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Women – Congress / History
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Records of the First Lady's Office (Clinton Administration)
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women- Congress/History
PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
WOMEN IN CONGRESS, 1917-1990
Prepared under the direction of the
Commission on the Bicentenary of the
U.S. House of Representatives
by the
Office of the Historian,
U.S. House of Representatives
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1991
REBECCA LATIMER FELTON
(Georgia Department of Archives and History)
United States Senator
Democrat of Georgia
Sixty-seventh Congress
November 21, 1922-November 22, 1922
Rebecca Felton's brief and essentially sym-
of Representatives and went on to a work as a
bolic service in the Senate stood in contrast to
lecturer and newspaper writer, finally becom-
her decades of substantive participation in
ing the first woman to serve in the United
Georgia politics and civic affairs. Outspoken,
States Senate.
determined, and irascible, Felton was involved
Rebecca Ann Latimer was born on June 10,
in public life from the 1870s through the
1835, near Decatur, De Kalb County, Georgia.
1920s. She first entered politics during her
She attended several private schools in the
husband's successful campaign for the House
area before graduating from Madison Female
65
College in 1852. The following year she mar-
Felton's personal determination, if not her
ried William H. Felton, an ordained Method-
varied political views, was much in evidence
ist minister and physician, and lived with him
in her fleeting Senate career. When Senator
on a farm near Cartersville, Georgia. In the
Tom Watson, an old Populist ally of the Fel-
years following the Civil War, the Feltons
tons, died in office on September 26, 1922,
worked to restore their heavily-damaged
Governor Thomas Hardwick designated
farm, and she taught school. In 1874, Rebecca
Felton on October 3 as a temporary successor
Felton worked as a campaign manager for her
to the Senate seat. The governor, who opposed
husband who ran for Congress on a ticket op-
the Nineteenth Amendment while a member
posing the "Bourbon" Democrats. She contin-
of Congress, hoped the appointment would ap-
ued to be a close adviser during his three
pease newly enfranchised women, but never
terms in the House and later service in the
intended for the nominee actually to serve
state legislature.
before an elected successor could be chosen
In conjunction with her husband's political
prior to the reconvening of Congress. The
career and in her own work as a lecturer and
eighty-seven year old Felton, however, con-
writer, Rebecca Felton endorsed many of the
vinced Senator-elect Walter George to delay
crusades of Southern progressivism. She sup-
presenting his credentials so that she might
ported woman's suffrage, prohibition, and
be sworn in and serve for two days.
public education, especially vocational train-
On November 20, 1922, Felton took her seat
ing for girls, while fighting the state's system
in the Senate chamber, and the following day
of convict leasing. Felton was also prone to
she was sworn in as that body's first woman
harsh, personal attacks on perceived enemies
member and the oldest senator at the time of
and articulated an often brutal vision of social
swearing-in. A day later, when the Senate
order. Even in an age noted for intolerance
first proceeded to business and beneath a gal-
and racism, Felton's judgements were fre-
lery filled with women assembled for the occa-
quently extreme. She attacked Jews, Catho-
sion, Felton made brief remarks before resign-
lics, and blacks, going so far as to endorse
ing her seat in favor of George who was
mass lynchings of blacks as a warning against
present for the occasion. She thus gained the
suspected rapists. Such newspaper columns
further and dubious distinction of being the
attracted great attention up through 1920
senator with the shortest term of service.
when she mounted an attack on Woodrow
Felton returned to Cartersville, Georgia,
Wilson and the proposed League of Nations in
and continued to write on public affairs. She
one of her last public campaigns.
died in Atlanta on January 24, 1930.
66
HATTIE WYATT CARAWAY
(Arkansas History Commission)
United States Senator
Democrat of Arkansas
Seventy-second-Seventy-eighth Congresses
November 13, 1931-January 2, 1945
The first woman elected to the United
1902 and moved with him to Jonesboro, Ar-
States Senate, Hattie Caraway was born
kansas.
Hattie Ophelia Wyatt in Bakerville, Tennes-
Thaddeus Caraway was elected to the
see, on February 1, 1878. After attending
House of Representatives in 1912 and to the
public schools and graduating from Dickson
Senate in 1920. Following Caraway's death on
(Tennessee) Normal College in 1896, she mar-
November 6, 1931, Arkansas Governor Harvey
ried Thaddeus Horatius Caraway in February
Parnell appointed Hattie Caraway to fill the
vacancy until a special election for the re-
41
mainder of Thaddeus Caraway's term was
cultural constituency. She was particularly in-
held in January 1932. Although Caraway won
terested in farm relief and flood control. She
the special election, she was given little
was a prohibitionist, a critic of lobbying
chance to win the August 1932 primary for
groups, a friend of veterans and a co-sponsor
the full six-year term against four opponents,
of a proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the
including former Governor Charles H. Brough
Constitution. Like most of her southern col-
and former Senator William F. Kirby. Her op-
leagues she opposed the anti-lynching law of
portunities improved overnight when Senator
1938 and a proposed bill of 1942 to eliminate
Huey P. Long entered the campaign on
the poll tax.
Caraway's behalf. The charismatic Louisianan
effectively portrayed her as a champion of
At the opening of the Seventy-third Con-
poor white farmers and workers and as a Sen-
gress in 1933, Caraway was elected chair of
ator whom monied interests were unable to
the Committee on Enrolled Bills and served in
control. Long genuinely sympathized with
that position until she left the Senate in 1945.
Caraway and, with an eye to his possible can-
She also served on the Committee on Agricul-
didacy for president, was eager to demon-
ture and Forestry and the Committee on Com-
strate that his popularity extended beyond
merce. In 1938 Caraway won renomination by
Louisiana. He also hoped to humiliate and
narrowly defeating Sixth District Representa-
frighten Caraway's Arkansas colleague,
tive John L. McClellan, who would later serve
Senate minority leader Joseph T. Robinson, a
Arkansas in the Senate for thirty-four years.
zealous enemy of Long. Caraway easily won
She ran for renomination to a third term in
the primary and was elected in November, de-
1944 but finished last in a four-candidate race
feating independent candidate Rex Floyd.
won by Third District Representative J. Wil-
Although it was rare for Caraway to partici-
liam Fulbright. Shortly after her legislative
pate in debate or deliver a speech on the
career ended she was nominated by Roosevelt
Senate floor, she eventually gained respect as
and confirmed by the Senate as a member of
a conscientious senator who generally sup-
the Employees' Compensation Commission on
ported the foreign policy and the domestic
which she served from 1946 to 1950. She died
economic program of President Roosevelt and
in Falls Church, Virginia, on December 21,
was attentive to the needs of her largely agri-
1950.
42
ROSE McCONNELL LONG
(U.S. Senate Historical Office)
United States Senator
Democrat of Louisiana
Seventy-fourth Congress
January 31, 1936-January 3, 1937
The appointment and subsequent election of
April elections. Governor O.K. Allen was
Rose Long to the Senate seat of her late hus-
nominated to fill out the remainder of Long's
band followed a factional dispute that was
Senate term while the speaker of the Louisi-
convoluted even by the standards of Huey
ana House of Representatives, Allen Ellender,
Long's Louisiana. After Huey Long's assassi-
would run for the succeeding six-year term.
nation in September 1935, the leaders of his
Richard W. Leche was chosen as candidate for
political organization designated candidates
governor, and Earl Long, Huey's brother,
for the primary of January 21, 1936, and the
would displace the acting lieutenant governor,
143
James A. Noe. When Allen died before his
1936 she joined her Louisiana colleague, John
election to the short Senate term, Noe suc-
H. Overton, and the senators from Arkansas
ceeded him as governor and refused to carry
and Texas to seek authorization of the attend-
out the plans of the Long organization that
ance of the Marine Band at centennial cele-
had snubbed him. He refused their requests to
brations in Arkansas and Texas and at the
appoint Ellender, preferring to name Rose
forty-sixth Confederate Reunion in Shreve-
McConnell Long on January 31, 1936.
port. Long's low-key service on committee and
Rose Long was sworn in on February 10
in the full Senate was in marked contrast to
and on April 21 she won the special election
the flamboyance of her husband. She retired
held to fill the remaining months in her hus-
to Shreveport at the end of her term.
band's term. She took the oath of office a
Rose McConnell was born in Greensburg,
second time on May 19, 1936, and served until
Indiana, on April 8, 1892, and moved with her
the end of the Seventy-fourth Congress. Her
family to Shreveport, Louisiana, in 1901. She
five committee assignments were Claims, Im-
married Huey Long in 1913 and worked as a
migration, Interoceanic Canals, Post Offices
and Post Roads, and Public Lands and Sur-
secretary while he attended law school at
veys. From her seat on Public Lands and Sur-
Tulane University. Their son, Russell Long
was elected to the Senate from Louisiana in
veys she proposed a successful measure to en-
large the Chalmette National Park on the site
1948 and served until 1987. Rose Long died in
of the battle of New Orleans. In March of
Boulder, Colorado, on May 27, 1970.
144
DIXIE BIBB GRAVES
(Alabama Department of Archives and History)
United States Senator
Democrat of Alabama
Seventy-fifth Congress
August 20, 1937-January 10, 1938
Governor Bibb Graves of Alabama provoked
cal allies at the same time that he subjected
a storm of criticism in 1937 when he named
himself to charges of nepotism and a disre-
his wife, Dixie Bibb Graves, to fill the Senate
gard for the needs of constituents.
seat vacated by Hugo Black who resigned to
For her part, Dixie Bibb Graves found ce-
accept his nomination as associate justice of
lebrity and condemnation for her speech on
the U.S. Supreme Court. By avoiding the en-
the Senate floor on November 19, 1937, during
dorsement of intra-party rivals for Black's
debate on the Wagner-Van Nuys Anti-Lynch-
seat, Governor Graves maintained his politi-
ing Bill. Federal enforcement of an anti-lynch-
83
ing law, she maintained, was a dangerous in-
from the Senate in order that her husband
fringement of state sovereignty and an insult
might appoint Hill to the seat immediately.
to the law enforcement officers of the South
During her five months in office she served on
whom she thought responsible for a decrease
the Committee on Claims, the Committee on
in lynching over the previous decade. Without
Education and Labor, and the Committee on
federal interference, lynching might be elimi-
Mines and Mining.
nated in five years, according to Graves.
Dixie Bibb was born July 26, 1882, on a
While northern newspapers denounced
plantation at Hope Hull, Alabama, near
Graves' remarks, Governor Graves distributed
Montgomery, where she was raised with her
copies of the speech throughout Alabama, and
orphaned cousin, Bibb Graves. The two mar-
white citizens mounted a write-in campaign to
ried in 1900. She was involved in a wide varie-
place Dixie Graves' name in the special elec-
ty of civic organizations and clubs such as the
tion for the remainder of Black's term.
Women's Christian Temperance Union and
Graves declined to run in the special elec-
the Alabama Federation of Women's Clubs.
tion which was won by Representative Lister
From 1915 to 1917 she was president of the
Hill when he defeated former Senator J.
United Daughters of the Confederacy. Graves
Thomas Heflin. On January 10, 1938, six days
died in Montgomery, Alabama, on January
after the special election, Graves resigned
21, 1965.
84
GLADYS PYLE
(U.S. House of Representatives
United States Senator
Republican of South Dakota
Seventy-fifth Congress
November 9, 1938-January 3, 1939
Gladys Pyle came to Washington in 1938 as
state legislator John T. McCullen for the right
the first Republican woman elected to the
to serve the final weeks of Norbeck's term. In
Senate, but she never was sworn in as a
her two months as a senator, Pyle worked
member of that body. The Senate adjourned
with governmental agencies responsible for
in June 1938, five months before Pyle's victo-
programs affecting South Dakota and partici-
ry in the special election of November 9, 1938,
pated in national Republican Party meetings.
held to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
The disappointing Senate career of Pyle
Senator Peter Norbeck. She easily defeated
stood in contrast to her long and influential
205
participation in the government of her native
four years service as a state representative,
South Dakota. She was born in Huron on Oc-
she served four years as secretary of state. In
tober 4, 1890, and attended schools in Miller,
1930 she was an unsuccessful candidate for
Wessington, and Huron. Pyle graduated from
governor. Before her election to the Senate,
Huron College and entered graduate work at
Pyle worked in the life insurance business.
the American Conservatory of Music and the
Pyle continued in public life, serving on the
University of Chicago. She returned to South
state board of charities and corrections from
Dakota to work as a high school teacher and
1943 to 1957, and renewed her insurance busi-
principal.
ness from 1950 to 1986. At the Republican Na-
The daughter of one of the state's leading
tional Convention of 1940, she nominated
suffragists, Pyle showed an early interest in
South Dakota's favorite-son presidential can-
politics and won election as the first woman
didate, Governor Harlan J. Bushfield. Pyle
member of the state legislature in 1922. After
died in Huron on March 14, 1989.
206
VERA CAHALAN BUSHFIELD
(South Dakota State Historical Society)
United States Senator
Republican of South Dakota
Eightieth Congress
October 6, 1948-December 26, 1948
Vera Bushfield's brief Senate service in the
27, 1948, after announcing earlier in the year
autumn of 1948 never brought her to Wash-
that he did not intend to run for reelection in
ington, where the Eightieth Congress had re-
November. Governor George T. Mickelson ap-
cessed for the remainder of the election year.
pointed Vera Bushfield to fill out the term
She stayed in her native South Dakota to con-
while a successor was chosen in the general
centrate on constituent services during the
election. She resigned her seat six days before
last three months of her late husband's term.
the end of the Eightieth Congress so that Karl
Senator Harlan J. Bushfield died September
Mundt, the victor in the November election,
35
might gain seniority by filling out the final
born in Miller, South Dakota, on August 9,
days of Bushfield's term.
1889, and graduated from the Stout Institute
The Senate was the first and only official
in Menominee, Wisconsin, in 1912. She also
public service for Vera Bushfield who served
attended Dakota Wesleyan University and the
as South Dakota's first lady when her hus-
University of Minnesota. She died in Fort Col-
band was governor from 1939 to 1943. She was
lins, Colorado, on April 16, 1976.
36
EVA KELLY BOWRING
(U.S. House of Representatives)
United States Senator
Republican of Nebraska
Eighty-third Congress
April 16, 1954-November 7, 1954
Eva Bowring served for eight years as vice
sworn in on April 26 for the term that would
chair of the Nebraska Republican Central
end, according to Nebraska law, at the next
Committee and director of women's activities
general election when a candidate would be
for the Nebraska Republican Party before
selected to finish out the final two months of
serving in the United States Senate. Governor
Griswold's term.
Robert B. Crosby appointed Bowring on April
Bowring served on the Committee on Inter-
16, 1954, to fill the vacancy caused by the
state and Foreign Commerce, the Committee
death of Senator Dwight Griswold. She was
on Labor and Public Welfare, and the Com-
25
mittee on Post Office and Civil Service. In her
Bowring's ranch near Merriman in the Sand-
first speech on the Senate floor, she declared
hill country of Nebraska. In addition to her
her support for a program of flexible agricul-
ranch work, she became involved in local Re-
tural price supports proposed by the Eisen-
publican politics and in the Nebraska Stock-
hower administration. She and Nebraska's
growers Association.
other senator, Hugh A. Butler, introduced a
In June 1954 Bowring announced that she
bill for the construction of the Red Willow
would not seek election to the short term to
Dam and Reservoir as part of the Missouri
River Basin project. Bowring also sponsored
follow the November general election. She
legislation providing for flood control works in
was succeeded by another woman and a Re-
the Gering Valley of Nebraska.
publican, Hazel Abel. After retirement from
the Senate, Bowring served on the national
The needs of Nebraska's agricultural con-
advisory council of the National Institutes of
stituents were familiar to Bowring who con-
Health from 1954 to 1958 and in 1960 and
tinued to work the 10,000 acre cattle ranch
that she and her late husband developed. She
1961. She was on the board of parole of the
was born in Nevada, Missouri, on January 9,
Department of Justice from 1956 to 1964.
1892. Her first husband died in 1924, and
Bowring died in Gordon, Nebraska, on Janu-
after remarrying in 1928 she moved to Arthur
ary 8, 1985.
26
HAZEL HEMPEL ABEL
U.S. House of Representatives)
United States Senator
Republican of Nebraska
Eighty-third Congress
November 8, 1954-December 31, 1954
Hazel Abel was elected to the Senate to fill
ber 1954. Abel, an active member of the Ne-
a two-month term left vacant by a technical-
braska State Republican Party and recently-
ity in Nebraska's election law. Eva Bowring,
selected vice chair of the State Republican
who was appointed to fill the vacancy in the
Central Committee, entered a primary crowd-
Third District left by the death of Dwight
ed with fifteen other Republicans and three
Griswold, was barred by law from serving
Democrats. She won the August primary and
past the date of the first general election fol-
defeated her Democratic opponent in Novem-
lowing her appointment. A special election
ber. She served until December 31, 1954,
open only to candidates not seeking the six-
when she resigned in order to give Senator-
year term in the Senate, was held in Novem-
elect Carl Curtis an edge in seniority.
1
Abel was born Hazel Pearl Hempel in
and the Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Plattsmouth, Nebraska, on July 10, 1888. She
Commerce where she was a strong supporter
attended school in Omaha and graduated
of President Eisenhower. Early in her term
from the University of Nebraska in 1908 with
she joined the majority in voting to censure
a B.A. and a teacher's certificate. She taught
Senator Joseph McCarthy.
school prior to her marriage to George Abel
Abel remained active in Republican state
in 1916. Hazel Abel worked for her husband's
politics, serving as chair of the state delega-
construction firm for twenty years, and fol-
tion at the national convention in 1956. In
lowing his death in 1936 she served as compa-
1960 she came in second place in the Republi-
ny president until 1951.
can primary for nomination as governor.
During her short tenure in the Senate, Abel
Hazel Abel died in Lincoln, Nebraska, on July
was appointed to the Committee on Finance
30, 1966.
2
ELAINE SCHWARTZENBURG EDWARDS
(U.S. House of Representatives)
United States Senator
Democrat of Louisiana
Ninety-second Congress
August 1, 1972-November 13, 1972
Elaine Edwards was appointed to the
successor to Ellender, a thirty-five year veter-
Senate on August 1, 1972, by her husband,
an of the Senate. Elaine Edwards took the
Louisiana Governor Edwin Edwards, to fill
oath of office on August 7, 1972, and served
the vacancy created by the death of Allen J.
on the Committee on Agriculture and Forest-
Ellender. Governor Edwards' controversial de-
ry and the Committee on Public Works.
cision to appoint his wife, who made clear her
One of Edwards' earliest legislative actions
decision not to run for the full Senate term,
was to join Senator Hubert Humphrey in in-
allowed him to avoid the endorsement of a
troducing a bill to establish an educational
59
fellowship in the name of her predecessor.
of busing to achieve school integration. Ed-
She also co-sponsored an amendment to the
wards resigned her seat on November 13,
Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act
1972, in order that Senator-elect J. Bennett
and another to increase the permissible
Johnston might gain seniority by finishing
amount of outside income for Social Security
the remainder of Ellender's term.
recipients. In her first floor speech, Edwards
Edwards was born Elaine Lucille Schwart-
voiced support for a motion calling for a vote
on the proposed Equal Education Opportuni-
zenburg in Marksville, Louisiana, on March 8,
ties Act which would have restricted the use
1929, and she attended local schools.
60
MURIEL BUCK HUMPHREY
U.S. Senate Historical Office
United States Senator
Democrat of Minnesota
Ninety-fifth Congress
January 25, 1978-November 7, 1978
For nine months, Muriel Humphrey carried
office on February 6. Although she declined to
out the work of her late husband, Hubert
run for the special election, she used her brief
Humphrey, in the United States Senate. Min-
tenure in Congress to speak out on a number
nesota Governor Rudy Perpich appointed
of substantive issues. In her first speech as a
Muriel Humphrey on January 25, 1978, to
senator, she urged ratification of the treaties
serve in her husband's Senate seat until a
turning over control of the Panama Canal to
special election could be held to fill the re-
Panama and guaranteeing the canal's neu-
mainder of his term. She took the oath of
trality.
111
Humphrey served on the Committee on For-
her amendment to the Department of Educa-
eign Relations and the Committee on Govern-
tion Organization Act that changed the name
mental Operations. On the Foreign Relations
of the Department of Health, Education and
panel she voted in favor of President Carter's
Welfare to the Department of Health and
proposal to sell jet fighter planes to Egypt,
Human Services.
Israel and Saudi Arabia. She was the sponsor
Muriel Fay Buck was born in Huron, South
of a successful amendment to the Civil Serv-
Dakota, on February 20, 1912, and attended
ice Reform Act of 1978 which offered better
Huron College. She resigned from the Senate
job security to federal employees who exposed
on November 7, 1978, following the election of
fraud or waste. She was a cosponsor of the
David Durenberger to serve the remainder of
joint resolution extending the deadline for
Hubert Humphrey's term. Since her retire-
ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.
ment, she has remarried and lives in Excelsi-
In September of 1978, the Senate approved
or, Minnesota, as Muriel Humphrey Brown.
112
MARYON PITTMAN ALLEN
(U.S. Senate Historical Office)
United States Senator
Democrat of Alabama
Ninety-fifth Congress
June 8, 1978-November 7, 1978
Maryon Allen's brief Senate term was filled
Alabama, she worked as a journalist, editor,
with controversy arising from her outspoken
and lecturer.
statements to the press and her attempt to
As a reporter for the Birmingham News,
win election to the remainder of her hus-
Pittman interviewed Alabama's Lieutenant
band's term. She was born Maryon Pittman
Governor James B. Allen in April 1964 follow-
in Meridian, Mississippi, on November 30,
ing his speech before the Alabama Federation
1925, and moved with her family to Birming-
of Women's Clubs. They were married in
ham, Alabama, the following year. After at-
August. Following her husband's election to
tending public schools and the University of
the United States Senate in 1968, she wrote a
5
Washington-based column, entitled "The Re-
Whatever support Wallace may have con-
flections of a News Hen," syndicated in news-
tributed to Allen's campaign evaporated in
papers throughout Alabama. She was prepar-
the wake of a Washington Post interview in
ing a series of televised news commentaries at
which Allen was quoted as being highly criti-
the time of her husband's death on June 1,
cal of the governor and his wife. Allen later
1978.
claimed the interview had distorted her com-
Governor George Wallace, for whom James
ments, but the reaction in Alabama damaged
Allen served as lieutenant governor in the
her chances for election. Confident of victory,
she concentrated on her Senate duties and
1960s, on June 8 appointed Maryon Allen to
campaigned little before the Democratic pri-
fill her husband's seat for an interim term
mary of September 5. She led the primary
until an election was held on November 7.
voting with 44 percent but was forced into a
Allen announced that she would also be a
runoff with state senator Donald Stewart who
candidate for the remaining two years of her
defeated her by more than 120,000 votes in
husband's term. Although Wallace, who was
the runoff of September 26.
ineligible for reelection as governor, was ex-
Allen later worked as a columnist for the
pected to run for the Senate, he ruled himself
Washington Post and is a public relations and
out later in June.
advertising director for an antiques and deco-
rating firm in Birmingham.
6
NANCY LANDON KASSEBAUM
(Office of Senator Kassebaum)
United States Senator
Republican of Kansas
January 3, 1979-present
In 1978, Nancy Landon Kassebaum joined a
popular candidate and swept both the pri-
crowded field in the Republican primary for
mary and the general election. She encoun-
nomination as U.S. senator from Kansas. As
tered no serious opposition in her reelection
the daughter of Alfred Landon, the Republi-
campaign in 1984.
can presidential candidate of 1936, she was a
Kassebaum was born Nancy Landon in
member of one of the state's best-known Re-
Topeka, Kansas, on July 29, 1932. She grad-
publican families, but she had little experi-
uated from the University of Kansas in 1954
ence in public life, having served but two
with a B.A. and went on to earn her masters
years on the school board of Maize, Kansas.
degree in history from the University of
Kassebaum, however, proved an effective and
123
Michigan in 1956. After raising a family she
One Hundred First Congress, the Select Com-
worked briefly as an assistant for Sen. James
mittee on Aging in the Ninety-sixth through
Pearson and helped manage a radio station in
Ninety-eighth and One Hundred First Con-
Wichita. From 1973 to 1975 she served on the
gresses, and the Select Committee on Ethics
local school board.
in the Ninety-ninth and One Hundredth Con-
Since entering the Senate during the
gresses.
Ninety-sixth Congress in 1979, Kassebaum
While serving as chair of the Foreign Rela-
has served on the Committee on Banking,
tions Subcommittee on African Affairs in the
Housing, and Urban Affairs in the Ninety-
Ninety-seventh through Ninety-ninth Con-
sixth and One Hundred First Congresses, the
gresses, Kassebaum supported limited U.S.
Committee on the Budget in the Ninety-sixth
sanctions against South Africa. She also
through One Hundredth Congresses, the Com-
worked to restrict the type of assistance given
mittee on Foreign Relations from the Ninety-
the Contras in Nicaragua. Kassebaum has
seventh through One Hundred First Congress-
es, the Committee on Commerce, Science and
supported arms control negotiations and as a
Transportation in the Ninety-sixth through
member of the Budget Committee in 1984 and
One Hundredth Congresses, the Committee on
1987 worked to enact a bipartisan deficit re-
Labor and Human Resources beginning in the
duction plan.
124
PAULA FICKES HAWKINS
(U.S. Senate Historical Office)
United States Senator
Republican of Florida
January 1, 1981-January 3, 1987
In a familiar path for women in politics,
in various capacities with the local Republi-
Paula Hawkins first entered public affairs as
can Party and developed ties with Republican
a community activist and volunteer for the
leaders from throughout the state.
local political party organization. From her
Hawkins was born Paula Fickes in Salt
work with parents' organizations and as the
Lake City, Utah, on January 24, 1927, and as
leader of a neighborhood effort to improve
a young girl lived in various places as the
public utilities, Hawkins won statewide elec-
daughter of a navy chief warrant officer. She
tion to the Florida Public Service Commission
attended schools in Atlanta and graduated
and from there mounted campaigns for con-
from high school in Logan, Utah. She attend-
gressional office. At the same time she served
97
ed Utah State University for several years
mittee on Labor and Human Resources
and enrolled in secretarial courses before get-
throughout her Senate term and in the
ting her first job as a secretary at Utah State.
Ninety-eighth Congress also served on the
Following her marriage she moved to Atlanta
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban
and in 1955 to central Florida.
Affairs and the Committee on Foreign Rela-
In the 1960s Hawkins won a succession of
tions. She was a member of the Joint Econom-
positions with the Republican Party that car-
ic Committee in the Ninety-seventh Congress
ried her into the world of state politics. After
and the Special Committee on Aging in the
organizing Edward Gurney's successful House
Ninety-ninth Congress.
campaign in 1966 and serving as a Florida co-
In her second year in the Senate, Hawkins
chair of Nixon's presidential campaigns in
focused on an issue that became the center-
1968 and 1972, Hawkins won her first elective
piece of her legislative attention for the re-
office in 1972 when she gained a seat on the
mainder of her term. She initiated a year-long
state Public Services Commission. In her two
investigation of the problem of missing chil-
terms with that body she earned a reputation
dren, one result of which was the Missing
as a consumer-rights advocate and opponent
Children's Act of 1982 which provided for a
of rate increases by utility companies. Haw-
central information center for missing chil-
kins resigned from the commission in 1979 to
dren. Hawkins sponsored other legislation to
become vice president for consumer affairs for
facilitate the search for children and to pro-
Air Florida.
vide federal guidelines for the prevention of
While serving on the Public Services Com-
abuse in child-care centers and institutions.
mission, Hawkins sought election as United
Hawkins gained attention for the issue with a
States senator in 1974 and as lieutenant gov-
dramatic revelation of her own abuse as a
ernor in 1976. In 1980 she again entered the
child.
campaign for the Senate in a crowded Repub-
Hawkins was generally supportive of the
lican primary with few divisive issues. After
Reagan administration in foreign policy and
failing to win a majority, Hawkins gained the
economic matters. She opposed funding for
nomination in a runoff and faced former Rep-
abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment.
resentative William Gunter in the general
She favored increased federal spending in var-
election. She narrowly won the seat in an
ious programs dealing with the elderly.
election year when Ronald Reagan swept
In 1986, when Democrats regained a majori-
Florida in the presidential contest and Repub-
ty in the Senate, Hawkins was unable to hold
licans gained control of the Senate.
her seat against the challenge from Florida
Hawkins served on the Committee on Agri-
governor Bob Graham. She is a resident of
culture, Nutrition, and Forestry and the Com-
Winter Park, Florida.
98
BARBARA ANN MIKULSKI
Office of Senator Mikulski)
Democrat of Maryland
United States Representative
Ninety-fifth-Ninety-ninth Congress
January 3, 1977-January 3, 1987
United States Senator
January 3, 1987-present
Since she first became involved in a citi-
way through several established Baltimore
zen's lobbying effort in the 1960s, Barbara Mi-
neighborhoods. Following the success of the
kulski has advanced steadily through the
anti-highway movement, Mikulski was elected
world of Baltimore politics and Capitol Hill.
to a seat on Baltimore's City Council in 1971
She emerged as a leader of the popular move-
and served with that body for five years.
ment to halt construction of a proposed high-
169
In her first attempt at congressional office,
es and its successor, the Committee on Energy
she accepted the Democratic nomination to
and Commerce, in the two following Congress-
challenge Senator Charles Mathias in 1974.
es. Mikulski pursued in the House the same
Mikulski failed to unseat the popular incum-
sort of issues that attracted her to public af-
bent, but she was well-positioned in 1976 to
fairs in Baltimore. She proposed or supported
seek the Third District House seat of Paul
legislation dealing with child care, women's
Sarbanes who declined renomination in order
rights, national health insurance and con-
to mount his successful Senate campaign. Mi-
sumer protection.
kulski won a crowded primary and went on to
When Charles Mathias announced his re-
her first of five easy victories in the heavily-
tirement from the Senate, Mikulski decided to
Democratic district.
risk her safe seat in the House and vie for the
Mikulski arrived in the House with a thor-
Senate seat that eluded her in 1974. In the
ough understanding of her native Baltimore
Democratic primary of 1986 she faced her
where she was born July 20, 1936. She attend-
House colleague Michael Barnes and Mary-
ed local parochial schools and graduated with
land's governor Harry Hughes. Working from
a B.A. from Mount St. Agnes College in 1958.
a well-established political base in Baltimore,
In 1965 she received a masters of social work
Mikulski won 50 percent of the primary vote
from the University of Maryland School of
and easily defeated Republican Linda Chavez
Social Work. Before entering politics, she
in the general election.
worked with Catholic charities and the Balti-
As a senator, Mikulski sits on the Appro-
more Welfare Department.
priations Committee, the Labor and Human
During her House career, Mikulski served
Resources Committee, and the Small Business
as a member of the Committee on Merchant
Committee. These assignments and her chair-
Marine and Fisheries in the Ninety-fifth
manship of the Appropriations Subcommittee
through Ninety-ninth Congresses, the Com-
on VA, HUD and Independent Agencies allow
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
her to continue her legislative work on social
in the Ninety-fifth and Ninety-sixth Congress-
issues.
170
993
Who's Who
in Congress 1993
103rd Congress
C
On
Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Washington, D.C.
PROPERTY OF
LIBRARY
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF
THE PRESIDENT
6
SENATE
Boren / Boxer
SENATE
Bradley / Breaux 7
David L. Boren (D-Okla.)
Bill Bradley (D-N.J.)
Of
Seminole
Elected 1978
Denville
Elected 1978
Born: Apr. 21, 1941, Washington, D.C.
Born: July 28, 1943, Crystal City, Mo.
Education: Yale U., B.A. 1963; U. of Oxford, M.A.
Education: Princeton U., B.A. 1965; U. of Oxford,
1965; U. of Oklahoma, I.D. 1968.
M.A. 1968.
Military Career: National Guard, 1968-75.
Military Career: Air Force Reserve, 1967-78.
Occupation: Lawyer.
Occupation: Professional basketball player; au-
Family: Wife, Molly Wanda Shi; two children.
thor.
Religion: Methodist.
Family: Wife, Ernestine Schlant; one child.
Political Career: Okla. House, 1967-75; governor,
Religion: Protestant.
1975-79.
Political Career: No previous office.
CQ Voting Studies
CQ Voting Studies
1991
1992
Capitol Office: 453 Russell Senate Office Build-
Capitol Office: 731 Hart Senate Office Building
1991
1992
Presidential
60%
33%
ing 20510; 224-4721.
20510; 224-3224.
Presidential
32%
23%
Party
65%
58%
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., David Cox; Legis. Dir.,
Office Staff: Chief of Staff, Peter S. Stamos; Legis.
Party
84%
80%
Participation
99%
90%
Joe Harroz; Press Secy., Dan Webber; Exec. Asst.,
Dir., Kenneth S. Apfel; Communications Dir., Eric
Participation 95% 91%
Beth Byrd.
Hauser; Scheduler, Anne Noble.
Interest Groups
Committees: Joint Organization of Congress -
Committees: Special Aging; Energy & Natural Re-
Interest Groups
1990
1991
Chairman; Joint Taxation; Agriculture, Nutrition
sources; Finance.
1990
1991
& Forestry; Finance.
ADA
56%
45%
ADA
94%
90%
ACU
23%
45%
New Jersey - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
ACU
13%
Oklahoma - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
10%
was 43% in 1992.
AFL-CIO
63%
42%
AFL-CIO
67%
75%
was 34% in 1992.
CCUS
55%
56%
CCUS
8%
10%
Elections
Elections
1984
1990
1984
1990
General
76%
83%
General
64%
50%
Primary
90%
84%
Primary
93%
92%
Barbara Boxer
(D-Calif.)
John B. Breaux
(D-La.)
Of Greenbrae Elected 1992
Of Crowley Elected 1986
Pronunciation: BRO
Born: Nov. 11, 1940, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Education: Brooklyn College, B.A. 1962.
Born: Mar. 1, 1944, Crowley, La.
Occupation: Congressional aide; journalist;
Education: U. of Southwestern Louisiana, B.A.
stockbroker.
1964; Louisiana State U., J.D. 1967.
Family: Husband, Stewart Boxer; two children.
Occupation: Lawyer.
Religion: Jewish.
Family: Wife, Lois Daigle; four children.
Political Career: Marin County Board of Supervi-
Religion: Roman Catholic.
sors, 1977-83; U.S. House, 1983-93; candidate for
Political Career: U.S. House, 1972-87.
Marin County Board of Supervisors, 1972.
Elections
1992
Capitol Office: 516 Hart Senate Office Building
CQ Voting Studies
Capitol Office: 112 Hart Senate Office Building
20510; 224-4623.
1991
1992
General
48%
20510; 224-3553.
Office Staff: Chief of Staff, Wallace 1. Henderson;
Presidential
65%
42%
Primary
44%
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Karen Olick; Policy
Legis. Dir., Marcia Jones; Press Secy., Bob Mann;
Party
59%
68%
Dir., Drew Littman; Press Secy., Linda Marston;
Exec. Asst., Norma Jane Sabiston.
Participation 95% 97%
Exec. Asst., Rosanne Marini.
Committees: Special Aging; Commerce, Science
Committees: Banking, Housing & Urban Affairs;
& Transportation; Finance.
Interest Groups
Budget; Environment & Public Works.
1990
1991
Louisiana - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
California - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
ADA
33%
30%
was 46% in 1992.
was 47% in 1992.
ACU
39%
57%
AFL-CIO
78%
67%
CCUS
33%
40%
Elections
1986
1992
General
53%
73%
Primary
37%
73%
20 SENATE
Feingold / Feinstein
SENATE
Ford / Glenn 21
Russell D. Feingold
(D-Wis.)
Wendell H. Ford (D-Ky.)
Middleton
Elected 1992
Of Owensboro Elected 1974
Pronunciation: FINE-gold
Born: Sept. 8, 1924, Daviess County, Ky.
Born: Mar. 2, 1953, Janesville, Wis.
Education: U. of Kentucky, 1942-43.
Education: U. of Wisconsin, B.A. 1975; U. of Ox-
Military Career: Army, 1944-46; Army National
ford, B.A. 1977; Harvard U., J.D. 1979.
Guard, 1949-62.
Occupation: Lawyer.
Occupation: Insurance executive.
Family: Wife, Mary; two children, two stepchil-
Family: Wife, Jean Neel; two children.
dren.
Religion: Baptist.
Religion: Jewish.
Political Career: Ky. Senate, 1965-67; lieutenant
Political Career: Wis. Senate, 1983-93.
governor, 1967-71; governor, 1971-74.
Elections
CQ Voting Studies
1992
Capitol Office: B40 Room 1 Dirksen Senate Of-
Capitol Office: 173A Russell Senate Office Build-
1991
1992
General
53%
fice Building 20510; 224-5323.
ing 20510; 224-4343.
Presidential
57%
35%
Primary
70%
Office Staff: Admin. Dir., Ruth LaRocque; Legis.
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., James T. Fleming;
Party
67%
70%
Dir., Susanne Martinez; Press Secy., Bob
Press Secy., Mark Day; Appts. Secy., Sherry
Participation 99% 99%
Decheine; Scheduler, Mary Murphy.
McCabe.
Committees: Special Aging; Agriculture, Nutri-
Committees: Joint Inaugural Ceremonies -
Interest Groups
tion & Forestry; Foreign Relations.
Chairman; Joint Organization of Congress; Joint
1990
1991
Printing - Chairman; Commerce, Science &
Transportation; Energy & Natural Resources;
ADA
39%
Wisconsin - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
50%
Rules & Administration - Chairman.
ACU
35%
47%
was 41% in 1992.
AFL-CIO
89%
75%
CCUS
33%
10%
Kentucky - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
was 45% in 1992.
Elections
1986
1992
General
74%
63%
Primary
u/o
u/o
Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.)
John Glenn (D-Ohio)
Of San Francisco Elected 1992
Of Columbus Elected 1974
Pronunciation: FINE-stine
Born: July 18, 1921, Cambridge, Ohio.
Born: June 22, 1933, San Francisco, Calif.
Education: Muskingum College, B.S. 1962.
Education: Stanford U., B.A. 1955.
Military Career: Marine Corps, 1942-65.
Occupation: Public official.
Occupation: Astronaut; soft drink company ex-
Family: Husband, Richard Blum; one child; three
ecutive.
stepchildren.
Family: Wife, Anna Margaret Castor; two chil-
Religion: Jewish.
dren.
Political Career: San Francisco Board of Supervi-
Religion: Presbyterian.
sors, 1971-78; mayor of San Francisco, 1978-89;
Political Career: Sought Democratic nomination
Elections
Democratic nominee for governor, 1990.
for U.S. Senate, 1970; sought Democratic nomi-
CQ Voting Studies
1992
nation for president, 1984.
1991
1992
General
54%
Capitol Office: 331 Hart Senate Office Building
Presidential
41%
30%
Primary
58%
20510; 224-3841.
Capitol Office: 503 Hart Senate Office Building
Party
83%
83%
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., John Haber; Legis.
20510; 224-3353.
Participation 97% 99%
Dir., Barbara Larkin; Press Secy., Bill Chandler;
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Mary Jane Veno; Legis.
Scheduler, Stacey Friedman.
Dir., Ronald J. Grimes; Press Secy., Bryan
Interest Groups
Committees: Appropriations; Judiciary; Rules &
McCleary; Scheduler, Kathleen Long.
1990
1991
Administration.
Committees: Special Aging; Armed Services;
Governmental Affairs - Chairman; Select Intelli-
ADA
89%
90%
ACU
9%
California - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
gence.
10%
AFL-CIO
67%
75%
was 47% in 1992.
CCUS
25%
0%
Ohio - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton was
40% in 1992.
Elections
1986
1992
General
62%
51%
Primary
88%
u/o
28 SENATE
Jeffords / Johnston
SENATE
Kassebaum / Kempthorne 29
James M. Jeffords
(R-Vt.)
Nancy Landon Kassebaum
Of Shrewsbury
Elected 1988
(R-Kan.)
Burdick
Elected 1978
Born: May 11, 1934, Rutland, Vt.
Education: Yale U., B.S.I.A. 1956; Harvard U., LL.B.
Born: July 29, 1932, Topeka, Kan.
1962.
Education: U. of Kansas, B.A. 1954; U. of Michi-
Military Career: Navy, 1956-59; Naval Reserve,
gan, M.A. 1956.
1959-present.
Occupation: Broadcasting executive.
Occupation: Lawyer.
Family: Divorced; four children.
Family: Wife, Elizabeth Daley; two children.
Religion: Episcopalian.
Religion: Congregationalist.
Political Career: Maize School Board, 1973-75.
Political Career: Vt. Senate, 1967-69; Vt. attorney
CQ Voting Studies
general, 1969-73; U.S. House, 1975-89; sought
CQ Voting Studies
Capitol Office: 302 Russell Senate Office Build-
1991
1992
Republican nomination for governor, 1972.
1991
1992
ing 20510; 224-4774.
Presidential
54%
45%
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Dave Bartel; Legis.
Presidential
79%
72%
Party
36%
36%
Capitol Office: 530 Dirksen Senate Office Build-
Dir., Daniel P. Bolen; Press Secy., Mike Horak;
Party
69%
76%
Participation 94% 93%
ing 20510; 224-5141.
Exec. Asst., Particia Johnson.
Participation 98% 98%
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Susan Boardman Russ;
Committees: Joint Organization of Congress;
Interest Groups
Legis. Dir., Mark E. Powden; Press Secy., Erik
Foreign Relations; Select Indian Affairs; Labor &
Interest Groups
1990
1991
Smulson; Scheduler, Trecia Bickford.
Human Resources - Ranking Member.
1990
1991
Committees: Special Aging; Foreign Relations;
ADA
72%
65%
Labor & Human Resources; Veterans' Affairs.
ADA
44%
35%
26%
10%
Kansas - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton was
ACU
ACU
64%
62%
34% in 1992.
AFL-CIO
44%
50%
AFL-CIO
22%
17%
Vermont - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
CCUS
25%
22%
CCUS
67%
80%
was 46% in 1992.
Elections
Elections
1988
1984
1990
General
68%
General
76%
74%
Primary
61%
Primary
u/o
87%
J. Bennett Johnston (D-La.)
Dirk Kempthorne
(R-Idaho)
Shreveport
Elected 1972
Of Boise Elected 1992
Born: June 10, 1932, Shreveport, La.
Born: Oct. 29, 1951, San Diego, Calif.
Education: Washington and Lee U., 1950-51; U.S.
Education: U. of Idaho, B.A. 1975.
Military Academy, 1951-52; Washington and Lee
Occupation: Public affairs manager; securities
U., 1952-53; Louisiana State U., LL.B. 1956.
representative; political consultant; building asso-
Military Career: Army, 1956-59.
ciation executive.
Occupation: Lawyer.
Family: Wife, Patricia; two children.
Family: Wife, Mary Gunn; four children.
Religion: Methodist.
Religion: Baptist.
Political Career: Mayor of Boise, 1986-92.
Political Career: La. House, 1964-68; La. Senate,
CQ Voting Studies
1968-72; sought Democratic nomination for gov-
Capitol Office: B40 Room 3 Dirksen Senate Of-
Elections
1991
1992
ernor, 1971.
fice Building 20510; 224-6142.
1992
Presidential 56% 52%
Office Staff: Chief of Staff, Phil Reberger; Legis.
General
57%
Party
65%
66%
Capitol Office: 136 Hart Senate Office Building
Dir., W. H. Fawcett; Press Secy., Mark Snider;
Primary
57%
Participation 99% 98%
20510; 224-5824.
Scheduler, Sally Uberuaga.
Office Staff: Chief of Staff, John Lynn; Legis. Dir.,
Committees: Armed Services; Environment &
Interest Groups
Laura C. Hudson; Press Secy., Scott Trahan;
Public Works; Small Business.
1990
1991
Scheduler, Cheryl Kimball.
Committees: Special Aging; Appropriations;
Idaho - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton was
ADA
39%
40%
Budget; Energy & Natural Resources - Chair-
29% in 1992.
ACU
38%
52%
man; Select Intelligence.
AFL-CIO
86%
75%
CCUS
33% 40%
Louisiana - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
was 46% in 1992.
Elections
1984
1990
General
u/o
u/o
Primary
86%
54%
38 SENATE
Mik
/ Mitchell
SENATE
M
ey-Braun / Moynihan 39
Barbara A. Mikulski
(D-Md.)
Carol Moseley-Braun
(D-III.)
Of Baltimore
Elected 1986
Of Chicago Elected 1992
Born: July 20, 1936, Baltimore, Md.
Born: Aug. 16, 1947, Chicago, III.
Education: Mount Saint Agnes College, B.A.
Education: U. of Illinois, Chicago, B.A. 1967; U. of
1958; U. of Maryland, M.S.W. 1965.
Chicago, J.D. 1972.
Occupation: Social worker.
Occupation: Lawyer.
Family: Single.
Family: Divorced; one child.
Religion: Roman Catholic.
Religion: Roman Catholic.
Political Career: Baltimore City Council, 1971-77;
Political Career: Ill. House, 1979-89; Cook
Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate, 1974; U.S.
County recorder of deeds, 1990-92.
House, 1977-87.
CQ Voting Studies
Capitol Office: 708 Hart Senate Office Building
Elections
1991
1992
Capitol Office: 320 Hart Senate Office Building
20510; 224-2854.
1992
Presidential
33%
23%
20510; 224-4654.
Office Staff: Chief of Staff, Michael Frazier; Legis.
General
53%
Party
91%
87%
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Lynne Battaglia; Legis.
Dir., Bill Mattey; Press Secy., Stacey Grundman;
Primary
38%
Participation 99% 97%
Dir., Trudy Vincent; Press Secy., John Steele;
Scheduler, Kaarin Anderson.
Appts. Secy., Ann Norton.
Committees: Banking, Housing & Urban Affairs;
Interest Groups
Committees: Appropriations; Select Ethics; Labor
Judiciary; Small Business.
& Human Resources.
1990
1991
Illinois - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton was
ADA
94%
90%
Maryland - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
49% in 1992.
ACU
5%
10%
was 50% in 1992.
AFL-CIO
75%
83%
CCUS
10%
20%
Elections
1986
1992
General
61%
71%
Primary
50%
77%
George J. Mitchell
(D-Maine)
Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Of Portland Elected 1982
(D-N.Y.)
Appointed to the Senate 1980
Of Pindars Corners
Elected 1976
Born: Aug. 20, 1933, Waterville, Maine.
Born: Mar. 16, 1927, Tulsa, Okla.
Education: Bowdoin College, B.A. 1954; George-
Education: City College, N.Y., 1943; Tufts U.,
town U., LL.B. 1960.
B.N.S. 1946; Tufts U., B.A. 1948; Fletcher School
Military Career: Army, 1954-56.
of Law and Diplomacy, M.A. 1949; Fletcher
Occupation: Lawyer; judge.
School of Law and Diplomacy, Ph.D. 1961.
Family: Divorced; one child.
Military Career: Navy, 1944-47.
Religion: Roman Catholic.
Occupation: Professor of government; writer.
Political Career: Maine Democratic Party chair-
Family: Wife, Elizabeth Brennan; three children.
CQ Voting Studies
man, 1966-68; Democratic National Committee,
Religion: Roman Catholic.
CQ Voting Studies
1991
1992
1969-77; assistant county attorney, 1971-77; U.S.
Political Career: Sought Democratic nomination
1991
1992
Presidential
35%
25%
attorney, 1977-79; U.S. District Court judge,
for N.Y. City Council president, 1965.
Presidential
35%
35%
Party
92%
93%
1979-80; Democratic nominee for governor,
Party
92%
90%
Participation 100% 100%
1974.
Capitol Office: 464 Russell Senate Office Build-
Participation 99% 100%
ing 20510; 224-4451.
Interest Groups
Capitol Office: 176 Russell Senate Office Build-
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Richard Eaton; Legis.
Interest Groups
1990
1991
ing 20510; 224-5344.
Dir., Andrew J. Samet; Press Secy., Brian
1990
1991
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Mary McAleney; Press
Connolly; Personal Secy., Eleanor Suntum.
ADA
83%
90%
94%
Secy., Diane Dewhirst; Exec. Asst., Pat Sarcone.
ADA
95%
Committees: Joint Library; Joint Taxation - Vice
ACU
9%
5%
ACU
4%
0%
Committees: Joint Inaugural Ceremonies; Joint
Chairman; Environment & Public Works; Finance
AFL-CIO
56%
83%
AFL-CIO
78%
92%
Organization of Congress; Environment & Public
CCUS
- Chairman; Foreign Relations; Rules & Adminis-
17%
30%
CCUS
17%
10%
Works; Finance; Veterans' Affairs.
tration.
Elections
Elections
Maine - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton was
New York - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
1982
1988
39% in 1992.
was 50% in 1992.
1982
1988
General
61%
81%
General
65%
67%
Primary
u/o
u/o
Primary
85%
u/o
40
SENATE
Murkowski / Murray
SENATE
Nickles
/
n
41
Frank H. Murkowski (R-Alaska)
Don Nickles
(R-Okla.)
Fairbanks
Elected 1980
Of Ponca City
Elected 1980
Born: Mar. 28, 1933, Seattle, Wash.
Born: Dec. 6, 1948, Ponca City, Okla.
Education: Santa Clara U., 1951-53; Seattle U.,
Education: Oklahoma State U., B.B.A. 1971.
B.A. 1955.
Military Career: Army National Guard, 1970-76.
Military Career: Coast Guard, 1955-56.
Occupation: Machine company executive.
Occupation: Banker.
Family: Wife, Linda Lou Morrison; four children.
Family: Wife, Nancy Gore; six children.
Religion: Roman Catholic.
Religion: Roman Catholic.
Political Career: Okla. Senate, 1979-81.
Political Career: Alaska commissioner of eco-
nomic development, 1966-70; Republican nomi-
CQ Voting Studies
nee for U.S. House, 1970.
Capitol Office: 713 Hart Senate Office Building
CQ Voting Studies
1991
1992
20510; 224-5754.
1991
1992
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Les Brorsen; Legis.
Presidential
89%
72%
Capitol Office: 709 Hart Senate Office Building
Dir., Bret Bernhardt; Communications Dir., Ernie
Presidential
89%
77%
Party
88%
82%
20510; 224-6665.
Schultz; Scheduler, Janel Goode.
Party
88%
90%
Participation 99% 93%
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Gregg Renkes; Legis.
Committees: Appropriations; Budget; Energy &
Participation 97% 97%
Dir., David Gushe; Press Secy., Chuck
Natural Resources; Select Indian Affairs.
Interest Groups
Kleeschulte; Exec. Asst./Scheduler, Janet Klinger.
Interest Groups
1990
1991
Committees: Energy & Natural Resources; For-
Oklahoma - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
1990
1991
eign Relations; Select Indian Affairs; Veterans' Af-
ADA
11%
5%
was 34% in 1992.
fairs - Ranking Member.
ADA
0%
0%
ACU
76%
86%
ACU
96%
95%
AFL-CIO
44%
42%
60%
Alaska - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton was
AFL-CIO
11%
25%
CCUS
83%
32% in 1992.
CCUS
100%
100%
Elections
Elections
1986
1992
1986
1992
General
54%
53%
General
55%
59%
Primary
u/o
81%
Primary
u/o
u/o
Patty Murray
(D-Wash.)
Sam Nunn (D-Ga.)
Seattle
Elected 1992
OfPerry Elected 1972
Born: Oct. 11, 1950, Seattle, Wash.
Born: Sept. 8, 1938, Perry, Ga.
Education: Washington State U., B.A. 1972.
Education: Emory U., A.B. 1960; Emory U., LL.B.
Occupation: Educator.
1962.
Family: Husband, Rob; two children.
Military Career: Coast Guard, 1959-60; Coast
Religion: Roman Catholic.
Guard Reserve, 1960-66.
Political Career: Shoreline School Board, 1983-
Occupation: Farmer; lawyer.
89; Wash. Senate, 1989-93; candidate for Shore-
Family: Wife, Colleen Ann O'Brien; two children.
line School Board, 1982.
Religion: Methodist.
Political Career: Ga. House, 1969-72.
Elections
Capitol Office: B34 Dirksen Senate Office Build-
CQ Voting Studies
1992
ing 20510; 224-2621.
Capitol Office: 303 Dirksen Senate Office Build-
1991
1992
General
54%
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Michael Timmeny;
ing 20510; 224-3521.
Presidential
57%
40%
Primary
28%
Legis. Dir., Carole Grunberg; Press Secy., Patricia
Office Staff: Admin. Asst., Bob Hurt; Legis. Dir.,
Party
69%
67%
Akiyama; Scheduler, Margaret Ershler.
Rocky Rief; Press Secy., Scott Williams; Office
Participation 98% 98%
Committees: Appropriations; Banking, Housing
Admin./Personal Secy., Rose Johnson.
& Urban Affairs; Budget.
Committees: Armed Services - Chairman; Gov-
Interest Groups
ernmental Affairs; Small Business.
1990
1991
Washington - The statewide vote for Bill Clin-
ton was 44% in 1992.
ADA
50%
50%
Georgia - The statewide vote for Bill Clinton
ACU
32%
48%
was 43% in 1992.
AFL-CIO
56%
58%
CCUS
42%
40%
Elections
1984
1990
General
80%
u/o
Primary
90%
u/o
Congressional Quarterly's
Guide to Congress
Fourth Edition
C
Washington, D.C.
Barbara BOXER (D-Carif) Elected 1992
Dianne Feingtein (O-Calif) Elected 1992
Carol Moseley Braun (D-11) Elected 1992
Patty Murray (Di-Wash.) Elected 1992
20
Kim: Jcame up
with 20. See
supporting documents.
One only served
for one day but
she is still counted
Kathlren Grap
x 7000
11-4-93
Congressional Statistics 107-A
Women Who Have Served in Congress
As of October 1991, a total of 132 women had been elected
kulski, D-Md.-in both chambers.
or appointed to Congress. Of the 129 women who actually
Following is a list of the women members, their parties
served in Congress (two others were never sworn in and
and states, and the years in which they served. In addition,
another resigned her seat the day after she was sworn in),
Mary E. Farrington, R-Hawaii (1954-57), and Eleanor
115 served in the House only, twelve in the Senate, and
Holmes Norton, D-D.C. (1991- ), served as nonvoting dele-
two-Margaret Chase Smith, R-Maine, and Barbara Mi-
gates.
Senate
Helen G. Douglas (D-Calif.)
1945-51
Chase G. Woodhouse (D-Conn.)
1945-47;
Rebecca L. Felton (D-Ga.)¹
1922
1949-51
Hattie W. Caraway (D-Ark.)
1931-45
Helen D. Mankin (D-Ga.)
1946-47
Rose McConnell Long (D-La.)
1936-37
Eliza J. Pratt (D-N.C.)
1946-47
Dixie Bibb Graves (D-Ala.)
1937-38
Georgia L. Lusk (D-N.M.)
1947-49
Gladys Pyle (R-S.D.)2
1938-39
Katherine P.C. St. George (R-N.Y.)
1947-65
Vera C. Bushfield (R-S.D.)
1948
Reva Z.B. Bosone (D-Utah)
1949-53
Margaret Chase Smith (R-Maine)
1949-73
Cecil M. Harden (R-Ind.)
1949-59
Hazel H. Abel (R-Neb.)
1954
Edna F. Kelly (D-N.Y.)
1949-69
Eva K. Bowring (R-Neb.)
1954
Vera D. Buchanan (D-Pa.)
1951-55
Maurine B. Neuberger (D-Ore.)
1960-67
Marguerite S. Church (R-III.)
1951-63
Elaine S. Edwards (D-La.)
1972
Maude E. Kee (D-W.Va.)
1951-65
Maryon Pittman Allen (D-Ala.)
1978
Ruth Thompson (R-Mich.)
1951-57
Muriel Buck Humphrey (D-Minn.)
1978
Gracie B. Pfost (D-Idaho)
1953-63
Nancy Landon Kassebaum (R-Kan.)
1978-
Leonor K. Sullivan (D-Mo.)
1953-77
Paula Hawkins (R-Fla.)
1981-87
Iris F. Blitch (D-Ga.)
1955-63
Barbara Mikulski (D-Md.)
1987-
Edith Green (D-Ore.)
1955-75
Martha W. Griffiths (D-Mich.)
1955-74
House
Coya G. Knutson (DFL-Minn.)
1955-59
Kathryn E. Granahan (D-Pa.)
1956-63
Jeannette Rankin (R-Mont.)
1917-19;
Florence P. Dwyer (R-N.J.)
1957-73
1941-43
Catherine D. May (R-Wash.)
1959-71
Alice M. Robertson (R-Okla.)
1921-23
Edna 0. Simpson (R-III.)
1959-61
Winnifred S.M. Huck (R-III.)
1922-23
Jessica McC. Weis (R-N.Y.)
1959-63
Mae E. Nolan (R-Calif.)
1923-25
Julia B. Hansen (D-Wash.)
1960-74
Florence P. Kahn (R-Calif.)
1925-37
Catherine D. Norrell (D-Ark.)
1961-63
Mary T. Norton (D-N.J.)
1925-51
Louise G. Reece (R-Tenn.)
1961-63
Edith N. Rogers (R-Mass.)
1925-60
Corinne B. Riley (D-S.C.)
1962-63
Katherine G. Langley (R-Ky.)
1927-31
Charlotte T. Reid (R-III.)
1963-71
Ruth H. McCormick (R-III.)
1929-31
Irene B. Baker (R-Tenn.)
1964-65
Pearl P. Oldfield (D-Ark.)
1929-31
Patsy T. Mink (D-Hawaii)
1965-77;
Ruth B. Owen (D-Fla.)
1929-33
1990-
Ruth S.B. Pratt (R-N.Y.)
1929-33
Lera M. Thomas (D-Texas)
1966-67
Effiegene Wingo (D-Ark.)
1930-33
Margaret M. Heckler (R-Mass.)
1967-83
Willa M.B. Eslick (D-Tenn.)
1932-33
Shirley Chisholm (D-N.Y.)
1969-83
Marian W. Clarke (R-N.Y.)
1933-35
Bella S. Abzug (D-N.Y.)
1971-77
Virginia E. Jenckes (D-Ind.)
1933-39
Ella T. Grasso (D-Conn.)
1971-75
Kathryn O'Loughlin McCarthy (D-Kan.)
1933-35
Louise Day Hicks (D-Mass.)
1971-73
Isabella S. Greenway (D-Ariz.)
1933-37
Elizabeth B. Andrews (D-Ala.)
1972-73
Caroline L.G. O'Day (D-N.Y.)
1935-43
Yvonne B. Burke (D-Calif.)
1973-79
Nan W. Honeyman (D-Ore.)
1937-39
Marjorie S. Holt (R-Md.)
1973-87
Elizabeth H. Gasque (D-S.C.)2
1938-39
Elizabeth Holtzman (D-N.Y.)
1973-81
Clara G. McMillan (D-S.C.)
1939-41
Barbara C. Jordan (D-Texas)
1973-79
Jessie Sumner (R-III.)
1939-47
Patricia Schroeder (D-Colo.)
1973-
Frances P. Bolton (R-Ohio)
1940-69
Corinne C. Boggs (D La.)
1973-91
Florence R. Gibbs (D-Ga.)
1940-41
Cardiss R. Collins (D-III.)
1973-
Margaret Chase Smith (R-Maine)
1940-49
Marilyn Lloyd (D-Tenn.)
1975-
Katherine E. Byron (D-Md.)
1941-43
Millicent Fenwick (R-N.J.)
1975-83
Veronica G. Boland (D-Pa.)
1942-43
Martha E. Keys (D-Kan.)
1975-79
Clare Boothe Luce (R-Conn.)
1943-47
Helen S. Meyner (D N.J.)
1975-79
Winifred C. Stanley (R-N.Y.)
1943-45
Virginia Smith (R-Neb.)
1975-91
Willa L. Fulmer (D-S.C.)
1944-45
Gladys Noon Spellman (D-Md.)
1975-81
Emily T. Douglas (D-III.)
1945-47
Shirley N. Pettis (R-Calif.)
1975-79
108-A Appendix
Barbara A. Mikulski (D-Md.)
1977-87
Helen Delich Bentley (R-Md.)
1985-
Mary Rose Oakar (D-Ohio)
1977-
Jan Meyers (R-Kan.)
1985-
Beverly Byron (D-Md.)
1979-
Cathy Long (D-La.)
1985-87
Geraldine Ferraro (D-N.Y.)
1979-85
Constance A. Morella (R-Md.)
1987-
Olympia J. Snowe (R-Maine)
1979-
Elizabeth J. Patterson (D-S.C.)
1987-
Bobbi Fiedler (R-Calif.)
1981-87
Patricia Saiki (R-Hawaii)
1987-91
Lynn M. Martin (R-III.)
1981-90
Louise M. Slaughter (D-N.Y.)
1987-
Marge Roukema (R-N.J.)
1981-
Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.)
1987-
Claudine Schneider (R-R.I.)
1981-91
Nita M. Lowey (D-N.Y.)
1989-
Jean Ashbrook (R-Ohio)
1982-83
Jolene Unsoeld (D-Wash.)
1989-
Barbara B. Kennelly (D-Conn.)
1982-
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Fla.)
1989-
Sala Burton (D-Calif.)
1983-87
Jill Long (D-Ind.)
1989-
Barbara Boxer (D-Calif.)
1983-
Susan Molinari (R-N.Y.)
1990-
Katie Hall (D-Ind.)
1982-85
Maxine Waters (D-Calif.)
1991-
Nancy L. Johnson (R-Conn.)
1983-
Rosa DeLauro (D-Conn.)
1991-
Marcy Kaptur (D-Ohio)
1983-
Barbara-Rose Collins (D-Mich.)
1991-
Barbara Vucanovich (R-Nev.)
1983-
Joan Kelly Horn (D-Mo.)
1991-
1. Felton was sworn in November 21, 1922, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Thomas E. Watson, D (1921-22). The next day she
gave up her seat to Walter F. George, D (1922-57), the elected candidate for the vacancy.
2. Never sworn in because Congress was not in session between election and expiration of term.
Source: Women in Congress, 1917-1990, Commission on the Bicentenary of the U.S. House of Representatives (Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1991).
Hispanic Members of Congress
As of October 1991, twenty-three Hispanics had served in
and states, and the years in which they served. Not included
Congress; one in both the Senate and House, one in the
are Hispanics who served as territorial delegates (ten), resi-
Senate only, and twenty-one in the House only.
dent commissioners of Puerto Rico (thirteen), or nonvoting
Following is a list of Hispanic members, their parties
delegates of Guam (one) or the Virgin Islands (one).
Senate
Antonio Manuel Fernandez (D-N.M.)
1943-56
Henry B. Gonzalez (D-Texas)
1961-
Dennis Chavez (D-N.M.)
1935-62
Edward R. Roybal (D-Calif.)
1963-
Joseph Montoya (D-N.M.)
1964-77
E. "Kika" de la Garza (D-Texas)
1965-
Manuel Lujan, Jr. (R-N.M.)
1969-89
Herman Badillo (D-N.Y.)
1971-77
House
Robert Garcia (D-N.Y.)
1978-90
Tony Coelho (D-Calif.)
1979-89
Romualdo Pacheco (R-Calif.)
1877-78;
Matthew G. Martinez (D-Calif.)
1982-
1879-89
Solomon P. Ortiz (D-Texas)
1983-
Ladislas Lazaro (D-La.)
1913-27
William B. Richardson (D-N.M.)
1983-
Benigno Cardenas Hernandez (R-N.M.)
1915-17;
Esteban E. Torres (D-Calif.)
1983-
1919-21
Albert G. Bustamante (D-Texas)
1985-
Nestor Montoya (R-N.M.)
1921-23
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Fla.)
1989-
Dennis Chavez (D-N.M.)
1931-35
José E. Serrano (D-N.Y.)
1990-
Joachim Octave Fernandez (D-La.)
1931-41
Ed Pastor (D-Ariz.)
1991-
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the Congressional Hispanic Caucus.
91-333 GOV
]
CRS Report for Congress
Women in the United States Congress
Mildred L. Amer
Specialist in American National Government
Government Division
April 10, 1991
A
CRS
Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress
CRS-67
TABLE 3. Number of Women in the U.S. Congress, 65th-102d Congresses
(1917-1989)
Total number
Number of
Number of
of women in
women in
women in
Congress
Years
Congress
House
Senate
65th
1917-1919
1
1
-
66th
1919-1921
0
-
-
67th
1921-1923
4
3
1
68th
1923-1925
1
1
-
69th
1925-1927
3
3
-
70th
1927-1929
5
5
-
71st
1929-1931
9
9
-
72d
1931-1933
8
7
1
73rd
1933-1935
8
7
1
74th
1935-1937
8
6
2
75th
1937-1939
9
6
3
76th
1939-1941
9
8
1
77th
1941-1943
10
9
1
78th
1943-1945
9
8
1
79th
1945-1947
11
11
-
80th
1947-1949
8
7
1
81st
1949-1951
10
9
1
82d
1951-1953
11
10
1
83rd
1953-1955
15
12
3
84th
1955-1957
18
17
1
85th
1957-1959
16
15
1
86th
1959-1961
18
17
1
87th
1961-1963
20
18
2
88th
1963-1965
14
12
2
89th
1965-1967
13
11
2
90th
1967-1969
12
11
1
91st
1969-1971
11
10
1
92d
1971-1973
15
13
2
93rd
1973-1975
16
16
-
94th
1975-1977
19
19
-
95th
1977-1979
20
18
2
96th
1979-1981
17
16
1
97th
1981-1983
23
21
2
98th
1983-1985
24
22
2
99th
1985-1987
25
23
2
100th
1987-1989
25
23
2
101st
1989-1991
31
29
2
102d
1991-1993
31
29
2
CRS-45
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress
Congress Dates
House
Senate
102d
1991-1993
Helen Delich Bentley
Nancy L. Kassebaum
Barbara Boxer
Barbara Mikulski
Beverly Barton Byron
Barbara Rose-Collins
Cardiss Collins
Rosa DeLauro
Joan Kelly Horn
Nancy L. Johnson
Marcy Kaptur
Barbara Bailey Kennelly
Marilyn Lloyd
Jill Long
Nita M. Lowey
Jan Meyers
Patsy Mink
Susan Molinari
Constance A. Morella
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Mary Rose Oakar
Elizabeth J. Patterson
Nancy Pelosi
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Margaret Scafati Roukema
Patricia S. Schroeder
Louise M. Slaughter
Olympia J. Snowe
Jolene Unsoeld
Barbara Vucanovich
Maxine Waters
CRS-46
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress Dates
House
Senate
101st 1989-1991 Helen Delich Bentley
Nancy L. Kassebaum
Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs
Barbara Mikulski
Barbara Boxer
Beverly Barton Byron
Cardiss Collins
Nancy L. Johnson
Marcy Kaptur
Barbara Bailey Kennelly
Marilyn Lloyd
Jill Long*
Nita M. Lowey
Lynn M. Martin
Jan Meyers
Patsy Mink*
Constance A. Morella
Mary Rose Oakar
Elizabeth J. Patterson
Nancy Pelosi
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen *
Margaret Scafati Roukema
Patricia F. Saiki
Claudine Cmarada Schneider
Patricia S. Schroeder
Louise M. Slaughter
Virginia Smith
Olympia J. Snowe
Jolene Unsoeld
Barbara Vucanovich
Elected to fill a vacancy.
CRS-47
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress--Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
100th
1987-1989
Helen Delich Bentley
Nancy L Kassebaum
Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs
Barbara Mikulski
Barbara Boxer
Sala Burton 1
Beverly Barton Byron
Cardiss Collins
Nancy L. Johnson
Marcy Kaptur
Barbara Bailey Kennelly
Marilyn Lloyd
Lynn M. Martin
Jan Meyers
Constance A. Morella
Mary Rose Oakar
Elizabeth J. Patterson
Nancy Pelosi*
Margaret Scafati Roukema
Patricia F. Saiki
Claudine Cmarada Schneider
Patricia S. Schroeder
Louise M. Slaughter
Virginia Smith
Olympia J. Snowe
Barbara Vucanovich
1 Died on February 1, 1987.
* Elected to fill a vacancy.
CRS-48
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
99th
1985-1987
Helen Delich Bentley
Paula Hawkins
Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs
Nancy L Kassebaum
Barbara Boxer
Sala Burton
Beverly Barton Byron
Cardiss Collins
Bobbi Fiedler
Marjorie S. Holt
Nancy L. Johnson
Marcy Kaptur
Barbara Bailey Kennelly
Marilyn Lloyd
Cathy Long*
Lynn M. Martin
Jan Meyers
Barbara Ann Mikulski
Mary Rose Oakar
Margaret Scafati Roukema
Claudine Cmarada Schneider
Patricia S. Schroeder
Virginia Smith
Olympia J. Snowe
Barbara Vucanovich
9'
Elected to fill a vacancy.
CRS-49
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
98th
1983-1985
Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs
Paula Hawkins
Barbara Boxer
Nancy L Kassebaum
Sala Burton*
Beverly Barton Byron
Cardiss Collins
Geraldine Ann Ferraro
Bobbi Fiedler
Katie Hall
Marjorie S. Holt
Nancy L. Johnson
Marcy Kaptur
Barbara Bailey Kennelly
Marilyn Lloyd
Lynn M. Martin
Barbara Ann Mikulski
Mary Rose Oakar
Margaret Scafati Roukema
Claudine Cmarada Schneider
Patricia S. Schroeder
Virginia Smith
Olympia J. Snowe
Barbara Vucanovich
97th
1981-1983
Jean Ashbrook*
Paula Hawkins
Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs
Nancy L Kassebaum
Beverly Barton Byron
Shirley Anita Chisholm
Cardiss Collins
Millicent Fenwick
Geraldine Ann Ferraro
Bobbi Fiedler
Katie Hall*
Elected to fill a vacancy.
CRS-50
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
97th--Continued
Margaret M. Heckler
Marjorie S. Holt
Barbara Bailey Kennelly*
Marilyn Lloyd
Lynn M. Martin
Barbara Ann Mikulski
Mary Rose Oakar
Margaret Scafati Roukema
Claudine Cmarada Schneider
Patricia S. Schroeder
Virginia Smith
96th
1979-1981
Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs
Nancy L Kassebaum
Beverly Barton Byron*
Shirley Anita Chisholm
Cardiss Collins
Millicent Fenwick
Geraldine Ann Ferraro
Margaret M. Heckler
Marjorie S. Holt
Elizabeth Holtzman
Marilyn Lloyd
Barbara Ann Mikulski
Mary Rose Oakar
Patricia S. Schroeder
Virginia Smith
Olympia J. Snowe
Gladys Noon Spellman
95th
1977-1979
Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs
Maryon P. Allen*
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke
Muriel Humphrey*
Shirley Anita Chisholm
Cardiss Collins
Millicent Fenwick
Margaret M. Heckler
Marjorie S. Holt
Elected or appointed to fill a vacancy.
CRS-51
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
95th--Continued
Elizabeth Holtzman
Barbara C. Jordan
Martha Elizabeth Keys
Marilyn Lloyd
Helen Stevenson Meyner
Barbara Ann Mikulski
Mary Rose Oakar
Shirley N. Pettis
Patricia S. Schroeder
Virginia Smith
Gladys Noon Spellman
94th
1975-1977
Bella S. Abzug
Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke
Shirley Anita Chisholm
Cardiss Collins
Millicent Fenwick
Margaret M. Heckler
Marjorie S. Holt
Elizabeth Holtzman
Barbara C. Jordan
Martha Elizabeth Keys
Marilyn Lloyd
Helen Stevenson Meyner
Patsy Takemoto Mink
Shirley N. Pettis*
Patricia S. Schroeder
Virginia Smith
Gladys Noon Spellman
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
Elected to fill a vacancy.
CRS-52
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
93d
1973-1975
Bella S. Abzug
Corinne C. (Lindy) Boggs*
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke
Cardiss Collins*
Ella T. Grasso
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Julia Butler Hansen
Margaret M. Heckler
Marjorie S. Holt
Elizabeth Holtzman
Barbara C. Jordan
Patsy Takemoto Mink
Patricia S. Schroeder
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
92d
1971-1973
Bella S. Abzug
Elaine Edwards*
Elizabeth B. Andrews*
Margaret C. Smith
Shirley Anita Chisholm
Florence Price Dwyer
Ella T. Grasso
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Julia Butler Hansen
Margaret M. Heckler
Louise Day Hicks
Patsy Takemoto Mink
Charlotte Thompson Reid
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
*
Elected or appointed to fill a vacancy.
CRS-53
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
91st
1969-1971
Shirley Anita Chisholm
Margaret C. Smith
Florence Price Dwyer
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Julia Butler Hansen
Margaret M. Heckler
Catherine Dean May
Patsy Takemoto Mink
Charlotte Thompson Reid
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
90th
1967-1969
Frances Payne Bolton
Margaret C. Smith
Florence Price Dwyer
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Julia Butler Hansen
Margaret M. Heckler
Edna Flannery Kelly
Catherine Dean May
Patsy Takemoto Mink
Charlotte Thompson Reid
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
89th
1965-1967
Frances Payne Bolton
Maurine Neuberger
Florence Price Dwyer
Margaret C. Smith
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Julia Butler Hansen
Edna Flannery Kelly
Catherine Dean May
Patsy Takemoto Mink
Charlotte Thompson Reid
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
Lera Millard Thomas*
Elected to fill a vacancy.
CRS-54
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
88th
1963-1965
Irene Bailey Baker*
Maurine Neuberger
France Payne Bolton
Margaret C. Smith
Florence Price Dwyer
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Julia Butler Hansen
Maude Elizabeth Kee
Edna Flannery Kelly
Catherine Dean May
Charlotte Thompson Reid
Katharine Price St. George
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
87th
1961-1963
Iris Faircloth Blitch
Maurine Neuberger
Frances Payne Bolton
Margaret C. Smith
Marguerite Stitt Church
Florence Price Dwyer
Kathryn Elizabeth Granahan
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Julia Butler Hansen
Maude Elizabeth Kee
Edna Flannery Kelly
Catherine Dean May
Catherine Dorris Norrell*
Gracie Bowers Pfost
Louise Goff Reece*
Corrine Boyd Riley*
Katharine Price St. George
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
Jessica McCullough Weis
Elected to fill a vacancy.
CRS-55
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
86th
1959-1961 Iris Faircloth Blitch
Maurine Neuberger*
Frances Payne Bolton
Margaret C. Smith
Marguerite Stitt Church
Florence Price Dwyer
Kathryn Elizabeth Granahan
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Julia Butler Hansen*
Maude Elizabeth Kee
Edna Flannery Kelly
Catherine Dean May
Gracie Bowers Pfost
Edith Nourse Rogers
Katharine Price St. George
Edna Oakes Simpson
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
Jessica McCullough Weis
85th
1957-1959 Iris Faircloth Blitch
Margaret C. Smith
Frances Payne Bolton
Marguerite Stitt Church
Florence Price Dwyer
Kathryn Elizabeth Granahan*
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Cecil Murray Harden
Maude Elizabeth Kee
Edna Flannery Kelly
Coya Gjesdal Knutson
Gracie Bowers Pfost
Edith Nourse Rogers
Katharine Price St. George
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
Elected to fill a vacancy.
CRS-56
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
84th
1955-1957
Iris Faircloth Blitch
Margaret C. Smith
Frances Payne Bolton
Vera Daerr Buchanan
Marguerite Stitt Church
Mary Elizabeth Farrington+
Kathryn Elizabeth Granahan
Edith Green
Martha Wright Griffiths
Cecil Murray Harden
Maude Elizabeth Kee
Edna Flannery Kelly
Coya Gjesdal Knutson
Gracie Bowers Pfost
Edith Nourse Rogers
Katharine Price St. George
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
Ruth Thompson
83d
1953-1955
Frances Payne Bolton
Hazel Hempel Abel*
Vera Daerr Buchanan
Eva Kelly Bowring*
Marguerite Stitt Church
Margaret C. Smith*
Mary Elizabeth Farrington* +
Cecil Murray Harden
Maude Elizabeth Kee
Edna Flannery Kelly
Gracie Bowers Pfost
Edith Nourse Rogers
Katharine Price St. George
Leonor Kretzer Sullivan
Ruth Thompson
Elected or appointed to fill a vacancy.
+
Non-voting delegate.
CRS-57
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
82d
1951-1953 Frances Payne Bolton
Margaret C. Smith
Reva Zilpha Beck Bosone
Vera Daerr Buchanan*
Marguerite Stitt Church
Cecil Murray Harden
Maude Elizabeth Kee*
Edna Flannery Kelly
Edith Nourse Rogers
Katharine Price Collier
Ruth Thompson
81st
1949-1951 France Payne Bolton
Margaret C. Smith
Reva Zilpha Beck Bosone
Helen Gahagan Douglas
Cecil Murray Harden
Edna Flannery Kelly*
Mary Teresa Norton
Edith Nourse Rogers
Katharine Price St. George
Chase Going Woodhouse
80th
1947-1949 Frances Payne Bolton
Vera Bushfield*
Helen Gahagan Douglas
Georgia Lee Lusk
Mary Teresa Norton
Edith Nourse Rogers
Katharine Price St. George
Margaret Chase Smith
79th
1945-1947 Frances Payne Bolton
Emily Taft Douglas
Helen Gahagan Douglas
Elected or appointed to fill a vacancy.
CRS-58
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
79th--Continued
Clare Booth Luce
Helen Douglas Mankin*
Mary Teresa Norton
Eliza Jane Pratt*
Edith Nourse Rogers
Margaret Chase Smith
Jessie Sumner
Chase Going Woodhouse
78th
1943-1945
Frances Payne Bolton
Hattie W. Caraway
Willa Lybrand Fulmer*
Clare Booth Luce
Mary Teresa Norton
Edith Nourse Rogers
Margaret Chase Smith
Winifred Claire Stanley
Jessie Sumner
77th
1941-1943
Veronica Grace Boland*
Hattie W. Caraway
Frances Payne Bolton
Katharine Edgar Byron*
Mary Teresa Norton
Caroline Love O'Day
Jeannette Rankin
Edith Nourse Rogers
Margaret Chase Smith
Jessie Sumner
76th
1939-1941
Frances Payne Bolton*
Hattie W. Caraway
Florence Reville Gibbs*
Clara Gooding McMillan*
Mary Teresa Norton
Caroline Love O'Day
Edith Nourse Rogers
Margaret Chase Smith*
Jessie Sumner
Elected to fill a vacancy.
CRS-59
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
75th
1937-1939
Elizabeth Hawley Gasque*
Hattie W. Caraway
Nan Wood Honeyman
Dixie B. Graves*
Virginia Ellis Jenckes
Gladys Pyle*
Mary Teresa Norton
Caroline Love O'Day
Edith Nourse Rogers
74th
1935-1937
Isabella Selmes Greenway
Hattie W. Caraway
Virginia Ellis Jenckes
Rose M. Long*
Florece Prag Kahn
Mary Teresa Norton
Caroline Love O'Day
Edith Nourse Rogers
73d
1933-1935 Marian Williams Clarke*
Hattie W. Caraway
Isabella Selmers Greenway*
Virginia Ellis Jenckes
Florence Prag Kahn
Kathryn O'Louglin McCarthy
Mary Teresa Norton
Edith Nourse Rogers
72d
1931-1933
Willa McCord Eslick*
Hattie W. Caraway*
Florence Prag Kahn
Mary Teresa Norton
Ruth Bryan Owen
Ruth Sears Pratt
Edith Nourse Rogers
Effiegene Locke Wingo
Elected or appointed to fill a vacancy.
CRS-60
TABLE 1. Women in Congress, 65th-102d Congresses,
by Congress-Continued
Congress
Dates
House
Senate
71st
1929-1931
Florence Prag Kahn
Katherine Gudger Langley
Ruth Hanna McCormick
Mary Teresa Norton
Pearl Peden Oldfield
Ruth Bryan Owen
Ruth Sears Pratt
Edith Nourse Rogers
Effiegene Locke Wingo
70th
1927-1929
Florence Prag Kahn
Katherine Gudger Langley
Mary Teresa Norton
Pearl Peden Oldfield*
Edith Nourse Rogers
69th
1925-1927
Florence Prag Kahn*
Mary Teresa Norton
Edith Nourse Rogers*
68th
1923-1925 Mae Ella Nolan
67th
1921-1923 Winnifred Mason Huck*
Rebecca L. Felton* *
Mae Ella Nolan*
Alice Mary Robertson
66th
1919-1921 None
65th
1917-1919 Jeannette Rankin
*
Elected or appointed to fill a vacancy.