt and freeing up funding\nfor productive expenditures,\nensuring appropriate regulatory structures, and developing the capacity to benefit\nfully from the trading system. Canada is a driving force to reduce the oppressive\ndebt burdens of the poorest nations, in concert with the international financial\ninstitutions, and is a prime mover in the work of the G20 to promote international\nfinancial stability and greater transparency.\nBut financial order is insufficient to allow developing nations to benefit from\nglobalization. Canada is, particularly through the G8, encouraging the\ndevelopment of social policies to protect the vulnerable in economic hard times.\nTo this end, it is promoting greater coordination, among the WTO, international\nfinancial institutions and UN agencies, to provide debt relief to allow countries to\nconcentrate on productive expenditures, develop social safety nets and better\nintegrate trade into development. It is also tailoring development assistance\nprograms to help build developing-country capacity for economic and social\ndevelopment, as well as to respond to urgent humanitarian needs.\nCanada's approach is to support greater\nCanada's approach is to\npolicy coherence at the international\nsupport greater policy\nlevel, to address not only the economic,\ncoherence at the international\nbut also the social, environmental,\nlevel, to address not only the\nhealth, and cultural consequences of\neconomic, but also the social,\nglobalization. All governments will\nenvironmental, health, and\nhave to meet the challenge of building\nan international agenda that is coherent\ncultural consequences of\nand governance structures that are more\nglobalization.\ntransparent and that engage civil society\ndomestically and internationally.\nChallenges and Choices for the Future\nTaking the Canadian Way into the 21st Century will require innovation and\nexcellence in government, partnerships of common purpose and a focus on\ncitizens at home and throughout the world. The federal government is proposing\nfor Canada and Canadians clear goals and a vision of a modern Canada in which:\nCanada is the most inclusive country in the world, where opportunity is\nshared among all Canadians and all regions;\nAll children get a good start in life so that they will be ready to learn and\nseize opportunity later in life;\nCanada's economy is growing strongly and all sectors of the economy are\nharnessing the power of new technologies and global trade and\ninvestment;\nCanada is the most connected country in the world, a leader in the\nknowledge economy, and has five percent of the world's e-commerce\nby 2003;\nAll Canadian classrooms are connected to the Internet;\nAll Canadians have equitable and affordable access to an education of the\nhighest standards of excellence;\nCanada is the world leader in research and science in key strategic areas;\nCanada's poor have the tools they need to enter the mainstream and the\nbasic needs of all Canadians are met;\nCanada's Aboriginal peoples have the tools to participate in Canada's\neconomic growth;\nAll Canadians have access to essential medical services of high quality,\nand Canada is a world leader in health research and information;\nCanadian citizens continue to enjoy clean air and water and green spaces,\nand Canada's rich wilderness and habitats are preserved;\nCanada is a world leader in environmental technology and science;\nAll Canadians can participate fully in Canada's economy and in its diverse\nand culturally rich communities without fear of crime or violence,\nprejudice or hate;\n22\nYoung Canadians have the tools and can seize the opportunity to drive\ninnovation and growth;\nCanada's artists and creators have the opportunity to express themselves,\nand Canadians have access to Canadian choices;\nGovernment services are available\nto Canadians on-line, Canada's\ngovernments are collaborating in\nIt is a plan for people, for\nthe interests of all Canadians\nopportunity, for excellence,\nopenly and transparently, and\nfor success, for a high\ncitizens are at the centre of\nquality of life, for mutual\ngovernance; and\nresponsibility and mutual\nCanada and other liked-minded\nrespect, for creativity and\ncountries build a coherent\ninnovation - an ambitious\ninternational agenda of shared\nvision for an ambitious\nopportunity and inclusion.\ncountry.\nSharing Opportunity\nThis is a modern project for a modern society, the project of a forward-looking\ncountry. Not old solutions to the problems of today, but new plans to meet new\nopportunities; to ensure that the opportunities of all of Canada are available to all\nCanadians; to ensure that Canadians shape their future in the Canadian Way. It is\na plan for people, for opportunity, for excellence, for success, for a high quality of\nlife, for mutual responsibility and mutual respect, for creativity and innovation -\nan ambitious vision for an ambitious country.\nCanadians' way of living together, their way of working out problems, of\nrespecting and taking responsibility for each other - this Canadian Way - is the\nway ahead for this even smaller globe in the century ahead.\n23\nLa troisième voie :\nla voie canadienne\nPRIME MINISTER PREMIER MINISTRE\nMessage du premier ministre Jean Chrétien\nÀ l'aube du XXIe siècle, les pays du monde entier sont appelés à repenser leur\nfaçon de voir la gouvernance pour faire face aux nouveaux défis et aux nouvelles\npossibilités : la mondialisation, le rythme effréné des changements\ntechnologiques, l'interdépendance croissante et les questions toujours plus\ncomplexes qui se posent aux gouvernements. Nombre de pays animés des mêmes\nidées cherchent de nouvelles façons d'accroître leur prospérité économique et la\nqualité de vie de leurs habitants, dans le respect de leurs valeurs communes.\nSachant bien qu'ils ne sont pas à même de relever seuls ces défis, les\ngouvernements établissent des partenariats avec tous les secteurs de la société. De\nplus, ils travaillent ensemble à l'édification d'une communauté internationale dont\nles activités seront plus concertées et plus cohérentes.\nNous voulons par le présent document contribuer au dialogue international sur les\ndéfis d'une gouvernance progressiste en dressant un bilan de notre plan d'action\nle Programme : emploi et croissance créé en 1994, et en présentant nos\nobjectifs pour l'avenir. La « voie canadienne » est un modèle nettement différent\nqui reflète nos valeurs et repose sur nos forces et notre histoire.\nQuelques-uns de mes collègues, dont le premier ministre Blair, le président\nClinton et le chancelier Schröder, utilisent les termes « Troisième voie » ou\n« Neue Mitte » lorsqu'ils parlent de cette nouvelle façon de voir la gouvernance.\nEn collaboration avec d'autres chefs de gouvernement, ils ont lancé un dialogue à\nl'échelle internationale afin de discuter des moyens mis en œuvre pour\napprofondir leurs valeurs communes. Le chancelier Schröder sera l'hôte du\nprochain forum de discussions qui aura lieu à Berlin en juin 2000.\nÀ cette occasion, je présenterai aux leaders venus des quatre coins du monde\npartager leurs expériences, la « voie canadienne » dont il est question dans ce\ndocument. Je leur parlerai avec fierté de notre façon à nous de relever les défis et\nde faire face au changement. Nos réalisations sont nombreuses et nous\npoursuivrons sur cette lancée au cours des années à venir, en fondant nos choix\nsur nos valeurs, en nous engageant à donner aux Canadiens et aux Canadiennes\ndes résultats concrets, et en travaillant en collaboration avec les citoyens, les\ndifférents secteurs, les autres gouvernements et nos alliés dans le monde entier.\nJean\nLa troisième voie : la voie canadienne\nContexte\nLes pays du monde entier cherchent la meilleure façon d'assurer leur prospérité\néconomique dans une société qui se mondialise, en évitant que certains soient\nlaissés pour compte. Ce faisant, ils réagissent aux pressions en faveur de la\nmodernisation du rôle du gouvernement, et à la nécessité de donner une voix à la\nsociété civile. Ils cherchent de nouvelles façons de promouvoir une croissance\néconomique durable au sein d'une communauté internationale qui veut se donner\ndes moyens d'action cohérents dans les domaines du commerce, de\nl'environnement, du travail, de la culture, de la santé et de l'éducation, afin de\nconcrétiser les bienfaits de la mondialisation pour l'humanité.\nLes chefs de plusieurs pays ont lancé un dialogue à l'échelle internationale afin\nd'échanger sur leurs expériences positives et négatives, et de chercher des moyens\nde collaborer à l'édification d'une gouvernance de progrès au XXIe siècle. Dans le\ncadre de ce processus, le chancelier Gerhard Schröder de la République fédérale\nd'Allemagne a invité 16 chefs\nde gouvernement à une\nrencontre informelle qui aura\nLe succès du pays comme nation\nlieu à Berlin les 2 et 3 juin\nrepose non seulement sur une forte\n2000. Les spécialistes des pays\ncroissance, mais également sur le\nparticipants tiendront en\nrespect continu de valeurs solides : la\nparallèle une conférence sur la\ncompassion et un partage équitable\ngouvernance, la société civile\ndes retombées de la croissance\net les politiques sociales et\néconomiques dont les résultats\néconomique.\nseront présentés aux chefs de\ngouvernement.\nLe présent document est pour nous l'occasion, d'une part, d'énoncer clairement la\nstratégie du Canada pour offrir à ses citoyens la meilleure qualité de vie possible\ndans la nouvelle économie et promouvoir nos valeurs sur la scène internationale\net, d'autre part, de nous interroger sur nos défis communs et les choix que nous\nferons pour l'avenir.\nLa manière canadienne\nNous avons notre propre manière de faire les choses, notre propre modèle. Un\naccueil à toutes les cultures. La reconnaissance de la diversité. Un partenariat\nentre les citoyens et l'État. Un équilibre entre libertés individuelles et prospérité\néconomique fondé sur le partage des risques et des bénéfices. Un gouvernement\n2\nau service de l'action collective, au service de l'intérêt public. Le succès du pays\ncomme nation repose non seulement sur une forte croissance, mais également sur\nle respect continu de valeurs solides : la compassion et un partage équitable des\nretombées de la croissance économique.\nCes valeurs sont celles que l'on trouve au cœur de la nouvelle philosophie que\ncertains nomment la « troisième voie ». Comme le mentionnent des leaders\nmondiaux tels que le premier ministre Blair, le président Clinton et le chancelier\nSchröder, cette philosophie met l'accent sur l'innovation technologique, une\néconomie mixte, l'éducation et l'apprentissage et en fait les clés de la croissance\net de la stabilité économiques. On redécouvre ainsi la raison-d'être humaine de\nl'économie, et on force les gouvernements à se tourner vers l'avenir, à se\nconcentrer sur les résultats et à privilégier l'intérêt des citoyens.\nLa « voie canadienne », c'est la\nLes Canadiens sont,\nfaçon de faire du Canada qui\nhistoriquement et par nécessité,\nremonte au début de son histoire.\nouverts sur le monde.\nLes fondateurs du pays ont\ndélibérément choisi de ne pas\nédifier une nation unique avec\nune seule langue. Ils ont plutôt jeté les bases d'une société au sein de laquelle se\ncôtoient plusieurs peuples et plusieurs langues en établissant un cadre d'entente\nentre Français, Anglais et Autochtones. Sont venus s'y ajouter des immigrants des\nquatre coins du monde. Le Canada est depuis devenu une société postnationale,\nune société multiculturelle. On y retrouve des gens de partout dans le monde. Les\nCanadiens savent que leurs deux langues internationales et leur diversité sont des\navantages concurrentiels et sont source de créativité et d'innovation. Les\nCanadiens sont, historiquement et par nécessité, ouverts sur le monde.\nLe Canada a une population relativement\nL'histoire et le cadre\npetite et dispersée sur un territoire vaste et\ndivers, ce qui nous a contraints à nous\njuridique du Canada\npréoccuper des liens entre les communautés,\néconomie mixte,\ncomme en témoignent la construction du\ncollectivités fortes,\nchemin de fer transcontinental et, plus près de\nbilinguisme et diversité,\nnous, les innovations dans les\nfilet de sécurité sociale,\ncommunications par satellite et par Internet.\nLe Canada a vu ses pionniers faire face aux\nsystème de soins de\nrigueurs du climat et de la géographie, et cela\nsanté et reconnaissance\na certes contribué à insuffler à la population\nd'une interdépendance\nle respect de l'environnement, le sens de\nmondiale sont les\nl'initiative, de la justice sociale et du partage\nracines de ce qu'il est\ndes responsabilités. Les Canadiens ont\nconvenu d'appeler la\ntoujours préféré les principes du pragmatisme\ntroisième voie.\nplutôt que ceux de l'idéologie.\n3\nLe fait de partager une frontière et d'entretenir des liens d'amitié avec la plus\ngrande puissance économique au monde est également un stimulant qui pousse le\nCanada à innover dans le domaine économique et à préserver sa façon de faire\ntypiquement canadienne qui reflète nos valeurs et notre diversité. Le Canada vise\nl'excellence non seulement dans le commerce, les sciences et la technologie, mais\négalement dans les arts et les sciences humaines.\nLa paix, l'ordre et le bon gouvernement sont des valeurs inscrites dans la\nConstitution canadienne. Elles résument bien la tradition d'accueil, de résolution\npacifique des conflits, de primauté du droit et de démocratie qui est la nôtre.\nL'histoire et le cadre juridique du Canada économie mixte, collectivités fortes,\nbilinguisme et diversité, filet de sécurité sociale, système de soins de santé et\nreconnaissance d'une interdépendance mondiale sont les racines de ce qu'il est\nconvenu d'appeler la troisième voie.\nLa stratégie canadienne\nAu cours de la dernière décennie du XXe siècle, le Canada a eu les mêmes défis à\nrelever que de nombreux pays. Le gouvernement du Canada devait remettre de\nl'ordre dans ses finances pour reprendre les rênes de sa destinée; il devait se\nréhabiliter aux yeux des gens tout en réaménageant ses programmes en fonction\nde ses moyens et des nouvelles réalités qu'entraînent la mondialisation et les\nchangements sociaux; il devait regagner la confiance de la population.\nDans la nouvelle économie, le talent humain et la capacité d'apprendre, d'agir et\nde s'adapter rapidement aux nouvelles conjonctures, de créer de nouvelles idées et\nde faire de nouvelles découvertes constituent de plus en plus la base du succès.\nUne stratégie globale doit inclure tous les citoyens. Elle doit laisser place aux\nopportunités, à la diversité et à l'inclusion, ainsi qu'à la créativité, à l'innovation\net à l'esprit d'entrepreneuriat.\nEn 1994, le gouvernement fédéral a annoncé la création de son plan d'action pour\nle changement, le « Programme : emploi et croissance », afin que la « voie\ncanadienne » entre dans le XXIe siècle. Ce programme était et demeure ambitieux.\nIl repose sur la reconnaissance lucide des défis de la mondialisation : polarisation,\nmarginalisation et exclusion, fragmentation sociale, dégradation de\nl'environnement, homogénéisation culturelle et désaffection de la population à\nl'égard du gouvernement. Il repose également sur la reconnaissance des occasions\nque doivent saisir les pays prêts à le faire : croissance du commerce et de\nl'investissement, avantages des nouvelles technologies puissantes, nouveaux\npartenariats et partage de l'information et des connaissances à l'échelle mondiale\npour nous aider à concrétiser nos valeurs les plus précieuses.\nCette stratégie s'appuie sur une vision claire du Canada, elle mise sur ses forces et\nlui ouvre les portes de l'avenir. Une société d'excellence déterminée à réussir.\nUne société où la prospérité n'est pas l'apanage d'une minorité mais profite à tous\n4\net où tous les enfants ont droit à un bon départ dans la vie. Une société où les\njeunes ont la chance d'exceller dans le domaine de leur choix. Une société où les\ncitoyens ont accès aux compétences et aux connaissances dont ils ont besoin pour\ndevenir les meilleurs. Une société où tous les citoyens, peu importe leur revenu,\nont droit à des soins de qualité, où les familles peuvent vivre en toute tranquillité\net en toute sécurité dans leurs collectivités et dans un environnement sain. Une\nsociété où les Canadiens et les Canadiennes font, ensemble et avec les autres pays,\nla promotion de la paix, de la diversité culturelle et des bienfaits de la nouvelle\néconomie pour l'humanité.\nDans quatre documents publiés en 1994 Instaurer un climat financier sain,\nL 'innovation : la clé de l'économie moderne, Un nouveau cadre de la politique\néconomique et La sécurité sociale dans le Canada de demain -, le gouvernement\na posé les pierres de sa stratégie afin de permettre aux Canadiens et aux\nCanadiennes de travailler de concert avec leurs gouvernements pour faire de cette\nvision une réalité.\nAu cours des six dernières\nUne société d'excellence déterminée\nannées, le gouvernement a\nà réussir. Une société où la prospérité\ndéveloppé cette stratégie, en\nn'est pas l'apanage d'une minorité\nélaborant et en testant de\nmais profite à tous et où tous les\nnouvelles façons de créer et de\nenfants ont droit à un bon départ dans\nfaire connaître les débouchés,\nla vie.\nde promouvoir la\nresponsabilité mutuelle et de\nmoderniser la gouvernance. Le\nCanada a fait des pas de géant,\nmais il reste encore beaucoup à faire. Cette stratégie ne met pas de barrières\nartificielles entre la politique sociale et la politique économique, ni même entre la\npolitique nationale et la politique étrangère. Elle se fonde plutôt sur l'engagement\nenvers la raison-d'être humaine de l'économie, sur la scène nationale aussi bien\nqu'internationale.\nPour relever les défis et être en mesure de saisir les occasions qui s'offrent, nous\ncroyons que la croissance économique privée et l'investissement public doivent se\ncompléter. L'action des gouvernements ne doit plus se limiter à l'aide sociale,\nmais doit viser concrètement à rompre le cycle de la pauvreté et de la dépendance.\nLes gouvernements doivent reconnaître que l'interdépendance entre les éléments\nnational et international est inévitable et en tirer avantage. Ils doivent trouver de\nnouvelles façons de mobiliser les citoyens. Il est nécessaire de former des\ncoalitions pour accroître l'investissement et le commerce internationaux dans le\ncadre d'un programme cohérent qui englobe les questions relatives aux finances, à\nla société, à la culture, à l'environnement et au travail.\n5\nDans les sections suivantes, on abordera les éléments fondamentaux qui\ncaractérisent cette stratégie en évolution, les actions prises par le Canada, les défis\net les choix qui se posent pour l'avenir.\nUne distribution équitable des chances\nJeter les bases de la croissance économique\nLa stratégie économique du Canada repose sur le principe que voici : le but de la\ncroissance économique est de contribuer au mieux-être de tous les Canadiens. Or,\nsans croissance, nous ne pouvons pas atteindre ce but. Une économie vigoureuse\nest la condition indispensable qui nous permettra de concrétiser la vision\ncanadienne. Le plan d'action tient compte de l'importance cruciale de l'ordre dans\nlequel le gouvernement doit mettre en œuvre les mesures prévues. Ainsi, la\npriorité devait être de redresser les finances publiques et de commencer à créer les\nconditions d'une croissance durable. Sur cette base, grâce au maintien d'une\nrigoureuse discipline financière et à des investissements stratégiques dans nos\ngens et dans la technologie, le gouvernement peut\nfavoriser le passage à l'économie du savoir et veiller\nà ce que tous les Canadiens aient la possibilité de\nIl était clair pour\ncontribuer à la croissance économique et d'en\ntous les Canadiens\nprofiter.\nque la priorité\nétait avant tout\nEn 1993, après des décennies de budgets déficitaires,\nle service de la dette du Canada asphyxiait le\nd'instaurer un\ngouvernement, et le déficit ne cessait de se creuser.\nclimat financier\nDes taux d'intérêt et d'inflation élevés avaient freiné\nsain. C'était\nles investissements et entraîné une détérioration de la\ndevenu impératif.\nqualité de vie des Canadiens. Il était clair pour tous\nles Canadiens que la priorité était avant tout\nd'instaurer un climat financier sain. C'était devenu impératif.\nEn 1997, le déficit fédéral avait été éliminé. Aujourd'hui, les provinces ont\npresque toutes éliminé leur propre déficit aussi. L'économie est maintenant en\nplein essor, et le climat d'affaires au Canada a été classé au troisième rang\nmondial par le Forum économique mondial. Le taux de chômage est plus faible\nqu'il ne l'a été en plus de deux décennies, et l'économie crée de l'emploi à un\nrythme sans précédent. La dette publique nette a reculé d'un sommet de\n71,2 p. 100 du produit intérieur brut en 1997 à environ 61 p. 100 en 1999. Selon\nles projections, elle sera ramenée à 50 p. 100 d'ici 2004 et continuera de diminuer\npar la suite. De manière plus importante, si on se base sur la mesure des comptes\nnationaux qu'utilisent l'Organisation de coopération et de développement\néconomiques et le Fonds monétaire international pour faire des comparaisons\ninternationales sur les finances, la dette du Canada est sous la barre des 50 p. 100\ndu produit intérieur brut et continue de baisser. Il y a longtemps que les Canadiens\n6\nne s'étaient pas montrés aussi optimistes au sujet de l'économie et de leurs\npropres perspectives.\nTrois principaux facteurs expliquent le succès des efforts du Canada en vue\nd'éliminer son déficit\nles Canadiens souhaitaient que leurs gouvernements prennent de\ntoute urgence les mesures qui s'imposaient pour redresser les\nfinances publiques, et ils étaient prêts à consentir les sacrifices\nnécessaires pour y arriver;\nle ministre des Finances a annoncé publiquement les objectifs de\nréduction du déficit pour les deux années suivantes, et chaque fois,\nces objectifs ont été dépassés;\nle gouvernement a choisi d'atteindre ces objectifs non pas au\nmoyen de réductions uniformes, mais en passant en revue\nl'ensemble de ses programmes afin d'aligner ses activités sur les\npriorités des Canadiens et de modifier ses modes de\nfonctionnement.\nIl en est résulté une transformation profonde de l'administration fédérale. C'est ce\nque le Canada appelle « repenser le rôle de l'État » et que d'autres appellent\n« réinventer le gouvernement ». L'établissement de nouveaux partenariats tient\ncompte du fait qu'aucun gouvernement ne pourra relever par lui-même les défis\nen perspective. Certains programmes ont été supprimés ou transférés, et de\nnouveaux organismes de service distincts sont mis sur pied. De cette façon, l'État\npeut se concentrer sur la définition des grandes orientations. Le gouvernement a\ntransféré la fourniture des services de transport au secteur privé afin de se\nrecentrer sur son rôle de réglementation et de définition des politiques. Il a cédé\naux provinces les programmes relatifs à la main-d'œuvre, qui pourront ainsi être\nadaptés plus facilement aux conditions locales. Une ambitieuse réforme de la\nréglementation réduit les tracasseries administratives et les coûts pour les\nentreprises et les citoyens. Certains règlements sont supprimés; différentes\nformules d'autoréglementation sont mises en place; et, dans la mesure du\npossible, lorsque des services accélérés sont requis par les entreprises, les coûts\nsont assumés directement par les utilisateurs, au lieu d'être imposés à l'ensemble\ndes contribuables.\nAssainir les finances publiques\nLe rétablissement de la souveraineté financière et la modernisation de l'État\navaient un prix. Le redressement des finances publiques a nécessité des décisions\ndifficiles et parfois douloureuses. Il a fallu retarder certaines actions dans des\ndomaines importants. Cependant, le gouvernement s'est redonné les moyens de\njouer un rôle actif et positif dans l'édification de la nouvelle économie et dans la\n7\ncréation de retombées dont tous peuvent profiter. L'élimination du déficit et la\nréduction de la dette ne représentent pas à elles seules une vision d'avenir pour un\npays, mais sans un\nengagement très ferme envers\nL'élimination du déficit et la\nle maintien de saines finances\npubliques et de taux\nréduction de la dette ne représentent\nd'inflation modérés, aucune\npas à elles seules une vision d'avenir\nvision d'avenir collective ne\npour un pays, mais sans un\npeut être envisagée.\nengagement très ferme envers le\nmaintien de saines finances publiques\net de taux d'inflation modérés,\nIl faut posséder les moyens\naucune vision d'avenir collective ne\nfinanciers pour agir selon nos\nvaleurs. Toutefois, la manière\npeut être envisagée.\ncanadienne consiste aussi à\natteindre une saine gestion\nfinancière tout en respectant ces valeurs. Dans ce contexte, les gouvernements du\nCanada ont pris l'engagement ferme de préserver et de rendre viable le régime\npublic de pensions liées aux gains, le Régime de pensions du Canada, de manière\nque les futures générations puissent en bénéficier, sans qu'il soit nécessaire de\nréduire les prestations pour les bénéficiaires actuels. Les assises financières du\nrégime sont en voie d'être consolidées par la transition de la formule du\nfinancement par répartition à la capitalisation partielle. Les taux de cotisation\naugmentent plus rapidement que prévu sur six ans, ce qui évitera des\naugmentations plus considérables à long terme. L'excédent accru du régime est\ninvesti dans des placements sûrs et diversifiés au profit des membres par un\ncomité d'investissement indépendant des gouvernements. De plus, un certain\nnombre de modifications ont été apportées aux méthodes de gestion et de calcul\ndes prestations afin de freiner l'escalade des coûts.\nLes excédents budgétaires aussi occasionnent des choix difficiles, en particulier en\nce qui a trait au meilleur équilibre à réaliser entre la réduction de la dette,\nl'allégement des impôts et les\ninvestissements sociaux et économiques.\nUne stratégie globale vise\nDe nombreux pays sont maintenant placés\nnon seulement à créer des\ndevant de tels choix, lesquels sont\nchances, mais aussi à veiller\nnécessairement influencés par les valeurs\nà ce que le plus grand\ndu gouvernement et de la collectivité\nnombre puisse en\nnationale. Le gouvernement du Canada,\nbénéficier.\npour sa part, a opté pour une approche\néquilibrée. Il consacre une moitié du\ndividende budgétaire à l'allégement de la\ndette et des impôts et l'autre moitié à des\ninvestissements économiques et sociaux destinés à préparer l'avenir. Une stratégie\nglobale équilibrée nécessite des investissements tant publics que privés dans les\n8\ngens, dans le savoir et dans la technologie. Une stratégie globale vise non\nseulement à créer des chances, mais aussi à veiller à ce que le plus grand nombre\npuisse en bénéficier.\nI duire les impôts\nLes baisses d'impôt forment un élément essentiel d'une stratégie économique\naxée sur la création d'emplois, la croissance, la progression des revenus et la\nqualité de vie. Les mesures d'allégement fiscal du gouvernement réaffirment son\nengagement envers une\nfiscalité progressive et\ns'adressent en premier lieu aux\nCes mesures et d'autres à venir en\nCanadiens à revenu faible et\nmatière de fiscalité donneront aux\nmoyen. Pendant les années de\nCanadiens les moyens d'investir dans\nlutte au déficit, le\nleur avenir et aideront les entreprises\ngouvernement a réduit les\ncanadiennes à soutenir la concurrence\ncotisations à l'assurance-\ndans l'économie mondiale du savoir.\nemploi pour les employeurs et\nles travailleurs et a accordé\nCependant, la réduction des impôts\ndes baisses d'impôt ciblées\nn'est qu'un des éléments de\nconçues pour hausser le\nl'équation.\nrevenu réel des Canadiens à\nfaible revenu et exempter de\nl'impôt un grand nombre d'entre eux. Maintenant que le déficit a été épongé et\nque la dette diminue, le gouvernement a annoncé cette année un plan général de\nréduction des impôts sur cinq ans. D'ici la fin de la cinquième année du plan,\nl'impôt sur le revenu des particuliers aura diminué de 22 p. 100. Dans le cas des\nfamilles avec des enfants, la réduction pourra atteindre 30 p. 100. Les Canadiens\nbénéficieront de la totalité de ces réductions grâce au rétablissement de la pleine\nindexation pour tenir compte de l'inflation.\nLe plan fiscal comporte également des incitations à l'investissement, à la création\nd'entreprises et à l'innovation et des mesures qui permettront d'attirer et de retenir\nau Canada les talents dont nous avons besoin : réduction de l'impôt des sociétés\ndans les secteurs les plus lourdement taxés; réduction du taux d'imposition des\ngains en capital; autorisation de transférer les gains en capital des investissements\ndans les petites et moyennes entreprises en franchise d'impôt; et autorisation de\nreporter l'impôt sur les options d'achat d'actions accordées à des employés.\nCes mesures et d'autres à venir en matière de fiscalité donneront aux Canadiens\nles moyens d'investir dans leur avenir et aideront les entreprises canadiennes à\nsoutenir la concurrence dans l'économie mondiale du savoir. Cependant, la\nréduction des impôts n'est qu'un des éléments de l'équation.\n9\nAccélérer le passage à une économie fondée sur le savoir\nDans l'économie mondiale du savoir, les forces du marché créent à la fois des\ndébouchés et de nouvelles disparités. Dans la société inclusive que souhaite\ninstaurer le Canada, tous les citoyens doivent pouvoir participer; personne ne doit\nêtre exclu. La manière canadienne comporte quatre grands axes : brancher les\nCanadiens à l'autoroute de l'information; investir dans l'accès à l'éducation et\npromouvoir l'excellence dans l'enseignement postsecondaire; investir dans les\nenfants et leurs familles; et prendre des mesures actives pour aider les Canadiens à\ntrouver un emploi et à le conserver.\nInvestir dans l'autoroute de l'information\nLe Canadien Marshall McLuhan a forgé l'expression « village planétaire » alors\nque rien ne pouvait lui permettre d'imaginer à quel point l'Internet ferait\neffectivement de la planète un « village câblé ». La révolution numérique aura un\nimpact énorme sur les entreprises, l'administration, la société et la participation\ndes citoyens. Nous pouvons à peine concevoir toutes les transformations qui en\nrésulteront dans le marché et dans la société.\nLe Canada investit dans l'autoroute de l'information depuis 1994 et met en place\nle cadre législatif nécessaire pour protéger la propriété intellectuelle et assurer la\nsécurité du commerce électronique. L'objectif du programme « Un Canada\nbranché » est de rendre l'autoroute de l'information accessible à tous les\nCanadiens qui veulent s'en servir\npour apprendre, pour faire du\nIl est essentiel de brancher les\ncommerce, pour exprimer leur\nCanadiens entre eux, avec les\ncréativité et pour communiquer.\nécoles et les bibliothèques, avec\ndes contenus canadiens, avec\nUne des pièces maîtresses de ce\nleurs gouvernements, avec le\nprogramme consiste dans\nmarché et avec le monde entier\nl'établissement d'une infrastructure\nde communications moderne pour\npour placer le Canada à l'avant-\nles écoles. Rescol, le réseau\ngarde des économies mondiales et\nscolaire, équipe les élèves et les\noffrir des possibilités\nsalles de classe d'un outil\nexceptionnelles à tous.\nd'apprentissage vital : l'Internet. Le\nprogramme appelé « Des\nordinateurs pour les écoles » est un\nélément clé de cette stratégie. Il résulte d'un partenariat en vertu duquel les\ngouvernements et les entreprises fournissent gratuitement des ordinateurs aux\nécoles. Le Canada est le premier pays à avoir connecté chacune de ses écoles et\nbibliothèques. Notre prochain objectif est de veiller à ce que chaque classe soit\nconnectée.\n10\nEn plus, le gouvernement aide le secteur bénévole à élargir son champ d'action au\nmoyen des nouvelles technologies et, dans le cadre de son projet de « Collectivités\ningénieuses », il explore les façons dont l'autoroute de l'information peut enrichir\nla vie communautaire. Le Programme d'accès communautaire met le Canada rural\nen ligne en équipant les localités rurales et éloignées du pays de points d'accès à\nl'Internet. Le Canada a adopté une formule inclusive qui vise à assurer à tous les\nCanadiens l'accès à l'autoroute de l'information. Le Canada s'est également fixé\ncomme objectif d'encourager les entreprises canadiennes à conquérir 5 p. 100 du\ncommerce électronique mondial d'ici 2003. L'autoroute de l'information\nreprésente aussi un moyen très prometteur d'améliorer les services que le\ngouvernement offre aux citoyens et de faire participer ces derniers aux affaires\npubliques. Le gouvernement fédéral s'est donc engagé à offrir tous ses services\n« en direct » d'ici 2004.\nIl est essentiel de brancher les Canadiens entre eux, avec les écoles et les\nbibliothèques, avec des contenus canadiens, avec leurs gouvernements, avec le\nmarché et avec le monde entier pour placer le Canada à l'avant-garde des\néconomies mondiales et offrir des possibilités exceptionnelles à tous.\nLe Canada a fait d'importants progrès vers son objectif de devenir le pays le plus\n« branché » au monde.\nAméliorer l'éducation et l'apprentissage\nLe niveau de vie et la qualité de vie des Canadiens dépendront directement du\nsuccès de nos efforts en vue de promouvoir la création du savoir et l'innovation et\nde maximiser les possibilités d'apprentissage. Cela implique un engagement\nenvers l'accès pour tous à l'apprentissage et l'excellence dans les domaines du\nsavoir, de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur. L'action du gouvernement\nà ces chapitres traduira ses valeurs et façonnera dans une grande mesure l'avenir\ndu pays. Si le Canada a fait des progrès considérables, il lui reste encore beaucoup\nde choses à accomplir.\nAu Canada, nous accordons une grande priorité à l'éducation et à l'apprentissage,\nque nous jugeons indispensables pour profiter des avantages et participer à la vie\nde la société comme citoyens à part entière. C'est pourquoi le gouvernement\nfédéral prend des mesures afin d'aider les familles à économiser pour les études\npostsecondaires de leurs enfants dès leur naissance. Il a créé un régime d'épargne-\nétudes non imposable et verse maintenant une subvention aux familles qui\ninvestissent de l'argent dans ce régime. De plus, le gouvernement a accru son\nsoutien aux étudiants dans le besoin de sorte que ni le revenu ni la situation de la\nfamille n'entravent leur accès à l'éducation. Il a enrichi ses prêts et subventions\nd'études à l'intention des étudiants dans le besoin et de ceux qui ont de jeunes\nenfants. Il travaille en collaboration avec les provinces à harmoniser les\nprogrammes d'aide aux étudiants et à les rendre entièrement transférables. D'autre\n11\npart, il a pris des mesures dans le but d'aider les diplômés à gérer leurs dettes\nd'études.\nRécemment, le gouvernement du Canada a mis sur pied la Fondation canadienne\ndes bourses d'études du millénaire qui, dès cette année, versera 100 000 bourses\nd'études annuelles aux plus brillants étudiants afin de reconnaître l'excellence et\nde les encourager à réaliser leur potentiel. Bien que ce soit un bon début,\nl'endettement des étudiants demeure préoccupant, et il faudra continuer de\ntravailler à assurer un accès équitable pour tous.\nLe gouvernement a également adopté toute une série de mesures pour encourager\nl'apprentissage continu dont l'objectif est d'aider tous les Canadiens à se\nperfectionner tout au long de leur vie active. Ainsi, ils peuvent retirer des fonds en\nfranchise d'impôt de régimes d'épargne-retraite non imposables pour suivre des\ncours, et les étudiants à temps partiel bénéficient d'une aide fiscale pour étudier.\nLe Canada compte la plus forte proportion au monde de citoyens ayant fait des\nétudes postsecondaires, mais les exigences de l'économie du savoir font que la\nqualité est de plus en plus importante, c'est-à-dire que la qualité des diplômes\nimporte davantage que leur nombre. Dans l'univers de demain, l'accès à une\néducation de la plus haute qualité et l'accès à l'excellence seront essentiels. Par\nailleurs, de même que les industries\ncanadiennes doivent affronter la concurrence\nDans l'univers de\nmondiale, les chercheurs, les universités et les\ndemain, l'accès à une\ncollèges doivent se mesurer aux meilleurs au\néducation de la plus\nmonde.\nhaute qualité et l'accès à\nAussi, le gouvernement s'attache à\nl'excellence seront\npromouvoir l'excellence dans l'enseignement\nessentiels.\net la recherche. Il a entrepris de mettre en\nplace un réseau moderne d'universités et de\nlaboratoires, afin d'augmenter la quantité et la\nqualité des travaux de recherche ainsi que d'attirer et de retenir les plus brillants\nuniversitaires et chercheurs. À ces fins, il a établi et continue de développer la\nFondation canadienne pour l'innovation, qui permet d'aller chercher\nd'importantes ressources additionnelles dans le secteur privé dans le but de doter\nles collèges, les universités et les hôpitaux universitaires d'une infrastructure de\nrecherche moderne.\nLe gouvernement encourage la recherche en sciences pures et en sciences\nhumaines en augmentant le budget des conseils subventionnaires qui accordent la\nmajeure partie des fonds destinés à la recherche dans les établissements\nd'enseignement postsecondaire du Canada. Il a mis sur pied les Instituts de\nrecherche en santé du Canada et doublé le financement de la recherche en santé\nafin d'aider le Canada à se positionner à l'avant-garde dans ce secteur. Il a accru\nses investissements en biotechnologie et dans les disciplines scientifiques\n12\nconnexes. Il a en outre créé et développé des réseaux de centres d'excellence qui\nveillent à la mise en commun du savoir-faire et des compétences.\nEn plus, d'ici cinq ans, le gouvernement aura terminé la mise sur pied de 2000\nchaires d'excellence en recherche dans les établissements de toutes les régions du\npays qui confèrent des diplômes. Ils seront ainsi plus à même d'attirer les\nmeilleurs cerveaux dans un marché de plus en plus mondialisé.\nInvestir dans les enfants et les familles\nLes conditions d'une société inclusive ne se créent pas seulement au niveau\npostsecondaire. Un des défis qui se posent à tous les pays consiste à assurer un\nbon départ dans la vie à tous leurs enfants et à accorder aux familles le soutien\ndont elles ont besoin pour assurer le bon développement de leurs enfants. De cette\nfaçon, les enfants seront prêts à apprendre et à profiter des occasions qui\ns'offriront à eux plus tard dans la vie. Certains soutiennent que d'importantes\nbaisses d'impôt générales sont suffisantes. Quant au gouvernement du Canada, il\na choisi une autre voie. Si les parents et les familles sont les premiers responsables\nde l'éducation des enfants, les\ngouvernements doivent veiller à\nSi les parents et les familles sont\nmettre en place les mesures de\nsoutien nécessaires.\nles premiers responsables de\nl'éducation des enfants, les\nPar conséquent, les gouvernements\ngouvernements doivent veiller à\nfédéral et provinciaux ont institué et\nmettre en place les mesures de\ncontinuent d'enrichir la Prestation\nsoutien nécessaires.\nnationale pour enfants. Celle-ci vise\nà combattre la pauvreté chez les\nenfants en aidant à protéger les\nprestations des parents à faible revenu qui entrent sur le marché du travail et y\nrestent. Sous l'ancien régime de prestations non coordonnées d'assistance sociale\net de prestations fédérales pour enfants, les parents pouvaient voir chuter leurs\nprestations lorsqu'ils décidaient de prendre un emploi et de sortir de l'aide sociale.\nLa Prestation nationale renforce et uniformise le soutien du revenu pour les\nfamilles à faible revenu ayant des enfants tout en améliorant la situation de la\nmajorité des familles.\nCette importante réforme permet aux provinces de consacrer les dépenses au titre\nde l'assistance sociale à des programmes plus efficaces et actifs qui aident les\nfamilles à faible revenu à sortir du piège de l'aide sociale, par exemple garderies,\nprestations de santé complémentaires, services à la petite enfance et soutien du\nrevenu enrichi. La Prestation nationale pour enfants comporte plusieurs des\ncaractéristiques clés de la manière canadienne de faire les choses un soutien plus\nactif que passif; des programmes sociaux inclusifs et d'application générale qui\naident les Canadiens quel que soit leur revenu, au lieu de marginaliser les plus\nvulnérables; l'intégration des programmes de soutien du revenu et d'une gamme\n13\nde services d'appui; et diverses réformes conçues et mises en œuvre\nconjointement par le gouvernement fédéral et les provinces.\nDans la foulée de cette initiative novatrice, les gouvernements du Canada ont\nconvenu d'un cadre rendu public en 1999 qui doit guider les efforts de tous les\nsecteurs de la société canadienne citoyens, collectivités, employeurs et\ngouvernements en vue de mieux répondre aux besoins des enfants. L'accent y\nest mis sur six aspects prioritaires : renforcement de la famille; épanouissement\ndes jeunes enfants; sécurité économique; ouverture à l'apprentissage;\ndéveloppement des adolescents; et solidarité communautaire.\nLe gouvernement fédéral, pour sa part, a annoncé une importante mesure : il a\ndoublé la durée du congé parental, qui passe de 26 semaines à une année complète\npour permettre aux parents qui ont un emploi de rester à la maison avec leurs\njeunes enfants. Cette importante mesure entrera en vigueur en 2001 et aura des\nretombées durables pour les enfants et leurs familles.\nInvestir dans des mesures actives\nTous les pays doivent trouver de meilleures façons de mettre fin à l'exclusion des\npauvres et des laissés-pour-compte. Dans une société inclusive, tous les citoyens\net toutes les régions ont la possibilité de participer et de saisir les occasions qui\ns'offrent. Les gouvernements ont un rôle important à jouer, mais celui-ci ne doit\npas se limiter aux formules traditionnelles de « bien-être social ». Ils doivent\nmettre au point de nouvelles solutions qui\nmettent davantage l'accent sur la création de\nTous les pays doivent\ndébouchés, la promotion du sens des\ntrouver de meilleures\nresponsabilités et la mise en place de mesures\nfaçons de mettre fin à\nqui découragent la dépendance.\nl'exclusion des pauvres\nLe gouvernement du Canada a entamé une\net des laissés-pour-\nréforme du régime d'assurance-emploi pour\ncompte.\ninclure davantage de mesures actives visant à\naider les sans-emploi à acquérir les\ncompétences et les outils dont ils ont besoin\npour réintégrer le marché du travail. Il met à l'essai des programmes analogues à\nl'intention des personnes handicapées, des jeunes à risque et des peuples\nautochtones.\nParallèlement, les gouvernements du Canada continuent de veiller à satisfaire les\nbesoins fondamentaux au moyen de programmes comme l'assistance sociale et\nl'assurance-emploi. Au moyen de son régime fiscal progressif, de mesures actives\net de son filet de sécurité sociale, le Canada a atténué la polarisation des revenus\net la marginalisation et évité ainsi les pires conséquences socioéconomiques de\nl'exclusion sociale. Il faut faire encore mieux, en particulier à l'égard des peuples\nautochtones du Canada, qui ne participent pas sur un pied d'égalité au\n14\ndéveloppement socioéconomique du Canada. Il faut trouver des façons nouvelles\net plus efficaces de créer des débouchés et de répondre aux besoins fondamentaux\nde tous.\nAu Canada, comme dans de\nnombreux autres pays, les\nLe Canada modifie actuellement sa\ndisparités ne touchent pas\nstratégie à l'égard du\nseulement les individus mais\naussi les régions. Diverses\ndéveloppement régional pour\nformules ont été tentées pour\nmettre l'accent sur l'innovation,\nfavoriser le développement\nl'excellence, les partenariats entre\nrégional. Aucune n'a donné des\nles secteurs public et privé,\nrésultats entièrement satisfaisants.\nl'infrastructure et la jeunesse. Dans\nCertaines contribuent peut-être\nl'économie du savoir, il n'y a plus\nmême à accroître la dépendance\net à entraver les réformes\nde raison pour que la géographie\nstructurelles. Le Canada modifie\nempêche d'avoir accès aux\nactuellement sa stratégie à l'égard\ndébouchés.\ndu développement régional pour\nmettre l'accent sur l'innovation,\nl'excellence, les partenariats entre les secteurs public et privé, l'infrastructure et la\njeunesse. Dans l'économie du savoir, il n'y a plus de raison pour que la\ngéographie empêche d'avoir accès aux débouchés.\nQualité de vie\nLe but de la stratégie économique du Canada est de doter les Canadiens d'une\nqualité de vie supérieure. Mais la qualité de vie ne se définit pas seulement en\nfonction des possibilités qu'offre le marché. Elle exige également la présence de\ncollectivités sûres où les gens voudront vivre et élever leurs familles, où ils\npourront recevoir les soins de santé nécessaires, vivre sans craindre d'être\nvictimes de crimes ou de violence, profiter des avantages d'un air pur, d'une eau\npotable et d'espaces verts, faire du sport amateur, s'adonner à des activités\nculturelles et aux arts, et où des gens d'origines et cultures diverses pourront\ns'intégrer et apporter leur contribution.\nInvestissements dans la santé\nQuel que soit leur système de santé, les pays du monde entier sont aux prises avec\nl'augmentation des coûts des soins de santé qu'entraînent les changements\ndémographiques, les nouvelles technologies, les percées médicales et les\nnouvelles attentes de la population.\nLes Canadiens accordent une grande valeur à leur système public de soins de santé\net en sont très fiers. Le régime canadien d'assurance-maladie garantit l'accès aux\n15\nservices de santé essentiels sans égard au revenu ou au lieu de résidence des\nbénéficiaires. C'est là un des éléments de l'avantage concurrentiel du Canada, et il\nest essentiel à la qualité de vie. C'est pourquoi les gouvernements du Canada\ninvestissent davantage dans les services\nde base dans le domaine de la santé. Ils\nLes Canadiens veulent avoir\nprennent également des mesures visant à\nl'assurance qu'eux et leurs\nmoderniser le système et à le rendre\nenfants bénéficieront de leur\ndurable en améliorant les systèmes\nsystème de soins de santé.\nd'information, la recherche et\nLa plus grande obligation\nl'innovation et particulièrement la\ndes gouvernements\nprévention. Les initiatives de prévention\ns'appuient sur les efforts déployés pour\ncanadiens est de travailler\naméliorer la nutrition prénatale,\nensemble et de s'engager\nl'innocuité des aliments et le contrôle des\nsans compromis à fournir un\nsubstances toxiques. Des mesures sont\naccès universel à des\nprises pour favoriser l'innovation dans le\nservices médicaux essentiels\ndomaine de la santé au sein des\nde grande qualité, à se fixer\ncollectivités et dans les régions rurales,\npour améliorer les services de santé\ndes buts et objectifs\nofferts aux Autochtones, et pour\ncommuns qui leur\ncombattre le diabète, dont l'incidence est\npermettront d'offrir le même\nparticulièrement élevée dans les\nrégime d'assurance-santé au\ncollectivités autochtones.\nXXIe siècle, de mesurer les\nrésultats, de faire état de\nLes Canadiens veulent avoir l'assurance\nleurs progrès aux Canadiens,\nqu'eux et leurs enfants bénéficieront de\nleur système de soins de santé. La plus\nd'apprendre les uns des\ngrande obligation des gouvernements\nautres ce qui fonctionne le\ncanadiens est de travailler ensemble et de\nmieux et d'investir dans\ns'engager sans compromis à fournir un\nl'avenir.\naccès universel à des services médicaux\nessentiels de grande qualité, à se fixer\ndes buts et objectifs communs qui leur\npermettront d'offrir le même régime d'assurance-santé au XXIe siècle, de mesurer\nles résultats, de faire état de leurs progrès aux Canadiens, d'apprendre les uns des\nautres ce qui fonctionne le mieux et d'investir dans l'avenir. L'accroissement de la\nmobilité des gens dans le monde, la propagation des maladies et l'apparition de\nnouveaux virus exigeront aussi des solutions de nature internationale.\nUn environnement sain\nQualité de vie supérieure et environnement sain vont de pair. L'environnement est\nimportant aux yeux de tous les Canadiens, et surtout des jeunes Canadiens. Notre\ngénération sera jugée en fonction de l'héritage environnemental qu'elle laissera à\nses enfants et à ses petits-enfants. C'est là l'une des grandes priorités des\ngouvernements du pays.\n16\nDes lois ont été adoptées afin de protéger les espèces menacées et les éléments\nvitaux de leur habitat. Le gouvernement du Canada étend son réseau de parcs\nnationaux et prend les mesures\nnécessaires pour assurer l'intégrité\nécologique de ces derniers et la\notre génération sera jugée en\nprotection des régions sauvages. De\nfonction de l'héritage\nplus, il nettoie les sites contaminés\nenvironnemental qu'elle\nafin de protéger la santé des\nlaissera à ses enfants et à ses\nCanadiens.\npetits-enfants. C'est là l'une\nLe Canada adopte résolument les\ndes grandes priorités des\ntechnologies existantes. De façon\ngouvernements du pays.\nstratégique, il en met d'autres au\npoint. Il exporte ses produits\ntechniques, contribuant ainsi à la santé de l'environnement mondial et à la\ncroissance économique canadienne. Le pays s'est fixé comme objectif de devenir\nle chef de file mondial en sciences et en technologie de l'environnement.\nEn collaboration avec les provinces et les municipalités, le gouvernement investit\ndans l'infrastructure verte afin d'améliorer la qualité de l'eau et de l'air. Il adopte\négalement de saines pratiques et encourage ses partenaires commerciaux à\nl'imiter. De plus, il dirige des travaux d'envergure nationale avec l'aide de la\npopulation, du secteur privé et des provinces qui lui permettront de respecter\nses engagements en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, et\nil s'efforcera d'inciter les autres pays à l'action internationale en ce qui a trait au\nchangement climatique.\nDans le contexte de la nouvelle économie mondiale, les gens sont plus branchés\nque jamais, les entreprises se font plus que jamais concurrence dans le monde\nentier, et la qualité de notre environnement l'air que nous respirons, l'eau que\nnous buvons dépend non seulement de ce que nous faisons dans notre pays,\nmais également de certains facteurs au-delà de nos frontières. La qualité de\nl'environnement est un défi à la fois local et mondial; elle exige une action\nnationale ainsi que des partenariats internationaux.\nDes collectivités fortes et sûres\nPour que nos collectivités soient fortes et pour que la société soit bien gouvernée,\nil faut que les citoyens s'engagent et assument leurs responsabilités non seulement\nenvers eux-mêmes, mais aussi envers les autres. Le Canada a toujours bénéficié\nd'une action communautaire intense, et les Canadiens sont très fiers de leur\nréputation de tolérance, de respect mutuel et de responsabilité envers les autres.\nEn effet, on dit du Canada qu'il est une société « d'entreprise publique » en raison\nde ses traditions de responsabilité sociale. La force de ses collectivités se reflète\ndans des taux de criminalité et de violence relativement faibles et en décroissance,\ndans un taux élevé de bénévolat et d'action caritative et dans la force active de son\n17\nsecteur bénévole. En cette époque d'évolution rapide et constante, ces liens entre\nles citoyens et entre eux et leurs gouvernements risquent de s'affaiblir, au moment\nprécis où l'entreprise publique doit faire preuve de souplesse et d'esprit inventif.\nLes gouvernements du pays unissent leurs efforts pour aider leurs collectivités à\ndemeurer sûres et pour éviter aux Canadiens de vivre dans la crainte du crime. Au\nCanada, les contrevenants sont tenus responsables de leurs crimes, les personnes\nayant commis des crimes graves reçoivent des sentences sévères, celles qui en ont\ncommis de moins graves, en\nparticulier les jeunes contrevenants,\nPour que nos collectivités\nreçoivent de l'aide pour réintégrer\nsoient fortes et pour que la\nleurs collectivités, et\nsociété soit bien gouvernée, il\nl'emprisonnement est une sanction de\ndernier recours.\nfaut que les citoyens\ns'engagent et assument leurs\nLes gouvernements du pays ont\nresponsabilités non seulement\nintensifié leurs efforts de prévention et\nenvers eux-mêmes, mais aussi\nde déjudiciarisation afin de réduire les\nenvers les autres.\ncoûts sociaux et économiques de la\ncriminalité. Au Canada, le contrôle\ndes armes à feu figure parmi les plus\nsévères au monde et de nouvelles\nmesures sont actuellement prises dans ce domaine afin d'assurer une manipulation\nsécuritaire de ces armes et d'interdire l'utilisation des plus dangereuses. Le\nCanada intensifie également son travail de prévention de la criminalité au sein des\ncollectivités en mettant au point des programmes qui satisferont aux besoins\nparticuliers des collectivités urbaines et rurales et en mobilisant des jeunes pour\naider d'autres jeunes à risque.\nMais la mondialisation\nengendre de nouvelles\nDans le cadre d'une série de tables\nmenaces, comme la criminalité\ninformatique, le trafic\nrondes, le gouvernement et le secteur\nd'humains, d'armes et de\nbénévole se sont donné une vision\ndrogue, et l'exploitation des\ncommune sur la façon dont ce\nimmigrants et des réfugiés. Des\npartenariat pourra contribuer le plus\névénements récents ont montré\nefficacement à servir les Canadiens, à\nles conséquences que peuvent\nencourager les actions caritatives et à\navoir à l'échelle mondiale les\nméfaits commis localement sur\npromouvoir le bénévolat et la\nl'Internet. Ces problèmes\nmobilisation des citoyens au sein de\nnécessiteront des solutions\nl'entreprise publique.\ninternationales.\nAu pays, les démarches les plus efficaces de prévention de la criminalité et\nd'amélioration de la qualité de vie dans les collectivités sont celles qui mettent\n18\nl'accent sur le développement social et l'inclusion, qui mobilisent les personnes à\nrisque ou en marge de la société, qui leur permettent d'acquérir des aptitudes\nsociales et des compétences de travail, et qui leur fournissent des occasions de\ncontribuer à la vie sociale. Le secteur bénévole canadien joue un rôle crucial pour\natteindre ceux qui, trop souvent, glissent entre les mailles des programmes\ngouvernementaux.\nC'est pourquoi le gouvernement du Canada renforce son partenariat avec le\nsecteur bénévole. Dans le cadre d'une série de tables rondes, le gouvernement et\nle secteur bénévole se sont donné une vision commune sur la façon dont ce\npartenariat pourra contribuer le plus efficacement à servir les Canadiens, à\nencourager les actions caritatives et à promouvoir le bénévolat et la mobilisation\ndes citoyens au sein de l'entreprise publique. Le gouvernement fédéral et le\nsecteur bénévole élaborent actuellement un accord qui permettra de transposer\ncette relation au XXIe siècle.\nLe Canada accroît également son soutien à la participation au sport amateur, aux\nactivités culturelles et aux arts et à la conservation de son riche patrimoine\nculturel pour les générations à venir. Les activités sportives, artistiques et\nculturelles contribuent de façon importante à relier les Canadiens à leur société et\nà les unir. Ces activités inspirent la\ncréativité, accentuent le sens de\nDans un monde où le\nl'humanité et de l'appartenance des\ndéveloppement humain, la\ncitoyens, et constituent des points de\nqualité de vie et la prospérité\nrepère en cette époque de\ndépendent de plus en plus du\nmondialisation et de grands\nchangements. Le gouvernement\nsavoir et de la créativité, qui de\nadopte des mesures visant à\nmieux que nos artistes et nos\npromouvoir l'expression de la\nauteurs pour ouvrir la voie. Et\ncréativité dans tous les médias et à\nqui de mieux que nos jeunes\n« mettre en ligne » le contenu\nqui, très souvent, sont déjà plus\nhistorique et culturel.\nà l'aise que leurs aînés dans ce\nIl prend plus particulièrement des\nmonde en évolution rapide\nmesures destinées à encourager les\ndans lequel nous vivons.\njeunes à s'exprimer, à développer leur\ncréativité, à participer à des échanges\nau pays et à l'étranger et à s'ouvrir à\nl'excellence dans les arts, les sciences sociales et le sport. Les jeunes sont\ngénéralement à l'aise dans le monde branché, et ils pourront jouer un rôle\nimportant en matière d'innovation. Le Canada se tourne de plus en plus vers les\njeunes pour aider les citoyens et les entreprises à apprendre à utiliser efficacement\nles nouvelles technologies et l'Internet. Les gouvernements devront également\ntrouver de nouveaux moyens de mobiliser les jeunes et de les placer au centre de\nl'action.\n19\nLe gouvernement du Canada a à cœur de donner des choix aux Canadiens, de les\naider à connaître l'histoire diversifiée du pays et de soutenir et promouvoir nos\nriches talents. Le Canada a l'occasion unique de donner à ses artistes créateurs de\nnouveaux moyens d'expression et de faire en sorte que les Canadiens aient accès à\nune vaste gamme d'œuvres de toutes sortes, qu'elles soient littéraires ou\naudiovisuelles.\nDans un monde où le développement humain, la qualité de vie et la prospérité\ndépendent de plus en plus du savoir et de la créativité, qui de mieux que nos\nartistes et nos auteurs pour ouvrir la voie. Et qui de mieux que nos jeunes qui, très\nsouvent, sont déjà plus à l'aise que leurs aînés dans ce monde en évolution rapide\ndans lequel nous vivons.\nUn gouvernement moderne\nLa manière canadienne de gouverner exige que tous les citoyens aient l'occasion\nd'aider à définir les priorités et les orientations du gouvernement. Le\ngouvernement du Canada reconnaît que la légitimité des institutions publiques, la\nqualité des politiques et la réceptivité des fonctions publiques passeront par de\nnouveaux mécanismes et par des mécanismes améliorés permettant de faire\nparticiper les citoyens et la société civile à la gouvernance. Par exemple, le\ngouvernement a eu recours à\ndes jurys populaires pour en\nTous les gouvernements font face à\narriver à une déclaration\nun même défi : celui de mettre les\nconsensuelle sur le\nchangement climatique. Il a\ncitoyens au cœur du processus\négalement formé des cercles\ngouvernemental, de mobiliser les\nd'étude pour amener citoyens\njeunes et de donner une voix à ceux\net décideurs autour d'une\nqu'on a tendance à oublier.\nmême table en vue de\nrecommander une ligne de\nconduite en matière\nd'immigration et de santé. Le gouvernement est en outre conscient de la nécessité\nde rejoindre les citoyens des collectivités éloignées, ce qui l'a amené en 1998 à\nlancer le Dialogue rural canadien, qui a débouché sur un plan d'action à long\nterme qui répondra aux besoins particuliers des gens vivant en milieu rural ou en\nmilieu éloigné. Tous les gouvernements font face à un même défi : celui de mettre\nles citoyens au cœur du processus gouvernemental, de mobiliser les jeunes et de\ndonner une voix à ceux qu'on a tendance à oublier.\nPour reconnecter les gouvernements avec les citoyens, il est essentiel d'avoir une\nplus grande transparence et une meilleure responsabilisation. Au Canada, tous les\ngouvernements sont en train d'adopter de nouveaux mécanismes pour mesurer\nleur performance et divulguer les résultats obtenus. Pour sa part, le gouvernement\ndu Canada se dote actuellement de nouveaux moyens pour amener tous ses\n20\nministères et organismes à mesurer leur performance et à rendre des comptes. Les\nrapports de performance sont déposés au Parlement puis rendus publics pour que\nles citoyens puissent évaluer le travail de leur gouvernement en toute\nconnaissance de cause. De tels rapports sont essentiels car ils permettent aux\ngouvernements de voir ce qui fonctionne et ce qui ne fonctionne pas, et de\nmodifier leurs politiques en conséquence.\nLes gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux adoptent également de nouvelles\napproches où la prestation des services est axée sur le citoyen : ils annoncent\npubliquement les normes de service, prévoient des mécanismes de plainte et de\nredressement, et utilisent les nouvelles technologies pour mieux rejoindre les\nbénéficiaires. Le gouvernement du Canada s'est engagé à offrir tous ses services\nen ligne d'ici 2004 de sorte qu'on puisse y avoir accès à tout moment et de partout\nau pays.\nLes gouvernements du Canada travaillent ensemble à renforcer le système fédéral,\nà gérer l'interdépendance dans l'intérêt de la population, à se concerter et à\ntrouver de nouvelles façons d'accroître transparence et responsabilisation. Des\ninitiatives comme la Prestation\nnationale pour enfants montrent la\nDes initiatives comme la\nforce d'un système fédéral qui\npermet aux gouvernements d'unir\nPrestation nationale pour enfants\nleurs forces pour le bien commun\nmontrent la force d'un système\ntout en leur accordant suffisamment\nfédéral qui permet aux\nde latitude pour concevoir des\ngouvernements d'unir leurs\nprogrammes et des services adaptés\nforces pour le bien commun tout\naux besoins provinciaux et locaux.\nen leur accordant suffisamment\nLe fédéralisme canadien s'avère\nde latitude pour concevoir des\nparticulièrement avantageux dans la\nprogrammes et des services\nnouvelle économie mondiale,\nadaptés aux besoins provinciaux\npermettant une interaction des\net locaux.\ndiverses problématiques, favorisant\nla diversité et fournissant un\nlaboratoire naturel pour tester les idées nouvelles et retenir les plus prometteuses.\nEn 1999, les gouvernements du Canada se sont entendus pour que notre\nfédéralisme soit marqué par une plus grande collaboration : ils ont pris\nl'engagement de se concerter, chaque fois que des responsabilités ou des intérêts\ncommuns sont en jeu, pour déterminer les objectifs à atteindre, voir comment les\nrésultats seront mesurés et portés à la connaissance du public, partager les\npratiques exemplaires et apprendre les uns des autres. L'aspect clé de cette entente\nest l'engagement pris par tous les gouvernements de faire rapport aux Canadiens\npour que ceux-ci puissent évaluer de façon éclairée la performance de leurs\ngouvernements et participer plus à fond au dialogue fédéral-provincial.\n21\nL'excellence devra imprégner de plus en plus tout ce que font les gouvernements\npolitiques, administration, services. Par ailleurs, les gouvernements devront attirer\net retenir les meilleurs éléments compte tenu de la concurrence qui s'exerce sur le\nmarché, et ils devront être représentatifs des populations extrêmement diversifiées\nqu'ils servent. Savoir attirer et retenir les gens de talent : voilà un défi de taille\npour tous les gouvernements.\nLe gouvernement prend des mesures concrètes pour se donner des moyens\nd'action en matière d'élaboration des politiques, accroître sa capacité de dégager\nles grandes tendances, dresser des scénarios pour le long terme et mettre au point\ndes démarches et des solutions novatrices. Le projet de recherche sur les\npolitiques consacre des ressources aux politiques à long terme afin d'aider les\nministères à se doter de la capacité d'élaborer des politiques, et d'encourager les\nchercheurs et les groupes de réflexion à aider le gouvernement à définir ses défis\net ses choix pour l'avenir. De plus, le gouvernement du Canada veut une fierté à\nla fonction publique en mettant l'accent sur le recrutement, le maintien des\neffectifs et l'apprentissage pour qu'elle puisse continuer d'attirer, de garder en\nposte et de développer des gens qui insuffleront l'excellence au sein du\ngouvernement.\nLes gouvernements devront aussi trouver de nouvelles façons de renforcer les\npartenariats entre les secteurs public et privé et de promouvoir la responsabilité\ncollective au pays comme à l'étranger. Il faut que tous les secteurs de la société\ncontribuent à l'amélioration de la qualité de vie.\nLes opportunités au niveau mondial\nSi le Canada réussit à faire entendre sa voix sur la scène internationale, c'est qu'il\na l'avantage d'être une société multiculturelle où les gens ont des racines dans\npresque tous les pays du monde. Le Canada est entouré de trois océans, ce qui en\nfait un pays de l'Atlantique, du Pacifique et de l'Arctique. Il appartient au\nCommonwealth et à la Francophonie et s'exprime dans deux langues dont le\nrayonnement est international. Le\nSi le Canada réussit à faire\nCanada est une nation commerçante\nqui croit à l'importance des\nentendre sa voix sur la scène\ninvestissements. Et il parle au monde\ninternationale, c'est qu'il a\nen s'appuyant sur des valeurs qui ont\nl'avantage d'être une société\nprésidé à la création de notre pays :\nmulticulturelle où les gens ont\n« la paix, l'ordre et le bon\ndes racines dans presque tous les\ngouvernement ». En cela, la\npolitique étrangère du Canada est le\npays du monde.\nreflet fidèle de sa politique\nintérieure.\n22\nDepuis la fin de la guerre froide, la politique étrangère n'a plus à se limiter aux\nrelations entre États elle peut désormais transcender les frontières pour\ns'intéresser davantage à l'élément humain de la mondialisation, à la sécurité des\npopulations, à la diversité culturelle et aux droits de la personne.\nLe Canada continue de jouer un rôle disproportionné dans la prévention des\nconflits, la pacification et le maintien de la paix, car les Canadiens comprennent\nqu'ils sont eux-même davantage en sécurité lorsque la paix règne ailleurs dans le\nmonde. Notre pays travaille de\nconcert avec les organisations\nnon gouvernementales\nSi les pays développés veulent\ninternationales à promouvoir la\ncontinuer de tirer profit des avantages\nsécurité des populations, les\nde la mondialisation, ils doivent aider\ndroits de la personne et la paix,\nceux qui en sont exclus à en profiter\nprenant appui sur la\neux aussi. Voilà le défi à relever pour\nconvention historique qui a été\ntous ceux qui croient à une\nsignée pour éliminer les mines\nantipersonnel. Il faudra des\ngouvernance progressiste.\napproches semblables pour les\narmes légères et les migrants\nillégaux. Le Canada et ses partenaires des Nations unies ont récemment élaboré de\nnouvelles règles pour empêcher le recrutement d'enfants soldats, et nous\ncontinuons de préconiser que les auteurs d'atrocités soient traduits devant le\nTribunal pénal international.\nLe Canada fait également la promotion d'une approche à l'égard du libre-échange\nqui soit plus inclusive, cohérente et réglementée, et qui soit ancrée dans l'OMC,\nde sorte que le libre-échange devienne peut-être un jour la principale garantie de\ndébouchés à l'échelle mondiale. Le commerce et l'investissement sont essentiels\npour renforcer l'économie canadienne.\nLa relation commerciale du Canada avec les États-Unis est la plus importante qui\nsoit pour le Canada. L'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain a eu pour effet\nd'intégrer le Mexique à cette relation.\nPar son adhésion au forum de Coopération économique Asie-Pacifique (APEC) et\nle rôle de chef de file qu'il assume au Sommet des Amériques, le Canada se\nmontre déterminé à élargir le libre-échange et à en faire la clé de voûte de la\nprospérité dans le nouvel ordre économique mondial.\nQui dit mondialisation dit richesse accrue, horizons élargis et qualité de vie\naméliorée, du moins pour les Canadiens et les citoyens des autres pays\ndéveloppés. Mais tous n'ont pas la même chance. En effet, le nombre absolu de\nceux qui vivent dans l'indigence ne s'améliore guère. Si les pays développés\nveulent continuer de tirer profit des avantages de la mondialisation, ils doivent\n23\naider ceux qui en sont exclus à en profiter eux aussi. Voilà le défi à relever pour\ntous ceux qui croient à une gouvernance de progrès.\nPour sa part, le Canada est résolu à promouvoir une croissance durable pour toutes\nles nations par le biais d'échanges commerciaux accrus. Il faudra pour ce faire\nréduire la dette et prévoir des fonds pour les dépenses de production; il faudra\naussi mettre en place les structures réglementaires appropriées et apprendre à\nprofiter pleinement des retombées du commerce. Le Canada préconise de réduire\nla dette qui paralyse en ce moment les pays les plus pauvres, de concert avec les\ninstitutions financières internationales. Il est l'un des membres les plus actifs du\nG20, formé pour promouvoir la stabilité financière et la transparence à l'échelle\ninternationale.\nCependant, les mesures financières ne sauraient à elles seules permettre aux pays\nen développement de profiter de la mondialisation. Le Canada croit à la nécessité\nd'élaborer des politiques sociales pour protéger les pays vulnérables lorsque les\ntemps sont durs. C'est pourquoi il\nencourage, en particulier par le biais\nLa stratégie canadienne\ndu G8, une coordination accrue\nconsiste à promouvoir une\nentre l'Organisation mondiale du\nmeilleure cohérence des\ncommerce, les institutions\npolitiques au niveau\nfinancières internationales et les\ninternational et à ne pas se\norganismes des Nations unies en\nlimiter aux conséquences\nvue de consentir un allégement de\ndette aux pays qui ont besoin\néconomiques de la\nd'engager des dépenses de\nmondialisation.\nproduction, de se doter de filets de\nsécurité sociale et de mieux intégrer\nle commerce à leur développement.\nLe Canada propose également des programmes d'aide au développement pour\ndonner à ces pays les moyens de vraiment améliorer leur situation économique et\nsociale, ainsi que pour répondre aux besoins humanitaires urgents.\nLa stratégie canadienne consiste à promouvoir une meilleure cohérence des\npolitiques au niveau international et à ne pas se limiter aux conséquences\néconomiques de la mondialisation. Il faut considérer également les aspects qui\ntouchent la société, l'environnement, la santé et la culture. Tous les\ngouvernements devront réussir à s'entendre sur un plan d'action international\ncohérent et à mettre en place des structures de gouvernance plus transparentes et\nplus aptes à mobiliser la société civile, chez nous et ailleurs dans le monde.\n24\nLes choix qui s'imposent pour l'avenir\nPour que la voie canadienne nous garantisse le succès au XXIe siècle, il faudra que\nl'innovation et l'excellence soient à l'ordre du jour des gouvernements, que des\npartenariats s'établissent un peu partout et que notre action soit axée sur les\ncitoyens, au pays comme à l'étranger. Le gouvernement fédéral a des objectifs très\nclairs à proposer aux Canadiens relativement à ce que doit être le Canada\nmoderne\nLe Canada est le pays le plus inclusif qui soit, où des possibilités sont\noffertes de façon égale à tous les Canadiens et à toutes les régions.\nTous les enfants partent du bon pied dans la vie de façon à pouvoir\napprendre et saisir les occasions qui se présenteront à eux plus tard.\nL'économie canadienne connaît une forte croissance et tous les secteurs\néconomiques exploitent à bon escient les possibilités des nouvelles\ntechnologies ainsi que les avantages des échanges commerciaux et des\ninvestissements internationaux.\nLe Canada est le pays le plus branché du monde, un leader dans\nl'économie du savoir et il aura 5 p. 100 du commerce électronique\nmondial d'ici 2003.\nToutes les salles de classe au Canada sont branchées à l'Internet.\nTous les Canadiens ont la possibilité de faire des études de qualité et\nd'atteindre les plus hauts niveaux d'excellence, et ce à un coût abordable.\nLe Canada est le leader mondial dans des grands domaines stratégiques de\nla recherche et de la science.\nLes Canadiens défavorisés ont les outils nécessaires pour rattraper le reste\nde la société, et les besoins fondamentaux de tous les Canadiens sont\nsatisfaits.\nLes peuples autochtones du Canada ont les outils nécessaires pour\nparticiper à la croissance économique du Canada.\nTous les Canadiens ont accès à des services médicaux de grande qualité et\nle Canada est un leader mondial de la recherche en santé et de\nl'information dans ce domaine.\nLa population canadienne continue de profiter d'air et d'eau propres ainsi\nque d'espaces verts, dans un pays qui préserve la riche diversité de sa\nfaune et de sa flore, y compris leurs habitats.\n25\nLe Canada est un leader mondial dans la technologie et la science de\nl'environnement.\nTous les Canadiens peuvent participer pleinement à l'économie et\ns'épanouir dans des collectivités riches de leur diversité culturelle, sans\ncraindre le crime, la violence, les préjugés ou la haine.\nLes jeunes Canadiens possèdent les outils et peuvent saisir les occasions\nnécessaires pour contribuer à l'innovation et à la croissance.\nLes artistes et les créateurs du Canada ont l'occasion de s'exprimer et les\nCanadiens ont accès aux œuvres et aux produits canadiens.\nLes services gouvernementaux\nsont offerts en ligne, les\nC'est un plan pour que les\ngouvernements du pays\ngens s'épanouissent, et pour\ncollaborent dans l'intérêt de tous\nque se réalisent les\nles Canadiens, de façon ouverte\nopportunités, l'excellence, le\net transparente, et les citoyens\nsuccès, la qualité de vie, la\nsont au cœur de la gouvernance.\nresponsabilité mutuelle, le\nLe Canada et les autres pays qui\nrespect mutuel, la créativité et\nont la même philosophie que lui\nl'innovation. C'est la vision\nadoptent un plan d'action\nambitieuse d'un pays\ninternational caractérisé par la\nambitieux.\ncohérence, le partage des\navantages et l'inclusion.\nPartager la prospérité\nC'est là le projet moderne d'une société moderne, le projet d'un pays résolument\ntourné vers l'avenir. Finies les vieilles solutions pour les problèmes\ncontemporains! L'heure est venue d'avoir un plan moderne pour que tous les\nCanadiens puissent se prévaloir des occasions qui s'offrent, où qu'elles se\nmanifestent au Canada, et pour qu'ils continuent d'édifier leur avenir à la manière\ncanadienne. C'est un plan pour que les gens s'épanouissent, et pour que se\nréalisent les opportunités, l'excellence, le succès, la qualité de vie, la\nresponsabilité mutuelle, le respect mutuel, la créativité et l'innovation. C'est la\nvision ambitieuse d'un pays ambitieux.\nLa voie canadienne c'est-à-dire cette façon que nous avons de vivre ensemble,\nde trouver des solutions aux problèmes, de respecter les autres, de nous sentir\nresponsables des autres est assurément celle de l'avenir en ce siècle encore tout\njeune qui nous invite au rapprochement.\n26\n6-13-00\nBy RANDAL C. ARCHIBOLD\nwork with your children or watch\nMELVILLE, N.Y., June 12 - If\nthem play in the backyard.\"\na manner that taxpayers deserve,\"\nRepresentatives from HUD were\nMr. Lazio said.\nthere is one issue Representative\nRick A. Lazio finds solidly his, one\non hand. and although everybody act-\nDavid Egner, a spokesman for Mr.\ned cordially, HUD officials wanted to\nCuomo, countered that Congression-\narea in which he comfortably pro-\nmake clear that many of the ideas\nal Republicans, including Mr. Lazio,\nnounces himself an expert, it is hous-\nMr. Lazio praises, like the home own-\ncould not describe themselves as al-\ning.\nIt is not an area many people iden-\nership aid, originated with Mr. Cuo-\nlies of public housing when they had\ntify with Republicans, perhaps be-\nmo's staff and housing advocates.\nconstantly sought substantial cuts to\ncause the 2.7 million families living\n\"I think it was a combination of a\nHUD's budget.\nlot of different people, a lot of hous-\nEither way, it is not often that\nin public or subsidized housing na-\ning activists,\" said Charlie King, Mr.\nRepublicans take up public housing\ntionwide tend to be concentrated in\nas a selling point.\nor near urban areas more closely\nCuomo's representative for New\nLazio Runs on Issue Usually Reserved for Democrats: Housing\naligned with Democrats. And Mr.\nYork and New Jersey, who attended\nKieran Mahoney, a Republican po-\nlitical consultant not working for Mr.\nLazio's claims may irritate Demo-\nthe news conference. \"Certainly the\nLazio, said that an emphasis on hous-\ncrats, who believe he takes more\npresident had a role in this. Con-\ning helps Mr. Lazio for a number of\ncredit than he deserves.\nBut on this issue, Mr. Lazio, the\ngressman Lazio had some role in\nreasons. \"First of all, 'Mr. Mahoney\nRepublican nominee for the United\nthis. There are a lot of different\nsaid, \"it is an indication he has a\nStates Senate, totes some creden-\npeople who came together to make\nrecord of legislative accomplish-\nthis a reality.\"\nment to run on. It suggests given the\ntials. As chairman of the House sub-\ncommittee on housing, he supported\nMr. Lazio, who often speaks of his\nsituation he would acquit himself\nlegislation in 1998 that encouraged a\nvisits to housing projects across the\nwell. Secondly, the fact he acquitted\ngreater presence of moderate-in-\ncountry, has noted the bipartisan\nhimself well on an issue that normal-\ncome people in public housing for\nsupport on housing but has also not\nly is the province of Democrats as\nlow-income tenants.\nshied from taking a lot of credit for\nopposed to Republicans is indicative\nToday he attended a meeting of\nhimself and Republicans.\nhe has an open mind.\"\nhousing experts here to announce a\nLast week he angered Mr. Cuomo,\nLater today in Albany, Mr. Lazio\nprogram intended to foster home\nfirst during a trip upstate for a con-\ntook up other policy questions, de-\nownership. His frequent references\nference of mayors and again a day\nclaring his support for the hate\nto housing on the campaign trail pro-\nlater in Washington, after he said\ncrimes bill that the State: Senate\nvide a way to appeal to voters un-\nRepublicans had taken the lead on\npassed last week. It imposes- stiffer\ncomfortable with Hillary Rodham\nnew housing initiatives.\npenalties for crimes motivated by\nClinton by showing he is not a nar-\nhatred of several particular groups,\nrowly focused suburban lawmaker.\n\"I don't want to say anything\nincluding gays. For years, senators\nThis strategy also serves another\nmuch disparaging about Andrew\nhad balked at protecting gays.\npurpose. It has allowed Mr. Lazio to\nCuomo,\" Mr. Lazio told reporters\n\"I believe that people ought not to\ncriticize Mrs. Clinton indirectly,\nafter his speech last Tuesday at the\nbe subject to violence because of\nthrough a war of words with Andrew\nmayors' conference in Saratoga\ntheir background, that that's a par-\nM. Cuomo, the secretary of housing\nSprings. \"Suffice it to say that I think\nticularly corrosive impact on soci-\nand urban development and a major\nall the leadership on housing issues\nety,\" Mr. Lazio said.\nsupporter of Mrs. Clinton.\nhas come from the Republican side,\nMr. Lazio refrained from overt\nin particular from the House of Rep-\nattacks today, since he came to the\nresentatives.\"\nHuntington Hilton here in Suffolk\nThe next day, Mr. Lazio put out a\nCounty, his home base, to briefly\nstatement backing Congressional\npraise a program sponsored by\nRepublicans who had accused HUD\nHUD, the Community Development\nof fraud and waste. \"We are simply\nCorporation of Long Island and Fan-\nraising questions with an agency that\nnie Mae, the federal home financing\nconsistently fails to manage itself In\nagency. An outgrowth of the 1998\nlegislation, it is one of eight pilot\nprograms nationwide that will test\nthe concept of allowing low-income\ntenants to use federal rent subsidies\nto help pay mortgages.\n\"Think about what a home\nmeans,\" Mr. Lazio said before flying\nto Albany. \"It's where you do home-\nThe New York Times\nTUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2000\n6-13-00\nBrend Cours Bear our UFW Js THE\ncopied\nWas\nReed schow\nSperling\nPodesta\n6-15\n00\nP.O Box 146608, Chicago. IL 60614-6608\nKidsInDanger org\nEmail@KidsInDanger org\n(773) 296-9658 (773) Phone/Fax\nCo-founders\nBoaz Keysa\nEly Keysar\nLinda Ginzel\n5\ntea\nyour STATE\ndangerous juvenile products\nprotection of young children from\nA nonprofit organization for the\nKIDS\nSub\nIN DANGER\nHR 3208\n\" The Daniel Keysor Memorial\nand Childrens Consumer Product\nSafety Act of 1999 \"\ncopied Reed/Chout Padesta\n\"need to beas\nHeather met with\nsupportive as\nthem last week ,\npossible\"\nJie followup.\n'00 JUN 23 PM10:02\nTHE WHITE HOUSE\nWASHINGTON\nJune 23, 2000\n6-26-00\nMEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT\nFROM:\nLISEL LOY\nADAM ROSMANAR\nJUSTIN COLEMAN\nSUBJECT:\nRecent Information Items\nWe are forwarding the following recent information items:\nBerger/Sperling/Brain memo re: progress on Southwest Europe Trade Preference\nAct (SETPA) - In response to your question on how we can move SETPA,\nKaush\nSandy/Gene/Chuck report that since we transmitted our SEPTA draft to Congress in\nNovember, EU leaders have recognized the need to grant more generous trade\npreferences to southeast Europe and the EC is developing a proposal. Without effort on\nwill\nour part, prospects for passage of SETPA are slim. Moynihan introduced SETPA on\nmy\nApril 11th; it has not been introduced in the House. We're taking the following steps to\nimprove the chances of enactment: seeking immediate House introduction; working with\nWays and Means Finance Committees to schedule SETPA hearings; and encouraging\nWays and Means to attach SETPA to any Miscellaneous Tariff bill that may move this\nsession.\n(B)\nATF Report on Firearms Trafficking (via Summers) - Larry forwards ATF's report\n\"Following the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers,\" which\ndocuments over 1,500 firearms investigations between July 1996 and December 1998,\nand shows that the Administration's tough enforcement measures are paying off. The\nPress Office issued a statement on your behalf on June 21 highlighting this report. A\ncopy of the full report is available in our office.\n(C)\nBerger memo re: NOAA imagery in support of Gulf War illnesses research - On a\nCabinet Affairs weekly report regarding a request by the Presidential Commission for\nGulf War Illness for NOAA satellite images, you wrote, \"should do this.\" Sandy reports\nthat the requested imagery was delivered June 5 and was satisfactory.\n(D)\nBerger memo re: U.S. Implementation of Chemical Weapons Convention - In\nresponse to your question about a recent Wall Street Journal article which claimed that\nthe implementation of the CWC is hobbled by restrictions imposed by the U.S., Sandy\ndiscusses the two legislative provisions that the article refers to. The first provision , a\ncondition of the CWC resolution of ratification, prohibits CWC inspectors from taking\nchemical samples outside the U.S. for analysis; Sandy notes that we are working with\nother CWC parties to resolve this issue and have proposed designated U.S. labs to do the\n2733\n-26-00\nTHE WHITE HOUSE\nWASHINGTON\nJune 22, 2000\nCapied\nBerger\nINFORMATION\nMEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT\nSperling\nFROM:\nSAMUEL BERGER\n&\nPodesta\nGENE SPERLING\nCHARLES M. BRAIN\nSUBJECT:\nMoving the Southeast Europe Trade Preference Act\nForward\nPurpose\nRespond to your question on how we could move the Southeast\nEurope Trade Preference Act (SETPA) this year.\nBackground\nLast July in Sarajevo, you pledged to \"take generous, immediate\nand unilateral steps to improve market access for products made\nin Southeast Europe and to work with Congress to establish a\ntrade preference program similar to our Andean initiative,\noffering duty free treatment for most of the region's exports.\"\nIn November, we transmitted to Congress a draft Southeast Europe\nTrade Preference Act (SETPA) that would grant duty-free\ntreatment to imports, other than textiles, from beneficiary\ncountries and territories (including Albania, Bosnia-\nHerzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia,\nKosovo, and Montenegro) for five years. As trade between the\nUnited States and this region is small, the cost of the bill is\nestimated at $10 million a year. Enactment would send a clear\nsignal in support of market reforms and spur the EU to further\nliberalize its much larger trade with the region. At their\nMarch Council meeting, EU leaders recognized the need to grant\nmore generous asymmetrical trade preferences to Southeast\nEurope. The Commission is in the process of developing a firm\nproposal.\nOn April 11, Senator Moynihan introduced SETPA in the Senate by\nrequest, without co-sponsors. The bill has not yet been\nintroduced in the House.\nCC: Vice President\nChief of Staff\n2\nIn terms of priorities, everyone agrees that the key focus must\nbe on completing China PNTR. As you said when you signed\nAfrica/CBI, with consideration of PNTR and SETPA Congress has\nadditional opportunities to break down barriers to trade and\nraise prosperity. Prospects for passage of SETPA at this point,\nhowever, are already slim. If we do not begin some effort soon\nto position SETPA so that it can more easily be attached to some\nother vehicle, the bill will certainly not move.\nWe intend to take the following steps to improve chances for\nenactment this year, spur European action and demonstrate we are\ndelivering on your commitment to the region as the one year\nanniversary of the July 30 Sarajevo Summit approaches:\nSeek House introduction of SETPA immediately.\nWork with the Ways and Means Finance Committees to schedule a\nhearing on SETPA as soon as possible, preferably this month.\nEncourage Ways and Means to attach SETPA to any Miscellaneous\nTariff bill that may move this session.\nAttachment\nTab A SecState Memo with Your Comment\nTHE SECRETARY OF STATE\nWASHINGTON\nUNCLASSIFIED\nSaudy\nMEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT\nFROM:\nMadeleine K. Albright lelkA\nSUBJECT: Breathing Life into the Stability Pact\nP.Z\nWe kick-started the Stability Pact March 29 and 30 when\ndonors and the nations of southeastern Europe each made\nsignificant down payments on their bargain of resources-for-\nreform at the Brussels Regional Conference.\nCountries of the region reported on progress made on reform\nsince the Sarajevo Summit. Croatia in particular used the\nopportunity to outline the new government's reform agenda. Each\nnation sought to demonstrate progress in tackling corruption,\nimproving the investment climate, reducing trade barriers,\npromoting democracy and human rights, and strengthening regional\nsecurity cooperation. The reports were of varying quality;\ncontinued monitoring will be essential.\nDonors announced committed and anticipated funds of about\n$6.1 billion for the region in 2000. Brady Anderson did a great\njob heading our delegation, announcing committed U.S. funds of\n$624.29 million. This puts the U.S. share of year 2000 donor\nassistance (not including IFIs) in the region at about 15%.\nWe front-loaded this conference so that funding could\nbe matched to specific \"Quick Start\" regional projects to be\nimplemented this year. Donors announced a $2.28 billion Quick\nStart funding package. This exceeded our target by $580\nmillion, and includes $77.65 million in U.S. funded projects,\na share of just over 3%.\nThe Quick Start package should force more timely\ndisbursements by the EU. It will launch key projects that\npromise to make a tangible difference in people's lives:\naccelerating refugee returns; creating a regional electricity\nUNCLASSIFIED\nUNCLASSIFIED\n-2-\nmarket by 2006; bringing potable water to the people of the\nDanube basin and the Adriatic; fixing transportation bottlenecks\nand linking southeastern Europe to Europe's main transportation\ncorridors; reviewing the teaching of history throughout the\nregion; protecting free media; retraining demobilized military\nofficers; fighting cross-border crime and corruption.\nThe quickest of the Quick Start package is a deal between\nDOD, UNMIK, the EU and the Macedonians to relieve congestion at\nthe Blace border crossing. Our team and the Europeans put\ntogether a $15 million Quick Start package for Montenegro to\nbegin in two weeks. Brady Anderson also signed a new agreement\nextending OPIC assistance to Montenegro.\nThere are other positive developments. Stability Pact\nCoordinator Hombach helped Romania and Bulgaria resolve a ten-\nyear dispute over where to build a second Danube bridge. The\nWorld Bank, the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the EBRD have\nfor the first time launched regional strategies that support\nStability Pact goals. A regional customs director association\nhas been created to implement World Bank loans to upgrade border\ncrossings and fight corruption. The EU is moving to expand EIB\nengagement in Montenegro. Canada, Switzerland, Norway and Japan\nare joining the Stability Pact.\nImplementation in other areas is mixed. Despite strong\npressure, EU member states are not yet ready to announce any new\nmarket opening for the region. EU negotiations with key\ncountries to establish so-called Stabilization and Association\nAgreements will take months. Hombach is under investigation in\nGermany for possible shady business dealings before assuming\nthis post. At home, our southeast European trade preferences\ncan us\nlegislation is moving slowly.\nIn short, much of the progress we have made has come from\nconsistent U.S. pressure on the EU and active engagement with\nthe region. Prodi and company are pushing in the right\ndirection, but our catalytic role remains essential. I have\nasked my fellow foreign ministers to join me for a brief\nStability Pact Ministerial in May to assess progress and chart\nthe way forward.\nUNCLASSIFIED\n6-29-00\nthin? MMM-S\nMaunt\nCopie d\nwhat By\nEchaveste\nReed / BC\nmael\nPodesta\nChristina -\nCould you sade an\nitem for the weekly ?\nCC: AK, Burbine\nThanks\n-\nBR\n6-29-00\nLaw Enforcement\nclear to people that the INS is to help families\nand to help people understand the maze of\nrules and regulations.\"\nAnd Processing\nThere are at least two bills pending in Con-\ngress that would restructure the INS. Bush\nWould Be Separate\naides said that the governor's proposal was not\npatterned after any one particular measure, de-\nspite its similarities to a proposal by Sen. Spen-\nBy TERRY M. NEAL\ncer Abraham (R-Mich.).\nWashington Post Staff Writer\nSeveral people at the LULAC conference\npraised the idea. Frank Sharry, an official at a\nCiting what his campaign called an \"inher-\nseparate pro-immigration policy group. the\nent conflict\" in immigration policy, Texas Gov.\nNational Immigration Forum, said he was\nGeorge W. Bush yesterday proposed splitting\npleased that Bush is proposing reform of the\nthe Immigration and Naturalization Service in-\nINS but he said the speech ignored politically\nto separate agencies-one for law enforce-\nstickier issues, such as whether Bush supports\nment, the other to welcome new people to the\namnesty for about 800,000 illegal immigrants\ncountry.\nfrom the Caribbean and South and Central\nThe Republican presidential candidate also\nAmerica now in the United States.\nproposed changing the law to allow the spous-\nDoug Hattaway, a spokesman for Vice Presi-\nBush Proposes Splitting Duties of INS\nes and children of legal permanent residents to\ndent Gore, said Gore has supported efforts in\napply for visitors' visas while their own appli-\nCongress to restructure and streamline the\ncations are pending. Bush said that policy\nagency but does not support splitting it into\nwould reverse the government's presumption\nthat visiting family members would try to stay\ntwo. \"We don't need to create another bureau-\nin the country once their visas expired.\ncracy,\" he said.\nBush announced the proposals in a speech\nIn Washington, Bush also sought repeatedly\nto the League of United Latin American Citi-\nto demonstrate his familiarity with and sensi-\nzens national convention in Washington yes-\ntivity to Hispanics, sprinkling his speech with\nterday afternoon. It was the beginning of two\nSpanish phrases. \"The Latin culture is going to\nweeks of outreach to minority voters that con-\nbe a powerful influence, not only politically but\ntinued last night in New York with a Bush\nin what is right for America,\" Bush said. He\nspeech to the Congress of Racial Equality.\npraised the entrepreneurial spirit of Hispanics\nCORE is a conservative African American\nin California, where more than 600,000 His-\ngroup that opposes gun control, and Bush was\npanics own businesses.\njoined by, among other people, National Rifle\nAnd he promised to continue and expand\nAssociation executive vice president Wayne\npro-trade policies that he said are essential to\nLaPierre.\nimproving the economies of Central and South\nBesides the new proposals on immigration\nAmerica. Doing so, he said. will reduce im-\nin his Washington address, Bush otherwise\nmigration pressures on the United States be-\nstuck close to his standard stump speech, em-\ncause most illegal immigrants are coming to\nphasizing issues such as education and eco-\nthis country out of a desire to care for their\nnomic empowerment.\nfamilies. \"Family values don't stop at the Rio\nTaking up an issue he hopes will resonate\nGrande,\" he said.\nwith many Hispanics, Bush criticized the INS\nLULAC is a nonpartisan Hispanic advocacy\nas overly bureaucratic and said its dual mission\ngroup with about 115,000 members. Gore will\nto enforce the borders and process new arriv-\nspeak to the group on Friday. Bush was re-\nals \"resulted in lax enforcement and adversari-\nal service.\" Under Bush's proposal, the INS\nceived politely by the crowd, which gave him a\nwould be split into separate agencies that\nstanding ovation at the end of his speech. After-\nwould be headed by an associate attorney gen-\nward. LULAC national president Rick Dovali-\neral for immigration affairs.\nna, an attorney from Houston, praised Bush for\n\"It's an agency that sends mixed signals to\nreaching out but stressed that the organization\nthe people we are trying to help,\" Bush said.\ndoes not endorse political candidates.\n\"People ought to be asking the question, How\nBefore the speech, Bush met privately with\ncan I help you, what can I do to help you fill out\na group of LULAC leaders, who aired some of\npaperwork?\" We ought to be saying loud and\ntheir concerns. They asked Bush for help with\nEnrique Moreno, a veteran El Paso lawyer\nnominated by President Clinton to the 5th\nU.S. Circuit Court of Appeals last September.\nThe nomination has been held up by Texas\nGOP Sens. Phil Gramm and Kay Bailey Hutch-\nison, who questioned Moreno's qualifications.\nDovalina, a Democrat, said Bush promised to\nlook into the situation.\nLast September, Dovalina was quoted in the\nAustin American-Statesman sharply criticiz-\ning Bush efforts to appeal to Hispanic voters.\nDovalina yesterday said Bush's efforts to sit\ndown and talk with LULAC leaders had led\nhim to reassess that statement.\nThe Washington Post\nTUESDAY, JUNE 27, 2000\nCC: Bruce Reed\nhn J. Cullinane - Vice President Gore and Senator Lieberman are on target when\nidentifying Hollywood's role in selling sex and violence to young people. But the real\nproblem is corporate America, whose advertising dollars buy demographics targeting\nyoung people without bearing any responsibility for program content. He recommends\nthat Messrs. Gore and Lieberman, if elected, convene a meeting of CEO's of major\ncorporations and show them their corporate advertisements and the material their\ncompanies are underwriting that are so detrimental. (cc Vice President Gore)\nThe Cullinane Group, Inc.\ninvestors in High Technology Ventures\nJ. Cullinane\nmy\nPresident\nTELEFAX\ncc VP.\nTO:\nThe Honorable William J. Clinton\nFROM:\nJohn J. Cullinane\nDATE:\nSeptember 19, 2000\nVice President AI Gore and Senator Joseph Lieberman are on target when identifying\nHollywood's role in selling sex and violence to young people. However, it's just the tip of\nthe iceberg. The real problem is corporate America, without whose advertising dollars\nno programs, no matter how offensive, would be on television or radio. The reason is\nthat corporations now buy demographics, which means they are targeting young people\nwithout bearing any responsibility for program content. In fact, I believe that if many\nboards of directors of major U.S. corporations knew that their companies were\nadvertising on shows such as Howard Stern, Jerry Springer, MTV, etc., they would be\nfurious. Ironically, my company was the first software company to advertise on the\nSuper Bowl. We used Bobby Orr as the spokesman. It wasn't until the ad ran across\nCanada that it occurred to me that we had no idea what programs our advertising\ndollars were underwriting.\nThis is why is would be important for Messrs. Gore and Lieberman, if elected, to\nconvene a meeting at The White House of the CEO's of major corporations. I would\nrecommend that they show them their corporate advertisements and the program\nmaterial that their companies are underwriting that are so detrimental to our young\npeople and our society. I believe it would be an eye-opening experience for them. Since\na remarkably small group of companies control about 85% of the advertising on\ntelevision and radio, this would be pretty easy to do. Also, it avoids anything to do with\nthe First Amendment. Besides, peer pressure is a much better force for good than new\nlaws. Hopefully, you can be a major influence in this effort.\nJJC/mb\nPAGE 1 OF 1\nOne Exerer Plaza Boston, MA 02116 TEL 617/494-8894 FAX 617/494-1502\nE-mail [email protected] Web site: www.cullinane-group.com\nThe Cullinane Group, Inc.\nInvestors in High Technology Ventures\njohn 1 Cullinane\nPresident\nTELEFAX\nTO:\nNancy Hernreich\nOffice of The Hon. William J. Clinton\nFROM:\nJohn J. Cullinane\nDATE:\nSeptember 19, 2000\nThe attached memo is for President Clinton. Thank you for forwarding it to him.\nJJC/mb\nPAGE 1 OF 2\nOne Exeter Plaza Boston, MA 02116 TEL 617/494-8894 FAX 617/494-1502\nE-mail [email protected] Web site: www.cullinane-group.com\n10-31-00\nBUSINESS, CONSUMER, AND REGIONAL ROUNDUP\nMore Custodial Parents Receiving Full Child Support Due. In the spring of\n1998, there were 14 million \"custodial parents\"-parents of children under 21\nwhose other parent is not living with the family-according to a recent Census\nBureau report. Mothers represent more than 85 percent of all custodial parents.\nAbout 56 percent of custodial parents had some sort of child support agreement\n(most arranged through the legal system). Of parents with support agreements,\nthe share receiving at least partial payments was unchanged from 1993 to 1997 at\nabout two-thirds. However, the proportion receiving full child support payments\nrose from 34 percent in 1993 to 41 percent in 1997. Between 1993 and 1997, the\nproportion of custodial parents with full-time. year-round jobs increased,\nespecially among mothers; the proportion in poverty decreased; and the\nproportion participating in public assistance programs decreased. However, the\npoverty rate among custodial-parent families, at 29 percent in 1997, was still\nmuch higher than the overall poverty rate among families with children.\nDecreasing Employment Rates among the Disabled May be Due to Greater\nWorking-Age Participation in the Disability Insurance Program. During the\n1990s, employment rates for the non-disabled population rose, but employment\nrates for the disabled fell. Critics of the Americans with Disabilities Act have\npointed to this as evidence that the law discourages employers from hiring the\ndisabled by requiring reasonable accommodations for disabled employees, which\nmay raise employers' costs. However, a recent study supports an alternative\nexplanation operating through the supply side of the labor market: the decreased\nemployment of the disabled is largely due to growth in the fraction of the\nworking-aged population receiving Disability Insurance benefits. This increase in\nDI benefits may be a result of 1984 relaxations of various standards for disability\nbenefit eligibility, in particular, increased eligibility of people suffering from\nmental illness. Growth in DI availability appears to be facilitating the withdrawal\nof disabled men and women from the work force.\nAmerican Families Enjoying Economic Gains Since 1997, But Some Are Not\nBetter Off under Other Measures of Well Being. New data from an Urban\ncopied\nInstitute survey of American families show improvements in several economic\nReed\nindicators over the 1997-99 period, consistent with recent Census Bureau data on\nJennings\nincomes. Employment rates increased for single parents, poverty rates decreased,\nand fewer families reported having problems affording food. Child poverty rates\ndeclined, and the likelihood that low-income children lived in single-parent\nfamilies decreased. However, other indicators considered by the survey reveal\nthat not all families are better off in all ways. The proportion of middle-income\nchildren covered by health insurance declined; the time that higher-income\nparents spent reading to their children fell; and self-reported stress among parents\nin higher-income, two-parent families rose. Low-income children continue to fare\nworse than higher-income children on every measure of child well being.\nWeekly Economic Briefing\n6\nOctober 27, 2000"
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