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Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. transcript
off the record FLOTUS remarks at WLF function (political) (2 pages)
01/07/1997
Personal Misfile
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
First Lady's Office
Speechwriting (Noa Meyer Subject Files)
OA/Box Number: 13009
FOLDER TITLE:
Working Women [Binder] [1]
2012-0869-S
kc944
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - 144 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - 15 U.S.C. 552(b)|
PI National Security Classified Information |(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information |(b)(1) of the FOIA|
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office |(a)(2) of the PRA|
h(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRAJ
an agency |(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute |(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information |(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA|
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes |(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions |(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells |(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Working
W
omen
Working Women
Working
A REPORT TO THE NATION
Executive Summary
WOMEN'S BUREAU
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
WOMEN WORK FOR PAY-in greater numbers, in
launched Working Women Count! to ask
more occupations, and for more years of their
working women about their jobs-what they
lives than ever before. Today, women make up
like, what they do not like, and what they want
nearly half of our nation's workforce, and a
to change.
staggering 99% of women in America will work
We believed that if we spoke to women,
for pay sometime during their lives. Nearly
they would talk back. And they did. In record
every woman has a stake in what happens in
numbers.
the workplace.
In only four months, over a quarter of a
Despite the importance of women to
million women told us what it means to be a
today's economy, not enough is known about
working woman in America today. This report
how women themselves evaluate their work
reflects their concerns and experiences.
lives. In May 1994, the Women's Bureau
"Not the Run of the Mill Survey"
unions, daily newspapers, national magazines
As part of the Clinton administration effort to
and Federal agencies-in all 50 States, the
"reinvent government," Working Women
Virgin Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.
Count! reached out on an unprecedented
In addition to the popular questionnaire,
scale with a publicly distributed questionnaire
the Women's Bureau conducted a telephone
asking women about their lives as workers.
survey with a scientifically selected, national
"This is not the run of the mill survey,"
random sample. This scientific sample provid-
promised First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton.
ed a benchmark for evaluating the replies of
"This is the experts themselves-working
women who chose to be counted in response
women-telling us what we need to do."
to the public outreach. Unless otherwise
The Women's Bureau enlisted more than
noted, the figures used to discuss the results
1,600 partners to help distribute the question-
of the Working Women Count! question-
naire. The partners include more than 300
naire are drawn from the scientific sample.
businesses, 900 grassroots organizations, 75
Findings: A Consensus for Change
Working Women Count! paints a complex
difficulty of balancing work and family
portrait of American working women in the
obligations. They report that problems
with child care are deep and pervasive,
1990's. The voices of working women in this
affecting families across the economic
report reveal their pride and satisfaction at
spectrum.
being breadwinners for their families and a
Opportunity Should Reflect the
significant part of the American workforce.
Value of Women's Work: Working
women tell us they have valuable skills
Fully 79% of respondents tell us that they
and on-the- job experience, but often do
either "love" or "like" their jobs overall.
not get recognition and credit for what
they can do-nor access to training to
Working Women Count! also reveals a
build their skills and increase their
powerful consensus among working women
marketability.
On-the-job training. and giving
about what is wrong with their jobs, and what
employees more responsibility for how
needs to be fixed-a consensus that crosses all
they do their jobs, are cited by more than
occupations and incomes, all generations and
half of respondents as priorities for
change.
races, and all regions of the country.
In addition, the priorities and concerns of
Underscoring this consensus, respondents
the women in the scientific sample mirror
repeatedly express distress and frustration:
those of the self-selected respondents to the
they are distressed that their work at home and
public questionnaire. This convergence points
on the job continues to be devalued, and they
to the depth of consensus among America's
are frustrated with the visible and invisible
working women.
signs of inequality.
Working Women Count! respondents
Respondents are concerned about inci-
speak with one voice on the following issues:
dents of discrimination. However, the most
Pay and Benefits Should Provide
frequently described inequities, those that
Economic Security: Working women tell
us they are breadwinners, and frequently
seem to weigh most heavily, are systemic. Time
the sole support of their households. Yet,
and again, women describe a work world that
they are not getting the pay and benefits
still compensates women in almost every job
commensurate with the work they do. the
level of responsibility they hold, or the
and profession at a lesser rate than men,
societal contribution they make.
defines jobs done primarily by women as less
Improving pay scales and health care
insurance for all are the two top-ranking
valuable, and fails to acknowledge that women
priorities for workplace change of respon-
are mainstays in both the workplace and the
dents in both the scientific and popular
samples.
home.
As a working mother from Louisiana
Workplace Culture Should
Support and Respect Families:
writes, "My first priority is, and will always be,
Working women tell us their families are
to care for my family. However, I take my job
very important to them. Yet, they feel that
neither their employers nor public policy
very seriously and I am entitled to receive the
adequately recognize or support women's
same compensation and consideration for what
family responsibilities.
I do as does any male working in a comparable
The number one issue women want
10 bring to the President's attention is the
capacity in the nation."
Issues and Concerns
The questionnaire surfaced a number of issues
More than half of the sample,
and concerns that are shared by working
61%, say they have little or no ability
women from both the popular and scientific
to advance. This increases to 69% for
samples. The numbers cited are drawn from
blue collar workers and 70% for technical
the scientific survey:
workers.
Health and pension benefits are
14% of white women and 26% of
critical concerns. Health care insurance
women of color report losing a job or
for all ranks as the number one priority for
promotion on the basis of their gen-
change. Forty-three percent of women
der or race. While women of color
who work part-time and 34% of women
report a higher incidence of discrimina-
over 55 years old lack health care insur-
tion, both groups give high priority to
ance. These percentages far exceed the
"insuring equal opportunity"-50% of
18% of the general population who lack
white women and 61% of women of color.
health insurance. Fifty-seven percent of
respondents give their pension plans neg-
63% of mothers with children age
ative ratings, including 23% who have no
five and under, and 61% of single
pension at all.
mothers, give high priority to getting
paid leave to care for children or rela-
Vacation and sick leave benefits
tives. Almost half of the respondents of all
are inadequate. While 14% of respon-
ages and family situations support paid
dents report having no sick leave, the fig-
leave as a priority for change.
ure for those earning less than $10,000 is
31%. Of respondents in blue collar OCCU-
56% of women with children age
pations, 46% say they have either inade-
five and under say "finding affordable
quate vacation time or none at all.
child care" is a serious problem, and
over half of this group (53%) say "informa-
Stress ranks as working women's
tion about and support for dependent
number one problem. This problem,
care" is a high priority for change.
identified by almost 60% of all respondents,
cuts across income and occupational-
65% of women say "improving
groups. It is particularly acute for women
pay scales" is a high priority for
in their forties who hold professional and
change, and 49% say, "I don't get paid
managerial jobs (74%) and for single
what I think my job is worth."
mothers (67%).
Conclusions: Making Working Women Count!
Working Women Count! gives voice to the
children and creating some full-day, full-year
hopes and concerns of America's working
slots to better serve working parents.
women.
Most importantly, the administration is
We heard a consensus for change across
working to provide greater economic security
occupations and incomes, across races, ages
for all Americans. Expansion of the Earned
and regions. Respondents told us: that child
Income Tax Credit gives a boost to low-income
care is hard to find and difficult to afford; that
families with an unprecedented income sup-
pay and benefits, especially health care, are
plement. Passage of the School to Work
neither sufficient nor secure; that training is
Opportunities Act provides young women and
valued by the professionals who have it and
men with new opportunities for job training
sought by the blue collar women who need it;
and education and demonstrates the impor-
that discrimination is experienced by women
tance of investing in our future workforce.
of all races; and that workplace inequalities on
Through tough and consistent enforcement of
the basis of gender are endemic and in need
our labor laws, the Department of Labor has
of remedy.
been sending a clear signal to employers that
Many of the problems women shared
this administration is committed to promoting
with us are also issues for working men.
equal opportunity in the workplace and pro-
While some of the obstacles respondents
tecting all workers, regardless of gender, race,
wrote about stem from discrimination, others
age or ability.
reflect the trend toward a workforce anxious
Solutions to the problems Working
about job insecurity, declining benefits, and
Women Count! respondents have identi-
stagnant wages. The stresses on working fami-
fied must come from many quarters.
lies affect all family members and, likewise, the
Positive change will require a cooperative effort,
remedies stand to benefit all.
and the imaginations and talents of many indi-
The Clinton administration shares
viduals and organizations. More than 1,600 part-
working women's concerns about these
ners joined the Women's Bureau out of a shared
problems and is actively working toward
concern and desire to understand what working
solutions. For example, the first piece of legis-
women care about. Now each of us-govern-
lation signed by President Clinton was the
ment, business, unions, grassroots organiza-
Family and Medical Leave Act, enacted in 1993
tions, and the media-has an important role to
MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS
after a ten-year congressional battle and two
play. And we can each begin by discussing these
PUBLICATION IS IN THE PUBLIC
DOMAIN AND MAY BE REPRODUCED,
vetoes by the previous administration. It is an
issues with our own co-workers, our own com-
FULLY OR PARTIALLY, WITHOUT
important step, and the first legislation in
munity organizations, and our own families. We
PERMISSION OF THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT. SOURCE CREDIT
decades to recognize the need for policy that
must build the consensus documented in this
IS REQUESTED BUT NOT REQUIRED.
PERMISSION IS REQUIRED ONLY
supports women's work and family responsibil-
report into a national consensus for change.
TO REPRODUCE ANY COPYRIGHTED
MATERIAL CONTAINED HEREIN.
ities. In 1994, the President signed the Head
Our challenge? To build high performance
Start Reauthoriza-tion bill, which provides for
workplaces that fully and fairly value women as
THIS MATERIAL WILL BE MADE
AVAILABLE TO SENSORY IMPAIRED
the expansion of this very successful child care
equal partners in American life.
INDIVIDUALS UPON REQUEST.
VOICE PHONE: 202-219-6652
program-expanding the number of eligible
TDD PHONE: 1-800-326-2577
America's working women have made their voices
This report-an historic attempt to collect the views
heard. In vast numbers and with extraordinary candor
of working women-arrives in a Capitol that has
and insight, women from every region of the country
already begun to change. Much work remains to
have responded to this unprecedented questionnaire
improve the lives of working women. But already
and told us about their lives. This report is the culmi-
hopeful signs of progress are emerging throughout
nation.
the country.
The report weaves a fabric of opinion and experi-
The Clinton Administration began making
ence that is as richly diverse as America's working
progress almost immediately upon taking office. For
women themselves. Yet these wide-ranging convic-
example, the first bill President Clinton signed into
tions are unified by a common thread: women-
law was the Family and Medical Leave Act, which
indeed, all working people-want the opportunity
gives workers-men and women-unpaid time off
and the resources to lead full, productive lives. They
work to care for a new child or a sick relative. The
want to be treated not as disposable parts, but as
importance of this achievement cannot be underesti-
essential assets. And they want to work in an environ-
mated, coming as it did after a decade-long congres-
ment that treats them with dignity, respects the impor-
sional battle and two vetoes by the previous
tance of their families, and invests in their skills.
President. This legislation is a landmark achieve-
Moving in this direction is essential. It's essential
ment, the first legislation in decades to honor
for reasons of fairness and equality, but it is equally an
women's work and put families first.
economic imperative. In today's economy, only one
In addition, this year the President signed the
resource offers an enduring competitive edge: people.
Head Start Reauthorization bill, which expands this
Everything else-machines, processes, raw materi-
proven child care program. More children will now
als-can be easily replicated. The only element that
be able to participate, and there will be more full-day,
cannot be easily duplicated is workers-their skills,
full-year slots to better serve working parents.
their creativity, their capacity to work together.
The Administration is also forging solutions to
Investing in America's workers is the key to com-
working women's central concern: economic securi-
petitive success. Private companies, government, and
ty. Thanks to the School-to-Work Opportunities Act,
labor unions must equip workers-whatever their
more of our nation's young people-both young
gender or race-with a set of flexible skills that they
women and men-will be able to move smoothly
can sharpen throughout their working lives. Working
from the classroom to a job with a future. The
women appreciate the urgency of this task. On-the-job
Earned Income Tax Credit, part of the President's
training was cited by more than half the women in this
economic plan, is providing tax relief for fifteen mil-
questionnaire as a priority for change.
lion working families with modest incomes. And this
The same is true for giving workers-especially
Administration is vigorously enforcing the laws that
women-authority on the job. This, too, is a matter of
promote equal opportunity and prohibit discrimina-
both equity and common sense. Workers who are
tion based on race, gender, age or disability.
treated fairly, who are respected, and who are given
We've made a good start. And the voices of
responsibility perform better and produce more. Our
America's working women add the fuel to power
best companies have recognized the value of flatten-
even greater progress.
ing their traditional hierarchies and pushing responsi-
bility to the front-line workers who know the product
and customers best.
Still, not every organization is committed to
investing in workers' skills and reorganizing the work-
place. Some have opted for another route. And that is
why it is also essential to block the low road of unsafe
conditions, job discrimination, and meager wages. Fair
To OBTAIN A COPY OF THE FULL REPORT,
pay and adequate child care, the questionnaire results
WORKING WOMEN COUNT! A REPORT TO THE NATION,
reveal, are critical to working women and therefore
PLEASE SEND A SELF-ADDRESSED MAILING LABEL TO:
critical to the country. Providing safe, healthy, and
WOMEN'S BUREAU
family-friendly workplaces is a national priority.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
As we continue to reshape workforce policy-
ATTN: WWC! REPORT
together with employers, women's groups, and com-
200 CONSTITUTION AVE., NW
munity and labor organizations-we will address the
WASHINGTON, DC 20210
issues which working women themselves have SO
forcefully and eloquently raised.
ROBERT B. REICH
KAREN NUSSBAUM
SECRETARY OF LABOR
DIRECTOR, WOMEN'S BUREAU
Clinton Presidential Records
Digital Records Marker
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies the place of a tabbed divider. Given our
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such dividers. The title from the original document is indicated below.
Divider Title: Blank
Sabrina - This is from the
OVERVIEW
first section, page
The revolution for gender equality
One of the defining movements of the 20th
importance to the abolition of slavery, the
century has been the relentless struggle for
elimination of colonialism and the estab-
The relentless
gender equality, led mostly by women, but
lishment of equal rights for racial and eth-
struggle for gender
supported by growing numbers of men.
nic minorities.
When this struggle finally succeeds-as it
A full analysis of the historical and
equality will
must-it will mark a great milestone in
political movement for gender equality
change most of
human progress. And along the way it will
extends far beyond what can be covered in
today's premises
change most of today's premises for social,
this Report. No numbers, no indices, no
economic and political life.
policy packages can capture the true
for social,
The Human Development Report has
essence of that movement. But they can
economic and
consistently defined the basic objective of
help propel that movement by providing the
political life
development as enlarging people's choices.
background of professional analysis.
At the heart of this concept are three essen-
tial components:
Equality of opportunity for all people in
Human development, if not
society:
@
engendered, is endangered. That is the
Sustainability of such opportunities
simple but far-reaching message of this
from one generation to the next.
Report
Empowerment of people so that they
participate in-and benefit from-develop
Human development is a process of en-
ment processes.
larging the choices for all people, not just
Equal enjoyment of human rights by
for one part of society: Such a process
women and men is a universally accepted
becomes unjust and discriminatory if most
principle. reaffirmed by the Vienna declara-
women are excluded from its benefits. And
tion. adopted by 171 states at the World
the continuing exclusion of women from
Conference on Human Rights in June 1993.
many economic and political opportunities
It has many dimensions:
is a continuing indictment of modern
Equal access to basic social services.
progress.
including education and health.
For too long, it was assumed that devel-
Equal opportunities for participation in
opment was a process that lifts all boats.
political and economic decision-making.
that its benefits trickled down to all income
Equal reward for equal work.
classes-and that it was gender-neutral in
Equal protection under the law.
its impact. Experience teaches otherwise.
Elimination of discrimination by gender
Wide income disparities and gender gaps
and violence against women.
stare us in the face in all societies.
Equal rights of citizens in all areas of life,
Moving towards gender equality is not a
both public-such as the workplace-and
technocratic goal-it is a political process.
private-such as the home.
It requires a new way of thinking-in which
The recognition of equal rights for
the stereotyping or women and men gives
women along with men, and the determina-
way to a new philosophy that regards all
tion to combat discrimination on the basis
people, irrespective of gender, as essential
of gender, are achievements equal in
agents of change.
The human development paradigm,
Barbados (rank 11), Hong Kong (17). the
which puts people at the centre of its
Bahamas (26), Singapore (28). Urugua:
concerns, must thus be fully engendered.
(32) and Thailand (33). These countries
Any such attempt would embrace at least
have succeeded in building the basic human
the following three principles:
capabilities of both women and men. with.
Equality of rights between women and
out substantial gender disparity:
men must be enshrined as a fundamental
But it is clear from the GDI estimates
principle. Legal, economic, political or cul-
that in no society do women enjoy the same
tural barriers that prevent the exercise of
opportunities as men. The top rank is
equal rights should be identified and
enjoyed by Sweden, with a GDI value of
removed through comprehensive policy
0.92-compared with a maximum possible
reforms and strong affirmative action.
value of 1.00 (maximum achievement with
The human
Women must be regarded as agents and
perfect equality). After the top 32 coun-
development
beneficiaries of change. Investing in
tries, the GDI value drops below 0.80-
women's capabilities and empowering
showing how far women still have to travel
paradigm must be
them to exercise their choices is not only
towards gender equality even in countries
fully engendered
valuable in itself but is also the surest
that seem to be doing better on this score.
way to contribute to economic growth and
More disturbing is that as many as 45 coun-
overall development.
tries in the sample analysis are below a GDI
The engendered development model,
value of 0.5. showing that women suffer the
though aiming to widen choices for both
double deprivation of gender disparity and
women and men, should not predetermine
low achievement.
how different cultures and different socie-
Another interesting comparison is
ties exercise these choices. What is im-
between the overall HDI rank of a country
portant is that equal opportunities to make
and its gender-adjusted rank for the GDI-
a choice exist for both women and men.
since this shows how equitably basic human
capabilities are distributed between men
and women. The countries showing GDI
In no society do women enjoy the same
ranks markedly higher than their HDI ranks
opportunities as men
are fairly diverse. They include Denmark,
Sweden, Norway and Finland-and the
An innovation of this year's Report, the
Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary; and
gender-related development index (GDI),
Poland-and Barbados, Thailand, Sri
reflects gender disparities in basic human
Lanka, Malaysia, Jamaica and Cuba.
capabilities-and ranks 130 countries on a
The countries with GDI ranks markedly
global scale. The four top countries are in
below their HDI ranks include Argentina.
the Nordic belt-Sweden, Finland, Nor-
Chile, Costa Rica and several Arab states.
way and Denmark, in that order. This is
Arab countries face a formidable agenda
hardly surprising. These countries, much
for equalizing gender opportunities-
concerned with ending the relative depri-
though they have made the fastest progress
vation of women, have adopted gender
in the past two decades in several gender-
equality and women's empowerment as
related indicators, particularly in female
conscious national policies. In these coun-
education.
tries, adult literacy rates are similar for
Among the countries with sharply lower
women and men, and combined enrolment
GDI ranks are four industrial countries-
is higher for females. Life expectancy is, on
Canada (a drop from HDI rank of 1 to GDI
average, about seven years higher for
rank of 9), Luxembourg (-12). the
women (compared with an estimated global
Netherlands (-16) and Spain (-26 ranks).
biological edge of five years). And women's
The real difference is in women's share of
earned income is around three-fourths of
earned income compared with men's
men's income.
share-a reflection of the much lower
Several developing countries and areas
participation of women in the labour force
also do quite well in the GDI rankings:
and their lower average wage.
20% faster than male life expectancy over
Removing gender inequality has
the past two decades.
nothing to do with national income
High fertility rates. which severely
restrict the freedom of choice for women,
Income is not the decisive factor. Several of
have fallen by a third-from 4.7 live births
the world's poor nations have been able to
per woman in 1970-75 to 3.0 in 1990-95.
raise female literacy rates. With limited
Life choices are expanding as women are
resources but a strong political commit-
progressively liberated from the burden of
ment, China, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe
frequent child-bearing and from the risk of
raised adult women's literacy to 70% or
dying in childbirth. Maternal mortality
more. By contrast, several richer countries
rates have been nearly halved in the past
lag behind.
two decades.
The decision to invest in the education
More than half the married women of
still
and health of people, irrespective of gender,
reproductive age in the developing world,
unequal world
seems to cut across income levels, political
or their partners, used modern contracep-
ideologies, cultures and stages of develop-
tives in 1990, compared with less than a
ment. In many cases, a strong political com-
quarter in 1980. This planned parenthood
mitment has driven efforts to improve
has brought women much greater control
women's human development despite a
over their lives.
shortage of resources. Countries applying
In adult literacy and school enrolment,
socialist models, for example, used social
the gaps between women and men were
and political mobilization to achieve rapid
halved between 1970 and 1990 in develop-
-and equal-progress in education and
ing countries. Women's literacy increased
health for men and women and to engineer
from 54% of the male rate in 1970 to 74%
social transformations to expand opportu-
in 1990-and combined female primary
nities for women.
and secondary enrolment increased from
Comparing GDI ranks with the income
67% of the male rate to 86%. Female rates
levels of countries confirms that removing
of adult literacy and combined school enrol-
gender inequalities is not dependent on
ment in the developing world increased
having a high income. China is ten GDI
twice as fast as male rates between 1970
ranks above Saudi Arabia, even though its
and 1990.
real per capita income is a fifth as high.
The Arab States have led the advance in
Thailand outranks Spain in the GDI, even
women's education, more than doubling
though Thailand's real per capita income is
female literacy rates. Indeed, the fastest
less than half of Spain's. Poland's GDI rank
improvement in women's literacy rates-68
is 50 places higher than Syria's, even though
percentage points between 1970 and
the two countries have about the same real
1990-took place in the United Arab
income. So, gender equality can be pursued
Emirates.
-and it has been-at all levels of income.
Overall, female primary enrolment in
What it requires is a firm political commit-
developing countries increased 1.7% a year
ment. not enormous financial wealth.
during 1970-90, compared with 1.2% for
male enrolment. Girls' combined primary
and secondary enrolment in the developing
Every country has made progress in
world jumped dramatically, from 38% in
developing women's capabilities, but
1970 to 68% in 1992. East Asia (83%) and
women and men still live in an unequal
Latin America (87%) are already approach-
world
ing the high levels in industrial countries
(97%).
Gender gaps in education and health have
Also remarkable is the rapid closing of
narrowed rapidly in the past two decades,
the gap in higher education. In developing
aithough the pace of this progress has been
countries, female enrolment at the tertiary
uneven between regions and countries:
level was less than half the male rate in
Female life expectancy has increased
1970, but by 1990 it had reached 70%. In
3
32 countries, more women than men are
1990. Compare that with a two-thirds
now enrolled at the tertiary level.
increase in female adult literacy and
But it is still an unequal world. Among
school enrolment.
the developing world's 900 million illiterate
Women receive a disproportionately
people, women outnumber men two to one.
small share of credit from formal banking
And girls constitute 60% of the 130 million
institutions. They are assumed to have no
children without access to primary school.
collateral to offer-despite working much
Because population has grown faster than
harder than men. For example. in Latin
women's education has expanded in some
America and the Caribbean, women consti-
developing regions, the number of women
tute only 7-11% of the beneficiaries of
who are illiterate has increased.
credit programmes.
During the 20 years from 1970 to 1990,
Women normally receive a much lower
The doors to
only half the educational gap between men
average wage than men, because they hold
economic and
and women was closed. Another 20 years is
low-paying jobs or work in the informal sec-
too long to wait to close the remaining half.
tor and because they are sometimes paid
political
Women's special health needs also suf-
less than men for equal work. The average
opportunities are
fer considerable neglect. Many developing
female wage is only three-fourths of the
barely ajar
countries do not provide qualified birth
male wage in the non-agricultural sector in
attendants, good prenatal or postnatal care
55 countries that have comparable data.
or emergency care during deliveries. In
All regions record a higher rate of unem-
most poor countries, pregnancy complica-
ployment among women than men.
tions are the largest single cause of death
In developing countries. women still
among women in their reproductive years.
constitute less than a seventh of adminis-
Nearly half a million maternal deaths occur
trators and managers.
each year in developing countries. Too
Women still occupy only 10% of the par-
often, the miracle of life becomes a night-
liamentary seats and only 6% of the cabinet
mare of death.
positions.
In 55 countries, there are either no
women in parliament or fewer than 5%.
While doors to education and health
These countries range from very poor
opportunities have opened rapidly for
(Bhutan and Ethiopia) to reasonably afflu-
women, the doors to economic and
ent (Greece, Kuwait, the Republic of Korea
political opportunities are barely ajar
and Singapore).
Despite considerable progress in de-
Major forces in closing the gender gaps
veloping women's capabilities. their partici-
over the past two decades are higher female
pation in economic and political decision-
enrolments at all levels in developing
making remains very limited.
countries-and rising women's paid em-
Another innovation of this year's
ployment in industrial countries. But the
Report, the gender empowerment mea-
opportunities open to women have
sure (GEM), looks at women's represen-
remained limited. The Report marshals
tation in parliaments, women's share of
detailed evidence of the unequal access to
positions classified as managerial and pro-
opportunities. Some telling examples:
fessional, women's participation in the
Poverty has a woman's face-of 1.3 bil-
active labour force and their share of
lion people in poverty; 70% are women. The
national income. It ranks 116 countries
increasing poverty among women has been
with comparable data.
linked to their unequal situation in the
Once again, the Nordic countries lead
labour market, their treatment under social
the world, with Sweden and Norway on
welfare systems and their status and power
top. These countries are not only good at
in the family.
strengthening female capabilities but have
Women's labour force participation
also opened many opportunities in eco-
has risen by only four percentage points in
nomic and political fields. The Nordic
20 years-from 36% in 1970 to 40% in
countries have crossed the critical 30%
FIGURE 1
Expanding capabilities, limited opportunities
The numan development index (MDI) measures the
The gender-related development incex (GDI)
The gender empowerment measure (GEM) exam-
average schievement of a country in basic human
measures achievement in the same basic
ines whether women and men are abie to actively
cases tres. The HDI indicates whether people lead
capabilities as the HDI does, but takes note of
participate in economic and political life and take
3 crip and healthy life, are educated and know-
inequality in achievement between women
part in decision-making.
ecgaso 2 and enjoy a decent standard of living.
and men.
Global comparisons
GNP
Industrial
per
capital
countries
(1992)
$21,352
1.000
HDI value
Developing
GDI value
GEM value
countries
Industrial
$924
0.900
countries
Economic and political opportunities
0.800
are universally denied to women
in both industrial and developing countries.
0.700
World
0.600
Developing
countries
Industrial countries
0.500
0.4CO
Developing countries as a group
have attained an HDI two-thirds
that of industrial countries despite
World
Expanding human capabilities
0.300
an average income of less than
are increasingly more equally shared.
Developing countries
one-twentieth that of industrial
countries.
0.200
Regional comparisons
GNP
Latin America
and the Caribbean
cecTa
$2.799
992
Arab States $1,662
Asia
Sub-Saharan Least
$638
Africa
developed
$365
countries $356
1.000
HDI value
GDI value
GEM value
0.900
c.aco
Latin America
and the Caribbean
0.700
Arab States
0.600
Asia
0.5CO
Sub-Saharan
0.400
Africa
Latin America and
the Caribbean
Least
CECO
developed
Asia
countries
Sub-Saharan Africa
Least developed countries
0.200
Arab States
: gures are calculated for the 104 countries for which estimates of HDI. GDI and GEM are available. The graphs include 27 countries in Africa. 11 Arab States. 17 countries in Asia.
es in Latin America and the Caribbean and 28 of the least developed countries.
5
threshold for women's participation in
three-quarters of men's work is in market
these spheres of life.
activities. So, men receive the lion's share of
Only nine countries have GEM values
income and recognition for their economic
above 0.6, compared with 66 countries with
contribution-while most of women's work
a GDI value above 0.6. On the other hand,
remains unpaid, unrecognized and under-
39 countries have a GEM value below 0.3,
valued.
compared with only 13 countries with a
With no economic value given to these
GDI value below 0.3. Since the GDI mea-
activities, the contribution of women is
sures gender equality in basic human capa-
seriously underestimated, and there is no
bilities and the GEM gender equality in
adequate reward or recognition for the bur-
economic and political opportunities, this
den of work that women carry: In fact, the
comparison makes it clear that many coun-
failure to value most of their work reduces
The non-
tries have a longer distance to travel in
women to virtual non-entities in most eco-
monetized,
extending broad economic and political
nomic transactions-such as property own-
opportunities to women than they have
ership or offering collateral for bank loans.
invisible
already traveled in building basic female
Since status in contemporary society is
contribution of
capabilities.
so often equated with income-earning
women is S11
But it is precisely the participation of
power, women suffer a major undervalua-
women at the highest decision-making lev-
tion of their economic status. But they carry
trillion a year
els in political and economic life that can
a higher share of the total work burden.
drive the change for greater equality
And men's work in the market-place is
between men and women.
often the result of "joint production", not a
solo effort, since much of it might not be
possible if women did not stay at home
A major index of neglect is that many of
looking after the children and household.
women's economic contributions are
If women's unpaid work were properly
grossly undervalued or not valued at
valued, it is quite possible that women
all-on the order of $11 trillion a year
would emerge in most societies as the major
breadwinners-or at least equal breadwin-
The undervaluation of women is reflected
ners-since they put in longer hours of
in the undervaluation of their work and in
work than men.
the absence of recognition of the contribu-
The monetization of the non-market
tion that they make. The debate therefore
work of women is more than a question of
must cover equality of rewards as well as
justice. It concerns the economic status of
equality of opportunity. Data on time use by
women in society. If more human activities
women and men for a sample of 31 coun-
were seen as market transactions at the pre-
tries tell a dramatic story:
vailing wages, they would yield gigantically
Women work longer hours than men in
large monetary valuations. A rough order of
nearly every country: Of the total burden of
magnitude comes to a staggering S16 tril-
work, women carry on average 53% in
lion-or about 70% more than the officially
developing countries and 51% in industrial
estimated $23 trillion of global output. This
countries.
estimate includes the value of the unpaid
On average, about half of this total work
work performed by women and men as well
time of both men and women is spent in
as the value of the underpayment of
economic activities in the market or in the
women's work in the market at prevailing
subsistence sector. The other half is nor-
wages. Of this $16 trillion, $11 trillion is the
mally devoted to unpaid household or com-
non-monetized, invisible contribution of
munity activities.
women.
Of men's total work time in industrial
Such a revaluation of women's work will
countries, roughly two-thirds is spent in
thoroughly challenge the present conven-
paid activities and one-third in unpaid
tions. For husbands to share income with
activities. For women, the situation is the
their wives will become an act of entitle-
reverse. In developing countries, more than
ment rather than benevolence. The basis of
6
property rights, divorce settlements, collat-
It scars early life. A third of the women
eral for bank credit-to name only a few
in Barbados, Canada, the Netherlands,
areas-will have to change completely. Men
New Zealand, Norway and the United
will also have to share more of the burden
States report sexual abuse during child-
of household and community work.
hood or adolescence. An estimated one mil-
If national statistics fully reflect the
lion children. mostly girls in Asia, are forced
"invisible" contribution of women, it will
into prostitution annually. And an esti-
become impossible for policy-makers to
mated 100 million girls suffer genital
ignore them in national decisions. Nor will
mutilation.
women continue to be regarded as eco-
It becomes a part of marriage. Studies in
nomic non-entities in market transactions.
Chile, Mexico, Papua New Guinea and the
Republic of Korea indicate that two-thirds
or more of married women have experi-
Another major element of
enced domestic violence. In Germany, it is
discrimination is the unacceptably low
estimated that up to four million women a
status of women in society, with
year suffer from domestic violence.
continuing legal discrimination and
It is sometimes manifested in rape. Studies
violence against women
from Canada, New Zealand, the United
Kingdom and the United States suggest
The starkest reflection of the low status
that about one woman in six is raped in her
accorded to women is the discrimination
lifetime.
against them in the law. In many countries,
It may end in murder. More than half of
women still are not treated as equal to
all murders of women in Bangladesh,
men-whether in property rights, rights of
Brazil, Kenya, Papua New Guinea and
inheritance, laws related to marriage and
Thailand are committed by present or for-
divorce, or the rights to acquire nationality,
mer partners.
manage property or seek employment.
Or in suicide. Cross-cultural evidence
In 1979, the United Nations approved
from Africa, South America, several
the Convention on the Elimination of All
Melanesian islands and the United States
Forms of Discrimination Against Women
established marital violence as a leading
(CEDAW), a path-breaking charter of the
cause of female suicide.
legal and human rights of women. But 41
Although violence stalks women's lives.
UN member states still have not signed the
laws can do little unless present cultural and
convention, 6 have signed without ratifica-
social values change.
tion, and 43 have ratified the convention
with reservations about some of its provi-
sions. In other words, 90 countries have not
The revolution towards gender equality
yet accepted all the tenets of legal equality
must be propelled by a concrete strategy
for women and men. Even in some coun-
for accelerating progress
tries ratirying CEDAW, the implementation
of the convention has remained half-
Engendering the development paradigm
hearted and incomplete. So, even under
involves radical change in the long-standing
law, the equality of women is not yet assured
premises for social, economic and political
in many societies-let alone in practice.
life. And the free workings of economic and
The most painful devaluation of women
political processes are unlikely to deliver
is the physical and psychological violence
equality of opportunity; because of the pre-
that stalks them from cradle to grave. For
vailing inequities in power structures. When
too many women, life is shadowed by a
such structural barriers exist, government
threat of violence.
intervention is necessary-both through
The devaluation begins even before life
comprehensive policy reforms and through
begins. In some countries, testing is used to
a series of affirmative actions.
determine the sex of the fetus, which may
Each nation will need to adopt its own
be aborted if it is female.
agenda for overcoming obstacles to equal
rights. This Report identifies a five-point
tries. maternity leave was changed from
strategy for accelerating progress.
protecting mothers' health after birth to
providing parents with legal rights for
1. National and international efforts must
parental care. The concept of paternity
be mobilized to win legal equality within of
leave supplemented maternity leave. Japan
defined period-say the next ten years. To
introduced parental leave in 1992-for
achieve this objective. the international
both mother and father. The United States
community will need to move on several
in 1994 endorsed limited parental leave,
fronts:
but without pay:
A campaign should be launched for
The Nordic countries have perhaps
unconditional ratification of CEDAW by
traveled furthest. In Finland starting in
the 90 UN member states that have not yet
1990. parents could choose between two
Government
signed or ratified it or that have entered
alternatives: after a 12-month maternity
intervention is
reservations. Public pressure should be
leave. either parent can stay at home until
mobilized for this purpose.
the child is three years old, with monetary
necessary-through
The monitoring of CEDAW's imple-
compensation and job guarantees. Or the
policy reforms and
mentation should be strengthened within
community must arrange for child care
affirmative actions
the UN system. and regular, candid reports
while parents work outside the home. Some
should be published on legal discrimination
Nordic countries have legislation that
in countries.
allows parents to reduce their daily working
An international non-governmental
hours to take care of family commitments:
organization-Woric Women's Watch-
since 1976, Finland has allowed parents of
should be set up to prepare country-by-
children under age four-and Sweden par-
country reports on key aspects of legal
ents of children under age ten-the right to
discrimination and on progress towards
shorten their workday by two hours.
gender-related targets fixed by national
FLENIBLE WORK SCHEDULES. If workers
governments and international forums. It
were to have the opportunity to stagger
could base its reports on information from
their working hours, they would be in a bet-
national NGOs and mobilize préssure
ter position to combine paid work with
groups and political lobbies in alliances for
other responsibilities, such as child care.
change.
Sweden already allows interim part-time
Pools of legal professionals should be
work. with the option to return to full-time
organized to offer legal advice for winning
hours. so that women and men can combine
equality before the law.
a career with family commitments. Ger-
Legal literacy campaigns could be orga-
many and Japan have devised "flextime"
nized to make women aware of their legal
practices to enable their workers to com-
rights and to encourage more women to
bine their family needs with production
study law through the generous provision
schedules. And increasingly. employers are
of scholarships.
allowing workers to work out of the home
To facilitate women's access to legal
or to bring their home to work by provid-
systems. it may be desirable to set up legal
ing child care at the workplace
ombudswomen at national and global
EXPANDING THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SERVICES
levels.
Some countries have expanded public ser-
Violence against women as a weapon of
vices beyond education and health to child
war should be declared a war crime, pun-
care, including public day-care centres and
ishable by an international tribunal.
school lunches. The private sector could
also provide such services, helping women
2. Many economic and institutional
and men to pursue careers.
arrangements may need revamping to extend
CHANGING TAX AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN-
more choices to women and men in the work-
CENTIVES Some countries have revised their
place. For example:
tax and social security systems to
ENCOURAGING MEN TO PARTICIPATE IN FAMILY
accommodate family structures different
CARE In the 1980s. in most industrial coun-
from the one-breadwinner, two-adult fam-
8
ily norm. Sweden has separate taxation for
difference in enabling women to gain more
part-time and full-time work to increase
equitable access to economic and political
after-tax earnings for part-time work. In
opportunities.
Zambia. an income tax amendment was
Analysis of experience shows that in
introduced in 1987 allowing women to
three critical areas-access to education,
claim child allowances and deductions on
reproductive health and credit resources-
their insurance contributions-and remov-
women face barriers that can be overcome
ing some tax discrimination against women.
only through determined policy action. As
CHANGING LAWS ON PROPERTY, INHERITANCE
long as these barriers persist, women will
AND DIVORCE. Once women are recognized as
not have equal access to opportunities and
the main or equal "breadwinners" in most
to the benefits of development.
families. a convincing basis exists for a more
The returns from educating girls have
equitable sharing of rights in property,
few parallels in any other type of social
inheritance and divorce. The distribution of
investment. There are measurable benefits
land during agrarian reform would require
for women, for their families and for the
joint landholding, with women having equal
community. If universal girls' enrolment is
access to assets. Current restrictions on
to be ensured at primary and secondary lev-
women's collateral for bank loans would no
els over the next 15 years, an additional
longer hold.
investment of S5-6 billion a year is
These changes cannot all originate from
required.
the state. Many will start from movements
The International Conference on Pop-
in civil society: And some must come from
ulation and Development in Cairo in
changes in the business community.
September 1994 underlined the principle
"that advancing gender equality and equity
3. A critical 30% threshold should be
and the empowerment of women, and the
regarded as a minimum share of decision-
elimination of all kinds of violence against
making positions held by women at the national
women, and ensuring women's ability to
leve! Few countries have reached or even
control their own fertility, are cornerstones
approached this target, recommended in
of population and development-related
1990 by the UN Commission on the Status
programmes".
of Women. In parliamentary or cabinet rep-
Choice in the spacing and number of
resentation, only Denmark, Finland, the
children has enabled women to control their
Netherlands, Norway, Seychelles and
life choices. It has meant control over how
Sweden have crossed the 30% threshold.
their time is spent, released them from con-
Progress is somewhat better in administra-
tinuous child-bearing and child-rearing and
tive and managerial positions (15 countries
enabled them to participate more freely in
have crossed the 30% threshold) and in
public life. But half a million women die
municipalities (8 countries). But most coun-
every year from pregnancy-related causes,
tries are still far from this 30% threshold in
and millions more are disabled. The Cairo
many of the key decision-making fields.
conference estimated that attaining com-
The Report recommends that each
prehensive coverage of family planning over
nation identify a firm timetable for crossing
the next decade would require an additional
the 30% threshold in some key areas of
investment of $5-6 billion a year. A similar
decision-making. The 30% threshold should
amount would be required for reproductive
be regarded as a minimum target, not as the
health services. The policy challenge is not
ultimate goal. But achieving this threshold
only providing services, but ensuring that
would build considerable momentum for
these policies and services enable women to
attaining complete equality.
make free choices on their own.
Access to productive resources is critical
-: Key programmes should embrace
to enhancing women's economic choices.
universal female education, improved repro-
For low-income women-the vast majority
ductive health and more credit for women.
of women in the world-lack of access to
These programmes can make a decisive
bank credit is a persistent barrier to attain-
ing economic independence and widening
to encourage self-employment schemes,
choices. Experience in many countries
microenterprises and opportunities for the
demonstrates that poor women invest
poor to enter the market.
money wisely and make sound decisions to
TARGETED PROGRAMMES FOR POVERTY REDUC-
maximize returns. The policy challenge is to
non. Poverty reduction requires an overall
support effective grass-roots credit schemes
national strategy on many fronts. But it also
and intermediaries and to ensure that low-
demands some targeted programmes and
income women have assured credit from
affirmative action for the poorest groups-
the formal financial system.
among them landless peasants. urban slum
dwellers, deprived ethnic minorities, eco-
5. National and international efforts
nomically disenfranchised women.
should target programmes that enable people,
CAPACITY BUILDING AND EMPOWERMENT.
The
particularly women, to gain greater access to
Considerable decentralized capacity will
economic and political opportunities. Some
have to be built in each country-in the
elements in such a package:
public sector, in the private sector and
BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES FOR ALL. As endorsed
among grass-roots organizations-so that
by the Social Summit in Copenhagen, inter-
disenfranchised groups can participate in
at
the
ested developing countries should move
designing and implementing the new pro-
progressively towards earmarking at least
jects and programmes.
20% of their budgets-and interested
donor nations 20% of their aid budgets-
to human priority concerns. including basic
education, primary health care, safe drink-
What vision should inspire gender relations
ing water, family planning services and
in the 21st century? A new world order that
nutrition programmes for the most
would embrace full equality of opportunity
deprived people.
between women and men as a basic con-
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE. Although pri-
cept. It would also eliminate the prevailing
mary health care and essential family plan-
disparities between men and women and
ning services are already included in the
create an enabling environment for the full
20:20 compact, they need to be supple-
flowering of the productive and creative
mented by another $5-10 billion to ensure
potential of both the sexes.
reproductive health care services. These
This new world order would promote
additional sums should be priority items in
more sharing of work and experience
the enlarged effort.
between women and men in the workplace
CREDIT FOR POOR PEOPLE. As argued
as well as in the household. It would respect
above, access to credit is one of the key ele-
women as essential agents of change and
ments in empowering people and in
development and open many more doors to
enabling them to participate in market
women to participate more equally in eco-
opportunities. Since formal credit institu-
nomic and political opportunities. And it
tions rarely lend to the poor, special institu-
would value the work and contribution of
tional arrangements may become necessary
women in all fields on par with those of
to extend credit to those who have no col-
men, solely on merit, without making any
lateral to offer but their enterprise.
distinction.
SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD FOR ALL Remu-
The new world order would thus put
nerative employment opportunities are the
people-both women and men-clearly at
key to the attack on poverty: But not all of
the centre of all development processes.
them need to be in the formal, organized
Only then can human development be-
sectors of the economy: What is essential is
come fully engendered.
10
Clinton Presidential Records
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gile S America
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
November 21, 1995
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
FROM:
HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON HRC
CC:
SECRETARY OF STATE WARREN CHRISTOPHER
NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR TONY LAKE
USAID ADMINISTRATOR BRIAN ATWOOD
SUBJECT:
REPORT ON LATIN AMERICA TRAVEL
OCTOBER 12-17, 1995
Thank you for asking me to travel to Latin America.
The purpose of my six-day visit to Nicaragua, Chile, Brazil
and Paraguay was to advance the Administration's goals to
alleviate poverty; promote universal, quality education;
provide wider access to health care; and protect the rights
of women and children throughout the Western Hemisphere.
These United States goals were endorsed in Miami at the
Summit of the Americas by the hemisphere's thirty-four
democratic leaders and addressed directly by the
hemisphere's First Ladies at the Symposium on Children.
During the trip, I stressed that only with persistent
progress on social goals will the region be able to attain
and sustain democracy and economic prosperity. This message
was received with enthusiasm. I sensed a real commitment to
tackle difficult but critical social issues and saw
firsthand the region's incredible recent progress. As I
traveled, I found that representatives of the entire
political spectrum -- even in countries with a recent
history of severe political polarization like Nicaragua and
Chile -- now understand the compelling arguments for social
progress. Media coverage on this message was universally
positive.
Political leaders repeatedly made reference to the
commitments made in Miami. This is particularly true for
the social issues. The Latin American representatives had
pushed the hardest in the preparatory sessions leading up to
Miami for a strong focus on poverty eradication. It was in
fact the Central Americans, working with a hemispheric
coalition of private-sector and NGO leaders, who first
proposed what became the Summit's initiative on women's
2
rights. There were also repeated references to the United
Nation's Fourth World Conference on Women and the issues of
the Conference -- microenterprise; comprehensive health
care, including family planning; education; programs that
value women as full and equal partners in society; freedom
from violence; full political participation for women.
These themes were underscored again and again.
Schedule of Speeches and Site Visits
In each country, through public remarks and site
visits, I sought to focus attention on one or more critical
social issues:
Nicaragua
In Nicaragua, I focused on the theme of the rights of
women and children. President Violeta Chamorro had been the
leading sponsor of the Summit's initiative on women's
rights. In an economically depressed barrio, I visited a
community-run bank which makes small loans to women
microentrepreneurs. There, I observed the transforming
impact that credit has had on lives and livelihoods. I also
visited a primary health care clinic which is part of
Nicaragua's new decentralized public health delivery system,
and I engaged in a discussion with patients and staff. Both
of these projects are supported by USAID. My speech in
Nicaragua drew linkages between social investments and
durable democracy through the metaphor of family:
"We see that through better health, education, and
good jobs, women are building stronger families. We
see that through democratic reconciliation and invest-
ments in people, Nicaragua is building a stronger
national family. And we see that, as the Nicaraguan
family unites and your economy grows, your nation will
continue to be a vital partner in building a
hemispheric family of democracies."
I also had the opportunity to visit with President
Chamorro at her residence and talk informally with her about
Nicaragua and its challenges. Mrs. Chamorro hosted a
luncheon to which she invited members of her Cabinet,
particularly those who oversee social programs.
Chile
In Chile, my focus was the value of education and
educational reform. I visited a World Bank-supported model
vocational training school, where I saw a demonstration of
education through computers and learned of plans to equip
the schools with interlinking technology. As an example of
Chile's education reform agenda, I was told of a proposal to
3
keep the schools open on weekends to allow children to
pursue interests and help parents who are working. Mrs.
Frei introduced me to her work with publicly-funded
foundations which serve poor families by providing head-
start-like day care and equipping women with marketable
skills. The foundations also have innovative programs to
involve fathers so they can realize the full potential of
parenthood. Also in Chile, I participated in a forum on the
importance of microcredit with representatives of community-
based lending institutions and borrowers who had become
economically self-reliant.
My speech at the University of Chile praised Chile's
strong educational system and highlighted our common goals
for educational reform that strives to improve high school
completion rates, promote quality training to enable workers
to compete in the global marketplace, and nurture civic
virtues to encourage participation in democratic
decision-making. The University's rector noted that Teddy
Roosevelt had spoken in the same Hall of Honor in 1917 and
had outlined the many collaborative efforts that link the
institution to the United States. I also had the
opportunity to meet informally with President Frei at the
Presidential Palace.
Brazil
In Brazil, I focused on the health of women and
children. We visited modern Brasilia as well as Salvador de
Bahia, the capital of the poverty-ridden northeast. Site
visits in Salvador included a circus which aims to save
street children by enhancing their teamwork and self-esteem,
a community center which provides health, education and
vocational skills to at-risk adolescents, and a hospital
which assists in birth and also cares for women who have
performed self-induced abortions. The hospital's programs
emphasize how critically important health education and
family planning are to the poor community, and the programs
I saw provide a model for replication. The Minister of
Health is hoping to extend this successful USAID-supported
program to rural areas in the region.
In Brasilia, I had an excellent meeting with President
and Mrs. Cardoso. In Brasilia and Salvador, I participated
in discussions with prominent women who are involved in
addressing challenges in the areas of jobs, health,
education, family life and other careers. President Cardoso
discussed an education initiative he was about to announce
that would address the problem of school drop-outs by
putting more federal resources in schools below the
university level.
4
Paraguay
In Paraguay, I participated in the Fifth Conference of
Wives of Heads of State and Government of the Americas, an
annual Conference which brings together the spouses of the
leaders of our hemisphere. This Conference marked the first
year that North America has participated, and therefore the
first year that it was a hemisphere-wide gathering. The
Conference focused heavily on follow-up to the issues we had
discussed at the Symposium on Children in Miami. We called
attention to three concrete initiatives stemming from the
hemispheric Summit: the eradication of measles by the year
2000, reduction of maternal mortality by one-half by the
year 2000, and education reform. I was proud to announce
USAID support for a new Partnership for Education
Revitalization in the Americas (PERA), which is designed to
help identify, disseminate and replicate innovative
education reform programs throughout Latin America. Also,
as I had helped launch the measles eradication campaign
initiative at the PAHO headquarters last April, it was
especially gratifying to learn of the activities of the
hemisphere's First Ladies in support of the measles project.
The First Ladies of this hemisphere are actively engaged in
their own countries on these important social issues.
In my keynote address on the opening night of the
Conference, I stressed that the conferences in Miami,
Copenhagen and Beijing have made clear that democracy and
prosperity cannot be attained or sustained in countries that
do not value women as full and equal partners in society.
President Wasmosy spoke eloquently about the important role
that a First Lady can play in working to better life for the
people of her nation. He lauded Mrs. Wasmosy's work and
stressed how complementary he viewed their efforts.
The success of the Conference was noted by
representatives of international organizations, such as
UNICEF, PAHO, and IDB, who participated in the Conference as
resources. They remarked that the Conference was one of the
most impressive discussions in which they have participated,
highlighting innovative developments to enhance progress on
pressing social concerns. As First Ladies, we signed a
declaration and agreed to be actively engaged in the issues
we discussed, ranging from microenterprise and family
planning to innovative education programs.
Also in Paraguay, I met with representatives of the
Peace Corps in Paraguay, which was holding a training
session for its volunteers. Paraguay has the largest number
of Peace Corps volunteers in the world, and it was a
pleasure to hear from the American men and women who are on
the front lines trying to make a difference in the quality
of life in Paraguay.
5
Conclusions
Throughout my visit, it was striking how very small
amounts of money, when placed in the hands of dedicated,
well-organized institutions, can transform people's lives.
USAID programs, working in partnerships with international
and local NGOs and with official entities at federal, state
and local levels, are having a positive impact. The World
Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of
American States, the Pan-American Health Association and the
Inter-American Foundation are all investing in people in
innovative ways. We need to do more to publicize these
success stories so that they can be replicated widely,
including in the United States. Development assistance is
a critical component of our broad-based, active engagement
in the hemisphere and it calls for our continuing strong
support.
Latin America is a very diverse region undergoing
dynamic change. The countries I visited are diverse in
size, living standards and political development. Nicaragua
and Paraguay are two small countries emerging from decades
of repressive rule. President Chamorro has made great
strides in consolidating democracy and restructuring the
economy, even if Nicaragua is still traumatized by years of
internal conflict and remains desperately poor, with over
half of its population under the age of twenty-one. The
United States can continue to work to promote national
reconciliation. While the military still casts a shadow
over political life in Paraguay, the current government
appears to be working to strengthen democracy and make
government accountable to its people. In his remarks at the
opening of the First Ladies Conference, President Wasmosy
focused his comments on the commitment to democracy.
Brazil enjoys the strong, enlightened leadership of
President Cardoso, who reiterated his determination to
stabilize the economy and is working with his wife, Ruth, to
invigorate civil society and reform the health and education
systems. The Cardosos noted that they very much enjoyed
their State Visit last April and seek to forge a new
partnership with the United States. Chile appears to be a
spectacular success story, combining economic stability,
democratic politics and a concern for social equity that has
lifted many of its citizens out of poverty since democracy
was restored in 1990. The Chilean government appears to be
on track to attain the developmental status of southern
Europe and become an articulate leader that other countries
will seek to follow. The government and private sector
continue to be very concerned about NAFTA fast track, and I
reiterated the President's support.
Latin America continues to make progress, but the
6
region still confronts severe problems -- some of which we
also face in the United States. Poverty is widespread and
overwhelming in some areas and governments are handicapped
by fiscal constraints and inflexible bureaucracies.
Educational systems are badly in need of reform, both to
reduce the high drop-out rates and to graduate students who
can compete in the marketplace of the twenty-first century.
Women are still undereducated and underpaid and many, many
poor children crowd the streets of the continents' poor
barrios.
Future Engagement
The United States has made a difference in ensuring
hemispheric progress. It is my observation that Latin
America seeks close working relations with the United States
on a wide range of important issues, relations based on a
genuine exchange and mutual learning. Finally, I believe we
need to continue to help our neighbors strengthen their
emerging democracies, expand market economies, and promote
social integration.
The annual First Ladies' Conference offers another
instrument to advance social progress.
Attached are copies of the speeches I gave in
Nicaragua, Chile and Paraguay.
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THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
April 18, 1995
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
CC:
SECRETARY OF STATE WARREN CHRISTOPHER
NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR TONY LAKE
DEPUTY SECRETARY OF STATE STROBE TALBOTT
DEPUTY NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR SANDY BERGER
USAID ADMINISTRATOR BRIAN ATWOOD
FROM:
HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON
HRC
RE:
REPORT ON SOUTH ASIA TRIP
Thank you for asking me to make my recent trip to South Asia.
It was a personally rewarding experience and I hope useful to our
relations in the region. I tried to convey to the governments and
the people of the countries I visited how important the United
States thinks this region of the world is and how significant you
believe the development of the people of this region to be,
important not only for the futures of their own countries, but also
for our entire global family.
My trip to South Asia highlighted the importance of
investments in people, especially women and girls, and demonstrated
that the United States is committed to engagement in this critical
region. My visit to Pakistan was a part of our overall effort to
broaden relations strained in recent years by sanctions. In India,
while investment opportunities are expanding to attract U.S.
business, investments in social programs also remain critical. In
Nepal and Bangladesh, U.S. assistance has long been the major
element in our relationship and improvements, particularly in
health and population control, are evident. Finally, Sri Lanka, a
more developed small island nation with which we have historically
had cordial relations, has made significant progress in universal
access to education and health care.
Before describing specific activities in the countries I
visited, I would like to underscore some observations:
South Asia has the largest number of absolute poor in the
world. It faces enormous challenges in creating a better life for
the great majority of its people.
The countries I visited are making progress in meeting
these challenges. Economies throughout the region are expanding and
private investment is rising. Progress also has been significant
in addressing the key problem of population growth.
-- Lower population growth has resulted, to an important
extent, from improvements in the social sectors -- health and
education. Broad-based sustainable economic growth in the future
will depend on more significant investments in these areas.
Private investment by itself is necessary but not sufficient, in
South Asia as well as elsewhere in the world.
I underscored this issue in my speech at the Rajiv Gandhi
Foundation, in which I said,
"I recognize that discussion of such problems as education and
health care for girls and women is viewed by some as 'soft,'
labeled dismissively as a women's issue belonging, at best, on
the edge of serious debate about all the problems we confront
on the edge of the 21st century. I want to argue strongly,
however, that the questions surrounding social development,
especially of women, as discussed at the recent social summit
in Copenhagen, are at the center of our political and economic
challenges. Governments, businesses and citizens must
recognize and act upon that truth for the betterment of
nations and our global family."
The empowerment of women is an important aspect of
development in this and other regions. Women have proven again and
again in the projects I visited how quickly and effectively they
can become income earners when given a chance. No investment pays
greater dividends in a nation's development and productivity than
investments in the education of girls and women.
-- The U.S. has long been engaged in assisting the countries
of the region in development. I met countless individuals who had
been helped in education, in health, and in support for creating
private enterprises or NGOs by our assistance. The U.S. clearly
has been effective in the past and must remain engaged in the
future.
-- U.S. assistance has had a direct impact on the lives and
prospects of South Asians, but more importantly it has been a
catalyst for further social development by leveraging aid from
2
other donors and local governments in expanding effective
activities. One example is the population program in Bangladesh.
The U.S. now channels much of its aid to South Asia
through NGOs. Governments remain important, but experience shows
that NGOs can be very effective partners in development. They are
close to the people, accountable to the people and often are
effective advocates for the people. Our government's partnership
with NGOs -- our own and indigenous -- must continue to grow,
while the U.S. must remain capable (as it is today) of channelling
its aid in an integrated and strategic fashion toward overall
development objectives. This is a partnership where the
capabilities of our government and NGOs are complementary.
Our bilateral and multilateral aid programs are now
threatened with deep cuts or even elimination (as in the case of
our contributions to the World Bank). These programs absorb less
than 1% of the federal budget, yet as I observed on my trip, their
contributions to our foreign policy are enormous. Cuts of the
magnitude now being considered in Congress could force us to reduce
drastically or terminate our aid to South Asian countries just as
we are beginning to see a real impact of our past aid in those
countries. There is also a danger that other governments might be
tempted to follow our lead in cutting aid budgets.
The United States has been of great assistance in this region
for many years, and I was pleased to see the results of those years
of effort. The investments we have made in the people of the
countries I visited have produced concrete results, and I hope that
my visits to successful programs and projects in the region helped
to highlight the importance of our investments. I also believe
that there are lessons we can learn here at home from some of the
projects I visited.
In each country I emphasized U.S. interest in helping improve
people's lives, particularly the lives of women and girls who still
suffer from cultural prejudice and the lack of government
investment in education for girls, and who bear the brunt of
poverty. This theme seemed to find resonance as a welcome
complement to the recognized concerns for global stability, non-
proliferation, and market access.
My reception was very heartening. Government leaders and
villagers alike went out of their way to make me feel welcome and
to demonstrate the well-spring of respect and affection for the
United States and the values they believe we represent. The local
press was positive and impressed that our delegation braved the
subcontinental heat to undertake such site visits as a village in
rural Bangladesh, or SEWA headquarters in Ahmedabad, India.
3
to finance family planning and related health and education
services through U.S. and local private voluntary organizations in
an effort to make these services effective.
The Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) could not
represent a sharper contrast to the village school I visited. It
is a world class management school built with seed money from U.S.
assistance together with private and public support from Pakistan.
I gave a speech at LUMS (which is attached), and met with some of
its impressive students to discuss barriers to women in management.
The University is preparing women and men to take responsible
positions in the expanding private sector in Pakistan. These and
other women I met on my trip were dynamic, but conscious of their
roles as pioneers in a society where female professionals remain
rare. They are proving that change in society is possible if
approached sensitively. The U.S. has played an important role in
supporting them with programs to educate girls and women throughout
South Asia.
INDIA
In India I attended a meeting in Ahmedabad of the Self-
Employed Women's Association (SEWA), led by the legendary Ela
Bhatt. This is a group of extremely poor women engaged in work
like paper picking and selling fruits and vegetables. They are
both residents of the city of Ahmedabad and the countryside for
miles around it; many walked for hours to come to the meeting with
me. The women have joined together in a trade union and
cooperative which provides them with job training, micro-credit and
opportunities to save together with mutual support and solidarity.
The latter -- while intangible -- was clearly critical in giving
these women, mostly uneducated, the confidence to take the
initiative to become entrepreneurs.
SEWA has been effective and has had a positive influence on
government, police and programs. I was so pleased that the U.S.
has been able to provide some support to SEWA and private voluntary
organizations like it, for it is these organizations that help
women begin to earn incomes and better their own lives and those of
their families. Without these kinds of efforts (even where
economic policies are supportive of growth), the mass of the
populations of poor countries like the ones I visited will remain
trapped in poverty for the foreseeable future. And women in
particular will remain excluded and marginalized, and their
countries severely disadvantaged by their lack of education and
productivity.
5
Also in India, I visited a home for children run by Mother
Teresa and toured a school project housed at the Indian Institute
of Technology whose mission is to provide education to children of
the neighboring slums and to empower their mothers through skills
training and community support. Finally, I addressed the Rajiv
Gandhi Foundation and a distinguished group of Indian public and
private sector leaders on the topic of investing in women and
girls. In it, I focused on the theme of girls' and women's social
development. (The speech is attached.)
NEPAL
Nepal was the poorest country I visited, and one of the very
poorest in the world with literacy at only 25%, infant mortality at
107 per 1000 (165 per 1000 for under 5 years old), and life
expectancy at 53 for women and 54 for men. It is one of the few
countries where men outlive women. Yet, even here, enormous
progress has taken place over the past three decades since Nepal
opened to the rest of the world.
Health is a particular problem for women in Nepal; 8 cut of
100 childbirths result in the death of the mother, usually for want
of proper hygiene. At a small health and family planning clinic in
Kathmandu (financed by a partnership of Save the Children
Foundation, the government of Nepal and USAID), I was given a "Safe
Home Delivery Kit" that expectant mothers receive. The primitive
nature of the contents of the birthing kit (soap, twine, wax,
plastic sheet, and razor blade) say a lot about conditions in Nepal
and how far it has to go to reach an acceptable standard of living
for its citizens. Development remains the central challenge for
Nepal; it is clear that our assistance plays a key role in that
development and in our relations with the Nepalese.
BANGLADESH
Bangladesh is the most densely populated nation in the world
and the size of the crowds that surged around the village I visited
outside Jessore were overwhelming.
Bangladesh is increasingly an example of development success.
Because of effective family planning services (pioneered in a
project financed first by USAID through the International Center
for Diarrheal Disease Control (ICDDC), which I visited, and later
by a number of other donors), population growth rates have fallen
dramatically in the country -- from 3% to 2.2% at present.
6
The ICDDC is a world class success story in saving lives of
people suffering from cholera, malnutrition and diarrhea. It is a
prime example of a small USAID investment over many years
leveraging significant support from other partners to attack a
problem that affects people around the world.
One of the most moving events of my trip was a visit to a
small village outside Jessore where the Grameen Bank, founded by
Mohammed Yunus, has been active. The women in this very poor
village of untouchables has significantly improved their incomes
and living conditions through the micro-credit and savings programs
of Grameen. This village was an impressive example of Grameen's
success, but not unusual. Nearly 2 million Bangladeshis -- most of
them women -- have benefitted from Grameen loans, along with many
others benefitting from a variety of micro-credit schemes modeled
on the Grameen approach in other countries, including the U.S.
Like SEWA, which I visited in India, Grameen demonstrated the
benefits of microcredit for women in reducing poverty, increasing
employment and promoting social integration. It contributes to
women's self-confidence and their decision-making power in the
household and in their communities.
I also visited both a BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement
Committee) and a government school. BRAC schools, which serve
primarily girls, have been burned by extremists protesting the role
of NGOs promoting change. The government school participates in
one of Prime Minister Zia's favorite programs, Food for Education,
which provides weekly commodities to families that keep their
children, primarily girls, in school instead of putting them to
work.
SRI LANKA
My last stop offered a contrast to the other countries I
visited. Sri Lanka has made the most social progress of any
country in South Asia and is, on average, the best off. Its
experience shows how important education and universal access to
health care are, not only as an end in itself, but also in laying
a foundation for overall economic growth, which was nearly 7% last
year. Low population growth (1.2% per year) has undoubtedly played
a role in facilitating real economic growth as well as the
inclusion of women in the country's economic life. There I met the
only woman bank president in South Asia, as well as women
journalists and TV producers, lawyers, professors and women heading
private voluntary organizations (PVOs) helping other women with
training and credit to improve their lives.
7
If my visit to other countries in the region highlighted the
development challenges and opportunities facing the region, my
visit to Sri Lanka underlined the fact that those challenges can be
met and just how important health, education and the inclusion of
women can be in achieving economic progress anywhere in the world.
If Sri Lanka's President is able to negotiate an end to the
country's bloody internal conflict, prospects for growth will be
even greater.
8
Clinton Presidential Records
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PAGE
2
1ST STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1995 The New York Times Company
The New York Times
March 12, 1995, Sunday, Late Edition - Final
SECTION: Section 1; Page 1; Column 1; Metropolitan Desk
LENGTH: 2334 words
HEADLINE: 65 Cents an Hour -- A special report.
;
Week in Sweatshop Reveals Grim Conspiracy of the Poor
BYLINE: By JANE H. LII
BODY:
"Earnestly, urgently looking for workers, 11 said a small red sign in Chinese
posted outside a garment factory in Sunset Park, Brooklyn. "Please inquire
within.
The steel doors opened into a dim, dusty warehouse. Red and blue rags covered
the four windows, shutting out all natural light. Bundles of cut cloth sat piled
in haphazard mounds, some stacked taller than a worker. Under fluorescent lights
swinging from chains, rows of middle-aged Chinese women hunched over sewing
machines, squinting and silent.
A fashionable woman in her early 30's rushed over with a clipboard. "What?"
snapped in Cantonese, eyeing me from head to toe.
The sign says you are looking for workers. 11
She responded with a tirade in rapid Chinese: people said they wanted jobs,
but really wanted only to steal her equipment -- bobbins, bobbin cases, thread.
It was hard to find people who wanted to work hard the'se days! And without
missing a beat, she asked: "Do you know how to use a sewing machine?"
Before I could really answer, she cut me off.
"It doesn't matter," she said, hiring me on the spot. "As long as you are
eager to learn and are willing to work, you will do well. This is America. Hard
work will be rewarded."
Seven days later, after 84 hours of work, I got my reward, in the form of a
promise that in three weeks I would be paid $54.24, or 65 cents an hour.
(Minimum wage is $4.25.) I also walked away from the lint-filled factory with
aching shoulders, a stiff back, a dry cough and a burning sore throat.
For years, going in and out of Chinatown garment shops as a Chinese-speaking
reporter, I wondered what lay behind the tired eyes that met my gaze. This time,
I had gone to work beside these immigrants, to see what it is really like inside
an underground industry that has been notorious in New York City for more than a
century.
weatshops have long seeméd unknowable; the owners are too secretive, the
ers too scared. The list of horrors is well known: long hours, low wages,
health hazards. But is it really that bad? Are the owners SO evil, the workers
PAGE
3
The New York Times, March 12, 1995
victimized?
A week inside the Chai Feng sewing factory in Sunset Park suggests that
something more complex is at work a miserable complicity born of necessity in
an insular, immigrant world.
At Chai Feng, the woman with the clipboard - - the owner, Maggie Zheng is
actually benevolent, albeit in a harsh way She does not pay minimum wage, but
she serves her workers tea. She makes them work until midnight, but she drives
them home afterward. She uses child laborers, but she fusses over them, combing
their ponytails, admiring their painted fingernails, even hugging them.
And the workers seem to revere her. They call her Nu Qiang Ren, or Strong
Woman, an expression that conveys affection and awe. An immigrant and former
factory worker herself, Ms. Zheng, the sweatshop boss, is their model of
success.
The Workers
Not in the U.S. To Enjoy Life
That first morning, I walked three blocks from the N train's subway stop in
Sunset Park to a brick warehouse that originally held a food processing plant.
Now it is subdivided into eight garment shops, including Chai Feng.
Chai Feng is typical of the new, highly mobile shops that have cropped up
outside the garment districts in midtown Manhattan and Chinatown. Many of these
11 shops open and close SO quickly that they easily evade inspections by
rstaffed regulatory agencies.
Ms. Zheng opened her shop a few months ago. But she was really reopening an
old shop under a new name. In December, her brother, Michael Zheng, had closed
the factory, then called Superior Fashions, and fled, owing his workers $80,000
in back wages. His sister revived his business to make good on that debt, she
later said.
It was easy to get the job.
Ms. Zheng did not ask any questions -- not my Social Security number, my work
history, my immigration status or even my name. She also did not tell me how
much I would be paid. And no Chinese worker would ask; it would be considered
shockingly blunt.
Ms. Zheng showed me to station five, and gave me a stack of trimmings for
practice on the Brother Exedra sewing machine. It would be tough in the
beginning, she said, but not once I became familiar with the machine. "Then you.
can make multiples of $10 a day,' " she said.
I practiced controlling the foot pedal and sewing straight lines and even
curves. The hum of the sewing machines was numbing; the only distraction came
from the scratchy recordings of popular Hong Kong songs emanating from a
cassette player. And the cold was numbing, too. Sweatshop was definitely a
misnomer; the heater on the ceiling gurgled and gasped.
hree other people started training that day. Two very young women did not
bother to return after lunch. Cao Wu Yi, who had arrived from Fujian only a
PAGE
4
The New York Times, March 12, 1995
th earlier, stuck it out, as Zhang Zhong Zhu, her 5-year-old son, played on
floor with toy airplanes.
Almost all 30 workers at Chai Feng are Fujianese, and from the same district
in Fujian as Ms. Zheng. They arrived in this country within the last seven
years, some legally, and others illegally, helped by smugglers to whom they owe
huge sums. Fujianese immigrants, because of their debts and their desperation,
tend to work longer hours and endure more taxing conditions than Cantonese
immigrants.
The workers at Chai Feng later confided that they did not like their job, but
they were grimly grateful just to have one. They are not in this country to
enjoy life but to make money, they said.
"When you, have an education and speak the language, you can afford to be
choosy, said Lin A. Qing, who immigrated six years ago. "But for people like
us, there aren't that many alternatives. We have to compromise. If we don't like
what we do, we stay home and starve."
Most of that week, the workers at Chai Feng sewed virtually nonstop, from 9
A.M. until midnight, pausing only for 15 minute lunch breaks: rice and tea
provided by Ms. Zheng.
Time was money, as the workers were paid by the piece, which is against the
law if everyone does not make at least $4.25 an hour under such an arrangement.
The least experienced were making less than $1 an hour. The most experienced and
a
ot made almost $5 an hour.
At 3 P.M. on my first day, after the straight lines and curves I sewed passed
Ms. Zheng's inspection, she brought over a bundle of mint green rayon pants for
the New York sportswear company of Rhubarb Fashions. I was to sew pleats on the
front part of the pants, for 12 cents a pair.
Ms. Cao, the other trainee, was doing much better, attaching waistbands to
shorts. by the end of the day. She confided that before she left China, after she
heard that her immigration application had been approved, she had quit her job
as a quilt maker in Fujian and trained for sewing full time.
"Now I don't have to know English to make a living," she said.
By 7 P.M., I had finished only 15 pairs of pants and made $1.80, at least on
paper. I went home before everyone else, exhausted.
The Children
From School Days To Sewing Nights
By my third day at Chai Feng, I was in pain. Curled in one position for 13
hours, moving only my knee to hit the knob that released the clothes from under
the sewing needle, I grew awkwardly stiff.
Chen May Xia, who sat at station six, offered a suggestion: "You have what we
call sewer's back, she said. "We all have it. Tonight, turn on the shower very
and let the water spray the area where it hurts. Then lie still in bed until
next day. "
PAGE
5
The New York Times, March 12, 1995
She then gave me the Chinese version of "no pain, no gain": "If you want to
and make money, of course it's going to hurt. "
Ms. Chen is 19, a senior at Seward Park High School in Chinatown, who works
after school, through the night and on weekends. She said she had been a garment
worker for four years, laws against child labor notwithstanding. Hard work
teaches her what American teen-agers cannot understand, she said.
"They've never had to work and they don't know how to make their own money, "
she said. "All they do is complain about how stupid their parents are. They
don't appreciate life as much as I do.' "
It had become apparent that children far younger than Ms. Chen also worked at
Chai Feng.
In the perverse logic of the sweatshop, the workers considered Ms. Zheng a
good boss precisely because she was willing to violate labor laws and allow
their children to work by, their sides. In fact, she is SO flexible that she
allows mothers to leave in the middle of the day, pick their children up from
school and take them back to the factory.
Some days, after 3 P.M., Chai Feng turned into a virtual day-care center,
with children playing amid the lint. Inevitably, some helped their mothers work.
Eddie Chan, who is 10, snipped loosè threads as his mother sewed zippers.
"I want my children to work," said his mother, Chan Juan. "I don't think I'm
ing them by letting them snip off threads. What else would they do at home?
h TV and eat junk food? That's evil. I am instilling the work ethic in my
S. Because my son works, he knows how hard I have to work to make money He
appreciates everything I do for him. When American kids grow up, they move away
and forget about their parents. 11.
Shi Chuen Mei, 11, is a regular at Chai Feng; she said she had been working
in garment shops since she was 9. She worked, she said, to break the boredom of
all the hours beside her mother's sewing machine. Ponytail flying, she quickly
and nimbly sewed printed labels that said "Made in the U.S.A." onto the
waistbands of Christine David shorts.
That day, Chuen Mei started to moan dramatically in English, which none of
the workers understood. "My head is hurting, she said. "It's about to explode.
I'm going to die soon. Oh, let me die."
About 7 P.M., she lay down on a mound of clothes and took a nap. When she
woke up, Ms. Zheng, the boss, asked the 11-year-old girl to stay late
"Please, please, she said; there was a special order due the next morning.
Chuen Mei went back to work without dinner.
At 9 P.M., two steam pressers switched on. The room grew hazy with lint and
moisture.. Chuen Mei rubbed her eyes constantly as others coughed. At 10:30 P.M
after seven hours of work, her mother told her it was time to leave.
"Yippee!" she shouted.
hat night, the hem machines worked full speed, crackling like machine guns.
At midnight, Ms. Zheng thanked the workers for staying late and offered them a
PAGE
6
The New York Times, March 12, 1995
e home. I took the subway with Ms. Lin. She told me how much she missed her
e teen-age children, two sons and a daughter. She recently sent them back to
ma because she could not afford to rear them here.
"Life in America is SO hard, she said.
I asked her why she chose to stay. She turned to look at me and laughed.
"Money, what else?"
The Owner
Erasing Shame Of Brother's Debt
On Sunday, my last day, a union organizer came in and spoke to the workers.
She explained health insurance and overtime pay, but people seemed most
interested in the free English lessons offered by the union.
The organizer confided that she had thought about opening her own factory
after sewing for 20 years. But she would never have been able to afford a union
shop, she said: "It's too expensive.'
Later in the day, another visitor, an irate former employee, argued loudly
with Ms. Zheng, saying her brother owed him money. "What money are you talking
about?" Ms. Zheng shouted. "I opened two months ago. Do I know you?"
Later, when I went back and identified myself as a reporter, Ms. Zheng sat
n with me and talked about her background. She openly acknowledged that her
her used to own the factory and that he had fled owing the workers close to
000 in back wages. Ms. Zheng's mother, who has a restaurant in New Jersey
and originally bought the garment shop as'a present for her son, pressed her
daughter to reopen it. The Zhengs sold one of their three houses in Fuzhou to
finance the reopening.
Ms. Zheng, who immigrated a decade ago, said her mother felt concerned that
her brother had shamed them. Most of the workers came from the same district in
Fujian as the Zhengs; they were "our people, Ms. Zheng said.
Still, Ms. Zheng opened the shop under a new name in an effort to avoid being
held responsible for her brother's debts or for the back wages owed workers who
did not return. Those who did return said they had been paid regularly.
I left with the promise that I would be paid in three weeks. I had earned
$54.24 by Ms. Zheng's calculations. If I had been paid the legal wage, with time
and a half for overtime, the salary would have been $451.
Both Ms. Zheng and her workers consider American labor laws to be ideals,
laudable but impractical.
Ms. Zheng said she would love to pay her workers $4.25 an hour, the minimum
wage, but as a subcontractor, she cannot afford to; the designers' middlemen do
not pay her enough. The workers said they would love to earn the minimum wage
but would take what they could get. The children said it would be great to make
r own money for their labor, but would be content to help increase their
nts' earnings.
PAGE
7
The New York Times, March 12, 1995
And apparently, child labor does not bother Federal inspectors unless a minor
tept out of school to work at a factory. After a complaint about child labor
and
my own inquiries, inspectors visited Ms. Zheng's shop in mid-February, but
found only minor violations like incomplete employee records.
Federal labor inspectors say they have eased enforcement since the passing of
the North American Free Trade Agreement because they do not want to drive jobs
out of the United States, although they say they have started cracking down on
designers who rely on illegal garment factories.
Still, at Ms. Zheng's shop, less-than-ideal conditions are an accepted fact
of life. Everyone quotes a Chinese saying: The big fish prey on the little
fish, the little fish in turn prey on the shrimp, and the shrimp can only eat
dirt.
"
GRAPHIC: Photos: Many of the women who work in sweatshops take their children
with them. Huang Xiao Yan, 8, played recently while her mother worked; The sign
in Chinese to the right of the door identifies the Chai Feng sewing factory, in
the Sunset Park section of Brooklyn. A help-wanted sign on the door says the
factory i's urgently looking for workers. (Photographs by Nancy Siesel/The New
York Times) (pg. 40)
LANGUAGE: ENGLISH
D-DATE-MDC: March 12, 1995
RUSSELL BAKER
58
GROWING UP 59
great vine enclosing the end of my grandmother's
porch, and wild roses covered the fences.
For baths, laundry, and dishwashing, they hauled
buckets of water from a spring at the foot of a hill.
On a broiling afternoon when the men were away
To heat it, they chopped kindling to fire their wood
at work and all the women napped, I moved through
stoves. They boiled laundry in tubs, scrubbed it on
majestic depths of silences, silences so immense I
could hear the corn growing. Under these silences
washboards until knuckles were raw, and wrung it
there was an orchestra of natural music playing
out by hand. Ironing was a business of lifting heavy
metal weights heated on the stove top.
notes no city child would ever hear. A certain cackle
They scrubbed floors on hands and knees, thrashed
from the henhouse meant we had gained an egg.
rugs with carpet beaters, killed and plucked their
The creak of a porch swing told of a momentary
own chickens, baked bread and pastries, grew and
breeze blowing across my grandmother's yard. Mov-
ing past Liz Virts's barn as quietly as an Indian, 1
canned their own vegetables, patched the family's
clothing on treadle-operated sewing machines,
could hear the swish of a horse's tail and knew the
deloused the chicken coops, preserved fruits, picked
horseflies were out in strength. As I tiptoed along a
mossy bank to surprise a frog, a faint splash told
potato bugs and tomato worms to protect their gar-
den crop, darned stockings, made jelly and relishes,
me the quarry had spotted me and slipped into the
rose before the men to start the stove for breakfast
stream. Wandering among the sleeping houses, I
and pack lunch pails, polished the chimneys of
learned that tin roofs crackle under the power of
kerosene lamps, and even found time to tend the
the sun; and when I tired and came back to my
geraniums, hollyhocks, nasturtiums, dahlias, and pe-
grandmother's house, I padded into her dark cool
onies that grew around every house: By the end of a
living room, lay flat on the floor, and listened to the
summer day a Morrisonville woman had toiled like
hypnotic beat of her pendulum clock on the wall
a serf.
ticking the meaningless hours away.
At sundown the men drifted back from the fields
I was enjoying the luxuries of a rustic nineteenth-
exhausted and steaming. They scrubbed themselves
century boyhood, but for the women Morrisonville
in enamel basins and, when supper was eaten,
life had few rewards. Both my mother and grand-
climbed up onto Ida Rebecca's porch to watch the
mother kept house very much as women did before
night arrive. Presently the women joined them,
the Civil War. It was astonishing that they had any
and the twilight music of Morrisonville began:
energy left, after a day's work, to nourish their
The swing creaking, rocking chairs whispering
mutual disdain. Their lives were hard, endless, dirty
on the porch planks, voices murmuring approval of
labor. They had no electricity, gas, plumbing, or
the sagacity of Uncle Irvey as he quietly observed
central heating. No refrigerator, no radio, no tele-
for probably the ten-thousandth time in his life, "A
phone, no automatic laundry, no vacuum cleaner.
man works from sun to sun, but woman's work is
Lacking indoor toilets, they had to empty, scour,
never done."
and fumigate each morning the noisome slop jars
Ida Rebecca, presiding over the nightfall from
which sat in bedrooms during the night.
the cane rocker, announcing, upon hearing of some
Page 3
2ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1995 The Economist Newspaper Ltd.
The Economist
August 19, 1995, U.S. Edition
SECTION: World Politics and Current Affairs; INTERNATIONAL; Pg. 35
LENGTH: 1332 words
HEADLINE: Different roads to development
BODY:
Why it's better to be poor in some countries than in others
IN THE fetid slums of Rio, schools, clean water and basic medical care are
impossible dreams for many residents. Sad, but understandable, you might think:
Brazil is 8 fairly poor country. Sri Lanka is a poorer one, with less than
two-thirds of Brazil's income per person (on a purchasing-power basis). Yet Sri
Lankan mothers are less likely to die giving birth, their babies are likelier to
survive--and much likelier in due time to finish primary school. The proportion
of people in absolute poverty is lower.
Disparities between levels of wealth and of health, highlighted each year by
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its index of performance (its
1995 report came out this week), are only too familiar. In MoΓocco, infant
mortality is 68 per thousand; in poorer China, it is 44. In Ghana, 72% of
children finish primary school, more than in richer South Africa or Pakistan.
Vietnam's income per head is about 6% of the United Arab Emirates', yet its
literacy rate is much higher.
Why? One theory says that a firm hand at the top makes the difference. Not
so. The UN's top-ten stars in improved human development from 1960 to 1992 are
these: China, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Portugal, Thailand, Tunisia, South Korea,
Malaysia and Botswana. It is a mixed bunch.
Nor, on its own, is economic growth the key. True, high growth and good
standards of literacy and health tend to run together, as in the Asian tigers.
Yet poor places can show good results. Kerala, home to nearly 30m people in
southern India, is not rich, even by Indian standards. But it has, by far, the
country's highest literacy and life expectancy, and the lowest infant mortality.
So what does make the difference? Answers: effective local government, an
egalitarian outlook, an open economy, a degree of personal liberty, sensible and
sustained spending--and patience.
The place to start is primary education, above all of girls. Women account
for 70% of the world's poor and nearly 70% of all illiterates: in no country,
not even in top-notch Scandinavia, do women fare as well as men. But when girls
go to school, the knock-on effects in terms of lower fertility, healthier
children and longer lives are striking.
Page 4
The Economist, August 19, 1995
Mortality among Indian babies of mothers with primery education is half that
of those born to uneducated women. A literate mother is better equipped to
understand hygiene; literate women can be trained as midwives and rural health
workers, which are crucial to public health. A shortage of such women is one
reason why many Muslim countries, even rich oil states, have surprisingly low
social-development indicators. Buddhist societies on the whole do better. Buddha
encouraged women to seek enlightenment, and thus girls have long attended school
at much the same rates as boys; better health is a natural consequence.
How can more girls be got into school? The best way is to make education
free. That brings in more of both sexes, but especially girls: if parents have
to pay, poor ones tend to send their sons ahead of their daughters. Anything
that lessens what is, in many societies, women's work, will help. A nearby water
supply means girls will spend less time hauling water for the family. The offer
of a free meal for children may overcome the tendency to keep girls at home
cooking for the males of the household. School latrines can help; in some parts
of Pakistan, when a girl needs to go, she has to go home.
The quality of local government is vital: local, not national, officials
determine whether truants skip school with impunity, clinics go dirty, water
pipes run dry. In Brazil's state of Ceara, in the poor north-east, a committed
governor was decisive in ensuring in the early 1990s that its 6.5m people should
have above-average access to infant care, immunisation and primary education. A
World Bank study of 121 water and sanitation projects found a clear correlation
between close participation of community leaders and officials in the design and
construction of a given project, and its success five years later.
And when officialdom knows it must listen to public needs or lose its job,
listen it will. Watch South Africa's dismal basic services improve now that its
black majority has the vote. Keralans have been known to raise hell when a rural
health clinic goes unstaffed for too long; so not many do. A British
constitutional commission in 1928, noticing that life expectancy in colonial
Ceylon--today's Sri Lanka--had stagnated after several decades of improvement,
recommended that a planned transition to internal self-government should include
votes for women, to create pressure on officials for health care. It happened,
and--though a direct link cannot be proved--Ceylon went on to develop South
Asia's most effective health system.
Civil liberty seems an odd parameter, given the record of some of the
countries that rank high in social-development indices. Cuba and Vietnam are
less-than-free societies, yet their people are generally literate and
long-lived. The answer is that national and local freedoms are different: Cubans
do not feel free to complain about Fidel Castro, but they are encouraged to
complain about cockroaches at the local maternity clinic. In the short term, any
populist revolution is likely to be good for human development: often, it was
precisely the lack of this that won the revolutionaries popular support.
The trouble is that revolutionary fervour does not last. Zimbabwe's new
elite did well to develop widespread primary education, but shows signs of
adopting the same elitist habits as the old one. Cuba failed to develop the
economic base to keep its expensive social programmes in good order now that
Soviet subsidies have run out.
Page 5
The Economist, August 19, 1995
Any elite tends to look after itself first. That is why many poor countries
spend much of their health and education budgets on high-technology hospitals
and universities, instead of rural clinics and primary schools. The tendency is
still worse if the regime feels threatened by powerful interest groups such as
the army or landlords. It will sooner buy them off than get into the long-term
process of delivering basic education and health, whose political pay-off is
real, but not immediate.
Meeting basic needs does not have to be costly. Schools and clinics are
labour-intensive, and in poor countries even skilled labour is relatively cheap.
So a poor country can get more for its money than a rich one. The UN's
children's agency reckons that 5% of GDP is enough to deliver universal basic
services--five years of education, immunisation, pre-natal care, and access to a
trained medical worker. Provided, that is, that the money is well spent.
East Asian countries spent 3.7% of their GDP on education in 1989, says the
World Bank, the rest of the developing world 3.6%; but the East Asians spent it
better. The proportion of East Asians aged above 15 who had never gone to school
dropped from 52% in 1960 to 20% in 1985. In 73 developing countries (including
East Asia), surveyed by Harvard's Robert Barro and Korea University's Jong-Wha
Lee, the proportion fell less, from 64% to 45%.
No society can escape its history. Ex-British colonies tend to do well in
human development. Costa Rica and Panama did not have the rest of Central
America's hacienda culture; their relative egalitarianism was important in
building a social consensus for universal health and education. Kerala owes its
achievements in part to its benevolent 19th-century rulers, in part to the
influence of the 20%--the top 20%, mostly--of the population whose culture is
matrilineal.
Still, what matters most are the choices made today. And the best one for
any poor society is to get its girls to school.
GRAPHIC: charts
LANGUAGE: ENGLISH
LOAD-DATE: August 18, 1995
/
I
Page 8
2ND STORY of Level 1 printed in FULL format.
Copyright 1995 The Washington Post
The Washington Post
May 14, 1995, Sunday, Final Edition
SECTION: OUTLOOK; Pg. C01
LENGTH: 1983 words
HEADLINE: Investing In Sisterhood; An Agenda for the World's Women 9500003397:
BYLINE: Hillary Rodham Clinton
BODY:
THE WOMEN'S BANK is a one-room building in Ahmedabad, a textile center in
western India. The teller's counter is an old kitchen table covered with cloth.
Bank clerks record all transactions by hand, on yellowed sheets bound in volumes
that resemble worn-out telephone books. When I visited, saw poor women who had
walked 12 to 15 hours from their villages to take out loans some as small as
$
to invest in dairy cows, plows or goods that could be sold at market.
The bank is the brainchild of Gandhi disciple Ela Bhatt and was founded by
the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA). Many of the women in this trade
organization rank among the poorest, least educated and most ostracized in
India. Today, the bank has more than 40,000 members and assets of more than $ 2
million. Women run the bank, and only women are allowed to make deposits and
borrow money. The result is impressive: Against enormous political, social and
economic odds, Indian women are transforming their lives.
This is one of many images that stayed with me after my trip last month
through South Asia -- a trip made all the more meaningful because I shared
with my 15-year-old daughter. Although we traveled in special circumstances, as
official visitors, we were both struck by the interest an American mother and
daughter can generate in places where women are not always accorded the same
respect as men. For me, the trip also prompted a rethinking of many issues that
concern women -- and men -- in every nation.
In each country we visited -- Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka -- we saw women struggling to overcome poverty, illiteracy, inadequate
health care and deeply rooted cultural barriers by joining together to increase
their earning power and improve their circumstances. SEWA is but one example of
how women have organized around their capacity as borrowers, lenders and savers
to achieve greater economic independence for themselves and greater prosperity
for their families and communities.
For the rest of the world, the South Asian experience offers a simple lesson:
that investing in people -- especially women and girls -- is as essential to the
prosperity of the entire global family as investing in the development of open
markets and trade. South Asia reminds us that social development and economic
development go hand-in-hand. It reminds us too that women represent the soundest
investment any nation can make in the effort to jump-start development.
Page 9
The Washington Post, May 14, 1995
Women comprise more than half of the world's population. They care for most
of the world's children. And they do more than their share of the world's work.
Investing in their education and health, and assuring their full political,
economic and social participation in society ought to be the bottom line in any
development equation.
I realize that issues such as education and health care are still regarded in
many quarters as "soft" or marginal to economic growth. Often they are
reflexively dismissed as "traditional women's issues" that do not rank high
among the problems we will face in the 21st century. A growing body of research
from the World Bank and elsewhere suggests otherwise; questions surrounding
social development, especially of women, are at the center of our political and
economic challenges.
In country after country, women have demonstrated that, when given the tools
of opportunity -- education, health care, access to credit, political
participation and legal rights -- they are better able to make the right choices
in their lives. They can lift themselves out of poverty and, even more
important, they can lift their families, communities and nations as well.
The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh is a case study: In one Grameen village, women
pooled savings reaped from their investments to build a communal well. A woman
in another Grameen village told me that she had taken out two loans to buy dairy
cows; the third loan was used to buy a rickshaw to provide her husband a
livelihood.
Education also plants seeds of prosperity for women around the world. During
my trip, I saw examples of the way schools in South Asia are reshaping the
social and economic landscape.
The Prayas School in India is a volunteer effort, founded by wives of
professors at the Indian Institute of Technology. The school serves the poorest
women and girls in the neighboring slums of New Delhi, offering classes for
young girls and training women to make ceramics, jewelry and other artifacts
that they can sell for profit.
In Bangladesh, where the literacy rate for women is 29 percent (compared with
45 percent for men), a nongovernmental organization called the Bangladesh Rural
Advancement Committee acts on the theory that education is a precondition for
economic development. The committee has established 27,000 schools, most of
whose students are girls, even though extremists opposed to its educational
efforts have burned some of the schools.
A government-run school I visited in Bangladesh offers material incentives to
parents to send their children -- especially girls -- to attend. This is
particularly significant among the very poor, who often view school as a
diversion from their children's income-producing work. As part of the Food for
Education program, families receive a weekly food allotment if their children go
to class. Another government program pays parents to keep girls in secondary
school.
Along with access to credit and education, health care is an equally
important ingredient in the recipe for development. Here too South Asia offers
instructive examples of low-tech, low-cost strategies, many of which can be
Page 10
The Washington Post, May 14, 1995
applied elsewhere, including the West.
In Bangladesh, I visited the International Center for Diarrheal Disease
Control, and was surprised to see a doctor from Louisiana making rounds. The
center is a pioneer in the use of oral rehydration therapy, a method of treating
potentially fatal cases of diarrhea through ingestion of a solution of salt,
sugar and water. Thousands of lives have been saved through this inexpensive
treatment. The doctor from Louisiana was there to learn how the technique might
be used in the United States, where 20 million children under age 5 suffer from
diarrhea each year and an estimated 300,000 are hospitalized because of
resulting dehydration. Intravenous rehydration treatments, which must be given
in the hospital, cost on average about $ 800 per day; commercial solutions cost
about $ 7 per day and can be administered at home, a potentially cheap and
effective alternative to hospitalization.
I was also struck by the common-sense approach to health care at a clinic
started by American women in Nepal. Often romanticized by Westerners because of
its glorious setting in the Himalayas, Nepal is in fact a cruel health
environment for indigenous women. A disproportionate number of Nepalese women
die during their child-bearing years, the result of early and frequent
pregnancies, inadequate health care and poor nutrition. Women are usually the
last to eat in their families and as many as 80 percent are reported to be
anemic. A recent report by a group of Nepalese women estimates 515 maternal
deaths for every 100,000 live births.
At the health clinic I visited, midwives and others preparing to deliver a
baby will soon be given a "Safe Home Delivery Kit" -- a package containing a
plastic sheet, bar of soap, piece of twine, wax and a razor blade. This is a
cost-effective, low-tech approach that will help improve conditions for
childbirth and lower the mortality rate among Nepalese women.
As an American, I was proud to learn that many of these grass-roots
enterprises were succeeding because of direct assistance from the United States
to governments, nongovernmental organizations, or U.S.-supported international
organizations such as the World Bank. Nongovernmental organizations have been
particularly effective because they are close to the people, accountable to the
people, and often are good advocates for the poor. Not only do the partnerships
between governments and NGOs help funnel aid directly to programs, they leverage
support from local governments and other sources.
Throughout South Asia, one can see the results of American investment in
governments and NGOs. The "Safe Home Delivery kit," for example, was funded
jointly by USAID, Save the Children, the Nepalese government and a small, local
women-owned business. The United States has supported family planning services
in Bangladesh, where population growth rates have fallen from 3 percent to 2.2
percent since the early 1970s.
In Sri Lanka, I visited a remarkable facility built with financial assistance
from USAID. A program run by a former theology professor, Sister Bernice, offers
shelter, schooling and financial counseling to women and girls who are homeless
or victims of violence.
Like Bangladesh, Pakistan is also developing rural schools. At the Lahore
University of Management Sciences, a center of higher learning in Pakistan built
Page 11
The Washington Post, May 14, 1995
with USAID support, I saw dozens of young women who are training along with
their male counterparts to become leaders of their nation's growing business and
investment sectors.
These projects are proof that American aid -- both financial and technical --
has provided the tools of opportunity to people and nations who have shown a
courageous commitment to democracy and a market economy. Today, that American
aid remains critical. Having watched in the last 10 years as democracy has
flourished and markets have opened around the globe, we cannot turn our backs on
nations struggling to uphold our ideals.
As debates over foreign aid take place in the coming months, I hope that
members of Congress and the American public will remember that such assistance
accounts for less than 1 percent of our annual budget.
Still, at a time of economic anxiety in our own country, I'm sure many
Americans wonder why we should be concerned with the conditions facing women and
girls living in dusty villages and urban slums around the world. The reasons go
beyond humanitarian concerns. As Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin said after a
recent trip to India, "Development works. It improves lives in developing
countries, and as those lives improve, it will have a direct impact on our
economy, on the jobs and living standards of Americans."
On every continent, we have seen how the development of skills and earning
power of women leads to more prosperous regional and national economies. It also
leads to better educated and more prosperous consumers of American goods and
services. And it is fundamentally important to building a more peaceful world.
As long as economies remain underdeveloped and spirits undernourished, conflicts
that endanger our own security are less likely to be resolved.
Finally, investing in opportunities for women is critical to expanding social
justice. Denying women education, health care, economic security, political
freedom and legal protections is a violation of basic human rights.
Given recent objections voiced in this country about a day devoted to
bringing girls to work, it probably bears mentioning that an emphasis on girls
and women is not meant to exclude or diminish the rights or interests of men.
Men everywhere face challenges and obstacles as they seek to fulfill themselves
and their responsibilities to their families.
But around the world, including in our own country, women represent a
disproportionate number of the poor and vulnerable. Investing in women
strengthens families and communities, which helps everyone in society. And
investing in women brings us closer to a world in which distinctions between men
and women are viewed, ultimately, as complementary parts to a greater whole.
First Lady Hillary Clinton traveled through South Asia from March 24 to April
6.
GRAPHIC: Illustration, whitney sherman for The Washington Post
LANGUAGE: ENGLISH
Page 12
The Washington Post, May 14, 1995
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Economic Policy Institute
1730 RHODE ISLAND AVENUE NW
SUITE 200
WASHINGTON, DC: 20036
202/775-8810
FAX 202/775-0819
HOLD FOR RELEASE
CONTACT: Nan Gibson
until 9:00 AM
202-331-5546
Wednesday, February 22
Elizabeth James
202-331-5539
NEW REPORT FINDS RAISING MINIMUM WAGE WOULD BENEFIT
FULL-TIME, WOMEN WORKERS IN MODEST INCOME FAMILIES;
HIGH INCOME TEENAGERS ACCOUNT FOR ONLY 11%
OF MINIMUM WAGE WORKERS
Washington, D.C. The current debate over raising the minimum wage has
centered around assertions that a higher minimum wage would mostly benefit
teenagers from affluent families while costing many low wage workers their
jobs. A new report released today by the Economic Policy Institute (EPI)
shows that the Clinton plan for raising the minimum wage will primarily
benefit full-time, adult women workers in low-income and middle-class
families. Only 11.7% of all beneficiaries of a higher minimum wage are
teenagers in high income families.
Who Wins with a Higher Minimum Wage, by Lawrence Mishel, Jared
Be, nstein, and Edith Rasell, examines the effects of an increased minimum
wage and finds the following:
A higher minimum wage will most benefit families with the least
income -- low income and middle-class families. Seventy-six
percent of the benefits of the Clinton minimum wage proposal will
go to working families with below average incomes.
Minimum wage earners are primarily women (57.9%), those in full-
time jobs (47.2%) or who work more than twenty hours weekly
(33.3%), are disproportionately black (15%) or Hispanic (13.8%),
and are concentrated in the low wage retail sector (44.3%).
Minimum wage earners are frequently the only earner in their
family (38%) and, on average, contribute half of all family earnings.
Only 11.7% of all beneficiaries of a higher minimum wage are
teenagers in families with above average incomes.
The Clinton administration proposal only partially restores the
deterioration of the minimum wage since 1979. In 1996. after two
$0.45 increases, the minimum wage would still be 14% below its
- more -
Page 2
purchasing power in 1979.
A higher minimum wage will help reverse the growth of wage
inequality over the 1979.93 period, especially among women.
Opponents of increasing the minimum wage paint a picture of little
economic gain and many adverse consequences from the wage hike. Contrary
to popular perceptions that teenagers are the big winners, an EPI analysis of
Current Population Survey data finds that full-time working women from low-
income and middle-class families will gain the most from the Clinton proposal
to boost the minimum wage. While minimum wage earners are concentrated
in the poorest families. a higher minimum wage will also benefit many working
families in the middle class (32.8%).
The Clinton administration proposes to increase the minimum wage from
its current $4.25 level to $4.70 in July 1995 and to $5.15 in July 1996. In
Who Wins with a Higher Minimum Wage, the authors show that the
minimum wage hike will directly affect 12.2 million workers, or 11.7% of all
earners, and indirectly affect an additional 8.9 million workers, or 8.5% of all
earners. They firid half of minimum wage earners work full time and another
third work between 20 and 34 hours weekly. Minimum wage earners
contribute significantly to their family incomes -- half (48.6%) of the total
annual earnings. Another indication of their importance to family incomes is
the fact that 38.8% of minimum wage earners are the sole earners in their
families, while another 35.6% are one of only two earners in their families.
Teens make up only a small proportion of all minimum wage earners
(25.4%). and only 11.7% of minimum wage earners are teens in families with
above average incomes. In contrast. 57.6% of minimum wage carners are
adults in families with below average incomes. according to the report.
The persistent economic squeeze on families is a result of the continuing
deterioration of real wages for the vast majority of workers and the dramatic
growth in the wage gap between high wage workers and those earning middle
or low wages. According to the authors, a higher minimum wage will help
reverse the growth of wage inequality over the 1979-93 period, especially
among women. However, these increases will only partially offset the 27%
decline in the inflation-adjusted value of the minimum wage over the 1979-94
period.
The authors also note that recent studies have shown little. if
any, job loss due to the minimum wage hikes in 1990 and 1991. They conclude that
the modest boost proposed by the Clinton administration is not likely to result
in any significant job loss, but will generate income gains for precisely those
families who need it most. In addition, a higher minimum wage would begin to
"make work pay" and help shift welfare recipients into jobs.
- more -
Page 3
Lawrence Mishel is the Research Director of the Economic Policy
Institute and the author of various EM publications, including The State of
Working America. 1994-95 and 1992-93 editions (with Jared Bernstein).
Manufacturing Numbers: How Inuccurate Statistics Conceal U.S. Industrial
Decline, and Shortchanging Education (with Edith Rasell). He holds a Ph.D. in
economics from the University of Wisconsin and has published in a variety of
academic and nonacademic journais.
Jared Bernstein is an economist at the Economic Policy Institute. He is
a co-author of The State of Working America, 1994-95 and 1992-93 editions.
Mr. Bernstein holds a Doctor of Social Welfare degree from Columbia
University. He specializes in the fields of income distribution, poverty and
social welfare policy. and wage trends and inequality.
Edith Rasell is a health economist at the Economic Policy Institute. Dr.
Rasell is a former physician. board certified in Family Practice. She is the co-
author of the EPI briefing papers The Impact of Health Care Financing on
Family Budgets (with Jared Bernstein and Kainan Tang) and The Impact of the
Clinton Health Care Plan on Jobs, Investment. Wages, Productivity and Exports
(with Dean Baker and Kainan Tang).
The Economic Policy Institute is a non-profit, non-partisan economic
think tank founded in 1986 and supported by grants from foundations,
corporations. labor unions. and individuals. Its founders include economic
policy experts Lester Thurow, Robert Reich, Robert Kuttner, Barry Bluestone,
Ray Marshall. and EPI President Jeff Faux.
To order copies of the EPI briefing paper Who Wins with a Higher
Minimum Wage, by Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein. and Edith Rasell,
contact the Economic Policy Institute at 202-775-8810. Price is $5.
- 30 -
Clinton Presidential Records
Digital Records Marker
This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative
marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff.
This marker identifies the place of a tabbed divider. Given our
digitization capabilities, we are sometimes unable to adequately scan
such dividers. The title from the original document is indicated below.
Divider Title:
Working Women Count! (Labor)
EMBARGOED UNTIL 11:30 AM, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 14
WORKING WOMEN COUNT! A REPORT TO THE NATION
Voices of Working Women
"Many male bosses still don't understand the demands young
children put on working women. The job should always come first.
They act like having children is like having a dog -- all you do
is feed them and walk them once a day. If someone doesn't become
more concerned about how this country's children are raised, our
nation is in big trouble."
Professional/Mother Florida
"I am a pioneer for women underground coal miners. I like the
challenge and the prestige. I am dissatisfied because I earn
approximately $20,000 less than the men foremen with equal
experience."
Coal Miner, Alabama
"I have worked a substantial number of years in corporate America
and the atmosphere is not very good for a woman of color no
matter how skilled or educated she is. There doesn't seem to be
much room for an educated black woman in corporate America."
Professional (state unkown)
"I am working to pay for my health insurance, not to take my kids
to Disneyworld."
Divorced Mother of Two, New York
"I work very hard for little money. Unable to buy anything
extra. Just enough to pay for necessities -- living from
paycheck to paycheck. Don't know how I will be able to afford a
new car payment. Retirement will be worse!"
Clerical Worker, Ohio
"Part-time and temporary positions seem to be all there is for my
generation."
Worker in her Twenties, Minnesota
"Working moms already have limited time on their hands, but when
they feel like they're searching for a needle in a haystack when
it comes to child care it can be a real hassle. The way things
are set up, you either make too much for state programs or
private day care is well out of reach."
Clerical Worker/Single Mother, Illinois
NOTE:
These and other comments from respondents to the
Working Women Count! questionnaire can be found in
Working Women Count! A Report to the Nation. For
copies call Lisa Lederer at (202) 371-1999.
file
News
United States
Department
of Labor
Office of Information
Washington. D.C. 20210
USDL: 94-510
CONTACT: Lisa Lederer
FOR RELEASE:
OFFICE:
(202) 371-1999
EMBARGOED UNTIL 11:30 AM
Lauren Asher
Friday, Oct. 14, 1994
(202) 219-6631
STRONG CONSENSUS FOR CHANGE EMERGES AS A QUARTER OF A MILLION
AMERICAN WOMEN SPEAK OUT THROUGH WORKING WOMEN COUNT!
Improved Pay and Benefits, Help Balancing Work and Family,
Fighting Discrimination Are Critical, Working Women Say
American women like their jobs but want changes that reduce
stress, improve pay and benefits, help them balance work and
family responsibilicies, increase job training opportunities and
and discrimination. Those and other results of Working Women
Count!, a groundbreaking initiative by the Women's Bureau of the
U.S. Department of Labor, were released today at a news
conference at the Old Executive Office Building with Vice
President Al Gore, First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, Labor
Secretary Robert B. Reich and other officials.
"More than a quarter of a million women took the time to
respond and showed their faith in the process when they sent in
their questionnaires. We intend to listen," said Gore.
"Just a few months ago, we launched an unprecedented effort
to talk directly to the experts themselves -- America's working
women. Their response exceeded all our expectations, said Mrs.
Clinton. "We will continue to listen and respond to the concerns
of working women and working families."
Working Women Count! found a strong consensus for change
among women in three areas -- compensation (pay and benefits),
work and family policies and the undervaluing of women's work
(equal opportunity and training). The popularly distributed
Working Women Count! questionnaire was complemented by a
scientific phone survey using the same questions with a
nationally representative, random sample of 1,200 working women.
Among the results is the fact that four in five women (79
percent) either "love" or "like" their jobs, but women also see a
need for change:
--
Too much stress is a serious problem for more than half the
women in both the popular (58 percent) and scientific
samples (59 percent), cutting across income and occupational
groups.
-more-
-3-
commodities, but as essential assets. And they want to work in
an environment that treats them with dignity, respects the
importance of their families and invests in their skills."
"Through Working Women Count!, women have raised serious
concerns,' said Women's Bureau Director Karen Nussbaum. "Only by
addressing these issues will we fully and fairly value women.
Government, businesses, unions, national and grassroots
organizations and the media all have a role to play in finding
solutions. The Clinton Administration has made important
progress in improving the lives of working women by signing the
Family and Medical Leave Act into law and through the Head Start
Reauthorization bill. The voices of America's working women will
add the fuel to power even greater progress in the future."
The Working Women Count! questionnaire was distributed by
more than 1,600 partners, including businesses, labor unions,
magazines, newspapers, national and community-based organizations
and government agencies. They included 300 businesses (from
MeToM Corporation to local hair salons), more than 900 national
and community-based organizations (including the YWCA, the
National Association of Black Mayors and the National Council of
La Raza), 75 international unions and locals, 10 federal and 100
state agencies, mayors, members of Congress, tribal governments;
universities, community colleges, historically black schools, and
the Compuserve and Prodigy on-line services. Four national
magazines, 40 daily newspapers, and many weekly and foreign
language newspapers published the questionnaire, and 175 stations
ran public service announcements.
Working Women Count! was launched May 5th; the deadline to
return questionnaires was August 31st. The questionnaire was
developed by the Women's Bureau and distributed in all 50 states,
the Virgin Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico. It was translated into
Braille and five languages -- Chinese, Korean, Portuguese,
Spanish and Vietnamese.
The Women's Bureau was created by Congress in 1920 to
"promote the welfare of wage-earning women."
# # #
NOTE: Media can order full copies of WORKING WOMEN COUNT! A
REPORT TO THE NATION from Lisa Lederer at 202/371-1999. Also
available is a demographic profile of working women in each
state, and a list of Working Women Count! partners in each state.
WORKING WOMEN COUNT!
A NATIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE
Sponsored by the Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor
and
Today, 58 million women hold paid jobs in America. This is the largest num-
Please return this questionnaire to:
ber of working women in our history - and the number continues to grow.
If you're one of these women, the Women's Bureou at the U.S.
Department of Labor wonts to know what you think about your job how to
make it better.
Please answer this questionnaire and return it to the address of right.
We'll give the results right to the President and Congress so they'll know what
issues are important to you.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
AS 0 working woman, your VOICE counts!
Robert B Reich, Secrerary
Thanks for your help.
Karen Nussbaum, Director, Women's Bureau
1. Would you describe your main work for pay as:
3. How many hours a week do you work for pay?
- - Clerical/support (secretary, receptionist, clerical supervisor, computer
operator, stock clerk, insurance investigator)
4. The things you like most about your job are (check up to 3):
- - Craft/repair (mechanic, electrical/electronic repair, plumber, painter)
I get paid well
- - Executive or monoger (financial manager, buyer, marketing manager,
- I have good benefits
occountant, auditor)
- - My hours are flexible
- - Forming, forestry, or fishing
- I have job training opportunities
- - Homemoker
- - I have the authority I need to get the job done
- - Operator/fabricator (machine operator, packaging mochine operator
- - My job is secure
- - Professional (teacher, lawyer, computer scientist, doctor, RN)
- I am productive
- - Sales (sales supervisor, cashier, sales representative)
- - Service (security, childcare, food service, health aid, hairdresser)
- - I enjoy the company of my co-workers
- - Technical (LPN, computer programmer, legal assistant, dental hygienist)
- - I learn new things
- I like what I do
- - Transportation (motor vehicle operator, truck or tractor operator)
- I like working as part of 0 team
2. How many paid jobs do you have?
- Other:
5. Are any of the following issues a problem for you at work? (If so,
One of the
very
somewhat
not very
not of all
DOESN'T
check off how serious a problem it is. If not, check DOESN'T APPLY):
most serious
serious
serious
serious
serious
APPLY
I don't get poid what I think my job is worth
I need better benefits
I work too many hours
I worry about losing my job
! don't have the flexibility to meet family responsibilities
I am under too much stress
I do not have the skills to get 0 better job
It's hard to find quality child or elder care that I can afford
I have lost 0 job or 0 promotion because of my race or sex
1 know someone who lost 0 job or promotion because of race or sex
suffer other problems of my job (piease expiain below):
News
United States
Department
of Labor
Office of Information
Washington, D.C. 20210
USDL: 94-510
CONTACT: Lisa Lederer
FOR RELEASE:
OFFICE:
(202) 371-1999
EMBARGOED UNTIL 11:30 AM
Lauren Asher
Friday, Oct. 14, 1994
(202) 219-6631
STRONG CONSENSUS FOR CHANGE EMERGES AS A QUARTER OF A MILLION
AMERICAN WOMEN SPEAK OUT THROUGH WORKING WOMEN COUNT!
Improved Pay and Benefits, Help Balancing Work and Family,
Fighting Discrimination Are Critical, Working Women Say
American women like their jobs but want changes that reduce
stress, improve pay and benefits, help them balance work and
family responsibilities, increase job training opportunities and
end discrimination. Those and other results of Working Women
Count!, a groundbreaking initiative by the Women's Bureau of the
U.S. Department of Labor, were released today at a news
conference at the Old Executive Office Building with Vice
President Al Gore, First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, Labor
Secretary Robert B. Reich and other officials.
"More than a quarter of a million women took the time to
respond and showed their faith in the process when they sent in
their questionnaires. We intend to listen," said Gore.
"Just a few months ago, we launched an unprecedented effort
to talk directly to the experts themselves -- America's working
women. Their response exceeded all our expectations, said Mrs.
Clinton. "We will continue to listen and respond to the concerns
of working women and working families."
Working Women Count! found a strong consensus for change
among women in three areas -- compensation (pay and benefits),
work and family policies and the undervaluing of women's work
(equal opportunity and training). The popularly distributed
Working Women Count! questionnaire was complemented by a
scientific phone survey using the same questions with a
nationally representative, random sample of 1,200 working women.
Among the results is the fact that four in five women (79
percent) either "love" or "like" their jobs, but women also see a
need for change:
--
Too much stress is a serious problem for more than half the
women in both the popular (58 percent) and scientific
samples (59 percent), cutting across income and occupational
groups.
-more-
-2-
Two-thirds of women (65 percent) say improving pay scales is
a high priority. Fifty-five percent of women in the popular
sample and 49 percent in the scientific sample say they are
not getting paid what they are worth.
Health and pension benefits are critical concerns. Health
care insurance for all is women's number one priority. In
the scientific sample, 43 percent of women who work part-
time and 34 percent of women over age 55 lack health
insurance, while a scant 19 percent rate their health
insurance plans as excellent. Fifty-seven percent of
respondents give their pension plans negative ratings,
including 23 percent who have no pension at all.
Three-fifths of women in the scientific sample (61 percent)
say they have little or no ability to advance.
In the scientific sample, 14 percent of white women and 26
percent of women of color report losing a job or promotion
on the basis of their gender or race.
Many women consider on-the-job training (52 percent in the
scientific and 61 percent in the popular sample) and
insuring equal opportunity (51 percent in the scientific and
63 percent in the popular sample) priorities for change.
--
The number one issue women would like to talk to President
Clinton about is their difficulty balancing work and family
-- including child care. Unequal or unfair pay is second,
and lack of equal treatment and equal opportunity is third.
--
More than half (56 percent) of women with children under age
five say that finding affordable child care is a serious
problem. More than half (53 percent) of this group say that
"information about or support for child or dependent care"
is a very high priority for change.
Women executives or managers are much more likely to have
family-friendly workplaces than women in blue-collar jobs.
Three in five women (63 percent) who work as executives or
managers -- compared to only 42 percent of women who work in
low-wage blue collar jobs -- rated their jobs as either
excellent or good in terms of support for family
responsibilities in the scientific sample.
"In vast numbers and with extraordinary candor and insight,
working women have told us about their lives, Reich said.
"Women want the opportunity and the resources to lead full,
productive lives. They want to be treated not as expendable
-more-
-3-
commodities, but as essential assets. And they want to work in
an environment that treats them with dignity, respects the
importance of their families and invests in their skills."
"Through Working Women Count!, women have raised serious
concerns,' said Women's Bureau Director Karen Nussbaum. "Only by
addressing these issues will we fully and fairly value women.
Government, businesses, unions, national and grassroots
organizations and the media all have a role to play in finding
solutions. The Clinton Administration has made important
progress in improving the lives of working women by signing the
Family and Medical Leave Act into law and through the Head Start
Reauthorization bill. The voices of America's working women will
add the fuel to power even greater progress in the future."
The Working Women Count! questionnaire was distributed by
more than 1,600 partners, including businesses, labor unions,
magazines, newspapers, national and community-based organizations
and government agencies. They included 300 businesses (from
Xerox Corporation to local hair salons), more than 900 national
and community-based organizations (including the YWCA, the
National Association of Black Mayors and the National Council of
La Raza), 75 international unions and locals, 10 federal and 100
state agencies, mayors, members of Congress, tribal governments,
universities, community colleges, historically black schools, and
the Compuserve and Prodigy on-line services. Four national
magazines, 40 daily newspapers, and many weekly and foreign
language newspapers published the questionnaire, and 175 stations
ran public service announcements.
Working Women Count! was launched May 5th; the deadline to
return questionnaires was August 31st. The questionnaire was
developed by the Women's Bureau and distributed in all 50 states,
the Virgin Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico. It was translated into
Braille and five languages -- Chinese, Korean, Portuguese,
Spanish and Vietnamese.
The Women's Bureau was created by Congress in 1920 to
"promote the welfare of wage-earning women.'
# # #
NOTE: Media can order full copies of WORKING WOMEN COUNT! A
REPORT TO THE NATION from Lisa Lederer at 202/371-1999. Also
available is a demographic profile of working women in each
state, and a list of Working Women Count! partners in each state.
-4- -
This information will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice Phone: 202-219-6060, TDD Message
Referral Phone: 1-800-326-2577.
The text of this release is available from the Department of
Labor electronic bulletin board, LABOR NEWS, at 202-219-4784.
Callers must pay any toll-call charges. 300, 1200, 2400, 9600 or
14,400 BAUD; Parity: None; Data Bits = 8; Stop Bit = 1. Voice
phone: 202-219-8831.
10,94
WORKING WOMEN COUNT!
PARTNER SUMMARY
More than 1,600 partners joined the Women's Bureau of the U.S.
Department of Labor to distribute the Working Women Count!
questionnaire to their members, readers, constituents, employees
and/or customers. Below is a summary, with examples, of the
number and variety of participating organizations. A complete,
state-by-state listing is attached.
4
National Magazines printed the questionnaire: Essence,
Ms., Working Mother and Working Woman
40
Daily Newspapers printed the questionnaire, including
the Atlanta Constitution, Miami Herald (in English and
Spanish), Chi-Am Daily, Cleveland Plain Dealer, Flint
Journal, Los Angeles Sentinel, New York Daily News, and
Philadelphia Daily News; many have already reported on
their own results
300- Businesses, from Xerox and NYNEX to the West 47th
Street Salon and Day Spa in Kansas City, MO and
Skelly's Pub in Sioux Falls, SD
75- Labor Unions, including large international unions and
many locals
58
Senators and Members of Congress (bipartisan)
75+ National Organizations like Business and Professional
Women, the National Black Nurses' Association, National
Conference of Black Mayors, National Council of La
Raza, 9tc5, and YWCA of the USA
900+ State and Local Organizations ranging from grassroots
groups like La Alianza Cannery Workers Organization
Project to Native American groups like the Chippewa
Cree Tribe; from state governments like Arizona,
Maryland, Nevada and Wyoming, to big city governments
like Atlanta, Miami and New York, to small city
governments like Fort Collins, CO and Hutchinson, KS;
from state universities to community colleges; and
women's and workers' organizations around the country
10+ Federal Agencies: Agriculture, Education, Energy,
General Services Administration, Health and Human
Services, Justice, Labor, Office of Personnel
Management, and Veterans' Affairs targeted all of their
women employees; many others distributed to select
offices
4
On-Line - Services, including Compuserve and Prodigy
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF ALABAMA
Alabama Women's Agenda, Birmingham
Central Alabama OIC, Montgomery
Federal Women's Program, Huntsville
Opportunities Industrial Centers, Montgomery
Retail, Wholesale & Dept. Store Union, AFL-CIO, Birmingham
University of Alabama Center on Education and Research,
Birmingham
YWCA, Birmingham
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF ALASKA
Alaska Department of Education, Juneau
Anchorage Daily News, Anchorage
Central Council Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of AK, Juneau
Federally Employed Women-Mendenhall Chapter #139, Juneau
Juneau Women's Council, Juneau
Klukwan, Inc., Juneau
Mt. Redoubt, Alaska Chapter, Coalition of Labor Union Women,
Kenai
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF ARIZONA
Advocates for the Disabled, Phoenix
Arizona Business & Professional Women's Foundation, Scottsdale
Arizona Department of Administration, Phoenix
Arizona Department of Corrections, Phoenix
Arizona Department of Economic Security, Phoenix
Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix
Arizona Governor's Office for Excellence, Phoenix
Arizona Governor's Office for Women, Phoenix
Arizona State University, Tempe
Arizona State University-School of Justice Studies, College of
Law, Tempe
Arthur Anderson & Company, Phoenix
Association for Supportive Child Care, Tempe
Bank One of America, Phoenix
Big 4 Restaurants, Phoenix
Chicanos Por La Causa, Inc., Phoenix
Circle K Corporation, Phoenix
Del Webb Corporation, Scottsdale
Girl Scouts Council, Phoenix
Honorable Karan English, Flagstaff
Honorable John McCain, Phoenix
Inter-Tribal Council, Phoenix
Kinder Care Learning Centers, Inc., Glendale
M ONE, Inc., Phoenix
Maricopa County Recorder's Office, Phoenix
Motorola Inc., Scottsdale
Pima County Attorney's Office, Florence
Pima County/Tucson Women's Commission, Tucson
Safeway Stores, Inc., Tempe
St. Joseph's Hospital, Phoenix
Tucson Black Women's Task Force, Tucson
Tucson Newspapers, Inc., Tucson
Tucson Times, Tucson
University Career Women-Arizona State University, Tempe
Wal-Mart, Phoenix
YWCA, Phoenix
Yuma Private Industry Council, Inc., Yuma
Zonta International, Mesa
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF ARKANSAS
Economic Fayetteville Opportunity Association of Washington County,
Southeast Arkansas Economic Development District, Pine Bluff
Women's Project, Little Rock
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
Airtouch Communications, Walnut Creek
Alliance of Businesses for Childcare Development, Los Angeles
Alumnae Resources, San Francisco
American Association for Medical Transcription, Modesto
American Business Women's Association, San Pedro
Amex Life Assurance, San Rafael
Asian Business Co-op, Rosemead
Asian Immigrant Women Advocates, Oakland
Azusa Pacific University /Graduate School of Theology, Azusa
Bakery, Confectionery & Tobacco Workers Local 24, Redwood City
Bananas, Oakland
Bay Area Network of Latin America (BANELA), San Francisco
Bay Area Women's Resource Center, San Francisco
CARENCEN, San Francisco
CHI-AM Daily, Monterey Park
California Association of Life Underwriters, Oakland
California Commission on the Status of Women, Sacramento
California School Employees Association (CSEA), San Jose
California Women's Law Center, Los Angeles
Career Action Center, Palo Alto
The Center for Work and the Family, Berkeley
Century Freeway Women's Employment Program, Compton
Child Care Coordinating Council of San Mateo County
City of Palo Alto
City of San Mateo - Police Department
Coalition of Labor Union Women - East Bay Chapter, Oakland
Commission on the Status of Women, San Francisco
Corporate Child Care Consultation, San Francisco
Crystal Stairs, Inc., Los Angeles
Equal Means Journal: Ms. Foundation for Women, Berkeley
Equal Rights Advocates (ERA), San Francisco
Family Care, Inc., Pleasanton
Frontline Campaigns, Berkeley
GENENTECH, South San Francisco
The Hispanic Reporter, Los Angeles
Honorable Barbara Boxer, San Francisco
Honorable Dianne Feinstein, Los Angeles
Honorable Nancy Pelosi, San Francisco
Honorable Lucille Roybal-Allard, Los Angeles
Honorable Lynn Woolsey, California
Information & Referral Services, Inc., San Jose
Information Access Company, Foster City
Institute for Childhood Resources, San Francisco
InterMedia Partners, San Francisco
International Child Resource Institute, Oakland
Jewish Family & Children's Services, San Francisco
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., Oakland
The Korea Central Daily News, Los Angeles
La Alianza - Cannery Workers Organizing Project, Watsonville
Labor Project for Working Families, Berkeley
Last Monday Club, Oakland
League of Women Voters of San Francisco, San Francisco
Legal Aid Society of San Francisco, San Francisco
LifeScan, Milpitas
Los Angeles Sentinel, Los Angeles
Los Angeles Women's Foundation, Los Angeles
MAAC Project, National City
William M. Mercer, Inc., San Francisco
NAACP Western Region, Los Angeles
NCO/Advancement Enterprises, Ukiah
National Council of Jewish Women, Los Angeles
National Immigration Law Project, Los Angeles
National Latina Health Organization, Oakland
Network Equipment Technologies, Redwood City
New Ways to Work, San Francisco
Occupational Health Services Inc., Oakland
One Small Step
Pacific Asian American Women Bay Area Coalition, San Francisco
Pacific Gas & Electric Company, San Francisco
Professional & Business Women's Conference Inc., San Mateo
Project Work & Family 2000, Foster City
Public Interest Clearinghouse, San Francisco
SRI International, Menlo Park
San Francisco Bay Area Federal Executive Board, Oakland
San Francisco Women Lawyers Alliance, San Francisco
San Francisco Womens Center Inc., San Francisco
San Jose Area Home Economics Association, San Jose
San Mateo County Transit District, San Carlos
San Mateo Times, San Mateo
Santa Clara Center for Occupational Safety & Health, San Jose
Santa Cruz County Women's Commission, Santa Cruz
Service Employees Int'l Union-SF Western Reg. Ofc., San Francisco
Silicon Graphics, Inc., Mountain View
Southern California Tradeswomen Network, Los Angeles
Structural Integrity Assoc., Inc., San Jose
Turning Point Career Center, Berkeley
University of California, San Francisco
U.S. Postal Inspection Services, San Francisco
US HHS Region IX (Health & Human Services Reg. 9), San Francisco
USDA Food and Nutrition Service, San Francisco
USDOL Region 9/Federal Womens Program, San Francisco
Vietnamese Fishermen's Association of America, Oakland
Wells Fargo Alarm Services, San Diego
Women In Community Service, San Francisco
Women at Work, Pasadena
The Women's Foundation, San Francisco
Women's Initiative for Self Employment (WISE), San Francisco
Women's Network of Contra Costa County, Walnut Creek
Women's Resource Center, San Luis Obispo
Xerox Corporation, El Segundo
YWCA in Santa Clara Valley, San Jose
YWCA of San Francisco, Marin and San Mateo Counties
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF COLORADO
AT&T, Denver
Adams County School District 14, Commerce City
African American Women 40 Plus, Inc., Aurora
Air Liquide, Denver
Allied Group, Inc., Denver
Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Aurora
American Business Women's Association, Denver
American Indian Higher Education Consortium, Lafayette
Asian Pacific Development Center, Denver
The Athena Group, Denver
BPW (Colorado), Denver
Bank of Boulder, Boulder
Boulder Publishing, Inc., Boulder
The Briles Group, Inc., Denver
Brothers Redevelopment, Inc., Denver
CO Institute for Gender Equity in Vocational Educ., Lakewood
Capital Heights Pharmacy, Denver
Career Choices, Denver
City of Fort Collins Light and Power Company, Fort Collins
City of Westminster
Coalition of Labor Union Women - Denver Metro Chap, Denver
Colorado American Association of University Women, Englewood
Colorado Business, Englewood
Colorado Christian Home, Denver
Colorado Department of Education, Educational Equity Programs and
Services
Colorado Federation of Business & Professional Women, Denver
Colorado Federation of Teachers, Denver
Colorado Housing and Finance Authority, Denver
Colorado Mental Health Institute of Pueblo, Pueblo
Colorado National Bank, Denver
Colorado Rural Housing Development Corporation, Westminster
Colorado State AFL-CIO, Denver
Colorado Women's Agenda, Denver
Colorado Women's Chamber of Commerce, Denver
Colorado Women's Employment & Education, Denver
Community College of Denver Business & Governmental School
Community College of Denver-Women's Resource Center
Conference Associates, Denver
DMJM, Denver
Dames & Moore, Denver
Denver Alumnae Chapter-Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Denver
Denver Business Women's Network
The Denver Art Museum, Denver
Denver Business Women's Network, Denver
Denver Center for Performing Arts, Denver
Denver Indian Center, Inc., Denver
The Denver Post, Denver
The Denver Public Library, Denver
Denver Water, Denver
Denver Women's Commission, Denver
Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining, Denver
Discount Bargain Books, Denver
Dissen Swartz P.C., Englewood
ERIC Group, Englewood
The Eagle Group, Denver
Emily Mann Consultants, Aurora
The Empowerment Program, Denver
Exabyte Corporation, Boulder
Fantasy Hair Design, Aurora
Federally Employed Women High Plains Chapter, Aurora
First Data Corporation, Englewood
First National Summitt Bank, Gunnison
Firstbanks of Colorado, Lakewood
Fulton Elementary School, Aurora
Gensler & Associates, Denver
Guarantee National Insurance, Englewood
Honorable Hank Brown, Denver
Honorable Scott McInnis, Pueblo
Honorable Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Denver
Honorable Patricia Schroeder, Denver
Hotel & Restaurant Employees Local Union #14, Denver
Inst. for Women's Studies & Services at Metropolitan, Denver
International Association of Machinists, Commerce City
Jack and Jill Denver, Littleton
Joya Wonderlight Music, Littleton
KMGH-TV, McGraw Hill Broadcasting, Denver
KRMA-Channel 6, Denver
Kaiser Permanente, Denver
Kevin J. Marshall, D.D.S., Aurora
Latin American Research & Service Agency (LARASA), Denver
Leprino Foods, Denver
Lewan and Associates, Inc., Denver
M.A. Mortenson Company, Denver
The Maids, Aurora
The Mental Health Corporation of Denver, Denver
Metro Wastewater, Denver
Metropolitan State College, Denver
MiCasa Resource Center for Women, Inc., Denver
National Jewish Center, Immunology & Respiratory Med., Denver
National Civic League, Denver
National Council of Negro Women, Denver
National Image, Inc., Denver
National Renewable Energy Laboratories, Golden
New Belgium Brewing Company, Ft. Collins
Non Traditional Financial Services, Littleton
Norgren Company, Littleton
North Metro Community Services, Westminster
Northeast Women's Center, Denver
Norwest Banks, Denver
Park Hill for a Safe Neighborhood, Denver
Penrose St. Francis Health Care System, Colorado Springs
Peoples Presbyterian, Denver
Piper Jaffray, Boulder
Planned Parenthood, Boulder
Planned Parenthood of the Rocky Mountains, Aurora
Regional Transportation District, Denver
Regis University, Denver
Rehability, Denver
Resources Trust Company, Englewood
Rising Star Missionary Baptist Church, Denver
Rocky Mountain News, Denver
Rocky Mountain Tradeswomen Assosciation, Broomfield
Ruth Welle Consultants, Englewood
School of Nursing, Denver
Securities & Exchange Commission, Denver
Service Employees International Union Local 105, Denver
Servicio De La Raza, Denver
Smith Lange & Associates, Highlands Ranch
Social Security Administration, Denver
The Tattered Cover Bookstore, Denver
Travel Pals, Inc., Denver
US Department of Commerce, Boulder
US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Denver
US Department of Interior-National Park Service, Lakewood
US Department of Labor-Federal Women's Program, Denver
US Dept of Justice-Immigration & Naturalization, Denver
United Technologies/Hamilton Standard Commercial, CO Springs
University of Colorado, Denver
Wackenhut Corrections Corporation/INS, Aurora
Western Farm Bureau, Denver
William M. Mercer, Incorporated, Denver
Women's Resource Agency, Colorado Springs
YWCA of Boulder County, Boulder
YWCA of Metropolitan Denver
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT
Connecticut Commission on Children, Hartford
Connecticut Permanent Commission on the Status of Women, Hartford
Connecticut Post, Bridgeport
Connecticut Women's Education and Legal Fund, Hartford
Greenwich News, Westport
HMA Inc., Hamden
Hartford Courant, Hartford
Honorable Rosa DeLauro, New Haven
Honorable Chris Dodd, Weathersfield
Honorable Nancy Johnson, New Britain
Honorable Christopher Shays, Bridgeport
Inquirer Publications, Hartford
Institute for the Hispanic Family, Hartford
International Executive Service Corps, Stamford
The Kennedy Center, Inc., Bridgeport
MADD-Bridgeport, CT, Bridgeport
NWPC of Connecticut, Bristol
National Organization for Women, Hartford
New Haven Register, New Haven
Northend Agent, Hartford
Norwalk Medical Group, Norwalk
Olin Corporation, Stamford
Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Norwalk
Permanent Commission of the Status of Women, Hartford
Republican-American Waterbury, Waterbury
Shawmut National Corporation, Hartford
Today's Woman (Waterbury-Republican-American), Waterbury
Town of West Hartford
Uniroyal Chemical, Waterbury
Vernon Junior Women's Club, Vernon
Visiting Nurse Assoc. of South Central Connecticut, New Haven
Women's Political Caucus, Bristol
Xerox Corporation-Stamford
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF DELAWARE
Delaware Commission for Women, Wilmington
Delaware Wilmington State American Association of University Women,
Women's Leadership Center, Wilmington
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
9 to 5 National Assoc of Working Women DC area, Washington D.C.
AFGE, Washington D.C.
AFL-CIO, Washington D.C.
AFSCME, Washington D.C.
American Federation of Government Employees, Washington D.C.
American Federation of Teachers, Washington D.C.
American Nurses Association, Washington D.C.
Association of Flight Attendants, Washington D.C.
Association of Research Libraries, Washington D.C.
Association of Women in International Trade, Inc., Washington D.C.
Banks & Johnson Associates, Washington D.C.
Bass and Howes, Washington D.C.
Black Women's Agenda, Washington D.C.
Business and Professional Women, Inc., Washington D.C.
Businesses for Social Responsibility, Washington D.C.
Capital Hill Women's Political Caucus, Washington D.C.
Center for Policy Alternatives, Washington D.C.
Central Pension Fund, Washington D.C.
The Children's Foundation, Washington D.C.
Church Women United, Washington D.C.
The Classification & Compensation Society, Washington D.C.
The Corporate Response Group Inc./Corprotec Inc., Washington D.C.
Coalition of Labor Union Women (CLUW), Washington D.C.
General Board of Global Ministries, Washington D.C.
The Harrison Center for Career Education, Washington D.C.
Honorable Eleanor Holmes Norton, Washington D.C.
Institute for Women's Policy Research, Washington D.C.
International Union of Bricklayers & Allied Craftsmen, Washington D.C.
Interaction, Washington D.C.
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Washington D.C.
International Union of Operating Engineers, Washington D.C.
Laborers' Int'l Union of North America (LIUNA), Washington D.C.
Methodist Church Women's Inc., Washington D.C.
Metropolitan Women's Organizing Project (MWOP), Washington D.C.
National Association of Child Care Resource & Referral Agencies,
Washington D.C.
National Center for the Early Childhood Workforce, Washington D.C.
National Air Traffic Controllers Assoc (NATCA), Washington D.C.
National Association of Commissions for Women, Washington D.C.
National Association of Hispanic Nurses, Washington D.C.
National Black Nurses Association, Washington D.C.
National Committee on Pay Equity, Washington D.C.
National Council of LA RAZA, Washington D.C.
National Council of Negro Women, Washington D.C.
National Education Association, Washington D.C.
National Hispana Leadership Institute, Washington D.C.
National Women's Political Caucus, Washington D.C.
National Association of Negro Business & Professional Women's
Clubs, Washington DC
National Foundation for Women Business Owners, Washington D.C.
National Postal Mailhandlers Union (NPMHU), Washington D.C.
Office of Personnel Management (OPM), Washington D.C.
Organization of Chinese Americans, Washington D.C.
Pension Rights Center/Women's Project, Washington D.C.
People For the American Way, Washington D.C.
Planned Parenthood Association, Washington D.C.
SALUD, Inc., Washington D.C.
Service Employees International Union, Washington D.C.
Tri-State Civil Liberties Dept. (Elks), Washington D.C.
United Methodist Church, Women's Division, Washington D.C.
US Department of Health & Human Services, Washington D.C.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington D.C.
US Patent and Trademark Office, Washington D.C.
US Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C.
US Department of Education, Washington D.C.
US Department of Energy, Washington D.C.
US Department of Justice, Washington D.C.
US Dept of Veterans Affairs/Ofc. of Equal Oppt., Washington D.C.
The Union Institute Center for Women, Washington D.C.
Union Privilege AFL-CIO, Washington D.C.
United Brotherhood of Carpenters, Washington D.C.
United Food & Commercial Workers Int'l Union, Washington D.C.
United Methodist Church, Women's Division, Washington D.C.
Washington Child Development Council, Washington D.C.
Wider Opportunities for Women, Washington D.C.
Women Judges' Fund for Justice, Washington D.C.
Women Work! The Nat'l Network for Women's Emplymt, Washington D.C.
Women's Information Network, Washington D.C.
Women's National Democratic Club, Washington D.C.
YWCA of the USA, Washington D.C.
Zeta Phi Beta Sorority Inc., Washington D.C.
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA
Adult Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers Program, Tallahassee
AWMI SO FLA. CHAPTER, Margate
Alpi Head Start Program, Ft. Pierce
American Business Women's Association, Fort Walton Beach
Broward County Women Lawyer's Association, Ft. Lauderdale
Casino Drywall, Inc., Pompano Beach
Central Florida Women's Resource Center, Inc., Orlando
The Center for Women, Tampa
Centro Campesino Farmworker Center, Homestead
Child Care Resource & Referral, Inc., Delray Beach
Child Care Services, Fort Walton Beach
City of Hollywood
City of Miami-Dept of Equal Opp/Diversity Programs, Miami
Cuban American National Council, Inc., Miami
Dade County Commission on Status of Women (DCCOSW), Miami
Everglades Community Association, Florida City
Farmworkers Self-Help, Dade City
Federal Executive Board, Miami
Florida Children's Forum, Tallahassee
Florida Museum of Hispanic Art, Miami
Hispanic Coalition, Miami
Honorable Corrine Brown, Jacksonville
Honorable Tillie Fowler, Jacksonville
Jacksonville Women's Lawyers Association, Jacksonville
Manatee County Head Start, Bradenton
Miami Herald, Miami
Office of Equal Opportunity & Affirmative Action, Hollywood
Palm Beach Cty Comm on the Status of Women, West Palm Beach
Redlands Christian Migrant Association, Immokalee
Resource Center for Women, Inc., Largo
Unitarian Universalist Service Committee, Ft. Lauderdale
W.R. Grace & Co., Boca Raton
Walker's Aviation, Fort Lauderdale
Walt Disney World Co, Lake Buena Vista
Wesley House Child Care Agency, Key West
Women's Resource Center of Manatee, Inc., Bradenton
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA
9to5, Atlanta
AFSCME, Atlanta
American Assoc. of Occupational Health Nurses, Atlanta
Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, Atlanta
Atlanta Desktop, Atlanta
Atlanta Journal Constitution, Atlanta
Atlanta Prevention Connection, Atlanta
Atlanta Women's Fund, Atlanta
Bernie Mercer & Company, Atlanta
City of Atlanta, GA/Bureau of Personnel Admin., Atlanta
Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, Atlanta
Concerted Services, Inc. -Head Start Program, Waycross
Decatur Alumnae Chap. Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Decatur
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Decatur
Dogwood City Business & Professional Women, Atlanta
Georgia Department of Technical & Adult Education, Atlanta
Goodwill Industries of Atlanta, Atlanta
Hillside Chapel and Truth Center, Inc., Atlanta
Honorable Paul Coverdell, Atlanta
Honorable Cynthia McKinney, Decatur
Metro Atlanta Chapter-Older Women's League, Atlanta
National Alliance of Business, Atlanta
National Conference of Black Mayors, Inc., Atlanta
Office of Adult Literacy, Atlanta
Retail Wholesale Department Store Union RWDSU, Atlanta
Satilla Child Care Resource & Referral Agency Inc., Waycross
Turner Broadcasting, Atlanta
Women Business Owners, Atlanta
YWCA, Greater Atlanta
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF HAWAII
ALU LIKE, Inc., Honolulu
Brigham Young University of Hawaii/Univ. Relations, Laie
City and County of Honolulu-Dept. of Personnel
Federal Women's Council, Honolulu
Hawaii State Commission on The Status of Women, Honolulu
Honolulu County Committee on the Status of Women
Honorable Patsy Mink, Honolulu
Kalihi-Palama Health Center, Honolulu
Leeward Community College
Office of the Governor, Office of Affirmative Action, Honolulu
University of Hawaii, East-West Center, Honolulu
YWCA of O'ahu, Honolulu
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF IDAHO
American Association of University Women-Orofino Beach
Honorable Mary Lou Reed, Coeur & Alene
Idaho Human Rights Commission, Boise
Idaho Women's Network, Inc., Boise
Soroptimist International of Boise
Southwest Idaho Private Industry Council, Boise
University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System, Moscow
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
American Agri-Women, Shannon
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), Chicago
American Association of University Women-IL, Inc., Effingham
Aztec Corporation, Naperville
Cambodian Association of Illinois, Chicago
Centro Romero, Chicago
Chicago Chapter of The Nat'l Organization for Women
Chicago Children's Museum
Chicago Council on Urban Affairs
The Chicago Foundation for Women
Chicago Jobs Council
Chicago Metropolitan Association
Chicago Women In Trades
Chicagoland 9 to 5, Chicago
Child Care Connection/Illinois Central College, East Peoria
Chinese American Service League, Chicago
Citizens Assembly-Citizens Council on Women, Springfield
City of Chicago-Department of Personnel
Cook County Clerk's Office, Chicago
Day Care Action Council of Illinois, Chicago
DePaul University Career Development Center, Chicago
Ethiopian Community Association of Chicago, Chicago
Federally Employed Women - Windy City Chapter, Chicago
Foundation for Housing and Speech Rehabilitation, Chicago
Foundation for Hearing & Speech Rehabilitation, Chicago
Honorable Carol Moseley Braun, Chicago
Honorable Paul Simon, Chicago
Household International Inc., Prospects Heights
Illinois Democratic Women, Orion
Illinois Department of Commerce & Community Affair, Chicago
Illinois Department of Employment Security, Chicago
Illinois Department of Human Rights, Chicago
Illinois Migrant Council (IMC), Chicago
Illinois Power, Decatur
Illinois State Curriculum Center, Springfield
Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago
La Leche League International, Schaumburg
Legal Assistance Foundation of Chicago
Loyola University Chicago
McDonald's, Oak Brook
Midwest Women's Center, Chicago
Mujeres Latinas En Accion, Chicago
NA'AMAT USA Suburban Chicago Council, Northfield
Nat'l Consortium of Medical Representative (NCMR), Chicago
Nat'l Women's Political Caucus of Greater Chicago
National Assembly of Religious Women, Chicago
National Forum for Black Public Administrators, Chicago
North Chicago V.A. Medical Center, Fed. Wom. Prog., N. Chicago
Northern IL Univ., Adult Learning Resource Center, Des Plaines
Owl-Illinois, Chicago
Prairienet, Champaign
Project NOW-CAA, Rock Island
Quincy Herald Whig, Quincy
Ross & Hardies, Chicago
Sears Roebuck and Company, Hoffman Estates
Senator Paul Simon, Chicago
Southwest Women Working Together, Chicago
Stein & Company Female Employment Initiative, Chicago
Top Ladies of Distinction, Area 3, Belleville
US Commission on Civil Rights, Chicago
US Small Business Administration/Chicago Dist Office, Chicago
USG Corporation - Women's Network, Chicago
University of Illinois, Cooperative Education Program, Chicago
University of Illinois, Master of Public Administration Program,
Chicago
University of Illinois, Office of Women's Affairs, Chicago
University of Illinois-Institute of Labor & Industrial Relations,
Chicago
University of Illinois, Women Studies Program, Chicago
University of Illinois-Career Services, Chicago
Women Employed, Chicago
Women in Management, Chicago
Women's Business Development Center, Chicago
Women's Council of Realtors, Chicago
The Women's Office, Chicago
YWCA of Northeastern Illinois, Waukegan
YWCA, Pekin
YWCA, Peoria
YWCA, Rockford
YWCA of Sterling-Rock Falls, Sterling
Zonta International, Chicago
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF INDIANA
AFL-CIO Appalachian Council, Inc.-Office of Job Corps, La Porte
AFL-CIO Labor Institute for Training, Indianapolis
Affirmative Action Office-IUPUI, Indianapolis
Bloomington Human Rights Commission, Bloomington
Buis & Associates, Indianapolis
Ft. Wayne Women's Bureau, Ft. Wayne
The Forum: Dedicated to Wom Business Development, Terre Haute
Greater Terre Haute Chamber of Commerce, Terre Haute
Indiana State University, Center for Research & Mgmt. Service,
Terre Haute
Indiana Assoc. for Child Care Resource & Referral, Indianapolis
Indiana Department of Education, Indianapolis
Indiana State University, Women's Resource Center, Terre Haute
Indiana University Northwest, Division of Labor Studies, Gary
Indiana University, South Bend Division Labor Studies, South Bend
Indiana University-Division of Labor Studies, Bloomington
Indiana Vocational Association, Madison
Indiana Women & Work Conference, Indianapolis
Indianapolis Urban League, Inc., Indianapolis
Inland Steel Company, East Chicago
Junior Achievement of Northern Indiana, Fort Wayne
The Labor Banner, LaPorte
Midwest Women's Forum Newsmagazine, Cedar Lake
Network of Women In Business, Indianapolis
Northeast Indiana Central Labor Council, Ft. Wayne
Private Industry Council, Evansville
Small Business Development Center, South Bend
South Bend Tribune, South Bend
Southeastern Indiana Workforce Development Center, Greensburg
Southwest Indiana NOW, Evansville
Women's Health Task Force, Indianapolis
Women's Work! The Indiana Network, Vincennes
YWCA, Fort Wayne
YWCA, Indianapolis
YWCA of St. Joseph County, South Bend
YWCA of the Calumet Area, Hammond
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF IOWA
Adult Re-Entry Program - Northeast Iowa Comm College, Dubuque
ECIA-Job Training Partnership, Dubuque
Iowa Commission on the Status of Women, Des Moines
Iowa Federation of Labor AFL-CIO, Des Moines
Northwest Iowa Community College, Sheldon
University of Iowa Pre-Vocational Training Program, Iowa City
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF KANSAS
The Brown Foundation, Topeka
City of Hutchinson, Kansas, Hutchinson
City of Overland Park, Kansas, Overland Park
Community Outreach Counseling Program, Kansas City
The Greater Kansas City Federal Executive Board, Kansas City
Heart of America Family Services, Kansas City
Johnson/Wyandotte Counties NOW, Lenexa
KU Dependent Care Referral Service, Lawrence
Kansas Advisory Committee on Hispanic, Topeka
Kansas Department of Social & Rehabilitation Serv., Chanute
Kansas National Guard Federal Women's Program, Topeka
Labette Community College, Parsons
The MILL/Fort Scott Community College, Fort Scott
Oak Park Mall, Overland Park
Parsons Precision Products, Parsons
Prairie Shore Inc., Overland Park
Professional Women of Southwestern Bell-KS City Chapter, Mission
Professional Secretary International-City of Kansas City, Kansas
City
Safehome, Inc., Overland Park
St. Thomas Aquinas High School, Overland Park
Topeka Branch American Assoc of University Women, Topeka
Topeka Mayor's Commission on The Status of Women, Topeka
Wichita Commission on the Status of Women, Wichita
Winfield Daily Courier, Winfield
Women's Chamber of Commerce of Kansas City, KS, Kansas City
Women's Resource Network (WRN), Shawnee Mission
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF KENTUCKY
Cabinet For Human Resources, Frankfort
Commonwealth of Kentucky, Frankfort
Community Coordinated Child Care, Louisville
Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville
Kentucky Administration and Finance Cabinet
Kentucky Bar Association for Women, Corbin
Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development, Frankfort
Kentucky Commission on Women, Prospect
Kentucky Labor Cabinet, Frankfort
Kentucky Tourism Cabinet, Frankfort
Kentucky Workforce Development Cabinet, Frankfort
Northern Kentucky University Women's Center, Highland Heights
Workforce Development Cabinet, Frankfort
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF LOUISIANA
Agenda for Children/CCR, New Orleans
Jordan Cummings, Ltd. (JCL), New Orleans
Louisiana Governor's Office of Women's Services, Baton Rouge
US Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF MAINE
Aroostook Band of Micmacs, Presque Isle
Bureau of Elder and Adult Services, Augusta
Gender Issues in Education Cooperative, Rockport
Honorable Olympia Snowe, Bangor
Mabel Wadsworth Women's Health Center, Bangor
Maine Civil Liberties Union, Portland
Maine Department of Transportation, Augusta
Maine Human Rights Commission, Augusta
Maine Tradeswomen Network, Portland
Maine Women's Business Development Corporation, Bangor
Penobscat Nation, Old Town
People's Heritage Bank, Portland
TRANSITIONS - Maine Displaced Homemakers Program, Augusta
Training & Development Corporation, Bucksport
Women Unlimited, Augusta
Women's Resource Center - University of Maine, Orono
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND
Abt Associates, Inc., Bethesda
Bakery, Confectionery & Tobacco Workers Int'l Union, Kensington
BioConferences International, Inc., Bethesda
Clearinghouse on Women's Issues, Friendship Heights
Financial Women International, Bethesda
Honorable Constance Morella
Honorable Barbara Mikulski, Baltimore
Honorable Steny Hoyer, Bowie
Maryland Commission on Human Relations, Baltimore
Maryland State Government, Baltimore
Metropolitan Women's Organizing Project, Silver Spring
Montgomery Community College Continuing Education, Rockville
Montgomery County Commission for Women, Rockville
The Newspaper Guild, Silver Spring
Public Health Service Women's Network, Rockville
RENEW - Carroll Community College, Westminster
Transportation Communications International Union, Rockville
Women Today - A Monthly Tabloid, Gaithersburg
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS
Allin and Bacon Publishing, Needham
Alternative Work Options, Boston
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), Williamstown
Asian American Civic Association, Boston
Au Bon Pain Co., Inc., Boston
BASF Bioresearch Corporation, Worcester
Barlower Associates, Boston
Bay State Skills Corporation (BSSC), Boston
Berkshire Community Action Council, Inc., Pittsfield
Berkshire Eagle, Pittsfield
Boston College Graduate School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill
Boston Federal Executive Board, Boston
Boston Federal Savings Bank, Burlington
Boston Women's Opportunity Committee, Boston
The Bottom Line, Springfield
Branders University Women's Study Program, Waltham
Brazilian Times, Somerville
Brockton/West Roxbury VA Medical Center, West Roxbury
Business & Professional Women's Clubs of Cape Cod, Hyannis
Child Care Works, New Bedford
Chinese Progressive Association Workers Center, Boston
Comptroller, Naval Air Station, South Weymouth
CompuWorks, Pittsfield
Cran Barry Inc., East Boston
Defense Contract Audit Agency, Lexington
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc.-Eastern Region, Randolph
Department of Employment and Training, Boston
Department of Health & Hospitals, Boston
EDCO Youth Alternative, Boston
EDS, Waltham
East Boston Harborside Community Center, East Boston
Ecumenical Social Action Committee, Inc., Jamaica Plain
Education Development Center, WEEA Publishing, Newton
Elevator Constructors, Local #4, Brighton
Gender Issues Council, Bentley College, Waltham
Greater Boston Legal Services, UAW Local 2320, Boston
Halloran & Company, Boston
Honorable Barney Frank, Newton
Honorable Edward Kennedy, Boston
Honorable Martin Meehan, Marlborough
Honorable Gerry E. Studds, Quincy
Jewish Vocational Services, Boston
Labor Studies Program, CPCS, U Mass/Boston, Boston
Lawrence Eagle-Tribune, North Andover
Lotus Development Corporation, Cambridge
Massachusetts Black Legislative Caucus, Boston
Massachusetts Division of Employment and Training, Boston
Massachusetts Federation of Business & Prof. Women, Raynham
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Massachusetts Nurses Association, Canton
Massachusetts Pile Drivers Local Union 56, South Boston
Middlesex News, Framingham
National Park Service, Boston, MA - Dept of Interior, Boston
National Archives & Records Administration (NARA), Waltham
National Council of Jewish Women, Dorchester
National Organization for Women-Boston
National Women's Committee, Waltham
The News, Southbridge
Oficina Hispana, Roxbury
Plymouth Rock Assurance Corporation, Boston
Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge
Radcliff Camir Senias, Cambridge
Reebok International, Ltd., Stoughton
Ryka Rose Foundation, Norwood
SEIU Local 509, Cambridge
Salem State College, Salem
Simmons Institute for Leadership and Change, Boston
Sing Tao News, Boston
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Mergher & Flam, Boston
Social Justice for Women, Inc., Boston
Soroptimist International Northeastern, Hingham
South Shore Women's Business Network, Accord
Springfield Republican, Springfield
Sterling & Francine Clark Institute, Williamstown
TJX Companies, Inc., Framingham
Taunton Daily Gazette, Taunton
Teamsters Local 122, Boston
US Army Corps of Engineers, Waltham
US Department of Defense, Boston
United Front Child Development Programs Inc., New Bedford
Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, Wellesley
Whittier Partners, Boston
Women In The Building Trades, Jamaica Plain
Women Unlimited Magazine, Springfield
Women of AT&T (WATT-MV), North Andover
Women's Educational and Industrial Union, Boston
Women's Educational and Industrial Union, Boston
Women's Institute for Housing & Economic Dev., Boston
Women's Services of Western Mass., Pittsfield
Women's Statewide Legislative Network & Alliance, Boston
Workforce Management, Wellesley
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
American Association of University Women of Michigan, Troy
CIESIN, University Center
City of Detroit, Human Rights Commission, Detroit
Coalition of Labor Union Women Metro-Detroit Chap, Detroit
Council on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, Midland
Domestic Assault/Rape Elimination Services (DARES), Port Huron
Every Woman's Place, Muskegon
Family and Children's Service Child Care Concepts, Midland
Family Care Resources Program, Ann Arbor
The Flint Journal, Flint
Grand Rapids Press, Grand Rapids
Hispanic Center of Western Michigan, Grand Rapids
Honorable Barbara-Rose Collins, Detroit
Huron Valley EAPA, Inkster
Jackson "Y" Center, Inc., Jackson
Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo
Kent County Coalition of Labor Union Women, Wyoming
Labor Ed Program, School of Labor & Ind. Relations, E. Lansing
Lansing Community College-Women's Resource Center, Lansing
Lansing State Journal, Lansing
Latino Family Services, Detroit
Marquette Women's Center, Marquette
Michigan Commission on Spanish Speaking Affairs, Lansing
Michigan Department of Education, Lansing
Michigan Women's Commission, Lansing
Michigan Women's Foundation, Lansing
Michigan Women's Studies Association, Inc., Lansing
Midwest Migrant Health Info Office, Monroe
Mott Community College, Flint
NAACP - Detroit Chapter, Detroit
Nippondenso Manufacturing USA, Inc., Battle Creek
Northwest Michigan 4C Council, Traverse City
Programs for Educational Opportunity, Ann Arbor
Safe Shelta, Inc., Benton Harbor
Soroptimist International of Trenton, Trenton
St. Joseph Herald Palladium, St. Joseph
UAW-Chrysler National Training Center, Detroit
University of MI, Program for Educational Opportunity, Ann Arbor
WINGS - Women Involved In Giving Support, Troy
Wayne County Regional Educational Service Agency, Wayne
Women In State Government, Lansing
Women's Center, Inc., Marquette
Women's Resource Center, Grand Rapids
Women's Resource Center of Northern Michigan, Petoskey
YWCA, Grand Rapids
YWCA, Flint
YWCA, Lansing
YWCA, Kalamazoo
YWCA of Shiawassee County, Owosso
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF MINNESOTA
Ceridian Corporation, Minneapolis
Chrysalis, A Center for Women, Minneapolis
Commission on the Economic Status of Women, St. Paul
Employers Association, Minneapolis
Kooch-Stasia Action Council, Inc., International Falls
Lake Superior Area Labor Management Assoc., Inc., Duluth
Metropolitan Council-Wastewater Services, Eagan
Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul
Minnesota Hispanic Education Program, St. Paul
Minnesota Women's Consortium, St. Paul
Office of Monitoring & Compliance/Equal Ed. Oppor., St. Paul
Project SOAR, Duluth
Ramsey Action Programs, Inc. Family Service Center, St. Paul
St. Paul Pioneer Press, St. Paul
Twin City Area Labor Management Council, Minneapolis
Women Helping Offenders, Minneapolis
Women In The Trades, St. Paul
Women Venture, St. Paul
Women's Network of the Red River Valley, Moorhead
Working Opportunities for Women, St. Paul
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Holly Spring
Itawamba Community College, Tupelo
Jobs For Mississippi Graduates, Inc., Jackson
MS Women Work, Nat'l Network for Women's Employment, Gautier
Mathieu Electric, Pascagoula
Mississippi A. Philip Randolph Institute, Jackson
Mississippi Institutions of Higher Learning, Jackson
Mississippi Delta Community College, Moorhead
NAACP Mississippi State Conference, Jackson
National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Central Mississippi
Chapter, Jackson
WELD-FAB, Inc., Biloxi
Women In Trades, Jackson
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF MISSOURI
AFL-CIO-Federation of Support, Grandview
Alliance of Professional Organization, Springfield
Allied Signal Aerospace Company, Kansas City
American Business Women's Association, Kansas City
American Heartland Theatre, Kansas City
Armstrong Gallery & Studio, Springfield
Branson Business Journal, Forsyth
Career Focus, Kansas City
Central Exchange, Kansas City
City of Kansas City, Missouri
City of Kansas City, Missouri - Women's Group
Colonial Patterns, Inc., Kansas City
Communications Publishing Group, Inc., Kansas City
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Poplar Bluff
Don Bosco Centers, Kansas City
Enterprise Rent-A-Car, National Reservation Center, St. Louis
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Kansas City
Federal Highway Administration, Kansas City
Grandview, MO Federation of Support Personnel, Grandview
HHS/Office of Civil Rights, Kansas City
Honorable James M. Talent, St. Louis
Independent Federation of Flight Attendants, Grain Valley
The Job Council of the Ozarks, Springfield
Kansas City Urban NOW, Kansas City
Kansas City Focus Magazine, Kansas City
KKFI Radio, The Women's Shift, Kansas city
Labor Management Council of Greater KC, Kansas City
Lemay Bank & Trust Company, St. Louis
M.J. Harden Associates, Inc., Kansas City
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City
Missouri Women's Council, Jefferson City
Missouri Women's Network, St. Louis
NEWHOUSE, Kansas City
National Organization for Women, Kansas City
New Perspectives, Maryville
The News Leader, Springfield
Oak Park Development Corporation, Kansas City
Office of Equal Opportunity, St. Louis
Project Equality, Inc., Kansas City
Saint Louis University, African American Studies Institute
SafeHaven of Kansas City, Inc., Kansas City
Springfield Community Hospital, Springfield
SuperSpeakers, Kansas City
Surgicenter of Gladstone-Creekwood Surgery Ctr., Gladstone
US Department of Energy-Kansas City Area Office, Kansas City
University of Missouri-Kansas City Women's Center, Kansas City
Univarsity of Missouri-St. Louis
University of Missouri, Rolla
Urban League of Metropolitan St. Louis, St. Louis
West 47th Street Salon & Day Spa, Inc., Kansas City
Women Empowered, Kansas City
Women's Business Directory, Inc., Kansas City
Women's Employment Network, Kansas City
YWCA, Kansas city
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF MONTANA
Action for Eastern Montana, Glendive
Blackfeet Community College, Browning
Career Development Program, Miles City
Career Futurers, Inc., Butte
Career Training Institute, Helena
Career Transitions, Bozeman
Child Care Resources, Missoula
Chippewa-Cree Tribe, Box Elder
College of Great Falls, Great Falls
District IV Human Resource Development Council, Havre
Fort Belknap Community Council, Harlem
Fort Peck Community College, Poplar
Little Big Horn College, Crow Agency
Miles Community College, Miles City
Northwest Montana Human Resources, Kalispell
Opportunities, Inc., Great Falls
Salish and Kootenai College, Pablo
Small Business Administration, Helena
State Representative Marjorie Cleveland Fisher, White Fish
Women's Opportunity Resource Development Center, Missoula
Women's Resource Center, Dillon
WORD, Inc.
YWCA, Billings
YWCA, Great Falls
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF NEBRASKA
Central Nebraska Community Services, Inc., Loup City
ConAgra Inc., Omaha
Gallup Organization
Lincoln-Lancaster Comm on the Status of Women, Lincoln
Metropolitan Community College, Omaha
NAF Multicultural Human Development Corp., North Platte
NE Commission on the Status of Women, Lincoln
Nebraska Department of Labor, Lincoln
Nebraska Equal Opportunity Commission, Lincoln
US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha
USDA Forest Service, Nebraska National Forest, Chadron
United Way of the Midlands, Omaha
YWCA of Omaha, Omaha
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF NEVADA
Coalition of Labor Union Women (CLUW), Las Vegas
Department of Employment, Training & Rehabilitation, Carson City
The Greater Reno Zonta Club, Reno
HELP of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas
Nevada Department of Education, Carson City
Nevada Department of Personnel, Carson City
Nevada Hispanic Services, Reno
Nevada Women's Fund, Reno
State of Nevada, Deptartment of Personnel, Carson City
"Y" Women's Opportunity Center, Mt. Laurel
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Advanced Systems Corporate, Dover
BlouinBachman, Rollinsford
Concord Feminist Health Center, Concord
Dartmouth College Women's Resource Center, Hanover
Davidson Textron, Dover
Franklin Pierce College, Rindge
GFS Magnetics Manufacturing Company, Inc., Dover
Lee Hecht Harrison Consultants, Manchester
New Hampshire Commission on Women, Concord
New Hampshire Nurses Association, Concord
New Hampshire College, Manchester
President's Comm. on the Status of Women at UNH, Durham
Stoneyfield Farm Yogurt, Londonberry
The Timberland Company, Hampton
Women's Resource Center-Nashua YWCA, Nashua
YWCA, Nashua
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY
Atlantic County Advisory Commission on Women, Pleasantville
Bayonne Economic Opportunity Foundation, Bayonne
Blue Cross/Blue Shield of New Jersey, Newark
CPC International, Englewood Cliffs
Camden County Commission on Women, Blackwood
Camden Urban Womens Center, Inc., Camden
Career Development and Life Counseling Center, Hackensack
Children's Services of Morris County, Randolph
Comite De Apoyo A Los Trabajadores Agricolas (CATA), Glassboro
Creation Station, Inc., Avenel
Department of Community Affairs NJ Div of Women, Trenton
Douglass Advisory Services for Women, New Brunswick
Education, Information, and Resource Center, Sewell
Federal Executive Board of Northern New Jersey, Newark
General Public Utilities Corporation, Parsippany
Glenpointe Spa, Teaneck
Horizon Health Center, Jersey City
Keyes Martin, Springfield
Latin American Economic Development Assoc., Inc., Camden
Mon. County Advisory Comm on the Status of Women, Freehold
National Coalition for Sex Equity, Trenton
National Organization for Women-New Jersey State, Trenton
New Jersey Department of Education, Trenton
New Jersey Department of Human Services, Trenton
New Jersey Department of Labor, Trenton
New Jersey Department of Transportation, Trenton
New Jersey Nurses Union, Livingston
North Jersey Office, Office of the Governor, Newark
Northern NJ National Organization for Women, Fairlawn
Northwest NJ Community Action Program, Inc., Newton
Passaic County Committee for Planned Parenthood, Paterson
Programs for Parents, Inc., Verona
Raritan Traffic Club, Freehold
The Resource Center - YWCA of Camden County, Stratford
Tri-County Community Action Agency, Rio Grande
UAMC Lyons, Lyons
United Textile Workers of America, AFL-CIO, Voorhees
Women Against Sexual Harassment, Gladstone
Women In Non Traditional Occ./So. Jersey Council, Millville
YWCA, Camden County
YWCA of Essex & W. Hudson, Orange
Zonta International, Atlantic City
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Albuquerque Chamber of Commerce, Albuquerque
Church Women United in Albuquerque, Albuquerque
Las Cruces Child Care Resource and Referral, Las Cruces
Honorable Jeff Bingaman, Albuquerque
NM Mesa, Inc., Albuquerque
New Mexico Commission on the Status of Women, Albuquerque
New Mexico Federation of Labor, Albuquerque
UNH-Women's Studies Program, Durham
YWCA Careers Services Center, Albuquerque
Youth Development, Inc., Albuquerque
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK
ACCESS FOR WOMEN/Gaining Access & Women In Tech., Brooklyn
Albany Housing Authority, Albany
Amalgamated Clothing & Textile Workers Union, New York
American Association of University Women, Pittsford
American Jewish Congress, New York
American Woman's Economic Development Corporation, New York
American Women in Radio & Television, New York
Aspira Alumni Association, New York
The Associated Blind, Inc., New York
Association for Union Democracy, Brooklyn
Association for Women in Computing (AWC/NYC), New York
Avon Products, Inc., New York
Beacon Community Health Center, Beacon
Bellevue Hospital, New York
Benedict Health Center, Ballston Spa
The Body Shop Inc., New York
Brooklyn Navy Yard Development Corporation, Brooklyn
Brooklyn Union, Brooklyn
Broome County Child Development Council, Inc., Binghamton
Business & Professional Women's Club of NY State, Yonkers
Capital Cities/ABC Inc., New York
Catalyst, New York
Center for Immigrants Rights, Inc., New York
Center for Women in Government/Univ. at Albany-SUNY, Albany
Central Women's Focus, Central Synagogue, New York
Child Care Action Campaign, New York
Child Care, Inc., New York
Childcare and Business, Schenectady
Cicatelli Associates, Inc., New York
The City Club of New York
City Hall of Albany
City of Syracuse, Women's Commission
Community Family Planning Council, New York
Consolidated Edison Company, New York
Cornell - ILR/Trade Union Women's Studies Prog., New York
Cornell - NYS School of Industry & Labor Relations, Rochester
Cornell's Institute for Women and Work, New York
Corning Professional Women's Forum, Corning
DDB Needham Worldwide, New York
Del Laboratories, Farmingdale
Department of Business Services, New York City, New York
Dime Savings Bank of New York, Union Dale
Displaced Homemaker Program, Schenectady
Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield, New York
Essence Magazine, New York
Everywoman Opportunity Center, Inc., Buffalo
Financial Women's Association of New York, New York
Garment Industry Development Corporation, New York
Garment Workers' Center in Sunset Park ILGWU, New York
Genesee Transportation Council, Rochester
Girls Incorporated, New York
Hispanic Women's Center, HACER Inc., New York
Honorable Maurice D. Hinchey, Ithaca
Honorable Nita Lowey, White Plains
Honorable Susan Molinari, Staten Island
Honorable Louise Slaughter, Rochester
Honorable Nydia Velasquez, Brooklyn
IATSE, Local H-63, New York
ILGWU Local 132-98-102, New York
IUE, Local 325, Palmyra
Independent Federation or Flight Attendants, New York
Int'l Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), New York
The Lighthouse, Inc., New York
Long Island 9to5, Inc., Hempstead
Mega Cities, Inc., New York
Mid-Hudson Women's Network, New Windsor
Ms. Magazine, New York
NY State AFL-CIO, Statewide Labor Coord. Program, Albany
NY Statewide Consortium of Councils for Women, Port Ewen
NY Women's Foundation, New York
NYNEX, White Plains
NYS Governor's Office of Employee Relations, Albany
NYS Public Employees Federation, Albany
Nat'l Assoc of Nine to Five Employees Local 95, Melville
National Association for Female Executives (NAFE), New York
The National Chamber of Commerce for Women, New York
National Employment Law Project, Inc., New York
National Organization for Women, New York
National Women's Hall of Fame, Senaca Falls
Networking Newspaper for Women, Remsenburg
NY Daily News, New York
New York City Commission on the Status of Women, New York
New York City Police Department, New York
New York Federal Executive Board, New York
New York State Department of Transportation, Albany
New York State Division for Women, Albany
New York State Job Training Partnership Council, Albany
New York State Nurses Association, Guilderland
New York Women's Agenda
New York Women's Bar Association
Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Syracuse
Nontraditional Employment For Women, New York
Office of the Public Advocate, New York City
Philips Electronics North America Corp., New York
Planned Parenthood of Buffalo & Erie County, Inc., Buffalo
The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, New York
Prodigy Services Co., White Plains
Productivity Tools International, New York
Public Advocate of the City of New York, New York
Puerto Rican Assoc. for Community Affairs, Inc., New York
Queens Women's Network, Jamaica
Refugee Women Council, New York
The Reinsurance Corporation of NY, New York
Retail, Wholesale and Dept. Store Union, New York
Rural Opportunities, Inc., Rochester
Ruth W. Messinger - Manhattan Borough President
The Sister Fund, New York
Support Center of New York
Syracuse Herald Journal, Syracuse
TIAA-CREF, New York
Teachers Insurance & Annuity Association, New York
US Small Business Administration, New York
Viacom, New York
Victim Services, New York
Westchester County Office for Women, White Plains
Women Make Movies, Inc., New York
Women On The Fast Track, Brooklyn
Women and Foundations/Corporate Philanthropy, New York
Women and Philanthropy, New York
Women in Health Management, New York
Women on the Job, Port Washington
Women on the Job Task Force, Port Washington
Women's Action Alliance, Inc., New York
Women's Advisors of NYC, YWCA, New York,
Women's Center for Education & Career Advancement, New York
Women's City Club of New York
Women's Judicial Association of New York City
Women's Medical Association of New York City
Women's News, Harrison
Women's Sports Foundation, East Meadow
Women's Studies Certificate Program-CUNY, New York
The Workplace Project, Hempstead
Working Mother Magazine, New York
Working Woman Magazine, New York
Writers Guild of America, East, Inc., New York
Xerox Corporation, Rochester
YWCA of Rochester & Monroe County, Rochester
YWCA of Elmira and the Twin Tiers
YWCA, Jamestown
YWCA of Orange County
YWCA of Schenectady
YWCA of Troy & Cohoes, Troy
YWCA of Ulster County, Kingston
YWCA of Western New York, Buffalo
YWCA, New York City
YWCA of the U.S.A., New York
YWCA-Network Project for Young Adults w\Disability, New York
Yates County Family Planning Services Inc., Penn Yan
Ziffnet/Women Online, New York
Lifetime Television, New York
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
Black Workers For Justice, Rocky Mount
Buncombe County Child Development, Asheville
Charlotte Industry Liaison Group, Charlotte
Child Care Networks, Carrboro
General Electric Nuclear Energy, Wilmington
Glaxo, Inc., Research Triangle Park
Greensboro Commission on the Status of Women, Greensboro
The Helping Hands Center, Siler City
Home Health Agency of Chapel Hill, Inc., Chapel Hill
Honorable Eva Clayton, Warrenton
The Independent Weekly, Durham
NC Department of Labor Bureau for Trng. Initiative, Raleigh
NC Equity, Raleigh
North Carolina Council for Women, Raleigh
Northern Hydraulics, Inc., Charlotte
RJ Reynolds, Winston-Salem
Sandoz Chemical Corporation, Charlotte
Southerners for Economic Justice, Durham
Terry-John Enrichment Production, Raleigh
Triangle Industry Liaison Group, Research Triangle Park
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA
Business & Professional Women of North Dakota, Bottineau
Fort Berthold Community College, New Town
Governor's Commission on the Status of Women, Bismarck
Little Hoop Community College, Ft. Totten
MDU Resources Group, Inc., Bismarck
Montana - Dakota Utilities Co., Bismarck
ND Department of Economic Development & Finance, Bismarck
Small Business Administration, Fargo
Social Security Administration, Fargo
State of North Dakota, Bismarck
United Tribes Technical College, Bismarck
Women's Business Institute, Fargo
Women's Business Leadership Council, Edgeley
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF OHIO
9to5, Cincinnati Working Women, Cincinnati
Center on Education and Training for Employment, Columbus
The Cleveland Plain Dealer, Cleveland
Communication Workers of America, Local 4309, Cleveland
CompuServe, Inc., Colombus
Construction Opportunity Center, Toledo
DDS Career Search, Inc., Youngstown
Dayton Daily News, Dayton
District 925, SEIU, Cleveland
El Centro de Servicios Sociales, Lorain
Hard Hatted Women, Cleveland
Hispanic Alcohol & Drug Program, Cleveland
Honorable Marcy Kaptur, Toledo
Honorable Howard Metzenbaum, Cleveland
Honorable Debra Pryce, Columbus
Honorable Thomas C. Sawyer, Akron
IREP, Inc., Cincinnati
International Chemical Workers Union, Akron
OCCHA, Youngstown
Ohio Department of Education, ONOW Program, Columbus
Ohio Women's Policy and Research Commission, Columbus
PYRAMID Career Services, Canton
Sisters of Charity Health Care Systems, Cincinnati
Wilberforce University Cooperative Education Prog., Wilberforce
Women's Business Initiative, Columbus
Women's Community Foundation, Cleveland
Women's Comprehensive Program/Cleveland State Univ., Cleveland
Women's Law Fund, Cleveland
YWCA Van Wert County, Van Wert
YWCA, Canton
YWCA, Columbus
YWCA, Warren
YWCA, Youngstown
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA
Boss Salon, Oklahoma City
Broken Arrow Ledger, Broken Arrow
City of Tulsa Human Rights Department, Tulsa
Displaced Homemakers Program-Great Plains AVTS, Lawton
League of Women Voters of Pontotoc County, Ada
Mayor's Commission on the Status of Women, Tulsa
New Life Church of God In Christ, Oklahoma City
OSU Cooperative Extension S.E. District Office, Ada
Oklahoma Public Employees Association, Oklahoma City
Scarlette Martin, Oklahoma City
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OREGON
Eugene-Springfield Solidarity Network, Eugene
Hanna Andersson, Portland
Honorable Elizabeth Furse, Portland
Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Portland
Oregon Pioneer Chapter of Coalition of Labor Union Women,
Portland
Office of the Mayor, Portland
Oregon Commission for Women, Portland
Oregon Department of Corrections, Salem
Oregon State University, Portland
Oregon, AFSCME Council 75, Portland
Oregonian Tradeswomen Network
Portland Public Schools, Portland
US West Communications, Eugene
University of Oregon - Western Regional Summer Institute for
Women, Eugene
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
ACTWU, Mt. Morris
Association of Bankruptcy Judicial Assistants, Philadelphia
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
Commission on the Status of Women-Bloomsburg Univ., Bloomsburg
Community Action Program of Lancaster County, Inc., Lancaster
Community Legal Services, Philadelphia
Family Planning Council of Southeastern PA, Philadelphia
G.R. Klinefelter Underwriters, Inc., Ephrata
Honorable Marjorie Margolies Mezvinsky, Bala Cynwyd
Intelligencer/Record, Doylestown
LaSalle University School of Nursing, Philadelphia
Metropolitan Edison Co., Reading
National Association of University Women, Philadelphia
PA Commission for Women, Harrisburg
The Partnership Group, Lansdale
Pennsylvania Young Democrats, Philadelphia
The Philadelphia Daily News, Philadelphia
Philadelphia Unemployment Project, Philadelphia
The Reporter, Lansdale
Soroptimist International of the Americas, Philadelphia
United Steelworkers of America, Pittsburgh
Valentine Foundation, Bryn Mawr
WOMEN'S WAY, Philadelphia, PA, Philadelphia
WOMENews-Pennsylvania Commission For Women, Harrisburg
Women's Council of the Community College of Allegheny, Pittsburgh
Women's Alliance for Job Equity, Philadelphia
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN PUERTO RICO
Asoc de Enfermeria Visitante Gregoria Auffant, Hato Rey
Banco Del Comercio De Puerto Rico, San Juan
Banco Santander, San Juan
Caribbean Business Newspaper, San Juan
Casiano Communications, San Juan
The Chase Manhattan Bank, NA, San Juan
Citibank, NA, San Juan
Colegio De Profesionales De La Enfermeria De PR, San Juan
Department of Labor and Human Resources of PR, Hato Rey
El Dia, San Juan
Electro-Biology, Inc., Guaynabo
Equa Industries, Mayaguez
Fiddler, Gonzalez & Rodriguez, San Juan
First Federal Savings Bank, San Juan
Gerber Products Company of Puerto Rico, Inc., Carolina
MOVA Pharmaceutical Corporation, Caguas
Office for Women's Affairs, Municipality of San Juan
Puerto Rico Chamber of Commerce, San Juan
Puerto Rico Department of Education, San Juan
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, San Juan
Puerto Rico Police Department, San Juan
Quality Electroplating, Caguas
SB Pharmco P.R., Inc., Cidra
San Juan Star, San Juan
Schering Plough Products, Inc., Manati Operations, Manati
Scotiabank De Puerto Rico, San Juan
University de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras
University of Puerto Rico, Central Administration, San Juan
Vissepo & Vissepo, San Juan
Women's Affairs Commission, Old San Juan
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
American Civil Liberties Union-RI, Providence
Cesar Studios, Inc., Cranston
DARE Direct Action for Rights & Equality, Providence
Direction Action for Rights and Equality
Hasbro, Inc., Pawtucket
Honorable Jack Reed, Warwick
Junior League of Rhode Island, Providence
League of Women Voters of Rhode Island, Providence
Ocean State Action, Cranston
Rhode Island Commission on Women, Providence
Rhode Island National Organization, West Warwick
Rhode Island Working Women, Providence
Textron, Providence
Working Papers, Providence
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
Carolina Alliance for Fair Employment, Greenville
Greater Columbia NOW, Columbia
Greenville Urban League, Greenville
Kimberly-Clark Corporation (Beech Island), Beech Island
South Carolina Commission on Women, Columbia
Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken
YWCA of The Midlands, Columbia
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
Altrusa International Brookings, Aurora
Ann Peck Consultants, Sioux Falls
Augustana College, Sioux Falls
BPW of Sioux Falls
Black Hills Regional Eye Institute, Rapid City
Burd, Langner and Wieck, Sioux Falls
Canfield Business Interiors, Sioux Falls
Career Learning Center, Brookings
Cheyenne River Community College, Eagle Butte
Dakota State University, Madison
General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC), Brookings
Jerry R. Awe, CLU, CHFC, Sioux Falls
Klanderud, Montoya, Wuebben & Feehan, Sioux Falls
National Women's Political Caucus, Sioux Falls
New Horizons Program - CAREER LEARNING CENTER, Brookings
Honorable Tom Daschle, Sioux Falls
Ogalala Lakota College, Kyle
Resource Center for Women, Aberdeen
SD Women's Work, Yankton
Sioux Printing, Inc., Sioux Falls
Sioux Valley Hospital, Sioux Falls
Siouxland Heritage Museums, Sioux Falls
Sisseton-Wahpeton Community College, Sisseton
Skelly's Pub, Sioux Falls
Small Business Administration, Sioux Falls
South Dakota Assoc of Extension Home Economist, Brookings
South Dakota Dept of Education & Cultural Affairs, Pierre
South Dakota NARAL, Sioux Falls
Stenotype Institute of South Dakota, Sioux Falls
Village Inn Pancake House, Sioux Falls
Watertown Area Council on the Aging, Watertown
Women Against Sexual Harassment, Hudson
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF TENNESSEE
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Memphis
Equity Office Tennessee Department of Education, Nashville
Highlander Research and Education Center, New Market
Knoxville Women's Center, Knoxville
Tennessee Industrial Renewal Network, Knoxville
YWCA - Sarah Brown Branch, Memphis
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF TEXAS
APEX Securities Inc., Dallas
Altrusa Club of North Dallas, Dallas
American Assoc. of University Women of Lubbock, Lubbock
Association for Advancement of Mexican Americans, Houston
The Atkins Agency, San Antonio
Austin Chapter Nat'l Organization for Women (NOW), Austin
Business & Professional Women's Club, Dallas
C. Michaels and Associates, Frisco
Camp Fire-First Texas Council, Fort Worth
Center for Advancement in Education, Dallas
Center for Women in Church and Society, San Antonio
The Child Care Group, Dallas
Dallas/Fort Worth FEB's The Women's Committee, Dallas
Dallas Morning News, Dallas
Edmund J. Kahn, Dallas
El Paso Community College/Diversity Programs, El Paso
El Paso Herald Post, El Paso
Eubank's Utility Maintenance, Rockwall
Family & Consumer Sciences, College Station
Fiesta 7 Entertainment, San Antonio
Federally Employed Women-Dallas Chapter, Dallas
Fobbs Learning Academy, Dallas
Fuerza Unida, Inc., San Antonio
Governors Commission for Women, Austin
Greater Dallas Chamber of Commerce, Dallas
Greater Houston Women's Foundation, Houston
Grissom & Associates, Inc., Austin
Hispanic Women's Network of Texas, Dallas
Honorable Robert E. Andrews, Houston
Houston Area Women's Center, Houston
The Houston Post, Houston
Image de Tejas, San Antonio
International Training in Communication, Irving
Keebler Company-Southwest Snack Plant, Haltom City
La Mujer Obrera, El Paso
Lori Latiolais, Entertainment Department, Fiesta 7, San Antonio
Maxus Energy Corporation, Dallas
The Mediation Group, Inc., Dallas
NIBA (New Image Business Associates), Dallas
National Assoc of Minortiy Contractors-Dallas Chap, Dallas
National Association of Women in Construction, Ft. Worth
Palo Alto College/Returning Adult Center, San Antonio
Phone Power, Inc., San Antonio
Plano North Metroplex Chapter of the Links, Inc., Plano
Political Cong of African-American Women, Dallas
Region 14 Education Service Center, Abilene
Region VIII Education Service Center, Mt. Pleasant
Rice University - Office of Development, Houston
St. John Missionary Baptist Church, Grand Prairie
Tarrant County Asian American Chamber of Commerce, Fort Worth
Telephone Pioneers of America, San Antonio
Texas Citizen Action, Fort Worth
Texas State Technical College Waco, Waco
Today's Dallas Woman Magazine, Dallas
Travis County Women Lawyers Association, Austin
Turner & Barnes, Houston
US Department of Labor Federal Women's Program, Dallas
University of North Texas, Denton
University of Texas at San Antonio
VIA Metropolitan Transit, San Antonio
Women's Council of Dallas County, TX, Inc.
Women's Enterprise News Magazine, Dallas
YWCA of Metropolitan Dallas
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF UTAH
American Women's Society of Certified Public Accountants, Salt
Lake City
Breast Care Services, Salt Lake City
Governor's Commission for Women & Families, Salt Lake City
Granger Medical Clinic, West Valley City
Holy Cross Hospital, Salt Lake City
Honorable Karen Shepherd, Salt Lake City
Honorable Robert F. Bennett, St. George
League of Women Voters of Utah, Salt Lake City
Management & Training Corporation, Ogden
Murray Women In Business, Murray
National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC) #90, Salt
Lake City
Network (Utah monthly women's publication), Salt Lake City
The Simmons Group, Salt Lake City
Soroptimist International of Salt Lake, Salt Lake City
Standard Examiner, Northern Utah's Newspaper, Ogden
Turning Point, Ephraim
US Small Business Administration, Salt Lake City
University Women In Business, Salt Lake City
Utah Issues Information Program, Inc., Salt Lake City
Waddell and Reed Financial Services, Inc., Salt Lake City
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF VERMONT
Ben & Jerry's Homemade, Waterbury
Burlington Womens Council, Burlington
Champlain College/Office of Career Planning & Dev, Burlington
Community Products, Montpelier
Controlled Energy Corporation, Waltsfield
Danforth Pewterers Ltd., Middlebury
Data Systems, Burlington
Department of Employment and Training, Montpelier
Governor's Commission on Women, Montpelier
Ideal Horizons, Rutland
K and H Products, North Bennington
Medical Center Hospital of Vermont, Burlington
NEKCA Youth Services, St. Johnsbury
New England Culinary Institute, Montpelier
Northeast Kingdom Community Action, Newport
Northern New England Tradeswomen, St. Johnsbury
Ronald McDonald House, Burlington
STEP-UP For Women-Women's Economic Equity Program, Burlington
St. Albans Cooperative Creamery, St. Albans
State Economic Opportunity Office - Waterbury
Sterling College, Craftsbury Common
Sunrise Family Resource Center, Bennington
Vermont Attorney General's Office, Montpelier
Vermont Butter and Cheese, Websterville
Vermont Copier, Williston
Vermont Extension System-University of Vermont, Burlington
Vermont Women's Political Caucus, Worcester
Winooski Park District, Burlington
Woman Centered, Montpelier
Women's Business Owners Network-VT, Norwich
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
ABS Printing, Christainsted, St. Croix
Business & Professional Women, Virgin Islands, F'sted, St. Croix
Cooperative Extension Service, St. Thomas
Cooperative Extension Service, Kingshill, Croix
Joe's Discount, St. John
Joe's Discount Pharmacy, St. Thomas
K-Mart, St. Thomas
K-Mart, Christainsted, St. Croix
Nisky Pharmacy, St. Thomas
Office of the First Lady, St. Thomas
Rotary Club of St. Croix, Inc.
The St. Croix Avis, Christainsted, St. Croix
VITELCO, Christainsted, St. Croix
Woolworth Department Store, St. Thomas
Woolworth Department Store, Christainsted, St. Croix
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
Aerospace Machinist Industrial, District Lodge 751, Seattle
Antioch University Seattle, Seattle
Asian American Journalists Assoc. Seattle Chapter, Seattle
Bonneville Power Administration, Spokane
Department of Interior; US Bureau of Mines, Spokane
Eastern Washington University, Spokane
Employment Opportunities Center, Seattle
The Employment Paper, Seattle
Federal Women's Program, Seattle
Federally Employed Women, Spokane Chapter, Spokane
Grays Harbor Career Transition Center, Grays Harbor
Greater Seattle Business Association, Seattle
Green River Community College Women's Center, Auburn
Headquarters, I Corps & Ft. Lewis, Ft. Lewis
Honorable Maria Cantwell, Mountlake Terrace
Honorable Jennifer Dunn, Bellvue
Honorable Mike Kreidler, Puyllaup
Honorable Patty Murray, Seattle
Honorable Jolene Unsoeld, Olympia
Inland Empire Women's Political Caucus, Spokane
Institute for Extended Learning, Spokane
King TV News, Seattle
Life Skills/Women's Programs, Spokane
NW Center for Research on Women, Seattle
North Seattle Community College - Women's Center, Seattle
Office of Professional Employees Union, Local 8, Seattle
Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Olympia
Older Women's League/Columbia River Chapter, Vancouver
Pathways for Women, Lynnwood
Refugee Women's Alliance, Seattle
SEIU Local 120, Everett
Seattle Central Community College Women's Program, Seattle
Seattle Vocational Institute, Seattle
Seattle Women's Commission, Seattle
Snohomish County Clerk's Office, Everett
Spokane County Human Resources Department, Spokane
Trades Mentor Network, Seattle
US Bureau of Mines, Western Field Operations Center, Spokane
US Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Spokane
WA State Labor Council, AFL-CIO, Women's Committee, Seattle
WSU Spokane
Welfare Rights Organizing Coalition, Seattle
Whitman Cty Chemical Dependency & Mental Health, Pullman
"Women Into The Future" Program, Tacoma
Women's Bureau Project of Grays Harbor, Hoquiam
Women's Rights Office - City of Tacoma, Tacoma
Working Connection/Displaced Homemakers, Kirkland
YWCA, Spokane
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF VIRGINIA
American Council of Muslim Women, Great Falls
American Physical Therapy Association, Alexandria
American Women in Radio & Television, McLean
Association of Part-Time Professionals, Falls Church
BPW (Southeast of the District of Columbia), Arlington
The Body Shop Inc., Fairfax
The Child Caring Connection, Williamsburg
DIVNET, Ft. Belvoir
Department of the Army-EEO Agency, Arlington
Employees Assistance Professional Association, Arlington
Federal Women's Program (FWP), Ft. Belvoir
Feminist Majority, Arlington
Green Thumb, Inc., Arlington
Honorable James P. Moran, Alexandria
Honorable Leslie Byrne, Annandale
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton
National Association of Government Employees, Yorktown
The North American Council for Muslim Women, Great Falls
Reynolds Metals Company, Richmond
Women in Communications Inc., Arlington
Women in Community Service, Alexandria
Women of AT&T-D.C. Area, Manassas
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
Center for Economic Options, Inc., Charleston
Communications Workers of America (CWA), Charleston
Construction and General Laborers' Local #1353, Charleston
Dis. 1199, The Health Care & Social Service Union, Huntington
The Health Care and Social Services Union
North Central WV Chapter of the CLUW, Dunbar
West Virginia Federation of Teachers, Charleston
West Virginia Women's Commission, Charleston
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF WISCONSIN
9to5, Milwaukee
Black Women's Network, Milwaukee
Blackhawk Technical College, Janesville
The Body Shop, Wauwatosa
CAP Services, Inc., Stevens Point
Community Coordinated Care, Inc., Green Bay
Eau Claire Area School District, Eau Claire
Employment Options, Inc., Madison
Federal Executives Association, Milwaukee
Gray's Child Development Center, Milwaukee
IBEW Local 2150, Waukesha
La Casa De Esperanza, Inc., Waukesha
Legal Association for Women, Madison
Miller Engineers & Scientists, Sheboygan
Milwaukee Indian Economic Development Agency, Inc., Milwaukee
National Coalition for Campus Child Care, Cascade
National Human Resources Association, Milwaukee
National Women's Conference Center, Beaver Dam
Office & Prof Employees Int'l Union Local 9 OPEIU, Milwaukee
Office Technology Academy, Milwaukee
Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin, Oneida
Philippine Assoc of Madison & Neighboring Areas, Madison
Professional Dimensions, Milwaukee
SEEK, Inc., Grafton
SER-Jobs for Progress, Inc., Milwaukee
Time Insurance Company, Milwaukee
UMOS, Inc., Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for Women's Studies,
Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin, Center for Education & Work, Madison
Urban League, Kenosha
US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Milwaukee
Wisconsin Child Care Improvement Project, Inc., Hayward
Wisconsin Early Childhood Association, Madison
Wisconsin Minority Women's Network, Madison
Wisconsin University System Women's Studies Consortium, Kenosha
Wisconsin Women's Council, Madison
Wisconsin Women's Network, Madison
YWCA, Milwaukee
YWCA, Racine
WORKING WOMEN COUNT PARTNERS IN THE STATE OF WYOMING
Northwest College, Powell
State of Wyoming - Personnel Management, Cheyenne
US Small Business Administration, Casper
Wyoming Department of Education, Cheyenne
Wyoming PARENT, Cheyenne
Wyoming State AFL-CIO, Cheyenne