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[Trip of the First Lady to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and Ukraine, November 9-18, 1997 - Briefing Papers] [loose]
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[Trip of the First Lady to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and Ukraine, November 9-18, 1997 - Briefing Papers] [loose]
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Records of the First Lady's Office (Clinton Administration)
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Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. list
RE: Staff on UZ Government Plane (1 page)
00/00/0000
b(7)(C), b(7)(E), b(6)
002. list
RE: Staff on Government Plane (1 page)
00/00/0000
b(7)(C), b(7)(E), b(6)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
First Lady's Office
Karen Finney (Press Office)
OA/Box Number: 10673
FOLDER TITLE:
[Trip of the First Lady to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and Ukraine,
November 9-18, 1997 - Briefing Papers] [loose]
2015-0734-S
db3895
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - 15 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
Stephame
Baker
for suite
/
JAYCEE A.
PRIBULSKY
11/07/97 05:45:02 PM
Record Type: Record
To:
See the distribution list at the bottom of this message
CC:
Subject: conference call schedule for the weekend
8:30am
ALMATY
9am
BISHKEK
9:45am
BUKHARA
10:30am
TASHKENT
thanks. jaycee.
Message Sent To:
Patricia Solis-Doyle/WHO/EOP
Brenda B. Costello/WHO/EOP
Michael A. O'Mary/OPD/EOP
Steven A. Cohen/WHO/EOP
Julie E. Mason/WHO/EOP
Kelly Craighead/WHO/EOP
Evan Ryan/WHO/EOP
Julie O. Huffman/WHO/EOP
Karen E. Finney/WHO/EOP
Kaliningrad
30
32
40
RUSSIA
Vilnins
Smolensk
Orsha
LITHUANIA
Tula
Blk
Olsztyn
Hrodna
Minsk
DON
Mahilyow
Bialystok
BELARUS
RUSSIA
Michurinsk
Bryansk
Baranavichy
Babruysk
Zhlobin
Orel
Warsaw
Yelets
Homyel
Pinsk
Luninyets
POLAND
Brest
Mazyr
Kursk
Voronezh
Shostka
Radom
Lublin
Chemihiv
Kovel
Konotop
Staryy
Oskol
Liski
Chomobyl
Sumy
Luts'k
Korosten
Rivne
Belgorod
Pryluky
Rzeszow
50
*
50
Kiev
Zhytomyr
Kharkiv
L'viv
Ternopil
Bila
Poltava
Tserkva
Khmel'nyts'kyy
Cherkasy
SLOVAKIA
Vinnytsya
Ivano-
Frankivs'k
Kremenchuk
Uzhhorod
Uman'
Kramators
*
Dnipropetrovs'
Luhans
k
Kirovohrad
HUNGARY
Chemivtsi
Donets
Pervornays'k
Kryvyy Rih
Beltsy
Baia Mare
Nikopol
Zaporizhzhya
Rostov
Oradea
MOLDOVA
ROMANIA
Taganrog
Chininau
Mariupol
Mykolayiv
Cluj-Napoda
Melitopol
Throw
Berdyans'k
Mures
Traspol
Kherson
Odesa
Sea of
Sibiu
Crimean
AZOV
Brasov
Peninsula
Galati
Kerch
Izmayil
Krasnodar
Yevpatoriya
Simteropol
Ukraine
Feodosiya
Novorossiysk
Danube a
Sevastopol
International boundary
Yalta
Tuapse
*
National capital
Constanta
Railroad
Road
BULG.
Black Sea
0
100
200 Kilometers
Vama
0
100
200 Miles
Lambert Conformal Conic Projection SP 47N/62N
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
CUR REN
ER SIO N-
Ukrainian Hryvnia at 1.83 = U.S. $
Hryvnia to U.S. Dollars
U.S. Dollars to Hryvnia
Hryvnia
U.S. $
U.S. $
Hryvnia
0.50
0.27
0.10
0.18
1.00
0.55
0.25
0.46
1.50
0.82
0.50
0.92
2.00
1.09
0.75
1.37
36.00
1.00
1.00
1.83
10.00
5.46
3.00
5.49
20.00
10.93
5.00
9.15
50.00
27.32
10.00
18.30
300.00
163.93
20.00
36.60
500.00
273.22
50.00
91.50
1,000.00
546.45
100.00
183.00
2,000.00
1,092.90
300.00
549.00
5,000.00
2,732.24
500.00
915.00
NOTE: All U.S. dollar values are rounded to the nearest U.S. cent. The value of the Ukrai-
nian Hryvnia fluctuates daily according to currency market conditions.
WISSON
October 1997
18 DEPARTMENT
U.S. Department of State
Background Notes: Ukraine, June 1997
Official Name: Ukraine
Profile
Geography
Area: 233,000 sq. mi..
Cities: Capital-- Kiev (pop. 2.6 million). Other cities--Kharkiv, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa, Lviv.
Terrain: A vast plan bounded by the Carpathian mountains in the southwest and by the Black Sea and
the Sea of Oziv in the South.
Climate: Continental temperate.
People
Population (est.): 52 million.
ationality: Noun--Ukrainian(s); adjective--Ukrainian.
nnic groups: Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Belarusians, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Poles, Hungarians,
Romanians, Crimean Tatars.
Religions: Ukrainian Orthodoxy, Ukrainian Greek Catholicism, Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Islam
Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, others.
Education: Literacy-100%.
Health: Infant mortality rate-21/1,000. Life expectancy--65 yrs. males, 75 yrs. females.
Work force: 24 million. Industry and construction-33%. Agriculture and forestry--21%. Health,
education, and culture--16%. Transport and communication--7%
Government
Type: presidential-parliamentary.
Independence: August 24, 1991.
Constitution: First post-Soviet constitution adopted June 28, 1996.
Branches: Executive--president, prime minister, cabinet. Legislative--450-member parliament, the
Supreme Rada (members elected to four-year terms). Judicial--people's courts, regional courts, Supreme
Court, and Constitutional Court.
Political parties: wide range of active political parties, from leftist (communist and socialist) to center
and center-right (Liberal, Democratic, Rukh, and Republican) to ultra-nationalist (UNA and OUN).
Suffrage: Universal at 18.
Administrative subdivisions: 24 provinces and 1 autonomous republic.
WISSON
Economy
OP (est): $204 billion.
nual growth rate: -14.2%.
Per capita income: $3,900.
10
Natural resources: Vast fertile lands, coal, natural gas, various large mineral deposits, timber.
Agriculture: Products--Grain, sugar.
Industry: Types--Ferrous metals and products, coke, fertilizer, metallurgical equipment, diesel
locomotives, tractors.
Trade: Exports-$12.7 billion: coal, electric power, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemicals.
machinery, and transport equipment. Imports--$15.3 billion: Machinery and parts, transportation
equipment, chemicals, textiles.
PEOPLE
The population of Ukraine is about 52 million, which represents about 18% of the population of the
former Soviet Union. Ukrainians make up about 73% of the total; ethnic Russians number about 20%.
The industrial regions in the east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and the urban population
makes up about 70% of the population. Ukrainian and Russian are the principal languages, but about
88% of the population consider Ukrainian their native language. The dominant religions are the
Ukrainian Orthodox Church, much of which retains its links to the Russian Orthodox Church, and the
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kiev Patriarchate) is independent
of Moscow.
The birth rate of Ukraine is diminishing. About 70% of adult Ukrainians have a secondary or higher
education. Ukraine has about 150 colleges and universities, of which the most important are at Kiev,
Lviv, and Kharkiv. About 70,000 scholars in 80 research institutes make Ukraine a leader in science and
technology.
HISTORY
The first identifiable groups to populate what is now Ukraine were Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians,
and Goths, among other nomadic peoples who arrived throughout the first millennium B.C. These
people were well known to colonists and traders in the ancient world, including Greeks and Romans,
who established trading outposts which eventually became city states. Slavic tribes occupied central and
eastern Ukraine in the sixth century A.D. and played an important role in the establishment of Kiev.
Situated on lucrative trade routes, Kiev quickly prospered as the center of a powerful state of Kievan
Rus. In the 11th century, Kievan Rus was, geographically, the largest state in Europe.
A Christian missionary, Cyril, converted the Kievan nobility and most of the population in 988. Conflict
among the feudal lords led to decline in the 12th century. Kiev was razed by Mongol raiders in the 12th
century.
Most of the territory was annexed by Poland and Lithuania in the 14th century, but during that time, the
Ukrainian people began to conceive of themselves as a distinct people, a feeling which survived
subsequent partitioning by greater powers over the next centuries. In addition, Ukrainian peasants who
fled the Polish effort to force them into servitude came to be known as Cossacks and earned a reputation
for their fierce martial spirit.
In 1667, Ukraine was partitioned between Poland and Russia. In 1793, it was reunited as part of the
Russian Empire.
The 19th century found the region largely agricultural, with a few cities and centers of trade and
learning. The region was under the control of the Austrians in the extreme west and of the Russians
elsewhere. Ukrainian writers and intellectuals were inspired by the nationalistic spirit stirring other
European peoples existing under other imperial governments and were determined to revive Ukrainian
linguistic and cultural traditions and re-establish a Ukrainian nation-state. The Russians in particular
imposed strict limits on attempts to elevate Ukrainian language and culture, even banning its use and
study.
When World War I and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia shattered the Hapsburg and Russian empires,
Ukrainians declared independent statehood. In 1917 and 1918, three separate Ukrainian republics
2 of 10
declared independence. However, by 1921, the western part of the traditional territory had been
incorporated into Poland, and the larger, central and eastern part became part of the Soviet Union.
The Ukrainian national idea persevered during the interwar years, and Soviet reaction was severe,
particularly under Stalin, who imposed terror campaigns, which ravaged the intellectual class. He also
created artificial famines as part of his forced collectivization policies, which killed millions of
previously independent peasants and others throughout the country. Estimates of deaths from the
1932-33 famine alone range from 3 million to 7 million.
After the German and Soviet invasions of Poland in 1939, the western Ukrainian regions were
incorporated into the Soviet Union. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, many
Ukrainians, particularly in the west, welcomed them, but this did not last. German brutality was directed
principally against Ukraine's Jews (of whom 1 million were killed) but also against many other
Ukrainians. Kiev and other parts of the country were heavily damaged. Some Ukrainians began to resist
the Germans as well as the Soviets. Resistance against Soviet Government forces continued as late as the
1950s.
Little changed for Ukraine over the next decades. During periods of relative liberalization--as under
Nikita Khrushchev from 1955 to 1964--Ukrainian communists pursued national objectives. In the years
of perestroika, under U.S.S.R. President Mikhail Gorbachev, national goals were again advanced by
Ukrainian officials.
Ukraine became an independent state on August 24, 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union,
and was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
Ukraine is a parliamentary democracy with separate executive, judicial, and legislative branches. The
resident nominates the prime minister, who must be confirmed by the parliament. The 450-member
arliament (Supreme Rada) initiates legislation, ratifies international agreements, and approves the
budget. Its members were elected to four-year terms in 1994. Following free elections held on December
1, 1991, Leonid M. Kravchuk, former Chairman of the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet, was elected president
for a five-year term. At the same time, a referendum on independence was approved by more than 90%
of the voters.
Political groupings in Ukraine include former communists, socialists, agrarians, nationalists and various
centrist and independent forces.
Shortly after becoming independent, Ukraine named a parliamentary commission to prepare a new
constitution, adopted a multi-party system, and adopted legislative guarantees of civil and political rights
for national minorities. A new, democratic constitution was adopted on June 28, 1996, which mandates a
pluralistic political system with protection of basic human rights and liberties.
Freedom of religion is guaranteed by law, although religious organizations are required to register with
local authorities and with the central government. Minority rights are respected in accordance with a
1991 law guaranteeing ethnic minorities the right to schools and cultural facilities and the use of national
languages in conducting personal business. In Crimea and eastern Ukraine--areas with significant
Russian minorities--Russian is permitted as a language of official correspondence. It is also recognized
as an official language in Crimea.
Ethnic tensions in Crimea during 1992 prompted a number of pro-Russian political organizations to
advocate secession of Crimea and annexation to Russia. (Crimea was ceded to Ukraine in 1954, as a gift
from Khrushchev to mark the 300th anniversary of Ukrainian union with Russia.) In July 1992, the
Crimean and Ukrainian parliaments determined that Crimea would remain under Ukrainian jurisdiction
hile retaining significant cultural and economic autonomy.
Crimea held its first presidential elections in January 1994, electing Yuriy Meshkov, a Republican Party
10
of Crimea member advocating closer ties to Russia. The results of a non-binding poll on March 27,
1994, demonstrated voters' overwhelming support for greater powers for Meshkov, dual
Russian-Ukrainian citizenship for Crimeans, and a treaty to govern relations between Crimea and
Ukraine on a more equal basis. However, on March 17, 1995, the Rada abolished the 1992 Crimean
constitution and dissolved the local presidency.
Official trade unions have been grouped under the Federation of Trade Unions. A number of
independent unions, which emerged during 1992, have formed the Consultative Council of Free Trade
Unions. While the right to strike is legally guaranteed, strikes based solely on political demands are
prohibited. A National Mediation and Reconciliation Service exists to regulate disputes between
management and labor which cannot be resolved at the enterprise level. A new law on trade unions is
under consideration.
In July 1994, Leonid Kuchma was elected as Ukraine's second president in free and fair elections.
Earlier, in March 1994, Ukraine elected its first post-independence parliament. The next elections are
scheduled for March 1998 (parliamentary) and October 1999 (presidential).
Security forces are controlled by the president, although they are subject to investigation by a permanent
parliamentary commission. Surveillance is permitted for reasons of national security.
Ukraine has established its own military forces of about 500,000 from the troops and equipment
inherited from the former Soviet Union. It aims to reduce the force to between 250,000-300,000 by the
end of the decade; considerable downsizing already has taken place.
Principal Government Officials
President--Leonid Kuchma
Acting Prime Minister--Vasyl Durdynets
Foreign Minister--Hennadiy Udovenko
Ukraine maintains an embassy at 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 (tel. 202-333-0606)
ECONOMY
Ukraine has many of the components of a major European economy--rich farmlands, a well-developed
industrial base, highly trained labor, and a good education system. Significant difficulties lie ahead,
however. At present, the economy is in poor condition. While hyperinflation has been tamed, production
continues to drop, and the standard of living for most citizens has declined more than 50% since the
early 1990's. The new Ukrainian currency, the Hryvnia, was introduced in September 1996, and
remained fairly stable.
Most Ukrainian trade is still with countries of the former Soviet Union, principally Russia. Demand for
Ukraine's non-agricultural exports-- ferrous metals, steel pipe, machinery, and transport equipment--
continues to fall. Forced to pay high prices for fuel, Ukraine continues to run large trade deficits.
Ukraine imports 90% of its oil and most of its natural gas from Russia, though it is trying to find
alternative sources. The Ukrainian authorities have been introducing market-price payment requirements
for energy supplies to industry and homes in an effort to establish a "real cost" system of energy supply
and payment.
In early 1995, the government began to implement an ambitious privatization program which should
transfer ownership of 8,000 medium and large-scale enterprises to private hands. The International
Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a $1.5-billion stand-by arrangement with the Government of Ukraine
which should serve as the basis for continuing comprehensive economic reform.
Ukraine encourages foreign trade and investment. The parliament has approved a foreign investment law
allowing Westerners to purchase businesses and property, to repatriate revenue and profits, and to
4 of 10
receive compensation in the event that property is nationalized by a future government.
kraine is rich in natural resources. It has a major ferrous metal industry, producing cast iron, steel, and
steel pipe, and its chemical industry produces coke, mineral fertilizers, and sulfuric acid. Manufactured
goods include metallurgical equipment, diesel locomotives, and tractors.
It also is a major producer of grain and sugar and possesses a broad industrial base, including much of
the former U.S.S.R.'s space industry. Although oil reserves are largely exhausted, it has important
energy sources, such as coal and natural gas, and large mineral deposits.
In 1992, Ukraine became a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. It is a
member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development but not a member of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization.
Environmental Issues
Ukraine is interested in cooperating on regional environmental issues. Conservation of natural resources
is a high priority. It established its first nature preserve, Askanyia-Nova, in 1921 and has a program to
breed endangered species.
However, the country has significant environmental problems resulting from the Chornobyl nuclear
power plant disaster in 1986 and from industrial pollution. Ukraine has announced that the Chornobyl
Atomic Energy Station will be phased out and shut down by the year 2000; it has asked for financial
help to achieve this goal and to provide alternative sources of energy for its population.
Ukraine also has established a Ministry of Environment and has introduced a pollution fee system that
levies taxes on air and water emissions and solid waste disposal. The resulting revenues are channeled to
avironmental protection activities, but enforcement of this pollution fee system is lax.
REIGN RELATIONS
Through contacts with the countries of the West, Ukraine seeks to increase consultation and cooperation
in areas such as defense planning; the conversion of defense production to civilian purposes; and
COLIC
scientific, economic, and environmental issues.
Despite a November 1990 agreement to respect one another's sovereignty and territorial integrity,
Ukraine's relations with Russia have been strained due to its concern over Russia's intentions. Although
Ukraine became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) on December 8, 1991, it
refused in January 1993 to endorse a draft charter strengthening political, economic, and defense ties
among CIS members. Relations with Russia have improved somewhat with the late May signing of the
bilateral Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. Also, the two sides have signed a series of agreements
on the final division and disposition of the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet.
On January 31, 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now
the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe--OSCE), and on March 10, 1992, it became a
member of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Ukraine also is an active member of Partnership for
Peace. A document on "distinct relations" between NATO and Ukraine is to be signed this July in
Madrid.
Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western
compromise with the former Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics.
Ukraine consistently has supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes. It has participated in the
RUSSIA
quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova and has sent a battalion to serve with UN peace-keeping
es in the former Yugoslavia.
U.S.-UKRAINE RELATIONS
10
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 brought an end to the Cold War and created the
opportunity to build bilateral relations with the New Independent States (NIS) as they began a political
and economic transformation. On December 25, 1991, the United States officially recognized the
independence of Ukraine. It upgraded its consulate in the capital, Kiev, to embassy status on January 21,
1992. The U.S. ambassador to Ukraine is William Green Miller, sworn in on October 13, 1993.
The United States attaches great importance to the success of Ukraine's transition to a democratic state
with a flourishing market economy. Following a period of economic decline characterized by high
inflation and a continued reliance on state controls, the Ukrainian Government under the leadership of
then newly elected President Leonid Kuchma began taking steps in the fall of 1994 to reinvigorate
economic reform and achieve macro- economic stabilization. The Ukrainian Government's new
determination to implement comprehensive economic reform is a welcome development, and the U.S. is
committed to strengthening its support for Ukraine as it embarks on this difficult path.
In January 1992, the U.S. initiated the Coordinating Conference on Assistance to the New Independent
States in response to the humanitarian emergencies facing these states. The resulting Operation Provide
Hope supplied desperately needed food, fuel, medicine, and shelter.
A cornerstone for the continuing U.S. partnership with Ukraine and the other NIS has been the Freedom
for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets (FREEDOM) Support Act, enacted
in October 1992. In September 1993, a new $2.45-billion assistance package for the NIS, funded with a
combination of fiscal year (FY) 1993 and 1994 supplemental appropriations, was passed by Congress
and signed into law by President Clinton. The legislation continues to address political and economic
transformation and humanitarian needs.
The U.S. has consistently encouraged Ukraine's transition to a free, democratic society with a prosperous
market economy. The U.S. and Ukraine have signed a series of bilateral agreements designed to enhance
economic, technical, environmental, and cultural cooperation. During the visit of former Ukrainian
President Leonid Kravchuk to Washington on March 3-5, 1994, he and President Clinton reached
agreement on an expanded economic assistance package that will provide up to $700 million to Ukraine:
$350 million in technical and humanitarian assistance in FY 1994 funds; and $350 million in
Nunn-Lugar funds (FY 1992-95 funds) to assist with nuclear dismantlement, non-proliferation
programs, and industrial partnerships. Since 1994, Ukraine has become one of the largest recipients in
the world of U.S. assistance.
Assistance To Support the Transition to a Market Economy. U.S. technical assistance to support the
transition to a market economy has focused primarily on economic restructuring, development of the
private sector, and energy sector reform. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
printed millions of certificates to support Ukraine's plan for the mass privatization of state enterprises.
U.S. advisers have provided technical assistance in financial sector reform, tax policy and
administration, bankers' training, land legislation, small-scale and municipal services privatization,
agricultural development and agribusiness, corporatization of the electric power sector, energy pricing
and efficiency, and public education concerning the environment. The Western NIS Enterprise Fund,
announced by President Clinton in January 1994 to promote private sector business development in
Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus, has begun operations in Kiev.
The U.S. also has played a leading role in mobilizing international support to help Ukraine cover its
external financing gaps as it implements rigorous reform under IMF programs. The U.S. contribution of
$100 million in late 1994 and pledge of $250 million in March 1995 helped leverage nearly $5 billion in
IMF and other bilateral financing and debt relief.
U.S. exchanges and training programs have enabled Ukrainians to participate in a broad range of
programs in the U.S. These include coal mine safety, nuclear reactor safety, private land ownership and
real estate markets, local government finance, banking, tax accounting, labor statistics,
telecommunications, labor-management relations, promotion of agricultural development, security and
defense conversion, international trade and investment, entrepreneurship and small business
development, and public health and hospital management and finance. Three medical partnerships have
6 of 10
been established between U.S. and Ukrainian medical institutions. Peace Corps volunteers are working
in Ukraine with a focus on small business development and English teaching.
Funding also has been provided for studies in air traffic control and airport construction, establishment
of an agricultural center to provide training on U.S. agricultural equipment, and the conversion of a coal-
fired power plant to gas. The U.S. has also provided grain storage facilities.
Assistance To Support the Transition to Democracy. The U.S. is promoting Ukraine's democratic
transition by supporting programs on participatory political systems, independent media, rule of law,
local governance, and civil society, as well as a wide range of exchanges and training.
USAID has provided Ukraine with technical assistance related to elections, the development of political
parties and grass-roots civic organizations, and the development of independent media. A
USAID-funded rule-of-law consortium has been working with Ukrainian officials and non-profit
organizations to create a legal system supportive of a democratic government and a market-based
economy. The rule-of-law project has been further expanded to promote cooperation between U.S. law
enforcement agencies and their Ukrainian counterparts to reform the criminal justice system.
As of April 1995, the U.S. Information Agency (USIA) has brought nearly 800 Ukrainians to the U.S. on
academic exchanges. About 90 Ukrainian business people, journalists, local government officials, and
other professionals have participated in other exchanges. USIA visitor program participants included
then-presidential candidate Leonid Kuchma in April 1994. USIA visitor programs have highlighted such
subjects as economic and education reform, rule of law, and public administration.
The Department of Commerce's Special American Business Internship Training (SABIT) program and
the Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Cochran Fellowship Program have brought nearly 100 business
IS
executives, scientists, and agriculturists to the U.S. for internships and training programs.
Support for the Social Sector. The U.S. is assisting Ukraine's efforts to maximize equity in reform and to
sustain social welfare and stability during and beyond the transition. Toward this end, USAID is
providing assistance to local governments in redefining the roles of the public and private sectors in
providing social services to allow government to focus limited resources on key social sectors. Training
and technical assistance is being provided to Ukrainian institutions and government agencies on reforms
of health care financing and delivery of medical services. A number of medical partnerships between
U.S. and Ukrainian health care institutions have been established to improve both patient care and
institutional management. Also, USAID is providing training and technical assistance on ways to
improve reproductive health, focusing on providing family planning services and reducing the use of
abortion.
Humanitarian Assistance. Through the first half of FY 1995, the U.S. has coordinated and funded the
delivery of $33 million in food, medical supplies, and clothing to Ukraine. This includes a $16-million
surplus Department of Defense hospital recently delivered to Donetsk. Previously, the U.S. provided
$25,000 in response to the January 1994 flood disaster in Ukraine's Zakarpatska oblast. In October 1993,
$25,000 was provided in international disaster funding for the drilling of water wells in the
flood-stricken area of Rivne.
Operation Provide Hope has delivered food worth about $46,000 and medicines and medical supplies
worth $16 million. A large portion of these supplies were designated for hospitals treating victims of the
Chornobyl nuclear accident. Under the Medical Assistance Initiative, Project HOPE, a private voluntary
1
organization, has shipped more than $26 million worth of pharmaceutical and medical supplies to
Ukraine.
In response to an epidemic of diphtheria, the U.S. sent two assessment advisers from the Centers for
Disease Control and vaccines, syringes, and needles with a value of $1.3 million under the Emergency
fedicines Initiative. Under the Emergency Immunization Program, through Project HOPE, measles
accine was provided, allowing for the vaccination of all Ukrainian children up to two years of age
during 1993. In response to a 1994 request from the Ukrainian Government, the U.S. provided
diphtheria vaccines for adults and children to help Ukraine eradicate this deadly disease. In FY 1994,
USDA provided Ukraine with more than 70,000 metric tons of food aid--valued at about $24
million--and, in FY 1995, it will provide $25 million in PL 480 assistance.
Bilateral Trade Issues
The U.S.-Ukraine Trade Agreement, effective June 22, 1992, provides reciprocal most-favored-nation
tariff treatment to the products of each country. Since January 1994, the Overseas Private Investment
Corporation (OPIC) has approved investment insurance totaling more than $23 million for three projects
in Ukraine. OPIC also has sponsored conferences and exchanges to encourage joint ventures between
U.S. and Ukrainian companies. U.S. Export-Import Bank programs are currently closed in Ukraine, but
the bank is continuing to reassess Ukraine's creditworthiness in light of recent government economic
reforms with a view to reopening lending activities as soon as possible. In March 1994, Presidents
Clinton and Kravchuk signed treaties on bilateral investment and double taxation.
Security Issues
In Lisbon on May 23, 1992, the United States signed a protocol to the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
(START) with Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, and Kazakstan (those states on whose territory strategic nuclear
weapons of the former Soviet Union are located). The protocol makes each state a party to the START
Treaty and commits all signatories to reductions in strategic nuclear weapons within the seven-year
period provided for in the treaty. Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakstan also agreed to join the nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as non-nuclear weapons states. The treaty entered into force on
December 5, 1994, the same day Ukraine acceded to the NPT.
The U.S. has pledged to provide about $300 million to Ukraine under the Nunn-Lugar program to assist
in the dismantlement of strategic offensive arms ($205 million), defense conversion ($40 million), and
nuclear material protection ($12.5 million). The U.S. also has pledged $10 million to assist in the
establishment of a Science and Technology Center designed to provide peaceful employment
opportunities to scientists and engineers formerly involved with weapons of mass destruction and their
delivery systems.
Principal U.S. Embassy Officials
Ambassador William Green Miller
Deputy Chief of Mission - James Schumaker
Political Counselor - Vacant
Economic Counselor - - Robert Boehme
Commercial Officer - Andriy Bihun
Consular Officer Walter Davenport
Administrative Officer - Gary Bagley
Public Affairs Officer - Robert Heath
USAID - Gregory Huger
The U.S. embassy in Kiev is at 10 Yuriya Kotsyubinskoho, 25203 (tel. [380] (044) 244-7345).
TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION
The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information Program provides Travel Warnings and Consular
Information Sheets. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends that
Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Consular Information Sheets exist for all countries and
include information on immigration practices, currency regulations, health conditions, areas of
instability, crime and security, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. posts in the country.
Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats
and other relatively short-term conditions overseas which pose significant risks to the security of
American travelers. Free copies of this information are available by calling the Bureau of Consular
Affairs at 202-647-5225 or via the fax-on-demand system: 202-647-3000. Travel Warnings and
10
8 of 10
Consular Information Sheets also are available on the Consular Affairs Internet home page:
http://travel.state.gov and the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB). To access CABB, dial the
modem number: (301-946-4400 (it will accommodate up to 33,600 bps), set terminal communications
program to N-8-1 (no parity, 8 bits, 1 stop bit); and terminal emulation to VT100. The login is travel
and the password is info (Note: Lower case is required). The CABB also carries international security
information from the Overseas Security Advisory Council and Department's Bureau of Diplomatic
Security. Consular Affairs Trips for Travelers publication series, which contain information on obtaining
passports and planning a safe trip abroad, can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
ts
Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954; telephone: 202-512-1800;
fax 202-512-2250.
Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained from the Office of
Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-5225. For after-hours emergencies, Sundays and holidays, call
202-647-4000.
Passport Services information can be obtained by calling the 24-hour, 7-day a week automated system
($.35 per minute) or live operators 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (EST) Monday-Friday ($1.05 per minute). The
number is 1-900-225-5674 (TDD: 1-900-225-7778). Major credit card users (for a flat rate of $4.95)
ar
may call 1-888-362-8668 (TDD: 1-888-498-3648)
Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at (404) 332-4559 gives the most recent health advisories,
immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for
regions and countries. A booklet entitled Health Information for International Travel (HHS publication
number CDC-95-8280) is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402,
tel. (202) 512-1800.
Information on travel conditions, visa requirements, currency and customs regulations, legal
plidays, and other items of interest to travelers also may be obtained before your departure from a
buntry's embassy and/or consulates in the U.S. (for this country, see "Principal Government Officials"
listing in this publication).
U.S. citizens who are long-term visitors or traveling in dangerous areas, are encouraged to register
at the U.S. embassy upon arrival in a country (see "Principal U.S. Embassy Officials" listing in this
publication). This may help family members contact you in case of an emergency.
Further Electronic Information:
Department of State Foreign Affairs Network. Available on the Internet, DOSFAN provides timely,
global access to official U.S. foreign policy information. Updated daily, DOSFAN includes Background
Notes; Dispatch, the official magazine of U.S. foreign policy; daily press briefings; directories of key
officers of foreign service posts; etc. DOSFAN's World Wide Web site is at U.S. State Department
Home Page; this site has a link to the DOSFAN Gopher Research Collection, which also is accessible at
gopher://gopher.state.gov
U.S. Foreign Affairs on CD-ROM (USFAC). Published on a semi-annual basis by the U.S.
Department of State, USFAC archives information on the Department of State Foreign Affairs Network,
and includes an array of official foreign policy information from 1990 to the present. Contact the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA
15250-7954. To order, call (202) 512-1800 or fax (202) 512-2250.
National Trade Data Bank (NTDB). Operated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the NTDB
WISSON
contains a wealth of trade-related information. It is available on the Internet (www.stat-usa.gov) and on
CD-ROM. Call the NTDB Help-Line at (202) 482-1986 for more information.
IS
of document]
10
U.S. Department of State
Bureau of Consular Affairs
Washington, DC 20520
For recorded travel information, call 202-647-5225
Internet Address: travel. state.gov
For Information by fax. call 202-647-3000 from your fax machine
Consular Information Sheet
UZBEKISTAN
Ukraine
iption: Ukraine is a newly independent nation undergoing profound political and
change. still in the process of stabilizing its relations with neighboring countries.
are not highly developed. and many of the goods and services taken for granted
are not yet available. Travel within Ukraine is unrestricted. Travelers must.
with Ukrainian authorities upon arrival, and may also be asked to present
port
and visa on demand by local police.
drements: A passport and visa are required. Visas are obtained from the Embassy of
ocated at 3350 M Street N.W., Washington D.C. 20007, tel. (202) 333-0606 or 333-7507.
consulates in Chicago and New York, or at any Ukrainian embassy or consulate
letter of invitation from a person, company. or organization in Ukraine or a tour
required to obtain a visa. U.S. citizens and travelers from the United States
where there is a Ukrainian embassy or consulate cannot obtain visas at
or
border crossings. Travelers must therefore ensure that the proper visa is obtained
arriving in Ukraine.
velers who intend to visit Russia from Ukraine must also have a Russian visa. The
Embassy in Ukraine is located at Prospekt Kutuzova 8. Kiev. tel. (38) (044) 294-6701.
Registration: All foreigners visiting Ukraine. except those staying less than three
and minors (under 16). are required to register their passports with local law
KYHGZ REPUBLIC
This law is not uniformly enforced, but visitors who do not register
when leaving Ukraine or difficulty when trying to extend visas. The
juirement is automatically met when foreigners stay in hotels. when resident
persons register their companies, or when students register under established exchange
Private visitors must have their hosts. relatives. or landlords register their U.S.
at the local "Section of Visas and Registration" office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
by the acronym "VVIR" in Ukrainian and "OVIR" in Russian). A fee is usually charged for
extensions or passport registration.
Facilities: Medical care in Ukraine is limited. The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of
peaking physicians. Western-style polyclinics, and a list of pharmacies that offer
and Western European supplies and medicines. The availability of basic medical
including disposable needles. anesthetics, and antibiotics has improved. However,
travelers and those with existing health problems may be at risk due to inadequate
facilities. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health
medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have
in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage.
air evacuation coverage. has proved to be useful. Further information on health
can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's international
hotime at tel. (404) 332-4559 or via the CDC home page on the Internet at
www.cdc.gov.
RUSSIA
Crime
Information: Inflation, unemployment. and the breakdown of the country's social fabric
contributed to an ever-increasing and violent crime rate. Westerners. their vehicles. and
are increasingly viewed by criminals as choice targets. The loss or theft abroad of a
port should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or
consulate. The Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful
information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad.
Additional information on the region can be found in the brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia
and the Newly Independent States." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402.
Traffic Safety and Road Conditions: Roads in Ukraine are in generally poor condition. Travel
between cities at night and in the winter can be particularly treacherous. Carjackings of
Western-made or foreign-registered cars is on the rise. There has been an increase in the number
of documented reports of criminal acts occurring on trains, including gassings and robberies.
Currency Regulations: Ukraine is a cash economy. Traveler's checks and credit cards are
gaining wider acceptance in larger cities. Use of credit cards is limited to better hotels,
Western-style restaurants, international airlines and select stores. Customs regulations
prohibit sending cash. traveler's checks. personal checks; credit cards. or passports through the
international mail system to Ukraine. These items are regularly confiscated as contraband by
customs authorities. Changing U.S. dollars for Ukrainian hryvnia or another currency is legal
only at banks, currency exchange desks at hotels. and at licensed exchange booths. Travelers
must declare all cash and jewelry. regardless of value, upon entering Ukraine. Any undeclared
items are subject to confiscation. Under customs regulations. travelers may bring up to 10,000
U.S. dollars into Ukraine without special permission; more than 10,000 U.S. dollars requires a
written statement by the traveler.
Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling.
Penalties for possession. use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders
can expect jail sentences and fines.
Registration/ Embassy Location: Americans may register at the Consular Section of the U.S.
Embassy and obtain updated information on travel and security within Ukraine. The U.S.
Embassy in Kiev is located at Vulitsa Yuria Kotsubinskoho 10. tel. (380) (44) 244-7343, 244-7345
or 244-7349. The U.S. Embassy's 24-hour emergency number (answered only in English after
working hours) is (380) (44) 216-3805.
No. 97-135
This replaces the Consular Information Sheet for Ukraine dated February 20. 1996, to update
information on entry requirements. registration, currency regulations. traffic safety. and
internet addresses.
a
William Green Miller
U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine
Ambassador William Green Miller was sworn in as U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine on Sep-
tember 16, 1993. Prior to his appointment, he served as Staff Director of the Select Committee
on Intelligence, United States Senate, from 1976 to 1981. Prior to this position he had held two
other Staff Directorships within the U.S. Senate (Staff Director, Select Committee To Study
Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities (1975-76); and Staff Director,
Special Committee on National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency Powers (1973-75).
He served also as Special Assistant to the Honorable John Sherman Cooper, United States
Senate (1967-73).
Ambassador Miller served at the Department of State after a 5-year tour in Iran, where he
served as political officer (1962-64) in the U.S. Embassy Tehran and as vice consul and politi-
cal officer at the U.S. Consulate, Isfahan (1959-62).
In addition to 27 years with the U.S. Government, Ambassador Miller has 14 years of
5
experience in academia and the private sector. His positions in these fields include president
and board member, The Committee on American-Russian Relations (1992-93); senior consult-
ant, John and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (1992-93); president and board member,
The International Foundation for the Survival and Development of Humanity (1988-92);
president and board member, The American Committee on U.S.-Soviet Relations (1986-92);
and, among others, Fellow, Institute of Politics, John F. Kennedy School of Government,
Harvard University (1986).
Ambassador Miller received an award from the National Academy of Public Institution
"For distinguished contributions and personal commitment to public service," in 1984. On
February 21, 1981, the United States Senate honored Mr. Miller by passing Resolution 81 "For
exceptional contributions and for his dedication, loyalty, integrity, and service to the Select
Committee on Intelligence and to the Congress of the United States." He received a Com-
mendable Service Award from the U.S. Department of State in 1962, while he was working
Iran.
Born on August 15, 1931, Ambassador received an undergraduate degree from Williams
College and a master's in English from Oxford University. After attending Oxford, Ambassa-
dor Miller enrolled in the Ph.D. program at Harvard University, where he completed work
toward a doctoral degree in English.
Ambassador Miller is married to Suzanne Lisle Miller and they have two sons. Ambassa-
dor Miller speaks Russian, French, German, and Farsi.
Key U.S. Officials in Kiev
Deputy Chief of Mission
James F. Schumaker
Political Affairs
Robert Patterson
Economic Affairs
John Bowen
Administrative Affairs
Gary Bagley
Commercial Affairs
Andrew Bihun
Consular Affairs
T.J. Rose
Regional Security Affairs
David Rittenhouse
Public Affairs
Mary Kruger
55
60
65
70
75
Embi
Uzbekistan
Shalqar
Zhezqazghan
International boundary
Wiloyat or respublika
Aral
boundary
KAZAKHSTAN
*
National capital
Wiloyat or respublika
capital
Beyneu
Railroad
-45
Arel
Road
The C/TV or Tashkent iToshkent Shahm
has status equal to that of a whoyat
Qyzylorda
0
100
200 Kilometers
0
100
200 Miles
Muynoq.
QORAQALPOGHISTON
a
Lambert Conformal Conic Projection, SP 47N/62N
Türkistan
Bishkek
Qunghirot
RESPUBLIKASI
Zhambyl
Kara-
Balta
Nukus
Shymkent
KYRGYZSTAN
Uchquduq
TOSHKENT
annument
Dashhowuz
NAMANGAN
Urganch
Shardara
Tashkent
NAWOIY
Chirchiq
ANDIJON
Society
Angren Namangano
Jalal-Abad
KHORAZM
Andren
Quoon
Farghona
JIZZAKH
(Kokand)+
Osh
40
BUKHORO
Guiston
Khujand
40
NITIVE nw ODLIC
Nawory
KYRGYZSTAN
Days
Jizzakh
SIRDARYO
FARGHONA
Bukhorous
Suu
SAMARQAND
Samargand
Zarafshon
TURKMENISTAN
Charjew,
TAJIKISTAN
Qarshi
Dushanbe
QASHQADARYO
Retury
Ashgabat
Denow
*
Kulob
Bojnurd
Mary
Qurghontenpa
as eAred
Khorugh
Termiz
bird
Kashaf
Murgap Deryasy
SURKHONDARYO
lued
Rud
Mashhad
Mazar-e
Konduz
Sabzevar
Sharif
Neyshabur
AFGHANISTAN
Chitral
IRAN
Meymaneh
Konduz
PAKISTAN
35
Gushgy
Darya.
=
Kabul
Base 802201 (R00161) 8-94
NAZARISTAN
CURREN
CON V R SI
Uzbekistani Som at 75.00 = U.S. $
Som to U.S. Dollars
U.S. Dollars to Som
Som
U.S. $
U.S. $
Som
0.50
0.01
0.10
7.50
1.00
0.01
0.25
18.75
1.50
0.02
0.50
37.50
2.00
0.03
0.75
56.25
75.00
1.00
1.00
75.00
10.00
0.13
3.00
225.00
20.00
0.27
5.00
375.00
50.00
0.67
10.00
750.00
300.00
4.00
20.00
1,500.00
500.00
6.67
50.00
3,750.00
1,000.00
13.33
100.00
7,500.00
2,000.00
26.67
300.00
22,500.00
5,000.00
66.67
500.00
37,500.00
NOTE: All U.S. dollar values are rounded to the nearest U.S. cent. The value of the
Uzbekistani Som fluctuates daily according to currency market conditions.
October 1997
U.S. Department of State
Bureau of Consular Affairs
Washington, DC 20520
For recorded travel information, call 202-647-5225
Internet Address: travel. state.gov
C
For information by fax, call 202-647-3000 from your fax machine
Consular Information Sheet
Uzbekistan
October 29, 1996
Country Description: Uzbekistan is a newly independent nation in the midst of profound
political and economic change. Tourist facilities are not highly developed. and many of the
goods and services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. Internal travel and
travel to other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). including both air
and land routes. can be erratic and disrupted by fuel shortages. overcrowding and other
problems.
Entry Requirements: A passport and visa are required. Private travel must be arranged in one
of three ways: First. through a travel agency which has a relationship with Uzbektourism:
second. via an invitation from a locally-registered firm or organization requesting visa
issuance through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: or. third. via an invitation from an individual
requesting visa issuance through his/her local Office of Exit. Entry. and Citizenship (OEEC). All
three variations may take up to a month to process. Visas are issued at Uzbekistan embassies
and consulates abroad or, in countries where Uzbekistan does not have diplomatic
representation, at Russian embassies and consulates. Visas are also issued at arrival at
Tashkent Airport. but only through the prior arrangement of the sponsoring organization or
individual. The U.S. Embassy cannot act as a sponsor for private American travelers.
zbekistan does not apply the 72-hour transit rule allowing travelers with other CIS visas to
transit Uzbekistan. The U.S. Embassy recommends that all travelers. even those simply
transiting Uzbekistan for less that 72 hours, obtain Uzbek visas before traveling to Uzbekistan.
KYRGZ REPUBLIC
Travelers without a proper visa cannot register in hotels and will be fined and required to leave
the country immediately. Further visa information is available at the Embassy of the Republic
of Uzbekistan. 1511 K Street. N.W.. Suite 619. Washington. D.C. 20005; telephone (202) 638-4266.
Registration Requirements: All travelers present in Uzbekistan for over three days must
register with OEEC. the Office of Entry. Exit. and Citizenship. Hotel guests are registered
automatically. but all other travelers are responsible for registering themselves. Visitors
without proper registration are subjected to fines and possible harassment by local authorities.
Visitors are required to carry a medical certificate proving they are not HIV infected. but this
requirement is only sporadically enforced.
Medical Facilities: Medical care in Uzbekistan is below western standards, with severe
shortages of basic medical supplies. including disposable needles. anesthetics. and antibiotics.
Most resident Americans travel to the west for their medical needs: such travel can be very
expensive if undertaken under emergency conditions. Therefore. travelers may want to
purchase supplemental overseas medical insurance which includes coverage for medical
evacuations. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may be at particular
risk due to inadequate medical facilities.
Health Concerns: Travelers are advised to drink only boiled water and to peel all fruits and
vegetables. and to avoid undercooked meat. Due to inappropriate sanitation conditions.
travelers should avoid eating dairy products and most food sold in the streets. Further
KAZAKHSTAN
formation on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and
evention's international travelers hotline. telephone (404) 332-4559 or on the Internet at:
http://www.cdc.gov.
Crime Information: Uzbekistan has a low rate of violent crime, but common street crime has
increased. especially at night. In urban areas, travelers may find it helpful to take the same
precautions against crime that they would take in a large American city. The loss or theft of a
U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and to the U.S. Embassy. The
Department of State's pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on
safeguarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Additional
information on the region can be found in the Department of State's brochure "Tips for
Travelers to Russia." Both publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.
Currency Regulations: Most transactions are conducted on a cash-only. local currency (SOM)
basis. Credit cards are accepted only at the main hotels and a few shops and restaurants;
Traveler's Checks can be cashed only into SOM at the National Bank of Uzbekistan. Travelers
may wish to bring sufficient dollars to exchange into SOM to cover their expenses. Old bills
prior to 1990, those in poor condition (with tears, writing. or stamps). and those of
high-denomination (one hundred and up) are often not accepted. Although payment in U.S.
dollars is required for certain hotel charges. plane tickets, and visa fees. other transactions, as
well as black market currency exchanges. are prohibited.
General Standards of Conduct: Uzbekistan is an Islamic nation. Although modest
Western-style clothing is appropriate in Tashkent. women should be prepared to dress
conservatively in areas outside the capital. In rural areas, women in shorts. pants. short skirts.
or sleeveless blouses risk harassment. Men do not wear shorts or sleeveless shirts in public.
Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling.
Penalties for possession. use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders
can expect jail sentences and fines.
Road Safety and Traffic Conditions: Uzbekistan is plagued by a deteriorating infrastructure
system. Although roads in Tashkent are relatively well-maintained. many roads outside
Tashkent and particularly those in the Tien Shan and Fan Mountains are in poor condition and
may be passable only by four-wheel drive vehicles. Driving at night can be quite dangerous. as
only the main roads in Tashkent are lit and rural roads and highways generally are not
illuminated. Visitors are strongly urged to avoid driving at night outside of Tashkent.
Livestock, farm equipment. and carts drawn by animals frequently are found on both urban and
rural roads during the day and at night. Local drivers are not familiar with safe driving
techniques and many drivers, particularly at night, are inebriated. Pedestrians in cities and
rural areas cross streets at will. without looking for oncoming traffic. Uzbekistan has a large
road police force. which frequently stops drivers for minor infractions or simple document
checks. Foreign drivers may face harassment from road police.
Aviation Oversight: As a result of an assessment conducted by the U.S. Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) in December 1994. the FAA has found Uzbekistan's civil aviation
authority to be in compliance with international aviation safety standards for oversight of
Uzbekistani air carrier operations. For further information. travelers may contact the
Department of Transportation at 1(800) 322-7873.
Registration and Embassy Location: Americans are encouraged to register at the Consular
Section of the U.S. Embassy and to obtain updated information on travel and security within
Uzbekistan. The U.S. Embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan is located at at Ulitsa Chilanzarskaya,
82 in Tashkent. The main Embassy telephone number is (7-3712) 77-14-07; the Consular
Section's direct line is (7-3712) 77-22-31.
No. 96-181
This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated July 25. 1995. to update entry and
registration requirements. road safety and currency information.
Joseph A. Presel
U.S. Ambassador-Designate to Uzbekistan
Joseph A. Presel was nominated as U.S. Ambassador to Uzbekistan on September 15.
Prior to his appointment he served as Coordinator for Regional Affairs in the New Independent
States and Special Negotiator for Nagorno-Karabakh, with the rank of Ambassador. That
office was responsible for U.S. policy with respect to the conflicts in the former Soviet Union
and for consideration of issues involving more than one of the newly independent states.
A Senior Foreign Service officer, Ambassador Presel entered the Foreign Service in
1963. For most of his career, he has concentrated on the Soviet Union, Europe, and East-West
relations, with particular emphasis on security issues and arms control. In addition to assign-
ments in the State Department and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (including as
its Executive Secretary), Ambassador Presel has served abroad in Moscow, Belgrade, Vienna,
Paris, and Ankara. He was Deputy Chief of Mission in Belgrade from 1985-89, returning to
Washington as head of the office in the Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs responsible for arms
control. Subsequently, he served as Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State for
Science and Technology with responsibility for negotiations on supercomputers. From 1991-
93, Ambassador Presel was the Deputy U.S. Representative to the Negotiations on Conven-
n KINGS REPUBLIC
tional Forces in Europe in Vienna. Following his return, he became Deputy to the Coordinator
for U.S. Assistance to the New Independent States.
A native of Rhode Island, he graduated cum laude from Harvard in 1963. He later studied
at St. Antony's College, Oxford University, and at the U.S. Army Russian Institute in Garmisch-
Partenkirchen. In 1984-85, he was the first American Resident Fellow at the Institute for East-
West Security Studies in New York. He speaks French, German, Russian, and some Turkish
and Serbo-Croatian. he is a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the
Royal Institute of Asian Affairs.
KAZAKHSTAN
Key U.S. Officials in Tashkent
Deputy Chief of Mission
Joseph Limprecht
Political/Economic Affairs
John Fox
Administrative Affairs
Wayne Salisbury
Commercial Affairs
John Tucker
Consular Affairs
Heather McCullough
Regional Security Affairs
Robert F. Valente
Public Affairs
Karen Aguilar
08
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
U.S.
NORT ATLANTA
Chukchi
Sea
SVALBARD
(NORWAY)
ARCTIC OCEAN
Provideniya
Norwegian
Wrangel
Island
UNITED
KINGDOM
Sea
FRANZ JOSE
Pevek
Bering
(AND
East Siberian
Sea
NEW
180
Sea
SIBERIAN
Sea
NORWAY
ISLANDS
Amsterdam
Barents
SEVERNAYA
Cherskiy
ZEMLYA
DEN,
SWEDEN
Laptev
U.S.
NOVAYA
ZEMLYA
Sea
Bothnia
Murmansk
GERMANY
Kara Sea
Stockholm
FINLAND
-
Holsfuld
Talline
3
Taki
RUSSIA
Belomorsk
Dikson
EST.
POLAND
Petropaviovsk-
NORTH
LITH.STAT.
Patershing
"Arkhangel'sk
Magadan
Kamchatskiy
SLOV.
Warsaw
Naryan
Orage
PACIFIC
Novgdrod
Mar
Konosha
Vorkuta.
Nonl'sk
Sea
OCEAN
ISLING,
t'viv
BELARUS
Smolensk
Tver
Salekhard
Cash
Okhotsk
Vologda
Kotlas
of
Igarka
Yaraslayf
Novyy
Yakutsk
Okhotsk
Urengoy
KURIL
Kjev
Bryansk
Moscow
Kostroma
Nadym
Vilyuysk
ROMANIA
ISLANDS
Orel
UKRAINE
Kirov
Ryazan
Nizhney
5
Okha
Sakhalin
Nevgorod
Island
Occupied by
Kharkiv
Lensk
Aldan
Soviet Union in 1945,
Odesa
Constanta
Voronezh
bheysk
Surgut
administered by Russia,
Penza
Kazan
Perm
Khanty Mansiysk
Nizhnevertovsk
claimed by Japan.
Neryungri
Sevastopol
Yekaterinburg
Berezovy
Sovetskaya
Donets'
Saratov
Gaven
150
Samara
Ufa
Tobal
sk
Ust'
Tynda
Yuzhno
(Tyumen
Rostov
Chelyabinsk
00
Never
Urgal
llimsk
Sakhalinsk
Lesosibirsk
Askara
Novorossiysk
Volgograd
Ust' Kut
Cral
Drenburg
Kurgan
Khaberovsk
Tuapse
Nizhneangarsk
Birobidzhan
Tomsk
Kansk
Bratsk
40
Drsk
Petropavi
Drisk
)
Segoveshchensk
Astrakhan
Krasmoyarsk
Atyrau
Novosibirsi
Chita
Novokuznetsk
Promon
TURKEY
GEO.
Paviodar
Abakan
CHINA
Barnaul
Irkutsk
Borzya
Agmola
Ulan
Marbin
Yerevan
Aqtad
Ude
KAZAKHSTAN
Kyzyl
Viadivostok
JAPAN
SYRIA
AZERBAMAN
Semey
Khasan
Sea
MONGOLIA
Aral
of
Tabriz
Sea
Takyo
Baku
Late
Japan
Qyzylorda
Nukus
IRAQ
Türkmenbashi
Russia
Shenyang
NORT)
(Krasnowodsk)
UZBEKISTAN
Baghdad
TURKMENISTAN
International boundary
Railroad
yongyidg
Almaty
my
SOUTH
Tehran
Ashgabat
Tashkent
Urümqi
*
National capital
Road
Dalian
Pusan
Bishwok
Charjew
KYRGYZSTAN
Sea
IRAN
0
250
500
750 Kilometers
Mashhade
CHINA
*Dushanbe
0
250
500
Kashi
750 Miles
Qingdao
SAUDI
Kuwait
TAJ.
ARABIA
Lambert Conformal Come Projection, SP 47/621
60
Herst AFGHANISTAN
East China Sea
Boundary is
PAK.
not necessarily authoritative
90
120
Base 801996 (R00183) 9.94
CUR REN
o NV E R SI N-
Russian Ruble at 5,815 = U.S. $
Ruble to U.S. Dollars
U.S. Dollars to Ruble
Ruble
U.S. $
U.S. $
Ruble
0.50
0.00
0.10
581.50
1.00
0.00
0.25
1,453.75
1.50
0.00
0.50
2,907.50
2.00
0.00
0.75
4,361.25
5,815.00
1.00
1.00
5,815.00
10.00
5.46
3.00
17,445.00
20.00
10.93
5.00
29,075.00
50.00
27.32
10.00
58,150.00
300.00
163.93
20.00
116,300.00
500.00
273.22
50.00
290,750.00
1,000.00
546.45
100.00
581,500.00
2,000.00
1,092.90
300.00
1,744,500.00
5,000.00
2,732.24
500.00
2,907,500.00
NOTE: All U.S. dollar values are rounded to the nearest U.S. cent. The value of the
Russian Ruble fluctuates daily according to currency market conditions.
October 1997
Page 1 of 15
U.S. Department of State
NW CIV3970
Background Notes: Russia, June 1997
Released by the Office of Russian Affairs.
Official Name: Russian Federation
Profile
Geography
Area: 17 million sq. km. (6.5 million sq. mi.); about 1.8 times the size of the U.S.
Cities: Capital--Moscow (pop. 9 million). Other cities--St. Petersburg (5 million), Novosibirsk (1.4
million), Nizhniy Novgorod (1.3 million).
Terrain: Broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia;
uplands and mountains (Caucasus range) along southern borders.
Climate: Northern continental, from subarctic to subtropical.
People
ionality: Noun and adjective--Russian(s).
Population (1997 est.): 147.5 million.
HERUBLIC - HUL 7
Annual growth rate: negative.
Ethnic groups: Russian 81%, Tatar 4%, Ukrainian 3%, Other 12%.
Religion: Russian Orthodox, Islam, Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestant, Buddhist, other.
Language: Russian (official); more than 140 other languages and dialects.
Education: Literacy--98% (total population).
Health: Life expectancy--(1996) 58 yrs. men, 72 yrs. women.
Workforce: 85 million (1993). Production and economic services--84%. Government--16%.
Government
Type: Federation.
Independence: August 24, 1991.
Constitution: December 12, 1993.
Branches: Executive: president, prime minister (chairman of the government).
Legislative: Federal Assembly (Federation Council, State Duma).
Judicial: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration, Office of Procurator
General.
Political Parties: shifting. The 1995-96 elections were contested by: Our Home is Russia, Russia's
Democratic Choice, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Agrarian Party, Communist Party of the
Russian Federation, Unity and Accord, Yabloko Bloc, Women of Russia, Democratic Party of
Russia, Russia Forward, Truth and Order, National Patriotic Bloc, Russia's Regions, Congress of
KAZAKHSTAN
Russian Communities.
livisions: 21 autonomous republics and 68 autonomous territories and regions.
frage: Universal at 18 years.
Page 2 of 15
Economy (1996 est.)
GDP: $555 billion.
Growth rate: -6%. (1996)
Per capita GDP: $3,740 (exchange rate method).
Natural resources: Petroleum, natural gas, timber, furs, precious and non-ferrous metals.
Agriculture: Grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, meat, dairy products.
Industry: Complete range of manufactures (automobiles, trucks, trains, agricultural equipment,
advanced aircraft, aerospace, machine and equipment products); mining and extractive industry;
medical and scientific instruments; construction equipment.
Trade: Total Russian exports (fob) in 1996: $87 billion--petroleum and petroleum products, natural
gas, woods and wood products, metals, chemicals. Major markets--EU, NIS, China, Japan. Total
imports (cif) in 1996: $64 billion--machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods,
medicines, meat, sugar, semifinished metal products. Major partners--EU, United States, NIS, Japan,
China. (These figures do not include "shuttle"--or informal, unrecorded trade).
Principal U.S. exports: meat, machinery, tobacco ($3.34 billion--1996).
Principal U.S. imports: aluminum, precious stones and metals, iron and steel ($3.6 billion-1996).
PEOPLE
Russia's area is about 17 million sq. km. (6.5 million sq. mi.). It remains the largest country in the
world by more than 2.5 million sq. mi. Its population density is about 23 persons per square mile (9
per sq. km.), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Its population is
predominantly urban.
Most of the roughly 150 million Russians derive from the Eastern Slavic family of peoples whose
original homeland was probably present-day Poland. Russian is the official language of Russia, and
an official language in the United Nations. As the language of writers such as Tolstoy, Dostoevsky,
Chekov, Pushkin, and Solzhenitsyn, it has great importance in world literature.
Russia's educational system has produced nearly 100% literacy. About 3 million students attend
Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on
science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and
aviation research is generally of a high order. The number of doctors in relation to the population is
high by American standards, although medical care in Russia, even in major cities, is far below
Western standards.
The Russian labor force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is
mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. Millions of Russian workers are
underemployed. Unemployment is highest among women and young people. As many as six million
workers were temporarily furloughed in 1996. Many Russian workers compensate by working other
part-time jobs. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it
engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically, but it has begun to recover.
Moscow is the largest city (population 9 million) and is the capital of the Federation. Moscow
continues to be the center of Russian Government and is increasingly important as an economic and
business center. Its cultural tradition is rich, and visitors will find many museums devoted to art,
literature, music, dance, history, and science. It has hundreds of churches and dozens of notable
cathedrals; it has become Russia's principal magnet for foreign investment and business presence.
St. Petersburg, established in 1703 by Peter the Great as the capital of the Russian Empire, was
called Petrograd during World War I, and Leningrad after 1924. In 1991, as the result of a city
referendum, it was renamed St. Petersburg. Under the tsars, the city was Russia's cultural,
intellectual, commercial, financial, and industrial center. After the capital was moved back to
Moscow in 1918, the city's political significance declined but it remained a cultural, scientific, and
military-industrial center. The Hermitage is one of the world's great fine arts museums. Finally,
15
Page 3 of 15
Vladivostok, located in the Russian Far East, is becoming an important center for trade with the
Pacific Rim countries.
HISTORY
Human experience in Russia's territory dates back to Paleolithic times. Greek traders conducted
extensive commerce with Scythian tribes around the shores of the Black Sea and the Crimean region.
In the third century B.C., Scythians were displaced by Sarmatians, who in turn were overrun by
waves of Germanic Goths in the third century A.D. Asiatic Huns replaced the Goths and were in turn
conquered by Turkic Avars in the sixth century. By the ninth century, Eastern Slavs began to settle
in what is now Ukraine, Belarus, and the Novgorod and Smolensk regions.
In 862, the political entity known as Kievan Rus was established in what is now Ukraine and lasted
until the 12th century. In the 10th century, Christianity became the state religion under Vladimir,
who adopted Greek Orthodox rites. Consequently, Byzantine culture predominated, as is evident in
much of Russia's architectural, musical, and artistic heritage.
Over the next centuries, various invaders assaulted the Kievan state, and finally, Mongols under Batu
Khan destroyed the main population centers except for Novgorod and Pskov and prevailed over the
region until 1480. Muscovite tsars threw off the Mongol influence and gradually expanded their
domain through diplomacy and war, until Ivan III (1462-1505) was able to refer to his empire as "the
Third Rome" and heir to the Byzantine tradition.
The next 200 years saw the ebb and flow of regional conflict, until the Romanov dynasty was
established under Tsar Mikhail in 1613. This dynasty ended with the killing of the Romanov family
by the Bolsheviks in 1917.
During Peter the Great's reign (1689-1725), Russia burst into European and world consciousness,
and European influences spread in Russia. Peter created Western-style military forces, subordinated
the Russian Orthodox Church hierarchy to the tsar, reformed the entire governmental structure, and
established the beginnings of a Western-style education system. His introduction of European
customs generated nationalistic resentments in society, and a philosophical duality of "Westernizers"
and nationalistic "Slavophiles" emerged over the next centuries. This dualism manifested itself in
various ways over time and since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 has re-emerged as a
key dynamic of current Russian social and political thought.
Peter's expansionist policies were continued by Catherine the Great, who established Russia as a
IS
continental power. During her reign (1762-96), power was centralized in the monarchy and
administrative reforms concentrated great wealth and privilege in the hands of the Russian nobility.
n
Napoleon failed in his attempt in 1812 to conquer Russia after occupying Moscow; his defeat and the
continental order that emerged following the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) set the stage for
Russia and Austria-Hungary to dominate the affairs of eastern Europe for the next century. In the
century preceding 1917, Russian culture flourished as Russian artists made significant contributions
to world literature, visual arts, dance, and music.
1
During the 19th century, which saw great social, economic, and political change in the rest of
Europe, the Western Hemisphere, and Asia, the Russian Government sought to suppress repeated
attempts at reform from within as well as in such neighboring states as Austria. Its economy failed to
compete with those of Western countries. Russian cities were growing without an industrial base to
generate employment, although emancipation of the serfs in 1861 foreshadowed urbanization and
rapid industrialization late in the century. At the same time, Russia expanded across Siberia until the
port of Vladivostok was opened on the Pacific coast in 1860. The Trans-Siberian Railroad opened
vast frontiers to development late in the century.
Imperial expansion ended with Russia's defeat in the unpopular Russo-Japanese war in 1905.
Page 4 of
Subsequent disaffection fueled an uprising in 1905 which spurred Tsar Nicholas II to grant a
constitution. The government suppressed opposition and manipulated popular anger into anti-Semiti
pogroms and other actions against national groups. Attempts at economic reform, such as land
reform, were incomplete.
1917 Revolution and the U.S.S.R.
The ruinous effects of World War I, combined with internal pressures, sparked the March 1917
revolution. A provisional government came to power, headed by Aleksandr Kerenskiy. On
November 7, 1917, the Marxist-Leninist Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized control and
established the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. Civil war broke out in 1918 between
Lenin's "Red" army and various "White" forces and lasted until 1920, when, despite foreign
interventions, the Bolsheviks triumphed. After the Red army conquered Ukraine, Belorussia,
Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia, a new nation was formed in 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics.
The U.S.S.R. lasted 69 years. In the 1930s, tens of millions of its citizens were collectivized under
state agricultural and industrial enterprises. Millions died in political purges, the vast penal and labor
system, or in state-created famines. During World War II, as many as 20 million Soviet citizens died.
The totalitarian control of the communist state which survived on the absence of basic freedoms and
the repression of those who sought change robbed the people of the Soviet Union of opportunities to
interact with the rest of the world and to develop their potentials. After 1949, the U.S.S.R. ranked as
a nuclear superpower.
First among its political figures was Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik party and head of the first Soviet
Government, who died in 1924. In the late 1920's, Josif Stalin emerged as General Secretary of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) amidst intraparty rivalries; he maintained complete
control over Soviet domestic and international policy until his death in 1953. His successor, Nikita
Khrushchev, served as Communist Party leader until he was ousted in 1964. Aleksey Kosygin
became Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Leonid Brezhnev was made First Secretary of the
CPSU Central Committee in 1964, but in 1971, Brezhnev rose to become "first among equals" in a
collective leadership. Brezhnev died in 1982 and was succeeded by Yuriy Andropov (1982-84),
Konstantin Chernenko (1984-85), and Mikhail Gorbachev, who resigned as Soviet President on
December 25, 1991. On December 26, 1991, the U.S.S.R. was formally dissolved.
The Russian Federation
After the December 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation became its largest
successor state, inheriting its permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, as well as the
bulk of its foreign assets and debt.
Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote in June 1991. By the fall of 1993,
politics in Russia reached a stalemate between President Yeltsin and the parliament. The parliament
had succeeded in blocking, overturning, or ignoring the President's initiatives on drafting a new
constitution, conducting new elections, and making further progress on democratic and economic
reforms.
In a dramatic speech in September 1993, President Yeltsin dissolved the Russian parliament and
called for new national elections and a new constitution. The standoff between the executive branch
and opponents in the legislature turned violent after supporters of the parliament tried to instigate an
armed insurrection. Yeltsin ordered the army to respond with force to capture the parliament building
(known as the White House).
In December 1993, voters elected a new parliament and approved a new constitution that had been
drafted by the Yeltsin government. Yeltsin has remained the dominant political figure, although a
broad array of parties, including ultra-nationalists, liberals, agrarians, and communists, have
substantial representation in the parliament and compete actively in elections at all levels of
of 15
Page 5 of 15
government.
itic
In late 1994, the Russian security forces launched a brutal operation in the Republic of Chechnya
against rebels who were intent on separation from Russia. Along with their opponents, Russian
forces committed numerous violations of human rights; the Russian army used heavy weapons
against civilians. Tens of thousands of them were killed and over 500,000 displaced during the
course of the war. The protracted conflict, which received close scrutiny in the Russian media, raised
serious concerns abroad as well as within Russia.
id
After numerous unsuccessful attempts to institute a cease-fire, in August 1996 the Russian and
Chechen authorities negotiated a settlement that resulted in a complete withdrawal of Russian troops
and the holding of elections in January 1997. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in
st
Europe (OSCE) played a major role in facilitating the negotiation. A peace treaty was concluded in
May 1997 and the two sides agreed to conclude a final settlement by 2001.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
bor
ed.
In the political system established by the 1993 constitution, the president wields considerable
nd
executive power. There is no vice president, and the legislative is subordinate to the executive. The
to
president nominates the highest state officials--including the prime minister, who must be approved
by the Duma; he may dissolve the Duma if it repeatedly turns down his choice of prime minister.
as
The president can pass decrees without consent from the Duma. He also is head of the armed forces
and of the national security council.
iet
Duma elections were in December 1995 and presidential elections June 1996. The Communist Party
won a plurality of seats in the Duma; the pro-government party ("Our Home is Russia"), the liberal
"Yabloko" bloc and the nationalists also won substantial numbers of seats in the legislature. In the
a
presidential election, Boris Yeltsin was reelected in the second round following a spirited campaign.
he
Both the presidential and parliamentary elections were judged generally free and fair by international
observers.
a
Russia is a federation, but the precise distribution of powers between the central government and the
regional and local authorities is still evolving. The Russian Federation consists of 89 components,
including two federal cities, Moscow and St. Petersburg. The constitution explicitly defines the
federal government's exclusive powers, but it also describes most key regional issues as the joint
responsibility of the federal government and the Federation components.
est
e
Judicial System
Russia's judiciary and justice system are weak. Numerous matters which are dealt with by
administrative authority in European countries remain subject to political influence in Russia. The
Constitutional Court was reconvened in March 1995 following its suspension by President Yeltsin in
nt
October 1993. The 1993 constitution empowers the court to arbitrate disputes between the executive
and legislative branches and between Moscow and the regional and local governments. The court is
also authorized to rule on violations of constitutional rights, to examine appeals from various bodies,
and to participate in impeachment proceedings against the president. The July 1994 Law on the
Constitutional Court prohibits the court from examining cases on its own initiative and limits the
ch
scope of issues the court can hear.
an
In the past three years, the Russian Government has begun to reform the criminal justice system and
ling
judicial institutions, including the reintroduction of jury trials in certain criminal cases. Despite these
efforts, judges are only beginning to assert their constitutionally mandated independence from other
branches of government.
n
Human Rights
Russia's human rights record remains uneven. Despite significant improvements in conditions
following the end of the Soviet Union, some problem areas remain. Although the government has
Page 6 of
made progress in recognizing the legitimacy of international human rights standards, the
institutionalization of procedures to safeguard these rights has lagged. Implementation of the
constitutional provisions for due process and timely trials, for example, has made little progress. In
addition, the judiciary is often subject to manipulation by political authorities and is plagued by larg
case backlogs and trial delays. Lengthy pretrial detention remains a serious problem. There are
credible reports of beating and torturing of inmates and detainees by law enforcement and
correctional officials. Prison conditions fall well below international standards and, according to
human rights groups, in 1996 between 10,000 and 20,000 prisoners and detainees died, most becaus
of overcrowding, disease, and lack of medical care.
Efforts to institutionalize official human rights bodies have been mixed. In 1996, human rights
activist Sergey Kovalev resigned as chairman of the Presidential Human Rights Commission to
protest the government's record, particularly the war in Chechnya. Parliament in 1997 passed a law
establishing a "human rights ombudsman," a position that is provided for in Russia's constitution an
is required of members of the Council of Europe, to which Russia was admitted in February 1996.
The Duma, however, has been unable to agree on a candidate to fill this position. International
human rights groups operate freely in Russia, although the government did hinder the movements
and access to information of some individuals investigating the war in Chechnya.
The government respects freedom of religion and the separation of church and state. In some region:
however, local officials adopt policies that tend to favor the Russian Orthodox Church over the
interests of minority faiths. In some cases, local authorities have hindered the activities of foreign
missionaries. Although Jews and Muslims continue to encounter prejudice and societal
discrimination, they have not been inhibited by the government in the free practice of their religion.
High-ranking federal officials have condemned anti-semitic hate crimes, but law enforcement bodie:
have not effectively prosecuted those responsible.
The constitution guarantees citizens the right to choose their place of residence and to travel abroad.
Some big-city governments, however, have restricted this right through residential registration rules
that closely resemble the Soviet-era "propiska" regulations. Although the rules were touted as a
notification device rather than a control system, their implementation has produced many of the
same results as the propiska system. The freedom to travel abroad and emigrate is respected althoug]
restrictions may apply to those who have had access to state secrets. Recognizing this progress, sinc
1994, President Clinton has found Russia to be in full compliance with the provisions of the
Jackson-Vanik amendment.
Principal Government Officials
President--Boris Yeltsin
Prime Minister--Viktor Chernomyrdin
First Deputy Prime Ministers:
Anatoliy Chubays
Boris Nemtsov
Deputy Prime Ministers:
Alfred Kokh
Yakov Urinson
Vladimir Bulgak
Anatoliy Kulikov
Valeriy Serov
Oleg Sysurev
Key Ministers:
Agriculture-Viktor Khlystun
Civil Defense-Sergey Shoygu
5
Page 7 of 15
CIS Cooperation-Amangeldy Tuleyev
Culture--Yevgeniy Sidorov
efense-Igor Sergeyev
Economic Affairs-Yakov Urinson
Education-Vladimir Kinelev
Environment and Natural Resources-Viktor Orlov
Finance & Deputy Prime Minister-Anatoliy Chubays
Foreign Affairs--Yevgeniy Primakov
Foreign Economic Relations - Mikhail Fradkov
Fuel/Energy-Boris Nemtsov
Health-Tat'yana Dmitriyeva
Internal Affairs-Deputy Prime Minister Anatoliy Kulikov
Justice-Valentin Kovalev
Labor-Oleg Sysuyev
Nationalities--Vyacheslaw Mikhailov
Atomic Energy-Viktor Mikhailov
Science and Technology-Vladimir Fortov
Transport-Nikolay Tsakh
Ambassador to Washington--Yuliy Vorontsov
Ambassador to the United Nations--Sergey Lavrov
The Russian Federation maintains an embassy at 2650 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20007
(tel. 202-298-5700) and a consulate at 1825 Phelps Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel.
202-939-8907). Russian consulates are also located in New York, San Francisco, and Seattle.
ECONOMY
it has moved from a centrally planned economy toward a free market system, the Russian
conomy has undergone considerable stress. The country has established new ties in the world
economy while links to its traditional trade partners have diminished. Russia accounts for more than
one-half of the population of the New Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union and 60%
of their total gross domestic product.
GDP. GDP fell approximately 38.5% between 1992 and 1997, according to official statistics. While
these numbers may not reflect significant economic activity in the unofficial economy, the trend has
certainly been negative and did not reverse by the end of 1996. Unemployment (by ILO definition)
was 9.3% of the work force in 1996, but this figure omits many who work reduced hours or are on
involuntary or voluntary leave.
Monetary Policy. Inflation rose to a peak of 30% per month by January 1993. Since then, monthly
inflation has declined and by the end of 1996 ranged between 0 and 2% per month - marking the
essential stabilization of the macroeconomy. Russia abolished the ruble zone in mid-1993, which
forced other NIS republics to issue their own currencies. A currency corridor, and subsequently a
crawling band mechanism, have been employed by the government since July 1995 to increase ruble
stability and to help dampen inflationary expectations. The average exchange rate in 1996 was 5,120
rubles per U.S.$1.
Government Spending/Taxation. The 1996 federal budget provided a strong underpinning for the
government's stabilization program. However, severe revenue shortfalls resulted in a higher than
expected deficit of 6.1% of GDP. The revenue shortfall situation is widely seen as due to a
combination of factors: the fall in output; weak tax administration practices; an increase in the size of
the gray economy; and a cumbersome tax system, including high rates which provoke evasion.
domestic government securities (GKO) market has grown in line with government needs for
non-inflationary financing, with total GKO's outstanding reaching just under 9% of GDP by
Page 8 of
December 1996. The draft 1997 federal budget called for a deficit of 3.5% of GDP (Ministry of
Finance Definition, which is slightly lower than the IMF definition).
Law. Lack of legislation in many areas of economic activity is a pressing issue. Taxation and
business regulation are unpredictable, and legal enforcement of private business agreements is
almost nonexistent. Many government decisions affecting business have been inconsistent. Crime in
Russia has increased costs for local and foreign businesses.
Natural Resources. With the mineral-packed Ural mountains and the vast oil, gas, coal, and timber
reserves of Siberia and the Russian Far East, Russia is rich in natural resources. Most are located in
remote and climatically unfavorable areas that are difficult to develop and are far from Russian ports.
Oil and gas continue to be the main sources of hard currency. Russia is a leading producer and
exporter of minerals, gold, and all major fuels. The Russian fishing industry is the world's
fourth-largest--behind Japan, the U.S., and China. Russia accounts for one-quarter of the world's
production of fresh and frozen fish and about one-third of world output of canned fish.
Industry. Russia is one of the most industrialized of the former Soviet republics. Besides its
resource-based industries, it has developed large manufacturing capacities, notably in machinery.
Russia inherited most of the defense industrial base of the Soviet Union; converting it to civilian use
is a major goal of the present government.
Agriculture. Russia comprises roughly three-quarters of the territory of the NIS, but has relatively
little area suited for agriculture, because of the arid climate and inconsistent rainfall. Northern areas
concentrate mainly on livestock farming, and the southern parts and western Siberia produce grain.
Agricultural production, chiefly grain and potatoes, accounts for more than one-half of that for the
entire NIS. The transition from centrally planned to market economies requires a radical reform of
agriculture, which has yet to take place.
Investment. Cumulative foreign direct investment in Russia was estimated at $11 billion in 1995,
according to Russian government statistics--a figure-far below its potential. The U.S. was the largest
foreign investor, providing $2 billion of the total. 1996 figures are not yet available but there are no
signs of significant new investment. Domestic investment also lags and is presently the greatest
obstacle to renewed economic growth. Major areas of interest for U.S. investors have been in energy,
food processing, telecommunications, and automobiles. Joint ventures between Russian and foreign
firms account for an increasing share of Russian output and trade and are concentrated in the services
sector.
Trade. Russia has liberalized domestic trade and dismantled most non-tariff restrictions on foreign
trade. State-subsidized imports were phased out in 1994, as was the system of quotas and licensing
for exports. To bolster future foreign trade, Russia applied in June 1993 to the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT)--predecessor to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Russia's average
weighted tariff is 13-14%.
Russia has been running a trade surplus since 1993. Russia's trade is dominated by Europe; Germany
and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe hold the lead. The U.S. is Russia's second largest
trading partner, while China and Japan are Russia's largest Asian trading partners. Trade with the
other NIS states is overwhelmingly in industrial products; Ukraine and Kazakstan are by far the most
important trade partners. Russia continues to supply large amounts of energy to the NIS states at a
discount, although it has tied government credits to debt repayment.
Highlights From Russian Infrastructure Projects
International Space Station. Russia and the U.S. are engaged in a joint flight program to lead to the
development of the international space station. Key elements include: U.S. astronauts on board the
Mir space station for approximately two years; up to 10 U.S. shuttle docking missions; and $400
million in contracts for the provision of hardware, joint technology, and on-board research support
by U.S. firms.
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Sakhalin Island Development. The Marathon, McDermott, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and Shell Sakhalin
II consortium plan to develop large oil and gas fields offshore at Sakhalin Island in a $10 billion
project.
Timan Pechora Exploration. Texaco is involved in a $2.5 billion greenfield oil exploration project
in the Timan Pechora region of the Komi republic.
Civil Aviation. Russian manufacturers are using Western engines and avionics to bring the Russian
civil fleet up to world standards.
Civil Shipbuilding and Harbor Modernization. Russia seeks to modernize the St. Petersburg,
Vladivostok, and other ports. Russian shipyards have built oil tankers, fishing trawlers, cargo ships,
and pleasure craft.
FOREIGN RELATIONS
Russia has taken important steps to become a full partner in the world's principal political groupings.
On December 27, 1991, Russia assumed the seat formerly held by the Soviet Union in the UN
Security Council. Russia also is a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) and the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC). It signed the NATO
Partnership for Peace initiative on June 22, 1994. On May 27, 1997 NATO and Russia signed the
NATO-Russia Founding Act which provides the basis for an enduring and robust partnership
between the Alliance and Russia, one that can make an important contribution to European security
architecture in the 21st century. On June 24, 1994, Russia and the European Union (EU) signed a
partnership and cooperation agreement.
Russia has played an important role in helping mediate international conflicts through its
co-sponsorship of the Middle East peace process and its support of UN and multilateral initiatives in
the Persian Gulf, Cambodia, Angola, the former Yugoslavia, and Haiti. Russia is a member of the
Contact Group; it has contributed troops to the NATO-led stabilization force in Bosnia. Russia has
affirmed its respect for international law and OSCE principles. It has accepted UN and/or OSCE
involvement in instances of regional conflict on its periphery, including the dispatch of observers to
Georgia, Moldova, Tajikistan, and Nagorno-Karabakh.
Defense
Since the breakup of the U.S.S.R., the Russians have discussed rebuilding a viable, cohesive fighting
force out of the remaining parts of the former Soviet armed forces. A new Russian military doctrine,
promulgated in November 1993, implicitly acknowledges the contraction of the old Soviet military
into a regional military power without global imperial ambitions. In keeping with its emphasis on the
threat of regional conflicts, the doctrine calls for a Russian military that is smaller, lighter, and more
mobile, with a higher degree of professionalism and with greater rapid deployment capability. Such a
transformation has proven difficult.
The challenge of this task has been magnified by difficult economic conditions in Russia, which
have resulted in reduced defense spending. This has led to training cutbacks, wage arrears, and
severe shortages of housing and other social amenities for military personnel, with a consequent
lowering of morale, cohesion, and fighting effectiveness. The evidently poor combat performance of
the Russian armed forces in the Chechen conflict in part reflects these breakdowns.
The actual strength of the Russian armed forces probably falls between 1.4 and 1.6 million, with
authorized strength several hundred thousand higher. Weapons production in Russia has fallen
ramatically over the past few years; between 1988 and 1993, it fell by at least 50% for virtually
every major weapons system. Weapons spending in 1992 was approximately 75% less than in 1988.
Much of Russia's weaponry production is for sales to foreign governments.
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About 70% of the former Soviet Union's defense industries is located in the Russian Federation. A
large number of state-owned defense enterprises are on the brink of collapse as a result of cuts in
weapons orders and insufficient funding to shift to production of civilian goods, while at the same
time trying to meet payrolls. Many defense firms have been privatized; some have developed
significant partnerships with U.S. firms.
The Russian military, for the foreseeable future, will play a role in determining Russia's internal
stability and in formulating national policies. This role will be crucial to Russia in proceeding with
political and economic reform and establishing a durable pattern of cooperation with the West.
U.S.-RUSSIA RELATIONS
The United States remains committed to maintaining a constructive relationship with Russia in
which we seek to expand areas of cooperation and frankly air our differences without confrontation.
The United States continues to support Russia's political and economic transformation as well as its
integration into major international organizations. These steps, in conjunction with the massive
reductions in nuclear weapons we have already achieved, have enhanced greatly the security of the
United States.
The intensity and frequency of contacts between President Yeltsin and President Clinton in 1997--in
Helsinki, in Paris and in Denver--are indicative of the strong commitment to, and the necessity of,
the U.S. and Russia working together on a broad range of issues--from European security to
cooperation in reducing the treats that nuclear and chemical weapons pose to our nations to
strengthening Russian/American economic interaction and especially the levels of American
investment in Russia.
Economic Relations
Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission. Under the leadership of Vice President Gore and Prime
Minister Chernomyrdin, the U.S. and Russia are working to advance bilateral cooperation through
eight working committees and several working groups known collectively as the U.S.-Russian Joint
Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation or the Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission.
The committees address issues in the fields of science and technology, business development, space,
energy policy, environmental protection, health, defense conversion, and agriculture. In addition, the
Commission provides a forum for high-level discussions of priority security and economic issues.
The Commission last met in Washington in February 1997 and will meet again later in the year.
Trade and Investment. At the March 1997 summit in Helsinki, Finland, Presidents Clinton and
Yeltsin reemphasized the need to expand trade and investment. They signed a joint "Economic
Initiative" aimed at stimulating Russian economic growth, deepening bilateral economic ties and
accelerating Russian integration into the global economy and its primary multilateral organizations.
President Clinton also announced substantial direct support for trade and investment through the
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) and the Export-Import Bank.
In 1996, Russia ran a bilateral trade surplus with the U.S. of $221 million (based on U.S. exports of
about $3.3 billion and imports of $3.5 billion). The 1992 U.S.-Russia trade agreement provides
mutual most-favored-nation status and offers some intellectual property rights protection. In 1992,
the two countries also signed treaties on the avoidance of double taxation and on bilateral
investment. As of mid-1997, the Russian parliament, however, has not ratified the bilateral
investment treaty, although it has been approved by the U.S. Senate.
The U.S. actively supports Russia's efforts to join the World Trade Organization and Presidents
Clinton and Yeltsin agreed at Helsinki to set 1998 as a target date for Russian accession to that
institution.
Military Issues
5
Page 11 of 15
NATO/Russia Founding Act. Russia signed the NATO Partnership for Peace initiative in June
1994. U.S. and Russian troops are serving together in the Implementation Force in Bosnia and its
successor, the Stabilization Force. Building on these steps, NATO and Russia signed the
NATO-Russia Founding Act on May 27, 1997, in Paris. The Act defines the terms of a
fundamentally new and sustained relationship in which NATO and Russia will consult and
coordinate regularly, and where appropriate, act jointly. Cooperation between NATO and Russia
exists in scientific and technical fields.
Agreements/Cooperation/Nuclear Arms. The U.S. and Russia signed a memorandum of
understanding on defense cooperation in September 1993 that institutionalized and expanded
relations between defense ministries, including establishing a broad range of military-to-military
contacts. The U.S. and Russia carried out a joint peacekeeping training exercise in Totskoye, Russia,
in September 1994. Based on the January 14, 1994, agreement between Presidents Clinton and
Yeltsin, the two nations stopped targeting their strategic nuclear missiles at each other as of May 30,
1994. U.S. and Russian security cooperation emphasizes strategic stability, nuclear safety,
dismantling nuclear weapons, preventing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their
delivery systems, and enhancing military-to-military contacts. At the Lisbon summit in 1992, the
United States signed a protocol to the START I Treaty with Russia, Belarus, Kazakstan, and
Ukraine--where the strategic nuclear weapons of the former Soviet Union were located--making the
four countries party to the treaty and committing all signatories to reductions in strategic nuclear
weapons within the seven-year period provided by the treaty. The treaty entered into force December
5, 1994.
START II. On January 3, 1993, the U.S. and Russia signed the Treaty between the United States of
America and the Russian Federation on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive
Arms (START II). This treaty reduces overall deployments of strategic nuclear weapons on each side
by more than two-thirds from current levels and will eliminate the most destabilizing strategic
weapons--heavy intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and all other deployed multiple-warhead
CBMs. At the September 1994 summit, the two nations agreed to begin removing nuclear warheads
due to be scrapped under START II immediately, once START I takes effect and the START II
Treaty is ratified by both countries, instead of taking the nine years allowed. At their May 1995
summit, Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin agreed on a set of principles that would guide further
inscussion in the field of demarcation between anti-ballistic missile systems and theater missile
defenses. They also agreed on steps to increase the transparency and irreversibility of nuclear arms
reduction and committed not to use newly produced fissile materials or to reuse the fissile materials
removed from nuclear weapons being eliminated and excess to national security requirements in
nuclear weapons. The Russian Duma has not yet ratified START II.
CFE. Following ratification by Russia and the other NIS, the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
Treaty entered into force on November 9, 1992. This treaty establishes comprehensive limits on key
categories of military equipment--tanks, artillery, armored combat vehicles, combat aircraft, and
combat helicopters--and provides for the destruction of weaponry in excess of these limits.
Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR). Often called Nunn-Lugar assistance, this type of assistance
is provided to Russia (as well as Belarus, Kazakstan, and Ukraine) to aid in the dismantling of
weapons of mass destruction and to prevent the proliferation of such weapons. Over $600 million has
been allocated for assistance to Russia during fiscal years 1996 and 1997 under this program and
thirteen implementing agreements have been signed. Key projects have included assistance in the
elimination of strategic offensive arms ($162 million), design and construction of a fissile material
storage facility ($90 million), provision of fissile material containers ($50 million), material control
and accounting and physical protection of nuclear materials ($45 million), and development of a
chemical weapons destruction plan and provision of equipment for a pilot laboratory for the safe and
ecure destruction of chemical weapons ($55 million). Under the CTR program, the U.S. is also
assisting Russia in the development of export controls; providing emergency response equipment
and training to enhance Russia's ability to respond to accidents involving nuclear weapons; providing
Page 12 of 15
increased military-to-military contacts; and encouraging the conversion of Russian defense firms
through the formation of joint ventures to produce products, including housing, for the civilian
market. As part of the CTR program, the U.S. has awarded $20 million to a joint venture project
involving an American housing firm and three Russian aerospace firms to construct housing for
demobilized military officers. Portions of the Russian defense firms will be converted to the
production of prefabricated housing systems and related products. In a multilateral effort (the
European Union, Japan, and Canada are also involved), the U.S. has also provided $50 million to
establish the International Science and Technology Center (ISTC), which provides alternative
peaceful civilian employment opportunities to scientists and engineers of the former Soviet Union
involved with weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems.
Principal U.S. Embassy Officials
Ambassador vacant
Charge d'Affaires - John F. Tefft
Counselor for Political Affairs - John M. Ordway
Counselor for Economic Affairs Clifford Bond
Counselor for Commercial Affairs - John Peters
Counselor for Consular Affairs Michael W. Marine (Susan Wood arrives summer 1997)
Counselor for Administrative Affairs - John O'Keefe
Counselor for Public Affairs - Robert R. Gosende
Counselor for Science and Technology - John C. Zimmerman
Director, U.S. Agency for International Development - Janet Valentine
Senior Representative, Federal Aviation Administration - - Dennis B. Cooper
Immigration and Naturalization Service - Anne Corsano
Department of Energy - Robin J. Copeland
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Douglas Englund
The U.S. embassy in Russia is located at Novinskiy Bulvar 19/23, Moscow (tel. [7] (095) 252-2451
through 59; fax: [7] (095) 956-4261).
Consuls General
Consulate General, St. Petersburg (Furshtatskaya Ulitsa 15, tel. [7] (812) 275-1701)--John Evans
Consulate General, Vladivostok (Mordovtseva Ulitsa 12, tel. [7] (4232) 268-458/554)--Jane Miller
Floyd
Consulate General, Yekaterinburg (tel. [7] (3432) 60-11-43)--Howard Steers
In Moscow, the U.S. Commercial Office is located at Novinskiy Bulvar 15 (tel. [7] (095)
255-4848/4660 or 956-4255, fax: [7] (095) 230-2101). In St. Petersburg, the U.S. Commercial Office
is located at Bolshaya Morskaya Ulitsa 57 (tel. [7] (812) 110-6042, fax: [7] (812) 110-6479).
U.S. Assistance to Russia
U.S. assistance to Russia funded a variety of programs in the following key areas: private-sector
development, privatization and enterprise restructuring, trade and investment, democracy initiatives,
energy, health care, housing, and environment. Humanitarian assistance represented a major portion
of U.S. aid during the initial transition phase in Russia, when there was a pressing need for food,
medicine, and other essential commodities. U.S. efforts now concentrate on limited technical
assistance, citizen exchanges and partnerships and direct support for trade and investment.
To date, the U.S. government has provided a total of $4.7 billion in grant assistance to Russia ($2
billion in economic and technical assistance, $1.7 billion in humanitarian and food assistance, and $1
billion in security and weapons dismantlement assistance) and is supporting over $6 billion worth of
financing and insurance. The annual level of economic and technical assistance for Russia has
declined from a peak of $1.6 billion in 1994 to $95 million in 1997.
U.S. Support for Russian Democracy and Development
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Page 13 of 15
The U.S. Government has been in the forefront of delivering privatization assistance to Russia since
October 1992.
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). USAID has the principal responsibility for
implementing technical assistance to Russia and the other New Independent States. In FY 1994,
USAID devoted over $1.6 billion in assistance to help Russia develop democratic institutions and
transform its state-controlled economy to one based on market principles. Programs are active in the
areas of privatization and private sector development, agriculture, energy, housing reform, health,
environmental protection, economic restructuring, independent media, elections, and the rule of law.
The U.S. recently pledged $30 million to help Russia in its fight against crime and to support a new
legal infrastructure.
U.S. Export-Import Bank (Eximbank). Eximbank approved about $2 billion in loans, loan
guarantees, and insurance for transactions in Russia from 1991 to March 1995. Of this total, more
than $1 billion was approved under its Oil and Gas Framework Agreement.
U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). OPIC provides loans, loan guarantees,
and commercial and political investment insurance to American companies investing in Russia. As
of FY 1996, OPIC approved more than $3 billion in investment financing and insurance for 125
ventures.
Trade and Development Agency (TDA) and Department of Commerce. TDA has approved
approximately $46 million in funding for feasibility studies on over 120 investment projects.
Commerce Department. American Business Centers have been opened in St. Petersburg,
Nizhnevartovsk, Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Khaborovsk,
Vladivostok, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, and Chelyabinsk to help U.S. and Russian companies do business
in Russia. The Commerce Department has also established a Special American Business Internship
Program (SABIT) in Russia, and an NIS business information system.
Agricultural Credit. For 1997, the U.S. has authorized $120 million in export credit guarantees in
connection with sales of U.S. agricultural commodities under a private banking sector program in
Russia as part of the Commodity Credit Corporation's Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102).
U.S. Information Agency (USIA). USIA public diplomacy is active in the areas of promoting the
growth of democracy and civil society, encouraging economic reform and growth of a market
economy, explaining and building support for U.S. foreign policy objectives, and building
understanding of U.S. society and culture. Professional and educational exchanges cover such
diverse fields as journalism, public administration, local government, business management,
education, political science and civics education. Over 20,000 Russians have participated in
USIA-funded exchanges over the past five years.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. A variety of technical assistance activities are coordinated by
USDA under the Emerging Democracies Program. In March 1994, a U.S.-Russia Joint Commission
for Agribusiness and Rural Development was established to channel funds generated by the sale of
donated U.S. commodities to support private and social initiatives in rural communities throughout
Russia.
Eurasia Foundation. The Foundation--a private, non-profit, grant-making organization supported
by U.S. funds--has disbursed more than $24 million in small grants to U.S. and indigenous
organizations promoting reform in Russia and the other NIS.
TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION
The U.S. Department of State's Consular Information Program provides Travel Warnings and
Consular Information Sheets. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends
that Americans avoid travel to a certain country. Consular Information Sheets exist for all
countries and include information on immigration practices, currency regulations, health conditions,
areas of instability, crime and security, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. posts in
the country. Public Announcements are issued as a means to disseminate information quickly about
terrorist threats and other relatively short-term conditions overseas which pose significant risks to the
security of American travelers. Free copies of this information are available by calling the Bureau of
Consular Affairs at 202-647-5225 or via the fax-on-demand system: 202-647-3000. Travel Warnings
Page 14 of 1
and Consular Information Sheets also are available on the Consular Affairs Internet home page:
http://travel.state.gov and the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB). To access CABB, the
modem number: (301-946-4400 (it will accommodate up to 33,600 bps), set terminal
communications program to N-8-1 (no parity, 8 bits, 1 stop bit); and terminal emulation to V1.00.
The login is travel and the password is info (Note: Lower case is required). The CABB also carries
international security information from the Overseas Security Advisory Council and Department's
Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Consular Affairs Trips for Travelers publication series, which
contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad, can be purchased from
the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh,
PA 15250-7954; telephone: 202-512-1800; fax 202-512-2250.
Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained from the Office
of Overseas Citizens Services at (202) 647-5225. For after-hours emergencies, Sundays and
holidays, call 202-647-4000.
Passport Services information can be obtained by calling the 24-hour, 7-day a week automated
system ($.35 per minute) or live operators 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (EST) Monday-Friday ($1.05 per minute).
The number is 1-900-225-5674 (TDD: 1-900-225-7778). Major credit card users (for a flat rate of
$4.95) may call 1-888-362-8668 (TDD: 1-888-498-3648)
Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at (404) 332-4559 gives the most recent health advisories,
immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for
regions and countries. A booklet entitled Health Information for International Travel (HHS
publication number CDC-95-8280) is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402, tel. (202) 512-1800.
Information on travel conditions, visa requirements, currency and customs regulations,
I
holidays, and other items of interest to travelers álso may be obtained before your departure om
a country's embassy and/or consulates in the U.S. (for this country, see "Principal Government
Officials" listing in this publication).
U.S. citizens who are long-term visitors or traveling in dangerous areas, are encouraged to
register at the U.S. embassy upon arrival in a country (see "Principal U.S. Embassy Officials"
listing in this publication). This may help family members contact you in case of an emergency.
Further Electronic Information:
Department of State Foreign Affairs Network. Available on the Internet, DOSFAN provides
timely, global access to official U.S. foreign policy information. Updated daily, DOSFAN includes
Background Notes; Dispatch, the official magazine of U.S. foreign policy; daily press briefings;
directories of key officers of foreign service posts; etc. DOSFAN's World Wide Web site is at U.S.
State Department Home Page; this site has a link to the DOSFAN Gopher Research Collection,
which also is accessible at gopher://gopher.state.gov
U.S. Foreign Affairs on CD-ROM (USFAC). Published on a semi-annual basis by the U.S.
Department of State, USFAC archives information on the Department of State Foreign Affairs
Network, and includes an array of official foreign policy information from 1990 to the present.
Contact the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954,
Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. To order, call (202) 512-1800 or fax (202) 512-2250.
National Trade Data Bank (NTDB). Operated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the NTDB
contains a wealth of trade-related information, including Country Commercial Guides. It is avail
on the Internet (www.stat-usa.gov) and on CD-ROM. Call the NTDB Help-Line at (202) 482-
for more information.
U.S. Department of State
Bureau of Consular Affairs
Washington, DC 20520
For recorded travel Information, call 202-647-5225
Internet Address: travel. state.gov
For information by fax. call 202-647-3000 from your fax machine
Consular Information Sheet
Russia
May 2. 1997
Country Description: Russia is a nation undergoing profound political and economic change.
Travel to the Republic of Chechnya and the immediate surrounding regions is extremely
dangerous due to continued political tension in the area. While tourist facilities exist in Moscow
and some other large cities, they are not developed in most of Russia, and many of the goods and
services taken for granted in other countries are not yet available. Travelers may need to cross
great distances, especially in Siberia and the Far East. to obtain services from Russian
government organizations, the U.S. Embassy in Moscow or one of the three consulates in St.
Petersburg. Yekaterinburg or Vladivostok.
Entry and Exit Requirements: All Americans traveling to or transiting through Russia by any
means of transportation must have a passport and visa. Travelers who arrive without a
passport or entry visa may be subject to large fines. days of processing requirements imposed by
Russian officials, and/or immediate departure by route of entry (at the traveler's expense).
Visas, other than for transit purposes, are issued based on support from a Russian individual or
organization - the sponsor. It is very important to know who your sponsor is and how he or she
can be contacted. as Russian law requires that the sponsor apply for replacement. extension or
changes to your visa. The U.S. Embassy cannot act as a sponsor. Tourists should contact their
tour company or hotel in advance for information on visa sponsorship.
All foreigners must have an exit visa to depart. For short stays, the exit visa is issued along with
the entry visa. For longer stays, the exit visa must be obtained by the sponsor after the traveler's
arrival. All travelers who spend more than three days in Russia must register their visa through
their hotel or sponsor. Visitors who overstay their visa's validity. even for one day. or neglect to
register their visa, may be prevented from leaving. Errors in dates or other information on the
visa can occur, and ft is helpful to have someone who reads Russian check the visa before
departing the U.S. Travelers should have all points of entry and all itinerary points in the
Russian Federation printed on their visa, in order to avoid potential difficulties in registering
their visas and lengthy delays in travel. Due to the possibility of random document checks by
police, U.S. citizens should carry their original or photocopies of their passports and registered
visas. Failure to provide proper documentation can result in detention and/or heavy fines.
HIV Testing Requirement: Under a 1995 Russian law. any person applying for a visa for a stay of
more than three months must present a certificate showing that the individual is HIV negative.
The certificate must contain the applicant's passport data. proposed length of stay in Russia,
blood test results for HIV infection, including date of the test, signature of the doctor conducting
the test. medical examination results. diagnostic series, and seal of the hospital/medical
organization. The certificate must be in both Russian and English and valid for three months
from the date of medical examination and blood test.
For information concerning entry. exit and HIV requirements. travelers can contact the Russian
Embassy Consular Division, 1825 Phelps Place. NW. Washington, D.C. 20008. telephone (202)
939-8918. or the Consulates in New York, San Francisco or Seattle.
Air Travel: Air travel within Russia is often unreliable. with unpredictable schedules and
difficult conditions, including deterioration of the quality of service. Russian based airlines
certified to operate internationally meet higher standards than domestic-only air carriers, yet
they also fly to most domestic destinations.
Areas of Instability: Travel to the Republic of Chechnya and the immediate surrounding regions
is extremely dangerous due to continued political tension in the area. Two U.S. citizens have
disappeared in Chechnya and remain unaccounted for. Chechen separatists and those
sympathetic to their cause, have taken hostages on several occasions. In addition, public
gatherings and demonstrations occur frequently in Russia, particularly in Moscow. Although
such demonstrations are usually peaceful, travelers are urged to exercise caution when in areas
where large groups are gathered.
Traffic Safety and Road Conditions: Inclement weather and lack of routine maintenance make
road conditions throughout Russia highly variable. Drivers and pedestrians should exercise
extreme caution to avoid accidents, which are commonplace. Traffic police sometimes stop
motorists to extract cash "fines". and bandits occasionally prey on travelers.
Medical Facilities: Medical care is usually far below Western standards, with severe shortages of
basic medical supplies. Access to the few quality facilities that exist in major cities usually
requires cash, dollar payment at Western rates upon admission. The U.S. Embassy and
Consulates maintain lists of such facilities and English-speaking doctors. Many resident
Americans travel to the West for virtually all of their medical needs: such travel can be very
expensive if undertaken under emergency conditions.
Travelers may therefore wish to check their insurance coverage and consider supplemental
coverage for medical evacuation. Elderly travelers and those with existing health problems may
be at particular risk. The cost of a medical evacuation from the Russian Far East can be as high
as $50,000. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention's international traveler's hotline at (404) 332-4559 or via the CDC home
page on the Internet at http://www.cdc.gov.
Crime Information: Crime against foreigners is a problem, especially in major cities.
Pickpocketings, assaults and robberies occur day and night. The most vulnerable areas include
underground walkways and the subway. overnight trains, train stations, airports, markets,
tourist attractions, restaurants and hotel rooms and residences, even when locked or occupied.
Groups of children are known to assault and rob foreigners on city streets or underground
walkways. Foreigners who have been drinking alcohol are especially vulnerable to assault and
robbery in or around night clubs or bars, or on their way home. Robberies may occur in taxis
shared with strangers. Travelers have found It safer to travel in groups organized by reputable
tour agencies. as solo travelers are more vulnerable to crime.
The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and
the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If you receive a replacement for your lost or stolen U.S.
passport from the U.S. Embassy or a Consulate in Russia, your exit visa must also be replaced.
with assistance from your sponsor, so that the passport number written on the visa matches
your new passport. This requires a Russian police report. The Department of State's pamphlet
"A Safe Trip Abroad" provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting
personal security while traveling abroad. Additional information on the region can be found in
the brochure "Tips for Travelers to Russia and the Newly Independent States." Both publications
are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington D.C. 20402.
Crime Against Foreign Businesses: Extortion and corruption are common in the business
environment. Organized criminal groups target foreign businesses in many cities and have been
known to demand protection money under threat of serious violence. Many Western firms hire
security services which have improved their overall security. although this is no guarantee.
Small businesses are particularly vulnerable. Over the past several years, several American
business people have been attacked. kidnapped and even killed. U.S. citizens are encouraged to
report all extortion attempts to the Russian authorities and to inform consular officials at the
U.S. Embassy or nearest consulate.
Currency Exchange: The ruble is the only legal tender. It is illegal to pay for goods and services
in U.S. dollars. except at authorized retail establishments. Old or very worn dollar bills are
often not accepted at banks and exchange offices. even though this is also a violation of currency
laws. Travelers checks and credit cards are not widely accepted: credit cards are only accepted at
establishments catering to Westerners. Major hotels or the American Express offices in Moscow
or St. Petersburg may be able to suggest locations for cashing travelers checks or obtaining cash
advances on credit cards. Western Union has agents in Moscow, St. Petersburg. and some other
large cities which disburse money wired from the U.S.
Customs Regulations: Russian customs laws and regulations are complicated and highly
discretionary. A 30 percent duty is required to export any personal item(s) worth over $10,000.
Moreover. export duties may be imposed on any items which are determined by customs officials
at the point of departure to be of commercial use. All items which may appear to have historical
or cultural value -- icons, art, rugs, antiques, etc. -- may be taken out of Russia only with prior
written approval of the Ministry of Culture and payment of 100 percent duty. Certain items,
such as caviar, medications. jewelry. precious or semiprecious stones or metals. and fuel may be
exported duty-free in limited amounts only. Computers. electronic notebooks and related
hardware must be presented to customs officials at Moscow's Sheremetyevo airport for scanning
at least two hours prior to departure. Failure to follow the customs regulations may result in
penalties ranging from confiscation of the property in question and/or the imposition of fines
to arrest and possible imprisonment.
All travelers must also present a customs declaration upon arrival in which the amount of
currency brought into the country is declared and any items of value are listed. Travelers should
ensure that this declaration is officially stamped by customs officials at the point of entry in
order to prevent possible difficulties in taking currency and valuables back out.
Drug Penalties: U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the country in which they are traveling.
Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict and convicted offenders
can expect jail sentences and fines.
Registration and Embassy Location: All Americans who reside in Russia for three months or
longer are encouraged to register at the U.S. Embassy or at one of the U.S. consulates. Americans
who will remain for shorter periods may also register and inquire about updated travel and
security information. Registration allows for quicker replacement of a lost or stolen passport,
as well as contact in case of emergency.
The U.S. Embassy is located in Moscow at Novinskiy Bulvar 19/23: tel. (7)(095) 252-2451; fax (7)
KINGZ REFUBLIC
(095) 956-4261. After hours emergencies: tel. (7)(095) 252-1898 or 255-5123.
U.S. Consulates are located at:
St. Petersburg: Ulitsa Furshtadskaya 15; tel. (7-812) 275-1701; fax (7-812) 110-7022. After hours
emergencies: (7-812) 274-8692.
Vladivostok: 32 Pushkin St: tel. (7-4232) 268-458 or 300-070; fax (7-4232) 300-091.
Yekaterinburg: 15A Ulitsa Gogolya. 4th Floor. tel. (7-3432) 564-619; fax (7-3432) 564-515.
No. 97-074
This replaces the Consular Information Sheet dated July 12. 1996, to update information on
entry and exit requirements. air travel. areas of instability. crime, crime against foreign
businesses, currency exchange, and customs regulations.
KAZAKHSTA AN
James Franklin Collins
U.S. Ambassador to Russia
President Clinton appointed James Franklin Collins to be U.S. Ambassador to Russia on
May 30, 1997. He took up his post in early September 1997. Ambassador Collins is a Career
Member of the Senior Foreign Service, class of Minister Counselor. He currently serves as
Ambassador-at-Large and Special Advisor to the Secretary for the New Independent States in
the Department of State. Prior to that position he served as Senior Coordinator in the Office of
the Ambassador-at-Large for the New Independent States and as Deputy Chief of Mission,
Moscow.
Before joining the Department of State, Ambassador Collins taught Russian and European
History at the U.S. Naval Academy. He has also served as Political Counselor in Amman,
Jordan, and as Vice Consul in Izmir, Turkey. At the Department of State he has served as
Deputy Executive Secretary for Europe and Latin America and Director of the State
Department's Operations Center. He has held positions in the Bureau of European and
Canadian Affairs, Bureau of Near East and South Asian Affairs, and the Bureau of Intelligence
and Research. He has also served as a member of the National-Security Council staff as
Director for Intelligence Policy. During his career, Ambassador Collins has received several
Meritorious and Superior Honor Awards, the Secretary of State's Award for Distinguished
Service in January 1993 and the Department's Distinguished Honor Award in October 1993.
Ambassador Collins received an A.B. (cum laude) from Harvard University in 1961 and an
M.A. from Indiana University in 1964. He conducted research as an exchange fellow at
Moscow University in 1965 and the British Museum in London in 1966. Married for 32 years
to Dr. Naomi F. Collins, the current Executive Director at NAFSA, an association of
international educators headquartered in Washington, D.C., he and his wife have two grown
sons.
Key U.S. Officials in Moscow
Deputy Chief of Mission
John F. Tefft
Political Affairs
John M. Ordway
Economic Affairs
Clifford Bond
Administrative Affairs
John O'Keefe
Commercial Affairs
John Peters
Consular Affairs
Susan Wood
Regional Security Affairs
Tony Bell
Public Affairs
Robert R. Gosende
ist
3pm / Thesday briefing
1
dedication
2
public provite partnership
3
Cluldcan
annuersam of 6 months
Kansas Chamber of Commence
TBD
Russ Meyen
trainee (woman)
Pre = program
Potus
Glickman
Cromo
Shala la
Tehant
Alvarez
Herman
Senators
Mayor GN
Dole
Kassen ban
Cabinet
Support Nation - states
economic returnl democration
Vazaclistan
has attracted
Uzbec. - works
Kaz.
Uz
Ukraine- m econ you
peaceful transitions
veconnize macro informs , micro prob- - accountability
privatization
heart
NGO'S
illuminate processes
Prinatize infrastructure
public confidence is low.
Kazakshstan- highlo ethnic Russians - Northern tain
separtist movement
Kyrgyzstan - not richin natural resources GDP is
growing 5%
in96 Open is west- more libual
Uzbevistan - Cotton kug, SOEO Uzbek homog.
President- ambitions
Samarkand Bukhana- - lust- Mongols - Silu trele
Bussia- elected officials
new to This veglon -obligation
to Constituents. still depend on Moscow Aubsiders
50% is 24v
Yekaterinberg
Romandfs
were assasinated here.
Russia 35-33
Remains / Bones
Ukvaine-
2020 are ethnic russians Part of Polish embire
Center of Jewish culture Prior to Holocaust.
(previously Check part of Poland) Sub dioce of Dolish
Women
Pre-Soviet- women Sequested Polygram
Soviet- mandatory education of women. Increase
of when Disfessionals
generational dircus
veil burning
- AGea promixed for manriage- marry at 16,17
live wl husband's family
- Strengthen family - Clan unity - grand
against Clan fighting (aserists in
Tagikistan)
A
Different Voice
Children
Cane Gillign
C
- health issues- air pollution damage
to environment over imigation
- high pesticides used in cotton growth
Clubdren used to pick
Russia / Ukeaine women
- women 60-7020 of unem playment
- classed growth spirt
- domestic Violence , vepe d abuse major pwhs.
- unavailability of contraception Abortion
as Contraception
Cluldien:
yelkom Radio address
142 million children homeless orphans
knowled from homes
400 American adoptions / month
Health Russia/ Ukalue
- abortion high
- AIDS/HIV
- liscr taberculosis up6920 since 92
- Incr. of childhood Thyroid Cancer
Since Chernobyl
us assistance
- Bishkek / Ukraine Shipments
- probs w/ Cynicism
- us enagaement for long term
partnership for freedom:
Q
econ growth need smoth for
the stability
Create relationships through exchage
& partneship - love term
3
democracy / huna vights
- being engaged exates incremental improvements
these Countries want us to be There
Themes
Dole of women in Civil sociting
Role of women in economic life
$
women's health
1
Children's health
Vekaterinbeg - (U.S.Pittsbug 1952)
Novosibiosic vailvoad town - trans siberian vailned
- -a lot is happening at local level -
avenage day to dan
education, healthcare
delivered or not
variouell leadus
Creak opportunities
- life at human level -attention to Things our
policy has Shortchanged - -taken fingranted
- Yeltsin appealed to These issues Chase middle
Gyed ladies). legitimated middle aged nome
Mrs. yelsin kpresents Some of These.
- Integration into Western world
OSCE membership
u.s. has encouraged Europe to become
enagal in These areas
Specific engagement This year bi latual
us
us
Ukraine- very insecure about U.S. clationship.
HRe visit help build pw- support kform policy
econ. decline since collapse of USSR.
Parliamentary elections in March-
Victory for leffist forces ( commumist)
Kirchma- - paralized - afraid of movement
Prons w/ govt. comption, pay offs need for
regulatory refurn
loss Q the social saften hes- benefits VS. proos
d
order Meals (Get nome from Kelly)
2
Weather five casts (Brian)
legal Refurn -
r newcivil code
tax code
-pwbs. wl informent
Women-unskilled labur face- double duty
us I NIS Women's Consortion
encourage oreginization & teaching
Elementam & Secondary education transformation
creation of modern Curricalum
George SOROS-
- 100 million scientific projects at end of ussn
- Picot projects - basic Public health
(predominently NGOS)
next week onthe hill
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RE: Staff on UZ Government Plane (1 page)
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COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
First Lady's Office
Karen Finney (Press Office)
OA/Box Number: 10673
FOLDER TITLE:
[Trip of the First Lady to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and Ukraine,
November 9-18, 1997 - Briefing Papers] [loose]
2015-0734-S
db3895
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Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
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b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
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Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
002. list
RE: Staff on Government Plane (1 page)
00/00/0000
b(7)(C), b(7)(E), b(6)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
First Lady's Office
Karen Finney (Press Office)
OA/Box Number: 10673
FOLDER TITLE:
[Trip of the First Lady to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Russia, and Ukraine,
November 9-18, 1997 - Briefing Papers] [loose]
2015-0734-S
db3895
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.