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A OF COMMISSION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Office of the Under Secretary for
UNITED STATES of /
Oceans and Atmosphere
Washington, D.C. 20230
July 18, 1994
MEMORANDUM FOR: Committee on Environment and Natural Resources
FROM:
Donna CENR (CENR) Executive Wieting Full Committee Secretary Wieting
SUBJECT:
CENR Subcommittee Reports for Clearance
I am pleased to forward with this memorandum two reports drafted
by subcommittees of the CENR. The first report is entitled "A
Directory of Federal Activities Related to Mitigation of or
Adaptation to Global Change - FY 1993 - FY 1994" prepared by the
CENR Technology and Engineering Subcommittee. The second report
is entitled "The U.S. Global Change Data and Information System
(GCDIS) Implementation Plan" prepared by the Global Change
Research Subcommittee. Each report has the concurrence of your
agency representatives on the respective subcommittees.
The reports are forwarded to you for your review and clearance.
With your approval, the reports will be published as a product of
the CENR. Please indicate your approval, or need for further
discussion, by returning the attached form to me by July 29,
1994. Please call me at (202) 482-5916 if you have any
questions.
Attachments
CC: CENR Co-Chairs
CENR Vice Chairs
CENR Points of Contact
NO
DELAIRE
noan
NATIONAL
PLEASE RETURN BY TUESDAY, JULY 26
Please check applicable box and sign in space provided for each
report.
1) A Directory of Federal Activities Related to Mitigation of or
Adaptation to Global Change - FY 1993 - FY 1994.
I approve publication of the report.
I approve publication of the report with minor editing
(attach comments)
I would like to have further discussion with CENR Principals
before publication of the report.
2) The U.S. Global Change Data and Information System (GCDIS)
Implementation Plan.
I approve publication of the report.
I approve publication of the report with minor editing
(attach comments)
I would like to have further discussion with CENR Principals
before publication of the report.
CENR Principal Member Signature
Agency
Date
Return by FAX and mail to:
Donna Wieting/Executive Secretary
Committee on Environment and Natural Resources
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Room 5805
14th and Constitution Aves., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20230
FAX: 202-482-1156
Phone: 202-482-5916
National Science and Technology Council
Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources
RECEIVED
Subcommittee for Technology and Engineering Research
MAY 5 1994
12
PM.
May 2, 1994
III
OI
Dr. D. James Baker, Co-chair
Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources
14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW, Room 5128
Washington, DC 20230
Dear Dr. Baker:
I transmit herewith a copy of the volume, "A Directory of Federal Activities Related to
Mitigation of or Adaptation to Global Change - FY 1993-FY 1994.' The intended
audience is private sector groups interested in Federal mitigation and adaptation activities
as well as all Federal agencies. A companion volume listing mitigation and adaptation
activities of the private sector is in preparation. The Electric Power Research Institute has
offered to provide the costs of printing and distribution of both volumes.
The Directory was prepared under the direction of the Subcommittee on Technology and
Engineering Research. In addition to our approval, we would like to have the approval of
the Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources (CENR). Then the Directory
could be published as a product of the CENR.
It is for this reason I am transmitting the Directory to you with the approval and
recommendation of the Subcommittee on Technology and Engineering Research.
Sincerely,
JaBordayne
Joseph Bordogna
Chair
Subcommittee on Technology and Engineering Research
Enclosure
FOR REVIEW PURPOSES ONLY - DO NOT CIRCULATE
DIRECTORY
OF FEDERAL RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
RELATED TO MITIGATION OF OR
ADAPTATION TO GLOBAL CHANGE
FY 1993 - FY 1994
MAG
COMPILED BY:
SUBCOMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
COMMITTEE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL SCIENCES
NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL
FOR REVIEW PURPOSES ONLY - DO NOT CIRCULATE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
I.
Executive Summary
4
II.
Summary Definitions
5
III.
Programs
A.
Mitigation - Focused
8
B.
Mitigation - Contributory
41
C.
Adaptation - Focused
96
D.
Adaptation - Contributory
113
IV.
Summary Tables
138
V.
Appendices
A.
Agency Role Statements
149
B.
List of Acronyms
154
C.
Technology Transfer Mechanisms
156
D.
Federal Emergency Management Administration
160
E.
Private Sector Interactions
164
I.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. The Mitigation and Adaptation Directory for fiscal years 1993 and 1994 is the second edition of
this book. The first edition covered fiscal years 1991 and 1992. There have been several changes
between the two editions, notably in organizational relationships. This second edition is prepared
under the direction of the Subcommittee on Technology and Engineering Research of the Committee
on Environmental and Natural Resources, National Science and Technology Council.
2. The social and economic research program shown in the FY 91-92 edition has been expanded to a
separate section of the overall U.S. Global Change Research Program and, thus, is not reflected in
this edition.
3. The most growth has occurred in research programs addressing mitigation of environmental
changes. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) alone has 44 mitigation programs, totaling $1.4
billion principally in energy efficiency and alternative energy sources. One example is DOE's $42.8
thousand program in combustion systems. The technologies that comprise Combustion Systems
research focus on total system improvements that will yield both lower emissions and significantly
higher efficiencies.
4. Research programs of other agencies cover a full range including protection of food, fiber, and
forestry research; biological diversity, ecosystem protection, and regional climate change effects.
The Department of Agriculture, for example, has a research program that addresses environmental
change impacts on crop production by focusing on the belowground (root area) plant responses to
elevated levels of CO2. The National Science Foundation is funding research on the effects of
climate change on coastal ecosystems. The Tennessee Valley Authority is assessing the effects of
climate change on the ecosystem represented by the Tennessee river basin. A review of the Direc-
tory will reveal a wealth of research addressing this common theme of environmental change.
5. In numbers and dollars (in thousands) of programs, the following growth has occurred:
FY 91-92
FY93-94
#
$
#
$
Mitigation, Focused
18
$13,885
26
$80,728
Mitigation, Contributory
8
992
42
2,368,461
Adaptation, Focused
14
4,402
11
22,688
Adaptation, Contributory
28
16,590
19
42,418
Combined, Focused
11,084
2
643
Combined, Contributory
87,314
5
101,863
Totals
68
134,267
105
2,616,801
This represents a 50% increase in programs, and a 160% funding increase, from fiscal year 1991 to
fiscal year 1994.
6. Additional copies of the Directory may be obtained from:
USDA Global Change Program Office
1621 N. Kent Street, Room 60LL
Arlington, Virginia 22209
Phone: 703-235-9018
Fax: 703-235-9046
4
II. SUMMARY DEFINITIONS
Mitigation: technologies and practices, which, if implemented,
could offset or limit the magnitude of global environmental changes that have
a negative effect on the quality of life.
Adaptation: technologies and practices, which, if implemented,
could facilitate natural and societal adjustment to the environmental, social,
and economic consequences of global change.
5
III. PROGRAMS
A. MITIGATION - FOCUSED
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Belowground Responses to Global Environmental Change and the
Biogeochemical Dynamics of Carbon.
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $372 FY94 $372
Program Description: Plant responses to elevated CO2 are being researched. The work is being
conducted as an integrated, multi-species project with two main research thrusts: one study (5- year
duration) uses sorghum and soybean as model plant species and the other involves longleaf pine.
Plants are being exposed to air with an ambient concentration of CO2 (~360 ppm) or to air with
twice that amount of CO2 within open top chambers. The first major focus of this study is to inves-
tigate the effects of higher CO2 on root growth and other belowground processes, such as changes in
the composition and activity of populations of fungi, bacteria, and nematodes in the rhizosphere.
The second major focus is to determine what plants do with extra atmospheric CO2. For example,
how much is used for production of plant material, how much is released into the soil by plant roots
and perhaps remains in the soil, and how much is given back to the atmosphere by plant processes
such as respiration. Cooperative research efforts include: the effects of elevated CO2 on nitrogen
uptake by plants and its effect on water quality, soil processes including biomineralization (bedrock
weathering), and CO2 effects on seed quality. The longleaf pine study is examining the interacting
effects of elevated CO2 and resource availability (namely differences in nitrogen and water) on
carbon allocation patterns, respiration, and root function. The long-range goal of this research is to
examine, in addition to longleaf pine, the response of other species (i.e., wiregrass, wax myrtle, etc.)
which comprise a natural and endangered ecosystem. Ultimately, this research will examine compe-
tition among species as influenced by CO2. Other related studies being carried out in conjunction
with this work are effects of CO2 on root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi and the role of elevated
CO2 in production of pyrogenic plant metabolites and its relationship to water quality.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE, EPA.
Linkages with private sector NGO's and academia: Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station,
Auburn University, University of Minnesota, Duke University, Woods Hole Research Center,
Smithsonian Institution, and Lawrence Livermore, Oak Ridge, and Brookhaven National Laborato-
ries.
Contact Person:
H. H. Rogers
Phone Number:
(205) 887-8596
Fax Number:
(205) 887-8597
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
National Soil Dynamics Laboratory
P.O. Box 3439
Auburn, AL 36831
8
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Effects of Nutrient Transport in Cropping Systems in Environmental
Quality and Fertilizer Efficiency.
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $486 FY94 $486
Program Description: Objectives of this program include the assessment of nitrogen and other
nutrient pathways within the crop and soil and from the crop and soil to the atmosphere and ground-
water; the development and use of non-invasive techniques to measure radiatively active trace gas
fluxes that affect global climate change and carbon balance and the effect of agricultural ecosystems
on and by these gases; and the evaluation of methane emissions from cattle under grazing, feedlot,
and dairy conditions including the methane emission from waste lagoons and waste-disposal sys-
tems. Additional objectives include cooperative studies with animal scientists for the reduction of
methanogenesis and emissions in ruminant animals.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia: University of Georgia (cooperative re-
search), Texas A & M University (cooperative research on methane emission and reduction from
ruminants), Masstock Southern Dairies (cooperative research on nutrient dynamics and trace gas
emissions), Georgia Institute of Technology (cooperative research on trace gases), Campbell Scien-
tific (development of trace gas measurement technology).
Linkages with international organizations: CSIRO [Australia] (cooperative studies on global
climate gases and trace gas measurements technologies), CABO, University of Utrecht, Wageningen
Agricultural University, NMI/PR, and Soils Institute [Netherlands] (cooperative research on agricul-
ture trace gases), University of Guelph [Canada] (cooperative development of trace gas measure-
ment instrumental and cooperative research).
Contact Persons:
L.A. Harper and R.R. Sharpe
Phone Number:
706-769-5631
Fax Number:
706-769-8962
Mailing Address:
Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Center
USDA-ARS
P.O. Box 555
Watkinsville, GA 30677
9
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: CO2
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Prediction of Long Term Changes in Carbon Storage
and Productivity of U.S. Soils as Affected by
Changes In Climate and Management:
Regional Analysis of Controls on Soil Carbon
Levels
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $40
FY94 $40
Program Description: A systems analysis of benchmark data from a network of thirty-nine long
term field experiments in North America is being conducted to evaluate climate, soil and land use,
and management controls on soil C levels in agricultural and grassland ecosystems. The historic
databases from these sites, dating back as long as 100 years and including management history,
annual productivity and changes in all properties, are being analyzed with the CENTURY model,
version 4.0, which enables simulation of complex rotation and tillage regimes. The analysis will
provide a basis for evaluating whether current agricultural systems in North America are acting as
net sinks or sources of CO2 and to what extent temperate agricultural soils can sequester C with
projected future changes in management and climate. We anticipate utilizing these analyses as part
of the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment on mitigation of global
change by agriculture, chaired by C. V. Gale.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA (Global Change Research Program), DOE (NIGEC-
Great Plains Region).
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Colorado State University, Michigan State
University.
Linkages with international organizations: International Geosphere Biosphere Program/Global
Change in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Committee for Soil Organic Matter Task 3.3.3.
Contact Person:
K. Paustain/C.V. Cole
Phone Number:
303-491-1547 - 303-491-1990
Fax Number:
303-491-1965
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
Great Plains Systems Research Unit
PO Box E
Fort Collins, CO 80522
10
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Prediction of Long-term Changes In Carbon Storage and Productivity
of U.S. Soils as Affected by Changes in Climate and Management
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $285 FY94 $273
Program Description: The spatial and temporal variability in carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4) and nitrogen (N2O) trace gas fluxes in a natural (shortgrass prairie) and managed (cultivated
wheat) ecosystem, and as affected by management practices, daily and seasonal changes in climate,
are being assessed using a comprehensive soil-gas exchange model. The one-dimensional soil gas
exchange model uses a finite difference numerical method and simulates gas transport in the soil
through advective-dispersive flow in the liquid phase and diffusive flow in the vapor phase. The
dynamics of gas movement in the soil consider the spatial and temporal variabilities in soil proper-
ties with depth, such as layering, soil moisture and temperature, plant root distribution, microbial
activities, and the kinetics of soil chemical reactions as determined by changes in soil redox poten-
tial.
The soil gas exchange submodels were written as independent units (modular) so it can easily be
linked to accept dynamic variables from existing biological (plant and microbial), water, solute and
heat flow models. Presently, refinement and validations of the soil gas exchange model are being
made using field data from field experiments conducted in 1991 and from other (within ARS and
U.S. Geological Survey) collaborative sources.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: USDOI/USGS.
Contact Person:
M. J. Shaffer
Phone Number:
303-490-8337
Fax Number:
303-490-8310
Mailing Address:
USDA-ARS,
Great Plains Systems Research Unit
P.O. Box E
Fort Collins, CO 80522
11
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Impacts of Climate and Environmental Change on Agricultural
Resources and Watershed Processes
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $345 FY94 $306
Program Description: A process-based modular modeling system and a simpler decision support
system are being developed for cropland and rangeland enterprises. The system models will include
atmosphere-land, surface, gas, and energy exchange processes. The process-based system models
will be used to analyze effects of global change on biological, chemical, and physical processes and
agricultural production. This analysis will identify methods of mitigation and adaptation. The
decision support system will be used by farmers and ranchers for quick analysis and results of
mitigation and adaptation activities.
Contact person:
L.R. Ahuja
Phone Number:
303-490-8315
Fax Number:
303-490-8310
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
P.O. Box E
Fort Collins, CO 80522
12
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: CO2
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Global Change and the Structure and Function of Ecosystems
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $500 FY94 $500
Program Description: Experiments are conducted in large controlled-environment chambers to
document the responses of natural ecosystems to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), from
the low CO2 levels of the last Ice Age through the increases of the last 200 years to the higher levels
anticipated in the future. The specific objective is to determine how changing atmospheric CO2 has
altered ecological processes which influence the vegetation composition and productivity of range-
lands and other natural ecosystems. Different species of native plants are grown alone in monocul-
tures and together in mixtures across a range of CO2 concentrations, and physiological, whole-plant,
and "community" responses are monitored over time. Availability of water, nitrogen, and other
resources is controlled and resource use efficiency is measured to test the hypothesis that CO2 levels
alter specific composition of native vegetation primarily as differentially influencing resource cap-
ture by and use efficiency of individual species. CO2 effects on ecosystem processes such as nitro-
gen fixation also are studied.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: None.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Texas A&M University.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact person:
H.B. Johnson
Phone Number:
817-770-6532
Fax Number:
817-770-6561
Mailing Address:
USDA, ARS
808 East Blackland Rd.
Temple, TX 76502
13
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Carbon Dioxide Sinks
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Above Agricultural Lands
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $52
FY94
$52
Program Description: The rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration
may be reduced by enhancing carbon (C) storage in plant biomass and soils. Increases in soil C
content have been associated with changing agricultural land uses and shifts in management prac-
tices which allow organic matter to accumulate, but such studies document relatively slow changes
which must proceed for years or decades before significant responses can be measured. In this
study, the Bowen ratio/energy balance approach is utilized to measure short-term C fluxes through
the soil/plant/atmosphere continuum, using infrared gas analyzers sampling at two heights above the
vegetation. Diurnal as well as seasonal C flux above the vegetated surfaces of a sorghum field, a
field converted to perennial grass, and an adjacent native prairie are measured continuously for 3
years. The contribution of soil respiration is monitored by measurement of CO2 flux in small cham-
bers. These flux rates will provide direct measurements of C sequestration by contrasting kinds of
agricultural vegetation. In conjunction with meteorological measurements, estimates of plant bio-
mass and soil organic C and water content, and monitoring of the timing and nature of farming
activities, they will provide insight into the timing of mechanisms of C gain and loss.
Linkages with Other Federal Agencies: DOE.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Texas A&M University, Texas Agricultural
Experiment Station.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact person:
Wm. A. Ougas
Phone Number:
817-770-6605
Fax Number:
817-770-6561
Mailing Address:
Blackland Research Center
808 East Blackland Rd.
Temple, TX 76502
14
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Carbon Dioxide Sinks
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Global Change and Agriculture: Effects of Land Use and Management
Practices on Atmospheric CO2 Levels
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $90
FY94 $90
Program Description: Organic carbon (C) content of soils is analyzed at sites subjected to con-
trasting land uses or management practices for extended periods of time to assess whether manage-
ment options vary in their ability to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). In a representa-
tive study, soil C content was analyzed on pairs of adjacent fields, one maintained in continuous
cultivation for decades and the other planted to grasses under the Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP) 5 years earlier. Nearby native pastures also were sampled. These three land uses were
compare mapped at five locations in the Great Plains, where 72% of all CRP enrollments occur, to
determine whether conversion from cropland to grassland sequesters atmospheric CO2. Averaged
across all locations, soil organic C contents of continuously cultivated croplands, CRP lands, and
native pastures were 59.2, 65.2, and 90.8 metric tons C ha-1 respectively, to a depth of 300 cm.
Cultivation for decades reduced soil organic C by 25.6 metric tons ha-1, or 28%, relative to unculti-
vated native pastures, but fields enrolled in the CRP for only 5 years regained 6 metric tons C ha-1
or 1.1 metric tons C ha-l/yr-1. If these rates of soil C recovery are representative of all CRP land,
the 17 million ha of cropland enrolled nationally are sequestering about 45% of the 38.1 million
metric tons C released annually into the atmosphere by U.S. agriculture, including that generated by
the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: None.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Texas A&M University.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact person:
H.S. Mayeux
Phone Number:
817-770-6533
Fax Number:
817-770-6561
Mailing Address:
USDA, ARS
808 East Blackland Rd.
Temple, TX 76502
15
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Assess, Predict, and Mitigate Agricultural C and N Trace Gas Fluxes
That Contribute to Global Change.
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $228 FY94 $228
Program Description: Long term field (3 to 5 year) measurement of the soil-atmosphere exchange
of NO, CH4 and CO2 in native and managed grasslands in the Great Plains, in montane and in
tropical systems, and factors which influence these fluxes are being conducted. These studies are
being used to develop a predictive understanding of the contribution of C and N transformations in
native and agricultural soils through construction of general process-based models of the soil-atmo-
sphere exchange of N2O and CH4. These trace gas submodels are being developed and interfaced
with a daily-time-step version of a general ecosystem model (CENTURY). This model structure
should permit simulation of the impact of probable climate and land use change on trace gas fluxes.
Methods of mitigating N2O emissions while improving N-use efficiency in N-fertilized soils also are
being investigated.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE (Post Doctoral Program).
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Colorado St. University Network Coordina-
tor for a national effort to develop a coherent terrestrial tract gas network: Building a U.S. Trace
Gas Network (TRAGNET).
Linkages with international organizations: International Geosphere Biosphere Program/Interna-
tional Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project. Coordinating committees for Activity 2.5 of Focus 2
and Activity 5.2 of Focus 5. DECO-N2O national inventories.
Contact Person:
A.R. Mosier
Phone Number:
303-490-8250
Fax Number:
303-490-8213
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
P.O. Box E
Fort Collins, CO 80522
16
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Assess Predict, and Mitigate Agricultural C and N
Trace Gas Fluxes That Contribute to Global Change
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $228 FY94 $228
Program Description: Long term field studies in progress are designed to evaluate the effect of
management practices in the Great Plains on soil-atmosphere exchange of C and N trace gases.
Preliminary results indicate NO and N2O exchange are best simulated by the product of a constant
that reflects soil N availability, an exponential function of soil temperature, and a dual- slope linear
function of soil water-filled pore space that captures the dependence of microbial activity on both
solution phase and gas phase diffusion rates in soil. Understanding dependence of the model con-
stant on the sizes and/or transformation rates of identifiable soil N pools and developing an effective
method of adjusting the effect of precipitation for soil water content prior to wetting require addi-
tional work before this approach can be extended over the much larger areal and temporal domains
to which it may apply. An analogous model of CH4 oxidation in soil has been more difficult to
parameterize. Concurrent laboratory soil incubation studies investigate the influence of soil C, N,
and CO2 availabilities as well as soil pH and water content, on the production/consumption of
intermediate and final products of microbial C and N transformation processes.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: None.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia: Prairie View A&M University.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact Person:
G. L. Hutchinson
Phone Number:
303-490-8240
Fax Number:
303-490-5213
Mailing Address:
USDA, ARS, NPA
Federal Bldg.
301 S. Howes St.
P.O. Box E
Fort Collins, CO 80522
17
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Sequestration and Release of Carbon in the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle
and its Interaction with the Atmosphere
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$60
FY94 $70
Program Description: To evaluate effects of long-term grazing intensity including non-grazed
Conservation Reserve Program areas and conservation tillage systems on soil carbon and nitrogen
changes.
A. Two native pastures with 75-year history of different grazing intensity will be evaluated. Grazing
intensity has resulted in major species changes. The moderately grazed pasture has remained a
typical Northern Great Plains mixed prairie site, whereas the heavily grazed pasture has changed to a
predominately blue grams (C-4 species) pasture. Both pastures and adjacent enclosures of virgin
grasslands have been sampled to 1.1 m depth. Soil carbon and nitrogen and carbon isotope signature
will be determined at depth increments. Results will be related to grazing intensity and species
composition. Also, plots within the moderately grazed pastures have been enriched with C-13 to
evaluate root turnover and fate of root carbon. Conservation Reserve Program-type pastures estab-
lished in 1986 and either grazed, nongrazed, or hayed also have been sampled to evaluate soil carbon
changes.
B. Soil samples by increment depth of 1.5 m were taken in the 65-acre cropping systems-conserva-
tion tillage study during the fall of 1991 to determine the effects of cropping sequence, tillage, and
nitrogen applications over a six-year period on soil carbon, nitrogen, and soil property changes. The
treatments in this study provide a wide range in crop and residue production systems where changes
in chemical/physical soil properties and cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus can be investi-
gated.
Contact Person:
A. L. Black, RL or A. B. Frank
Phone Number:
701-667-3010 or 701-667-3007
Fax Number:
701-667-3054
Mailing Address:
Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory
Natural Resources Management Unit
PO Box 459
Mandan, ND 58554
18
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research service
Function:
Mitigation: CO2
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Responses of the Shortgrass Prairie to CO2 and Global Climate
Change
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $47
FY94 $28
Program Description: We are examining how indigenous plants of the shortgrass prairie respond
to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global climate change. In particular, we are investi-
gating how photosynthesis, growth, nutrient and water uptake, and survival of native plants are
influenced by CO2 temperature and soil water availability. Responses of belowground organisms,
plant roots and soil chemistry to plant and environmental perturbations also are being studied so
realistic models can be developed to predict how the prairie will be expected to respond in future
CO2-enriched environments. The combined experimental/modeling exercises will allow us to
anticipate how vegetation will respond to the rapidly changing environment, and allow agricultural
scientists to propose management strategies to optimize use of the native rangelands for agriculture
and recreation.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: USDA-CSRS
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Colorado State University; University of
Toronto; Utah State University; Front Range Community College
Linkages with international organizations: International Geosphere Biosphere Program
Contact Person:
Jack A. Morgan
Phone Number:
303-498-4216
Fax Number:
303-482-2909
Mailing Address:
USDA-ARS Crops Research Lab
1701 Center Avenue
Ft. Collins, CO 80526
19
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Dynamics of Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change in Subarctic
Land Management and Cropping Systems
Budget ( In Thousands):
FY93 $726 FY94 $723
Program Description: Long term field (3 years) measurements of the flux of N2O, CH4 and CO2
are being conducted on cropped land with various tillage, cropping history and residue management
and on managed grasslands in subarctic agriculture systems. These studies are being used to evalu-
ate the contribution of northern agriculture to the exchange of these gasses between the atmosphere
and the soil. Information collected at this location is being used by the trace gas network
(TRAGNET) headed by Dr. Arvin Mosier (ARS, Ft. Collins, CO). Studies will be conducted during
FY94 to ascertain the effects of long days (>22 hours of sunlight), cool summers, and low sun angle
on plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO2. These studies will be conducted in growth cham-
bers and open topped chambers in the field.
Linkages with academia: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Center for Global Change and Arctic
System Research.
Contact Person:
V.L. Cochran
Phone Number:
907-474-7652
Fax Number:
907-474-6184
Mailing Address:
USDA-ARS
309 O'Neill Bldg.
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK 99775-0080
20
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Global Change Research, Modeling, and Data Base Management with
Emphasis on Terrestrial Systems
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $295 FY94 $295
Program Description: The program of TERRA is the development, documentation and dissemina-
tion of systems analysis methodologies (SAM) for terrestrial ecosystem problem solutions. Tools
being developed to meet this goal will enable the Lab to improve the terrestrial component of inte-
grated earth system models. The TERRA SAM provides a capability to study the cumulative re-
gional effects of local decisions.
It is based on a broad library of available ecosystem component
models, data bases, modeling systems, GIS, visualization tools, and collaboration technologies based
on computer aided decision programs. The SAM and the collection of tools is being developed and
evaluated by focusing on testbed problems that cover a wide range of scales. The testbed problems
address such questions as: what are the regional scale effects of local and policy level decisions,
what is the relative significance of climatic, biologic, hydrologic, and socio/economic factors in
these decisions. Stakeholders in the testbed areas are an integral part of the development of the
issues and the analyses of those issues. Water allocation, vegetation utilization, and land use restric-
tions are the kinds of issues addressed.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOI; TERRA is an Interagency Laboratory made up of
representatives from the Forest Service, Agricultural Research Service in USDA and the Geological
Survey in the USDI. The Soil Conservation Service also contributes to the effort.
Linkages with the private sector, NGO's and academia: IBM (International Business Machines)
and CIESIN (Consortium for International Earth Science Information Networks) have personnel
assigned to work on site. Personnel from Colorado State University and the University of Colorado
are also on site and we have contracts with other Universities. A staff member is also the Director of
the NSF sponsored Sustainable Biosphere Program
Linkages with international organizations: Staff maintains contact with the International
Geosphere Biosphere Program and organizations similar to TERRA in other countries.
Contact Person:
Donn G. DeCoursey
Phone Number:
303-490-8390
Fax Number:
303-490-8399
Mailing Address:
TERRA
315 West Oak St.
Suite 101
Fort Collins, CO 80521
21
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Crop Responses to Global Climate Change
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $272 FY94 $312
Program Description: To help farmers adapt to future climate change and mitigate any damaging
effects, process-based models are being developed for the major farm crops. This will (1) improve
our understanding of how crops respond to environment and to farm management practices, and (2)
give us tools for developing and delivering strategies to adapt to climate change. Carbon dioxide
(CO2) concentration, temperature, and rainfall are all expected to change, but our knowledge of how
these affect crops is incomplete; they cannot be studied in simple field-plot experiments. Simulating
crop responses to these variables allows us to predict how crop growth and yield will change and
how farmers are likely to adapt their management practices. The crop models can then be used as
on-farm decision aids to deliver this knowledge. Present research on developing a better model of
how plants control CO2 uptake and water loss, especially when they are grown in high CO2. Meth-
ods also are being developed for aggregating results up from the field scale to make predictions for
countries or states. Models of soybean, cotton and wheat are in various stages of development.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: University of Maryland, University of
Idaho, Duke University Phytotron, Mississippi State University, Scientific Committee on Problems
of the Environment, International Geosphere-Biosphere Program.
Contact Person:
B. Acock
Phone Number:
301-504-5827
Fax Number:
301-504-5823
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS/Systems Research Laboratory
Bldg. 007, Rm. 008, BARC-West
10300 Baltimore Blvd.
Beltsville, MD 20705
22
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change Effects on Crops and Trace Gas
Exchange with the Atmosphere.
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $319 FY94 $324
Program Description: Long term measurements (3-5 years) of the factors that govern methane
emissions of rice are being conducted in two types of environments: in outdoor, sunlit, controlled-
environment plant growth chambers, and in temperature gradient greenhouses. The objectives are to
understand the effects of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration and projected increase in tempera-
tures on methane emissions of a range of rice cultivars, and to measure the reductions in methane
emissions that can be obtained through water table management, soil organic matter management,
and cultivar selection under both present and predicted future CO₂ and climatic conditions. Mea-
surements are oriented toward understanding processes of methane generation, oxidation and emis-
sion, and in investigating management practices for mitigating these emissions while sustaining, or
even increasing, rice production. Because the goal is to develop basic information for both sustain-
ing rice production as well as mitigation of methane emissions, this activity also involves adaptation
to global change.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE (Global Change Research, Environmental Sciences
Division, OHER, OER); (Corvallis Environmental Laboratory).
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: University of Florida; Florida State Univer-
sity.
Linkages with international organizations: International Rice Research Institute; FAO Expert
Consultation, for the Interdepartmental Subcommittee on Global Change Research.
Contact Person:
L. H. Allen, Jr.
Phone Number:
904-392-6180
Fax Number:
904-374-5852
Mailing Address:
USDA-ARS
Bldg. 164, Box 110840
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32611-0840
23
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Forest Service
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Recycling and Wood Uses Research
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $2,500
FY94 $2,500
Program Description: This program addresses one of the greatest environmental challenges now
facing the United States: finding acceptable low-cost disposal and recycling methods for an enor-
mous and ever increasing accumulation of waste products. In the next 15 years, 75 percent of all
current landfills will be closed. Of the 180 million tons of solid waste produced annually in this
country, 44 percent (by weight) is paper and wood waste. Reducing the volume of paper and wood
wastes can substantially extend landfill life. Exploratory studies already have shown that a coopera-
tive research and demonstration program with our partners can provide the technical capability to
increase the recovery of wastepaper and wood to 40 percent from today's rate of 31 percent. Much
of the research will be done in cooperation with our industry partners. The Forest Service will
conduct studies on new methods of making paper; continue work on developing new concepts and
processes for making composites from recycled paper and plastics; increase research on non-pollut-
ing bleaching processes for recycled fibers and include work on "green technologies". The Forest
Service emphasis on green technologies reflects that priority and will focus on green technologies in
the following areas: forest operations technologies for management of all resources; biological
control of forest pests; biologically-based processes (biopulping, bioremediation); new preservatives/
adhesives (without heavy metals and chlorinated compounds); and nonchlorine bleaching (e.g., using
enzymes and recyclable catalysts). We are establishing research on "Housing-A Home for Re-
cycled Materials," an initiative to provide building materials from recycled fiber. The objective is to
create opportunities for recycled materials to be used. Housing is a large market. Research is
needed to overcome standards and codes barriers for materials to be acceptable in structures.
Contact Person:
Elvia Niebla
Phone Number:
202-205-1561
Fax Number:
202-205-2497
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 96090
Washington, DC 20090-6090
24
Agency:
National Science Foundation
Bureau:
Division of Chemical and Thermal Systems
Function:
Mitigation; Carbon Dioxide; Methane; Ozone & Precursors; Nitrous
Oxides; Other Emissions
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Combustion and Thermal Plasmas
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $850 FY94 $800
Program Description: A large fraction of the resources of the Combustion and Thermal Plasmas
Program Element is dedicated to programs of importance in the mitigation of products deleterious to
our surroundings. In some cases, the connection is very direct: for example, we have approximately
ten ongoing programs investigating the production of toxic materials such as dioxins in the incinera-
tion of various waste product streams, with the goal of developing processes and strategies for
minimization/elimination of such products. The work focuses on the combustion aspects of incin-
eration and the emission of possible noxious gaseous effluents. It is closely related to corresponding
flame studies involving halogen and metal containing flames. In addition, we have programs aimed
at reducing production of unburned or partially burned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides
of nitrogen from internal combustion and other combustion devices. These programs range from
practical end-use device studies to fundamental studies of various unit processes (e.g. chemical
kinetic steps) involved in combustion processes which can result in the production of undesirable
products. We also are actively funding projects for the development of diagnostic tools which can
be used in monitoring production of such products in commercial devices and serve as integral parts
of dynamic control loops for minimization of such production via dynamic modulation of various
press parameters. Sample titles of some of our ongoing research programs in this area are: Study of
Transient Phenomena in a Small-Scale Hazardous Waste Incinerator; Wide-Temperature Range
Chemical Kinetic Studies for Understanding the Role of Chromium in Waste Incineration; Optical
Monitoring of Hazardous Waste Combustion; Combustion of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Hazard-
ous Waste Incineration; Modeling Aspects of Hazardous Waste Incineration; Chemical Kinetics of
Combustion of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons; Hazardous Waste Thermal Remediation; Particulates and
Soot in Flames; Formation and Oxidation of Carbon in Diffusion Flames; Diesel Engine Combustion
and Emissions; Enhanced Adsorption of Heavy Metals in Waste Water Incinerator Effluent; Oxida-
tion of Chlorinated Ethenes; A More Efficient Incinerator for Hazardous Wastes; Catalytically
Stabilized Thermal Incineration; Investigation of the Chemical Mechanisms for NO Removal. Some
of the programs listed above, as well as other programs currently being funded, include among their
ultimate goals more efficient conversion of combustion energy to work and/or electrical energy and
more efficient utilization of fuel energy in chemical pressing activities. The ultimate payoff of these
activities, in terms of global change, will be reductions in the amount of hydrocarbon fuels being
burned and thus a lowering in the production rate of carbon dioxide, an inevitable product of hydro-
carbon combustion which is so important as regards global warming. Obviously, until such time as
we can arrive at suitable substitutes for hydrocarbon combustion as an energy source, our only
possible strategy for minimizing this carbon dioxide production (at a given "comfort level") is to
maximize the efficiency of utilization of the thermal energy locked in our hydrocarbon fuels.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE, DOD, EPA.
25
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding):
Industry through their participation in the Engineering Research Centers.
Linkages with International organizations: None.
Contact Person:
Milton J. Linevsky
Phone Number:
703-306-1371
Fax number:
703-306-0319
Mailing Address:
NSF
4201 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22230
26
Agency:
National Science Foundation
Bureau:
Division of Electrical and Communication Systems
Function:
Mitigation: Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Sulfur Dioxide
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Power Systems Engineering
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $1800 FY94 $
Program Description: The electric power industry has been a key component of the concerns
regarding air pollution, acid rain, and global warming. The current daily and minute-by-minute
allocation of generating units is based primarily on the unit size, cost of fuel, and time required to
change output levels. Environmental restrictions add a new dimension to this problem of allocation,
and will provide critical information for the operation of electric power systems. The cost associated
with meeting restrictions and reducing emissions will vary with time as alternative units are dis-
patched to meet changing load. Research in this area is essential to provide a mechanism to mini-
mize the cost of operation while maintaining system reliability and environmental quality. This will
involve new concepts such as the "cost of environmental quality" which must be factored into power
system planning and operation strategies. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment provides for the
"trading" of emission limits to achieve minimum cost production while reducing overall emissions.
New technologies for cleaner production add new options for the industry. This flexibility creates a
totally new framework for the operation of power systems. Research in this area would focus on
new approaches to the incorporation of emission constraints (CO2, NOX, SO2) into the overall
planning and operation process to ensure that environmental affects are limited at reasonable costs.
In addition there would be need to develop dynamic physical models of significant global warming
feedback to develop a measure of electrical energy production impact. This would lead to an
effective comparison of energy production alternatives and strategies based on their impacts on
global climate change.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): Electric Power
Research Institute.
Linkages with international organizations: UNESCO.
Contact Person:
Vijay Vittal
Phone Number:
202-357-9618
Fax Number:
202-357-9408
Mailing Address:
4201 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22230
27
Agency:
Department of Commerce
Bureau:
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Function:
Mitigation: Chlorofluorocarbons and Halons
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$0
FY94 $0
*Funding received from other Federal Agencies
Program Description: NIST goals are to provide the generic measurement methods, data, and
models needed to phase-out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the year 2000 (as required by the revised
Montreal Protocol) and to replace hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) early in the 21st century (also
required by the revised Montreal Protocol and by the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act). NIST
is in a unique position to address all aspects of both problems - from identifying and implementing
alternatives in end uses to obtaining a better understanding of their environmental properties and
effects. NIST is performing research in three critical areas. First, NIST is providing generic
thermophysical properties data and state-of-the-art microcomputer-based predictive models for
promising CFC alternatives and their mixtures. These data and models are helping in the choice of
alternatives for specific applications and in the design and optimization of equipment to use them.
Second, NIST is developing generic engineering measurement methods and data to assist in the
design of refrigeration systems. These methods and data will ensure that current and future refrig-
eration systems perform efficiently with alternative refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures. Finally,
NIST is providing benchmark experimental data and models for the kinetic and thermodynamic
properties of CFC alternatives and related compounds and byproducts. These data and models are
needed to understand the chemical stability of alternatives in end uses and to calculate atmospheric
lifetimes to assess the potential impacts of alternatives on ozone depletion and global warming.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: NIST provides technical research and services to other
government agencies on a cost-reimbursable or cost-sharing basis. In the area CFC Alternatives,
NIST provides such research and services to the Department of Energy, The Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, The Nation Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Department of Defense. In
addition, NIST staff members occupy important positions on several panels, including the NASA
Panel on Data Evaluation.
Linkages with private sector, NGO'S, and academia (Non-Federal funding): NIST has uniquely
strong linkages with the major United States manufacturers of CFC materials and equipment includ-
ing industrial and professional organizations such as the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Insti-
tute; The American Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineers; The Electric
Power Research Institute; The Chemical Manufacturers Association, and the Alternative Fluorocar-
bon Environmental Acceptability Study.
These linkages range from memberships 0 important committees to financial support for research
programs at NIST. NIST also is working closely with individual manufacturers and users of CFCs
and CFC-related materials and equipment, including DuPont, Allied Signal, Carrier, and Trane.
NIST has received financial and other forms of support from many of these organizations.
28
Linkages with international organizations: NIST occupies prominent positions or has strong
linkages with several international organizations, including the International Energy Agency, the
Alternative Fluorocarbon Environmental Acceptability Study, the United Nations Environment
Program, the International Institute of Refrigeration, and the International Union of Pure and Ap-
plied Chemistry.
Contact Person:
Richard F. Kayser
Phone Number:
301-975-2483
Fax Number:
301-869-4020
Mailing Address:
DOC-NIST
Room A105 Physics
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
29
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation: CFC, Halons, and Other Ozone Depleting Substances
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Stratospheric Ozone Protection
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $2,635.3
FY94 $2,637.6*
*Congressional action may result in a funding increase
Program Description: The primary goal of this program is to work cooperatively with industry to
provide the scientific and engineering data needed to replace ozone-depleting substances (ODSs)
with more environmentally acceptable alternatives. Since the 1970's, the EPA (Environmental
Protection Agency) has been examining technical issues related to protecting the stratospheric ozone
layer, especially those associated with controlling the use and emissions of CFCs (chlorofluorocar-
bons), recognizing in the early 1990's that there were projected to be 25 years or more for use of
HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) Some of the most promising control options that were devel-
oped were substitution of CFCs with other, less ozone-depleting HCFCs and the HFCs
(hydrofluorocarbons). Then data released by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion) and EPA indicated that the actual rate of stratospheric ozone depletion has been about twice
what had been predicted over the last decade. These data have resulted in both a shortening of the
schedule for CFC phaseout and a more rapid elimination of HCFCs.
In addition to the scientific reasons for needing this work, there are the legal reasons. The Congress
recognized the urgency of this problem by adding a Stratospheric Ozone Protection title to the Clean
Air Act when it was amended in 1990. The Clean Air Act Amendments Title VI, have several
sections that require EPA research and development activities in support of the Act. Among the
research areas to be addressed in stratospheric ozone are determining ways to comply with the
Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Act Amendments limits on ODSs; compliance with interna-
tional treaty provisions on technology transfer and trade; increasing international participation in the
Montreal Protocol; assuring that transition away from ODSs does not create new environmental
problems; development of energy efficient substitutes; development of a national recycling program;
and evaluation of additional potential requirements in the Protocol and the Clean Air Act Amend-
ments.
In seeking a rapid solution to replacing CFCs, HCFCs, halons, methyl bromide, and other ODSs,
risks are posed to energy efficiency, direct greenhouse effects, health and safety. The greenhouse
issue has become an important consideration in the ozone depletion work because many replace-
ments for CFCs and HCFCs are greenhouse gases, because energy efficiency will be influenced by
the choice of replacements, and because the Clean Air Act Amendments require that environmental
effects such as these be addressed.
EPA must be in a position to support the Montreal Protocol and advise the Administrator, who
according to the Clean Air Act Amendment, must rule on whether proposed substitutes are safe,
whether other alternatives exist, whether exemptions should be granted for areas specifically noted
in the Clean Air Act Amendments, and whether certain chemicals should be phased out more
quickly. The areas listed below address the above Clean Air Act Amendments requirements by
reducing or eliminating emissions of ODSs and global warming gases. Three of the areas (new
30
chemicals, technologies, and recycling/disposal) discussed below are directed towards finding timely
and cost-effective solutions for the ozone depletion problem with a heavy emphasis on pollution.
prevention.
1.
New Chemicals. The question is whether new chemicals can have both near zero
ozone depletion potential and be acceptable relative to other environmental and performance charac-
teristics. Industry has focused on a limited number of alternatives many of which are HCFCs that
will ultimately be phased out necessitating a wider search for alternatives. This area supports the
following technologies area. Once properties are sufficiently determined for a given chemical to
allow an evaluation of its potential applicability to an end-use, the work will be transferred out of the
new chemicals area to that specific technology area. EPA currently is planning to complete screen-
ing tests on up to 11 compounds in the following two chemical classes: hydrofluorocarbons and
hydrofluorethers. Once these tests are completed, a modest effort will continue to identify additional
compounds or mixtures which could be used as replacements in case the 11 compounds are not
applicable for all end-users.
2.
Technologies. The question is what combination of technologies and new chemicals
will be acceptable as substitutes for ODSs and their end users. Applications which will be investi-
gated include, but are not limited to refrigeration (home refrigerator/freezers, commercial and retail
food preservation, chillers, heat pumps, air-conditioners, and cold storage transport), insulation,
foam and fire protection. Not only must alternatives be available, but also according to the Clean
Air Act Amendments' requirements, evaluations must be made to determine if other solutions might
be bettér.
3.
Recycle/Disposal and Regulatory Support. The question is which recycle and dis-
posal techniques will reduce emissions of existing ODSs to the lowest achievable level. Refrigerant
recycling requirements in the Clean Air Act Amendments include the need to reduce the use and
emissions at ODSs to the lowest achievable level. As some of the interim solutions are commercial-
ized, work will need to be done to accomplish this requirement. At some point, there may be a need
to dispose of one or more ODSs through destruction or transformation. One technique that is com-
mercially available is thermal incineration. Whether this is satisfactory or safe or whether it is the
most sound disposal technique is being evaluated.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: The EPA program is based on cooperative work with
others. In refrigeration, EPA is working with the Department of Energy's National Laboratories in
home refrigerator/freezers to evaluate replacing ODSs as the refrigerant and as the blowing agent in
the insulation. In heat pumps, EPA is working with NIST (National Institute of Standards and
Technology) to replace HCFC-22 as the working fluid. NIST also is assisting in property and
atmospheric lifetime measurements for new chemicals. For unique mission critical uses o refrigera-
tion in the DOD (Department of Defense), EPA is pursing work in DOD in the area of shipboard
cooling.
In fire protection, efforts have included work with DOD to find alternatives for flooding agents to
replace Halon 1301. These efforts also include work with the Department of Commerce's Coast
Guard for their fire protection needs.
31
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): In response to
stratospheric ozone needs, the engineering program works with industry in order to help provide
alternative technologies that would allow elimination of uses of ODSs. The EPA effort concentrates
on the areas which either have highest risk of success, lowest incentives (e.g., lack of profit poten-
tial) to industry, or inadequate industry capability. In these areas, EPA is working with academia
and industry (both individually and with consortia) to assess, evaluate, develop, and implement
solutions as appropriate. The specific project and needs in a given area will determine with whom
we are closely working. In refrigeration, we are working with the Association of Home Appliance
Manufactures; Electric Power Research Institute; chemical companies such as Grace and Allied;
equipment manufactures such as Trane, Lennox, Hussman, Copeland, and Americold; end users
such as Kroger and A&P; universities such as Maryland, Wisconsin, Texas A&M, and Iowa State.
In fire protection, we are working with British Petroleum, ARCO, Exxon, and Alyeska Pipeline
Service Company specifically for North Slope energy producing evaluation, and integrated system
hardware modification and testing. In recycling of refrigerants, a program has been completed that
has seen EPA's AEERL (Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory) establish (through field
sample gathering, in-house chemical analysis, data evaluation, and negotiation) a standard for re-
cycled refrigerant for automotive use. This has been done in cooperation with the Mobile Air Con-
ditioning Society, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the United States, Society of Auto-
motive Engineers and others. This was accomplished through and agreement on acceptable criteria
for recycle refrigerant, EPA designing the laboratory analyses, EPA evaluating and presenting the
results, EPA recommending to industry the standard of purity for the recycled refrigerant, and
industry evaluating and suggesting changes. EPA's participation provided both the fact and the
appearance of unbiased data, a forum for agreement among diverse parties, and assurance to industry
the EPA would accept the final results.
The standard was voluntarily accepted by the affected parties, and equipment from at least 22 manu-
facturers has been certifies by Underwriters Laboratories to meet standards. The Clean Air Act
Amendments adopted this voluntary standard as the minimum requirement for refrigerant recycle
equipment for motor vehicle air-conditioners. For the long term, a replacement chemical or a
nonchemical system without stratospheric ozone depletion and minimal global worming potential
will be necessary.
Linkages with international organizations: Because of the global nature of stratospheric ozone
depletion, the U.S. acting alone cannot solve the problem. U.S. leadership however, involves find-
ing ways to encourage other countries to join the Protocol. According to current estimates, develop-
ing countries will increase their use of CFCs and halon in the future. Demonstrating to these coun-
tries that there are alternatives will encourage them to join the Protocol and alternatives are available
to these countries at prices they can afford ad if they have direct benefits (such as increased energy
efficiency for refrigeration).
We are working with developing countries to help assess their needs and transfer technology so that
we can assist in their efforts to reduce use of these chemicals. To extend that it is reasonable from
technical and policy viewpoints, cooperative approaches will be sought in these efforts, In the area
of home refrigerator/freezers, there is already some cooperation with India and The Peoples Repub-
lic of China. We have worked with Mexico on aerosol replacement S and automobile air-condition-
ing refrigerant recycling, We have exchanged information with Egypt on aerosol replacements. To
32
cover broader needs, we also have worked with the World Bank, United Nations Environments
Program, and United Nations Development Program to transfer technology to developing countries.
Contact Person:
William J. Rhodes
Phone Number:
919-541-2851
Fax Number:
919-541-7855
Mailing Address:
Chief, Stratospheric Ozone Protection
Branch (MD-62B)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
33
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation: Methane
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Methane Mitigation from Landfills via Fuel Cell
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $1,700*
FY94 $1,343*
(*Special Congressional Appropriation)
Program Description: Landfills are a major source of methane emissions. To reduce landfill
methane emissions and produce electricity as by-product, a demonstration for operating a 200 kW
commercially available phosphoric acid fuel cell on landfill gas has commenced. Fuel cells are
potentially a superior technology when compared to commonly used technologies (boilers, internal
combustion engines, gas turbines, and flares), because they are both a highly efficient and environ-
mentally clean means of converting landfill gas to electricity and clean heat. However, technical and
economic questions remain. This project will answer those questions by developing a landfill gas
pretreatment system and testing the pretreatment fuel cell system in one year evaluation.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Coordinating with the U.S. Department of Energy and the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding):
International Fuel Cells Corporation, the project's prime contractor, is cost-sharing 7% of the dem-
onstration project. Pacific Energy Corporation is providing in-kind support through the use at their
equipment to supply landfill gas by the project. Coordinating with Westinghouse Corporation and
the Electric Power Research Institute. Coordinating with the California South Coast Air Quality
Management District regarding program implementation and results.
Linkages with international organizations: Coordinating with the Department of the Environment
and the Department of Energy of the United Kingdom.
Contact Person:
Ronald J. Spiegel
Phone Number:
919-541-7542
Fax Number:
919-541-2382
Mailing Address:
USEPA
MD63
RTP, NC 27711
34
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation: Carbon Dioxide
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Solar Demand-Side Management Demonstration
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $0
FY94 $320*+$250**=$570
(*Special Congressional Appropriation)
Potential SERDP Funding)
Program Description: The goal of the program is to demonstrate the technical and economic
feasibility of photovoltaic (PV) technologies as a pollution mitigating energy replacement of fossil
fuels by reducing electrical demand on buildings. Modular PV units capable of generation 5 to 15
kW per site will be installed at several geographic locations for retail end-users of electricity to
demonstrate how well PV-battery power packs can reduce the peak power load and how best the
load profile can be improved by shifting some demand usage. The sites will be monitored for one
year to obtain demand usage, performance data on all major components of the systems, and eco-
nomic data on each installation.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Coordination with the U.S. Department of Energy, Depart-
ment of Defense, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and Sandia National Laboratory
regarding solar technology options contractor, and site selection, and on renewable energy technolo-
gies applicable to developing countries.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): Coordination with
Solar Energy Industries Associations, selected member companies, and the Electric Power Research
Institute (EPRI).
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
Ronald J. Spiegel
Phone Number:
919-541-7542
Fax Number:
919-541-2382
Mailing Address:
USEPA
MD63
RTP, NC
27711
35
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation: Carbon Dioxide
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Fuzzy Logic Control to Improve the Energy Efficiency of AC
Induction Motors
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $221* FY94 $217 + 250* = $467
Pending Internal EPA and Administration budget decisions
(*Pollution Prevention Funding)
Program Description: Electric motors use about 60% of the industrial electricity consumed in the
U.S. To lower this energy consumption, and thus reduce emissions from electric power generating
stations, the objective of the program is to demonstrate fuzzy logic as an approach for controlling
AC induction motors in order to enhance the efficiency of their operation, especially when operating
at less than noted speeds and torques. At its culmination, the project will provide a set of application
specific integrated circuits (ASICs) which will interface with induction motor/adjustable speed drive
combinations to provide the advantages of fuzzy decision making to the control process. The ASICs
will be demonstrated in a year-long test of a large horsepower (>125 hp) induction motor at a se-
lected industrial site.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Department of Defense.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): The Research
Triangle Institute is co-sponsoring (5%) the current program of computer simulation and modeling,
and laboratory testing. A Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) is being
negotiated with a major U.S. auto manufacturer.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact Person:
Ronald J. Spiegel
Phone Number:
919-541-7542
Fax Number:
919-541-2382
Mailing Address:
USEPA
MD63,
RTP, NC 27711
36
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation: Methane
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Mitigation of Methane from Coal Mines
Budget (In thousands):
FY93 $75* FY94 $100
Program Description: The estimate of CH4 emissions from coal mines is believed to be significant
and it would be prudent to utilize CH4 emissions from coal mines to the extent possible rather than
release them to the atmosphere. In current underground coal mining practice, the majority of CH4
emissions exit with the mine ventilation air but are too diluted to be economically recovered using
current technology. Although wells are drilled ahead of and behind the mine workings to relieve
some of the costly ventilation air requirements, a consistent program of premine seam degasificiation
and gas recovery is not common practice.
A program of this type will significantly reduce ventilation shaft CH4 emissions and encourage the
practice of premine degasification through a higher rate of CH4 recovery and utilization or sale of
the gas rather than releasing it to the atmosphere. EPA will participate with the Amoco Production
Company to demonstrate their nitrogen flooding process to enhance the recovery of CH4 from coal
seams. Although Amoco's interest in developing the technology is focused on CH4 as the saleable
resource, the methods involved will translate fully from the coal bed CH-industry to the coal mining
industry. The first goal of the project is to demonstrate that the 50% average CH4 recovery rate
from coal seams using current practice can be increased to 80% or more using nitrogen flooding.
The program also will research and demonstrate the use of multicomponent gases to increase effi-
ciency and improve cost effectiveness. Successful use of multicomponent systems may lead to
carbon sequestration as well as methane control and utilization. An engineering and economic
analysis will be performed to identify optimal utilization strategies for the recovered methane.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: None.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (Non-Federal funding): EPA will work
with the Amoco Production Company, the project's co-sponsor. EPA's role will be to perform gas
analyses to determine compatibility of the recovered gas with various utilization technologies.
Ultimately we also may join the selection and testing of a utilization in composition with injection
gas on methane recover. Finally, engineering and economic analyses will be performed on the
process through Southern Research Institute (SRI).
Linkages with international organization: None.
Contact Person:
David A. Kirchgessner
Phone Number:
919-541-4021
Fax Number:
919-541-2382
Mailing Address:
USEPA
MD63, RTP, NC 27711
37
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation:
Methane
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Methane Mitigation from Anaerobic Digesters via Fuel Cells
Budget (In thousands):
FY93
$0
FY94 $0*
(Pending internal EPA and Administration budget decisions regarding
allocation of special Congressional appropriation.)
Program Description: To determine the environmental benefits and gas clean-up requirements for
a commercially available 200 kW phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) power plant used to control
methane from the anaerobic digestion of solid waste at a waste water treatment plant. This program
would build upon the experience obtained in the landfill/fuel cell demonstration which was initiated
in FY91. Three issues to be addressed in this research program are: (1) feasibility of integrating the
PAFC power plant operation with the water treatment system, (2) anaerobic digestion waste methane
cleanup and processing requirements for fuel cell operation, and (3) improved fuel cell performance
on reduced heating value fuel (i.e., waste methane versus natural gas).
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: This work is being coordinated with the U.S. Department
of Energy and with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): This effort is being
coordinated with the Solid Waste Association of North America, the National Solid Waste Associa-
tion, and the International Solid Waste Association. In addition, coordination has been established
with several industry groups including Waste Management, and BFI.
Linkages with international organizations: The Department of the Environment and Department
of Energy of the United Kingdom, and The International Energy Agency.
Contact Person:
Susan A. Thorneloe
Phone Number:
919-541-2709
Fax Number:
919-541-2382
Mailing Address:
USEPA
MD63
RTP, NC 27711
38
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
National Environmental Research Center
Function:
Mitigation: Carbon Dioxide
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Analysis of Terrestrial Carbon Sinks
Budget (In Thousands):
FY94 $200
Program Description: The degree to which terrestrial systems are able to sequester carbon is an
important uncertainty in both modeling of fluxes and development of CO2 emission mitigation
strategies. This program would evaluate sequestration potential over the TVA region. The existing
conditions will be evaluated to determine whether further storage potential exists in currently for-
ested areas and the extent of areas that might lend themselves to either afforestation or production of
woody biomass fuels. Urban areas will be evaluated to determine how much impact an aggressive
urban tree planting program could have within the region. Based on these analyses and other ongo-
ing research activities, the carbon storage potential for the region will be assessed and options for
CO2 emissions offsets will be evaluated. Essentially, the TVA region will be used in a case study (1)
to inventory standing pools of carbon in soils and forests in the region, (2) to determine the areas
best suited to serve as long term sites for carbon sequestration in soils and plants (including urban
areas), and (3) to assess the magnitude of opportunities to create CO2 offsets using soil and plant
sequestration options. This effort will be based exclusively on extant data bases which have been
subjected to quality assurance procedures during their development. Data manipulation will be
conducted within the standard GIS software frameworks.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: USDA (Soil Conservation Service and U.S. Forest Ser-
vice), DOE (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), and EPA.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (non-Federal funding): None at this time,
possible future linkages with State regulatory agencies and private environmental organizations.
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
J. Michael Kelly
Phone Number:
615-574-7815
Fax Number:
615-574-7968
Mailing Address:
TVA, Cooperative Forest Studies Program
P.O. Box 2008
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038
39
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
National Mitigation Action Plan Initiative Implementation
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$0
FY94 $53,300
Program Description: The following list generally represents the kind of global climate change
mitigation initiatives that have been analyzed over the past year. Detailed descriptions of the initia-
tives are available upon request.
Energy Efficiency (EE) & Home Building Centers
Energy-Efficient Mortgages/Home Energy Rating Systems
Building and Appliance Standards
Expanded Commercial Energy Demand Cost-Shared Demonstrations
National EE Education and Training Program
National EE and Renewable Information Program
State Revolving Funds
Enhanced Enforcement of Building Codes
Cool Communities
Accelerated Adoption of Energy Efficient Technologies
Energy Analysis and Diagnostic Centers
Broad Based Recycling
Testing/Labeling (of energy efficient appliances)
Motor Challenge
One Stop Shopping (information)
Expanded Integrated Resource Planning for Utilities
Domestic Joint Ventures - Renewable Energy Projects
Climate Wise - Recognition of Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reduction Efforts
By conducting rigorous analysis of greenhouse gas mitigation options, the outcome of implementa-
tion of such options may become more apparent. Such analytical exercise is critical to the national
climate change mitigation planning process to determine the amount of emission reductions that are
possible.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA.
Linkages with the private sector: The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Industry.
Linkages with international organizations: The U N Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee.
Contact Person:
Eric Petersen or Arlene Anderson
Phone Number:
202-586-5389
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-71
Washington, DC 20585
40
NW
B. MITIGATION - CONTRIBUTORY
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Evaluating the Effect of Climate Change on Rangeland Livestock
Production and Ecosystem Sustainability
Budget ( In Thousands):
FY93
$235 FY94 $275
Program Description: The effect of climate change on plant and livestock production in the Great
Plains in being investigated using various climate change scenarios and a modified rangeland pro-
duction model. The SPUR2 model was combined with the Colorado Beef Cattle Production Model
to provide complete information on cattle production in a changing environment. Subsequently, the
CENTURY soil organic matter model was linked with the SPUR2/CBCPM model to assist in evalu-
ating the sustainability of the rangeland ecosystem under a changing climate and under different
management treatments. This model structure allows us to evaluate the effect of stocking rates,
grazing systems, and climatic fluctuations on livestock production and total system sustainability.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA (funded part of the research for developing the
system), SCS (is currently using the SPUR2/CBCPM model).
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Colorado State University, Texas Agricul-
tural Experiment Station.
Linkages with international organizations: International Geosphere Biosphere Program (develop-
ment of an internationally conceived rangeland model).
Contact Person:
J. D. Hanson
Phone Number:
303-490-8323
Fax Number:
303-490-8310
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
PO Box E
Fort Collins, CO 80522
42
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Soil and Atmospheric Dynamics of C and N On Rangelands: Effects
of Stocking Rates and Grazing Systems
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $12
FY94 $12
Program Description: Soil cores were taken at depths of 0-3.8, 3.8-7.6, 7.6-15.2, and 15.2 - 30.5
cm along transects on rangeland in the 12th year of grazing by yearling steers. Grazing systems
were season-long, 4-paddock rotationally deferred, and 8-paddock time-controlled rotation grazing;
stocking rates were heavy (1.8 ha/steer), light (6-7 ha/steer; season-long pastures only), and
ungrazed. Soil samples were taken at 5 locations along a transect in each of 2 pastures of each
treatment; 5 cores were taken per location and composited. Bulk density, texture, soil moisture, pH,
total Kjeldahl N, NH, NO, organic C.P. gravimetric water content, N mineralization potential, and
CO respiration during aerobic incubation will be measured. Litter biomass and above and below
ground biomass of western wheatgrass, needle-and-thread, blue grama, other grasses, sedges, and
forbs were determined at peak standing crop. Litter and forage samples will be analyzed for total
Kjeldahl N, P, Ca, Mg, and K. Results will provide data on C and N cycling on grazed (at light and
heavy stocking rates) and ungrazed rangelands. These studies are being conducted to evaluate the
role of plant litter in sustaining grasslands in the Central Great Plains.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: None.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: University of Wyoming.
Contact person:
R.H. Hart
Phone Number:
307-772-2433
Fax Number:
307-637-6127
Mailing Address:
USDA, ARS, HPGRS
8408 Hildreth Road
Cheyenne, WY 82009
43
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Southern Plains Range Ecosystem Management
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $499 FY94 $497
Program Description: Field test new Woodward chaffy grass seeder. Investigate N use efficiency
by grasses on marginal farmland as affected by fire, N source, rates, and time of application. Estab-
lish and graze native legumes. Determine effects of land management on quality of runoff and
ground water. Use vegetation ordination and soil analyses of 50-year enclosures to test theories of
vegetation dynamics, ecosystem stability and predict N balance under grazing management. Evalu-
ate leaf and stem ratio effects on intake and digestibility. Study impact of mefluidide on soil water
use and plant physiology response. Evaluate improved eastern gamagrass, Texas bluegrass, and big
and Old World bluestem germplasm and stocker genotype-grazing strategy interactions to develop
red meat production systems with emphasis on perennial species to complement native rangeland
forages. Complete RAPPS (Range Plant Profiles) model with routines for root growth, water bal-
ance, and mineral nutrition coupled to current plant growth and development modules.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: None.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Oklahoma State University
Contact Person:
P.L. Sims
Phone Number:
405 256-7449
Fax Number:
405 256-1322
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
Southern Plains Range Research Station
2000 15th Street
Woodward, OK 73801
44
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Mitigation: CO2
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $379 FY94 $379
Program Description: Two aspects of this project contribute to adaptation of crop plants to climate
change, and one aspect contributes toward mitigation. Existing lines of soybeans are being screened
for yield under conditions of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration to determine how
much variation exists. Mechanisms responsible for differences among lines are being examined, in
order to identify physiological traits potentially useful if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
continue to increase. The response of crop water loss to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations is
being examined by incorporating physiological data into a boundary-layer meteorological model of
evapotranspiration. This information will allow evaluation of how much possible water conserva-
tion caused by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide may contribute to adaptation of crops to future
climates which also may be more subject to drought. The acclimation and direct response of photo-
synthesis and respiration to increased carbon dioxide concentration with and without increased
temperature are being investigated in order to better understand to what extent vegetation may serve
as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Contact Person:
James A. Bunce
Phone Number:
301-504-5607
Fax Number:
301-504-6626
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
Rm. 0468, BARC-W
Beltsville, MD 20705
45
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation: All Sources
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Development of Global Warming Technology Database Software
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$0
FY94 $150
Program Description: This activity will develop a database of greenhouse gas mitigation technolo-
gies. Software also will be developed to enable data queries, calculations (e. g., units conversion,
base-year cost switching), and sorting of the information in the database. Sorting can be by gas,
source, or country and the software will list the technologies in order to user-defined preferences
such as cost- effectiveness, applicability, etc. Parameters to be included in the database include cost,
performance, applicability, date of availability, and impediments to market penetration.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE has initiated a Technology Characterization Inven-
tory (TCI) which is a database of CO2 mitigation technology. The EPA GloTech database has been
discussed with DOE, and EPA has evaluated TCI and provided comments to DOE. EPA expects to
actively participate in further development of a technology database and associated software.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): The GloTech
database concept has been discussed with representatives from Clark University, the Institute for
Resource and Security Studies, Northern Telecom, and Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL).
Linkages with international organizations: The Glotech database has been discussed with the
IPCC, ECD, IEA, the World Bank, UNEP, the Center for Strategic Studies (CSIS), the Energy
Research Institute (Moscow, Russia), the German Federal Ministry for Research and Development
(BMFT), and other international organizations.
Contact Person:
Lee L. Beck
Phone Number:
919-541-0617
Fax Number:
919-541-2382
Mailing Address:
USEPA
MD63
RTP, NC 27711
46
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation:
Carbon Dioxide
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Biomass Energy Production, Handling, Use, and Application Projects
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $0
FY94 $100
Program Description: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has established five regional bio-
mass energy programs to promote the development of effective uses of biomass for energy. These
programs provide a method of concentrating funds and efforts in biomass-for-energy technologies
best suited to regional biomass resources and regional energy needs. The programs provide a focus
for research to enhance regional bioenergy development projects, facilitate communications among
the numerous groups involved in biomass research and development, and provide a means of trans-
ferring results of research and development to potential users.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA's current involvement with the regional biomass
energy program will be through an interagency agreement (in progress) with the Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA) which manages the Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program (SERBEP)
with DOE funds. EPA will provide funds and personnel to support regional biomass energy and
other related activities such as technology and economic assessments and research and development
projects. Future plans are to expand these activities to the other regional programs supported by
DOE. This work is coordinated with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory study for evalua-
tion of renewable energy technologies for developing countries, sponsored by EPA.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): Many of the
projects EPA will support through the regional biomass energy programs will be co-funded by the
private sector, academia, and other non-government organizations. For example, research and
development projects funded through SERBEP by DOE and EPA require at least 50% cost-sharing
by private sector contractors.
Linkages with international organizations: The regional programs have cooperated with interna-
tional organizations such as IEA and AID through an informal process of information exchange.
Contact Person:
Keith J. Fritsky
Phone Number:
919-541-7979
Fax Number:
919-541-2382
Mailing Address:
USEPA
MD63
RTP, NC 27711
47
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation: Carbon Dioxide
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Advanced Power Generation Systems Fueled with Biomass
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $800* FY94 $195 + $750** = $945
Pending internal EPA and Administration budget decisions
(*Includes $750 SERDP funding)
(** Potential SERDP funding)
Program Description: The objective of this project is to catalyze and support accelerated commer-
cialization of biomass fueled power generation systems applicable to industrialized and developing
countries. Advance power generation systems, such as aeroderivative turbines, are expected to
achieve efficiency increases of 25 to 40%. This project will assess the technical, economic, and
environmental feasibility of producing power from advanced technologies. Special attention will be
given to the aeroderivative turbine fueled by gasified waste biomass since it appears to be a promis-
ing technique. The initial phase of the project will involve pilot-scale tests of various biomass
wastes to determine their ability to be gasified and the compatibility of the gas with an
aeroderivative turbine. This data and information will lead to and support future scale up to pilot
and prototype installations. The State of Vermont and Brazil are interested in hosting large scale
demonstrations.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA, DOE and AID are funding the pilot test for deter-
mining gasified biomass compatibility with turbines. USDA/FS is assisting with resource studies.
As part of DOE's regional biomass energy program and other activities, TVA, BPA, ORNL, and
NREL are coordinating with EPA to promote biomass production, harvesting, transportation, and
utilization technologies.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): The current effort
is implemented through a Cooperative Agreement with the State of Vermont. Vermont General
Electric will conduct the gasification tests and Winrock will provide support for the Brazil develop-
ment plan. In addition, a private consultant is assessing domestic demonstration opportunities of this
technology in Vermont and other U.S. areas. Some biomass preparation was supplied by
Briquetting, Marketing and Services, Inc. In addition, Winrock International is encouraging this
technology by assisting with coordination between industry, U.S. government, and international
governments.
Linkages with international organizations: The State of Vermont has a Memorandum of Under-
standing (MOU) with Brazil. Brazil and EPA are establishing networks for sharing information. In
addition, coordination with Canada (Environment Canada and Energy Mines and Resources), Swe-
den (Vattondall), and Mexico regarding EPA's research in this area.
Contact Person:
Carol R. Purvis
Phone Number:
919-541-7519
Fax Number:
919-541-2382
Mailing Address:
USEPA, MD63, RTP, NC 27711
48
Agency:
Environmental Protection Agency
Bureau:
Office of Research and Development
Function:
Mitigation: Carbon Dioxide
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Evaluate Biomass for Production of Transportation Fuel
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $500* FY94 $387 + $500** = $887
Pending internal EPA and Administration budget decisions
(* SERDP funding)
(** Potential SERDP funding)
Program Description: The objective is to provide the technical feasibility of producing methanol
from domestic resources by the Hydrocarb process. This will be accomplished by small pilot plant
testing during the next 3 years. Methanol is a clean alternative fuel that can displace petroleum fuels
currently used in motor vehicles reducing health risks and hidden costs associated with exhaust
emissions. When produced from biogenic feedstocks by Hydrocarb, CO2 emissions also are nulli-
fied. Preliminary economic analyses indicate that CO2 emissions can be eliminated at nominal or
negative incremental costs relative to gasoline displaced. In-house laboratory research will provide
fundamental data to support the development program.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Coordinating with the U.S. Department of Energy, The
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and the Department of Defense.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): The California
South Coast Air Quality Management District and the Hydrocarb Corporation are cosponsoring the
pilot plant feasibility study.
Linkages with international organizations: Coordinating with the Department of the Environment
and the Department of Energy, United Kingdom regarding biomass utilization, and with Japanese
researchers (RITE, University of Tokyo, Osaka Gas Company) regarding the liquid fuel production
from biomass.
Contact Person:
Robert H. Borgwardt
Phone Number:
919-541-2336
Fax Number:
919-541-2382
Mailing Address:
USEPA, MD63, RTP, NC 27711
49
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
Technology Advancements
Function:
Mitigation: Carbon Dioxide; Methane; Nitrous oxides; Sulfur Dioxide
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Energy Options, Including Biomass
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $0
FY94 $0
Program Description: A number of energy options for TVA to supply electric energy demands for
this region, including renewable energy sources and use technologies, are being considered. One
example of research in this program area is a study of the economic feasibility of using biomass for
electric power generation. An assessment of land use, potential supply, transportation, and market
factors is being conducted for woody residues, short rotation woody crops, and herbaceous perennial
crops in the TVA region. One aspect of this is the development of a GIS-based linear programming
model to optimize use of available woody biomass. TVA is considering either co-firing an existing
coal-fired power plant with wood or constructing a dedicated bioenergy facility. The program scope
and workplans were developed in FY 1992.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE via Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and via
Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): TVA resource and
development funding of $75,000 in FY 1992, with additional funding of about $100,000 provided by
EPRI, the University of Tennessee, and ORNL as partners. Funding for FY 1993 and subsequent
years is by TVA research and development at about $300,000.
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
Bruce Gold
Phone Number:
615-751-6099
Fax Number:
615-751-6403
Mailing Address:
TVA
Chattanooga Office Complex
Missionary Ridge, 3A
1101 Market Street
Chattanooga, TN 37402-2801
50
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Windows, Glazing and Daylighting Materials
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $4,100
FY94 $5,700
Program Description: Windows and Glazing Research addresses the development and character-
ization of advanced window and glazing technologies (e.g., superwindows, electrochromics, spec-
trally selective "cool". windows) to reduce heating, cooling and lighting loads in buildings. This
research provides industry a technology base (via fundamental research and the provision of user test
and evaluation facilities) and support for their product and process development. Research also is
conducted to establish the technical basis to determine window performance (thermal and optical
properties, energy and peak load impacts) through simulation, testing and evaluation. The applica-
tion of this research includes the development through the National Fenestration Rating Council of a
technically credible window rating and labeling program, support for utility demand side manage-
ment glazing programs, and the development of design tools and handbooks.
Windows, glazing and daylighting will reduce carbon emissions by reducing electricity and natural
gas loads for lighting and space conditioning. Energy Efficiency R&D programs targeting new
window, glazing, and daylighting technologies could reduce energy use by 0.16 quads in 2000,
0.474 quads in 2010, and 0.844 quads in 2020. These energy savings would result in carbon emis-
sion reductions of 2.5 MMT(C) per year, 7.4 MMT(C) per year, and 13.6 MMT(C) per year in 2000,
2010 and 2020 respectively.
Contact Person:
Sam Taylor
Phone Number:
202-586-9214
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-421
Washington, DC 20585
51
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Indoor Air Quality
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $1,983
FY94 $1,919
Program Description: DOE's Indoor Air Quality program supports the development of advanced
energy conservation technologies that reduce the energy liability associated with air flows into,
within, and out of buildings, while maintaining healthful, productive, and comfortable indoor envi-
ronments. A balanced program of laboratory experimentation, field investigations, mathematical
modeling, demonstrations, and criteria development is making major contributions to the nation's
effort to improve our indoor environments. The DOE supported research results from the scientific
basis of the many standards and guidelines on this topic.
By providing the building science perspective the DOE program allows for full consideration of
scientifically valid solutions that optimize energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality.
Energy and carbon benefits from the associated energy savings are estimated at 0.236 quads and 0.5
MMT (C) per year in 2000, and 0.575 quads and 3.7 MMT (C) per year in 2010.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA, and the Interagency Committee on Indoor Air
Quality.
Contact Person:
John Talbott
Phone Number:
202-586-9455
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-421
Washington DC 20585
52
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Walls, Roofs and Foundations, and Materials and Structures
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $3,622
FY94 $3,267
Program Description: The program goal is to provide the technology for zero net heating/minimal
cooling energy building design options by 2000. To reach this goal the Materials and Structures
research focuses on near-term development of CFC-free, high R-value insulations, development of
special non-CFC insulation for retrofit applications, the long-term development of building materials
with controllable thermal properties, and the development of advanced manufacturing processes for
super insulations and controllable envelope materials. The Roofs, Walls & Foundations research
addresses application of advanced materials (dynamic, high-R, durable, non-CFC), design tools, new
program thrusts (e.g., 30/30 roofs that have an R-30 rating and a 30-year life, moisture forgiving
construction elements, and advanced composite walls) in new commercial building wall technology.
In the housing sector, these technologies have the potential to reduce space heating energy loads by
25% to 30% and cooling loads by 3% to 7%. Within the commercial sector, heating energy can be
reduced 5% to 10% and the respective cooling loads by 0.5% to 1.5%. Reductions in carbon emis-
sions will be 0.9 million metric tons by 2010 and increase by 2020 to an annual rate of 4.1 million
metric tons.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA, DOD.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: EPRI, Polyisocyanurate Insulations Manu-
facturers Association, Society of Plastics Industry, ASHRAE, home owners, building operators, and
architect-engineer community.
Contact Person:
Peter Scofield
Phone Number:
202-586-9193
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-421
Washington, DC 20585
53
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Space Heating and Cooling Equipment
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$10,000
FY94 $14,600
Program Description: The goal of the heating and cooling program is to move beyond the com-
mercially available efficiency improvements to develop technologies that are twice as energy effi-
cient as current natural gas systems.
New natural gas heat pumps such as the Stirling engine driven
and internal combustion-driven heat pumps have the potential to meet this goal. Other promising
DOE space conditioning technologies include advanced electric heat pumps, energy efficient oil
combustion equipment, and duct design improvements.
Currently, space heating and cooling uses about 13 quads of energy (primarily in the form of elec-
tricity and natural gas), or about 44% of total building primary energy use, resulting in carbon
emissions of about 200 million metric tons/year. Heating and cooling technologies offer numerous
opportunities for efficiency improvements. For example, increases in natural gas fired furnace
efficiencies have been demonstrated through the use of electronic ignition, vent dampers, and con-
densing technologies that capture the latent heat of the combusted gas. Improved cooling technolo-
gies incudes high efficiency electric and gas fired chillers, direct evaporative cooling, and outside air
economizers. Technological advances in space heating and cooling have the potential to reduce
primary energy use in 2000 by 0.038 quads, resulting in carbon emission savings of 0.6 MMT(C) per
year. In 2010 and 2020, energy savings increase to 0.612 quads and 1.658 quads, respectively. The
resulting carbon emissions savings are estimated to be 9.6 MMT(C) per year in 2010, and 26.9
MMT (C) per year in 2020.
Contact Person:
Richard H. Karney
Phone Number:
202-586-9455
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-421
Washington, DC 20585
54
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Advanced Buildings for 2005
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $5,600
FY94 $12,400
Program Description: This program addresses a legal requirement to increase building efficiency
while maintaining affordability. The program consists of three coordinated areas: Passive Solar
evaluated advanced materials and integrated passive solar heating, cooling, daylighting and effi-
ciency design concepts. The most promising designs are tested, financed and built by industry in
"Exemplary Buildings." Building Automation Systems addresses the fact that most buildings are
operated below optimal performance level because of improper installation, degradation, ineffective
operating strategies, or inadequate operator knowledge. This program develops technologies to
diagnose system degradation and assist operators in maintaining healthy efficient buildings. Resi-
dential housing focuses on determining the optimum mix of factory versus field fabrication, and
advanced housing technologies to stimulate early identification and adoption of beneficial new
products and processes. Quality improvement and a voluntary program to cut household energy
requirement by 50% as compared to standard 1980's homebuilding practice.
Implementing of already proven results and principles on a wide scale will reduce the absolute
amount of energy used by the residential and commercial buildings sector. This will give rise to
carbon emission reductions of 0.3 MMT(C) per year by 2000, 3.7 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and
8.2 MMT(C) per year by 2020.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA, HUD
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Home owners and builders, utilities, A/E's,
commercial building owners and operators, control and equipment manufacturers.
Linkages with international organizations: International Energy Agency
Contact Person:
(Passive Solar) Mary-Margaret Jenior
Phone Number:
202-586-2998
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-421
Washington, DC 20585
Contact Person:
(Building Automation Systems) Mark Bailey
Phone Number:
202-586-9424
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-421
Washington, DC 20585
55
Contact Person:
(Residential Housing) George James
Phone Number:
202-586-9472
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-421
Washington, DC 20585
Contact Person:
(Residential Housing) Jon Stone
Phone Number:
202-586-9471
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-421
Washington, DC 20585
56
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Lighting
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $3,100
FY94 $2,000
Program Description: DOE's Advanced Lighting Research Program attempts to develop: (1)
efficient building light sources, (2) efficient ways to utilize building light sources, and (3) a knowl-
edge and application base on the impacts of lighting on vision and workplace performance. Cur-
rently DOE is conducting research on advanced technologies, very high-frequency (VHF)
electrodeless lamps and fixtures that could double the efficiency and lifetime of current fluorescent
lamps and be 8 to 10 times as efficient as incandescent bulbs. The program's goal is to commercial-
ize this technology within five years. Another lamp technology under development uses no mercury.
This has the potential to be a major new achievement since disposal of fluorescents, all containing
mercury, is a growing environmental problem.
Incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps are the primary building lighting sources. Currently,
building lights consume about 4.9 quads/year of primary energy (about 25% of all electricity used in
residential and commercial buildings in 1990), resulting in carbon emissions of about 79 million
metric tons/year. By 2010, this total is expected to increase to about 6.3 quads/year (99 million
metric tons/year of carbon). Lighting and the associated cooling load consumes up to half the
electricity used in many new commercial buildings. Thus advance in lighting efficiency will reduce
electricity consumption and its corresponding carbon emissions. Installation of lighting technologies
are expected to reduce carbon emission by 0.3 MMT(C) per year in 2000, 14.8 MMT(C) per year by
2010, and 32.5 MMT(C) per year by 2020.
Contact Person:
Lee R. Anderson
Phone Number:
202-586-1856
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-422
Washington, DC 20585
57
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Appliances
Budget (in Thousands):
FY93
$0
FY94 $400
Program Description: DOE aims to further energy conservation in residential and commercial
building applications in water heating, refrigeration, cooking, office equipment, laundry, electronics
and integrated systems. DOE plays a key role in developing test procedures and standards for
residential appliances (including refrigerators) as mandated by the Energy Policy and Conservation
Act of 1975, and test procedures, labels, and standards for commercial appliances, as required by the
Energy Policy Act of 1992. In addition, research on vacuum insulation technologies has demon-
strated the technical feasibility of constructing compact structures with high insulating properties.
Commercially available appliance technical improvements might be achieved through compressor
redesign fan and fan motor improvement, compressor relocation, and dual compressors (separate
ones for the refrigerator and freezer)
Appliances consumed about 6.6 quads in 1990, almost 20% of the energy used in the building
sector, and about 30% of total electricity use. Household refrigerators alone consumed about 8.5%
of the total primary energy used in homes. Current models use about 1100 kWh per year, reflecting
reductions of roughly 55% relative to the typical energy use 20 years ago. Higher appliance effi-
ciency will result in less energy use and its corresponding carbon emissions. More efficient appli-
ances are expected to save 0.053 quads of energy in 2001, 0.589 quads in 2010, and 1.708 quads in
2020. These energy savings will reduce carbon emissions by 0.8 MMT(C) per year in 2000, 9.1
MMT(C) per year in 2010, and 27.0 MMT(C) per year in 2020.
Contact Person:
Carl Adams
Phone Number:
202-586-9142
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-431
Washington, DC 20585
58
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Biofuels
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $36,400
FY94 $46,700
Program Description: DOE is conducting research on genetics and physiology research and using
applied biotechnology to develop energy feedstocks; conducting R&D on conversion technologies
for ethanol and methanol; and sponsoring programs that facilitate the demonstration and commer-
cialization of biomass-fueled vehicles.
The use of biomass-based ethanol and methanol for transportation fuels and as oxygenates for
reformulated gasoline will reduce carbon emission by displacing petroleum. On a fuel cycle basis,
biomass is estimated to have less than 10% of the carbon emissions of reformulated gas on an energy
basis. The price of ethanol biomass has dropped from $3.60 per gallon in 1980 to $1.22 currently.
DOE projects that the price will drop to 70 cents per gallon by 2003. Carbon emission benefits are
estimated at 1.6 MMT(C) per year by 2000 and 6.9 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and 12.6 MMT(C)
by 2020. Carbon benefits are for additives only, benefits due to direct use of biofuels is accounted
for in the Alternative-Fueled Vehicle program.
Contact Person:
Raymond Costello
Phone Number:
202-586-4898
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-331
Washington, DC 20585
59
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Alternative-Fueled Vehicles (AFVS)
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $27,700
FY94 $41,600
Program Description: This program focuses on fleet demonstrations of alternative-fueled vehicles,
engine optimization research, and sponsoring programs that facilitate the demonstration and com-
mercialization of alternative-fueled vehicles.
The use of alternative fuels (primarily ethanol, methanol, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), and hydrogen) for transportation fuels will reduce carbon emissions by dis-
placing petroleum. On a fuel cycle basis, alternative-fueled vehicles have the potential to reduce
carbon emissions significantly. Currently, flex-fuel vehicles and CNG vehicles are offered by major
automakers for a small premium. Some manufacturers are planning to offer flex-fuel vehicles in the
upcoming model years for the same price as their conventional counterparts. Carbon emission
benefits are estimated at 4.4 MMT(C) per year by 2000 and 32.3 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and
59.5 MMT(C) by 2020.
Contact Person:
Kenneth F. Barber
Phone Number:
202-586-2198
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-321
Washington, DC 20585
60
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Electric Vehicles (EVS)
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $32,700
FY94 $45,600
Program Description: DOE sponsors battery research, with industry, through the U.S. Advanced
Battery Consortium; exploratory research on materials and processes, testing of batteries and their
components, and analysis of infrastructure and safety issues; and sponsors programs that facilitate
the demonstration and commercialization of electric vehicles.
The use of electric vehicles will reduce carbon emissions by displacing petroleum in regions where
electricity generation is not heavily based on fossil fuel combustion. On a fuel cycle basis, electric
vehicles have the potential to reduce carbon emissions significantly in regions of the country that do
not rely heavily on fossil fuel use for electricity generation. Today's EVs are quite limited a range
of less than 100 miles at a cost of over $30,000 per vehicle. However, DOE projects that EVs will
have a range of over 200 miles and cost only 10% more than conventional vehicles by 2003. Carbon
emission benefits are minimal due to the expected low penetration of EVs and the carbon emissions
of utilities.
Contact Person:
Kenneth F. Barber
Phone Number:
202-586-2198
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-321
Washington, DC 20585
61
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Hybrid/Electric Vehicles (HEV)
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $14,700
FY94 $19,900
Program Description: This program focuses on research to develop HEVs that can reach early
commercialization and have large production volumes. Because this technology is composed of
multiple energy conversion subsystems, it integrates the activities of several other related programs,
such as battery research, lightweight materials, and advanced engines. Commercialization is being
rapidly pursued through a 50% cost-shared consortia with industry to develop hybrid propulsion
systems for vehicles.
The use of hybrid/electric vehicles will reduce carbon emissions by displacing petroleum. On a fuel
cycle basis, hybrid/electric vehicles have the potential to reduce carbon emissions significantly due
to their high efficiency (up to three times that of conventional vehicles) and ability to use fuels other
than petroleum. DOE is working with industry to commercialize hybrid/electric vehicles by 2003.
Carbon emission benefits are estimated at 9.6 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and 25.8 MMT(C) by
2020.
Contact Person:
Kenneth F. Barber
Phone Number:
202-586-2198
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-321
Washington, DC 20585
62
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $11,800
FY94 $18,000
Program Description: DOE's program performs basic R&D on developing on-board reformers,
hydrogen storage devices, and power management devices; support research aimed at reducing fuel
cell costs and improving reliability; and developing fuel cell vehicles, buses, and locomotives.
The use of fuel cell vehicles will reduce carbon emissions by displacing petroleum. On a fuel cycle
basis, fuel cell vehicles have the potential to reduce carbon emissions significantly due to their high
efficiency and ability to use hydrogen and biofuels as fuels. Fuel cells for light duty vehicles are in
the early stages of development, though larger fuel cells for buildings and heavy duty applications
are further developed. Carbon emission benefits are estimated at 0.4 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and
8 MMT(C) per year by 2020.
Contact Person:
Pandit G. Patil
Phone Number:
202-586-8055
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-321
Washington, DC 20585
63
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Solar Thermal Electric
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $21,400
FY94 $25,000
Program Description: DOE's efforts are organized around a goal of producing electricity for 5 to 6
cents per kWh. Activities include performance testing of key components and a number of cost-
shared commercialization efforts for critical emerging technologies such as dish/Stirling, trough
systems, and power towers. Current public/private collaborations include a cost-shared venture to
convert generating equipment at the Solar One central receiver project to a molten-salt system, and
the demonstration of dish/Stirling systems for non-grid applications.
The use of solar thermal electric will reduce carbon emissions by displacing the burning of natural
gas for peaking power. Solar thermal electric systems are being developed for grid and non-grid
applications. Solar thermal electric systems do not contribute to carbon emissions (unless coupled
with a back-up system), thus have the potential to decrease carbon emissions significantly. Cur-
rently, there is 354 MW of installed capacity of parabolic troughs. However, dish/Stirling and power
tower systems show greater promise in the future. The levelized cost of electricity from parabolic
troughs is about 15 cents per kWh currently; it is projected that the cost will drop to below 7 cents
per kWh for dish/Stirling and power tower systems by 2010. Carbon emission benefits are estimated
at 0.3 MMT(C) per year by 2000 and 0.9 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and 1.9 MMT(C) per year by
2020.
Contact Person:
Gary D. Burch
Phone Number:
202-586-8121
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-132
Washington, DC 20585
64
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Separations
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $8,280
FY94 $13,046
Program Description: DOE is conducting process research and development, demonstration and
deployment to improve energy efficiency and fuel flexibility in industrial processes for chemicals,
petroleum refining, paper, textiles and food processing industries. These programs are responsive to
direction of the Energy Policy Act (EPACT) to help develop the "Plant", "Mill", or "Industry of the
Future".
Separation technologies are vital in the production processes for petroleum products (e.g., fuels and
petrochemical feedstocks), paper, inorganic and organic chemicals, food products, textiles, and
fertilizers. Innovative separation technologies offer major crosscutting industrial process opportuni-
ties for energy savings and productivity gains. Distillation, evaporation, drying, extraction, and gas
absorption and adsorption are critical, energy-intensive processes used to separate one or more
components from a solution or mixture. Most of these processes use much more energy than would
be thermodynamically required. Distillation and evaporation alone consume 2.6 quads per year,
while industrial drying uses another 1.8 quads per year. Carbon emission benefits are estimated at
1.1 MMT (C) per year in 2000, 2.0 MMT (C) per year in 2010, and 3.9 MMT (C) per year in 2020.
Energy savings from selected industrial technologies are estimated at 0.148 quad per year in 2000,
0.276 quad per year in 2010, and 0.519 quad per year in 2020.
Contact Person:
Daniel E. Wiley
Phone Number:
202-586-2099
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-233
Washington, DC 20585
65
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Industrial Heat Pumps (IHPs)
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $2,200
FY94 $1,700
Program Description: DOE develops and encourages implementation of IHPs consisting of ad-
vanced chemical/sorption heat pumps, process-integrated heat pumps, and Brayton cycle solvent
recovery heat pumps. The current program thrust is to develop advanced heat-driven chemical heat
pumps that will lift heat over wider temperature ranges, and will lift heat to higher delivery tempera-
tures more economically and without environmentally damaging chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). DOE
provides industry with technical assistance with tools and manuals developed under International
Energy Agency (IEA) Annex 21 initiative, "Global Environmental Benefits of Industrial Heat
Pumps."
Over 10 quadrillion BTUs are consumed for industrial process heating and cooling. About 7 quads
of this energy are discharged as waste heat. Much of this heat could be economically recycled. By
recycling the waste heat primary energy will be conserved, combustion of fuels will be avoided
along with the associated greenhouse gas emissions.
Contact Person:
Paul Scheihing
Phone Number:
202-586-7234
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-221
Washington, DC 20585
66
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Biomass Electric
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $4,700
FY94 $5,500
Program Description: DOE is conducting research to increase the efficiency of biomass electric
technologies so that they will be more economically competitive with conventional technologies. In
addition, The Office of Energy Efficiency is sponsoring demonstration projects with industry and
conducting analysis of biomass options.
The use of biomass electric will reduce carbon emissions by displacing the burning of fossil fuels.
Biomass electric systems are being developed for and used for primarily baseload generation and
some intermediate load electricity generation. On a fuel cycle basis, biomass electric systems emit
significantly less carbon than do fossil fuel burning power plants. Currently, there is over 6000 MW
of installed capacity of biomass electric power. Biomass electric systems are extremely competitive
in regions of high biomass resource concentration and where there is a strong pulp and paper indus-
try presence. Carbon emission benefits are estimated at 15 MMT (C) per year by 2000 and 38 MMT
(C) per year by 2010, and 44 MMT (C) per year by 2020.
Contact Person:
Gary D. Burch
Phone Number:
202-586-8121
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-132
Washington, DC 20585
67
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Wind Energy
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $23,300
FY94 $30,300
Program Description: DOE supports applied research in the aerodynamic properties and structural
dynamics of wind turbines; the development of the next generation of wind turbines; and efforts to
integrate wind generation into utility systems.
The use of wind energy systems will reduce carbon emissions by displacing the burning of fossil
fuels for bulk power generation. Wind energy systems emit zero greenhouse gas emissions. Cur-
rently, there is over 1500 MW of installed capacity of wind energy, primarily in California. The
levelized cost of electricity from wind energy is about 7 cents per kWh currently, though it is ex-
pected to drop to less than 4 cents per kWh in less than 10 years. Carbon emission benefits are
estimated at 3 MMT (C) per year by 2000 and 5.3 MMT (C) per year by 2010, and 9.2 MMT (C) per
year by 2020.
Contact Person:
Ronald R. Loose
Phone Number:
202-586-8086
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-121
Washington, DC 20585
68
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Geothermal Energy
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $22,800
FY94 $23,900
Program Description: In the past, DOE has conducted some basic and applied research in the
geothermal area, including the monitoring and modeling of production and environmental impacts.
Ongoing efforts in the hydrothermal area support field research oriented toward improving produc-
tion, improved reservoir modeling efforts, development of exploration methodologies, and research
on turbine design. In addition, DOE is actively seeking private-sector partners to participate in
commercialization projects using more advanced geothermal technologies.
The use of geothermal power will reduce carbon emissions by displacing the burning of fossil fuels
for bulk power generation. Geothermal power results in nearly zero greenhouse gas emissions.
Currently, there is over 2100 MW of installed capacity of geothermal power in western U.S. The
levelized cost of electricity from wind energy is about 8 cents per kWh currently, though it is ex-
pected to drop to less than 3 cents per kWh by 2020. Carbon emission benefits are estimated at 8
MMT (C) per year by 2000 and 13 MMT (C) per year by 2010, and 22 MMT (C) per year by 2020.
Contact Person:
John E. Mock
Phone Number:
202-586-5340
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-122
Washington, DC 20585
69
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Photovoltaics
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$63,700
FY94 $78,000
Program Description: DOE's strategy toward the photovoltaic technologies is three-pronged,
consisting of device and material research, manufacturing process engineering and market develop-
ment. In the device and materials area, joint projects with the Office of Energy Research focus on
basic crystal-growing techniques for producing higher quality cells; ongoing partnerships with
private-sector firms aims to improve the efficiency and performance of existing PV devices. The
manufacturing process effort is relatively new, and relies strongly on partnerships with industrial
firms actively involved in PV manufacturing. Market development projects include a project to
develop and validate specific high-value applications of PV technologies.
Photovoltaics are/will reduce carbon emissions by displacing fossil fuel-based electricity generation
for grid and non-grid application - photovoltaics emit zero greenhouse gases. Currently, there is
about 60 MW of photovoltaics installed in the U.S. Carbon emission benefits are estimated at 0.1
MMT(C) per year by 2000 and 0.1 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and 1.9 MMT(C) per year by 2020.
Contact Person:
James E. Rannels
Phone Number:
202-586-1721
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-131
Washington, DC 20585
70
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Hydropower
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $1,000
FY94 $1,000
Program Description: DOE's hydropower program focuses on the primary environmental mitiga-
tion issues associated with developing and maintaining hydropower production. These efforts
include a review and evaluation of regulatory and licensing practices, studies of environmental
mitigation strategies, monitoring, and resource assessment. In addition, DOE is exploring the possi-
bility of a joint project with the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to develop advanced
turbines with improved efficiency and environmental properties.
Hydropower are/will reduce carbon emissions by displacing fossil fuel-based electricity generation
for bulk electricity generation. Currently, there is about 75 GW of hydropower installed capacity
and the technology is mature. The costs of the technology are among the lowest of any electricity
generation technology - about 3 cents per kWh. Carbon emission benefits for existing generation
are about 52 MMT(C) per year, however savings from new installations will result in additional
savings of only 1.6 MMT(C) per year.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: EPRI.
Contact Person:
Ronald R.
Loose
Phone Number:
202-586-8086
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-121
Washington, DC 20585
71
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Transmission, Storage, and Distribution
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $41,400
FY94 $49,900
Program Description: DOE programs provide support in several key areas. Research is oriented
toward increasing the understanding of the health impacts of electromagnetic fields and communi-
cating this information to the public. High temperature superconductivity research supports materi-
als research and wire processing, and application studies on devices such as motor generators, and
superconducting magnetic energy storage, which will increase the efficiency of generation, transmis-
sion, and distribution of electricity. In the shorter term, applications development using conven-
tional battery systems for utility applications will provide significant transmission and distribution
efficiency gains. Research on electricity system reliability includes support for the development of
real time control systems. In addition, DOE is conducting research in high voltage direct current
technology and high phase order transmission to help improve transmission efficiency. Improve-
ments in transmission and distribution efficiency bring environmental benefits by reducing the need
to construct new facilities. Advanced technologies also can bring economic benefits to the U.S. as
they penetrate overseas markets for transmission and distribution hardware.
Storage technologies are enabling technologies for many renewable technologies that DOE is work-
ing on, thus their carbon reduction benefits are included in estimates for those technologies. The
potential energy impact of T&D improvements is bounded by total line losses. These losses
amounted to 300 billion kilowatt hours in 1990, and are projected by EIA to increase to around 400
billion kilowatt hours by 2010. Investments in T&D improvements are expected to reduce these
losses by 40 billion kWh per year in 2020. The concomitant reductions in generation will reduce
carbon emissions by 4.2 MMT(C) per year in 2000, by 5.4 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and by 8
MMT(C) per year by 2020.
Linkages with the private sector, NGO's and academia: The renewables industry, taxpayers and
consumers, EPRI, utilities, environmental groups, and state and local governments.
Contact Person:
Kuri W. Klunder
Phone Number:
202-586-4564
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-10
Washington, DC 20585
72
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Materials Processing (includes Metals Initiative)
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $25,538
FY94 $25,366
Program Description: Office of Industrial Processes, Materials Processing Division, in conjunc-
tion with its industrial partners, conducts applied research and development, demonstration, and
deployment of alternative technologies that improve the energy efficiency and cost effectiveness of
the industrial processes.
The program goals of increasing energy efficiency, process economics and environment improve-
ments can significantly improve the cost-competitiveness of the high temperature, energy intensive
materials processing and electrolytic industries. The Materials Processing program focuses on
defining the vision for the steel, aluminum, and glass plants of the future by identifying the techni-
cal, market and regulatory challenges that impact the evolution of the next generation plants. The
estimated energy savings from presently funded projects in Quadrillion BTU is: 0.093 in 2000,
0.233 in 2010, and 0.440 in 2020. The carbon emission benefits in MMT(C) per year) from pres-
ently funded projects are: 3.8 in 2000, 8.8 in 2010 and 16.3 in 2020.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA, DOI/BOM, DOC. The metals industries and other
commodity industries are energy intensive industries that provide not only some of the highest paid
jobs in the U.S. but are the material source and economic foundation for value added manufacturing.
Cost competitive, energy efficient technology is by definition more beneficial to the environment
and U.S. economy.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: The manufacturing industries, Iron and
Steel Aluminum, Copper, Rare Earth metals, Glass, Foundries, Cement, and refractory industries,
States and local governments.
Contact Person:
Matthew J. McMonigle
Phone Number:
202-586-2082
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-234
Washington, DC 20585
73
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Enabling Materials
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $6,834 FY94 $9,012
Program Description: In 1989, in response to National Research Council conclusions that materi-
als such as continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs) were critical to continued growth and
prosperity of U.S. industry, the Office of Industrial Technologies began work on the development of
a comprehensive strategy and plan for CFCC development. The report of the House Committee on
Appropriations accompanying the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1990 (Public
Law 101-121) requested the Department of Energy to complete a comprehensive continuous fiber
composite research and development plan with financing options. In 1992, DOE signed cost-shared
cooperative agreements for the development of continuous fiber ceramic composites with 10 indus-
try teams totaling 42 industry, university, and national laboratory participants. The new program
was called a "Model Program" by the United States Advanced Ceramic Association. It is the first
and only integrated effort to develop CFCC processing technology in U.S. industry for the manufac-
ture of industrial components.
The availability to U.S. industry of a host of new energy efficient environmentally beneficial equip-
ment is dependent on CFCC development. For instance: application of a CFCC self-lubricating
valve guide to diesel engines would reduce particulate emissions 25%; a CFCC radiant burner would
boost efficiency of moderate and high temperature ovens by 60 percent; CFCC components would
increase energy conversion efficiencies up to 35% over conventional coal-fired steam plants while
reducing emissions by 25%; CFCC components in gas-fired turbines would increase efficiency by
6% while almost eliminating NOX emissions. Specifically, employing CFCCs in U.S. industry and
power generation can result in the following benefits:
Energy savings of at least 2.16 Quadrillion Btus (Quads) annually by the year 2010, with an
energy cost savings of at least $8.1 billion.
Environmental progress in the form of emissions reduction, with minimum reductions for the
following pollutants by the year 2010:
917,000 tons annually of nitrous oxide (NOX) emissions.
118.9 million tons annually of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Cost savings from reduction in regulated emissions, principally NOX and to a lesser extent
SOX. With current environmental regulations and the expectation of stricter regulations,
potential annual savings could be several billion dollars.
Improved component performance and lifetime, resulting in reduced downtime, high-quality and
low-cost products; allowing greater domestic and international competitiveness and a positive
impact on U.S. employment.
The competition for an estimated near-term market of between $700 million and $1.4 billion
annually, with an identified market of over $6.4 billion by 2010.
The potential to create or save at least 64,000 industrial sector jobs for U.S. citizens, and a
similar amount from multiplier effects, from identified applications where estimates were avail-
able.
74
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOC/NIST.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Southern California Gas Company, U.S.
industry, U.S. universities, U.S. Advanced Ceramics Association.
Contact Person:
Scott L. Richlen
Phone Number:
202-586-2078
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-221
Washington, DC 20585
75
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Industrial Wastes
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $17,292
FY94 $23,059
Program Description: This is an ongoing program legislatively mandated to assist industry in
improving energy efficiency, reducing or utilizing wastes, and reducing greenhouse gasses. Projects
are cost shared between 20-60 percent with industry, states, other governmental agencies, other
organizations and other countries.
U.S. industry produces about 12 billion tons of waste each year with an additional 1.7 billion tons
being greenhouse gasses. The cost of handling, cleaning, and disposing of these wastes is at least
$45 billion per year, and is rising rapidly. As much as 9 quads of energy annually is contained in the
embodied energy of unused or poorly used raw materials, in the energy content of the waste streams
and in the energy required to clean up and dispose of wastes.
The DOE program planned and cost-shared with industrial partners, will develop process technolo-
gies which reduce generation of wastes. This approach also should enhance productivity and com-
petitiveness. The program will (1) improve data on industrial wastes; (2) expand partnerships
between national laboratories and industry and focus on wastes produced in chemical, petroleum,
metals, and pulp & paper processes; (3) analyze barriers to industrial waste reduction; (4) expand
efforts in reducing material use and improving recyclability of autos, (5) initiate efforts with industry
in recycling carpets, durable goods, and food wastes; and, (6) expand cooperation among EPA,
states, and industries on demonstration of waste reduction technologies.
One measure of success is that four technologies have been commercialized by industry and
currently are improving energy efficiency, (reducing CO2 emissions) reducing wastes, and improv-
ing competitiveness of both small and large companies.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA, DOC, DOI.
Contact Person:
Tom Faust
Phone Number:
202-586-0198
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE
Washington, DC 20585
76
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Industrial Electric Motor Systems (EMS)
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $736
FY94 $2,077
Program Description: DOE develops and encourages implementation of EMS consisting of energy
efficient motors, adjustable speed drives (ASDs), and advanced motor-driven mechanical systems
and processes. The current program thrust is to break market barriers through market and technol-
ogy assessment, and deployment efforts, and to develop advanced system-integrated EMS that will
be demonstrated in a variety of industrial applications.
Over 65% of electricity use in the industrial sector is used by electric motors, thus more efficient
EMS will result in electricity savings or will drive a process more efficiently than a heat engine; thus
carbon emissions will be reduced either at the power generation facility or the industrial site itself.
Opportunities of efficient EMS are: more efficient motors (3 to 10% improvement potential);
implementation of ASDs (20 to 50% improvement potential); more efficient motor-driven equip-
ment or processes (2 to 20% improvement potential); or improved electrical distribution systems (2
to 5% improvement potential). Carbon emission reductions are estimated at 6 MMT(C) per year by
2000 and 44 MMT(C) per year by 2010.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Industrial end-users, motor and drive manu-
facturers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), utilities, state agencies, and energy and envi-
ronmental groups.
Contact Person:
Paul Scheihing
Phone Number:
202-586-7234
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-221
Washington, DC 20585
77
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Retrofit Technologies (Existing Building Efficiency Research)
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $4,000
FY94 $4,000
Program Description: Retrofit Technologies provides national support for public and private
sector effort that improve the energy efficiency of existing residential and commercial buildings.
The program develops, validates, and deploys new technology and improved management practices
that can significantly increase the energy efficiency and reduce the C02 emissions of existing build-
ings throughout the United States.
In 1990, existing buildings in the United States consumed 30.6 quadrillion Btu of primary energy -
38% of all energy used in the United States - accounting for over 460 million metric tons of C02
emissions; 35% of all such emissions in the U.S., and 8% of those worldwide. The potential impact
of widespread applications of retrofit practices can be found by closely looking at the middle and
upper income single family building sector. This sector consists of over 53 million households,
accounts for almost 70% of the total primary residential energy use and consumed about 11.5 qua-
drillion Btu in 1990; costing $75 billion. A 25% energy efficiency improvement can be realized
throughout this sector, with the potential annual energy savings (1990 base) of almost 3 quads,
providing a concomitant reduction of 45 million metric tons of C02 emissions.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA
Contact Person:
Ernest C. Freeman
Phone Number:
202-586-9192
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-421
Washington, DC 20585
78
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Solar Domestic Water Heating
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $1,900
FY94 $4,300
Program Description: DOE provides technical support to utilities and regulatory agencies that
seek to replace electric water heaters with Solar Domestic Water Heating as part of demand-side
management programs. DOE SDWH technology research efforts are directed toward simplifying
and reducing system costs and identifying insulation that does not contain CFCs. DOE also is
developing and validating a voluntary industry-wide rating and certification program to ensure that
the current and future generations of SDWH systems meet utility and customer requirements for
reliability and cost-effectiveness.
The use of solar domestic water heaters will reduce carbon emissions by displacing electricity and
natural gas use for hot water heating. Solar domestic water heaters do not contribute to carbon
emissions (unless coupled with a back-up system), thus have the potential to decrease carbon emis-
sions significantly. Solar hot water heaters compete economically with electric hot water systems
currently. Carbon emission benefits are estimated at 1.2 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and 2.7
MMT(C) per year by 2020.
Contact Person:
Robert J. Hassett
Phone Number:
202-586-6183
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-422
Washington, DC 20585
79
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Process Heating and Cooling
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $4,158
FY94 $6,796
Program Description: The DOE process heating and cooling program has two main focuses: (1)
recuperators, and (2) solar industrial. For recuperators, DOE is funding research to develop ceramic
high-pressure heat exchanger systems (HiPHES). Total savings of feedstock and energy require-
ments could reach 30% over that of conventional reformers. DOE is sponsoring various projects
entailed in the widespread promotion and implementation of industrial heat pumps (IHPs). These
projects include process heat integration to identify heat pump applications, individual site heat
pump design and demonstration. For solar industrial applications, DOE aims to break these barriers
and successfully promote solar technology as a technically and economically viable option. Activi-
ties included under this program range from developing new materials that will increase the reliabil-
ity of solar applications, sponsoring educational activities, providing technical assistance to current
and potential users, and helping finance several industrial solar projects.
Thermal processes (heating and cooling) are crucial to many key U.S. industries, including the food,
chemicals, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, and primary metals industries. Process heating and
cooling are extremely. energy-intensive and consume approximately 17 quads per year (over half of
total industrial energy use). Hence, even small improvements in the efficiency of various equipment
(e.g. heat exchangers) under this program can result in substantial savings of energy and carbon.
DOE projects that gains in process heating and cooling will reduce carbon emissions 2.7 MMT(C)
per year by 2000, 6.5 MMT(C) per year by 2010, and 12.5 MMT(C) per year by 2020.
Contact Person:
Clifton Carvile
Phone Number:
202-576-5584
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-222
Washington, DC 20585
80
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Municipal Solid Wastes
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $4,568
FY94 $4,619
Program Description: This is an ongoing program to productively use municipal solid waste
(MSW) and landfill gas to provide as much as 4 percent of the Nation's energy requirements.
Today, about 15 percent of our 200 million tons of annual municipal waste is combusted to provide
0.3 quads of energy, and 15 percent is recycled to conserve an additional 0.15 quads (mostly from
reduced demand for electricity for aluminum smelting.). Waste to energy facilities under contract or
in advanced planning could increase energy recovery to 1.2% of the Nation's electricity needs, but
are delayed by perceived environmental concerns. Some of the materials collected for recycling are
being discarded because of glutted markets. The net environmental effects of various types of
recycling are unknown. The cost of discarding municipal waste in landfills is increasing much faster
than the rate of inflation, placing severe financial burdens on many municipalities.
During the past few years, the program has had notable successes. In data collection and analysis, a
major study on MSW management alternatives has been completed. The conclusion of that study
and an earlier assessment of research needs showed that not enough is known on the environmental
consequences or the costs of some waste management processes that are currently popular and
expanding, such as MSW composting. The program is continuing to fill the data gaps revealed in
the earlier studies. Successful pilot plant tests were completed on a novel approach for disposing of
sewage sludge in existing waste to energy plants; industry is developing a full scale test with their
funding. Tests are being conducted on inexpensive approaches to reduce acid gas emissions.
Anaerobic digestion of tuna sludge and MSW has been scaled-up to 1,000 liters. Important data is
being developed to recover and use landfill gas as a fuel.
Contact Person:
Simon Friedrich
Phone Number:
202-586-6759
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-222
Washington, DC 20585
81
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Industrial Combustion Efficiency
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $8,567
FY94 $4,029
Program Description: Substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are projected from
current and planned industrial Combustion Efficiency Programs. Combustion-related emissions arise
from (1) the consumption of less fuel, (2) the conversion from other fuels to natural gas, and (3)
from the elimination of the need for post combustion controls which emit greenhouse gases by
products. Projects now underway (oxy-fuel firing, advanced porous radiant burner, workpiece
analyzer and ferrous scrap preheater among others) are expected to reduce CO2 emissions by over
20 million tons of CO2 annually in less than 10 years after their initial use by industry.
A natural gas end-use technologies program authorized by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, EPACT
(Pub. L. 102-486), Section 2014, will result in the research development and demonstration of
combustion equipment with both very low pollutant emissions and increased efficiency. The former
will enable industry to meet 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment emission targets without add-on
controls thereby eliminating greenhouse emissions. These projects involve optimizing radiant
burner efficiency: catalytic combustion and porous media pebble burners among others. This group
of EPACT projects is expected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one 20 million tons annually
in less than 10 years after their initial use by industry. Additional reductions in CO2 emissions
amounting to several million tons annually are expected to result as industry convert, from coal-and
oil-fired units to this gas-fired equipment, due to its environmental attractiveness and rapid payback.
Cost share of 50% is required for the demonstration phase of this EPACT-mandated program. This
program is expected to start in FY 1994. The benefits to be realized by the year 2000 include energy
savings approximately 1 quad/years, reduction of 39 million tons of annual air emissions and dou-
bling of employment for combustion equipment manufacturers.
Contact Person:
Gideon M. Varga
Phone Number:
202-586-0082
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-221
Washington, DC 20585
82
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Cogeneration
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $4,416
FY94 $8,809
Program Description: The Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) program is a joint DOE Fossil
Energy and Energy Efficiency project. The program goal is for substantially improved efficiency,
reduced emissions, and reduced cost of electricity production. The program is cost-shared by indus-
try with support from national laboratories, research institutions, and universities.
The advanced turbine systems will run on natural gas and replace coal-based central power station
electricity production. The systems will operate at 60% combined cycle efficiency for utility scale
systems and 50% combined cycle efficiency for industrial scale systems compared to the national
average of 34% for central power stations. Emissions of nitrous oxides and carbon monoxide will be
reduced over ninety percent; carbon dioxide will be reduced over fifteen percent. New or replace-
ment capacity for the industrial units could exceed 150,000 MW by 2020.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Electric Power Research Institute, Gas
Research Institute, American Gas Association, American Cogeneration Association, Gas Turbine
Manufacturers Association, United States Advanced Ceramic Association, local agencies such as the
Santa Barbara Air Quality Management District, over fifty Universities, National Laboratories,
Utilities, Cogenerators, Gas Turbine manufacturers, and other industry suppliers and users of power
generation equipment.
Contact Person:
William Parks
Phone Number:
202-586-2093
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-221
Washington, DC 20585
83
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Fossil Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Combustion Systems
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $34,724
FY94 $42,837
Program Description: Emissions of carbon dioxide, which is postulated as a greenhouse gas
contributing to global climate change, are not currently regulated in the United States. If control
requirements are imposed on CO2 in the future, clean coal technologies would provide power gener-
ating utilities with the basis for effective approaches for reducing these emissions. Specifically,
since CO2 formation is inversely related to powerplant efficiency, the replacement of aging, lower-
efficiency powerplants with advanced, high-efficiency power systems of equal capacity would result
in significantly lower atmospheric emissions of CO2.
The technologies that comprise Combustion Systems focus on total system improvements that will
yield both far lower emissions and significantly higher efficiencies. The use of these advanced coal-
combustion power generation technologies can provide a significant improvement in carbon dioxide
emissions. For example, a 100-megawatt powerplant of 40 percent net efficiency will emit 17-1/2
percent less carbon dioxide than a 100-megawatt powerplant of 33 percent net efficiency that uses
the same fuel supply. Therefore, the replacement of aging, lower-efficiency powerplants with
advanced high-efficiency power generating systems of equal capacity will result in generation of
significantly lower amounts of carbon dioxide. The likelihood of future greenhouse gas emissions
regulations with respect to global climate change is unknown. If greenhouse gas emissions control
requirements are imposed, rapid change over to high-efficiency power generating technologies will
be a primary response.
Contact Person:
George Rudins
Phone Number:
301-903-3391
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
FE-23
Washington, DC 20685
84
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Fossil Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Natural Gas Utilization Research/Advanced Turbine Systems
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $13,860
FY94 $28,284
Program Description: The objective of the Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) Program is to
develop ultra-high efficiency, environmentally-superior, and cost-competitive gas turbine systems
for base-load application in utility, independent power producer, and industrial markets. Specific
performance targets have been set using natural gas as the primary fuel including system efficiency
that will exceed 60 percent on natural gas for large-scale utility turbine system; for industrial appli-
cations, system that will result in a 15 percent improvement in heat rate compared to currently
available gas turbine systems; an environmentally superior system that will not require use of post-
combustion emissions controls under full-load operating conditions; busbar energy costs that are 10
percent lèss than current state-of-the-art turbine systems, while meeting the same environmental
requirements; and fuel-flexible designs that will operate on natural gas, but are also capable of being
adapted to operate on coal, coal-derived, or biomass fuels.
The ATS Program has four elements:
1.
Innovative Cycle Development will lead to concept definition for integrated systems meeting
ATS Program goals.
2.
Utility System Development and Demonstration will consist of componentdesign and testing,
integrated subsystem testing, and full system demonstration of a utility system.
3.
Industrial System Development and Demonstration will consist of a 4,000-hour ceramic
retrofit engine test program and an advanced cycle industrial-scale system demonstration.
4.
Technology Base Development will support the overall program. A university/industry
consortium will provide cross-cutting technology support.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Electric Power Research Institute and Gas
Research Institute.
Contact Person:
Carey Kinney
Phone Number:
301-903-2827
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
FE-231
Washington, DC 20585
85
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Fossil Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Gas Stream Cleanup
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $15,801
FY94 $19,866
Program Description: The components being developed will remove contaminants such as sulfur,
carbon dioxide, ammonia, particulate, and potentially hazardous materials from the fuel gas for
advanced coal-based power systems. In addition, use of high temperature gas cleanup will help
improve the system efficiency. The Gas Stream Cleanup (GSCU) Program is part of the Control
Technology and Coal Preparation budget activity. It's objective is to develop in-process control
technology which will foster utilization of advanced coal-based power systems which are environ-
mentally superior, are significantly more efficient (produce less carbon dioxide), and will be less
costly than conventional coal-based plants. The GSCU Program is comprised of process research at
several scales to develop subsystems for removal of contaminants and to increase efficiency of
advanced coal-based power systems (integrated gasification combined cycle, pressurized fluid-bed
combustors). Our 2010 goal is to have developed advanced coal-based systems with at least 50
percent efficiency, which will reduce by up to 40 percent the carbon dioxide produced from today's
conventional coal-based powerplants.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA, DOI, DOT, DOC.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Electric utilities, energy producers engineer-
ing corporations, transportation companies; United Mine Workers of America.
Contact Person:
Edward Schmetz
Phone Number:
301-903-3931
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
FE-231
Washington, DC 20585
86
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Fossil Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Surface Coal Gasification
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $10,725
FY94 $11,850
Program Description: The Surface Coal Gasification Program consists of three subprograms-
Gasification Power Systems, Synthesis Gas Systems, and Mild Gasification Systems. The Gasifica-
tion Power Systems Program is focused on developing and demonstrating advanced gasification-
based power systems and their component subsystems; objectives are to develop, demonstrate, and
commercialize advanced gasification-based power systems having a net system efficiency of at least
45 percent by the year 2000 and of at least 50 percent net system efficiency by the year 2010. Prod-
ucts of this program will be ultra-high efficiency gasification-based power systems that also are
environmentally superior with respect to existing and planned environmental regulations. The
Synthesis Gas Systems Program is focused on developing and commercializing new coal-based
technologies that can lead to low cost, coal-based liquid fuels; the objective is to develop process
technology for producing coal-based liquid fuels and chemicals that will, in the future, have cost
advantages over their natural gas-based counterparts. The product of this program will be environ-
mentally benign processes for production of fuels and chemicals that can lessen dependence on
foreign energy sources. The Mild Gasification Systems Program is focused on developing and
commercializing new pyrolysis-based processes for converting coal into a broad spectrum of value-
added fuels, chemicals and industrial products; the objective is to develop process technology for
producing a broad slate of solid and liquid products from coal that will have cost advantages over
their petroleum-based counterparts. The product of this program will be environmentally benign
processes for production of fuels, chemicals, and industrial products that can lessen dependence on
foreign energy sources.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA, DOT, DOI, DOC.
Contact Person:
Richard Lynch
Phone Number:
301-903-2643
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
FE-231
Washington, DC 20585
87
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Fossil Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Clean Coal Technology Demonstration
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $0
FY94 $250,000
Program Description: Although this is a demonstration program, not R & D, it does involve
activities which are relevant to potential mitigating options for constraining CO2 emissions. The
program involves commercial scale demonstration of advanced coal using electric power generating
technologies which offer higher conversion efficiencies than existing and planned powerplants using
current technology, with a consequent reduction in CO2 emissions per unit of electrical output.
Operational results from the relevant projects currently in the program are expected in the 1997 -
1999 period.
By demonstrating the technical and economic feasibility of these advanced technologies under
realistic utility operating conditions, it becomes possible for institutions involved in policy formula-
tion, climate change modeling, and economic forecasting to more accurately anticipate what is
possible over the next 30 years in meeting global demands for additional electricity while limiting
emission of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere.
Contact Person:
Dr. C. Lowell Miller
Phone Number:
301-903-9435
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
FE-22
Washington, DC 20585
88
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Fossil Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Advanced Research and Technology Development
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $13,123
FY94 $13,852
Program Description: The Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR&TD) Program
addresses two types of activities. The first is a series of technical and economic analyses, coal
technology export, and international program support. This program would include analyses of the
costs associated with the removal, recovery, and disposal of CO2 from power plants, and the export
of more efficient (and therefore lower greenhouse gas producing) technologies to other countries.
The second focuses on research that is critical to the successful development of very high efficiency
power systems. The development of these technologies permits the continued use of fossil fuels in
an environmentally acceptable manner.
Contact Person:
Robert Kane
Phone Number:
202-586-4753
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
FE-4
Washington, DC 20585
89
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Fossil Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Magnetohydrodynamics
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $29,919
FY94 $4,822
Program Description: Goals are to develop cost effective, highly efficient, and environmentally
benign magnetohydrodynamic systems which operate on coal or other fuels. Objectives are to
transfer the technology to the private sector for demonstration and commercial introduction. Prod-
ucts of this program will be a new U.S. manufacturing industry with domestic and export sales of
power plants for a wide range of applications with efficiencies up to twice the current utility power
plant levels, emissions considerably less than current regulatory levels and carbon dioxide emissions
down to one half of current utility power plant levels.
Contact Person:
Victor Der
Phone Number:
301-903-2700
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
FE-73
Washington, DC 20585
90
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Fossil Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Fuel Cells
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $50,444
FY94 $49,278
Program Description: Goals are to develop cost effective, highly efficient, and environmentally
benign fuel cell systems which operate on natural gas and coal based fuels. Objectives are to dem-
onstrate and introduce commercial natural gas fueled units for cogeneration and utility power gen-
eration in a range of domestic and export market applications prior to the year 2000 and to introduce
commercial units operating on coal based fuels prior to the year 2010. Products of this program will
be a new U.S. manufacturing industry with domestic and export sales of power plants for a wide
range of applications with efficiencies up to twice the current utility power plant levels, emissions
less that 1/10th of regulatory levels and carbon dioxide emissions down to one half of current utility
power plant levels. An initiative beginning in FY 1995 will accelerate field testing and bring these
environmentally desirable power plants to market. The earliest market entry units are currently
available and more advanced units are being developed. Cost reduction and reliability are being
emphasized to enable broad market application.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: The Gas Research Institute, the Electric
Power Research Institute and the manufacturing companies addressing the development and market-
ing of these new power plants.
Contact Person:
Charles Pax
Phone Number:
301-903-2832
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
FE-73
Washington, DC 20585
91
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Nuclear Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Advanced Light Water Reactors (ALWR)
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $58,700
FY94 $57,800
Program Description: The ALWR program is a cooperative, cost-shared government/industry
program to design and develop standardized, safer, and more economic Light Water Reactors. The
Department is supporting energy technology programs for which there is commercial interest.
Commercial interest in this program has been clearly demonstrated by the financial commitment of
approximately $150 million made by electric utilities and nuclear vendors.
The goal of this program is to complete ALWR designs to the point where they can be certified (as
safe) by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and commercially standardized to the point where
their costs and schedules can be accurately estimated. This work is expected to be completed and
these reactors available to the marketplace later this decade.
This program develops a technology to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In par-
ticular, this program brings a source of electricity to the marketplace that does not produce green-
house gases.
Nuclear energy is only one of two large, commercially available technologies that emit no CO2 (the
other being hydro). The current nuclear plants displace over 100 million tons of carbon equivalent,
an amount approximately equal to the additional reduction required to meet the Administration's
Year 2000 goal. Each large (1000MWE) nuclear plant displaces 1-1.5 million tons of carbon
equivalent, depending upon the specific fossil fuel it displaces.
Contact Person:
Richard Oehl
Phone Number:
301-903-2948
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
NE-452
Washington, DC 20585
92
Agency:
Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Research
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Fusion Energy
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $313,700
FY94 $332,500
Program Description: The Fusion Program goal is to develop fusion energy as a potential con-
tributor to the Nation's electrical energy production mix. The objectives are to: (1) operate an
engineering test reactor about 2005; (2) perform a technology demonstration that verifies the practi-
cability of commercial electric power production by 2010; (3) operate a demonstration power plant
about 2025 and, (4) operate a prototype power plant by 2040. The program, if successful will
mitigate the concerns about global climate change since the operation of fusion-based electrical
production plants will result in the release of no greenhouse gases to the environment. Ongoing
experimental and theoretical programs are progressing toward the program objectives. Many re-
views of the program have been conducted over the past fifteen years. All of these reviews have
found the program to be of high merit with strong technical underpinnings. Each review has resulted
in budget recommendations that have not been matched by subsequent appropriations. This situation
could be leading to reconsideration of the program's mission, objectives and milestones dates.
Contact Person:
Albert L. Opdenaker
Phone Number:
301-903-4927
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
ER-50
Washington, DC 20585
93
Agency:
U.S. Department of Energy
Bureau:
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Americas 21st Century
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$0
FY94 $3,250
Program Description: This is an ongoing program legislatively mandated to assist the renewable
energy industry in the export of products and services to country markets in Latin America and the
Caribbean. Specific projects are cost shared with other countries with the maximum U.S. Federal
share being 25%.
Each project has the potential to prevent greenhouse gas emissions thus potentially forestalling,
through mitigation measures, global climate change. One recent program accomplishment in Brazil
has resulted in installation of photovoltaics in approximately 1,000 rural homes providing necessary
but clean energy services for household, education, medical, and irrigation needs. One measure of
success has been the request of the host government to replicate such projects for the state and there
have been requests from six other states for similar collaboration which will focus on productive
uses, including grain grinding, electric fencing, and diesel replacement in the environmentally
sensitive Amazon region. An expected 2 billion kWh of energy could be saved in the year 2000
through this effort.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOC, USAID, U.S. Export Council for Renewable En-
ergy, U.S. Export-Import Bank.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: U.S. Renewable Energy Industry.
Contact Person:
Thomas W. Sacco
Phone Number:
202-586-0759
Fax Number:
Mailing Address:
DOE
EE-542
Washington, DC 20585
94
Agency:
Department of the Interior
Bureau:
National Park Service/National Biological Survey
Function:
Mitigation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Air Quality Research and Monitoring
Budget (In Thousands):
FY94 $835
Program Description: The program is a component of a larger NPS program to identify the
sources, trends, and effects of atmospheric pollutants on the environment and ecosystems of the
National Park System. The component focuses on monitoring research and modelling of atmo-
spheric pollutants known to influence the Earth's radiation and heat budget. Program data improve
the scientific basis for assessing options to reduce sources of these pollutants. Principal activities
involve: ambient monitoring of ozone sulfur dioxide characterization of variability in atmospheric
haze and trends in visibility conditions, estimation of natural and anthropogenic contributions to
visibility impairment, identification of the pollutants responsible for visibility impairment, identifica-
tion of the sources of these pollutants, and quantification of the effects of reducing emissions at these
sources.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Interagency agreements with EPA to co-fund visibility
research, Forest Service on pollutant effects on natural ecosystems.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): None
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
John Christiano
Phone Number:
303-969-2070
Fax Number:
303-969-2822
Mailing Address:
National Park Service
Air Quality Division
PO Box 25287
Denver, CO 80225
95
C. ADAPTATION - FOCUSED
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Food, Forestry & Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Assessment of Crop Production under Global Climate Change.
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $105 FY94 $75
Program Description: The agronomic and economic effects of possible shifts in yield levels of
grain and forage crops under global environment changes are being assessed. Mechanistic crop
models are being used to investigate likely changes in the productivity of maize, soybean, wheat, and
forage with changes in atmospheric CO2 temperature, and rainfall. Increased interannual variation
in crop yields appears to be one of the most significant changes influencing the economics of agri-
culture. Analyses are being undertaken to investigate specifically the economic importance of the
projected changes in inter-annual variations in crop yields. Experimental work to provide basic
biological information on the effects of the environmental changes on crops are being researched
using the new technology of temperature gradient chambers. These chambers allow crops to be
grown in the field to observe the interactive effects of changes in both CO₂ and temperature on crop
growth and yield. The quality and productivity of various forage crops will be the focus of much of
this experimental work.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: The University of Florida.
Linkages with international organizations: International Geosphere Biosphere Program.
Contact Person:
T.R. Sinclair
Phone Number:
904-392-6180
Fax Number:
904-374-5852
Mailing Address:
Agronomy Physiology Laboratory
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611-0840
97
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Food, Forestry & Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Predicting How to Sustain Managed and Natural Ecosystems as
Human Populations and Climates Change.
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $192 FY94 $192
Program Description: Measurement of soybean leaf photosynthetic and plant growth responses to
enriched CO2, temperature, water stress and other climatic factors. Development of logic for a
generic plant model for quantifying stress levels, effects and interactions, with emphasis on possible
climate change effects on plant response. Approaches include continuous work on a soybean-corn-
pest cropping system model, development of a global ecological information base (biophysical logic
and associated coefficients, with emphasis on plants and their interactions with pests and herbivores)
for quantifying the behavior of both natural and managed (agroforest) ecosystems, and participation
in local tallgrass prairie and savanna conservation efforts. Changes taking place in horticulture,
landscape design, ecosystem restoration and plant breeding, particularly in the input of hobbyists or
volunteers, offer great promise for mitigating climate change effects on natural and managed
agroforest ecosystems, as well as for coming up with effective ways of fixing and permanently
storing carbon and developing sustainable agroforest and natural ecosystems.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: None.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: None.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact Person:
J. D. Hesketh
Phone Number:
217-244-4351
Fax Number:
217-244-4419
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
Photosynthesis Research Unit
190 PABL, University of Illinois
1201 W. Gregory Dr.
Urbana, IL 61801-3838
98
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Food, Forestry & Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Global Change and the Structure and Function of Ecosystems
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $100 FY94 $100
Program Description: Experiments are conducted in growth chambers to establish the effects of
the doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels since the last Ice Age and the 28% increase
over the last 200 years on plants of importance to agriculture. Increasing atmospheric CO2 from Ice
Age levels, near 150 ppm, to the current ambient, about 350 ppm, sometimes doubled or tripled the
growth and yield of agronomic and forage plants. For instance, grain yields of spring wheat in-
creased 300% over the 75% rise in CO2 from the Ice Age level of about 200 ppm to current ambient
when grown under well watered conditions. Wheat grain yields increased by about 50% over the
28% rise in atmospheric CO2 experienced since the beginning of the Industrial Age. Comparable
increases were observed in leaf area and total above ground biomass; forage yields of species such as
wheat and oats with the C₃ photosynthetic pathway tripled over the 75% rise in CO2. Water stress
reduced but did not eliminate the positive effects of rising CO2 on growth and yield. Positive effects
of increasing atmospheric CO2 were associated with higher photosynthetic rates and higher water,
light, and nitrogen use efficiencies. These studies suggest that direct effects of rising CO2 on plants
have played a role in historical increases in agricultural productivity and must be considered when
modeling the effects of global change on agriculture and the carbon cycle.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: None.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Texas A&M University.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact person:
H.W. Polley
Phone Number:
817-770-6629
Fax Number:
817-770-6561
Mailing Address:
USDA, ARS
808 East Blackland Rd.
Temple, TX 76502
99
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Effects of Management and Climate on Rangeland Water Supplies
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $520 FY94 $519
Project Description: Develop methods to improve our ability to understand and describe the
temporal and spatial aggregation of water, energy, and mass fluxes from small watersheds to larger,
complex watersheds and to disaggregate water and energy fluxes from general circulation models
(GCM'S) through mesoscale models to smaller agricultural watersheds to develop methods of
determining effects of global change on rangeland water supplies.
Hydrologic data from small plots to the 150 sq km Walnut Gulch Watershed will be used to calibrate
and validate relationships between temporal and spatial scales in hydrologic model components to
develop methods of understanding and modeling water, energy, and mass fluxes over this range of
scales. The models will be used to extend this process-based knowledge to river basin scales as an
adjunct to, and validation tool for, GCM climate change predictions. Time series analyses of global
change data from point, watershed, regional, national, and global scales will be used to separate
natural variations in climate and weather from anthropogenic effects and from land use and manage-
ment effects. This information will be used to validate the hydrologic and general circulation model
predictions of trends and cycles. Quantified anthropogenic effects and validated models will be used
in decision support systems to select the best mitigation strategy from among alternative strategies.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE, NASA, USGS.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: University of Arizona, Alamos and Sandia
National Laboratories (Decision Support Systems).
Linkages with international organizations: CIDESON (Center for Research and Development of
Natural Resources of Sonora, Mexico), LERTS (Toluse, France).
Contact Person:
Leonard J. Lane
Phone Number:
602-670-6482
Fax Number:
602-670-5550
Mailing Address:
USDA-ARS
2000 E. Allen Rd.
Tucson, AZ 85719
100
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Food, Forestry, and Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Global Climate: Effects of Chemical and Physical Changes in the
Atmosphere on Crop Productivity
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $1,234
FY94 $1,195
Program Description: The overall program mission is to determine the potential effects of selected
aspects of global change on crop systems. Primary global change variables currently being investi-
gated include elevated carbon dioxide, tropospheric ozone, and enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation.
Research is conducted under field, greenhouse, phytotron and laboratory conditions. Current re-
search includes: 1) studies of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone effects on physiology, growth, and
yield, 2) examination of ozone and carbon dioxide effects on plant-pathogen/pest and rhizosphere
associations, 3) development of stress-resistant cultivars 4) determination of mechanisms of action
of air pollutants and physiological and biochemical mechanisms of resistance for use in mitigative
actions, 5) application of environmental, physiological, and growth data in crop growth simulation
models for use in mitigative strategies, 6) development of a biomonitoring system for ozone stress,
and 7) studies of the extent magnitude, and location of long-term changes in the condition of
agroecosystems.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE, EPA.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia: EASE (Environmental
Assessment for the Southeast), North Carolina State University (cooperative research, NE-176
(Northeastern Regional Project - Characterization of Plant Responses to Ozone).
Linkages with international organizations: German Ministry of Agriculture, ESPACE (European
Stress Physiology and Climate Experiment), National Institute of Agro- Environmental Sciences
(global change research).
Contact Person:
Joseph E. Miller
Phone Number:
919-515-3311
Fax Number:
919-515-3593
Mailing address:
USDA-AHH
1509 Varsity Drive
Raleigh, NC 27606
101
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Food, Forestry, and Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Development and Validation of Decision Support Systems for
Maintenance and Restoration of Rangeland Plant Communities
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$120
FY94
$60
Program Description: An interactive climate-vegetation-soil model is being developed to predict
the effects of seedbed microclimate on early plant establishment. Methodology is being developed
to characterize seedbed microclimatic conditions under any combination of soil condition, vegetation
cover, and potential climate regime. Methodology also is being developed to predict seed germina-
tion, seedling establishment, and species persistence under potential future seedbed microclimatic
scenarios. Model system components are being developed in a modular format to facilitate technol-
ogy transfer and to enhance compatibility with other terrestrial ecosystems models. This modeling
system can be used to evaluate potential climate change effects or early plant establishment in the
sagebrush/bunchgrass region of the Great Basin. Modeling technology will be transferred to the
Bureau of Land Management as a burn-rehabilitation and plant community restoration tool for the
Snake River Plain region of Idaho. This modeling system will form the basis for a larger modeling
complex to evaluate hydrologic effects on the structure and function of rangeland ecosystems.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOI.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: University of Idaho.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact Person:
S.P. Hardegree
Phone Number:
208-334-1363
Fax Number:
208-334-1502
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
Northwest Watershed Research Center
800 Park Blvd., Plaza IV, Suite 105
Boise, ID 83712
102
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Characterization and Prediction of Water and Energy Fluxes
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $586 FY94 $585
Program Description: Improve prediction of water and energy fluxes within terrestrial ecosystems
by accounting for spatial and temporal variability as a function of scale. By measuring water and
energy fluxes over a range of scales using new conceptual and technological approaches that account
for spatial and temporal variability, and by interpreting the results to develop improved characteriza-
tions of the temporal and spatial variability of climatic variables, which will enhance physically-
based hydrologic models to better represent and assess spatial and temporal variations in water and
energy fluxes at various scales. The new models then will be used to estimate the effects of global
change on hydrologic processes and to identify potential mitigating and adaptive strategies to ad-
dress future climatic scenarios.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOI.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: University of Idaho and Utah State Univer-
sity.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact Person:
J.R. Wright
Phone Number:
208-334-1363
Fax Number:
208-334-1502
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
Northwest Watershed Research Center
800 Park Blvd. Plaza IV, Suite 105
Boise, Idaho 83712
103
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Food, Forestry, and Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Nematode Indicators of Global Change: Relationship of Nematode
Soil Populations to Climate Change in Grassland Ecosystems.
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $25
FY94 $25
Program Description: Nematodes are ideal entities for use as ecological indicators of climatic
change. Nematodes are small and have short generation time that allows them to react quickly to
food supply changes. They are able to survive extreme desiccation and degrees of pollution. Deter-
minations of seasonal nematode population are used to determine environmental stress resulting in a
change in the overall structure of different nematode groups referred to as trophic groups and distin-
guished by their feeding habits. Trophic groups are classified as: 1) plant parasites, 2)
microbivores, 3) fungivores, 4) omnivores, and 5) predacious nematodes, and changes in trophic
structure are used to monitor climatic change. An increase in soil bacteria results in an increase in
microbivores, while an increase in fungi results in an increase in fungivores, etc. This is an excellent
method of determining changes in the soil biology that directly affects plant growth.
Linkage with other units: Linkage with N.W. Watershed Research Center. The center has devel-
oped a computer model (SPUR) that documents differences in environmental and climatic conditions
and plant ecology at different elevations and plant environs. Nematode data from the Global Change
Research will be utilized in model development and result in a greater understanding of the effect of
global change on flora and fauna.
Contact Person:
G.D. Griffin
Phone Number:
801-750-3073
Fax Number:
801-750-3075
Mailing Address:
Forage and Range Research
USDA-ARS
Utah State University
Logan, UT 84322-6300
104
Agency:
National Science Foundation
Bureau:
Division of International Programs
Function:
Adaptation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
International Programs
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $850
FY94 $890
Program Description: The international programs support the work of U.S. scientists and engi-
neers cooperating with those of other countries in mutually beneficial research, education, and
related activities.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Linkages are with AID, State Department and OSTP.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (Non-Federal funding): None.
Linkages with international organization: ICSU, SCOPE, IIASA.
Contact Person:
Marcel Bardon/William Y.B. Chang
Phone Number:
703-406-1710/703-306-1704
Fax Number:
703-306-0476
Mailing Address:
NSF
4201 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22230
105
Agency:
National Science Foundation
Bureau:
Division of Biological and Critical Systems
Function:
Adaptation: Natural Systems
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Zones
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $0
FY94 $0
Program Description: The purpose of funding research in the area of "Impact of Global Change on
Coastal Zones" is to advance the capabilities to predict, assess, and mitigate the effect of possible
climate changes on coastal areas, coastal constructed systems, and infrastructures. The major critical
research topics are: vulnerability of coastal areas to the action of natural and anthropogenic forces
coupled with a possible global climate and sea level changes; effects of these combined stresses on
shorelines, estuaries, marshlands, barrier islands, infrastructure, geosystems and constructed sys-
tems; improved and new adaptations measures to potential new coastal conditions; and improved
and new mitigation and modification techniques and procedures for minimizing the impacts of
coastal zones under climate induced changes.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: NOAA, Corps of Engineers, USGS, NASA, FEMA.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (non-Federal funding): Construction
industry, insurance industry.
Linkages with international organizations: United Nations International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction, World Meteorological Organization.
Contact Person:
Dr. Nora Sabadell
Phone Number:
703-306-1362
Fax Number:
703-306-0291
Mailing Address:
National Science Foundation
Directorate for Engineering
Room 545
4201 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22230
106
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
National Environmental Research Center
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources; Nátural Systems;
Food, Fiber, and Forestry; and Human Systems
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Regional Climate Change Impact Assessment
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$20
FY94 $300
Program Description: TVA is conducting assessments of how climate changes and variations may
affect its various programs and the resources of the TVA region. The reservoir system, power
system, natural resources, agriculture, silviculture, and economic development are all subject to this
concern. Improvements in understanding the natural processes in the TVA region and the effects of
human activities on them also will be gained from this assessment program. An integrating theme is
to improve the capacity to assess the effects of global change at regional scales on intensively man-
aged natural terrestrial ecosystems. The approach involves development and use of regional climate
scenarios, analysis of regional-global climate pattern relationships, assessment of potential impacts
in each program area and in an integrated manner, and strategic planning to develop options or
contingency plans. Initial screening has been conducted and climate scenario impact assessments
have been started. An initial regional climatic data base is being expanded. Three future climate
scenarios and a, "no change" climate scenario have been developed from historical data and are
judged to be reasonably applicable to the next 30-50 years. Assessments of low-level atmospheric
dispersion conditions for a nuclear plant and heating and cooling requirements for a locality have
been conducted. Scenario methods of others and output from regional climate models initialized by
output from global climate models will be evaluated to improve TVA region scenarios.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: USDA, DOI, USACE, EPA, DOE, NASA, and NOAA.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): Interaction with
Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Consortium, EPRI, and academia (e.g., the University
of Alabama at Huntsville and the University of Tennessee). Funding of $20,000 in FY 1993, FY
1994, and expected in FY 1995 from TVA non-appropriated research and development budget.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact Person:
Norris A. Nielsen
Phone Number:
205-386-3036
Fax Number:
205-386-2499
Mailing Address:
TVA, Atmospheric Sciences
Post Office Box 1010
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660
107
Agency:
Department of the Interior
Bureau:
National Park Service/National Biological Survey
Function:
Adaptation
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Research on Ecosystem Processes and Biological Diversity
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$395
FY94
$395
Program Description: The program goal is to improve the scientific basis for adaptive manage-
ment of the types of ecosystem responses likely to be associated with climatic and other global
environmental changes. The program seeks to achieve this goal through coordination of observa-
tional and experimental research, modelling, and scientific assessments of management practices to,
address the effects of natural and anthropogenic influences on the structure and function of terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems, and selected components of biological diversity, represented in the National
Park System. It includes parts of programs listed as contributing programs in the U.S. Global
Change Research Program (Ecological Systems and Dynamics: Integrated Studies of National Park
Ecosystems, and Integrated Ecological Research in Small Watersheds). Program components
include: the ecology, physiology, population dynamics, genetics, and management of native species
potentially sensitive to changes in climatic and other regional and global environmental influences
due to narrow environmental tolerances, strict habitat requirements, limited reproductive potential,
or other characteristics; the ecology, physiology, population dynamics and management of native
and exotic opportunistic species, such as insect pests and disease organisms, that could become
invasive under ecological disturbances associated with global change; fire as a tool for managing
ecological succession and landscape dynamics; habitat fragmentation as a factor in landscape man-
agement for maintaining native biological diversity; effects of coastal processes on ecological
succession on coastal barriers and associated wetlands; experimental restoration of natural ecosys-
tem processes and biological diversity in habitats degraded by prior human disturbance.
The program includes the use of small watersheds for long-term interdisciplinary research to charac-
terize variations in ecosystem structure and function. This program component provides baseline
data for developing and testing hypotheses regarding the contributions of natural and human stres-
sors as causes of ecosystem change in protected national park ecosystems. The data facilitate com-
parative studies with managed watersheds to assess the contributions of these stressors under various
ecosystem uses and management practices.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: The National Park Service and the National Biological
Survey work cooperatively to accomplish these activities. Other linkages are developed on a project
basis and involve coordination with Federal and state land managing agencies, Federal research
agencies, and Federally-supported Long-term Ecological Research Sites.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): The program
includes research conducted under cooperative agreements between the NPS and universities (Na-
tional Park Service Cooperative Park Studies Units), contract research with universities and research
institutions, and some studies conducted under cooperative agreements with nongovernmental
organizations (e.g., The Nature Conservancy).
108
Linkages with international organizations: Much of the program involves use of NPS units of the
International Network of Biosphere Reserves, which facilitates international linkages through
UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program. Cooperative biosphere reserve research in
small watersheds is underway with the Russian Academy of Sciences. The NPS is participating in
an effort of European and North American MAB organizations to strengthen use of biosphere re-
serves as ecological field stations for detecting global change signals.
Contact Person:
John Dennis/Raymond Herrmann
Phone Number:
202-343-8102/303-419-7825
Fax Number:
202-343-8137/303-491-1511
Mailing Address:
National Park Service (490)
PO Box 3712
Washington, DC 20013-7127
National Biological Survey
Water Resources Cooperative Park
Studies Unit
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO 80523
109
Agency:
Department of the Interior
Bureau:
U.S. Geological Survey
Function:
Adaptation:
All
Sources
Focused or Contributory:
Focused
Program Title:
Land Characterization and Data Management
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$7,400
FY94 $7,400
Program Description: This program makes significant contributions to the development, process-
ing, preservation, management, and distribution of land surface-related earth science data for global
change research and in developing strategies for responding to the effects of global change. It
includes facilitating data use by the research community, and the program supports interagency
global change data management activities. The program has three main activities whose products
are already in use by global change researchers:
1. Land characterization research: Long-term, consistent land data sets are being developed at
regional to global scales. Emphasis is being given to data sets related to land cover characteristics,
soils, terrain, and derived data such as vegetation indexes and land surface brightness. Application
of these data include modeling land-atmosphere exchange processes, mapping and analyzing vulner-
ability of arid and semi-arid land to changes in climate, and developing methods to monitor, analyze,
and predict patterns of natural and human-induced change in the landscape.
2. Land data directory, catalog, and inventory systems development: The Global Land Information
System (GLIS) provides information about and access to global land data sets. An operational work-
station version of GLIS provides information about AVHRR satellite data, vegetation index data
derived from AVHRR data, Landsat MSS/TM data, and global cartographic and vegetation data.
3. Landsat maintenance and conversion: Current activities include conversion to a stable storage
medium of approximately 300,000 scenes of post-1978 MSS data (30% of these data were converted
by mid-1993) and 170,000 scenes of Landsat TM data, and the development of improved Landsat
data processing capabilities.
Land characteristics data sets are being used to improve the representation of the Earth's land sur-
face in global and mesoscale atmospheric and other models, which are being used to predict the
consequences of increases in greenhouse gases, changes in climate, and the effects of desertification
and deforestation.
These data sets also are important to the information infrastructure necessary for effective ecosystem
management, the preservation of biological diversity, and the development of adaptation and mitiga-
tion stratégies to address environmental impacts related to the management of sensitive lands. GLIS
is improving the efficiency with which users can evaluate the characteristics and coverage of archive
as an essential data source for global change research; this program is ensuring that Landsat data are
preserved and that the data are made available to the modeling and research communities and the
public.
The quality of the program is evident in the dissemination and use of its products, like the Land
Cover Characteristics Data Base, GLIS, and the Landsat archive, as well as the successful applica-
tion of the data by global change researchers.
110
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Land characteristics research is producing valuable data
about the Earth's surface, which are important to several national and international programs includ-
ing NASA Pathfinder, USFWS GAP, EPA EMAP, USGS NAQWA, and NASA BOREAS pro-
grams. Coordination of these efforts occurs through the Working Groups of the USGCRP.
Data management efforts of this program provide the core capability to link DOI with other agencies
developing the Global Change Data and Information Systems, which closely coordinated with the
IWGDMGC, the EOSDIS program, and other national and international organizations involved with
global change data management. Landsat data conversion is closely coordinated with the Landsat
Program Office (NASA and DOD) and NOAA:
Other federal agency coordination includes: As part of this program, the USGS is collaborating
with the USDA (USFS, SCS, ARS) to conduct global change research at the Terrestrial Ecosystems
Regional Research and Analysis (TERRA) Laboratory. This laboratory provides an environment for
multidisciplinary approaches to problem solving in the earth sciences that integrates issues, stake-
holders, data and information, and models of terrestrial systems and processes with visualization
capabilities for analysis and use by decision and policy makers.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (Non-federal funding): University and
private sector organization also are working with the TERRA Laboratory. Landsat-related activities
involve coordination with EOSAT, the commercial Landsat system operator. Land characterization
research involves links with several universities. Collaboration is occurring with NCAR as part of
their land/atmosphere interactions research.
Linkages with international organizations: Links have been established with the IGBP concern-
ing the development of global land cover data, and with UNEP/GRID in providing access to global
data sets. Collaboration with USAID in Africa has involved research to establish a multi-level
framework for monitoring landscape change in Senegal, West Africa. Data base development land
map production activities in arctic regions have involved links with the International Committee of
Arctic Flora and Fauna. An archive of global 1-km resolution NOAA AVHRR data is being devel-
oped with the cooperation of the European Space Agency, Canada Center for Remote Sensing, and
ground receiving stations in many countries. Global soil data set development includes collaboration
with the UN-FAO. Collaboration with the WCRP GEWEX Continental-scale Implementation
Project has involved development of elevation and other land characteristics data.
Contact Person:
Larry Pettinger
Dave Kirtland
Phone Number:
703-648-4519
703-648-4712
Fax Number:
703-648-5755
703-648-5542
Mailing Address:
U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Geological Survey
590 National Center
519 National Center
Reston, VA 22092
Reston, VA 22092
111
D. ADAPTATION - CONTRIBUTORY
0
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Quantification and Integration of Basin Scale Hydrologic Fluxes
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $200 FY94 $200
Program Description: Methods are being developed to characterize the spatial and temporal;
variation of various hydrologic processes and variables in a basin using new techniques like remote
sensing and geographic information systems. These processes and variables include snow cover and
snow water equivalent, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, vegetation, and other factors in the energy
and water budgets. Complementary methods for aggregation and disaggregation of hydrologic
processes and variables over a range of scales are being developed based on large area field experi-
ments. Workshops developing scenarios of hydrologic climate change for water supply managers
are being conducted. Climatic change in temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and solar radiation
will be considered in developing future scenarios for water resource mangers and decision makers.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: USGS (cooperative snowmelt modelling and
intercomparisons)
Linkages with private sector and academia: University of Maryland, Electric Power Research
Institute, Pacific Institute.
Linkages with international organizations: University of Berne, Switzerland; HAPEX-Sahel;
National Hydrologic Research Institute, Canada; GEWEX.
Contact Person:
A. Rango
Phone Number:
301-504-7490
Fax Number:
301-504-8931
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS/BARC-W
Bldg. 007, Rm. 104
Beltsville, MD 20705
113
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Food, Forestry, and Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Germplasm Enhancement to Complement and Conserve Southern
Plains Range Ecosystems
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$753
FY94 $749
Program Description: Controlled hybridizations by appropriate breeding techniques, i. e., emascu-
lation, controlled pollinations, selfings, intermatings and backcrosses, will be used to intensify and
combine desirable characteristics into improved cultivars of eastern gamagrass. Random mating
populations of adapted genotypes of Texas bluegrass and mixtures of big bluestem with sand
bluestem will be developed. The above grasses with sexual modes of reproduction will undergo
recurrent selection procedures for increased forage and seed yield, forage quality and establishment
capability between polycross generations. The above species and adapted genotypes of Old World
bluestems will be evaluated for tolerance to soil salinity, iron deficiency, temperature and moisture
extremes, and insect and disease damage in greenhouse and field studies. Promising genotypes will
be screened for beef production potential.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: None.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Oklahoma State University.
Contact Person:
P.L. Sims
Phone Number:
405 256-7449
Fax Number:
405-256-1322
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
Southern Plains Range Research Station
2000 18th Street
Woodward, OK 73801
114
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Agricultural Research Service
Function:
Adaptation: Combined
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Intelligent Farm Management System Support
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $640 FY94 $640
Program Description: This project supports the ARS Intelligent Farm Management System initia-
tive, which seeks to provide integrated knowledge and technology to managers of agricultural
systems to help them tailor management of crop systems to take maximum advantage of environ-
mental conditions - resulting in improved resource management and competitiveness in international
markets. We deal with the potato production system, which includes not only the potato, but all of
the crops grown in rotation with it. There are two broad areas of research: 1) component research -
developing new knowledge, technologies and cultivars to solve specific potato disease, pest and
stress problems identified by growers; and 2) integration research - developing and validating crop
simulation computer models that incorporate these and other basic science components into pack-
ages that can serve as foundations for computerized decision support systems for production manag-
ers.
Research under (2) includes the development and validation of a potato crop growth model for the
mid-Columbia area. Work is evolving in the formation of a "government-academia-industry team"
to develop information and management technologies for the highly productive potato industry in
the Pacific Northwest. Through this team's efforts, validated crop simulation models for all crops
within the potato production system will be integrated into commercial crop management decision-
support systems as a means of packaging and transferring science knowledge to production manag-
ers.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOE (Supports ARS CO2 vegetative responsive research
at Beltsville, MD, which cooperates with us).
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia: Members of our Intelligent Farming Team
of approximately 50 are drawn from government, academia, and private industry.
Contact Person:
S.L. Rawlins
Phone Number:
509-786-3454
Fax Number:
509-786-4635
Mailing Address:
USDA/ARS
Route 2, Box 2953A
Prosser, WA 99350
115
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Forest Service
Function:
Adaptation, Economic, and Social
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Ecosystem Management Research and Assessment
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $15
FY94 $15.5
Program Description: Ecosystem Management Research and Assessment supports the Forest
Service's commitment to implement ecosystem management on the national forests and grasslands
by providing the necessary knowledge, technology, and scientific assistance. It relies heavily on
scientific knowledge provided by the Foundation Program. Practices developed through this re-
search will place more emphasis on ecological relationships, conservation of biological diversity,
sustained productivity, forest health, socio-economic considerations, and new forest management
techniques. Research emphases are to: better understand the impacts of resource management and
use on ecosystem structure, composition, and function; provide information on integrating resource
uses and ecological values across a range of spatial and temporal scales; develop knowledge and
technologies needed to maintain and enhance biological diversity and ecosystem productivity while
maintaining resources for human uses; determine the biological, physical, and socio-economic
implications of ecosystem management; develop the knowledge and technologies to monitor man-
agement impacts on ecosystems at multiple spatial and temporal scales; and to provide syntheses of
current knowledge about ecosystem structure and function and apply this knowledge to ecosystem
management. Timely forest inventory information is essential to forest management and to monitor
forest ecosystem changes. Understanding how forest ecosystems respond to change will provide a
rational basis for improved management of our Nation's forests. We will: maintain the forest
inventory cycle; provide long-term permanent sample data for ecosystem management; continue to
develop and provide universal data protocols across ownerships for our regional, national, and global
clients; develop techniques to provide critical baseline information to monitor the wildland/urban
interface; and continue to develop remote sensing/videography and sampling technology to improve
forest ecosystem monitoring.
Contact Person:
Elvia Niebla
Phone Number:
202-205-1561
Fax Number:
202-205-2497
Mailing Address:
PO Box 96090
Washington, DC 20090-6090
116
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Forest Service
Function:
Adaptation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Threatened & Endangered Species Research
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $8,300
FY94 $8,500
Program Description: Although over 200 federally listed T&E species exist on National Forest
Land lands, recovery plans exist for less than half. Research has conducted studies on fewer than 20.
We have a legal obligation to conserve T&E species in the Endangered Species Act and the National
Forest Management Act. At the FY 1994 President's Budget level, the scope of research will
broaden slightly to encompass approximately 25 individual species. At this level, salmon and
steelhead stocks proposed for Federal listing receive only marginal attention. Broadening the pro-
gram to cover more species is absolutely essential if research is to get ahead of future species popu-
lation declines. We are emphasizing research in areas where we envision receiving the most ques-
tions in the future. The goals of our FY 1995 T&E Species research program are to:
o
Provide stronger scientific support for development of
inter-Regional conservation strategies;
Strengthen scientific credibility of recovery plans and
management guidelines; and
o
Provide objective, scientific status information for listing and
de-listing decisions.
Contact Person:
Elvia Niebla
Phone Number:
202-205-1561
Fax Number:
202-205-2497
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 96090
Washington, DC 20090-6090
117
Agency:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Bureau:
Forest Service
Function:
Adaptation, Mitigation, Economic, and Social
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Global Change Research Program
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$22,100
FY94 $22,000
Program Description: The USDA Forest Service, in partnership with eight Federal Departments
and Independent Agencies, began its Global Change Research Program in FY 1989. It contributes
much of the necessary research on the forestry aspects of global change. The Forest Service Global
Change Research Program (FSGCRP) is managed through four cooperative programs and a forest
products component with national coordination from Washington, DC. The FSGCRP emphasizes an
ecosystem approach and cooperative arrangements with other agencies, universities, and industry.
Forest and forestry practices have become major areas of interest in international negotiations to
slow global change. Increased carbon sequestration through more productive forest management,
afforestation, and urban tree planting are seen as ways to mitigate global change. The FSGCRP
ensures that scientists who understand multiple-use forestry continue to play a significant role in the
development of the scientific knowledge required for global change management and policy deci-
sions.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Through the US Department of Agriculture's Global
Change Research Program and the Committee on Earth and Environmental Science's Global Change
Committee, FSGCRP is linked with all other agencies participating in the U.S. program.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): The FSGCRP
works with and funds cooperators at universities throughout the United States as well as private
industry.
Linkages with international organizations: North American Forestry Commission, IPCC, Interna-
tional Union of Forestry Research Organization
Contact Person:
Elvia Niebla
Phone Number:
202-205-1561
Fax Number:
202-205-2497
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 96090
Washington, DC 20090-6090
118
Agency:
National Science Foundation
Bureau:
Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources; Food, Foresty,
and Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Division of Materials Research
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $163 FY94 $175
Program Description: The Division of Materials research supports research to advance the funda-
mental understanding of the physics and chemistry of materials to promote the development of new
materials with novel or superior properties, and to further the understanding of interrelationships
among synthesis and processing, structure and composition, proprieties, and performance of materi-
als at molecular, microscopic and macroscopic levels. Activities of the Division of Materials Re-
search are inherently inter-disciplinary and involve the cooperative interactions of scientists and
engineers from many disciplines, including mathematics, condensed matter physics, chemistry,
materials science, engineering, and biological sciences. To optimally balance disciplinary and
multidisciplinary activities, individual investigator research is supported through the Materials
Research Project Support Program; multi-investigator research is supported through the Materials
Research Science and Engineering Centers; and national user facilities and major instrumentation is
supported through the National Facilities and Instrumentation Program. Focused investment in the
development and retention of human resources is an essential component of each of these modes of
support.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Coordination with other Federal agencies is carried out
through several working groups of the Subcommittee on Materials (COMAT) of the FCCSET
Committee on Industry and Technology (CIT), Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP).
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (Non-Federal funding): Private sector and
NGO linkages through collaborations with NSF supported university research activities; linkages to
academia through grants and cooperative agreements.
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
Norbert Bikales
Phone Number:
703-306-1830
Fax Number:
703-306-0515
Mailing Address:
NSF
4201 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22230
119
Agency:
National Science Foundation
Bureau:
Division of Civil and Mechanical Systems
Function:
Adaptation: Food, Forestry and Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Technologies for
Waste Management
Budget (In Thousands):
FY94 $750
Program Description: Solid wastes are a by-product of industrialized, urbanized societies: munici-
pal refuse has been piling up in "sanitary" landfills, and hazardous wastes from industries can be
found in a proliferation of hazardous wastes sites. Several programs have been evolving over the
past 15 years for the clean-up of the pollution caused by earlier disposal practices; and for the mod-
ern treatment and disposal of the continuously generated hazardous waste stream. We are at the
cross-roads where new Environmental Technologies are required to accelerate the pace and reduce
the clean-up cost of existing sites; and to devise innovative approaches for the treatment/manage-
ment of new industrial wastes. At the Geo-Environmental group of NSF, a multifaceted program
has been adopted covering the following developments: new landfill designs concepts that include
innovative technologies for the protection of groundwaters, deformability and stability of geomedia,
cap design, and monitoring; new models to enhance selection process of a waste site (managing
risk), identify hidden soil conditions, macropores and other discontinuities; new geoenvironmental
technologies for waste treatment and minimization assessment procedure including source reduction
and recycling (how certain type of soils can enhance this method); new hazard analysis and hazard
identification techniques; new technologies for perpetual storage (such as, underground injection,
waste piles, surface impoundments, salt formations, arid region unsaturated zone, use of
geosynthetics), new models to predict long-term effects of contaminants; and use of fully automated
geo-robots to dispose of highly contaminated soils. The focus of our Hazardous Waste Management
program is on developing state of the art procedures that will greatly enhance the existing time-
consuming and expensive procedures used for an overall waste reduction plan.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: FHWA, EPA, AFOSR
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (Non-Federal funding): None
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
Mehmet T. Tumay
Phone Number:
703-306-1361
Fax Number:
703-306-0291
Mailing Address:
Division of Civil and Mechanical Systems
4201 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22230
120
Agency:
National Science Foundation
Bureau:
Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences
Function:
Mitigation:
All Greenhouse Gases
Adaptation:
Water Resources; Natural Systems;
Food, Forestry, Fiber; Human Systems
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Division of Chemistry
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $18,783
FY94 $19,300
Program Description: The Division of Chemistry supports programs in research, training and
education through focused investment in disciplinary research projects, shared multi-user instrumen-
tation, human resource development, and interdisciplinary research. Disciplinary program activities
are directed toward discovery and characterization of new substances, selective separation and
purification, synthesis of new materials with designed properties, elucidation of how chemical
processes occur, and formulation of general laws governing chemical structure and activity. This
portfolio of disciplinary projects includes research on the interactions of greenhouse gases (GHGs)
with light, other atmospheric gases, surfaces, and other relevant substances. Also included are
investigations of the complex chemical processes, both natural and industrial, which lead to GHG
production and release. Additionally, research to develop a knowledge base which will allow com-
plete determination of the state and fate of environmentally sensitive chemical substances in the
biosphere, and prediction of behavior of new substances is supported in disciplinary projects. Large,
multi-user instruments which are provided on a cost-sharing basis as a component of chemistry
department support facilities enable research teams to develop analytical techniques and improved
instrumentation as part of their chemistry problem-solving research. Interdisciplinary research
activities include initiatives in advanced materials, biotechnology, and environmentally benign
chemical synthesis, and the support of two NSF Science and Technology Centers.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Coordination through Federal Interagency Chemistry
Representatives; MOU with EPA on environmentally benign synthesis.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia: Private sector and NGO linkages through
NSF Science and Technology Centers; linkages to academia through grants and cooperative agree-
ments.
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
John B. Hunt, Acting Director
Phone Number:
202-357-7947
Fax Number:
202-357-0240
Mailing Address:
NSF
Chemistry Division
1800 G. St., NW
Washington, DC 20550
121
Agency:
National Science Foundation
Bureau:
Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences
Function:
Mitigation:
All
Adaptation:
All
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Division of Mathematical Sciences
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $8,950
FY94 $8,500
Program Description: The Division of Mathematical Sciences supports research activities through
grants and cooperative agreements with academic institutions, research centers, professional societ-
ies and individual scientists for disciplinary and interdisciplinary research, for support of students
from undergraduates through post-doctoral fellows, for conferences and other special projects. The
thrusts of these activities lie in three directions: the creation and development of mathematical ideas,
methods and techniques; the application and interaction with theory and practice in substantive
science or engineering; and/or their diffusion into the infrastructure for education and human re-
source development and the technology base. Particularly relevant to mitigation and adaptation is
the research in mathematical modeling for both physical and stochastic contexts, simulation, control,
imaging, and algorithm development. These research efforts cut across the program structure of the
division with greatest concentrations in applied mathematics, statistics and probability, computa-
tional mathematics and special projects, and with significant efforts within classical analysis and
geometric analysis.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: The Interagency Committee for Extramural Mathematics
Programs (ICEMAP). Other links are direct, with NSF support of fellowships, research undertaken
at Federal agency facilities (e.g., NISI), and coordinated joint support of proposals of interest to
more than one agency (such as DOE ONE and NSA).
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (Non-Federal Funding): Private sector and
NGO linkages through Institutes, NSF Science and Technology Centers; linkages to academia
through grants and cooperative agreements.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact Person:
Frederic Y.M. Wan
Phone Number:
202-357-9669
Fax Number:
202-357-3699
Mailing Address:
NSF
1800 G St., NW
Washington, DC 20500
122
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
National Environmental Research Center
Function:
Adaptation: All Sources
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Constructed Wetlands Research Center
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $1,400 FY94 $1,400
Program Description: Current TVA activities involving constructed wetlands primarily involve
treatment of municipal wastewaters, animal and septic wastes, and acid mine drainage. The con-
structed wetlands research and development program provides basic process information for such
applications of constructed wetlands technology. In addition, this center focuses on treatment of
wastewaters from agribusiness and other industrial operations and on treatment of contaminated
storm and runoff waters. To further these objectives, the research and development facility provides
opportunity for laboratory, greenhouse, and replicated field research of both an applied and basic
nature, conducted by staff working on interdisciplinary teams.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Through direct cooperative and/or contractual projects and
indirect associations, this NERC program will link with appropriate programs of USDA (CSRS,
SCS), EPA, Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and
universities (State/Federal projects).
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): Funding will be
solicited for appropriate projects from industry, and an extensive cooperative research program with
academia (using matching funds) is being fostered.
Linkages with international organizations: Cooperative projects will be planned in cooperation
with the International Fertilizer Development Center. Also, opportunities exist for hosting visiting
international scientists for periods ranging from 6 to 12 months.
Contact Person:
Leslie L. Behrends
Phone Number:
205-366-3488
Fax Number:
205-386-2513
Mailing Address:
TVA, WET 1A
Post Office Box 1010
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660
123
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
Engineering Services
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources; Human Systems
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Development of Enhanced Methods for Integrated Analysis
(INTEGRAL) of Water Resource Systems and Power Operations
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$50
FY94 $100
Program Description: TVA, as part of a tailored collaboration program with EPRI, is developing
improved tools for the coordinated planning and scheduling of hydro and thermal power generation
and multipurpose reservoir operations. A decision support system will be developed to aid in the
collection, analysis, and display of reservoir and power system data. To improve planning and
forecasting capabilities, a system of enhanced models will be linked to the decision support system.
The modeling system will include hydrologic models, an enhanced reservoir system model capable
of assessing tradeoffs among multiple reservoir uses, and a river system temperature model to
address thermal compliance issues. The decision support and model systems should improve inte-
gration of reservoir and power operations, facilitate incorporation of environmental concerns into
power generation, and enhance decisionmaking.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: DOI/Bureau of Reclamation partnership currently in
negotiating state, nearing agreement.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): EPRI funding of
about $355,000 in FY 1993, and FY 1994, dropping to about $100,000 for the ensuing years. TVA
Power revenues funding of about $355,000 in FY 1993, $300,000 in FY 1994, and $100,000 for the
ensuing years.
Linkages with international organizations: None.
Contact Person:
Richard M. Shane
Phone Number:
615-632-1884
Fax Number:
615-632-1840
Mailing Address:
TVA, Engineering Laboratory
Laboratory Building, IA
Norris, TN 37828
124
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
Land Management
Function:
Adaptation: Food, Forestry, and Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Forest Health Monitoring
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $0
FY94 $0
Program Description: In cooperation with the USFS Forest Health Monitoring Program and the
EPA's EMAP-Forests Program, TVA established forest health monitoring plots in the southern
Appalachians in 1992. The purpose of this program is to assess the effects of regional scale environ-
mental threats on an annual basis. We also are involved with forest health indicator development
research.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: EPA, USFS and NPS. EPA funding was $150,000 in
FY93, and is expected to be about $150,000 in FY94 and ensuing years.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): Southern Appala-
chian Man and the Biosphere (SAMAB) Cooperative. TVA research and development funding was
$150,000 in FY93, and is expected to be about $150,000 in FY 94 and ensuing years.
Linkages with international organizations: International Man and the Biosphere Program.
Contact Person:
Elizabeth R. Smith
Phone Number:
615-632-1509
Fax Number:
615-632-1612
Mailing Address:
TVA
Forestry Building, 2C
Norris, TN 37828
125
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
Water Management
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources; Natural Systems; Human Systems
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Water Quality-Watershed Inventories
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $500 FY94 $500
Program Description: Detailed inventories of land use and nonpoint source pollution in water-
sheds are conducted using low altitude color-infrared aerial photography. Inventories include con-
servation practices, topography, riparian vegetation status, erosion estimates, etc. Interpretation of
land use from LANDSAT satellite imagery is being integrated into GIS and PC data bases, for use in
nonpoint source pollution analysis of watersheds.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Coordination with the EPA and the USGS.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): Information
supplied to lake user groups and watershed cleanup organizations. Training on the application and
significance of technical results.
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
Frank J. Sagona
Phone Number:
615-751-7334
Fax Number:
615-751-7479
Mailing Address:
TVA
Haney Building, 2C
311 Broad Street
Chattanooga, TN 37402
126
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
Water Management
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources; Natural Systems
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Water Resources and Ecological Monitoring
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $3,800
FY94 $2,500
Program Description: TVA conducts numerous water resources activities ranging from operating
an interconnected system of some 35 reservoirs to assisting other Federal and State agencies in their
efforts to control pollution sources. Monitoring water quality and aquatic biological conditions in
those reservoirs and the streams that drain into them is a significant part of TVA's stewardship
responsibilities. The current monitoring program has been developed over the last nine years. It
consists of three categories of activities with the general objectives of producing information useful
for natural resource management and for advising the public about the condition of the Valley's
water resources. Activities conducted under this program include water quality and aquatic biologi-
cal sampling to evaluate the ecological health of major streams and reservoirs, monitoring of fish
flesh contamination and bacteriological conditions at sites throughout the valley, and providing
opportunities for schools to participate in TVA's monitoring efforts.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Coordinated with USGS and EPA national monitoring
programs. Cooperative efforts with the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Corps of Engineers, NOAA,
and EPA on developing and evaluating new monitoring techniques.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): Results provided
to all who request them. Program coordinated with State agency monitoring programs.
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
Neil E. Carriker
Phone Number:
615-751-7330
Fax Number:
615-751-7479
Mailing Address:
TVA
Haney Building, 2C
311 Broad Street
Chattanooga, TN 37402
127
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
National Environmental Research Center
Function:
Mitigation: Ozone and Precursors
Adaptation: Natural Systems; Food, Forestry, and Fiber; Human
Systems
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Regional Ozone, Factors Affecting Its Formation, and Its Impact upon
Forested Ecosystems
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $500 FY94 $1,300
Program Description: Current TVA research efforts address ozone formation in both rural and
urban areas of the region. Projects are aimed at understanding (1) the chemistry of natural hydrocar-
bons, (2) whether hydrocarbons or NOX are rate-limiting for ozone production in this region, (3)
interaction between rural and urban emissions, and (4) the relationship between NOX emissions and
ozone production. An atmospheric reaction chamber is used to study the chemistry of natural hydro-
carbons and NOX under controlled conditions. Field studies of rural ozone formation are being
conducted to obtain ground-based data. Volatile hydrocarbon emissions from forest systems are
being quantified, and their potential role in ozone formation and global climate change is being
investigated. The role of plant stress in rates and forms of organic hydrocarbons emitted is being
studied. Ozone effects on several important hardwood species are being investigated with emphasis
on how plant processes are affected and growth altered. Ozone effects research on seedlings and
mature trees is ultimately aimed at scaling experimental results up to the forest stand level. Model-
ing impacts of ozone on forest stands as well as individual trees will facilitate predictions of change
in composition and productivity of forests.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Much of this research is part of the Southern Oxidant
Study, which includes 30 organizations, some Federal (such as EPA), and others that are private or
academic. Funding from Federal agencies is $300,000 in FY93 and thereafter.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): EPRI funding for
FY93 and ensuing years is about $400,000; and TVA research and development funding is about
$600,000 in FY93, $900,000 in FY94 and FY95 and expected to escalate in ensuing years.
Linkages with international organizations: Involvement with the North American Research
Strategy for Ozone.
Contact Person:
James F. Meagher
Phone Number:
(205) 386-2342
Fax Number:
(205) 386-2499
Mailing Address:
TVA, Atmospheric Science
P.O. Box 1010
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660
128
Agency:
Tennessee Valley Authority
Bureau:
National Environmental Research Center
Function:
Mitigation:
Ozone & Precursors; Nitrous Oxides
Adaptation:
Food, Forestry, and Fiber
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Reduction of N2O Emissions from Fertilizers
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $30
FY94 $400
Program Description: The objectives are to create a soil NOX and N2O emissions inventory for
the Tennessee Valley region and to support development of technology and methodology for reduc-
ing N2O emissions from fertilizers. Sampling strategies have focused on making measurements in
the 6 major physiographic provinces that constitute 80 percent of the land base and from soil types
with respect to the 3 major land uses of the region: forest, row crop agricultural, and pasture. A
specific effort is now underway to remove some of the uncertainties about the contribution of nitro-
gen fertilizers to greenhouse gas emissions from different types of fertilizers, including organic.
Determination of what contributes to the variability in emission rates, such as effects of timing of
application, placement, and rate of application will be made. This program will help to support the
development of mitigation actions and land use policies that would lead to reductions in the U.S.
contribution of this greenhouse gas. Such actions could include limiting the use of nitrogen fertiliz-
ers or favor use of slower denitrifying fertilizers and changes in agricultural practices to slow the
denitrification process or make it more efficient.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Partnerships with USDA and EPA.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): Experiment sta-
tions in Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, and North Carolina. TVA Power revenues funding of
$80,000 in FY 1993, FY 1994, and FY 1995.
Linkages with international organizations: International Fertilizer Development Center at Muscle
Shoals, Alabama.
Contact Person:
Frank C. Thornton
Phone Number:
205-386-3642
Fax Number:
205-386-2499
Mailing Address:
TVA, Atmospheric Sciences
P.O. Box 1010
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660
129
Agency:
Department of the Interior
Bureau:
U.S. Geological Survey
Function:
Adaptation
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
National Mapping, Geography, and Surveys
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$49
FY94 $52
Program Description: The USGS National Mapping Program provides a variety of cartographic,
geographic, and remotely sensed data, products, and services in support of Federal, State, and public
interests. These data and products provide essential base information for mitigation and adaptation
research, and would be useful for studying the impact of global change processes on natural and
human systems. The National Mapping Program also conducts cartographic and geographic re-
search to develop improved capabilities for analyzing different types of spatial data. The following
components of this program contribute to mitigation and adaptation research:
1. National Map and Digital Data Production: The USGS provides current, accurate cartographic
data and maps at primary, intermediate, and small scales for the United States. Digital cartographic
data from the National Digital Cartographic Data Base include base categories of boundaries, hy-
drography, transportation, and the Public Land Survey System, as well as three-dimensional digital
elevation data sets representing the terrain. These data, as well as digital image data (digital of the
photoquadrangles), also may be produced for use in Geographic Information Systems in support of
natural resource policy decision-making. USGS land-use and land-cover maps and digital data for
the coterminous United States and Hawaii are used for Federal, State, and private sector activities
related to land resource inventory, planning, and development.
2. Information and Data Systems: The USGS disseminates its cartographic, water resources, geo-
logic, and general earth science data and information to a variety of users. The USGS also collects,
analyzes and disseminates information about the domestic cartographic and geographic data prod-
ucts of other Federal and State agencies and private sector organizations. Examples of data bases
managed under this program include the Map and Chart Information System, Cartographic Catalog,
and the Aerial Photography Summary Record System.
3. Geographic and Spatial Information Analysis Research: The USGS develops new capabilities in
remote sensing and spatial data analysis of cartographic and earth science data. This research leads
to improved geographic information systems, image processing, and techniques to monitor and
manage earth resources. Techniques such as data merging, integration of diverse data sets, and data
modeling provide valuable tools for mitigation and adaptation research.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: This program is actively coordinated with a wide range of
Federal agencies. The documented needs of 40 Federal agencies and 50 States are considered when
map and cartographic data production is scheduled to ensure that the highest priority requirements of
the Nation's major users are addressed each year. USGS has cooperative agreements with Federal
agencies for activities such as map and digital data production and geographic/cartographic/remote
sensing research. The USGS provides leadership in coordination of spatial data activities at the
Federal level by chairing the Federal Geographic Data Committee (members include 14 department
130
and independent agencies). The USGS also chairs a counterpart organization within the Department
of the Interior, the Interior Geographic Data Committee.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (Non-Federal funding): This program has
interactions with many professional societies and national organizations, including the American
Cartographic Association, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, American Society for
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Association of American Geographers, Automated Mapping/
Facilities Management Association, Geosat Committee and the Urban and Regional Information
Systems Association. The USGS also supplies map products to over 3,000 authorized dealers in the
private sector.
There are three main types of State government linkages: (1) 47 State agencies in 33 States
participate in cooperative agreements with the National Mapping Program; (2) 42 informal coordi-
nating bodies such as State Mapping Advisory Committees and GIS Coordination Boards provide a
forum for coordinating State-wide mapping and GIS data needs in the States having those mecha-
nisms; and (3) 63 Earth Science Information Center State Affiliates provide information regarding
the availability of cartographic data and services.
Cooperative agreements exist with many universities, often supported by grants, to conduct research
that augments the geographic, cartographic, remote sensing, and global change research conducted
by the USGS. Research linkages also exist with groups such as the National Research Council and
the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis.
Linkages with international organizations: The USGS has protocols or agreements for coopera-
tion in surveying, mapping, and remote sensing with several countries including Canada, African
and Latin American nations, and China. Linkages exist with many international societies and orga-
nizations, including the International Cartographic Association, International Federation of Survey-
ors, International Geographic Union, International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,
Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research,
United Nations Environment Programme, and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program.
Contact Person:
Lawrence R. Pettinger
Phone Number:
703-648-4519
Fax Number:
703-648-5755
Mailing Address:
U.S. Geological Survey
590 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 22092
131
Agency:
Department of the Interior
Bureau:
National Park Service
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources, Natural Systems
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
NPS Global Change Research Program
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $3,018 FY94 $3,014
Program Description: The program both focuses on the global change research priorities estab-
lished by the Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES) and also strengthens the
scientific basis for developing park management responses to global climate change. The program
objective is to develop a national network of global change sites representative of the ecosystems
and biodiversity of the National Park system. As of FY 1993 more than 25 (focused) research
projects are underway in diverse fields, including surface and groundwater hydrology, small water-
shed studies, plant demography, stand and regional modeling, landscape analysis, fire history,
paleoecology, aquatic systems, geomorphic change, nutrient cycling, tree-line patterns, and sea level
rise. Projects focus on ecosystem components and processes likely to change first in response to
climatic change. A long-term goal is to integrate these studies with each other and with related
studies by other agencies and institutions to provide predictive understanding of the effects of global
change on the ecosystems and biological diversity of particular biogeographic areas. The program
includes a thematic initiative to improve understanding of the impacts of expected sea level rise and
changing storm patterns on coastal barrier ecosystems.
NPS has identified the 20 Biogeographic Areas (BGAs) that comprise its global change network. As
of FY 1992, research has been initiated in BGAs. No new research is planned for FY 1994
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: The program involves cooperation with other Federal
agencies in planning and funding research. As of FY 1992, the NPS is participating in cooperative
research with the Forest Service, USGS, USFWS, and NASA in one or more of its BGAs. The NPS
also co-supports principal investigators who are supported by other agencies (EPA, NOAA). This
provides synergism that enhances NPS GC research.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): The program
supports primarily cooperative research with academic institutions. The NPS also is working with
the Nature Conservancy. EPRI is supporting research at one of our sites.
Linkages with international organizations: International linkages remain to be developed. Link-
ages will be facilitated through use of existing and proposed NPS units of the International Network
of Biosphere Reserves as core research areas.
Contact Person:
Peter L. Comanor
Phone Number:
202-343-8126
Fax Number:
202-343-8137
Mailing Address:
National Park Service (490)
PO Box 37127
Washington, DC 20013-7127
132
Agency:
Department of Interior
Bureau:
National Park Service
Function:
Adaptation: Natural Systems; Human Systems
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Man and the Biosphere Program - Biosphere Reserves
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $200 FY94 $200
Program Description: The program facilitates NPS participation in interagency and international
research, educational, and demoristration activities to support management of ecosystems, and biodi-
versity on a sustainable basis. The NPS is one of 12 cofunding agencies in the national U.S. MAB
Program (USMAB). USMAB supports interdisciplinary research involving natural and social
sciences to develop models for maintaining biological diversity within the context of sustainable
types, levels, and patterns of human uses under conditions of regional and global change. The
program emphasizes use of units of the International Network of Biosphere Reserves as research and
demonstration sites.
USMAB has established interdisciplinary Directorates of government and private sector scientists to
implement research that demonstrates the integration of the natural and social sciences. Ongoing
Directorate projects use NPS and other biosphere reserve units to model factors in landscape change
(Olympic Peninsula and Southern Appalachians) and ecosystem sustainability (Pinelands, Virginia
Coast, and Everglades) in biogeographic areas of particular conservation importance. In addition to
the core research projects of the Directorates, the national program also supports extramural research
that complements the Directorates' research missions.
The majority of the 47 U.S. biosphere reserves include one or more National Park System units as
core research areas for long-term studies of changes in natural ecosystems and biodiversity. The
areas provide suitable control areas for developing and testing research hypotheses to understand the
interactive effects of human and natural systems in representative biogeographic areas. Biosphere.
reserves are principal centers for coordinating NPS programs on biotic inventory, environmental and
ecosystem monitoring, and research on biodiversity and global change; and for linking these activi-
ties with public education and adaptive management of ecosystem change.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: National linkages are with Federal research and manage-
ment agencies in MAB program development; information exchange, technology transfer, and
comparative research linkages are facilitated through the Biosphere Reserve Network at scales from
local to global.
Regional linkages are facilitated through cooperative organizations for planning and coordinating.
biosphere reserve activities that usually involve conservation, science, and economic development
agencies in particular biogeographic areas.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's, and academia (Non-Federal funding): The national MAB
program gives NPS access to the academic community through the U.S. MAB National Committee
and the USMAB Directorates. Regional biosphere reserve organizations provide linkages with
participating organizations, institutions, and agencies concerned with research, conservation, public
education, and economic development in particular biogeographic areas.
133
Linkages with international organizations: MAB provides access to the technical capabilities of
United Nations agencies and international nongovernmental organizations concerned with conserva-
tion, research, and sustainable development; as well as MAB organizations in more than 110 coun-
tries. The program has long-established ties with ICSU-IGBP, IUCS, and SCOPE that, in recent
years, have emphasized ecological research on global change, including the role of the biosphere
reserve network in global change research at regional and biome scales. The NPS is participating in
efforts of European and North American national MAB organizations to increase use of biosphere
reserves for long-term monitoring and research on global change effects.
Contact Person:
William P. Gregg, Jr.
Phone Number:
202-343-8122
Fax Number:
202-343-8137
Mailing Address:
National Park Service (490)
PO Box 37127
Washington, DC 20013-7127
134
Agency:
Department of the Interior
Bureau:
Bureau of Reclamation
Function:
Adaptation: Water Resources
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Sensitivity of Hydrologic Systems
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93 $1,160 FY94 $464
Program Description: This program is studying changes in hydrologic processes under scenarios
of global climate change and determining the potential impacts on temperature, precipitation, snow-
pack, snowmelt, evaporation, and runoff in the 17 Western States. The research will develop a set of
nested models for determining the impacts on precipitation on a regional and local scale. The pro-
gram includes a joint study with the Geological Survey of the impacts on the Gunnison River Basin.
This ongoing joint study includes research in the areas of atmospheric processes, precipitation and
runoff patterns, water demands, ground-water/surface water interactions, water quality, àquatic
ecology, and reservoir systems operations. This program is critical to understanding and predicting
the impacts to water supplies, water management, and national and international policies that drive
Bureau of Reclamation river systems operations and water management responsibilities. In this
capacity, the research directly supports the overall goal and objectives of the USGCRP.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: The Bureau of Reclamation and Geological Survey have
been joint working on this program since FY90. Both Bureaus have discussed the research plans
with state and local water officials and will consult with them as studies proceed. In addition, the
overall program is coordinated with other water resources agencies and Department of the Interior
bureaus.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (Non-Federal funding): Model develop-
ment will be accomplished in conjunction with the National Center for Atmospheric Research. A
portion of the research will be performed in cooperation with universities and water districts. The
overall program is peer reviewed by the National Academy of Sciences, Water and Science Technol-
ogy Board.
Linkages with international organizations: None
Contact Person:
Bob Ledzian
Phone Number:
202-208-3432
Fax Number:
202-208-6252
Mailing Address:
DOI
1841 C St., NW
Washington, DC 20240
Contact Person:
Norbert S. Ries
Phone Number:
303-236-9336
Fax Number:
303-236-6763
Mailing Address:
Bureau of Reclamation
Bldg. 67
PO Box 25007
Denver, CO 80225
135
Agency:
Department of Interior
Bureau:
Bureau of Reclamation
Functions:
Adaptation: Water Resources
Focused or Contributory:
Contributory
Program Title:
Regional Studies
Budget (In Thousands):
FY93
$1,340
FY94 $536
Program Description: This program is studying the changes in the hydrologic characteristics of
regional storms under scenarios of climate change and gathering data and developing the models and
technology necessary for understanding the nature, extent, and scope of potential global climate
change impacts on water resource on a regional basis.
This program will study the changes in frequency, distribution, and depth-area-duration of precipita-
tion producing storms and determine the potential impacts on the quantity and distribution of pre-
cipitation and the depth, extent, and water content of snow cover. Research will determine the
adequacy of existing water supplies to meet present and anticipated water supply needs in the West-
ern U.S. The program will develop models and improve existing models to determine the impacts
on water demands and water project operations including the spread of aquatic weeds and the im-
pacts on fishery resources in Western reservoirs.
This program is critical to understanding and predicting the impacts to water supplies, water man-
agement, and national and international policies that drive Bureau of Reclamation river system
operations and water management responsibilities.
Linkages with other Federal Agencies: Research includes joint studies with other Department of
the Interior bureaus, the Department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency, and Tennes-
see Valley Authority. In addition, the overall program is coordinated with other water resources
agencies and Department of the Interior bureaus.
Linkages with private sector, NGO's and academia (Non-Federal funding): Research will be
accomplished in cooperation with water districts, water managers, and universities throughout the
Western U.S. The overall program is peer reviewed by the National Academy of Sciences, Water
and Science Technology Board.
Contact Person:
Bob Ledzian
Phone Number:
202-208-3432
Fax Number:
202-208-6252
Mailing Address:
DOI
1841 C St., NW
Washington, DC 20240
Contact Person:
Norbert S. Ries
Phone Number:
303-236-9336 ext. 233
Fax Number:
303-236-6763
Mailing Address:
Bureau of Reclamation
Bldg. 67
PO Box 25007
Denver, CO 80225
136
IV. SUMMARY TABLES
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 91 - FY 94
FOCUSED PROGRAMS
Summary
(in thousands)
Mitigation
Adapt.
FY91
FY92
FY93
FY94
FY91
FY92
FY93
FY94
EPA
2,725
5,386
4,631
5,418
DOE
335
53,300
50
USDA
500
4,339
6,626
6,603
4,352
2,782
2,651
DOC
300
300
NSF
2,650
1,300
850
890
TVA
200
20
300
DOI
7,400
7,795
TOTALS
3,525
10,360
13,907
66,821
0
4,402
11,052
11,636
Combined
Totals
FY91
FY92
FY93
FY94
FY91
FY92
FY93
FY94
EPA
2,725
5,386
4,631
5,418
DOE
66
82
66
467
0
53,300
USDA
319
324
500
8,691
9,727
9,578
DOC
300
300
0
0
NSF
5,666
5,200
5,666
5,200
3,500
2,190
TVA
50
20
50
20
20
500
DOI
0
0
7,400
7,795
TOTALS
5782
5302
319
324
9,307
20,064
25,278
78,781
138
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 91 - FY 94
CONTRIBUTORY PROGRAMS
Summary
(in thousands)
Mitigation
Adapt.
FY91
FY92
FY93
FY94
FY91
FY92
FY93
FY94
EPA
297
695
1,300
2,082
DOE
985,153
1,377,638
USDA
1,125
1,163
39
41
9,908
10,304
DOC
300
300
NSF
680
1,000
163
925
TVA
3,800
3,830
5,750
4,500
DOI
2,300
4,300
5,767
5,101
TOTALS
297
695
987,578
1,380,883
7,119
9,471
21,588
20,830
Combined
Totals
FY91
FY92
FY93
FY94
FY91
FY92
FY93
FY94
EPA
112
390
409
1085
1,300
2082
DOE
550
0
550
985,153
1,377,638
USDA
22,100
22,000
39
41
33,133
33,467
DOC
300
300
0
0
NSF
26,658
27,900
27,733
27,800
27,338
28,900
27,896
28,725
TVA
1,000
730
530
1,700
4,800
4,560
6,280
6,200
DOI
14,090
15,884
16,390
20,184
5,767
5,101
TOTALS
41,860
45,454
50,363
51,500
49,276
55,620
1,059,529
1,453,213
139
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 93 and FY 94
(Budget in thousands)
AGENCY
PROGRAM TITLE
FOCUSED
M/A
BUDGET (1,000)
/CONTRIBUTORY
FY93
FY94
USDA
Regional Analysis of Controls
Focused
M
40
40
on Soil Carbon Levels
USDA
Long-term Changes in
Focused
M
285
273
Carbon Storage
USDA
Impacts-of-Climate-&-Env
Focused
M
345
306
Change on Agricultural
Resources & Watershed.
Processes
USDA
Global Change & Structure &
Focused
M
600
600
Function of Ecosystems
USDA
CO2 Fluxes Above Ag. Lands
Focused
M
52
52
USDA
Effects of Land Use &
Focused
M
90
90
Mgmt. Practices on
Atmospheric CO2
USDA
Assess, Predict & Mitigate
Focused
M
456
456
Trace Gas Fluxes Impacts on
Environmental Quality
USDA
Sequestration & Release of
Focused
M
60
70
C in the Terrestrial C Cycle
USDA
Shortgrass Prairie Response
Focused
M
47
28
to Climate Change
USDA
Dynamics of GHGs & CI. Ch.
Focused
M
726
723
in Subarctic Land Mgmt.
and Cropping Systems
USDA
GI. Ch. Research, Modeling,
Focused
M
295
295
& Data Base Mgmt.
140
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 93 and FY 94
(Budget in thousands)
USDA
Belowground Responses to
Focused
M
372
372
CI. Ch. & Biogeochemical
Dynamics of C
USDA
Crop Responses to CI. Ch.
Focused
M
272
312
USDA
Recycling & Wood Uses
Focused
M
2,500
2,500
USDA
Nutrient Transport Effect
Focused
M
486
486
Subtotal
6,626
6,603
USDA
Crop Production Assessment
Focused
A
105
75
under Climate Change
USDA
Climate Effect on Rangeland
Focused
A
520
519
Water Supply
USDA
Sustaining Managed &
Focused
A
192
192
Natural Ecosystems
USDA
Effects of Atmospheric
Focused
A
1,234
1,195
Changes on Crop
Production
USDA
Decision Support Systems
Focused
A
120
60
for Rangeland Plant
Communities
USDA
Characterization & Prediction
Focused
A
586
585
of H2O & Energy Fluxes
USDA
Nematode Indicators of Cl.Ch.
Focused
A
25
25
Subtotal
2,782
2,651
USDA
CO2 & CI. Ch. Effects on Crops
Focused
M&A
319
324
Subtotal
319
324
TOTAL USDA Focused
9,727
9,578
141
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 93 and FY 94
(Budget in thousands)
NSF
Combustion & Thermal Plasmas
Focused
M
850
800
NSF
Power Systems Engineering
Focused
M
1,800
500
Subtotal
2,650
1,300
NSF
International Programs
Focused
A
850
890
Subtotal
850
890
TOTAL NSF Focused
3,500
2,190
NIST
Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives
Focused
M
EPA
Stratospheric
Ozone Protection
Focused
M
2,635
2,638
EPA
Fuel Cells for Methane Emissions
Focused
M
1,700
1,343
Reductions
EPA
Solar Demand-Side Mgmt.
Focused
M
0
570
EPA
Photovoltaic Technologies
Focused
M
300
EPA
Fuzzy Logic Control for Motors
Focused
M
221
467
EPA
Coal Mine Methane Recovery
Focused
M
75
100
EPA
Methane Mitigation from
Focused
M
0
0
Anaerobic Digesters
Subtotal
4,631
5,418
TOTAL EPA Focused
4,631
5,418
TVA
Terrestrial C Sinks Analysis
Focused
M
200
Subtotal
200
TVA
Regional CI. Ch. Impact Assess.
Focused
A
20
300
Subtotal
20
300
TOTAL TVA Focused
20
500
142
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 93 and FY 94
(Budget in thousands)
DOE
Nat'l Mitigation Action Plan
Focused
M
0
53,300
TOTAL DOE Focused
0
53,300
DOI
Ecosystem Processes & Biological
Focused
A
0
395
Diversity
DOI
Land Characterization & Data Mgt.
Focused
A
7,400
7,400
Subtotal
7,400
7,795
TOTAL DOI Focused
7,400
7,795
USDA
CI. Ch. Impact on Rangeland
Contributory
M
235
275
Livestock Production
USDA
Soil & Atmospheric Dynamics
Contributory
M
12
12
of C & N on Rangelands
USDA
Southern Plains Ecosystems
Contributory
M
499
497
USDA
Mechanisms of Plant
Contributory
M
379
379
Responses to
Atm CO2
Subtotal
1,125
1,163
USDA
Quantification & Integration
Contributory
A
200
200
of Basin Scale
USDA
Germplasm Enhancement
Contributory
A
753
749
USDA
Intelligent Farm Mgmt Syst.
Contributory
A
640
640
USDA
Hydrologic Fluxes
Contributory
A
200
USDA
Ecosystem Mgmt R & A
Contributory
A
15
15
USDA
T&ES Research
Contributory
A
8,300
8,500
Subtotal
9,908
10,304
USDA
Global Change Research
Contributory
M&A
22,100
22,000
Subtotal
22,100
22,000
143
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 93 and FY 94
(Budget in thousands)
TOTAL USDA Contributory
33,133
33,467
NSF
Materials Research
Contributory
A
163
175
NSF
Waste Management
Contributory
A
750
Subtotal
163
925
NSF
Division of Chemistry
Contributory
M&A
18,783
19,300
NSF
Division of -Mathematical-Sciences
Contributory
M&A
8,950
8,500
Subtotal
27,733
27,800
TOTAL NSF Contributory
27,896
28,725
EPA
Technology Database Software
Contributory
M
0
150
EPA
Biomass Energy Production
Contributory
M
0
100
EPA
Advanced Power Generation Systems
Contributory
M
800
945
EPA
Biomass for Transportation Fuel
Contributory
M
500
887
Subtotal
1300
2,082
TOTAL EPA Contributory
1,300
2,082
TVA
Energy Options, incl. Biomass
Contributory
M
**
Subtotal
0
0
TVA
Constructed Wetlands
Contributory
A
1,400
1,400
TVA
Integrated Analysis of H2O Resource
Contributory
A
50
100
Systems & Power Oper.
TVA
A
**
Forest Health Monitoring
Contributory
TVA
H2O Quality & Watershed Invent.
Contributory
A
500
500
TVA
H2O Resources & Ecol. Model.
Contributory
A
3,800
2,500
Subtotal
5,750
4,500
TVA
Regional Ozone/Forested Ecosys.
Contributory
M&A
500
1,300
TVA
Reduction of N2O Emissions
Contributory
M&A
30
400
144
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 93 and FY 94
(Budget in thousands)
Subtotal
530
1,700
TOTAL TVA Contributory
6,280
6,200
DOE
Solar Domestic H2O Heating
Contributory
M
1,900
4,300
DOE
Windows, Glazing & Daylighting
Contributory
M
4,100
5,700
Materials
DOE
Retrofit-Technologies
Contributory
M
4,000
4,000
DOE
Indoor Air Quality
Contributory
M
1,983
1,919
DOE
Walls, Roofs, Foundations, and
Contributory
M
3,622
3,267
Materials and Structures
DOE
Space Heating & Cooling Equipment
Contributory
M
10,000
14,600
DOE
Advanced Bldgs for 2005
Contributory
M
5,600
12,400
DOE
Lighting
Contributory
M
3,100
2,000
DOE
Appliances
Contributory
M
0
400
DOE
Biofuels
Contributory
M
36,400
46,700
DOE
Alternative Fueled Vehicles
Contributory
M
27,700
41,600
DOE
Electric Vehicles
Contributory
M
32,700
45,600
DOE
Hybrid/Electric Vehicles
Contributory
M
14,700
19,900
DOE
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Contributory
M
11,800
18,000
DOE
Advanced Materials
Contributory
M
26,000
30,800
DOE
Solar Thermal Electric
Contributory
M
21,400
25,000
DOE
Industrial Separations Technology
Contributory
M
8,280
13,046
DOE
Industrial Heat Pumps
Contributory
M
2,200
1,700
DOE
Biomass Electric Energy
Contributory
M
4,700
5,500
DOE
Wind Energy
Contributory
M
23,300
30,300
DOE
Geothermal Energy
Contributory
M
22,800
23,900
DOE
Photovoltaics
Contributory
M
63,700
78,000
DOE
Hydropower
Contributory
M
1,000
1,000
145
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 93 and FY 94
(Budget in thousands)
DOE
Energy Transmission, Storage &
Contributory
M
41,400
49,900
Distribution Technologies
DOE
Enabling Materials (Continuous
Contributory
M
6,834
9,012
Fiber Ceramic Composites)
DOE
Industrial Waste Technologies
Contributory
M
17,292
23,059
DOE
Industrial Electric Motor
Contributory
M
736
2,077
DOE
Process-Heating-and-Cooling
Contributory
M
4,158
6,796
DOE
Municipal Solid Wastes
Contributory
M
4,568
4,619
DOE
Industrial Combustion Efficiency
Contributory
M
8,567
4,029
DOE
Cogeneration
Contributory
M
4,416
8,809
DOE
Combustion Systems
Contributory
M
34,724
42,837
DOE
Natural Gas Utilization
Contributory
M
13,860
28,284
Advanced Turbine Systems
DOE
Gas Stream Clean-up
Contributory
M
15,802
19,866
DOE
Surface Coal Gasification
Contributory
M
10,725
11,850
DOE
Clean Coal Technology
Demonstration
Contributory
M
0
250,000
DOE
Fossil Energy Advanced Research
Contriutory
M
13,123
13,852
DOE
Magnetohydrodynamics
Contributory
M
29,919
4,822
DOE
Natural Gas Fuel Cells
Contributory
M
50,444
49,278
DOE
Advanced Light Water Reactors
Contributory
M
58,700
57,800
DOE
Fusion Energy
Contributory
M
338,900
332,500
DOE
Materials Processing
Contributory
M
25,366
DOE
Americas 21st Century
Contributory
M
0
3,250
Subtotal
985,153
1,377,638
TOTAL DOE Contributory
985,153
1,377,638
DOI
Nat'l Mapping, Geo. & Surveys
Contributory
A
49
52
146
Mitigation and Adaptation
FY 93 and FY 94
(Budget in thousands)
DOI
NPS GI. Ch. Res. Program
Contributory
A
3,018
3,014
DOI
Man & Biosphere
Contributory
A
200
200
DOI
Air Quality Res. & Monitoring
Contributory
A
0
835
DOI
Sensitivity of Hydrologic Systems
Contributory
A
1,160
464
DOI
Regional Studies
Contributory
A
1,340
536
Subtotal
5,767
5,101
TOTAL DOI-Contributor
5,767
5,101
Summary
FY93
FY94
TOTAL FOCUSED
25,278
78,781
TOTAL CONTRIBUTORY
1,059,529
1,453,213
TOTAL EXPENDITURES
1,084,807
1,531,994
TOTAL MITIGATION
1,001,485
1,447,704
TOTAL ADAPTATION
32,640
32,466
TOTAL COMBINED
50,682
51,824
TOTAL EXPENDITURES
1,084,807
1,531,994
Notes
*=DOC/NIST
Non-Federal funding.
147
V. APPENDICES
A. Agency Role Statements
Appendix A
Agency Role Statements
U.S. Department of Agriculture:
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has responsibility for security of the Nation's natural resources
and food and fiber supply, including the following sectors: supply of goods and services, protection of natural
resources, production, storage, processing, transportation, marketing and policy. USDA provides the world's
finest research, education, and technology transfer system consisting of a professional Federal research staff,
in partnership with the land grant university system's agricultural experiment stations and state forestry
schools. This system is closely coupled to the technology transfer and continuing education agencies to aid in
the management of this Nation's public and private lands.
USDA conducts research to assess how agriculture, range, and forest systems, known as cultural and natural
ecosystems, may impact atmospheric gas composition and the effects of potential global change on the food
and fiber systems, grazing systems, and forests and forest ecosystems of the United States and worldwide.
USDA research focuses on the economic and environmental sustainability of the world's managed and natural
renewable food, fiber, and forest resources. USDA research directly supports economic and management
strategies and policy decisions. USDA integrates basic and applied research on biological, physical, eco-
nomic and social, and management systems, Also included, but not limiting, are basic research on the bio-
logical response mechanisms to global change, response of water systems to global change, and the research
and development of plans for terrestrial management systems to ameliorate the observed and expected in-
creases in greenhouse gases or adapt to such changes.
Department of Energy:
The Department of Energy is moving forward with measures that are justified for providing the Nation with
adequate, secure, and environmentally acceptable supplies of energy at a reasonable cost, including helping to
reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. As a consequence, the bulk of the Department's measures are
not focused mitigation and adaptation strategies, per se, but are technologies and practices which, if imple-
mented, contribute to mitigation and adaptation.
Contributing technology development measures include cost-effective energy conservation actions, research
in magnetic fusions, advanced fission reactors, and renewable energy technologies that produce little or no
greenhouse gases. DOE also is researching advanced coal technologies and energy end-use technologies that
could reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and cooperates in international efforts to reduce the use of chlo-
rofluorocarbons.
Contributing scientific research (reported under the U.S. Global Change Research Program) include ex-
panded research to understand how oceans can store heat and greenhouse gases and thus moderate global
climate change, and multifaceted studies to understand how various terrestrial ecosystems adapt and change in
response to greenhouse gases. The Department of Energy responds both directly and indirectly to potential
global climate change through policy development - evaluating new policies and programs to reduce gas
emissions and to mitigate or adapt to climate impacts associated with energy production and use.
Environmental Protection Agency:
The major contribution of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to mitigation and adaptation activities
150
is to sponsor research, development and evaluation of (1) prevention, control and mitigation technologies and
practices for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, (2) practices to enhance natural sinks for greenhouse
gases, (3) institutional and economic barriers and/or incentives to the adoption of mitigation technologies, and
(4) techniques and practices for adapting to the effects of global change. EPA also can sponsor technology
transfer and technical support to accelerate commercialization and deployment of these technologies and
practices in industrialized countries and especially in developing countries.
EPA's role includes research carried out in coordination or cooperation with other Federal agencies and other
public and private sector organizations, both domestic and international, to develop, evaluate, and commer-
cialize technologies and strategies to prevent or reduce the emissions of gases to the atmosphere and to
enhance natural sinks. In the case of global change, EPA plans to sponsor research on technologies to prevent
or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and increase commercial/residential, transportation, and forestry/
agriculture sectors. It also will develop and evaluate methods for estimating current and future emissions
under domestic and international control scenarios.
EPA Conducts research on way to enhance the natural sinks for greenhouse gases. EPA will carry out
research to study and evaluate the technical and institutional feasibility of reforestation and other techniques
for increasing natural sinks for carbon dioxide.
EPA plans to sponsor, as appropriate, research on institution and economic barriers and/or incentives to the
adoption of mitigation technologies. Some of the institutional factors that can influence the diffusion and
adoption of technological change include Federal and State regulations, local ordinances, the tax code, and
communication of information through education and public information services.
EPA also will sponsor research concerning the effectiveness, feasibility, and costs of adapting to the effects of
global change. For example, the Agency has focused upon engineering and land use adaptation to sea level
rise and alteration of practices and techniques for agriculture, water resources management, forest manage-
ment and ecosystem management in the face of regional climate change.
National Institute of Standards and Technology - Department of Commerce:
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was established by Congress "to assist industry in
the development of technology needed to improve product quality to modernize manufacturing processes,
to ensure product reliability and to facilitate rapid commercialization of products based on new scientific
discoveries." A principal agency of the Department of Commerce Technology Administration, NIST's goals
are to aid industry through research and services, to support the United States scientific and engineering
research communities, and to contribute to the public health, safety, and the environment. In pursuit of these
goals, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering and develops
measurement techniques, test methods, standards, and related services. The Institute does generic and pre-
competitive research and development work on new advanced technologies.
NIST's goals with respect to mitigation and/or adaptation are to provide the generic measurement methods,
data, and models needed to phase-out the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as quickly as possible and to replace
the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) early in the 21st century. NIST is in a unique position to address
critical aspects of both problems - from helping industry to identify and implement alternatives in end uses to
obtaining a better understanding of the effects of alternatives on the environment.
NIST is performing research in three principal areas. First, NIST is providing generic thermophysical proper-
ties data and state-of-the-art microcomputer-based predictive models for promising CFC alternatives and their
mixtures. These data and models are helping in the choice of alternatives for specific applications and in the
design and optimization of equipment to use them. Second, NIST is developing generic engineering measure
ment methods and data to assist in the design of refrigeration systems. These methods and data will ensure
that current and future refrigeration systems perform efficiently with alternative refrigerants and refrigerant
mixtures. Finally, NIST is providing benchmark experimental data and models for the kinetic and thermody-
namic properties of CFC alternatives and related compounds and by-products. These data and models are
needed to understand the chemical stability of alternatives in end uses and to calculate atmospheric lifetimes
to assess the potential impacts of alternatives on ozone depletion and global warming.
Department of the Interior:
The Department of the Interior will conduct research on mitigation and adaptation technologies and practices
to deal with potential climate change and its impact, as well as any policies that may be undertaken to respond
to climate change (or its impacts). Such efforts will focus on techniques that would affect (or be affected by)
water, land, biological and other natural resources (e.g., coal, oil, gas and other extractive resources), and the
Department's trust responsibilities towards Native Americans and territories.
The research will be aimed at improving existing techniques as well as research and developing new ones. In
addition to developing and/or refining techniques, the research will study their broad social, environmental,
and economic consequences; any social, institutional, legal, cultural, economic or other barriers to their
acceptance; and methods of reducing such barriers. The Department also will seek to educate, disseminate
information and engage the broader community on related activities.
Specific efforts, many of which will be undertaken in cooperation with other Departments or agencies, will
include, but not be limited to, research on hydrologic resources; land use; biological habitat, resources, and
diversity; grazing; agriculture; forestry; cultural resources; sea level rise; recreation and other environmental
amenities; oil, energy, and mineral resource supply and demand; and related economic issues.
National Science Foundation:
The National Science Foundation is principally a supporter of research and education in science and engineer-
ing. No in-house research is carried out except in the area of science and engineering resources, the predomi-
nant performers of research being academic institutions. The research is almost exclusively basic or funda-
mental and is submitted to the agency in the form of unsolicited proposals.
Only a limited amount of research is supported that is focused on mitigation and adaptation issues, being
research activities that also form part of the Foundation's overall program such as in the biological and
behavioral science areas, namely how animal feeding and reproductive habits change due to environmental
changes, and studies of historic and prehistoric adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Science and
engineering resource studies are conducted to track public attitudes to science and engineering including
attitudes to components of global change such as ozone loss. In engineering there are studies that deal with
the impact of sea level change, the development of industrial chemical processes that minimize the generation
of greenhouse gases, etc. However, much current NSF research contributes to mitigation and/or adaptation
research.
NSF is the most effective conduit for tapping the large potential of the academic research community for
research on mitigation and adaptation. Through the unsolicited proposal process, which can be directed to
specific areas or topics, the experience, resources, innovative thought, and creativity of that community can be
tapped. At the same time, conducting research through the academic community sensitizes students and
academic opinion leaders to the problems and issues in mitigation and adaptation.
Tennessee Valley Authority:
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) responsibilities are focused in a region defined by the Tennessee River
Basin and the associated larger power service areas. The statement of purpose for TVA is to serve the region
152
and the Nation by leading the way to quality economic growth based on a competitive energy supply, effec-
tive management of the Tennessee River system, demonstrated environmental excellence, and innovative
partnerships for community development. The five vital mission areas focus on work force, energy, commu-
nity partnership, river, and environmental areas. The wide range of TVA programs includes such diverse
examples as multipurpose reservoir and river management, power generation, cultural resources, economic
development, biomass, and a cross-section of inland natural resource programs involving such areas as air,
water, ecology, wildlife, forests, and agriculture.
Given this wide range of program interests, global change research areas relevant to TVA include climatic
and hydrologic systems dynamics, biochemical dynamics, ecological system dynamics, earth system history,
global observations and data management, human interactions, and global change economics. Most of the
research performed by or for TVA is oriented to regional or local scale and toward applied aspects for use in
programs and operations. Two examples are reservoir and river systems ecological monitoring and energy
use technology research and development. Nearly all the work that relates to global change issues is contribu-
tory. The small amount of focused research is centered in climatic and hydrologic systems and involves
climate change impacts assessments and regional climate scenarios development and evaluation. Develop-
ment of mitigation and adaptation strategies is anticipated to be an important part of ongoing strategic plan-
ning for the agency in serving the needs of the region and the Nation. Research to support such development
will increasingly require cooperative efforts with Federal and State agencies, academic institutions, and
nongovernmental organizations. Interactions thus far, including limited funding from some, have involved
EPA, USDA, DOI, DOE, NOAA, NASA, NCAR, and EPRI.
153
B. List of Acronyms
List of Acronyms
AID - Agency for International Development
CENR - Committee on Earth and Natural Resources
CFC - Chlorofluorocarbons
CH₄ - Methane
CO₂ - Carbon Dioxide
DOC - Department of Commerce
DOD - Department of Defense
DOE - Department of Energy
DOI - Department of the Interior
DOJ - Department of Justice
DOS - Department of State
DOT - Department of Transportation
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency
HCFC - Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
HHS - Department of Health and Human Services
HUD - Department of Housing and Urban Development
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
N2O - Nitrous Oxide
NAS - National Academy of Science
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NOX - Nitrogen Oxides
NRC - Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NSTC - National Science and Technology Council
NSF - National Science Foundation
O₃ - Ozone
OMB - Office of Management and Budget
OSTP - Office of Science and Technology Policy
PEGI - Private Enterprise Government Interactions
SGCR - Subcommittee on Global Change Research
TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority
TREAS - Department of Treasury
UNEP - United Nations Environmental Program
USDA - Department of Agriculture
VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds
WMO - World Meteorological Organization
155
C. Technology Transfer
Mechanisms
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MECHANISMS AND REGULATIONS
W.H. TALLENT*
The 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Space Act is generally
cited as the first Federal technology transfer law, and Space Act Agreements are often considered
forerunners of the Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) that are widely
used today. Speaking on behalf of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), I must point out
that actually the first technology transfer law was the Smith-Lever Act which established formal
agricultural extension programs in 1914.
More modern emphasis on technology transfer from Federal laboratories to industry began
with the Stevenson-Wydler Act of 1980 (PL 96-480). This Act provided the philosophical underpin-
ning of the current technology transfer programs in place in Federal agencies with research laborato-
ries. It also chartered the Federal Laboratory Consortium and mandated offices of research and
technology assistance (ORTAs) for Federal laboratories with over 200 scientists and engineers.
Another important law passed in 1980 was the Bayh Dole Act (PL 96-517). This is most
widely recognized as the law that gives to universities the rights to patents on inventions made with
Federal financial assistance, subject to certain march-in provisions. It can be credited with stimulat-
ing much university-industry cooperation in research and development. Important for Federal
technology transfer programs was a lesser known provision in Bayh-Dole Act, which allows us to
grant exclusive or partially exclusive licenses to patents on inventions made by Federal laboratory
employees when we can establish that this is necessary to achieve commercialization of the inven-
tion.
All of the above set the stage for the defining event for Federal technology transfer pro-
grams-the enactment of the Federal Technology Transfer Act (FTTA) of 1986. This act authorized
Federal laboratories to enter into CRADAs with private industrial firms. The CRADAs may include
up-front commitments for exclusive licenses or assignment of rights to inventions made in the
cooperative project. Under CRADAs, Federal laboratory scientists may work as closely as neces-
sary with industrial firms to achieve successful technology transfer. Federal laboratories and indus-
trial cooperators may exchange personnel, services, information, data, research materials, equipment,
etc. Industrial cooperators may provide funds to the Federal partners to offset added expenses
incurred under CRADAs, but not vice versa. Hence CRADAs are not Federal procurement or
assistance instruments. As a consequence many stringent requirements for advertisement and com-
petition are avoided. However, most Federal agencies strive to achieve fairness of access by widely
distributing information about opportunities for cooperation under CRADAs in specific areas of
technology.
CRADAs represent a new paradigm of Government-industry cooperation. The question is
still raised by some as to why results of research at taxpayers' expense should be transferred to
individual firms rather than being given to all companies that want it. Those of us who have been
involved since before the FTTA of 1986 in trying to get technology from Federal laboratories picked
up and commercialized by industry know that what is available to everyone is generally not of much
interest to anyone in industry.
The latest major technology transfer law was the National Competitiveness Technology
*Assistant Administrator, Office of Technology Transfer, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250.
157
Transfer Act of 1989. This extended authority to enter into CRADAs to Government owned con-
tractor operated laboratories (GOCOs). This brought the Department of Energy (DOE) into the
CRADA scene in a big way. At last count DOE laboratories collectively had entered into over 500
CRADAs (vs 400 for the U.S. Department of Agriculture.) Another important provision of this Act
was the exclusion of information of proprietary value generated under CRADAs from requirements
of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) for five years.
The Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer (FLC) has published a useful
compilation of these laws. The address and phone number of the FLC is given below.
A considerable body of literature is developing on the subject of technology transfer. Aside
from financial and tax policy issues, experts identify three main institutional barriers to technology
transfer. These are cultural differences, the not-invented here (NIH) syndrome, and the research-
commercialization gap.
Cultural differences can be succinctly stated as the short lead-times industry faces vs the long
range view of scientists in Federal (and academic) laboratories. Industrial scientists and engineers
are concerned about profits-how soon and how much, protecting proprietary information, and
securing intellectual property rights through patents or trade secrets. Federal laboratory scientists are
apt to prefer to emphasize scientific rather that economic impact, open communication rather that
secrecy, and publication or presentation to gain recognition for research accomplishments. Not
surprisingly these differences in attitude can interfere with free and easy communication and effec-
tive rapport between industrial and Federal laboratory scientists.
The NIH syndrome reflects the justifiable and understandable pride industrial scientists have
in their own research programs and organizations. They often question the need to use research
results from Government laboratories and may even see doing so as reflecting negatively on their
own research.
The research-commercialization gap is simply the disconnection between where Federal
laboratories usually carry a research project along the basic research-applied research-development-
commercialization continuum and where industrial firms are sure enough of the technical and eco-
nomic feasibility to commit financial, manufacturing and marketing resources.
Cooperation between Federal laboratory and industrial scientists under CRADAs can address
all three of these barriers. The interaction can enhance familiarity with each other's perspectives and
help overcome cultural differences through better mutual understanding. If the industrial partner is
brought into the research project early enough, advantage can be taken of valuable input from the
commercial perspective and intellectual ownership can be shared, thereby alleviating the NIH syn-
drome. Under CRADAs, Federal laboratories are apt to be willing to move a bit further than usual
along the continuum, and involvement and familiarity with the research may induce the industrial
partner to pick up farther upstream than normal. Some additional Government programs to help
bridge the research-commercialization gap are mentioned below.
Among industry complaints about CRADAs, probably the most often expressed is frustration
with excessive processing time and red tape. We can reduce these by use of generic agreements and
minimizing clearance levels. Another concern relates to confidentiality.
Industrial firms often do not wish to advertise their research and technology interests and
certainly do not want proprietary information they bring to the cooperative project made available to
competitors. Provisions can be included in CRADAs to protect such information, and the five-year
FOIA exemption in the 1989 technology transfer law extends this to new information of a propri-
etary nature. Companies also do not like Government march-in rights to exclusively licensed tech-
nology from CRADAs. Most Federal agencies exercise such rights seldom if at all, but we are
required by law to include them in patent licenses.
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An article in the October 22, 1993, issue of Science entitled, "Rocky Road for Federal Re-
search Inc.," discusses additional criticisms from industry. These include the need for a better fit
with industry's needs, unbalancing rivalries through CRADA deals that effectively subsidize only
one or some but not all competitors, and controversial clauses prohibiting transfer of technology to
foreign components of multinationals. With regard to the last-named issue, the FTTA requires
Federal agencies to "give preference to business units located in the United States..." Hence it is the
location, not the ownership, that is determining. Also, the language "give preference to" allows us to
enter into CRADAs with businesses outside the U.S. if no firm or business entity in the U.S. is
interested.
The law also requires preference to be given to small businesses. In addition, though not
specified in the FTTA, most if not all Federal agencies will show preference for female or minority
owned businesses. In USDA we also give preference to rural firms. Other agencies may have other
mission related preferences, e.g. energy related businesses by DOE, environment-related businesses
by the Environmental Protection Agency. It should be emphasized that all of these are preferences,
not exclusive requirements.
They come into play, other things being equal. Something else that should be mentioned at
this point is the presumption in favor of non-exclusive licenses for non-CRADA patents. This
follows from the Bayh-Dole Act, which allows exclusive licenses only if a case can be made that this
is necessary to interest an industrial firm in commercializing the technology. As already mentioned,
the FTTA makes an exception to this. An up-front commitment can be made in a CRADA for an
exclusive license to any patentable invention coming out of the cooperative
research.
While Federal agencies cannot provide financial assistance to companies under CRADAs,
there are several Government programs that do provide grants or other kinds of financial assistance
for commercialization of new technologies.
For example, all Federal agencies that have research and development budgets must have Small
Business Innovation Research (SBIR) programs. In addition, the Department of Commerce (DOC)
has an Advanced Technology Program (ATP) and five Federal departments (Department of Defense,
DOC, DOE, the National Science Foundation, and NASA) participate in the Technology Reinvest-
ment Project (TRP). DOE has an Energy Inventions Program, and USDA has the Alternative Agri-
cultural Research and Commercialization Center (ARCC). More information on TRP can be ob-
tained by calling 1-800-DUAL USE. Regarding ARCC call (202) 401-4860. Further information on
any technology transfer program in the Federal government can be obtained from the following
sources:
The Federal Laboratory Consortium
for Technology Transfer
PO Box 545
Sequim, Washington 98382-0545
Phone: (206) 683-1005
The National Technology Transfer Center
Wheeling Jesuit College
316 Washington Avenue
Wheeling, West Virginia 26003
Phone: (304) 243-2455
FAX: (304) 243-2463
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D. Federal Emergency
Management Agency
Research and development activities related to the mitigation of, or adaptation to, global climate
change are vital to the world's future. But research and development alone does not guarantee
widespread use of the technologies developed.
Assessments of the state-of-science, as well as assessments of societal impacts of technologies are
just as vital to the future. One Federal agency, the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), has issues a report on a study by a panel of experts on the impact on society of the Earth-
quake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977.
The methods used, and conclusions of, the study and report should be of interest to any agency
reviewing impacts of research, development, mitigation or adaptation activities. The Executive
Summary of "Improving Earthquake Mitigation: Report to Congress" is herein appended. A copy of
the complete report can be obtained from FEMA.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
IMPROVING EARTHQUAKE MITIGATION: REPORT TO CONGRESS
As Required Under Public Law 101-614, Section 14(b)
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Reauthorization Act
January 1993
The Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, as amended in 1990 (the Act), directed the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to convene a panel of experts to study the adequacy of
mitigation capabilities with respect to a catastrophic earthquake, and to provide to Congress a report
on that study (mitigation study). The 1990 amendments to the Act (P.L. 95-124) reflect in part,
congressional concern about the lack of progress throughout the United States in implementing
earthquake hazards mitigation measures as contemplated by the 1977 Act.
An essential conclusion of the mitigation study is that the degree of nationwide earthquake hazard
mitigation envisioned by the 1977 Act has not been achieved. There are many reasons why the
program has fallen short of its goals, but one of the most important is that implementation of the
mitigation techniques that are most likely to reduce the hazard is voluntary. In encouraging the
adoption and enforcement of mitigation measures, NEHRP must devise a new national strategy.
This strategy should tie seismic mitigation to all federal financing programs available to state and
local governments. The strategy should include: (1) expanding Executive Order 12699 for new
construction to include both direct and indirect federal financing; (2) incorporating mitigation into
federal rehabilitation financing programs; (3) linking receipt of federal disaster assistance to mitiga-
tion actions; and (4) identifying appropriate incentives to stimulate mitigation actions, particularly
for the existing built environment.
The study panel concluded that the 1977 Act promoted real gains in knowledge about the earthquake
hazard and about the techniques that need to be applied to reduce earthquake losses. Implementation
of loss-reduction measures, however, has not kept pace with advances in knowledge. The panelists
agreed that despite clear confirmation of the losses caused by earthquakes, and despite heightened
attention to the consequences of earthquakes in the last few years, most state and local governments
are unlikely to launch significant efforts to improve mitigation in the absence of stronger federal
requirements, guidance, and incentives.
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Some states and local jurisdictions have made important advances in earthquake hazard mitigation.
Many areas at significant earthquake risk, however, have done little or nothing to address the prob-
lem. The lack of mitigation activity could be explained by the inability of communities to accurately
assess risks, the perception that mitigation costs are excessively high, and the expectation that the
government will provide federal disaster assistance after an earthquake. Among the most prominent
impediments to mitigation identified by the study team are:
1. the low priority given to earthquake hazard by the many state and local governments, many
private-sector entities, and the public at large;
2. the absence of incentives, particularly financial, for the adoption of earthquake mitigation
policy; and
3. Limited leadership, coordination, and direction at the federal level, particularly with
respect to mitigation activities it can affect through existing programs.
To begin to overcome these impediments, a new national strategy for earthquake hazard mitigation
must be devised that includes at a minimum a program requirement that seismic considerations be
applied in all new construction to any structure that receives either direct federal support. A federal
guarantee of financing, or federal insurance for that financing. A second phase to the new strategy
must provide concrete incentives to those who undertake earthquake mitigation actions to address
the existing built environment.
Although increasing the seismic resistance of existing construction is, in many ways, more important
and difficult than improving the resistance of new construction, pragmatic considerations suggest
that the greatest gains can be made by focusing, at least initially, on new structures. Fourteen years
after passage of the 1977 Act, the three most dominant model building code groups in the US. had
incorporated basic seismic safety provisions for new construction that are substantially equivalent to
those of the NEHRP Recommended Provisions (the Provisions). Although the panel welcomed this
major success of NEHRP, its view is that the mere existence of building codes does not measure
implementation of earthquake mitigation measures. The Provisions accomplish less than they
should because: (1) in adopting model codes, localities often delete the seismic provisions; (2) even
where codes are adopted, enforcement is not given a high priority and needed expertise is lacking in
many jurisdictions; and (3) the model seismic codes are directed primarily at preserving life safety.
Costly property damage will still occur unless stronger measures are adopted.
The panel points out that uniform, visible progress has not been achieved nationally because, despite
the risk of destruction from earthquakes, mitigation requires restraints on the freedom to build
structures at the lowest possible cost and in the locations deemed most desirable. Until the balance
between the relatively unfettered exercise of this freedom and the risk of loss of life and property is
changed to give more emphasis to avoiding such losses, mitigation on a broad, nationwide basis will
not occur.
Economic interests predominate when seismic building codes are considered. Unless the federal
government is willing to demonstrate its support for mitigation by requiring that states and localities
exercise their authority to ensure that action is taken; and unless the federal government is prepared
to place conditions on the disbursement of public funds for the prevention of losses in earthquakes,
or to provide incentives to encourage local action, it is wishful thinking to expect subfederal govern-
ments to improve their mitigation performance.
162
Governmental authority already has been exercised to a limited degree in Executive Order 12699,
which requires that appropriate seismic design and construction standards and practices be adopted
for any new construction of buildings owned, leased, constructed, assisted, or regulated by the
federal government. Although the Executive Order does not apply to existing buildings or to life-
lines such as bridges, highways, and utility systems, it is a good start in the view of the expert panel.
Active enforcement of the Executive Order by appropriate federal agencies is, of course, basic to its
success. Even with adequate enforcement, much of the nation's new construction will not be cov-
ered by the Executive Order. The panel believes that, for the Executive Order to be truly effective,
federal "assistance" as defined by the Order should include structures covered by conventional
mortgages issued by institutions insured by agencies of the federal government such as the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
Model codes for new construction do not address the very serious problems posed by existing haz-
ardous buildings and by other potentially vulnerable elements in the built environment such as
bridges, highways, and utility lifelines. As noted earlier, even if the Executive Order were imple-
mented to its full potential, it still would not cover existing structures or lifelines. As was dramati-
cally evident in the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct after the Loma Prieta earthquake, this
critical problem cannot be ignored. On the other hand, costs for the retrofit of structures can be
significant, and the gaps in our knowledge about cost-effective retrofitting strategies and standards
for many types of structures must be recognized and remedied.
The panel agreed that, particularly in this context, a properly structured program of incentives could
produce significant improvement in the seismic safety of existing structures. An effective incentive
program could be tied to the availability of disaster assistance, to federal programs that provide
funds to state and local governments for housing construction or infrastructure improvements (both
before and after an event), or to any insurance program that receives federal support, or it could be
connected more closely to the nation's tax structure.
One approach could be to use negative incentives, such as prohibitions against the issuance of
conventional mortgages by a federally insured lender to households or businesses in an earthquake-
prone area if state or local governments fail to adopt or enforce appropriate seismic mitigation
standards for new and existing construction. This type of negative incentive authority was exercised
by the federal government in the 1973 Flood Disaster Protection Act and was the sole reason that the
number of communities adopting flood mitigation measures increased from fewer than 3,000 in
1973, to almost 18,000 less than five years later.
The panel of experts made clear to FEMA that the need to develop a national strategy to mitigate
earthquake hazards is beyond dispute. Voluntary measures have not worked. The national strategy,
therefore, needs to incorporate at least three basic components: (1) it should capitalize on the large
number of federal government programs that support construction and grants by requiring that
seismic safety be incorporated into these programs; (2) it should explore how federal disaster assis-
tance can be used to enhance mitigation; and (3) it should identify appropriate incentives to mitigate
(particularly in the existing environment). To continue using approaches that have proved to be
ineffective would be to acquiesce in future earthquake losses that could otherwise be avoided.
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E. Private Sector Interactions
In 1991, several Federal agencies, under the direction of the U.S. Global Change Research Program,
began to look at means for encouraging collaborative relationships between Federal government
research institutions and private sector organizations conducting research of common interest. From
this initial ad hoc group was formed the Working Group on Private Sector - Government Interac-
tions (PEGI).
For the last 3 years PEGI has fostered and facilitated global change research interactions and col-
laborative efforts between the private and Federal sectors. This type of effort was given broad
endorsement by the current Administration. In February 1993, President Clinton and Vice-Presi-
dent Gore released the document "Technology for America's Economic Growth, A New Direction to
Build Economic Strength". One of the principle directions set forth in this document was to forge
closer working partnerships among groups representing industry, federal agencies, state govern-
ments, workers, and universities. While most of PEGI's efforts, thus far, have been directed toward
private industry and academia, future efforts will be directed toward fostering Federal and state and
local governments interactions.
Given the nature of basic research, most of the successful collaborative efforts, thus far, have been in
the expanded USGCRP program of mitigation and adaptation, principally in mitigation research and
development. Many of the programs listed in this FY 93-94 Directory are continuations of previ-
ously successful cooperative projects. For example, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
continues to work with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on a study to evaluate CFC and
halon substitutes for the protection of the ozone layer. The Association of Appliance Engineers, and
the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers of America also are partners in this Stratospheric Ozone Protection
study.
It is encouraging to note that past successes have led to the number of new collaborative efforts
annotated in this Directory. For example, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has a num-
ber of partners in its research aimed at guaranteeing the continued production of food and fiber in the
face of change. In addition to extensive networks with the land-grant university system, USDA is
working with the Masstock Southern Dairies as well as with universities in Australia, Canada, and
the Netherlands on studies addressing nutrition transport. A study on carbon dioxideand climate
change effects on crops and trace gas exchange with the atmosphere involves USDA and the Interna-
tional Rice Research Institute. USDA research on climate change modeling and on the ability of
soils to sequester carbon is being conducted in cooperation with the International Geosphere-Bio-
sphere Program.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has a growing number of private sector partners on research
and development of materials and structures for walls, roofs, and foundations. These include the
Southern California Gas Company and the U.S. Advanced Materials Association on research on
advanced materials, particularly fiber composites; and with the Gas Research Institute and EPRI on
development of advanced fuel cell systems.
Federal agencies participating in the PEGI Working Group include:
Agency for International Development
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Energy
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of the Interior
National Institutes of Health
National Science Foundation
Tennessee Valley Authority
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