Back to Confirmation of William J. Ivey, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts [binder] [1]

Ask the Scholar

Document scope · 1 page

doc

Scholar

Ask about this object, its catalog metadata, its source description, or the page inventory. For page-specific OCR and visual context, open one of the page chats.

Scholar Source Context

Document identity

localId

55031545

label

Confirmation of William J. Ivey, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts [binder] [1]

core

doc

dtoType

document

citationUrl

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/55031545

pageCount

Source metadata

55031545

sourceUrl

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/55031545

contentType

document

title

Confirmation of William J. Ivey, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts [binder] [1]

citationUrl

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/55031545

collections

Records of the First Lady's Office (Clinton Administration)

Melanne Verveer's Subject Files

iiifBase

https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/clinton/2068127/Batch0002/2068127-20130534S-081-010-2022.pdf

thumbnailUrl

https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/clinton/2068127/Batch0002/2068127-20130534S-081-010-2022.pdf

largeImageUrl

https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/clinton/2068127/Batch0002/2068127-20130534S-081-010-2022.pdf

imageCount

hasImages

yes

source

import

hasTranscription

Source extras

url

https://catalog.archives.gov/id/55031545

naId

55031545

levelOfDescription

fileUnit

otherTitles

2068127-20130534S-081-010-2022

recordType

description

ocrSource

nara-archive

Single page context

seq

pageIndex

type

document

url

https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/clinton/2068127/Batch0002/2068127-20130534S-081-010-2022.pdf

mediaId

31f91585a1668b97

ocrText

Arts BRIEFING BOOK #1 CONFIRMATION OF WILLIAM J. IVEY CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS BRIEFING BOOK #1 CONFIRMATION OF WILLIAM J. IVEY CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS Pages I. CONGRESS Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee 1 Membership 2-47 Biographies 48-51 NEA voting records for 1997 - full Senate and Labor Committee 52-57 Other House and Senate committees of jurisdiction 58-63 1997 NEA legislative year-end review 64-97 Transcript of 4/29/97 Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee hearing on NEA reauthorization (most recent NEA hearing held by committee) II. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS 98-138 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1965, as amended 139-141 Text of Amended Section 6 regarding National Council on the Arts 142 Organizational Chart 143 Chronology of Change Chart - NEA 1993-1997 144-163 FY 97 year in review 164 FY 97 grant totals by division 165 Funding history 166 FY 99 proposed budget [CONFIDENTIAL] 167-174 National Council on the Arts 175-176 Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) backgrounder 177-189 Strategic Plan 190-194 Draft Performance Plan 195 Arts Education 196 Millennium projects 197-200 Interagency partnerships 201-203 American Canvas 204-209 Arts and Artifacts Indemnity 210-212 Technology initiatives III. MAJOR ISSUES IS FEDERAL FUNDING FOR THE ARTS APPROPRIATE? 213-214 Backgrounder 215-216 "Did You Know" NEA fact sheet 217-220 Myths and Facts fact sheets 221 Growth of Arts Organizations Chart 222 Examples of NEA Leadership 223 Youth at Risk projects 224 Total Federal support of the arts 225 Foreign expenditures on the arts CONTROVERSIAL ART 226 Jane Alexander's position as stated to the Senate Labor Committee 227-229 Standard letter to Congress regarding NEA restrictions and reforms 230 Changes in NEA management under Jane Alexander 231-236 Fact sheets on selected controversies 237 Finley case fact sheet 238-244 Finley case - legal scenarios DISTRIBUTION OF NEA GRANT FUNDS 245-246 Backgrounder 247 State block grant talking points 248 NASAA position letter 249-252 State-by-state breakdown of FY 97 NEA grants 253 Facts on "6 Cities" issue 254-255 New York State grant statistics 256-258 Application statistics 259-259A Arts Reach project NEA ADMINISTRATIVE OVERHEAD 260 Backgrounder 261-262 Facts and Charts 263-264 Administrative mandates PRIVATE FUNDING 265 Backgrounder 266 Office of Enterprise Development 267-269 Gifts to NEA 95-97 270 1997 Solicit and invest amendment 271-275 Excerpt from 3/13/97 budget hearing - discussion of private fundraising REAUTHORIZATION 276-278 Current status 279 Stevens Task Force backgrounder 280 Stevens amendment IV. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS 281-298 NEA response to the Hoekstra (House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations 1997) report 299-332 News clips on nomination of William J. Ivey Back flap FY 97 NEA grants - complete listing Back flap FY 98 NEA grants made to date Clinton Presidential Records Digital Records Marker This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. This marker identifies the place of a tabbed divider. Given our digitization capabilities, we are sometimes unable to adequately scan such dividers. The title from the original document is indicated below. I. CONGRESS Divider Title: SENATE COMMITTEES Senate authorizing Committee Labor and Human Resources PROFILE Agenda: The panel's new chairman, Republican James M. Jeffords of Vermont, has planned a full agenda of health, labor and education legislation. On health, the panel will work again on legislation to streamline the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) review process for new drugs and medical devices. The panel plans to consider reauthoriza- tion of the user-fee law, which requires drug manufactur- ers to share the cost of reviewing their products. Ranking Democrat Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts will push to expand health coverage for uninsured children, a priority for President Clinton. Jeffords also plans hearings on the quality of managed health care plans. The principal education measures are reauthorization of the Higher Ed- James M. Jeffords, Vt. Edward M. Kennedy, Mass. ucation Act, which covers student loans, grants and other Chairman Ranking Member federal programs, and the Individuals with Disabilities Ed- ucation Act, which finances federal programs for disabled Republicans (10) Democrats (8) students. Labor issues include the so-called TEAM Act, James M. Jeffords, Vt., which would clarify that businesses could establish work- Edward M. Kennedy, Mass.. chairman er-manager groups to discuss safety, productivity and ranking member Daniel R. Coats, Ind. Christopher J. Dodd. Conn. quality control, and the "comp time" bill, which would re- Judd Gregg, N.H. Tom Harkin, lowa quire businesses to give hourly workers the choice of Bill Frist, Tenn. Barbara A. Mikulski, Md. compensatory time off or overtime pay. Mike DeWine, Ohio Jeff Bingaman. N.M. Michael B. Enzi, Wyo.t Paul Wellstone. Minn. Chairman's role: When former Chairman Nancy Landon Tim Hutchinson, Ark.t Patty Murray. Wash. Kassebaum, R-Kan., retired last year, some observers Susan Collins, Maine t Jack Reed, R.I.t expected Jeffords to be challenged for the chairmanship John W. Warner, Va. because of his moderate-to-liberal ideology. But he as- Mitch McConnell, Ky. cended easily with the blessing of Majority Leader Trent Lott, R-Miss., and he is not expected to be a renegade. Denotes freshmen Among challenges he faces are that half the Republicans are new to the committee and that Kennedy is a savvy and dogged ranking Democrat. Democratic clout: Last year, Kennedy led efforts to increase the minimum wage and enact a health insurance bill. Kennedy worked well with Kassebaum, a moderate Re- publican like Jeffords. Democrats are unified on most is- sues before the panel. Paul Wellstone of Minnesota and Tom Harkin of lowa, the ranking Democrat on the Appro- Full Committee priations subcommittee that finances the Labor Depart- ment, are forceful supporters of organized labor. PHONE: (202) 224-5375 FAX: 228-5044 OFFICE: SD-428 HEARING ROOM: SD-430 Other key players: Republican Daniel R. Coats of Indiana, a strong conservative on social issues, is also influential on Staff Director: Mark Powden 224-6770 SH-835 FDA issues. He has announced, however, that he will re- Minority Staff Director: Nick Littlefield 224-7675 SIA644 tire when his term expires in 1998. Republican Bill Frist of Jurisdiction: Education, labor, health and public welfare in general; Tennessee. the Senate's only doctor, is influential on aging; arts and humanities: biomedical research and development; health matters. child labor; convict labor; domestic activities of the Red Cross: equal employment opportunity; handicapped people: labor standards and Geographic concentration: A third of the committee is from statistics: mediation and arbitration of labor disputes: occupational the Northeast. The rest is evenly spread among the safety and health; private pensions; public health: railway labor and South. Midwest and West. retirement: regulation of foreign laborers; student loans: wages and hours; agricultural colleges; Gallaudet University; Howard Universi- ty; St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. Chairman and rank- Top aides: Jeffords has asked his personal staff director, ing minority member are non-voting members ex officio of all sub- Mark E. Powden, to be panel staff director. Paul Harring- committees of which they are not regular members. ton will be top health aide and Ted Verheggen will contin- ue as labor aide. Pam Devitt is chief education aide. Kennedy's staff includes Nick Littlefield as staff director, David Nexon as top health aide, and Susan Greene as senior labor aide. Marianna Pierce, former general coun- sel at Boston's Museum of Fine Arts, replaces A. Clayton Spencer as education aide. CQ VERMONT York-horn g. James M. Jeffords (R) as the of Shrewsbury - - Elected 1988, 2nd term up in 1 when Biographical Information Committees retired Born: May 11, 1934, Rutland, Vt. Special Aging reed to Education: Yale U., B.S.I.A. 1956, Harvard U., LL.B. 1962 Finance Military Service: Navy, 1956-59; Naval Reserves, 1959-90. Health Care; Social Security & Family Policy: Taxation & IRS well. Occupation: Lawyer. Oversight organi- Family: Wife, Elizabeth Daley; two children. Labor & Human Resources (chairman) Religion: Congregationalist. Employment & Training: Public Health & Safety a sail- Veterans' Affairs V way Political Career: Vt. Senate. 1967-69; Vt. attorney general, The 169-73, sought Republican nomination for governor, 972. U.S. House, 1975-89. a dis- Capitol Office: 728 Hart Bldg. 20510; 224-5141 end, lance In ame Washington: The with committee Democrats and thwart GOP pri- H. Republican Party in orities on labor, education and health care issues, hy's Congress once had a thriv- several conservatives tried to convince Indiana the ing wing of Northeastern Republican Daniel R. Coats to challenge Jeffords, ake liberal members. Jeffords. who was next in line for the chairmanship. vho who claimed the chair- But Jeffords was saved by an ingrained Senate en manship of the Senate Republican deference to seniority, and by a com- Labor and Human Re- mitment by Majority Leader Trent Lott to uphold sources Committee at the diversity within the party even as he spearheaded in beginning of the 105th Con- a conservative agenda. Coats, after consulting gress. would have felt quite with the leadership, demurred, and Jeffords ut comfortable within that group. assumed the chairmanship without a challenge. But during Jeffords' more than two decades in Although many in his own party see him as a Congress. the GOP's liberal faction has sharply liberal, Jeffords describes himself as a moderate. diminished as the party's ranks have become "I'm not a radical toward labor issues or on the more solidly conservative. business issues," Jeffords said in 1996. "I'm down Jeffords. now in his second Senate term after the middle." seven in the House. has thus stood out as a He also pledged that he would not block legis- Republican maverick. In 1996. he voted with a lation favored by more conservative Republicans. majority of Senate Democrats against the majori- even if he opposed it. "I have told the members if IV of his Republican colleagues 41 percent of the we disagree, I won't hold up legislation that all time on roll-call votes - the highest rate of defec- Repub-licans except me want." he said. non among GOP members. In fact, some liberal and pro-union interests He also backed President Clinton on 53 per- viewed Jeffords as playing to his more conserva- cent of the votes on which the White House took tive colleagues with some of his votes in the 104th a position: only five other Republican senators Congress. backed the president more than half the time. For example, he supported a bill to allow busi- This has stood Jeffords in good stead politi- nesses to set up their own labor-management cally in Vermont. a onetime Yankee Republican teams to discuss workplace issues. Organized bastion that has shown liberal voting tendencies labor strongly opposed the legislation, seeing it as since the late 1970s. a way for business owners to circumvent unions. Jeffords has remained popular even as But Jeffords said the concept was designed for Vermont voters have elected Democrats to two modern workplaces in which the common goal of other major statewide offices (Sen. Patrick J. increasing profits, competitiveness and employ- Leahy and Gov. Howard Dean) and an indepen- ment has replaced labor-management hostility. dent who describes himself as a socialist. Bernard Critics of the legislation, he said, are "still in the Sanders. to the state's at-large House seat. mind-set of the 1930s." However. Jeffords' willingness to stray from Clinton vetoed a similar bill in 1996, but the party line rubs many of the more conservative Jeffords revived it in the 105th and pushed it Republican senators the wrong way - and briefly through Labor and Human Resources in March threatened his rise to the Labor and Human 1997. Resources chairmanship vacated by the 1996 Jeffords also indicated he planned to move retirement of Republican Nancy Landon carefully on a potentially explosive issue: federal Kassebaum of Kansas. regulation of the rapidly growing managed health Worried that Jeffords would line up too often care industry. "We shouldn't get into microman- 1467 VERMONT agement of health care," he says. "I'm going to go to which they wanted to send their children. Such positions are part of a well-worn career ing an upper hand slow." Still, there is plenty of evidence that Jeffords pattern for Jeffords. He never liked President such as Jeffords statewide. has earned his moderate-to-liberal reputation - Ronald Reagan's conservative song sheet for the and the skepticism of GOP conservatives. GOP. In only one year of Reagan's tenure did Jeffords has at ti In 1996, Jeffords provided a key Republican Jeffords, then a House member, support the pres- from conservatives swing vote that helped Democrats enact an ident's positions on legislation more often than he general elections. opposed them. Jeffords received 61 increase in the minimum wage over the opposi- tion of the GOP leadership. When George Bush became president, he had conservative neophy And while many Republicans view public edu- less of an ideological mission than Reagan. then breezed to vict cation as the province of local and state govern- Initially that helped Jeffords appear more of a U.S. Attorney Willian ments and want to limit federal funding, Jeffords GOP loyalist: He backed Bush on 68 percent of In 1994, howeve is an unabashed advocate of a federal role. Senate votes in 1989. But as Bush's tenure wore opposition only to During the 1996 election cycle, Democrats on, Jeffords often found himself at odds with the Democratic challenge tried to portray the GOP as anti-education, and White House on key issues. He opposed Supreme Jan Backus, an u Court nominee Clarence Thomas. who ultimately crat who scored an u congressional Republicans responded by support- attacked Jeffords as a ing funding increases for certain education pro- was confirmed. And just before the 1992 grams. Jeffords was pleased. "It was almost a bid- Republican Convention, Jeffords publicly sug. and accused him of us ding war upward as to who was going to give the gested that Bush drop Vice President Dan Quayle sonal use. Lagging far most for education," Jeffords said. "I kept cheer- from the ticket. the start of the general Jeffords was most outspoken in disagreeing narrowed the gap subs ing them on." In 1994, Jeffords was the only Republican sen- with Bush on issues that came before him as a and attracted national ator to cosponsor Clinton's plan to overhaul the member of the Labor Committee. In April 1991. he But Jeffords shot b: nation's health care system - a proposal so thor- questioned the intentions of Bush administration TV ads that criticized officials after they pressured business executives Jeffords managed to SI oughly destroyed by attacks from other Republicans that it contributed greatly to the to break off negotiations with civil rights activists political battles of his GOP's takeover of Congress in that year's elec- on a job-discrimination bill. with a 9 percentage-poi tions. "The president has assured me very sincerely Jeffords' only politic Along with his move to chair Labor and that he wants a civil rights bill." Jeffords said. "But career, when he lost a G Human Resources, Jeffords made a committee it's getting harder and harder for me to live with in 1972. He bounced switch in the 105th that will help him follow his that" assertion. three-way primary for V, interest in health care issues. He gave up his seat During the 101st and 102nd Congresses He went on to defear Jeffords voted with committee Democrats and Mayor Francis Cain with on the Appropri-ations Committee and took a seat on the Finance Committee, where he received an against the position taken by Bush and the major Jeffords quickly be assignment to the Health Care Subcommittee. ity of his Republican colleagues on a number of House seat. In six re-ele Jeffords. a Navy veteran, has retained a seat on contentious issues, including requirements that the Veterans' Affairs Committee. But at the start employers provide unpaid family and medical of the 105th Congress, he gave up a pair of assign- leave for employees. SENATE E! ments that had brought him some attention. A supporter of family leave since his House 1994 General One of these was the chairmanship of the days, Jeffords crossed back over to that chamber James M. Jeffords (R) Jan Backus (D) Labor and Human Resources Subcommittee on in June 1990 to participate in a news conference Gavin T. Mills (I) Education. Arts and Humanities. In that position, by bill supporters, calling the measure "a declara Matthew S. Mulligan (I) Jeffords was one of the leading Republican tion of independence for the American family Family leave legislation ultimately was enacted Previous Winning Percentages: 19 defenders of the National Endowment for the Arts, the federal arts funding agency roundly the 103rd Congress and signed into law in 1976* (67%) (53%) 1984 (65%) 1982 (69%) 19 panned by many conservatives as a waste of tax- Clinton. * House elections payers' money and a font of support for offensive Jeffords also had a seat on the Environment art. Jeffords was vice chairman of the and Public Works Committee through the 102ml CAMPAIGN Congressional Arts Caucus in the 103rd Congress. Congress, and he pushed several environment He also gave up the chairmanship of the related proposals. He sought to amend the 1994 Receipts Appro-priations Subcommittee on the District of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act to Jeffords (R) Backus (D) $1,011,383 SE Columbia. During the 104th Congress, Jeffords states to recycle bottles, but his proposal was $317,478 S urged members to give time to a congressionally rejected in committee. In the full Senate. Jeffons mandated control board to get the affairs of the tried to amend a massive energy bill to promote 1997 key VO1 financially beleaguered capital city in order. non-gasoline motor fuels, but the amendment 11.15 "We told the control board to get together with tabled 57-39. During consideration of the Approve 1996 chemical weapons treaty Approve balanced-budget constitutic D.C. and within four years to get the budget bal- 1992 and 1993 Interior appropriations bills Approve farm bill anced, and they're on the right track," he said in pushed an amendment to increase grazing fees. July 1996. At Home: Jeffords is well-suited to politics III Approve welfare overhaul Exempt small businesses from higher Limit punitive damages in product liat federal lands, but the amendment was rejected As chairman, Jeffords opposed a proposal backed by many Republicans that would have modern-day Vermont. The electorate has tilted 1995 Override veto of ban on "partial sexua birth Bar job discrimination based on responded to the decline of the District's educa- the left during the last two decades. with the tional system by establishing a voucher program arrival of thousands of liberal urbanites seeking the state's greener pastures. With Democrats gain Approve constitutional amendment sp: ba Approve GOP budget with tax and that aimed to allow parents to choose the schools 1468 VERMONT ing an upper hand, only moderate Republicans tallied less than 65 percent. In 1986, his last House eer such as Jeffords have had a chance to win election, he ran without Democratic opposition. President statewide. As 1988 approached and GOP Sen. Robert T. for the Jeffords has at times faced stronger opposition Stafford's retirement became imminent, Jeffords did from conservatives in his own party than he has in gained regard as his heir apparent. No Democratic the pres- general elections. In the 1988 Senate primary, officeholder came forward to contest him, and the than he Jeffords received 61 percent of the vote against a honor fell without opposition to Gray, who had conservative neophyte, Michael Griffes. Jeffords never before sought office. he had then breezed to victory over a Democrat, former Before getting to Gray, Jeffords had to contend Reagan. U.S. Attorney William Gray, with 68 percent. with Griffes, a 35-year-old Navy veteran who of a In 1994, however, Jeffords avoided primary returned to Vermont from a job with the Washing- ercent of opposition only to face a surprisingly tough ton office of Grumman Corp., a defense contrac- ure wore Democratic challenger. tor. Griffes ran an ideological campaign, describ- with the Jan Backus, an underfinanced liberal Demo- ing Jeffords as "not a Republican." Supreme crat who scored an upset victory in the primary, But Jeffords responded by pointing out Itimately attacked Jeffords as a captive of special interests Griffes' lack of Vermont roots: His family moved 1992 and accused him of using campaign funds for per- to the state when he was 17, and he had spent sug- sonal use. Lagging far behind Jeffords in polls at most years since out of state. Citing Griffes' resi- Quayle the start of the general-election campaign, Backus dence in Arlington, Va., a suburb of Washington, narrowed the gap substantially near Election Day Jeffords said the contest was between a "Vermont agreeing and attracted national attention and funding. Republican" and a "Virginia Republican." He won im as a But Jeffords shot back with a spate of negative easily. 1991, he TV ads that criticized Backus as weak on crime. Jeffords entered the general-election contest stration Jeffords managed to survive one of the toughest an overwhelming favorite and was never threat- ecutives political battles of his career, coming through ened. Gray's main thrust was to make a connec- activists with a 9 percentage-point margin of victory. tion between a contribution Jeffords received Jeffords' only political defeat came early in his from the Teamsters union's political action com- ncerely career, when he lost a GOP gubernatorial primary mittee and his opposition to federal efforts to take id. "But in 1972. He bounced back in 1974. winning a over the corruption-plagued union. But Jeffords ve with three-way primary for Vermont's open House seat. quashed the issue, denying any connection He went on to defeat Democratic Burlington between his fundraising and his House voting resses, Mayor Francis Cain with 53 percent of the vote. behavior. ts Jeffords quickly became indomitable in his The result on Election Day showed that the m House seat. In six re-election contests, he never issue did Jeffords no serious harm. ber of S that edical SENATE ELECTIONS VOTING STUDIES Presidential Party Conservative House 1994 General James M. Jeffords (R) 106,505 (50%) Support Unity Coalition umber Jan Backus (D) 85,868 (41%) Year S o S o S o rence Gavin T Mills (I) 12,465 (6%) 1996 53 46 57 41 58 39 (1%) 1995 50 48 58 41 53 47 lara- Matthew S. Mulligan (1) 3,141 1994 77 21 31 68 25 75 nily." Previous Winning Percentages: 1988 (68%) 1986*(89%) 1993 56 42 45 53 27 71 ed in 1984* (65%) 1982*(69%) 1980*(79%) 1978*(75%) 1992 45 52 36 58 37 55 1976* (67%) 1974*(53%) 1991 54 43 36 58 35 55 by * House elections INTEREST GROUP RATINGS nent Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU CAMPAIGN FINANCE 2nd 1996 50 n/a 62 45 Receipts Expend- 1995 55 36 76 23 ent- Receipts from PACs itures 1994 85 50 50 12 the 1994 1993 60 40 64 38 prce Jeffords (R) $1,011,383 $616,629 (61%) $1,043,626 1992 65 56 60 27 Backus (D) $317,478 $93,192 (29%) $313,169 1991 65 50 22 10 was rds KEY VOTES lote 1997 Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y vas Approve chemical weapons treaty Y cal 1996 he Approve farm bill N on Limit punitive damages in product liability cases Y Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage N Approve welfare overhaul Y in Bar job discrimination based on sexual onentation Y Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions N to 1995 he Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts Y ng Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration N n- 4 1469 Daniel R. Coats (R) Of Fort Wayne - Elected 1990; 1st full term Appointed to the Senate 1989. Biographical Information Committees Born: May 16, 1943, Jackson, Mich Armed Services Education: Wheaton College, B.A. 1965. Indiana U., J.D. Airland Forces (chairman): Personnel; Readiness Select Intelligence Military Service: Army Corps of Engineers, 1966-68 Labor & Human Resources Occupation: Lawyer. Children & Families (chairman); Public Health & Safety Family: Wife, Marcia Anne Crawford: three children. Religion: Presbyterian. Political Career: U.S. House, 1981-88. Capitol Office: 404 Russeil Bldg. 20510, 224-5623 In Washington: Coats has allowing children and parents to choose schools not made clear what profes- would inject some much-needed competition into sion he will pursue after his stagnant and failing educational systems. An congressional career, which amendment from Coats to repeal the federal he announced in December Direct Loan Program and require student loan 1996 would end with the recipients to pay the interest that accrued on their 105th Congress. Had he accounts in the first six months after graduation sought re-election in 1998. was defeated by the Labor Committee in 1995. he likely would have faced a But Coats recognizes that school choice has daunting obstacle in the not engendered consensus support as yet. In candidacy of Democratic February 1997, he noted, "Democrats very effec- former Gov. Evan Bayh. But the conservative stal- tively spun our proposal into an anti-education wart will spend his last Congress with active roles initiative. We clearly want to give states more in both the social policy and defense arenas as flexibility. But we're not out to demolish the chairman of two important subcommittees. Department of Education anymore." Coats, a veteran member of the Armed Coats is not much for compromising his prin- Services Committee, retains for the 105th the ciples in strategic retreat, but unlike some of his chairmanship of the Airland Forces younger Senate brethren he is willing to bend and Subcommittee. He also picked up the gavel of the on rare occasion to break ranks with his party; he new Children and Families Subcommittee of is not viewed as one-dimensional, even by fre- Labor and Human Resources. quent adversaries. Coats devotes much of his Coats ranks second on the Labor Committee energy to social issues such as abortion. Even on behind James M. Jeffords of Vermont, one of the the Armed Services panel - where he has con- Senate's more liberal Republicans. When conser- sistently joined the chorus of calling for beefier vatives fretted that Jeffords might prove too mod- budgets - Coats made his mark on what was erate a chairman. they turned to Coats to chal- essentially a social matter: gays in the military. He lenge him. is one of the leading congressional voices in favor But Coats. after consultation with GOP Senate of amending the Constitution to allow prayer in leaders late in 1996. decided to defer to Jeffords' public schools. seniority. Coats also serves on an education task He coauthored a provision of the 1996 force appointed by Senate Majority Leader Trent telecommunications law to outlaw obscenity and Lott. limit indecency on the Internet — a measure that Coats is best known as a social conservative quickly became First Amendment fodder for the who seriously examines the implications of his courts. In the 105th. dissatisfied with the broad- positions. urging other "movement conserva- cast industry's voluntary ratings system, Coats tives" to care not only about abortion and school has introduced a bill to require the TV industry to prayer but also about the weifare of children and set content-based ratings. the poor. During debate about a plan to end the A solid supporter of GOP efforts to cut tax federal welfare entitlement. Coats warned against rates, Coats was a leading proponent of the move total faith in the devolution theory regnant in his to grant the president a kind of line-item veto party, saying, "State officials are fully capable of authority. He is a supporter of increased defense repeating the same mistakes as federal officials, spending, noting, "When we're dealing with and state welfare bureaucracies can be just as national security, I'd like to err on the plus side." strong and just as wrong as federal programs." Coats is far more restrained when it comes to On education issues. Coats is directly in line domestic spending. Arguing that funding for pro- with conservative views. He is a forceful and pas- grams such as the National Endowments for the sionate advocate for school choice. arguing that Arts and Humanities should be cut in a time of 507 INDIANA waist-cinching, he said, "We're acting like the family" measure. The bill was vetoed by President stiff entire culture of the United States is going to George Bush in 1992 but signed into law by ads a: unravel." Noting the government's dire budgetary Clinton early in 1993. In straits, he cautioned, "We are fiddling here while But he was one of only five Republicans to name Rome burns." oppose a compromise civil rights bill in 1991 that Coats Coats has a stubborn streak, in part exempli- had Bush's support. enous fied by his self-described "lonely vigil" to grant Coats carried the fight against abortion into repea new power to states to keep out unwanted trash. the health care debate that dominated the second Bt Coats took up the cause in 1990 and saw a com- half of the 103rd Congress. When the Labor Demo promise through the Senate, only to watch it Committee took up Clinton's health care proposal Josep dropped in conference with the House on the fis- in June 1994, Coats unsuccessfully offered an Hogs cal 1997 energy and water spending bill. amendment that would have ensured that abor- al car Coats opposed President Clinton's second tion was not part of the basic benefits package Coats nominee for surgeon general, Henry W. Foster Jr., except in cases of rape, incest or a threat to the alleging a lack of accuracy as the doctor sought to woman's life. The health care overhaul effort recall the number of abortions he had performed. failed. "There is a litmus test here, but it is not abortion," He often finds himself attempting the difficult 1992 Coats said. "The litmus test is truth-telling, and on balancing act of offering economic incentives Daniel this point, the president's and Dr. Foster's version without spawning government interference. He Joseph of truth differ from day to day." has called for doubling the personal tax exemp- Steve In endorsing the presidential candidacy of Bob tion and creating tax credits for low-income fami- Previo Dole after Indiana's senior senator, Richard G. lies with children younger than 6. He also won 1986* Lugar, dropped out of the hunt in 1996, Coats adoption of several amendments in 1989 child- . Hou warned the party's standard-bearer not to shirk care legislation to permit in-home care and to the issues that energize conservatives. Coats has allow requirements that care-providers adhere to never been one to shrink from them himself. certain religious beliefs. Backing a ban on privately funded abortions in Though it is not unusual for one politician to 1992 military hospitals overseas, Coats argued in June be carried some distance by the career successes Coats 1996 that such procedures are subsidized by tax- of another, few have come as far this way as has Hogse payers and that "we must not take money from Coats. citizens and use it to vandalize their moral val- Starting as Dan Quayle's aide when Quayle 1997 ues." represented northeast Indiana in the House. Coats Appro When Republicans launched an offensive in has moved up behind his boss. When Quayle went Appro 1996 1993 against Clinton's proposal to lift the ban on to the Senate in 1980, Coats ran for and won his Appro homosexuals serving in the military, they went House seat. And after Quayle was elected vice Limit looking for someone to take the point. Coats was president in 1988, Indiana's retiring GOP Gov Exemp Appro their volunteer. Robert D. Orr appointed Coats to succeed Quayle Bar jo: According to The Washington Post, the day in the Senate. Overn At Home: When Orr named Coats to replace 1995 before the confirmation hearing for Defense Apprc Secretary Les Aspin, Republican members of the Quayle in the Senate a month after the 1988 pres- Appro Armed Services Committee met to discuss their idential election, he was formalizing what many questions. When Strom Thurmond of South Indiana observers had considered a fait accompli Carolina wanted to know who would ask ques- Coats was presumed to be Quayle's choice. just as tions on the gay ban, no one spoke up. he had been when Quayle left the House eight "There was kind of a dead silence," Coats told years earlier. the Post. "Assignments had been handed out, and As Quayle's district representative from 1978 nobody said anything. I think my exact words through 1980. Coats cultivated the role of surro- were: 'Well, if no one else wants to take it, I'll ask gate congressman. He handled constituents prob. the question." lems personally, and sometimes stepped in for It was a stroke of luck for the GOP. On morn- Quayle to give a "government is too big" speech. ing network news shows and elsewhere, Coats When Quayle ran for the Senate in 1980. Coats expressed forcefully but without strident rhetoric had a spot on the ballot just below him and shared the feelings of many Americans opposed to lifting the highly effective organization both had helped the ban. Unlike some of his more unyielding build. Coats actually bested Quayle that Republican colleagues, Coats, though a staunch November in the 4th. conservative, brought a record of compromise Democrats in 1990 tried and failed to recruit a and thus credibility to the debate. front-line Senate candidate such as Rep. Lee H In 1992, Coats had decided to break ranks with Hamilton. Instead, they nominated little-known his party and president and become a supporter of state Rep. Baron P. Hill. a former high school bas- a bill mandating that businesses allow their work- ketball star. Hill gained ground with clever televi- ers unpaid leave for family and medical emergen- sion ads depicting the state as being flooded by cies. Although he was still concerned about the Coats' franked mail. He also took a walking tour costs it would impose on businesses, he said he of the length of the state. Voters warmed to Hill's had also felt uncomfortable opposing such a "pro- ry stump style, which contrasted with Coats' 508 INDIANA esident law sntf presence in crowds and reliance on television by large campaign treasury and a highly organized ads and mailings. and effective campaign. In the end, Hill did not have enough money or On Election Day, Coats pushed his tally to 57 to that name recognition to overtake the incumbent. percent. Goats won with 54 percent, although Hill did well When he first ran for the House in 1980, into enough to merit being mentioned as a possible Coats still was a relative newcomer to the dis- second repeat challenger in 1992. trict. But he easily surmounted a bitter GOP pri- Labor But Hill decided not to try again. Instead mary against two candidates with much Democrats offered up Indiana Secretary of State oposal stronger local roots, winning nomination by Joseph H. Hogsett, a close associate of Gov. Bayh. carrying every county. In November, Coats an abor- Hogsett. who had helped run Bayh's gubernatori- smashed Democrat John D. Walda in Walda's al campaign, was seen early as a strong threat to ackage second try. Four re-election campaigns pro- Coats. But the threat fizzled as Coats built up a duced no surprises. to the effort ifficult SENATE ELECTIONS VOTING STUDIES entives 1992 General Presidential Party Conservative Daniel R Coats (R) 1,267,972 (57%) Coalition He Support Unity sepn H Hogsett (D) 900,148 (41%) Year s o S o S o exemp- 'eve Dillon (LIBERT) 35,733 (2%) 1996 29 68 93 4 84 11 fami- 1995 23 76 97 2 95 5 Previous Winning Percentages: 1990 (54%) 1988* (62%) 1994 42 58 88 11 78 19 won 1986* (70%) 1984*(61%) 1982*(64%) 1980*(61%) 1993 29 70 85 12 80 20 child- 1992 75 22 92 8 87 13 and House elections 1991 85 15 to 91 9 85 15 to CAMPAIGN FINANCE INTEREST GROUP RATINGS Receipts Expend- Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU to Receipts from PACs itures 1996 10 n/a 100 100 1992 1995 0 0 95 96 $ Coats (R) $3,642,012 $1,135,005 (31%) $3,802,077 1994 5 0 90 92 as Hogsett (D) $1,621,467 $436,042 (27%) $1,584,173 1993 20 18 100 88 1992 10 33 90 93 uayle KEY VOTES 1991 5 25 80 100 Coats 1997 Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y went Approve chemical weapons treaty Y his 1996 vice Approve farm bill Y mit punitive damages in product liability cases Y Gov. Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage Y Approve welfare overhaul Y Bar OD discrimination based on sexual onentation N Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions Y 1995 Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts Y Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration Y any as for 509 NEW HAMPSHIRE Judd Gregg (R) cons this i the V Of Rye - Elected 1992, 1st term 1996. remo it. "I Biographical Information Committees Appropriations kepts Born: Feb. 14, 1947, Nashua, N.H. Education: Columbia U., A.B. 1969; Boston U., J.D. 1972. Commerce. Justice. State & Judiciary (chairman): Defense. dollar LL.M. 1975. Foreign Operations: Interior: Labor, Health & Human were Services & Education Occupation: Lawyer. Al Family: Wife, Kathleen MacLellan; three children. Budget ism in Labor & Human Resources Religion: Congregationalist. ries h Aging (chairman): Children & Families Political Career: N.H. Governor's Executive Council, 1979- As go 81; U.S. House, 1981-89; governor, 1989-93. Capitol Office: 393 Russell Bldg. 20510; 224-3324. Chief Deputy Whip rights an all ban a call "I In Washington: There are 55 GOP senators voted for the treaty. At many GOP senators as con- When Dole was majority leader. he named politic servative as Gregg, but not Gregg to head a commission studying the future his tin so many with his extensive of entitlement programs such as Medicare and ran in' background in politics: He is Medicaid. The commission issued a plan that Washi the only Republican sena- called for reducing projected spending on At tor to have served in the Medicare by up to $120 billion, on Medicaid by famou House and as a governor. $115 billion and on welfare by $89 billion. The won C Gregg's particular blend group also proposed financial incentives to guberr of ideological commitment encourage seniors to choose less expensive But and government experience health care coverage. fired L makes him a useful ally to the Senate GOP leader- The commission's proposed Medicare savings carry 1 ship. distinguished it from a budget plan passed by ness I Gregg enjoys a close relationship with House Republicans in 1995, which called for Gregg Majority Leader Trent Lott of Mississippi. They about $270 billion in Medicare savings and also replace served together in the House through 1988, when proposed about $245 billion in tax cuts. As Gregg ran for governor and Lott for the Senate. Gregg favored more modest Medicare savings took th During his House tenure, Gregg was an early par- and a smaller tax cut. "In the Senate I think well ticipant in the Conservative Opportunity Society, go to $63 billion in tax cuts, which is what the a group founded by Rep. Newt Gingrich with the president wants," Gregg predicted on a television aim of toppling the House Democratic majority. news program in February 1995. "I don't think we 1992 Ge At the start of the 104th Congress, when Lott should go over what he asked for." Judd Gre was Senate majority whip, he named Gregg to be Gregg moved through his subcommitter John Rac chief deputy whip, and Gregg assumed a seat on another proposal Clinton supported: doubling (10 Katherine Larry Bra the Appropriations Committee. After Majority $300 million) the money spent to combat terror 1992 Pri Leader Bob Dole left the Senate to run for presi- ism. an idea that grew out of the 1995 bombing of Judd Gre a federal office building in Oklahoma City. But Harold E dent in June 1996, Lott assumed the top Senate Jean T. V. post. In a mid-Congress shuffle of committee many GOP conservatives balked at giving law Mark W. assignments, Gregg ended up chairman of an enforcement expanded powers contained 111 the measure. The anti-terrorism package enacted ID Previous \ Appropriations subcommittee. 1982* ( While on most issues Gregg sees eye-to-eye the 104th was a scaled-back version. Texas Republican Phil Gramm's move to the House with his party's conservative firebrands, he is more prone than some of them to regard legislat- Finance Committee during the 104th gave Gregs ing as a give-and-take process that involves an opening to chair Appropriations Commerce 1997 accommodating competing interests. Justice, State and Judiciary Subcommittee Gregg Approve t In April 1997, Gregg concurred with Lott in said he agreed philosophically with the staunchly Approve 1996 C voting to ratify a treaty that aimed to prevent the conservative Gramm. but said he "may not be is Approve fc use of chemical weapons worldwide. Many on the aggressive in some accounts." which was taken as Unit punit a signal that he would not swing such a hig bud Exempt $n GOP right, including some in the party's Senate Approve v leadership, said the treaty would compromise get-cutting ax at programs such as legal services job dis Override w U.S. sovereignty as well as military and trade or the poor. secrets. But President Clinton argued that unle Nevertheless, the spending bill that came out of Gregg's subcommittee in 1996 became G the United States ratified the treaty it would be c unable to participate in its enforcement. To win Ibroiled in controversy, in part because It cut over skeptics, he offered assurances that the United States could pull out of the treaty if the for the Commerce Department's Advanced to funding for U.S. dues to the United Nations and of Technology Program Though normally willing NEW HAMPSHIRE consider compromise, Gregg dug in his heels in the Republican primary, wealthy developer dus instance. Under pressure to make a deal with Harold Eckman pounded away at Gregg with a the White House on an omnibus spending bill in lavishly financed media campaign that held Gregg 1996. the GOP leadership "unceremoniously to a bare majority of the vote. moved" Gregg from negotiations. as Gregg put Rauh, a millionaire businessman who moved 1 was too disruptive to the process, because I to Sunapee, N.H., from Ohio in 1986, continued sept saving we should be concerned about our tax the attack in the fall. He repeatedly reminded vot- dollars." Gregg said. "The American taxpayers ers that Gregg had presided over some of the were being fleeced." worst fiscal times in New Hampshire's history. Although there is a strong strain of libertarian- While acknowledging the state's economic ISIII in his state's GOP's heritage, Gregg also car- hardships, Gregg frequently noted that he had nes his conservatism into the social-issue arena: kept a tight lid on spending and remained is governor. he vetoed bills liberalizing abortion staunchly opposed to state income and sales nights provisions of state law. In the Senate, he is taxes. The race went down to the wire. Gregg in ally of anti-abortion forces and has voted to lost most of the counties in his old congression- ban a particular abortion technique opponents al district on the rural western side of New vall "partial birth" abortion. Hampshire. But he won the populous southeast At Home: Gregg's ascent in New Hampshire corner of the state and the Republican "North politics has proceeded like clockwork, although Country" by enough votes to take the Senate lus tinung was nearly thrown off in 1992 when he seat. ran into stiff opposition in his effort to return to Gregg has devoted almost his entire adult Washington after a four-year hiatus as governor. life to public service. He practiced law only a A tenacious campaigner and scion of a family short time before launching his political career tamous in New Hampshire politics, Gregg had in 1978 by unseating a GOP incumbent for a won convincingly in four House races and two seat on the five-member state Executive gubernatorial contests since the fall of 1980. Council. Two years later, Gregg won the House But in 1992, New Hampshire's economic woes seat of retiring GOP Rep. James C. Cleveland. fired up an angry electorate, helping Bill Clinton With a strong base in the populous Nashua carry the state for president and putting pro-busi- area and the quiet support of his father (former ness Democrat John Rauh in a position to give Gov. Hugh Gregg), he won the nine-way GOP pri- Gregg his toughest electoral fight ever in his bid to mary with 34 percent of the vote. From then until replace retiring GOP Sen. Warren B. Rudman. 1992, Gregg coasted at the polls, winning every As governor and as a Senate candidate, Gregg primary and general election with at least 60 per- took the heat for the state's economic troubles. In cent of the vote. SENATE ELECTIONS CAMPAIGN FINANCE 1992 General Receipts Expend- .00 Gregg (R) 249,591 (48%) Receipts from PACs itures Raun (D) 234,982 (45%) 1992 latherine M. Alexander (LIBERT) 18,214 (4%) Gregg (R) $990,836 $367,605 (37%) $875,675 you Brady (1) 9,340 (2%) Rauh (D) $834,000 0 $833,967 1992 Primary Blevens (1) $0 0 $484 .00 Gregg (R) 57,141 (50%) maroid Eckman (R) 43,264 (38%) VOTING STUDIES ean T White (R) 10,642 (9%) Presidential Mark W. Farnham (R) 2,295 (2%) Party Conservative Support Unity Coalition Year Previous Winning Percentages: 1986*(74%) 1984*(76%) S o S o S o 1996 34 64 90 8 89 11 1982* (71%) 1980*(64%) 1995 22 76 93 5 88 5 1994 40 56 83 16 78 22 . House elections 1993 22 72 87 10 71 27 KEY VOTES INTEREST GROUP RATINGS 1997 Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment ACU Y 1996 5 n/a Approve chemical weapons treaty 92 75 Y 1996 1995 0 0 95 87 Approve farm bill 1994 15 0 90 79 N 1993 10 0 91 92 Limit punitive damages in product liability cases Y Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage Y Approve weitare overhaul Y Bar 100 discrimination based on sexual orientation N Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions Y 1995 Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts Y Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration Y 889 TENNESSEE Bill Frist (R) and the to the fl all the Of Nashville - - Elected 1994, 1st term cans to nomina derailin Biographical Information Committees At I Born: Feb. 22, 1952, Nashville, Tenn. Budget Education: Princeton U., B.A. 1974; Harvard U., M.D. 1978 Commerce, Science & Transportation that en: Occupation: Surgeon. Aviation; Communications; Manufacturing & Sen. Jin Family: Wife, Karyn McLaughlin; three children. Competitiveness; Science, Technology & Space (chairma) a heart Religion: Presbyterian. Surface Transportation & Merchant Marine of hims Political Career: No previous office. Foreign Relations literatu Capitol Office: 565 Dirksen Bldg. 20510; 224-3344. African Affairs; East Asian & Pacific Affairs: Internation Economic Policy, Export & Trade Promotion endorse Labor & Human Resources Fris: Children & Families; Public Health & Safety (chairmar outside Small Business ing like who dr In Washington: Frist gave On some other health matters, though. his pos that ye constituent service a new ture is more moderate. With Democrat Bill Bradles achieve meaning in September of New Jersey, Frist championed a provision in the senior 1995, when he administered fiscal 1997 VA-HUD appropriations bill that term b cardio-pulmonary resusci- requires health insurance plans with maternity cratic 1. tation to a heart attack vic- coverage to cover at least 48 hours of hospitaliza to win tim from Tennessee who tion for mothers and newborns after conventional won by had collapsed on his way to deliveries and 96 hours after Caesarean deliveries An meet the senator at his Frist will delve further into the debate over messen Dirksen Building office. health in the 105th as chairman of Labor's sub He had That dramatic incident committee on Public Health and Safety. During little in was just one of the times that Frist's background the 104th, he chaired the subcommittee on dis life wit. as a heart and lung transplant surgeon gave him a ability policy, a role that found him struggling 10 Fris special role in his first two years in elective office. reach a compromise with the House in the SUS In his During the 104th Congress, he had a hand in a sion's final days on the Individuals With obsess: variety of health-related issues and played a Disabilities Education Act. Frist had hailed the cats fr prominent role in several of them. Senate version of the bill as a carefully cratted medica When a conference on reauthorizing the Ryan compromise among diverse interests that pro lack of White CARE Act, the government's key AIDS pro- served the civil rights of disabled students. The efit. A gram, stalled in the spring of 1996, then-Senate measure died in the 104th but will be considered resour Labor and Human Resources Chairwoman Nancy again in the 105th. Landon Kassebaum, R-Kan., turned to Frist. He On Medicare, Frist was appointed chairmano helped work out a deal with Rep. Tom Coburn, R- Republican working group during the 104th and Okla., a fellow physician. repeatedly expressed alarm about the impending And when Republicans first met with political bankruptcy of the program's trust fund. "We must 1994 Ge trouble in the fall of 1995 over what Democrats not fall back on the traditional approach of nusing Bill Frist Jim Sass portrayed as a GOP attempt to cut Medicare, Frist payroll taxes and ratcheting down provider tees 1994 Pr was enlisted to star in his party's televised coun- he said in February 1996. "We must reintroduce Bill Frist terattack. In one ad, he appeared inside a hospital Bob Cor vate sector principles into this public program Steve W and assured viewers that the Democrats' criti- At the start of the 105th, Frist joined with GOT Harold cism "sounds scary, but it's simply not true." moderates in cosponsoring a measure that would Byron B Such an assignment plays to Frist's strengths: Andrew provide greater portability for Medicare benef Like Majority Leader Trent Lott of Mississippi, he ciaries who buy Medicare supplemental insur is a telegenic, affable politician who can articulate ance or private Medigap policies. conservative views without sounding bellicose. Frist found himself in a tough spot in the Unlike Lott, though, Frist has shown no inter- 1994 spring of 1995 as the Labor Committee consid Frist (R) est in becoming a creature of Washington. He has ered President Clinton's nomination of Dr. Hents Sasser ( joined fellow Tennessee Republican Fred W. Foster Jr. to be surgeon general. Frist had been Thompson in backing term limits, contending a professional colleague of Foster's in Nashville they would bring a more diverse and talented but Frist knew that supporting Foster's nomma membership to Congress. He also has sponsored tion would anger abortion opponents. many of legislation to end the tradition of free airport whom had supported him in his 1994 campaign parking and other legislative perks for senators. Foster acknowledged performing abortions III his Frist has compiled a solidly conservative vot- 35-year career as an obstetrician/gynecologist ing record, and has made clear his disdain for But Frist's personal ties to Foster won out increased spending on non-defense programs as over political calculations. In late May. Repub- well as his strong opposition to abortion. James M. Jeffords of Vermont joined Fnst 1332 10 TENNESSEE and the panel's Democrats to send the nomination itics as a career. to the floor on a 9-7 vote. In June, Frist voted with And, as he himself would ask his audiences on all the Senate's Democrats and 10 other Republi- the stump, "Who better than a heart surgeon to cans to shut off a threatened filibuster of Foster's take out that bleeding-heart liberal Jim Sasser?" nomination. But efforts to cut off debate failed, Frist's father had founded the giant health care derailing Foster's nomination. conglomerate Hospital Corporation of America. At Home: In the end it was not Frist's wealth And the candidate himself had spent the previous that enabled him to defeat three-term Democratic eight years as a transplant surgeon at Vanderbilt Sen. Jim Sasser in 1994. Nor was it Frist's fame as University in Nashville, performing 250 heart and .1 heart surgeon, although he did include a picture lung transplants - including the first pediatric of himself holding a human heart in his campaign heart transplant in Tennessee. literature, and he assembled former patients to Frist was able to mount a $9.5 million cam- endorse him at his first news conference. paign, financing most of the effort from his own Frist won because he was unmistakably the pocket. He easily defeated five rivals in the GOP outsider and because Sasser could not stop look- primary and became one of just two challengers 1112 like the sort of Democratic career politician to knock off an incumbent senator in November. who drew many voters' wrath in 1994. But even in Frist's medical career enabled him to make a that year's wave of Republican triumph, Frist's pitch to voters that seemed fresh. No one could achievement stood out. He took down the state's remember another candidate standing shoulder- the senior senator, denying Sasser not only his fourth to-shoulder with patients who testified to his sin- term but also his opportunity to be the Demo- cerity and caring and credited him with saving cratic leader in the Senate (a job he was expected their lives. He also had gained some prior notice to win in party caucus after the election). And he for his crusade to have organ-donor cards printed won by 14 percentage points. on the back of driver's licenses in Tennessee and An earnest political outsider, Frist was an ideal for his service as chairman of the Tennessee Task messenger for an electorate angry at Washington. Force on Medicaid. He had never sought office before and had shown But the real message of Frist's TV ads and little interest in politics, going much of his adult stump speeches had less to do with his own cre- life without even voting. dentials than with a broad critique of Democrats Frist sometimes revealed too much of himself. in the White House and on Capitol Hill. In his autobiography, he owned up to a youthful Frist seemed a little awkward during debates obsession with science that drove him to adopt with Sasser, stumbling over words and looking cats from animal shelters so he could perform outlandish in a loud red, white and blue flag tie medical experiments on them. But on balance, his that had been his trademark on the stump. lack of political polish seemed to work to his ben- Nonetheless, he consistently scored at these efit. As a famous doctor with ample personal events by linking Sasser to Clinton and the poli- resources. he could plausibly deny interest in pol- cies of Congress' Democratic majority. SENATE ELECTIONS KEY VOTES 1994 General 1997 Frist (R) 834.226 (56%) Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y I'm Sasser (D) 623,164 (42%) Approve chemical weapons treaty Y 1994 Primary 1996 Bill Frist (R) 197,734 (44%) Approve farm bill Y Bob Corker (R) 143,808 (32%) Limit punitive damages in product liability cases Y Steve Wilson (R) 50.274 (11%) Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage Y Harold Sterling (R) 28,425 (6%) Approve welfare overhaul Y Byron Bush (R) 14,267 (3%) Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation N Andrew "Buddy" Benedict III (R) 11,117 (2%) Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions Y 1995 CAMPAIGN FINANCE Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts Y Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration Y Receipts Expend- Receipts from PACs itures 1994 VOTING STUDIES Frist (R) $9,679,522 $413,220 (4%) $9,517,424 Presidential Party Conservative Sasser (D) $4,448,053 $1,723,494 (39%) $4,717,147 Support Unity Coalition Year S o S o S o 1996 39 59 95 4 97 3 1995 25 75 95 4 93 5 INTEREST GROUP RATINGS Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU 1996 0 n/a 100 95 1995 0 0 100 83 11 1333 OHIO Mike DeWine (R) the me Of Cedarville - Elected 1994, 1st term WC mi Biographical Information Capitol Office: 140 Russell Bldg. 20510, 224-2315 Ins Born: Jan. 5, 1947, Springfield, Ohio. rew Education: Miami U. (Ohio), B.S. 1969; Ohio Northern U., Committees ma J.D. 1972. Select Intelligence the Occupation: Lawyer. Judiciary pla Family: Wife, Frances Struewing: eight children. Antitrust, Business Rights & Competition (chairman): Youth ing Religion: Roman Catholic. Violence we Political Career: Greene County prosecuting attorney, 1977- Labor & Human Resources abu 81; Ohio Senate, 1981-83; U.S. House, 1983-91; Employment & Training (chairman); Public Health & Safety lieutenant governor, 1991-95; Republican nominee for U.S. for Senate, 1992. nan hon suff In Washington: DeWine is to reauthorize the National Endowment for the a conservative on most fis- Arts and the National Endowment for Human- Sen: cal and social issues, and in ities, saying he believes they play an important appr the 105th Congress, busi- role in early childhood education. Many conserv- 7 ness interests wished him atives want to abolish the agencies. offic all the best in his efforts to A family tragedy spurred DeWine's interest in that pass legislation allowing highway safety and organ donation. In 1993, when scho companies to offer employ- he was campaigning for the Senate. DeWine's 22- inclu ees comp time in lieu of pay year-old daughter Becky was killed when her car aton: for overtime work. DeWine collided with a pickup truck on a rain-slick high- NW shepherded that measure in way near the DeWines' home. The incident John his role as chairman of Labor and Human prompted DeWine to speak strongly against sider. Resources' Employment and Training Subcom- efforts in the 104th to repeal national interstate 1994 mittee. highway speed limits. He urged senators to resist Hyatit But if first-termer DeWine fits in comfortably the politically popular course of backing repeal. ing D with the Senate's conservative Republican major- "The old adage had it right. Speed does in fact kill. that T. ity, there is a streak of moderation in his record Everyone in this chamber knows that," he said. years that sets him a bit apart from the chamber's other DeWine joined Sen. Byron L. Dorgan. D-N.D. recent arrivals who have taken up residence on who also lost a daughter, to establish the con- the GOP's right flank. gressional organ donation caucus. which publi- For instance, on the Judiciary Committee in cizes donor programs. Becky DeWine's eyes were the 104th, DeWine took a more moderate stance donated after her death. 1994 G. on immigration matters than some in his party, It was a more conventional issue for a conser- Mike De Joel Hya opposing efforts to limit legal immigration. Im- vative, the "comp time" bill, that put DeWine in Joseph migration Subcommittee Chairman Alan K. Simp- the spotlight early in the 105th. The bill permitted 1994 Pr son, R-Wyo., proposed cutting the overall number Mike De private-sector employers to give workers the Bernadm of family reunification visas, and he sought to option of being compensated with pay or time off Gene J. eliminate provisions in existing law that put a pri- when they work more than 40 hours in a week. George ority on reuniting families by giving immigration The measure also allowed businesses to offer Previous preference to adult children of legal immigrants. "flex-time" schedules. DeWine said the measure 1984 Critics portrayed this plan as inconsistent with would give workers more control over their work * promoting "family values," observed DeWine, "I House schedules. think this constriction takes a very pessimistic But organized labor and its Democratic allies view of this country." in Congress strenuously opposed the bill. arguing On another matter, when the Labor Com- that it could lead to unscrupulous businesses mittee in February 1996 considered a Republican 1994 coercing workers to take whatever form of com- DeWine measure to constrain the Occupational Safety and pensation the company preferred. Hyatt (D) Health Administration (OSHA), DeWine offered DeWine responded, "It's voluntary. The Slovenec an amendment striking a portion of the bill that employee doesn't have to enter this." But he would have limited OSHA's inspection practices. showed a willingness to compromise. In May 1997 The bill aimed to bar OSHA from inspecting a he said he would support certain changes to the workplace unless an employee had filed a com- bill, such as clarifying that it would not interfere plaint. Existing law permits OSHA to inspect a with arrangements worked out by labor unions workplace whether or not a complaint has been and employers under collective bargaining agree- filed, and DeWine's amendment sought to retain ments. But Democratic resistance to the bill was that authority for OSHA. still so stubborn that GOP leaders were having In early 1997, DeWine also backed legislation en getting the Senate to end debate on 1110 12 OHIO the matter so a vote could be set. proven record, while with Hyatt, "all you have is DeWine, who has eight children. also focuses his word on it" - a sly rephrasing of the familiar much legislative attention on children's issues. He line from Hyatt Legal Services' long-running com- won approval in the 104th for an additional $50 mercial. He won 53 percent to 39 percent. million for pediatric research in the National DeWine has never lacked drive or ambition. Institutes of Health budget. And he fought to After law school, he spent three years as an rewrite a federal law that requires agencies to assistant county prosecutor before running make "reasonable efforts" to keep children in against his boss and beating him in 1976. In their own homes before resorting to foster-care 1980, he won a seat in the Ohio Senate. Two placement. Although some in his party were push- years later he began his congressional career, ing "parental rights" initiatives to restrict social winning the west central 7th District with 56 workers from investigating allegations of child percent despite a statewide Democratic trend. abuse, DeWine charged children were too often After three easy re-elections, he considered a forced to "live with parents who are parents in bid for governor before settling for the No. 2 job name only. We send them back to homes that are behind GOP Gov. George V. Voinovich. homes in name only - to people who inflict pain, Two years later, DeWine challenged Glenn and suffering, torture and abuse." held him to 51 percent (DeWine took 42 percent, At Home: DeWine's 1994 election to the and an independent 7 percent). With his victory in Senate was a testament to the slow-but-steady 1994, DeWine seemed to verify an axiom of Ohio approach to success in Ohio politics. politics: You have to lose a statewide race before The race was DeWine's third run for statewide you can win one (it has been four decades since a office in five years and capped a political career candidate won the governorship or a Senate seat that began shortly after his graduation from law without first running statewide and losing). school. His years of preparation for office have For a time, however, it was far from certain included stints as a county prosecutor. a state sen- that 1994 would be DeWine's year for running and ator, a House member and lieutenant governor. winning. Many Republicans found him too con- Nonetheless, in a race against Democratic Sen. servative or too uninspiring. But when DeWine's John Glenn in 1992, DeWine tried to run as an out- campaign got under way, it was apparent he had sider. He lost. Back for a second Senate bid in learned from his years in the trenches. His ads 1994 matchup, DeWine faced political novice Joel played up his down-home origins, showing him Hyatt, a legal entrepreneur and son-in-law of retir- wearing flannel shirts and a crooked grin. But ing Democratic Sen. Howard M. Metzenbaum. In behind that persona was a organized and efficient that race, DeWine stressed his experience. All his campaign that ran smoothly through a long pri- years of service, DeWine said, added up to a mary and general-election haul. SENATE ELECTIONS KEY VOTES 1994 General 1997 Mike DeWine (R) 1,836,556 (53%) Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y Joel Hyatt (D) 1,348,213 (39%) Approve chemical weapons treaty Y Joseph J. Slovenec (I) 252,031 (7%) 1996 1994 Primary Approve farm bill Y Mike DeWine (R) 422,366 (52%) Limit punitive damages in product liability cases Y Bernadine Healy (R) 263,559 (32%) Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage Y Gene J. Watts (R) 83,103 (10%) Approve welfare overhaul Y George H. Rhodes (R) 42,633 (5%) Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation N Overnde veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions Y Previous Winning Percentages: 1988* (74%) 1986* (100%) 1995 1984* (77%) 1982 (56%) Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts Y Approve constitutional amendment bamng flag desecration Y House elections VOTING STUDIES CAMPAIGN FINANCE Presidential Party Conservative Receipts Expend- Support Unity Coalition Receipts from PACs itures Year S o s o S o 1994 1996 41 59 88 12 92 8 DeWine (R) $6,344,528 $1.423,379(22%) $6,274,663 1995 30 70 87 13 82 18 Hyatt (D) $4,274,071 $597.505 (14%) $4,773,905 Slovenec (1) $192,888 0 (0%) $192,867 INTEREST GROUP RATINGS Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU 1996 15 n/a 85 85 1995 0 8 89 70 13 1111 WYOMING with 32 perce Michael B. Enzi (R) Barasso's 30 pt election contes Of Gillette - - Elected 1996, 1st term Karpan. a fo of state who I Democratic pri Biographical Information Committees a slight edge Born: Feb. 1, 1944, Bremerton, Wash. Special Aging across Wyomin Education: George Washington U., B.S. 1966; U. of Denver, Banking, Housing & Urban Affairs and service as M.A. 1968. Financial Institutions & Regulatory Relief, Financial Services unsuccessful 1 Military Service: Wyo. Air National Guard, 1968-73 & Technology; Housing Opportunity & Community Development issues such as g Occupation: Accountant; shoe store owner. Labor & Human Resources use policy. she Family: Wife, Diana Buckley; three children. Employment & Training, Public Health & Safety Religion: Presbyterian. Small Business Political Career: Mayor of Gillette, 1975-83; Wyo. House, 1987-93; Wyo. Senate, 1993-97. S. Capitol Office: 290 Russell Bldg. 20510; 224-3424 1996 General Michael B Enzi (R) Kathy Karpan (D) The Path to Washington: His background in education policy comes into W David Herbert IL A businessman, former play on the Labor and Human Resources Lloyd Marsden (NL) mayor and 10-year veteran Committee. where he serves. and on his other 1996 Primary Mike Enzi (R) of the Wyoming Legislature, assignment. Small Business. he knows the com- John Barrasso (R) Enzi proved his mettle mittee's jurisdiction from personal experience. Curt Meier (R) against flashier, more prom- Despite his years as a community leader and Nimi McConigley (R Kevin P. Meenan (R) inent opponents to win state legislator, Enzi was just a face in the crowd Kathleen P Jachows Wyoming's open Senate of GOP Senate hopefuls who rushed in after Brian E Coen (R) Simpson said he was stepping down. More than a Cleveland B. Hollow race in 1996. He kept the seat in dozen Republicans initially expressed interest in Republican hands, succeed- the race. ing veteran Republican Sen. Alan K. Simpson, Although the list of potential candidates who retired. included several high-profile Republicans. from With a background in accounting and contacts the outset the front-runner was thought to be he made running a shoe-store business with his John Barrasso. a prominent physician widely wife, Enzi began his political climb in 1974 at age known for his work as a broadcast personality at 30, winning election as mayor of Gillette, in north- a Casper television station. eastern Wyoming. He served a pair of four-year Although he had never held elected office. terms in that job, and was credited with guiding Barrasso had long been active in Wyoming polities the city through a population explosion that saw and was a Republican National Committeeman for it more than double in size. the state. In 1986, he won a seat in the Wyoming House. Barrasso, who said he favored abortion rights. where he served six years, and then in 1992 he made fiscal issues the centerpiece of his cam- moved up to the state Senate. While never part of paign, vowing to balance the federal budget and the leadership in the Legislature. he earned a rep- reduce regulatory burdens. Throughout the utation as a hard worker with strong organiza- spring, he continued to lead a GOP pack that ulti- tional skills. He served as chairman of the state mately settled down to nine candidates compet- Senate Revenue Committee. ing for the nomination. In addition to his legislative work on fiscal Needing to counter Barrasso's high name recog- matters. Enzi was involved in education issues. nition, Enzi built a network of supporters that drew serving on the Education Commission of the in part from the Wyoming Christian Coalition: he States. a national organization through which leg- emphasized his opposition to abortion. islators and educators trade ideas about educa- In an early indication that an upset was possi- tion policies and school reform initiatives. He ble. Enzi narrowly edged Barrasso in a non-bind- also served on a state higher education commis- ing straw poll of delegates taken at the sion. whose aim was to help Wyoming college stu- Republican state convention in June. dents pursue professional educational opportuni- Although the vote had no formal or direct ties. bearing on the nomination, the straw poll indicat- When Enzi launched his 1996 Senate cam- ed that Enzi was a serious contender against the paign, he was working for an oil well servicing more polished and politically moderate Barrasso. company in Gillette, serving as accounting man- With new momentum, Enzi pitched himself ager and computer programmer (he is a big com- across the state as a conservative opponent of puter buff, taking laptop in tow on his rounds of abortion and gun control who strongly supported Capitol Hill). Wyoming's mining industry and backed tax Enzi is the only accountant in the Senate, and breaks for small business. he can put his head for numbers to work on the Enzi's sales job proved effective with voters in Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee. the August primary. He took the nomination 1600 WYOMING with 32 percent of the vote, just ahead of a liberal. Barasso's 30 percent. and headed into a general- But as he had done against Barrasso in the election contest with Democrat Kathy Karpan. GOP primary, Enzi played up his opposition to Karpan. a former two-term Wyoming secretary abortion, drawing a sharp distinction on that issue of state who had only token opposition in the between himself and Karpan, who favored abor- Democratic primary, initially was thought to have tion rights. a slight edge over Enzi. She was well-known Although retiring Sen. Simpson also had across Wyoming because of her campaigns for favored abortion rights during his career, Karpan and service as secretary of state, and from an found few Republicans willing to desert Enzi Services unsuccessful 1994 campaign for governor. On because of his anti-abortion stance. He won with issues such as gunowners' rights and federal land- 54 percent of the vote, 12 percentage points ahead use policy, she was careful to avoid being labeled of Karpan. SENATE ELECTIONS CAMPAIGN FINANCE 1996 General Receipts Expend- Michael B Enzi (R) 114,116 (54%) Receipts from PACs itures Kathy Karpan (D) 89,103 (42%) 1996 nes into W David Herbert (LIBERT) 5,289 (3%) Enzi (R) $984,906 $476,177 (48%) $953,572 sources Lloyd Marsden (NL) 2,569 (1%) Karpan (D) $819,417 $277,930 (34%) $814,258 1996 Primary is other Mike Enzi (R) 27,056 (32%) KEY VOTES he com- John Barrasso (R) 24,918 (30%) 1997 Curt Meier (R) 14,739 (18%) ence. Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y Nimi McConigley (R) 6,005 (7%) der and Approve chemical weapons treaty Y Kevin P. Meenan (R) 6,000 (7%) e crowd Kathleen P Jachowski (R) 2,269 (3%) in after Brian E. Coen (R) 943 (1%) Cleveland B. Holloway (R) 874 (1%) e than a erest in didates IS, from it to be widely n' at I office. politics man for n rights, is cam- iget and out the hat ulti- compet- e recog- at drew ition: he is possi- on-bind- at the r direct 15 indicat- ninst the arrasso. himself onent of ipported ked tax voters in mination 1601 ARKANSAS 01 .ockefeller. campaign was so tle reason to know Tim Hutchinson (R) ok office in January Of Bentonville - Elected 1996, 1st term a man with a fair ience, a graduate of IW school and an Biographical Information Committees 1. who was governor Born: Aug. 11, 1949, Bentonville, Ark. Environment & Public Works his law degree. Education: Bob Jones U., B.A. 1971; U. of Arkansas, M.A. Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property & Nuclear Safety: 990 Drinking Water, Fisheries & Wildlife morship without any Occupation: Minister: college instructor: radio station Labor & Human Resources he School Board in executive Aging: Children & Families ur years in office. he Family: Wife, Donna Jean King: three children. Veterans' Affairs of state government. Religion: Baptist. cratic fiefdoms that Political Career: Ark. House, 1985-93; U.S. House, 1993- rolled. and. by early igger stage. State Capitol Office: 245 Dirksen Bldg. 20510; 224-2353 truggle between the Fulbright. who had The Path to Washington: refers to the Supreme Court's landmark Roe v. S in 1970. Call him the reluctant sena- Wade abortion rights ruling as "tragic" and calls failed to live up to tor. abortion "an issue on which we. who believe in defeated Fulbright When Arkansas Repub- the sanctity of human life, cannot bend, buckle ratic primary with- licans came calling for a or bow." 1 divisive issue. Senate candidate in 1996, He has carried that zeal to the Senate, where I was nothing to Hutchinson turned them he introduced legislation to deny funds to inter- cond term with 59 down. He was not interest- national family-planning and population-control ed to 62 percent in ed. he said. in trying to groups that use their own money to perform abor- Republican Asa become the first Repub- tions or lobby against anti-abortion laws over- ttorney who now lican elected to the Senate seas. use seat. In 1992. by Arkansas voters. (Several Republican senators Hutchinson can speak on social issues from his ike Huckabee. a were selected by the legislature during Recon- place on the Labor and Human Resources Com- emor. But making struction.) mittee. If a year when The state GOP persisted. Arkansas' other Hutchinson also sits on the Environment and pr. mential ballot. House Republican, Jay Dickey, threw his support Public Works Committee, where, at a February ent of the vote. to Hutchinson. Party officials kept the pressure 1997 hearing with Environmental Protection on and Hutchinson finally relented. Agency Administrator Carol M. Browner, he was The draft-Hutchinson effort stemmed from a among Republicans openly critical of two stringent ES chain reaction launched by the Whitewater scan- clean air standards proposed by the EPA. When Conservative dal. In May 1996, Democratic Gov. Jim Guy committee Chairman John H. Chafee of Rhode Coalition Tucker announced that he would resign after Island expressed doubts about the standards, S o being convicted of two felonies in a case related 18 68 Hutchinson called his skepticism "well-justified." 33 61 to Whitewater. Tucker's conviction prompted Lt. In moving to the Senate, Hutchinson traded the 63 38 Gov. Mike Huckabee to drop his unopposed bid chairmanship of the House Veterans' Affairs 44 54 71 for the GOP Senate nomination and ascend 29 Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care for a 70 30 instead to the governor's office. That created the seat on the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee. He opening for Hutchinson. has remained cautious regarding what has come to TINGS In his voting record and ideological outlook, be known as Gulf War syndrome, questioning the CUS ACU 17 Hutchinson - a Baptist minister and member of 0 budget implications of a liberalized policy toward 32 4 the Arkansas House for eight years before his compensating veterans of the Persian Gulf con- 40 4 election to the U.S. House in 1992 - reflects the flict who report health problems related to their 18 8 10 views of the conservative religious community. service in the war. 15 20 24 Though Hutchinson's political career shifted Hutchinson backed a balanced-budget con- from Little Rock to Washington at the same time stitutional amendment in a March 1997 Senate as President Clinton's, familiarity has not bred vote, he supports a presidential line-item veto consent with Clinton's legislative agenda. The and he says he wants the federal government to new senator comes from the one part of be "dramatically cut," though he admitted early Arkansas that is historically Republican. He in the 105th Congress that the elimination of warns that Clinton "believes in a very activist Cabinet agencies is not going to happen as long government. He believes that big govern- as Clinton does not want it to. "It's just an exer- ment and new government programs will solve cise in futility to move legislation he's going to the problems that face our society." veto," Hutchinson said. During two terms in the House. Hutchinson Hutchinson has been known to temper his was most vocal on three issues: the federal budget-cutting zeal when the ax falls too close deficit. welfare reform and abortion. On the to home. In 1993. when then-House colleague ter. Hutchinson sees no middle ground He an Burton of Indiana proposed cutting 69 ARKANSAS $462.000 for the National Center for Hutchinson tried to counter by playing up his Agricultural Law Research and Information at independence. In the most prominent example. 11 the University of Arkansas School of Law. he was one of only four Republicans to break Hutchinson protested: "I normally about 99 per- party ranks and vote against killing a resolution Of Gii cent of the time agree with the [budget-cutting] requiring the House ethics committee to release efforts the gentleman makes. However. the report of the outside counsel brought in to this agricultural law research center is in my investigate alleged improprieties in Gingrich's Blograp district. and I do know that it is doing an out- political fundraising activities. The day before. Born: Aug standing job in an area that is very important." Bryant had held a news conference challenging Education Rock. B.S Funding for the center was preserved. Hutchinson to support the resolution. Occupation When House Republicans were drafting their Hutchinson also challenged Bryant's charac- Family: Wi "Contract With America" in the fall of 1994. terization of the House GOP record. Hutchinson's Religion: A Hutchinson urged that it include a welfare reform advertisements claimed that the Republicans had Political Ca plan with tough restrictions on eligibility for cut taxes. increased student loans and added commissic unwed mothers. More moderate Republicans funding for Medicaid. limiting only the size of Council, 1 objected. and the final contract language repre- future increases. "Shame on you. Winston Capitol Off sented a compromise between the two sides. Bryant." the ad said. "Arkansas deserves better." Hutchinson started from behind in his 1996 What had been a close race all along broke in Senate campaign. But Democrat Winston Bryant. Hutchinson's favor during the closing weeks of Arkansas' attorney general, was weakened by a the campaign. despite the large plurality given surprisingly strong primary challenge from state favorite son Clinton in the presidential race. Sen. Lu Hardin, who forced Bryant into a runoff. Bryant was forced on the defensive by disclo- During the general-election campaign. Bryant sures that his office did not meet filing deadlines repeatedly branded Hutchinson a lackey for in criminal cases. which resulted in some charges House Speaker Newt Gingrich. That message was being dismissed. Hutchinson seized on the mus- amplified by an advertising campaign by the steps. criticizing what he characterized as Arkansas Democratic Party. One ad featured a Bryant's "pattern of mismanagement." federal worker laid off during the partial federal Ultimately. Hutchinson prevailed with 53 per- government shutdown. The worker said on cam- cent of the vote. His old 3rd District seat was group of era: "Tim Hutchinson had the gall to shut down taken over by his younger brother. Asa. They are known as 1 the government with Newt Gingrich and then one of two brother combinations in the 105th. the Berry S announce he needed his paycheck, leaving the other being Sen. Carl Levin and Rep. Sander M requiring a rest of Arkansas holding the bag." Levin. both Michigan Democrats. ers' rights, and wants business W that are un overhaul bi SENATE ELECTIONS VOTING STUDIES 1996 General Presidential Party Conservative limits welfa Tim Hutchinson (R) 445,942 (53%) Support Unity Coalition benefits. Winston Bryant (D) 400,241 (47%) Year S o S o S O During h House Service: 93 tinction bet Previous Winning Percentages: 1994* (68%) 19921 (50%) 1996 30 67 5 88 12 1995 17 81 95 4 91 0 of the Re . House election 1994 38 62 93 5 86 14 opposed GO 1993 31 69 91 8 91 9 and create S CAMPAIGN FINANCE Receipts Expend- INTEREST GROUP RATINGS cally designa Receipts from PACs itures Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU He critici. 1996 House Service: eral budget Hutchinson (R) $1,691,276 $482,175 (29%) $1,604,014 1996 5 0 94 100 Brvant/Di $1.606,053 $1,577,838 92 Medicare an $474,056 (30%) 1995 0 0 96 1994 5 22 75 95 issue with th KEY VOTES 1993 5 0 100 100 cuts should " 1997 and then be t. Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y General n Approve chemical weapons treaty N farm since 19 House Service: agriculture, is 1996 Approve farm bill Y in the 105th C Deny public education to illegal immigrants Y ground, Berry increase minimum wage N Agriculture C Freeze defense spending N Approve welfare overhaul Y Berry bega 1995 he was electec Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y be became Bil Relax Ciean Water Act regulations Y Oppose limits on environmental regulations N coordinator in Reduce projected Medicare spending Y performed in Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts Y years, 1993-9 County Democ 70 MAINE Susan Collins (R) Of Bangor - Elected 1996, 1st term Biographical Information Committees Born: Dec. 7. 1952, Caribou, Maine. Special Aging $ Education: St. Lawrence U., B.A. 1975. Governmental Affairs International Security. Proliferation & Federal Services t Occupation: Business center director; state deputy treasurer; SBA official; state financial regulation commissioner; Investigations (chairman) I congressional aide. Labor & Human Resources Family: Single. Children & Families, Public Health & Safety S Religion: Roman Catholic. a Political Career: Republican nominee for governor, 1994. t Capitol Office: 172 Russell Bldg. 20510; 224-2523 b The Path to Washington: he had not been charged out of concern for the Collins has lived out a child's welfare. dream common among Hathaway accused Monks of planting 111. Capitol Hill staffers: She story in the media, and he ran TV ads bemoaning won her old boss's job. Monks' "last-minute character assassmation Collins worked a dozen attempt." Monks. who spent $2 million of his OWN years for GOP Sen. William money on the race, denied spreading the story s S. Cohen as an adviser on but acknowledged that he had hired an investiga business issues. After tor to look into Hathaway's past. Cohen announced that he When the primary ballots were counted would not seek a fourth Monks was last with 13 percent. Hathaway SUI term in 1996, Collins won the hotly contested race ond with 31 percent and Collins first with a solid R to succeed him, resisting a tide in Maine that car- 55 percent. ried Democrats to victory in both the state's That sent her into a general-election contes House districts and in the presidential contest. with Brennan, who was back for another in Collins' victory made Maine the first state with reviving his political career. This time. though two female Republican senators. She and col- was Brennan, not Collins, suffering intrapart league Olympia J. Snowe are part of their party's troubles. moderate wing, a dwindling but still visible factor Some state Democratic leaders had opents in the Senate's legislative work. urged Brennan not to run for the Senate. que Collins holds a seat on the Governmental tioning his appeal to voters after losses III 1000 Affairs Committee, where she chairs the Inves- the 1990 and 1994 gubernatorial elections tigations Subcommittee, and she serves on the during the Senate campaign. Sen. Bob Kerreye Labor and Human Resources Committee and Nebraska, chairman of the Democratic Senators the Special Aging Committee. Campaign Committee (DSCC). knocked Brenna Collins, who had never previously held elec- as a lackluster campaigner who had not shall tive office, proved to be a better campaigner in defined his differences with Collins. 1996 than she was in 1994, when she lost as the Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott GOP nominee for governor. In that race she fin- Mississippi appeared in Maine to tell voters ished a poor third, trailing both the Democratic would work with Collins to ensure a goodly shall nominee, former Gov. and former U.S. Rep. of federal shipbuilding contracts for Maine while Joseph E. Brennan, and independent Angus King, competes for that business with shipyards who won the race. Many GOP conservatives Lott's home state. abandoned Collins in favor of King in that race, The pace of the campaign quickened tow.ll turned off by her support for abortion rights and the end. but despite increased activity other moderate positions. unionized workers and senior citizens The Senate Republican primary in 1996 was an constituencies friendly to Democrats ugly affair, but most of the controversy involved polled just 44 percent of the vote. percents Collins' two opponents, state Sen. W. John points behind Collins. Two other candidate Hathaway and wealthy businessman Robert A. G. shared the remaining 7 percent of the vote Monks. In addition to working for Cohen and A week before the primary, allegations sur- staff of a Senate subcommittee. Collins spent faced that Hathaway had sexually abused his fam- year as the New England regional administrated ily's adolescent babysitter over an 18-month peri- of the Small Business Administration. and dr od in the early 1990s, when the family lived in directed the Center for Family Business Alabama. Prosecutors there confirmed that bangor's Husson College. She also worked 1.2 Hathaway had been under investigation; one sai Maine Gov. John R. McKernan Jr. in the IIINE 630 MAINE commissioner of the Department of Professional issues may displease the GOP right, but she and Financial Regulation. stands with gun owners' advocates in supporting Like Snowe, Collins supports abortion repeal of the ban on certain semiautomatic rights, and she would allow federal funding of assault-style weapons. the procedure for poor women. She has said she On fiscal policy, too, Collins is in line with would support banning a particular abortion party conservatives. She supports a balanced-bud- technique that opponents call "partial birth" get constitutional amendment, and she favors abortion. as long as exceptions are made when requiring a two-thirds vote of Congress to vices: the life or health of the woman is at risk. increase taxes. She also backs a constitutional However, both of those exceptions were not amendment to limit congressional terms and included in abortion legislation the Senate con- promises to serve no more than 12 years in the sidered in May 1997. So Collins joined Snowe Senate. and two other Republican senators in opposing She promised if elected to focus on protect- the legislation, which would permit a "partial ing small businesses, saying she would try to birth" abortion to be performed to save the reduce estate taxes to make it easier for fami- woman's life but not to protect her health. The lies to pass on their businesses. She also criti- measure passed, 64-36. cized burdensome regulations and supported for the She also opposes capital punishment. putting a seven-year expiration date on new Collins' moderate stance on certain social regulations. ng the loaning nation IS own SENATE ELECTIONS CAMPAIGN FINANCE 1996 General story, Receipts Expend- Susan Collins (R) 298,422 (49%) Receipts from PACs itures estiga- Joseph E. Brennan (D) 266,226 (44%) 1996 John C. Rensenbrink (1) 23,441 (4%) Collins (R) $1,721,825 $598,836 (35%) $1,621,475 inted, William P. Clarke (TAX) 18,618 (3%) Brennan (D) $978,848 $321,757 (33%) $976,805 1996 Primary Rensenbrink (1) $35,385 0 $33,147 V sec- Susan Collins (R) 53,339 (55%) Bost (I) $9,395 0 $9,857 solid W. John Hathaway (R) 29,792 (31%) Clarke (i) $21,982 0 $20,653 Robert A.G. Monks (R) 12,943 (13%) KEY VOTES intest 1997 ry at Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y gh. it Approve chemical weapons treaty Y DF enly ues- >oth And V of rial nan ply of he are ch in rd g O in :e S 1 631 VIRGINIA John W. Warner (R) Of Alexandria - Elected 1978; 4th term Biographical Information Committees Born: Feb. 18, 1927. Washington, D.C. Special Aging Education: Washington and Lee U., B.S. 1949; U. of Armed Services Virginia, LL.B. 1953. Airland Forces: Seapower (chairman); Strategic Forces Military Service: Navy, 1944-46; Marine Corps, 1950-52. Environment & Public Works Occupation: Lawyer; farmer. Drinking Water, Fisheries & Wildlife; Superfund, Waste Family: Divorced; three children. Control & Risk Assessment; Transportation & Infrastructure (chairman) Religion: Episcopalian. Labor & Human Resources Political Career: Assistant U.S. attorney. 1956-60; under Aging; Employment & Training secretary of the Navy, 1969-72; secretary of the Navy, Rules & Administration (chairman) 1972-74. Small Business Capitol Office: 225 Russell Bldg. 20510: 224-2023. Joint Library (chairman) Joint Printing (chairman) In Washington: As the but he is helping lead the charge to change the 105th Congress was getting highway trust fund formula, which grants many under way, Warner enjoyed Southern and Western states fewer dollars than a ceremonial place of they pay into the program in gasoline taxes. prominence on the plat- He tried to make room for more highway fund- form at Bill Clinton's sec- ing when the Senate in May 1997 took up the fis- ond inauguration, where, as cal 1998 budget deal crafted by Clinton and con- chairman of the Senate gressional Republicans. Warner offered an Rules and Administration amendment to increase transportation funding by Committee. he had presid- $12 billion over five years, but his effort fell short ing-officer responsibilities. when the Senate tabled it, 51-49. Warner's presence on the dais was symbolic of Warner has been a shrewd defender of his his improved standing in the Senate. When the state's fiscal interests. In 1996, Warner, who was a GOP took over the chamber in 1995. Warner was leader in the successful GOP maneuvering to add on the outs with his home-state party and one of billions to Clinton's defense requests, saw to it the few senior Republicans without the chair- that $1.1 billion was authorized for nuclear reac- manship of a full committee. tors and other components of an aircraft carrier But in the 105th. Warner not only chairs Rules to be built by Newport News Shipbuilding, a but also two key subcommittees of other panels major Virginia employer. The Navy had planned where he is the second-ranking Republican. The to request the funding three years hence, but former Navy secretary controls the Armed Warner seemed pleased to take credit for the Services Seapower Subcommittee. where he can shift: "There you see the faint fingerprints of J. attend to the shipbuilding interests that are a sig- Warner." he purred to a reporter. nificant part of the Virginia economy. He is also in Such efforts, along with Warner's attempts to charge of the Environment and Public Works ensure Northern Virginia federal employees could Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee, return to work during a pair of government shut- where he will get the first swing in the Senate at downs, were centerpieces of his contentious 1996 rewriting the nation's major surface transporta- re-election bid. tion law. which is up for reauthorization. Warner, a prototypical establishment conserv- The Transportation Subcommittee marked up ative, was propelled into the role of rebel in a bill during the 104th that designated about Virginia's 1994 Senate race after the GOP nomina- 160,000 miles of well-traveled roads as a new tion went to Iran-contra figure Oliver L. North. National Highway System. Warner opposed some Warner deemed North unsuitable for the Senate provisions of the law that eroded federal safety and instead backed an independent candidate. a requirements, but when the measure passed the move that earned him the lasting enmity of con- Senate in June 1995, he was happy to tack on servative religious activists who were fervent $97.6 million for a bridge project at the southern North supporters. North ultimately lost to tip of Washington. D.C., connecting Maryland and Democratic Sen. Charles S. Robb. Virginia. Warner's apostasy did not sit well with some Warner wants to boost highway spending by at devoutly conservative GOP senators, and least $5 billion per year so that most states can although Warner did not meet with overt retalia- receive increases in their allotments. even as the tion when the 104th Congress was getting orga- surface transportation program's funding formula nized, his ambition to be Rules Committee chair- is changed. He opposes taking highway funds out man was thwarted by Ted Stevens, R-Alaska. of the general budget. which would increase the Warner argued that he had more continuous ser- amount of dollars available for transportation, vice on ules than Stevens, and thus should get 1475 VIRGINIA the chairmanship. But in a December 1994 vote, amendment during hours of closed-door negona tions made or sou Senate Republicans decided that Stevens should tions to leave intact the $626 million the bill added But, despite the I be chairman because his two separate stints on to Clinton's anti-missile program request. And If Democratic ticket Rules gave him more seniority than Warner. put into law a forceful statement of the potential it nearly impossi In the fall of 1995, Warner finally got to wield value of deploying missile defenses large enough "cookie cutter" Re the gavel of a full committee, thanks to the resig- to require amendment of the Anti-Ballistic Missile John Warner's nation of Oregon Republican Bob Packwood. Treaty. "We address the clear intention of the ad that included Packwood's Finance chair went to William V. Roth United States to deploy," Warner declared nent. The consult: Jr., R-Del., Stevens moved into Roth's chair at the Before the start of the 104th. Warner took .1 Warner went on to Governmental Affairs Committee and the top seat more aggressive stance on Pentagon funding. join He was never 1 on Rules fell to Warner. ing Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., in calling for a $17 the Virginia GOP. 1 Warner has long been a visible player on the billion addition to Clinton's planned fiscal 1999 nominee in 1978 0 Armed Services Committee. He was the top request. In a letter to Clinton in December 1991 Obenshain, died in a Republican there from 1987 to 1993 but was Warner and McCain decried "the litany of readh defeating Warner at bumped to the No. 2 position in the 103rd by Sen. ness problems disclosed in recent weeks." its well Republicans nee Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, who had as administration plans to cut funding for some the runner-up in Jun more seniority. The move by Thurmond, a harder- weapons programs. But other than advocating a had courted the con edged conservative than Warner, was hailed by more robust anti-missile defense. Met am and ish campaign costing the activist right wing of the GOP Conference, Warner were more specific about what they want ed enough votes to 1 which took umbrage at Warner's genial partner- ed cut out of the defense budget - non-detense defeated. He had a ship with the former chairman, Sam Nunn, D-Ga. programs and pork - than about what they want backed Obenshain at Thurmond became chairman in the 104th. ed to put back in. Warner brought to Early in the 104th, Warner and Trent Lott of Nevertheless, congressional Republicans SUP assets he had in Ju Mississippi, who was then GOP whip and sits on ceeded in tacking on several billion dollars to statewide reputation, Armed Services, made a feint at easing Thurmond each of Clinton's defense budgets during the secretary under Presi out of the chairmanship. Thurmond responded 104th. chief Bicentennial quickly to the putsch, which may have been main- Aside from his Transportation Subcommittes Gerald R. Ford, but al. ly an effort to gain more power for the subcom- chairmanship. Warner also moved in the 1010 He also had liabiliti mittee chairmen. "I'm optimistic the subcommit- from the Intelligence Committee 10 the cation, he was looked tees are going to be strengthened," said Warner. Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee voters also saw him Some critics viewed Warner's top rank on where he supported the rewrite of farm law 1. Armed Services with skepticism from the start. ease away from crop subsidies. (He left the pare Though well-educated and grounded in defense for the 105th.) SENATE issues, Warner came to the Senate with a reputa- At Home: Warner's record is, by most State 1996 General tion as more socialite than erudite: He was mar- dards, conservative, but throughout his career to John W. Warner (R) Mark Warner (D) ried for a time to actress Elizabeth Taylor. has cast scattered votes on arts. education FIVE 1996 Primary The turning point for Warner's relationship rights and tax issues. and Republican presidentia. John W. Warner (R) with the conservative camp came in early 1989, appointees (including Tower and Supreme our James C. "Jim" Miller III (R) when the Senate's Democratic majority defeated nominee Robert H. Bork. whom he opposed the Previous Winning Percentages: John Tower's nomination as President George have angered staunch conservatives But if W.L 1978 (50%) Bush's secretary of Defense. Although Warner Warner's failure to support North and to was a friend and supporter of Tower - a Texas 1993 lieutenant governor nominee Michael CAMPAIG Republican and former Armed Services Farris that finally earned him an intraparty Cha Committee chairman - several Republican sena- lenge in 1996. 1996 Receipts Warner was taken on by James "Jim" Miller Warner (R) tors blamed Warner for allowing Nunn to drag out Warner $5,033,390 $1 (D) the investigation of Tower's personal life. III, a former budget director for President Ronand $11,625,483 Minority Leader Bob Dole sent a shot across Reagan. Miller accused Warner of dislovalty textle KEY 1 the Navy man's bow: He gave Republican seats on party for not supporting North and Farms and 1997 Armed Services to such hard-line conservative having voted for some Clinton initiatives Warrier Approve balanced-budget consti members as Lott, Daniel R. Coats of Indiana and managed to avoid a party convention that must Approve 1996 chemical weapons treat Robert C. Smith of New Hampshire. Warner ini- have been dominated by conservative activists Approve farm bill tially appeared to take the message to heart. In taking advantage of a state law that allows Limit punitive damages in produc March 1991, he led an aggressive challenge to the bents to choose a primary over a convention Exempt small businesses from hid Approve welfare overhaul congressional position on the Strategic Defense State Republican officials critical of Warnet the Bar job discrimination based on 5 Initiative anti-ballistic missile system, which lenged that law in court but without success Override 1995 veto of ban on "partial Nunn had helped develop. Miller lost the primary by 32 points. and 1115 Approve GOP budget with tax an The issue was revisited during the 104th, with attacks may actually have helped Warner III the Approve constitutional amendme Warner and William S. Cohen, R-Maine, negotiat- fall. Warner's Democratic challenger cellule ing with Nunn and Democrat Carl Levin of phone multimillionaire Mark Warner (no 1113 Michigan, but from a new position of strength. tion), began his campaign by stressing his vision With the GOP prodding the White House to step for Virginia's future, high-tech economy When up deployment of a limited national anti-missile that message fizzled, Mark Warner poured $10 defense system, Warner grew more partisan on of his own into a blizzard of commercials defense issues. The group crafted a compromise linkin the senator to unpopular spending reduc 1476 VIRGINIA door negotia- tions made or sought by the Republican Congress. hunter. Before he married Taylor, he was married the bill added But. despite the unusual strength of the national to heiress Catherine Mellon and received a report- quest. And it Democratic ticket in Virginia, Mark Warner found ed $7 million from her in their divorce settlement. the potential it nearly impossible to tag John Warner as a But Warner's celebrity wife turned out to be a large enough "cookie cutter" Republican. help to him. Taylor's presence on the campaign Ilistic Missile John Warner's one misstep was to release an trail guaranteed large crowds, and when she ntion of the ad that included a doctored photo of his oppo- proved willing to voice her enthusiasm for con- lared. nent. The consultant responsible was fired and servative causes, Virginia Republicans cheered arner took a Warner went on to win with 52 percent. her on. The Democratic nominee, former state funding, join- He was never the choice of conservatives in Attorney General Andrew Miller, was seeking to ling for a $15 the Virginia GOP. He became the party's Senate recover from a defeat in the 1977 gubernatorial d fiscal 1996 nominee in 1978 only after their pick, Richard primary by the state's best-known liberal rember 1994, Obenshain, died in a plane crash two months after Democrat, Henry E. Howell. In 1978 Miller cam- any of readi- defeating Warner at the state convention. paigned for the Senate as a fiscal conservative, eks." as well Republicans needed a nominee, and Warner, but Warner tied him to the Democratic Party of ing for some the runner-up in June, was the obvious choice. He Howell, and Miller never managed to extricate advocating a had courted the convention delegates with a lav- himself. Warner won by fewer than 5,000 votes in McCain and ish campaign costing nearly $500,000, and attract- the closest Senate election in Virginia history. at they want- ed enough votes to force six ballots before being Six years later, Warner was in a totally different non-defense defeated. He had also been a good loser and type of contest, winning re-election by more than at they want- backed Obenshain afterward. 805,000 votes in a race that was a mismatch from Warner brought to the fall campaign the same the beginning. Then-Gov. Charles S. Robb led the iblicans suc- assets he had in June: personal wealth and a search for a suitable Democratic challenger, but n dollars to statewide reputation, achieved not only as Navy Warner helped to discourage the effort by raising during the secretary under President Richard M. Nixon and more than $1 million by the end of 1983. The nom- chief Bicentennial planner under President ination went by default to former state Rep. abcommittee Gerald R. Ford, but also as Taylor's husband. Edythe C. Harrison. A longtime ally of the liberal in the 104th He also had liabilities. Despite his Virginia edu- Howell, she was given lukewarm support by much ee to the cation. he was looked upon as an outsider. Some of her own party. Warner swept all but two of the Committee, voters also saw him as a socialite and fortune state's 95 counties and all 41 independent cities. f law to E : panel SENATE ELECTIONS VOTING STUDIES 1996 General y most stan- Presidential Party Conservative John W. Warner (R) 1,235,744 (52%) Support Unity Coalition his career he Mark Warner (D) 1,115,982 (47%) Year S o S o S o ucation, civil 1996 Primary 1996 42 58 93 7 89 11 John W. Warner (R) presidential 323.520 (66%) 1995 25 72 93 6 93 5 James C. "Jim" Miller III (R) 170,015 (34%) 1994 58 39 76 23 84 16 preme Court 1993 28 71 78 19 85 12 pposed) that Previous Winning Percentages: 1990 (81%) 1984 (70%) 1992 67 25 86 13 79 21 1978 (50%) But it was 1991 89 11 82 18 95 5 and to back CAMPAIGN FINANCE INTEREST GROUP RATINGS Michael P. Receipts Expend- Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU raparty chal- Receipts from PACs itures 1996 5 n/a 85 95 1996 1995 5 0 100 91 Warner (R) $5,033,390 $1,601,460 (32%) $5,196,091 1994 20 25 90 80 "Jim" Miller Warner (D) $11,625,483 $1,250 (0%) $11,600,424 1993 10 9 91 84 ident Ronald 1992 20 17 100 74 KEY VOTES 1991 loyalty to the 20 25 80 76 1997 arris and for Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y ives. Warner Approve chemical weapons treaty Y n that might 1996 Approve farm bill Y ive activists, Limit punitive damages in product liability cases Y llows incum- Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage Y convention. Approve welfare overhaul Y Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation N Warner chal- Overnde veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions Y success. 1995 ints. and his Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts Y Approve constitutional amendment bamng flag desecration Y Varner in the ger, cellular er (no rela- ng his vision nomy. When poured $10 e ercials 1. reduc- 22 1477 KENTUCKY Mitch McConnell (R) ning all I have for company Of Louisville - Elected 1984, 3rd term dollar na the And: involved Biographical Information Committees have had Born: Feb. 20, 1942, Sheffield, Ala. Agriculture, Nutrition & Forestry um int Education: U. of Louisville, B.A. 1964; U. of Kentucky, J.D. Marketing. Inspection & Product Promotion, Research, 1967. Nutrition & General Legislation (chairman) McConn Occupation: Lawyer. Appropriations administ Family: Wife, Elaine Chao; three children. Agriculture, Rural Development & Related Agencies. ban, the Religion: Baptist. Commerce. Justice, State & Judiciary: Defense Energy & posed by Water Development Foreign Operations (chairman) Political Career: Jefferson County judge/executive, 1978-85 now De Labor & Human Resources Capitol Office: 361A Russell Bldg. 20510, 224-2541 Children & Families, Employment & Training approved Rules & Administration McCo Joint Printing along WI decided I McCo In Washington: McConnell 102nd. Nutrition relishes his role as Darth McConnell also headed the push to kill the chairmar Vader against efforts aimed Democrats' effort to change the system in the Legislati at limiting the amount of closing days of the 103rd Congress, blocking a tobacco, money that can be spent on proposal endorsed by President Clinton that to tobac congressional campaigns. again offered public financing as an incentive to said. And no amount of force so hold down spending. In the end. the Republicans As th far has been capable of successfully filibustered an attempt by the Senate gave up defeating him. "This is Democratic majority to even go to conference on Committ about the First Amendment the legislation. "I make no apologies for killing its invest to the Constitution." he told this turkey of a bill." McConnell said. Ore. In M a National Press Club audience in March 1997. McConnell does agree, however, that restric- it had fo "Political speech is at the core of the First tions on "soft money" - the unregulated sums Packwoo Amendment." used for issue-oriented advertisements and party- 18 times Simply put, McConnell does not believe that it building activities such as get-out-the-vote drives diaries a is constitutional to hold down campaign spend- - might be warranted. Instead of soft money. his ex-w ing. Most efforts to change the campaign finance which can be raised without restrictions. he sug- payment system revolve around offering incentives, such gests that Congress drop restrictions on how public he as public funds, for candidates who agree to limit much financial help political parties can give to party line the amount of money they spend. McConnell said their nominees. privately that voluntary spending limits "are as voluntary As the Senate prepared in March 1997 to ilar put as giving your wallet to a robber with a gun to launch an investigation of fundraising in the 1996 Democra your head." he said. election cycle. McConnell and Rick Santorum of spilled or McConnell has been the Senate's leading Pennsylvania. two members of the Rules and driven th: opponent of legislation introduced by Sens. John Administration Committee. insisted that the GOP. this inves McCain, R-Ariz., and Russell D. Feingold. D-Wis., controlled Senate focus solely on the White Amid which would offer incentives to limit spending. In House and not look at congressional fundraising would St March. he assembled a diverse group of organiza- With the GOP holding a mere two-seat edge on Packwoo tions - including the American Civil Liberties the Rules Committee. defections by the TWO mand, the Union and the National Rifle Association - to Republicans could have killed the measure at the en argue against the bill. "There's never been any Majority Leader Trent Lott initially agreed to August, 1 indication of a public outcry on this issue," McConnell and Santorum's demands, but he moved OI McConnell said. "Not a single race has been changed course after another group of GOP sena- The Sena decided on it." tors insisted that the probe also include Congress The CC McConnell has another reason to object to McConnell's advocacy of the First Amendment then abru restrictions on fundraising. In the 1998 election goes beyond campaign finance. In December tions a da cycle, he will chair the National Republican 1995, he voted against a constitutional amend- the staff t Senatorial Committee. ment prohibiting flag burning. tions of S€ McConnell's opposition to campaign finance With the Republican takeover of the Senate in ed sexual legislation goes back to his first term. when in the 1995, McConnell became chairman of the Packwood 100th Congress he helped beat back a record-set- Appropriations Foreign Operations Subcom- been assu ting eight cloture votes on a Democratic bill. In mittee. In July 1996, he failed to win support for the case C the 101st and 102nd Congresses, McConnell was strong sanctions against Myanmar (formerly said he W the Republican floor leader on campaign finance. Burma). The Senate instead voted for milder himself. E The bill died in conference in the 101st; President ctions in the fiscal 1997 foreign operations lier suppo George Bush vetoed a largely similar bill in the bill. McConnell initially proposed ban- felt betray 580 23 KENTUCKY mng all U.S. investment in Myanmar, which would When the Ethics Committee resumed its delib- have forced Unocal Corp., a California-based oil erations in September, the panel decided to drop company, to abandon its large stake in a billion- its investigation of the two additional charges and dollar natural gas pipeline under construction in voted on the extensive evidence already gathered. the Andaman Sea off Myanmar. Texaco Inc., also The panel unanimously adopted, 6-0, a resolution involved in gas exploration in Myanmar, would calling for Packwood's expulsion. The expulsion have had to withdraw as well. With U.S. petrole- resolution was the first approved by the commit- um interests in Myanmar threatened by esearch, tee since 1981, when it voted to expel Harrison A. McConnell's proposal, and with the Clinton Williams Jr., D-N.J., who had been convicted in administration firmly opposed to an investment the Abscam scandal. Williams resigned on March encies. ban. the Senate backed a softer alternative pro- 11, 1982, after it became apparent that two-thirds Energy & posed by Maine Republican William S. Cohen, of the Senate would support the resolution. (man) now Defense secretary. The amendment was Before the meeting, Vice Chairman Richard H. approved on a voice vote. Bryan, D-Nev., told McConnell that he planned to McConnell said the administration's stance, introduce a resolution to expel Packwood. along with aggressive lobbying by Unocal, had McConnell said he would make the motion him- decided the outcome. self. It was the first time that the committee had McConnell also sits on the Agriculture, discussed punishment, and within half an hour, it Nutrition and Forestry Committee, where he is became obvious that all the members thought to kill the chairman of the Research, Nutrition and General alike on the issue. "The committee has heard em in the Legislation Subcommittee. But his chief interest is enough," McConnell said. "The Senate has heard blocking a tobacco, a key crop in Kentucky. "When it comes enough. The public has heard enough." inton that to tobacco, I'm prepared to wheel and deal," he Packwood, too, finally had enough. The Senate centive to said. chamber filled up as he prepared to speak. His epublicans As the 105th Congress convened, McConnell voice cracking, Packwood tendered his resigna- the Senate gave up the chairmanship of the Senate Ethics tion. ference on Committee. He chaired the panel as it completed At Home: Three things brought McConnell to for killing its investigation of then-Sen. Bob Packwood, R- Congress: bloodhounds, Ronald Reagan and Ore. In May 1995, the committee announced that dogged persistence in the face of daunting odds. is ,tric- it had found "substantial credible evidence" that And three things have kept him there: blood- ated sums Packwood engaged in sexual misconduct at least hounds, infighting between state Democrats and a and party- 18 times with 17 women, that he altered his record of looking out for Kentucky's interests. ote drives diaries and that he improperly solicited jobs for He had his easiest race in 1996, defeating for- ft money, his ex-wife in an attempt to reduce his alimony mer Lt. Gov. Steven L Beshear, 55 percent to 43 IS. he sug- payments. After Packwood declined to call for percent, to win a third term in the Democratic on how public hearings, the committee splintered along state. Beshear, who has also served as state attor- in give to party lines over whether to hold them. McConnell ney general, tried to paint McConnell as a danger- privately threatened to retaliate by calling for sim- ous ideologue for opposing campaign finance I 1997 to ilar public hearings into charges against overhaul legislation while supporting much of the n the 1996 Democratic senators. Eventually, the dispute conservative Republican congressional agenda. atorum of spilled onto the Senate floor. "A wedge has been But McConnell fought back, charging that Rules and driven through the committee for the first time in Beshear was beholden to special interests 1 the GOP- this investigation," McConnell said in July. because he had accepted sizable campaign contri- he White Amid a growing perception that partisanship butions from PACs. McConnell also spent more andraising. would stymie the Ethics Committee and allow than $4.5 million, over twice what Beshear spent. I edge on Packwood to escape with little more than a repri- McConnell was the favorite in that race, the the two mand, the committee voted. 3-3, along party lines opposite of his first try for the Senate in 1984. For measure. at the end of July not to hold public hearings. In much of that year, few people believed McConnell agreed to August, Democrat Barbara Boxer of California had much chance of defeating two-term 5. but he moved on the Senate floor for public hearings. Democratic Sen. Walter D. Huddleston. Even GOP sena- The Senate defeated Boxer's motions. 48-52. some GOP leaders complained that McConnell Congress. The committee, poised to issue a final verdict. had a "citified" image that would not play well in nendment then abruptly adjourned its closed-door delibera- most parts of Kentucky; his base was metropoli- December tions a day later. The move was intended to give tan Louisville, where he had twice been elected il amend- the staff time to investigate two additional allega- Jefferson County judge, the county's top adminis- tions of sexual misconduct, one involving unwant- trative post. Senate in ed sexual advances against a 17-year-old minor. McConnell's campaign struggled for quite a I of the Packwood screamed foul. He said his lawyers had while; he even lost the endorsement of Marlow Subcom- been assured that the investigation was complete, Cook, the last Republican to win a Senate election ipport for the case closed. Then he reversed his position and in Kentucky and McConnell's boss when he was a erly said he wanted to have public hearings to defend Senate aide in the 1960s. At times, it seemed that O. uder himself. Even some Packwood allies who had ear- McConnell's bid was surviving on little more than perations lier supported his move to avoid public hearings fierce ambition to be a senator, a goal he sed ban- felt betrayed. admitted having harbored for two decades. 581 KENTUCKY Then McConnell hit upon a clever, homey gim- emerged from a bloody Democratic primary as mick to get across his claim that Huddleston had one of the best-heeled Senate challengers in the limited influence and was often absent from com- 1F country. But McConnell. a polished debater with a mittee meetings. McConnell aired TV ads showing flair for cutting, sometimes snide repartee. kept bloodhounds sniffing frantically around Wash- Sloane on the defensive from the start. Sloane. a Of Ho: ington in search of the incumbent. non-practicing physician, was also plagued The hound dog gimmick got people talking throughout the campaign by revelations that he Biograp about a race they had ignored, and many conclud- had prescribed himself sleeping pills during a 20- Born: May ed that McConnell had a point they were not month period. contrary to accepted medical prac- Education: exactly sure what Huddleston had been doing tice and without renewing his permit for prescrib- Seminary since he went to Congress in 1973. The incum- ing drugs. Military Se bent. an easygoing mainstream Democrat, had Occupation In the final days of the campaign, Sloane Family: W worked behind the scenes on Kentucky issues, appeared to ride the wave of anti-incumbent sen- Religion: N such as tobacco and coal, never causing much timent to close the gap. but he came up short. los- Political C¿ controversy and never earning much publicity. ing 48 percent to 52 percent. Capitol Of With President Ronald Reagan crushing Walter F. A lifelong political overachiever. McConnell Mondale by more than 280,000 votes statewide, was student body president in high school and McConnell had long coattails to latch on to. He college and president of the student bar associa- won by four-tenths of a percentage point. tion at law school. After earning his law degree in In 1990, McConnell was tabbed as one of the 1967, he worked for Cook and then served as most vulnerable Republicans up for re-election. But, deputy assistant U.S. attorney general in the Ford unlike his predecessor, McConnell came out early administration. In his 1977 campaign for Jefferson and tough. He brought back the TV bloodhounds, County judge, McConnell defeated a Democratic this time to bark up the fact that he had made 99 per- incumbent: four years later. he won re-election by cent of the votes cast during his first term. a narrow margin and started laying the ground- Former Louisville Mayor Harvey I. Sloane work for a statewide campaign. SENATE ELECTIONS In th VOTING STUDIES 1996 General Presidential Whitfield Party Conservative Mitch McConnell (R) 724,794 (55%) Support Unity Coalition rail work Steven L. Beshear (D) 560,012 (43%) Year S o S o S o victory 1996 Primary 1996 39 61 95 5 92 5 Mitch McConnell (R) 88,620 (89%) 1995 24 76 95 5 89 amendm 9 Tommy Klein (R) 11,410 (11%) 1994 35 61 91 8 84 13 bill killin 1993 28 71 92 6 98 2 (ICC), th Previous Winning Percentages: 1990 (52%) 1984 (50%) 1992 77 23 91 8 92 8 1991 93 7 95 5 98 3 state rail CAMPAIGN FINANCE sure aim Receipts Expend- INTEREST GROUP RATINGS small an Receipts from PACs itures Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU 1996 up to on 1996 10 n/a 85 95 McConnell (R) $3,840,374 $1,293,151 (34%) $4,669,642 1995 0 0 100 91 jobs bec: Beshear (D) $1,879,343 $229,780 (12%) $2,073,794 1994 5 0 90 92 Altho 1993 15 0 100 79 amendm KEY VOTES 1992 15 18 100 89 1997 1991 0 17 90 90 marily a: Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y between Approve chemical weapons treaty Y approval 1996 Approve farm bill Y Congress Limit punitive damages in product liability cases Y Republic Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage Y in adopti Approve weifare overhaul Y Later Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation N Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions Y the minir 1995 Whitf Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts Y Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration business N wage, ar employer rather th. lead to e comp tim Whitfi groundin worked f 25 byist for Democra 1970s, a launched 582 MASSACHUSETTS Edward M. Kennedy (D) Of Boston - Elected 1962; 6th full term Biographical Information Capitol Office: 315 Russell Bldg. 20510; 224-4543 Born: Feb. 22. 1932. Boston, Mass. Education: Harvard U. B.A. 1956; International Law School, Committees The Hague (The Netherlands), 1958, U. of Virginia, LL.B. Armed Services 1959 Acquisition & Technology; Personnel; Seapower (ranking) Military Service: Army, 1951-53 Judiciary Occupation: Lawyer. Constitution, Federalism & Property Rights; Immigration Family: Wife, Victoria Reggie: three children, two (ranking) stepchildren. Labor & Human Resources (ranking) Religion: Roman Catholic. Employment & Training: Public Health & Safety (ranking) Political Career: Suffolk County assistant district attorney, Joint Economic 1961-62. sought Democratic nomination for president, 1980. In Washington: Kennedy's ers comp time in lieu of overtime pay. national image is defined by But in March 1996, Kennedy and his allies saw family tragedy, scandals. an opening to press the wage increase when tabloid headlines and jokes Republicans unexpectedly left a parks bill by late-night comedians. exposed to amendment. Senate Majority Leader But 35 years into his Senate Bob Dole, R-Kan., was forced to withdraw the career, Kennedy remains underlying bill, but Kennedy threatened to attach the country's leading liber- the minimum wage provisions to every bill com- al, and his perspicacious ing up for a vote. His efforts were heralded in the defense of old Democratic news media, and the pressure built as dozens of values rallied his party and House Republicans broke with their leadership in helped score some big legislative victories during favor of the politically popular raise. A 90-cent the 104th Congress despite Republican control. increase, packaged with a $10 billion collection of The earnestness of his tirades in favor of labor tax breaks desired by the GOP, was signed by and environmental protections and a social safe- Clinton amid great fanfare in August 1996. 1V net win Kennedy grudging respect even from That same month, Clinton also was granted colleagues who differ with him on the issues. his wish to sign a health insurance bill. The porta- And. with Democratic leaders drifting right- bility law was a much-downsized remnant of ward in response to the more conservative era on Clinton's effort in the 103rd to push a national the Hill. Kennedy remains an anchor for his party, health care plan, a goal of Kennedy's for decades. helping the minority maintain a focus. "He's as Kennedy, in fact, joined with Labor Chairwoman good at what he does as Michael Jordan is at play- Nancy Landon Kassebaum, R-Kan., in creating a ing basketball." said no less a political observer "Teflon coalition" to resist all attempts to expand than President Clinton. in an interview with The the bill's scope so much as to doom its chances of New Yorker. -I mean. he can always see the open- passage. (Kennedy introduced for the 105th a mg. He's got lateral vision. and it's uncanny what comprehensive managed care bill to establish he can do." standard regulations for health plans.) Kennedy exploited political openings for two Kassebaum and Kennedy mustered the bill out major pieces of legislation that were enacted over of committee unanimously, but saw it languish for strong Republican opposition in 1996: an increase a year on the Senate calendar. A plug from Clinton in the minimum wage and a bill that mandated in his 1996 State of the Union address helped bring health insurance portability, guaranteeing that it to the fore: once the bill had its day it passed the individuals who lose or leave their jobs can main- Senate, too, unanimously. But the House passed a tain coverage even if they are sick. The two pro- version containing provisions creating medical posals were keynotes of Kennedy's difficult re- savings accounts that Kennedy found unaccept- election battle in 1994. and he honed his message able. He blocked Dole's efforts to convene a con- on the Massachusetts stump. But he was able to ference until he could reach an informal agree- shepherd the plans through Congress by dint of ment with House Ways and Means Chairman Bill procedural knowledge and legerdemain. Archer, R-Texas. After Dole's departure from the The ranking member of the Labor and Human Senate to concentrate on his presidential bid. Resources Committee. Kennedy pushed for a min- Republicans grew hungry for tangible legislative imum wage increase in the 104th even when mem- accomplishments to show voters. bers of his own party thought it was a lost cause. Kennedy's coupling with Kassebaum was typi- Kennedy and other friends of organized labor cal of his methods; although the Reagan-era cari- spent much of the Congress fighting off GOP cature of Kennedy as a big-government bleeding efforts to scale back worker-safety protections heart has stuck, he consistently has been able to and afford employers the option of giving work- alliances with Republican senators. As 26 671 MASSACHUSETTS retired Sen. Alan K. Simpson, R-Wyo., once said, 1970s, after not only the 1969 Chappaquiddick making Romney "We don't vote together an awful lot, but we legis- tragedy but also his most embarrassing Senate islative process. late together a lot." When Kennedy broke with his defeat, his ouster as majority whip in 1971. the season for Do old ally over certain business and family provi- Kennedy had been elected whip in 1969, beat- his staying power sions in the 1996 immigration law, he found a new ing Finance Chairman Russell B. Long, D-La., who Kennedy's cha buddy in pro-immigration Republican Spencer had performed erratically in the post. The vote standard he set i Abraham of Michigan, who replaces Simpson as was taken only months after New York Sen. full term less tha chairman of Judiciary's Immigration panel during Robert F. Kennedy's assassination. which made assassination. the 105th. Kennedy even worked with Lauch the youngest Kennedy the rising star. Bedridden aft Faircloth, R-N.C., one of his most conservative But he was bored with the odd parliamentary Republican Howa adversaries, on a successful 1996 effort to feder- jobs that make effective leaders. Then that suni- 25 percent: the V: alize the crime of church burning. He teamed with mer, his image was shattered for all time when he was the widest in Republican Orrin G. Hatch early in the 105th in an drove his car off a bridge at Chappaquiddick and His 1970 cam; unsuccessful effort to provide additional health his companion in the car, Mary Jo Kopechne. of the Chappaqui insurance for uninsured children. drowned. When Senate Democrats elected their Even some loyal Kennedy saw some big battles go awry during leaders in 1971. they chose Robert C. Byrd of West doubts. and Kenn the 104th; he was disappointed that Clinton signed Virginia for whip. 31-24. against Republica a bill that ended welfare as an entitlement, and his As he would do more than a decade later upon In 1976, he bru late-session filibuster against a bill that made it shelving his national ambitions. Kennedy returned anti-abortion cha harder for Federal Express employees to unionize to legislating. As chairman of Labor's Health Sub- crushed GOP bus was broken. Kennedy's charge against a bill block- committee, he wrote legislation with his House 1 million votes. ing recognition of same-gender marriage was lone- counterpart, Florida Democrat Paul G. Rogers. In 1982. Kenne ly and not fruitful. But despite Republican control, Together they crafted bills financing research into able to draw att the 104th represented for Kennedy a continuation cancer and heart and lung diseases, family plan- Shamie. a wealth of the upward are of his late career. ning and doctor training. After relinquishing his presidential ambitions Since 1968, people had looked to Kennedy to some years ago, Kennedy seemed to drop his run for president. In the fall of 1979, apparently SEN guard. But public fascination with his personal tempted by early polls showing him far ahead of 1994 General life did not abate, and his rather libertine ways President Jimmy Carter, Kennedy launched his Edward M Kennedy (E made Kennedy a near-constant butt of jokes. On campaign without offering any clear idea of why W. Mitt Romney (R) Easter Weekend 1991, Kennedy roused his son he wanted to be president. He talked of the need 1994 Primary Edward M Kennedy (I and nephew out of bed to visit some nightclubs in for stronger leadership, but so clumsily as to raise Write-ins (D) Palm Beach, Fla. His nephew, William Kennedy the question of whether he could provide it. Smith, was charged with rape. Although Smith Only in the campaign's second half - by Previous Winning Perce 1976 (69%) 1970 was acquitted, Kennedy appeared a less-than-per- which time Kennedy was essentially beaten - did fect role model. he present the clear liberal argument he took to + Special election For months. Kennedy's public portrait was the convention. The changes did not bring him CAM unflattering: testifying in the rape trial: apologiz- any closer to nomination. but they kept him alive ing for the "faults in the conduct of my personal as a liberal leader. His stirring Democratic con- life"; sitting mutely at the confirmation hearings vention speech. with its liberal affirmation that 1994 "the work goes on, the cause endures. the hope Kennedy (D) $9 for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. Romney (R) Kennedy's near silence was a sharp disappoint- still lives, and the dream shall never die." helped ment to women and others who, in other days, restore some lost luster. would have counted on him. At Home: Like Chappaquiddick 22 years earli- 1997 But after the rape trial, Kennedy grabbed con- er, the Palm Beach incident renewed doubts Approve balanced-budg Approve chemical weap trol of his life in an effort to undo what damage about Kennedy's judgment and revived Repub- 1996 had been done. In July 1992, six months after lican hopes of defeating him at the polls. When a Approve farm bill Smith was acquitted, Kennedy remarried. His new summer 1994 survey showed GOP challenger Mitt Limit punitive damages Exempt small businesses wife is Washington attorney Victoria Reggie, the Romney within single-digits of the senator, those Approve welfare overhal daughter of old family friends. hopes looked plausible. Bar job discrimination Do Override veto of ban on In October 1994, Kennedy's name was cleared Romney, a venture capitalist. tapped personal 1995 by the Senate Ethics Committee, which had quiet- assets as the basis of his $7.6 million effort. His Approve GOP budget W ly investigated allegations of harassment and drug television spots showed the 62-year-old senator Approve constitutional a use leveled by a former aide in a 1992 book. This looking tired and haggard, playing up the contrast vindication anticipated Kennedy's triumph at the to the handsome, vigorous challenger. When polls (when his youngest son, Patrick, also was Romney questioned Kennedy's effectiveness in elected, as a representative from Rhode Island). the Senate, Kennedy toured the state delivering Kennedy started his career without any of the federal checks. He characterized Romney as leadership pressures that descended on him later. heartless for putting "profits over people" and He was 30 years old, his brothers were running questioned his positions in favor of abortion and the country, and he voted with them while looking homosexual rights, given his status in the out for his state's interests. Mormon Church. In time, he became an innovative and often Kennedy punctuated his comeback in two successful legislator, particularly during the early Lober debotes, playing up his experience and 672 27 MASSACHUSETTS iddick making Romney appear unfamiliar with the leg- million in an imaginative campaign in which he Senate islative process. In one of the few bright spots of offered $10,000 to whoever could "GET TED the season for Democrats, the liberal icon proved KENNEDY TO DEBATE RAY SHAMIE." Kennedy beat- his staying power, polling 58 percent. accepted Shamie's offer. asking that the reward go who Kennedy's challenge has been to live up to the to a Catholic school in Hanover. The debate had vote standard he set in 1964. when he ran for his first little impact; Kennedy won 61 percent. Sen. full term less than a year after his brother John's Kennedy burst into politics in 1962 by winning made assassination. the election to fill the remaining two years of his Bedridden after an airplane crash. he beat brother's Senate term. John Kennedy had entary Republican Howard Whitmore Jr. by 74 percent to arranged for family friend Benjamin A. Smith to sum- 25 percent: the victory margin of 1,129,244 votes get the seat when he became president in 1961, en he was the widest in state history. and Smith then stepped aside for the younger k and His 1970 campaign was waged in the shadow Kennedy in 1962. >chne. of the Chappaquiddick accident the year before. Edward J. McCormack. nephew of House their Even some loyally Democratic Bay Staters had Speaker John W. McCormack. was not as obliging. West doubts. and Kennedy took 62 percent of the vote He derided Kennedy's qualifications, noting his against Republican Josiah Spaulding. meager experience as an assistant district attor- upon In 1976, he brushed aside three anti-busing and ney in Boston and said in a Democratic primary urned anti-abortion challengers in the primary, then debate: "If your name were Edward Moore h Sub- crushed GOP businessman Michael Robertson by [instead of Edward Moore Kennedy], your candi- House 1 million votes. dacy would be a joke." ogers. In 1982. Kennedy met his first Republican foe Kennedy easily won the primary. In November, h into able to draw attention on his own. Raymond he took 55 percent of the vote against Republican plan- Shamie. a wealthy inventor. spent more than $1 George Cabot Lodge. edy to rently SENATE ELECTIONS VOTING STUDIES ead of 1994 General Presidential Party Conservative Edward M. Kennedy (D) 1,265,997 (58%) Support Unity Coalition W Mitt Romney (R) 894,000 (41%) Year S o S O s o 1994 Primary 1996 86 12 93 6 8 92 need Edward M. Kennedy (D) 391.637 (99%) 1995 91 8 93 4 12 84 raise Write-ins (D) 4,498 (1%) 1994 90 5 92 6 19 78 1993 93 3 95 4 10 90 Previous Winning Percentages: 1988 (65%) 1982 (61%) 1992 25 73 95 3 5 92 by 1976 (69%) 1970 (62%) 1964 (74%) 1962t (55%) 1991 31 67 92 7 13 88 did ok to T Special election INTEREST GROUP RATINGS Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU g him CAMPAIGN FINANCE 1996 90 n/a 38 0 I alive Receipts Expend- 1995 100 100 33 4 con- Receipts from PACs itures 1994 90 88 20 0 1994 1993 90 82 36 4 n that Kennedy (D) $9,816,808 $7.510 (0%) $10,540.244 1992 100 92 20 0 hope Romney (R) $7,628,061 $8,500 (0%) $7,624,491 1991 95 83 20 0 elped KEY VOTES earli- 1997 Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment N loubts Approve chemical weapons treaty Y Repub- 1996 Approve farm bill N Then a Limit punitive damages in product liability cases N r Mitt Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage N those Approve welfare overhaul N Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation Y Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions N rsonal 1995 it. His Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts N Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration N enator ntrast When ess in vering ey as and on and r n two and 28 673 CONNECTICUT Christopher J. Dodd (D) Of East Haddam - Elected 1980, 3rd term Biographical Information Committees Born: May 27, 1944, Willimantic, Conn. Banking, Housing & Urban Affairs Education: Providence College, B.A. 1966; U. of Louisville, Financial Services & Technology; Housing Opportunity & D 1972. Community Development; Securities (ranking) Military Service: Army Reserve. 1969-75. Foreign Relations European Affairs; International Operations: Western Occupation: Lawyer. Hemisphere, Peace Corps, Narcotics and Terrorism (ranking) Family: Divorced. Labor & Human Resources Religion: Roman Catholic Children & Families (ranking); Employment & Training Political Career: U.S. House, 1975-81 Rules & Administration Capitol Office: 444 Russell Bldg. 20510; 224-2823. In Washington: His two- system, it is not because he lacks skill functioning year stint as general chair- within it. At the end of 1996, he had more than $1.2 man of the Democratic million cash on hand for his 1998 re-election bid. National Committee (DNC) Just as the Democratic Party has grown more com- complete, Dodd headed into fortable with and adept at raising money from busi- the 105th Congress with the ness interests, so has Dodd. A member of the Bank- satisfaction of having helped ing, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee. he has his party re-elect a president received more money from the banking and real for the first time in the post- estate industries than from any others. World War II era. On occasion in the 104th, Dodd's "day job" in the But Bill Clinton's 1996 Senate was a useful complement to his work as party victory may be overshadowed by Democrats' failure general chairman. In April 1996, Dodd led opposition to recapture control of Congress, where in the early in the Senate to a GOP effort to indefinitely extend months of 1997 the Republican majority set its the authorization for the Senate panel investigating sights on investigating controversial fundraising the Whitewater affair, involving President and Hillary practices during the 1995-96 election cycle. Rodham Clinton's investment in a failed land deal. Although there was a swirl of media reports Dodd and other Democrats argued strenuously that about DNC fundraising improprieties shortly before the GOP wanted to extend the investigation in order the November 1996 election and in the months after, to bollix up the Clinton re-election effort. In the end, Dodd for the most part seemed to escape the unflat- Republicans agreed to just a short-term extension for tering spotlight. The DNC's former co-chairman the Whitewater committee. Donald Fowler. who served with Dodd. was the tar- Dodd has always been an active legislator. delv- get of more criticism than the Connecticut senator. ing into issues on most of his major committees - Fowler ran the party's day-to-day activities. Banking, Labor and Human Resources. Foreign while Dodd served as the DNC's main spokesman. Relations, and Rules and Administration. With his zeal for partisan combat. sharp tongue and He has also managed to walk the tightrope ability to deliver a meaty sound bite. Dodd was well between his own liberal tendencies and the needs of suited for this role. Connecticut's insurance and defense industries. Dodd's response to the controversy over fund- A recognized leader on children's issues (he raising was to say that it highlighted the need for founded the Senate Children's Caucus with Republi- reforming the campaign finance system. He said that can Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania in 1983), Dodd Republicans engaged in many of the same fund-rais- successfully pushed through a reauthorization of mg practices that Democrats were being criticized Head Start in 1994, as well as contributing to the for. He called on Congress to address the problem of renewal of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Edu- "soft money" donations, which are largely unregu- cation Act. lated funds that go to political parties rather than During the 104th Congress, Dodd pushed to get individual candidates. He backed a bill sponsored by more funding for child care added to legislation to Sens. John McCain. R-Ariz., and Russell D. Feingold, overhaul the welfare system. D-Wis., to overhaul campaign finance laws. Dodd voted for welfare overhaul when the Sen- Days before the 1996 election. Dodd suggested ate first passed the measure in September 1995. that both parties agree to accept no more contribu- after he and other Democrats wrung some conces- tions from non-Americans and to ban "soft money" sions from Republicans, including an additional $3 donations. "We don't have to wait to change the billion over five years to provide care for children of law." Dodd said during an appearance with Republi- parents moving from welfare to work. "In every sur- can National Committee Chairman Haley Barbour vey I've seen, the single largest obstacle to getting on NBC's "Meet the Press." ple off welfare and into work is the lack of child If Dodd wants to change the campaign finance care Dodd said. 29 263 CONNECTICUT Despite the provisions for child care, Dodd said opponents of Castro. wouldn't vote he was only reluctantly supporting the welfare bill, In March 1994, Dodd and four other usually loyal But Dodd and he warned that he would later oppose it if nego- Democrats lashed out at the Clinton administration's stocking his tiations with the House pulled the bill to the right. handling of the Haitian situation. arguing that it was He carried through on that threat by voting against bility at home not doing enough to restore to power ousted Presi- the Seawolf the conference report. Clinton vetoed the legislation. dent Jean-Bertrand Aristide. "I think it is fair to ask Dodd also opposed the final welfare reform measure family leave I why this administration sends combat troops to with his own that passed Congress in 1996 after Clinton agreed to Mogadishu or launched cruise missiles at Baghdad The Dodd sign it. but does not even rattle a saber at the leaders at Connecticut P Dodd applied all his tenacity and his deal-making Port-au-Prince." Dodd complained. From the skills to finally achieve enactment of the Family and In July, when it seemed the administration might Ribicoff decla Medical Leave Act in the Democratic-controlled be ready to intervene militarily. Dodd backed off. was viewed a 103rd Congress. He pushed the measure through the saving, "I don't think a military invasion is warrant- whelmingly p Senate Labor Committee four times in seven years ed." But in September, he helped fight off Republi- had first won and twice saw the bill clear Congress, only to be can-led efforts to set a withdrawal deadline for U.S. J. Dodd - a 11 vetoed by President George Bush. troops who were sent to Haiti to restore democrati- was among his Clinton had pledged during the 1992 campaign to cally elected government. nists - was SI sign it if he was elected, and Dodd was among those Pacifist instincts notwithstanding. Dodd can be his 1967 Senar who recommended sending Clinton the version hawkish about protecting defense-related industry paign funds. negotiated with Republicans in earlier Congresses in Connecticut. He has doggedly sought funding for The young (granting 12 weeks of leave and exempting busi- building the Seawolf submarine in Groton, Conn. mer New York nesses with fewer than 50 workers) rather than During Senate consideration of the fiscal 1996 the standard 01 refighting old battles. Clinton signed the bill into law defense authorization bill. Dodd worked successful- in February 1993, the first major legislative mile- resurgent con ly to fend off an effort by Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., brother of colu stone of his administration. to eliminate funding for construction of a third Sea- Foreign policy is another key interest of Dodd's. Buckley argue wolf submarine. McCain then offered an amendment As the ranking Democrat on the Western Hemi- national reputa to cap funding for the three submarines at $7.2 bil- force for conse sphere, Peace Corps, Narcotics and Terrorism Sub- lion; Dodd won passage of a substitute amendment But Buckle committee, he has paid particularly close attention to increase the cap by $35 million. to Central America. while Dodd p In addition to helping his home-state industries. slipping into C Early in the 104th Congress, Dodd led the charge he has also been receptive to business interests on a politician. com against an amendment to a 1995 spending rescis- variety of other issues as well, even when It meant Spanish. He at sions bill that would have effectively prevented the taking on Clinton. ideologue who Clinton administration from providing any further In the 104th, Dodd was a key Democratic sup- loans to Mexico without the approval of Congress. porter of legislation to overhaul laws governing The move came in response to the administration's investor lawsuits. Supporters said the bill was aimed S decision to bypass lawmakers and extend Mexico a at closing loopholes in the existing system that led to 1992 General $20 billion credit line. Dodd and other Democrats the filing of frivolous lawsuits. Christopher J Dod argued that the amendment, which was being Congress approved the bill. and though Dodd Brook Johnson (R) pushed by Sen. Alfonse M. D'Amato. R-N.Y., would Richard D Gregory was fairly confident Clinton would sign it. the presi- deal a potentially lethal blow to Mexico's economy dent instead vetoed it. Even though Dodd's role as Previous Winning Pe and roil international financial markets. D'Amato party general chairman made it a bit awkward. Dodd 1978* 70% 197 ended up withdrawing the amendment so that the rallied support to override the president's veto. an * House election rescissions legislation could move forward. effort that succeeded. Dodd sought to downplay his Dodd was also a leading opponent of legislation differences with Clinton. "As I've said all along. there C offered by Foreign Relations Committee Chairman are times when I'll differ with my president. and now R Jesse Helms, R-N.C., and Rep. Dan Burton, R-Ind., to is clearly one of those times," Dodd said. 1992 tighten the U.S. economic embargo of Cuba. The Dodd's support for product liability legislation Dodd (D) $3. bill's most controversial provision allowed U.S. citi- approved in the 104th Congress also was at odds Johnson (R) $2. zens whose properties were expropriated by the with the president, who vetoed the measure. Dodd government of Cuban leader Fidel Castro to seek had urged Clinton to sign the bill. which limited 1997 legal redress in U.S. courts against foreign corpora- manufacturer liability for defective products. say- Approve balanced-b tions that took over those properties. Dodd contend- ing, "The business community cares about this a lot." Approve chemical w 1996 ed that U.S. courts would be choked with lawsuits At Home: Considered vulnerable to defeat at Approve farm bill brought by Cuban-Americans against foreign compa- the outset of his 1992 re-election campaign, Dodd Limit punitive dama nies. He also objected to creating a special right for Exempt small busine put to rest any doubts about his vote-getting abil- Approve welfare OV Cuban-Americans that is not extended to citizens or ities with a solid victory over millionaire Republi- Bar job discriminatio nationals from other countries where properties can Brook Johnson. Override veto of bar have been confiscated. 1995 In early 1991. it looked like Dodd might be in Approve GOP budg Despite these arguments, Clinton, after first trouble because of his opposition to the use of Approve constitutio opposing the legislation, decided to sign it, amid a force in the Persian Gulf and his reluc- furor that arose in February 1996 after Cuban mil tance to oppose independent Gov. Lowell P. tary planes shot down two civilian aircraft being flown toward the island nation by Cuban-Ameri an 3 we kenJr.'s state income tax. More than half the polled in a survey that year said they 264 CONNECTICUT other usually loyal wouldn't vote for him again. needs of the poor. on administration's But Dodd took the warning signs to heart, Dodd easily outdistanced Buckley, earning a arguing that it was stocking his campaign coffers, increasing his visi- larger plurality than his father did in winning his ower ousted Presi- bility at home and stressing his efforts in behalf of first Senate term in 1958. ink it is fair to ask the Seawolf submarine program and his work on Dodd's reputation as a rising star was combat troops to family leave legislation. Johnson, although flush enhanced by his landslide 1986 re-election. The issiles at Baghdad with his own cash, ended up losing by 21 points. GOP nominee was 66-year-old Roger W. Eddy, a at the leaders at The Dodd name has been a household word in party national committeeman and former state 1. Connecticut politics for four decades. representative. ministration might From the day Democratic Sen. Abraham A. Eddy, inventor of the widely used Audubon Dodd backed off, Ribicoff declared his retirement in 1979, Dodd birdcall, had an image as a "gentleman farmer," vasion is warrant- was viewed as his heir apparent. He was over- but his campaign style turned out to be surpris- fight off Republi- whelmingly popular in his 2nd District, which he ingly hard-hitting. He attacked Dodd's Central I deadline for U.S. had first won in 1974. His father. the late Thomas America stands, describing him as "the senator estore democrati- Dodd a tough-talking, two-term senator who from communist Nicaragua" and told members of was among his party's most virulent anti-commu- the state AFL-CIO that "Japan is sucking us dry." ing, Dodd can be nists was still revered by many voters. despite Dodd brushed off the attacks as "disappoint- -related industry his 1967 Senate censure for personal use of cam- ing" and went on to amass the largest Senate vote )ught funding for paugn funds. percentage in state history. Groton. Conn. The younger Dodd's GOP opponent was for- Dodd grew up with Connecticut politics, and f the fiscal 1996 mer New York Sen. James L. Buckley, who carried he went after public office himself at age 30. He rked successful- the standard of the state Republican Party's newly was practicing law in New London in 1974 when McCain, R-Ariz., resurgent conservative wing. The millionaire Republican Rep. Robert H. Steele left his secure n of a third Sea- brother of columnist William F. Buckley Jr., James 2nd District seat to run for governor. Dodd di an amendment Buckley argued that his previous experience and attached himself to the camp of Democratic rines at $7.2 bil- national reputation would make him a significant gubernatorial candidate Ella T. Grasso early in the tute amendment force for conservatism in the Senate. spring and began lining up delegate support. But Buckley's patrician style did not play well. By the time of the convention. he was the clear S' ndustries, while Dodd proved an exuberant campaigner, favorite over John M. Bailey Jr. - son of the state SS rests on a slipping into crowds with the comfort of a born party chairman - and Douglas Bennet, a one- I when it meant politician, conversing both in English and fluent time aide to Ribicoff. He locked up the party's Spanish. He attacked Buckley as a conservative endorsement on the first round of convention bal- emocratic sup- ideologue who. as a senator. had neglected the loting, and won easily in the general election. laws governing bill was aimed SENATE ELECTIONS VOTING STUDIES stem that led to 1992 General Presidential Party Conservative istopher J. Dodd ID, ACP) 882.569 (59%) Support Unity Coalition though Dodd Frook Johnson (R) 572.036 (38%) Year s o S o S o chard D. Gregory (CC) 35,315 (2%) 1996 80 19 88 11 37 61 gn it. the presi- 1995 92 8 86 13 28 68 Dodd's role as Previous Winning Percentages: 1986 (65%) 1980 (56%) 1994 90 5 84 9 22 69 wkward. Dodd 1978* 70%) 1976* (65%) 1974*(59%) 1993 97 2 91 8 28 68 dent's veto. an 1992 32 68 83 17 34 66 House election 1991 49 49 83 16 43 58 downplay his all along, there CAMPAIGN FINANCE INTEREST GROUP RATINGS dent. and now Receipts Expend- Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU ud. Receipts from PACs itures 1996 85 n/a 38 10 1992 1995 95 92 32 4 ity legislation Dood (D) $3,827,475 $1,337,814 (35%) $4,122,268 1994 80 75 38 0 was at odds ohnson (R) $2,400,715 0 $2,395,262 1993 75 82 36 12 1992 75 92 30 11 leasure. Dodd KEY VOTES 1991 75 92 20 24 which limited 1997 roducts. say- Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment N out this a lot." Approve chemical weapons treaty Y to defeat at 1996 Approve farm bill N npaign. Dodd Limit punitive damages in product liability cases Y -getting abil- Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage N Approve welfare overhaul N aire Republi- Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation Y Override veto of ban on partial birth" abortions N I might be in 1995 the use of Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts N Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration N id his reluc- 'ell P. th alf the ir said they 31 265 IOWA It "rong st a opponent, Tom Harkin (D) ies. ilver, who Of Cumming - Elected 1984, 3rd term d defense character- Biographical Information Committees mediocre. Born: Nov. 19. 1939. Cumming, lowa. Agriculture, Nutrition & Forestry (ranking) ty and the Education: lowa State U., B.S. 1962, Catholic U., J.D. 1972. Appropriations Commit- Military Service: Navy, 1962-67; Naval Reserve, 1968-74. Agriculture, Rural Development & Related Agencies: Occupation: Lawyer. Defense: Foreign Operations: Labor, Health & Human ew Right Services & Education (ranking); VA, HUD & Independent political Family: Wife, Ruth Raduenz: two children. Agencies Religion: Roman Catholic. Labor & Human Resources irmer. did Political Career: Democratic nominee for U.S. House, 1972; Employment & Training: Public Health & Safety U.S. House, 1975-85; sought Democratic nomination for ited him- Small Business president, 1992. sing con- Capitol Office: 731 Hart Bldg. 20510; 224-3254. attention emocra- In Washington: The first that he supports, because fewer dollars would nflation. Democrat in state history be needed to pay interest on the national debt. sley won to win a third Senate term, Earlier, Harkin had run hot and cold on the Harkin gives Iowans a lead- balanced-budget amendment. Skewered by con- federal ing voice on agriculture servative groups for opposing it in his first Senate as unaf- issues with his ascension race against GOP Sen. Roger W. Jepsen in 1984, ent and to the ranking minority Harkin voted for the amendment in 1986. But mocrat post on the Senate Agri- after becoming the first Iowa Democrat to be re- ate who culture, Nutrition and For- elected to the Senate in 1990, he voted against the IS never estry Committee in the amendment in 1994. Facing re-election in 1996, he 105th Congress. In addi- switched positions again. tion, he remains as the top Democrat on the Ap- Harkin is a close ally of President Clinton's. propriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health The president appointed Harkin's wife, Ruth and Human Services and Education. where he Raduenz, as president and chief executive officer ative can not only funnel federal dollars to Iowa but of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation o also influence policy on children, health care, (OPIC). Harkin himself had been quick to endorse 10 disabilities and other issues that have been the Clinton's presidential bid in 1992 after his own 16 focus of his Senate career. fourth-place finish in the New Hampshire primary 31 20 The path to success for Harkin, whose 1992 (and a lack of campaign money) forced him to 32 foray into presidential politics ended soon after bow out. Harkin worked hard the rest of the year 18 his favorite-son victory in the Iowa caucuses, has to win votes for Clinton. especially among his been one of catering to longtime constituencies labor union allies. CU such as labor, but not without concessions to pre- Harkin's ties to Clinton have made him a pas- 0 vailing political winds. The Iowa populist cam- sionate defender of the administration in its diffi- 11 paigned for president as an unapologetic New cult hours. He backed the nomination of Dr. 2 8 Deal liberal in late 1991 and early 1992. but he has Henry W. Foster Jr. to be surgeon general, and 4 also been known to temper that liberal image at when Republicans prevented a vote on that nom- 1 times. ination in June 1995, Harkin warned of the conse- In the 104th Congress. Harkin and Missouri quences. "We are going down a very bad road Republican Christopher S. Bond introduced the because if we continue this, the worm will turn," first bipartisan welfare legislation, which was he said. "There will be a Democratic Senate and a modeled after Iowa's successful Family Republican president, and the shoe will be on the Investment Plan. The plan, which requires other foot." recipients to sign an actual contract with the Still, Harkin has shown a willingness to part state, has increased the number of welfare ways with Clinton on several occasions, especial- recipients landing new jobs and lowered the ly when the president's views contrast with state's costs. Harkin also voted against same- Harkin's populism. He opposed the 1996 reautho- sex marriages, and he offered his support for a rization of the nation's farm programs because he limited capital gains tax cut, traditionally a con- feared poorer farmers might suffer under its sys- servative cause, early in 1995. tem of fixed, declining subsidies: although But Harkin's most notable departure from Clinton, too, had misgivings about that approach. the liberal ideology that has marked his tenure he signed the measure. When Clinton agreed early has come on the balanced-budget constitution- in 1996 to sign a stopgap spending bill that includ- al amendment. He backed the amendment in ed cuts in education funding, Harkin called the the 104th and 105th Congresses, saying that if decision a mistake. the budget could be balanced. prospects would Ha in became a thom in the administra- be brighter for funding government programs tion's side in 1996 when Clinton nominated Alan 32 543 IOWA Iowa fundra Greenspan to serve a second four-year term as training and counseling, and summer youth jobs. Harkin outdis chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. Quick In 1996, Harkin helped win the restoration of $2 percent to 47 Senate confirmation was expected, but Harkin billion in proposed cuts in education and health Harkin has delayed a floor vote for weeks because he want- care for the fiscal 1997 budget. ble in 1990, 1 ed to debate the nomination in the context of Harkin has been a successful activist for becoming the overall Fed policy. He contended that Green- increased funding for breast cancer research: elected to the span's acceptance of slow growth as the price for two of his sisters died of breast cancer. In the granted en TO low inflation had kept businesses from creating 102nd Congress, he successfully pushed a mea- his re-election new jobs and increasing workers' incomes. sure to expand programs under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. He also won ing his count Senate leaders ultimately let Harkin raise ques- and stockpile tions about that policy to break the logjam on the reauthorization of legislation aimed at protect- did not scare nomination. ing the rights of the mentally ill. Harkin also has questioned the Clinton admin- Harkin has said that the proudest moment of early, raising n bipartisan bas istration's foreign policy decisions. He criticized his years in Congress came in 1990 when its slow response toward restoring democratic President George Bush signed the Americans Tauke peck issues, accusir rule to Haiti in the 103rd Congress and said of the with Disabilities Act. The law, passed after years 1995 offer of $40 billion in U.S.-backed loan guar- of effort and negotiations, extends broad civil voting for exc antees to Mexico when it faced financial collapse: rights protections to an estimated 43 million attacks truly 1 his work on le "We shouldn't go at this like the Lone Ranger. Americans with mental and physical disabilities. abilities. The 1 Other countries ought to chip in." During final consideration, Harkin delivered a tion Hark Harkin sees himself as a defender of the inter- portion of his floor speech in sign language: it ests of the common folk and the disadvantaged was addressed, he said, to his brother Frank. opposed al' against the rich and powerful. When Democrats who is deaf. on the issue, pc In the end Har were in the majority, he used his chairmanships Against the backdrop of a long and stressful of an Appropriations subcommittee and the 1990 re-election contest, Harkin reoriented his 9 points. Harkin was Labor and Human Resources Subcommittee on issue agenda in the 101st Congress, reflecting Disability Policy to pursue his causes. But after the changing focus of Iowa voters. In the mid- paigns; his 198 Republicans took Senate control in 1995, he had 1980s, Harkin's extreme views on the impor- Roger W. Jepse to react to their agenda more often than not. tance of helping farmers were a centerpiece of weight bouts. stunned lowa I Early in the 104th, Harkin and Democrat Joseph his persona. But as Iowa's farm economy Clark. There ne I. Lieberman of Connecticut proposed new limi- improved, he assumed a higher profile on a tations on the use of the filibuster, an idea they number of social policy issues, and he contin- would be vulne had begun to pursue when in the majority. But ued as an outspoken liberal voice on foreign Harkin also quickly availed himself of the policy always politically correct in dovish SI weapon when Republicans began to push anti- Iowa. 1996 General labor proposals. Harkin has long been known for his outspo- Tom Harkin (D) In one such instance in 1995, Senate kenness on U.S. foreign policy, especially Jim Ross Lightfoot (F Republicans sought to overturn a Clinton direc- involving Central America and the human rights Previous Winning Per tive barring big federal contractors from hiring records of other countries. When the 102nd 1982* (59%) 1980 permanent replacements for strikers. Harkin ral- Congress convened and turned its attention to 1974* (51%) lied Democrats to defend the president's direc- the Persian Gulf crisis, Harkin led the liberals' * House elections tive. Two efforts to end floor debate on the GOP charge. In November 1990. Harkin had joined 53 effort failed on party-line votes, and Republicans Democratic House members in a lawsuit seek- CA eventually dropped the "striker replacement" lan- ing to prevent Bush from launching a military guage. attack without Congress' approval. Rece 1996 Harkin was a central figure in another labor- At Home: Harkin's path to re-election in 1996 Harkin (D) $4.66 related debate as Congress neared adjournment was similar to the one he traveled in 1990: He Lightfoot (R) $2.47- in 1996. He and Democrat Edward M. Kennedy of faced a well-funded GOP House incumbent. His Massachusetts brought the Senate to a standstill 1990 foe had been Rep. Tom Tauke, perhaps the 1997 as they fought to remove language from the strongest candidate Republicans could have nom- Approve balanced-buc Federal Aviation Administration reauthorization inated that year except for Gov. Terry E. Branstad: Approve chemical we in 1996, Rep. Jim Ross Lightfoot heeded the GOP 1996 bill that they said would make it more difficult for Approve farm bill employees of Federal Express Corp. to unionize. call. Limit punitive damage: Harkin and Kennedy ultimately failed in that Lightfoot spoiled Harkin's hopes of cruising Exempt small business Approve welfare over effort, but their performance as Horatius at the to re-election against a lesser-known opponent Bar job discrimination bridge to slow the machine was widely noted. when he filed to run just three weeks before the Overnde veto of ban o An advocate for children since the outset of March 15 deadline. But he did not spoil Harkin's 1995 Approve GOP budget his congressional career, Harkin in the 104th bid for an unprecedented third term. Approve constitutional Congress challenged Republican efforts to nar- Tagged as a "liberal" in 60-second radio ads row the federal education role. Resisting cuts in aired by the National Republican Senatorial education spending at every opportunity, he suc- Committee and accused by Lightfoot's cam- ceeded in helping to get $2.7 billion restored in fis- Raign "out-of-touch voting record." cal 1996 for programs such as Head Start, Goals Has in on by his narrowest margin ever. But 2000, school-to-work training, dislocated worker his Canton, whose appearance at one 544 IOWA th JUDS. Iowa fundraiser garnered $200,000, helped had proved his campaign skills by securing a on of $2 Harkin outdistance the GOP challenger by 52 Republican House district. was the logical health percent to 47 percent. opponent. Harkin had been considered highly vulnera- Jepsen's problem was that most of the events ist for ble in 1990. but he pulled off a historic win, by which he had distinguished himself in office search; becoming the first Iowa Democrat ever to be re- reflected badly on him. In 1983, for example, he In the elected to the Senate. Harkin took nothing for had cited constitutional immunity to escape pay- a mea- granted en route to a second term. He opened ing a traffic ticket while driving to work. Con- iduals his re-election battle early in 1989 by announc- servative organizations flocked to his defense, 0 won ing his county-by-county campaign chairmen financing a barrage of TV and radio ads skew- rotect- and stockpiled a sizable campaign fund. That ering Harkin for opposing a balanced-budget did not scare off Rep. Tauke, who also began amendment and favoring higher taxes. Harkin ent of early, raising money and seeking to build on his came back with charges that Jepsen was freer when bipartisan base in the 2nd District. with tax dollars than any other recent Iowa sen- ricans Tauke pecked away at Harkin on a variety of ator, dubbing him "Red Ink Roger." Though polls years issues, accusing him of franking abuses and of showed a tight race, Harkin took 56 percent. I civil voting for excessive spending. But none of the Republicans saw little cause for worry when illion attacks truly took hold, while Harkin stressed Harkin first announced for Congress in 1972 lities. his work on legislation to help people with dis- against an entrenched GOP incumbent. But they red a abilities. The two men also clashed over abor- soon found themselves up against one of the more ge; it tion Harkin for abortion rights, Tauke resourceful Democrats in recent Iowa politics. rank, opposed - although voters appeared divided Harkin projected his concern for agriculture on the issue, possibly making it a political wash. in rural western Iowa and drew publicity with ssful In the end Harkin won by a rather comfortable his gimmick of "work days." Republican Rep. di his 9 points. William Scherle defeated him, but by the lowest cting Harkin was no stranger to hard-fought cam- percentage of his House career. Harkin mid- paigns; his 1984 race against Republican Sen. launched his 1974 bid early, built a stronger por- Roger W. Jepsen was one of that year's heavy- organization and raised more money. Scherle of weight bouts. Six years earlier, Jepsen had made more appearances and tried to distance omy stunned Iowa Democrats by ousting Sen. Dick himself from the unpopular Republican admin- or Clark. There never was much doubt that Jepsen istration. But Harkin won narrowly and quickly n would be vulnerable in 1984, and Harkin, who secured his hold on the seat. eign vish SENATE ELECTIONS VOTING STUDIES spo- 1996 General Presidential Party Conservative Tom Harkin (D) 634,166 (52%) ally Support Unity Coalition Jim Ross Lightfoot (R) 571,807 (47%) Year S o S o S o ghts 1996 85 15 91 9 18 82 2nd Previous Winning Percentages: 1990 (54%) 1984 (56%) 1995 90 10 91 9 14 86 1982* (59%) 1980*(60%) 1978*(59%) 1976*(65%) 1994 90 8 95 3 9 88 to 1974* (51%) 1993 92 7 92 6 15 83 als' 1992 18 62 66 3 5 66 153 . House elections 1991 19 62 75 3 5 75 ek- CAMPAIGN FINANCE INTEREST GROUP RATINGS ary Receipts Expend- Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU Receipts from PACs itures 1996 80 n/a 38 10 96 1996 1995 95 92 44 9 Harkin (D) $4,665,182 $1,061,573 (23%) $5,276,708 1994 100 88 30 0 He Lightfoot (R) $2,474,871 $553,512 (22%) $2,439,679 1993 90 73 27 0 His 1992 85 91 17 0 the KEY VOTES 1991 100 90 14 0 1997 m- Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment Y ad: Approve chemical weapons treaty Y OP 1996 Approve farm bill N Limit punitive damages in product liability cases N ng Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage N nt Approve welfare overhaul Y Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation Y he Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions N is 1995 Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts N Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration N is al n- 1." u* 34 545 MARYLAND architect S: Barbara A. Mikulski (D) renominati an airing of In Febr Of Baltimore - Elected 1986, 2nd term D-Fla., intr plans from Biographical Information Capitol Office: 709 Hart Bldg. 20510, 224-4654 emergency Born: July 20, 1936, Baltimore, Md. something Education: Mount Saint Agnes College, 1958; U. of Committees why many Maryland, M.S.W. 1965. Appropriations when they Occupation: Social worker. Commerce, Justice, State & Judiciary: Foreign Operations, wrong with Family: Single Transportation: Treasury & General Government, VA, HUD turns out to & Independent Agencies (ranking) Religion: Roman Catholic Labor & Human Resources company de Political Career: Baltimore City Council, 1971-77; Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate. 1974, U.S. House, Aging (ranking): Public Health & Safety to second- because the 1977-87. Democratic Conference Secretary an enormou Mikulski the Aging St In Washington: Mikulski threat from Ethics Committee Chairman Mitch Resources was the first woman elevat- McConnell, R-Ky. During one of the panel's took up I ed to a leadership post in closed-door meetings. McConnell told Mikulski to Americans the Senate, but she decided tell Boxer that Republicans would offer compan- would con early in the 105th Congress ion amendments calling for public hearings into employment not to seek to climb anoth- ethics matters involving Senate Minority Leader states more er rung on the ladder. Tom Daschle, D-S.D., and Edward M. Kennedy, D- encouraging Currently secretary of Mass. federal grant the Democratic Confer- In September 1995, she joined in the commit- vices. ence, Mikulski announced tee's unanimous vote to recommend Packwood's Mikulski in March 1997 that she expulsion. "We all had a chance to reflect on this posed divvy would not try to succeed Wendell H. Ford of matter and were able to come to a speedy con- under the a Kentucky (who is retiring in 1998) as minority clusion," she said. The meeting was over so quick- retain the e whip. She said she wanted to concentrate on her ly that Mikulski had time the same evening to much mone 1998 campaign for a third Senate term. Then attend the record-breaking 2.131st consecutive formula char again, while she will be a strong favorite to win game played by Baltimore Orioles infielder Cal in services" that contest, a bid for whip might have been an Ripken Jr. ing. But Dar uphill fight. Like most other Democratic women on the new bill upd. Mikulski entered the leadership ranks after Hill, she is a strong supporter of abortion rights. figures and the 1992 elections, when she became assistant In August 1995, during Senate floor consideration equitable fo floor leader. Top Senate Democrats, sensitive of the fiscal 1996 Treasury-Postal Service spend- rejected Mik about the lack of diversity in their leadership ing bill, she fought unsuccessfully against a provi- In Decem ranks, turned to Mikulski, the dean of the cham- sion preventing women who are covered under stitutional a ber's five Democratic women. She also got anoth- federal health care plans from obtaining abor- tion when er new responsibility: a seat on the Ethics tions through those plans. The House voted to oppose the n Committee. ban abortions except when the life of the woman three votes. : Her assignment was an outgrowth of negative was threatened. That was too strict a standard for tection but public reaction to the all-male Judiciary Commit- the Senate, which first voted. 52-41, to affirm an Constitution tee's handling of sexual harassment allegations Appropriations Committee decision to drop the law to end ti that arose in the process of confirming Clarence stricter House-passed language from the bill. Don said. But am Thomas to the Supreme Court in 1991. As the Nickles. R-Okla., then offered an amendment to be used "to ethics panel began considering the sexual harass- ban federal funding of abortions except in cases strict it." she ment allegations leveled against then-Sen. Bob of rape or incest or to protect the life of the From her Packwood of Oregon, Senate leaders made a pri- woman. That was adopted 50-44. Committee ority of finding a woman to serve on Ethics. After Nickles' amendment was adopted. member on Mikulski was the first member of the ethics Mikulski offered an amendment to allow abor- Agencies sub panel to call for public hearings in the Packwood tions "determined to be medically necessary." shy about ot case. "Unless the Senate has public hearings, the Mikulski said this would create a narrow exemp- state. In July public will never believe [that] what we recom- tion to permit abortions needed to protect a proposed an mend has credibility," she said in March 1995. woman's health. Nickles countered that it would cal 1996 de "The public mood and the whole idea of congres- permit abortion on demand; the amendment Baltimore's si sional accountability calls for public hearings." failed, 45-49. a decision b Other Democrats joined her, and Sen. Barbara Always pressing for better job opportunities effectively el Boxer, D-Calif., said in July of that year that she inorities and women, Mikulski in the 104th pete for shor would offer an amendment on the Senate floor criticized the Architect of the Capitol for not sure allowed calling for public hearings if the Ethics deing enough to diversify the large Hill work maintenance Committee refused to go that route. That led to a under his control. In February 1995, the 642 MARYLAND architect said he would retire rather than seek Mikulski has helped lead the defense of anoth- renomination, a process that would have brought er controversial spending item: NASA's space sta- an airing of Mikulski's charges. tion. In September 1996, she opposed efforts by In February 1997, she and Sen. Bob Graham, Dale Bumpers, D-Ark., who introduced an amend- D-Fla., introduced legislation prohibiting health ment to the fiscal 1997 VA-HUD spending bill to plans from denying coverage and payment for kill the space station. His amendment was tabled, emergency room visits. "Personal health is not 60-37. Mikulski argued that medical research with something to take chances with," she said. "That's life-saving potential can be performed on the why many people seek emergency assistance space station. when they think something may be seriously During a 1993 floor debate on an amendment wrong with their health. But when the problem to kill the space station, Mikulski argued that it HUD turns out to be a non-emergency, the insurance had been slimmed down sufficiently by the company denies payment. No family should have Clinton administration. "We have cut the cost of 10 second-guess getting the care they need the space station without cutting its ability to do because they are worried about being stuck with significant science," she said. Mikulski's side won an enormous bill." the vote 59-40. Mikulski is the ranking minority member of With NASA providing thousands of high-pay- Mitch the Aging Subcommittee of the Labor and Human ing jobs to Maryland, Mikulski has also been an Resources Committee. In May 1996. the panel ardent defender of another "big science" program took up proposed revisions to the Older - the Mission to Planet Earth, a long-term project to Americans Act. Republicans said their changes with a multibillion-dollar price tag that involves npan- would consolidate food. transportation and using unmanned satellites to collect environmen- into employment programs for the elderly by giving tal data about Earth. eader D- states more flexibility in providing services and She has been one of the Senate's leading advo- encouraging competition among groups vying for cates of Clinton's AmeriCorps program, trying to federal grants in job training and employment ser- fend off Republican attempts to kill it. She voted vices. against the fiscal 1996 VA-HUD appropriations bill Mikulski did not like the way the GOP pro- in September 1995 because it did not include this posed divvying up the federal funds available funding for AmeriCorps. "I believe national ser- con- under the act. She offered an amendment to vice creates an opportunity structure - commu- retain the existing formula for determining how nity service in exchange for a college education," to much money would go to the states. She said a she said. "It fosters the spirit of neighbor helping formula change would "cause a serious disruption neighbor that has made our country great." Cal in services" for those states that would lose fund- Mikulski is not above praising Republicans, ing. But Daniel R. Coats. R-Ind., argued that the even though the party's 1995 takeover of the new bill updated the formula with new population Senate deprived her of the Appropriations sub- figures and made payments to the states more committee chairmanship she held in the 103rd equitable for taxpayers. Committee members Congress. In July 1996, VA-HUD Subcommittee rejected Mikulski's amendment by a vote of 5-11. Chairman Christopher S. Bond, R-Mo., proposed a rovi- In December 1995. Mikulski helped kill a con- non-controversial spending bill that passed the nder stitutional amendment prohibiting flag desecra- subcommittee and full committee by voice votes. non when she decided at the last minute to The measure received lavish praise from to oppose the measure. The resolution failed by just Mikulski. "I think you've done a very outstanding three votes. She said she did not oppose flag pro- job," she told Bond. for rection but was reluctant to amend the She agreed with Republicans who want to an Constitution. "I believe we can and should have a streamline the regulatory process at the Food and the law to end the desecration of our flag," Mikulski Drug Administration, speeding up review of new Don said. But amendments to the Constitution should drugs and medical devices. "We have worked to to be used "to expand democracy, and not to con- come up with a sensible, moderate plan," strict it." she said. Mikulski said in July 1996. the From her place on the Senate Appropriations At Home: When she ran to succeed retiring Committee - where she is ranking minority GOP Sen. Charles McC. Mathias Jr. in 1986, many member on the VA, HUD and Independent questioned whether the pudgy, 4-foot-11 Mikulski Agencies subcommittee - Mikulski has not been would strike voters as "senatorial." But then-Rep. shy about obtaining federal funds for her home Mikulski proved her skills, easily outrunning Rep. state. In July 1995, for example. she successfully Michael D. Barnes and outgoing Gov. Harry R. a proposed an amendment in committee to the fis- Hughes in the Democratic primary, then drubbing cal 1996 defense spending bill to continue Republican Linda Chavez with 61 percent of the Baltimore's status as a Navy homeport. It reversed vote. a decision by Navy Secretary John Dalton that A self-described "blue-collar senator," effectively eliminated Baltimore's right to com- Mikulski earned broad popularity with her strong 4th pete for short-term Navy repair work. Her mea- personality and gritty demeanor. In her 1992 re- not sure allowed Baltimore to continue bidding election campaign, Mikulski took 71 percent of maintenance contracts. the the vote, trouncing Alan L. Keyes, a black conser- 36 643 MARYLAND vative activist who had run against Democratic Maintaining high approval ratings and compil- Sen. Paul S. Sarbanes in 1988. ing a large campaign treasury, Mikulski deterred 1 W The granddaughter of Polish immigrants, the most prominent Maryland Republicans in 1992. Mikulski first gained a following by discussing the The GOP nomination went to Keyes. a State Of Kenne plight of the "forgotten" ethnic residents of Department official during the Reagan presidency America's cities. Mikulski also organized a fight who had gained attention for his eloquent opposi- Biographic against a highway that would have leveled several tion to the liberal orthodoxy of most black leaders. Born: April 15, Baltimore neighborhoods. She won a City Council When Keyes took 38 percent against Sarbanes. he Education: We seat in 1971 and became prominent in the feminist called it a springboard for a future contest. B.A. 1973; Lo movement. But his challenge to Mikulski got off on the Military Service In 1974, Mikulski challenged the heavily wrong foot when it was disclosed that Keyes was Occupation: Hi favored GOP Sen. Mathias and drew 43 percent of paying himself $8,500 a month from his campaign Family: Wife, B the vote. She was well positioned in 1976, when treasury. The practice was legal. but politically Religion: Meth then-Rep. Sarbanes vacated his Baltimore House dubious in a recession year. Political Career seat for his first Senate campaign. Mikulski had Mikulski played a featured role at the Capitol Office: no trouble winning the Democratic House prima- Democratic National Convention. conducting a ry, and she breezed through five general elections. program featuring female candidates and nomi- With Mathias retiring in 1986, Mikulski's nating Tennessee Sen. Al Gore for vice president. vibrant style was a big asset in the Senate prima- Keyes, meanwhile, clashed with the organizers of ry against two well-known but colorless the Republican National Convention: when they Democratic rivals. She won by more than 112,000 were slow to offer him a speaking slot during TV's votes over Barnes; Hughes was a distant third. prime time, Keyes accused the party of racism. In Mikulski then had to overcome conservative October, the National Republican Senatorial Chavez, a staff director of the U.S. Commission on Committee. citing Keyes' poor showing in opinion Civil Rights under President Ronald Reagan. polls, cut off funding to his campaign: Keyes Though never more than a long shot, Chavez did declared himself an "independent Republican." not go quietly, describing Mikulski as a "San Mikulski ended up carrying all but one of Francisco style" liberal. Mikulski resisted the bait Maryland's counties. Although Maryland was to brawl with an opponent who was no electoral Clinton's best state after Arkansas, Mikulski out- painter and S threat and coasted to victory. ran him there by 21 percentage points. ized on his from Democr House Reput credibility 0 SENATE ELECTIONS CAMPAIGN FINANCE ers' trust in 1992 General Receipts Expend- Barbara A. Mikulski (D) 1,307,610 (71%) Receipts from PACs itures matters, he S: Alan L. Keyes (R) 533,688 (29%) 1992 he asks, "Wh 1992 Primary Mikulski (D) $2,940,047 $876,062 (30%) $3,161,104 ronmental an Barbara A Mikulski (D) 376,444 (77%) Keyes (R) $1,185,385 $31,150 (3%) $1,175,682 Thomas M. Wheatley (D) 31,214 (6%) Too often, he Walter Boyd (D) 26,467 (5%) VOTING STUDIES do not study Don Allensworth (D) 19,731 (4%) Presidential Party Conservative proposing ma Scott David Britt (D) 13,001 (3%) Support Unity Coalition James Leonard White (D) (3%) After the 12,470 Year S o S o S o B. Emerson Sweatt (D) 11,150 (2%) 1996 90 10 92 8 32 68 relaxed certa 1995 85 11 82 12 33 56 tailed the reg Previous Winning Percentages: 1986 (61%) 1984* (68%) 1994 89 6 89 9 28 69 1982* (74%) 1980* (76%) 1978* (100%) 1976* (75%) Protection Ag 1993 93 4 92 8 39 61 1992 23 77 87 10 24 74 cans came un * House elections 1991 33 67 91 8 33 65 "anti-environi KEY VOTES standing in INTEREST GROUP RATINGS 1997 opposed con Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment N ronmental en 1996 95 n/a 23 0 Approve chemical weapons treaty Y 1995 90 100 39 4 tics in the Is 1996 1994 85 75 33 0 Approve farm bill N tomary ease. 1993 85 100 27 4 Limit punitive damages in product liability cases N 1992 100 92 0 0 At the star Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage N 1991 90 83 20 10 chairman of Approve welfare overhaul Y Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation Y ture Commit Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions N Transportation 1995 Gilchrest V Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts N Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration N cal outsiders 1990s. With a eyed demean and he has a 1 ples with issue After Repu 1995, conserv 37 regulatory ref 644 NEW MEXICO did 1 Jillo only 8,909 Jeff Bingaman (D) statewide Of Santa Fe - Elected 1982, 3rd term tate House ion advan- Biographical Information Committees Born: Oct. 3. 1943, El Paso, Texas. Armed Services 1972, this vacated by Education: Harvard U., A.B. 1965. Stanford U., J.D. 1968. Acquisition & Technology: Airland Forces; Strategic Forces (ranking) emocratic Military Service: Army Reserve, 1968-74. Energy & Natural Resources K Daniels. Occupation: Lawyer. Energy Research Development Production & Regulation: but lost to Family: Wife, Anne Kovacovich; one child. National Parks, Historic Preservation & Recreation (ranking) Religion: Methodist. Labor & Human Resources Political Career: N.M. attorney general, 1979-83. Children & Families; Public Health & Safety little from Capitol Office: 703 Hart Bldg. 20510; 224-5521 Joint Economic ointed out atform as ledged to nominee. In Washington: For some 1995, he surprised the Senate by holding up consid- is call for time, Bingaman has been eration of one of the GOP's legislative priorities. a tion hurt seen as having the potential constitutional amendment to ban destruction of the to become "the next Sam U.S. flag. ightly in Nunn" on the Senate Armed His stated objections stemmed not from the Attorney Services Committee, and now amendment itself - which he opposes but from r) Toney that the Georgia Democrat having the Senate take up the matter while delaying most of has retired, Bingaman's the START II arms-reduction deal and the appoint- but six chance has arrived. The two ments of ambassadors to 18 countries. When tion. his have much in common: Each Majority Leader Bob Dole sought to quell his objec- shrank is a serious, studious law- tions by assuring him that supporters were "one maker well-versed on issues and well-regarded by phone call away" from a solution, Bingaman politely med his colleagues on both sides of the aisle. but firmly responded, "I do believe it's important to e tallied But as Bingaman has shown with increasing reg- make that one additional phone call." carried ularity, he can display a strong partisan streak. He With his return in the 105th Congress to the Labor st made an unprecedented. for him, number of jour- and Human Resources Committee - he stepped off neys into the rhetorical ring during the 104th the panel in the 104th Bingaman is expected to Congress. assailing Republican plans for Medicaid. become a player on education and pocketbook education and taxes before and during the 1995-1996 issues for working families. budget impasse. With Democrat Edward M. Kennedy of After the Senate Finance Committee passed a Massachusetts. Bingaman has been a leading propo- ative plan in October 1995 to realign the earned-income nent of pension reform. In the 104th, he sponsored on o tax credit. Bingaman criticized the move. Citing a legislation to set up a clearinghouse that would man- 5 U.S. Treasury analysis. he argued that the result age portable pension accounts for the employees of 7 would raise taxes on thousands of New Mexico private companies. 6 workers earning less than $28,500 a year. He also has been involved in the Democratic 12 11 His comments on the subject - and on a variety effort to create more high-wage jobs. Bingaman led a 10 of subsequent economic initiatives affecting low- task force on the subject that came out with its income residents - were strikingly at odds with report just as the issue was heating up on the Repub- CU those voiced by his much higher-profile home-state lican presidential campaign trail in early 1996. The 35 colleague. Republican Pete V. Domenici. task force called for changing the tax system in favor 78 In March 1995. Bingaman was one of six of businesses that contribute designated amounts to 34 30 Democrats who switched from supporting a bal- employee pension, health care and profit-sharing 18 anced-budget constitutional amendment to opposing plans and set aside 2 percent of their payroll for 76 it. He said the proposal would have placed the bur- worker training and education. The Clinton adminis- den of balancing the budget on working families tration paid scant attention, but Bingaman remains an opinion he continued to sound as the Republican committed to the idea. budget-balancing bill moved through Congress that Bingaman's interest in economic issues extends year. to competitiveness with Pacific Rim nations. He is Bingaman has attributed his growing tendency expected to use his position as ranking Democrat on toward outspokenness to his unhappiness with the the Joint Economic Committee as a way to focus GOP agenda. "I feel much better [speaking out) than more public attention on strengthening trade ties just getting along and going along and saying, with Asia. 'Whatever you guys want to pass, I'm happy to agree As a longtime member of Armed Services. to it.' " he explained in an interview. Bingaman has been a proponent of the need to con- Unlike some Democrats. however. Bingaman and reinvest defense resources toward creating carefully picked his spots to gripe. In December pri ate sector jobs. His state is home to two of the 38 943 NEW MEXICO Energy Department's national laboratories, Sandia and backed by the ranching industry. Although the McMillan's and Los Alamos, that have sought new missions with committee rejected Bingaman's proposal. Domenici against Bingam the end of the Cold War. reworked his legislation to address Bingaman's con- New Mexico ca Bingaman argues that defense research has an cerns. ducted. somet} important effect on the civilian economy, particular- Bingaman's break with Domenici on the grazing McMillan televi ly the computer, semiconductor and aviation indus- issue he had previously resisted efforts to raise embodied head tries. He is a leader in the push toward dual-use tech- fees - marked a departure from his tendency to bouncing away. nologies - those that have commercial and defense adapt his liberal leanings to the conservative tilt of the senator to in use. the Westerners he represents. On gun control, he sup- ical candidates In the 104th, he became increasingly exasperated ported a five-day waiting period for the purchase of a their opponents with GOP criticism of technology-transfer initiatives handgun, but he opposed a ban on certain semiauto- enabling businesses to take advantage of the labs' matic assault-style weapons. expertise; Republicans said there was little evidence At Home: When he launched his 1982 Senate : the programs are working. "When you see Congress campaign, Bingaman was in his third year as New 1994 General Jeff Bingaman (D) making a U-turn and trying to pretend these prob- Mexico's attorney general. little-known outside the Colin R. McMillan lems will be resolved without our assistance, you do legal and political communities but politically get frustrated." he said at one point. unscarred. Whether by luck or shrewdness. he Previous Winning Pr But Bingaman does not automatically support remained relatively fresh through the primary C defense research. During the 101st and 102nd (against former Democratic Gov. Jerry Apodaca) and Congresses, he argued that the Strategic Defense then against GOP Sen. Harrison Schmitt. R 1994 Initiative (SDI), the space-based shield to protect In the primary, the ex-governor was hamstrung by Bingaman (D) $2,8 against a missile attack, was not feasible under cur- reports that he had ties to underworld figures. McMillan (R) $1.5 rent technology and violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Bingaman did not directly mention Apodaca's prob- Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union. In August 1990, lems, but he gave voters a not-so-subtle reminder 1997 Bingaman joined Democratic Sen. Richard C. Shelby with his slogan, "a senator we can proudly call our Approve balanced-b of Alabama on an amendment to the fiscal 1991 own." Approve chemical W defense authorization bill diverting money from Bingaman was endorsed by the state AFL-CIO. 1996 Approve farm bill Brilliant Pebbles, a system of small interceptor mis- then narrowly won the support of the party conven- Limit punitive damac siles that was the current favorite of those advocat- tion. In the primary, he swept to nomination by a Exempt small busine ing rapid deployment of a space-based SDI. margin of nearly 3-to-2. Approve welfare OVE Bar job discriminatio Bingaman has become known for his efforts to Incumbent Schmitt, a former Apollo astronaut. Override veto of ban make the Pentagon more efficient. He sponsored an lacked Apodaca's political baggage. But he appeared 1995 amendment in 1995 to cap the Pentagon's renovation more interested in pet subjects such as 21st century Approve GOP budge Approve constitution cost at $1.1 billion, or $100 million below the current technology than in the state's struggling economy ceiling. He also has tried to speed up the rate at Bingaman lambasted Schmitt for supporting supply- which Defense Department pays its bills. side economics, sharp increases in defense spending During debate on the fiscal 1996 military con- and cuts in Social Security payments. With statewide struction appropriations bill, Bingaman denounced unemployment at 10 percent, Schmitt's ties to the "pork-laden" measure as "a mockery of all the President Ronald Reagan were a campaign liability. protestations about deficit reduction coming from Long before 1988, national GOP operatives were Congress." But his efforts to cut the bill by $300 mil- portraying Bingaman as one of their top targets. His lion were rebuffed. low-profile manner had left him with a fairly fuzzy That matter notwithstanding, Bingaman's col- image after one term in the Senate. and the GOP leagues usually pay attention to what he has to say. wanted to define it, claiming that Bingaman lacked "When Jeff gets into an issue, he knows it," observed stature and had achieved little in Congress. Michigan's Carl Levin. Armed Services' ranking But the GOP line lost credibility when the party Democrat. chose a nominee with his own stature problems who Bingaman has worked assiduously on defense was no more compelling on the stump than matters close to home. He banded together with the Bingaman. GOP state Sen. Bill Valentine managed rest of New Mexico's congressional delegation on a less than 40 percent of the vote. successful 1995 effort to persuade the Defense Base In 1994. Republicans thought they might have a Closure and Realignment Commission not to gut sleeper on their hands with Colin R. McMillan. a for- Albuquerque's Kirtland Air Force Base by transfer- mer George Bush appointee to the Pentagon. Using ring 6,850 jobs. Bingaman and others argued that much of his own money, McMillan pulled down closing the base would only shift costs rather than Bingaman's numbers with ads attacking his stance on save money. grazing fees and his support for President Clinton's On another issue important to New Mexico, live- 1993 budget. stock grazing on federal lands, Bingaman emerged as But New Mexico's Democratic tendencies helped a key figure during the 104th. As a member of the save Bingaman from the "war on the West" argu- Energy and Natural Resources Committee, he intro- ments that critically wounded other Western Demo- duced a measure calling for a higher grazing fee THIS. McMillan could not make sufficient inroads in increase and more restrictions on the use of range- Democra counties, and Bingaman won with 54 lands than a competing bill sponsored by Domenic 39 of the vote. 944 NEW MEXICO the McMillan's aggressive, high-spending campaign ads free air time to respond. nici against Bingaman marked a departure from the way Bingaman grew up in the isolated New Mexico on- New Mexico campaigns traditionally have been con- mining town of Silver City, the son of a professor and ducted, something that distressed Bingaman. One nephew of John Bingaman, a confidant of Democrat- ing McMillan television spot displayed Bingaman's dis- ic Sen. Clinton Anderson. At Stanford Law School, lise embodied head popping out of the Capitol dome and Bingaman worked for Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 pres- to bouncing away. That portrayal and others like it led idential campaign. Returning to New Mexico, he of the senator to introduce a bill in 1996 requiring polit- served as counsel to the 1969 state constitutional up- ical candidates to appear personally in ads attacking convention, joined a politically connected law firm if a their opponents as well as giving the targets of those and ran successfully for attorney general in 1978. to- SENATE ELECTIONS VOTING STUDIES ate 1994 General Presidential Party Conservative ew Jeff Bingaman (D) 249,989 (54%) Support Unity Coalition he Colin R. McMillan (R) 213,025 (46%) Year S o S o S o 1996 83 15 87 12 37 63 Ily Previous Winning Percentages: 1988 (63%) 1982 (54%) 1995 91 9 83 16 32 65 he 1994 89 11 84 16 53 47 ary CAMPAIGN FINANCE 1993 85 13 79 20 49 49 1992 40 50 70 23 39 55 nd Receipts Expend- 1991 51 48 78 20 65 35 Receipts from PACs itures 1994 by Bingaman (D) $2,855,038 $1,030,243 (36%) $3,227,352 INTEREST GROUP RATINGS es. McMillan (R) $1,549,197 $151,612 (10%) $1,537,563 Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU 1996 95 n/a 15 0 b- KEY VOTES 1995 90 100 42 0 ter 1994 60 75 50 16 1997 1993 70 73 36 20 ur Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment N 1992 75 92 20 4 Approve chemical weapons treaty Y 67 20 19 1996 1991 65 O. Approve farm bill N n- Limit punitive damages in product liability cases N Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage N a Approve welfare overhaul N Bar job discrimination based on sexual onentation Y ut. Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions N er' 1995 Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts N I. Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration N iy. ly- ng de to re is zy P d. ty 10 in d a = 1g F in is d ÷ 6 in 14 40 945 MINNESOTA been neglecte Paul Wellstone (D) was killed, 64 Wellstone Of St. Paul - Elected 1990, 2nd term the way cong has called for paigns and Biographical Information Committees awareness da Born: July 21, 1944, Washington, D.C. Foreign Relations people in this Education: U. of North Carolina, B.A. 1965, Ph.D. 1969. European Affairs: International Economic Policy. Export & "Because this Trade Promotion: Near Eastern & South Asian Affairs Occupation: Professor. Indian Affairs certainly app Family: Wife, Sheila Ison; three children. Labor & Human Resources are for sale." Religion: Jewish Children & Families; Employment & Training tranking) He was or Political Career: Democratic nominee for Minn. auditor, Small Business an independ 1982; Democratic National Committee, 1984-91 Veterans' Affairs House fundr Capitol Office: 136 Hart Bldg. 20510; 224-5641 1996 re-elect he was one 0 party and vo In Washington: President choose what the employer wanted rather than only Attorne: Clinton co-opts Republican what the worker preferred. "The question to name an il proposals. The Democratic becomes. really, 'How voluntary is this?" he said. if a counse Leadership Council tries to "There's a real danger of abuse of power." fundraising il pull the party from its liber- That same month. Wellstone protested the tial campaign al moorings. The Coalition, Labor Committee's approval of legislation that With Rep better known as the "blue would allow businesses to establish groups of 104th, Wellst dogs," charts a center-right workers and managers to address such issues as been denied course in Congress. productivity. quality control and workplace safe- majority - t And then there's Well- ty. He unsuccessfully tried to amend the bill to receiving gift. stone. He failed to get a per- allow the National Labor Relations Board to take something ve fect 100 percent score from the liberal Americans any action it deemed necessary against employ- passed in Ju for Democratic Action only twice in his first six ers found violating workers' rights to unionize. changing the years in the Senate - and in those two years, his The proposal. which was defeated 7-11. also The gift-b score was 95 percent. "I still believe government would have required the NLRB to issue orders 103rd Cong can be a force for good in people's lives," he told barring businesses from repeating the violations Republican 1 the Star Tribune of Minneapolis in October 1996. for five years. After threate "That won't change." The committee then reported out the so-called telecommuni Wellstone was the only senator up for re-elec- TEAM Act on a 10-8 party-line vote. "You can't Congress. W tion in 1996 who opposed the welfare overhaul wait to go after labor," Wellstone said to the com- a promise fro bill that Clinton signed into law. "This is to me a mittee's Republicans. "You can't wait to go after R-Kan., to br working people in this country. We get the mes- The Sena very personal point." he said. "I did a lot of com- munity organizing over the years, worked with a sage, and when it gets to the floor. we are going to out a floor b: lot of poor people, a lot of poor children. And I take this on." have allowed just can't vote for anything that would create In the 104th Congress, he fought efforts by the worth no mo more poor children." Labor Committee's majority Republicans to from any one And while he voted to block federal recogni- revamp the Occupational Safety and Health 46. an ameno tion of same-sex marriages - "the idea of same- Administration. The GOP bill would have allowed Miss., to rais sex marriage goes beyond the issue of prevention employers to create their own workplace safety allow a max of discrimination." he explained - the place he plans and hire outside, certified inspectors to source. The chose to make the announcement in June 1996 approve them. Companies that opted for this gifts under was a "Come Out for Wellstone" fundraiser orga- approach would be exempt from regular OSILA limit. Wellstone nized by prominent Wisconsin gays and lesbians. inspections and would be subject to reduced Wellstone was attacked for his welfare vote penalties if a violation occurred. above $10 to and many others as the GOP tried to deny him a "This bill goes a long way toward transforming limit. Suppor second term. But he won re-election by a solid OSHA from a regulatory agency into an agency on debating nine-point margin, and as he returned to that provides technical assistance." Wellstone vote if it was Washington in 1997. he gave no indication of mel- complained in March 1996. He said that the bill accepted We lowing with experience. put too much faith in employers' good will and debate and i When the Labor and Human Resources took too much power away from OSHA. His othe Committee in March 1997 considered legislation As the Senate in February 1997 debated a Congress ca: to allow businesses to offer workers a choice constitutional amendment requiring a balanced the fiscal 19 between overtime pay or compensatory time off federal budget, Wellstone offered an amendment sure include for hours worked beyond a traditional 40-hour to exempt from balanced-budget calculations V. Domenici. week, Wellstone. the ranking Democrat on the outlays for programs that provide nutri- ance plans Employment and Training Subcommittee, wor- tion ealth care and education to children in same annual ried that companies would coerce employees to Income families. "These vital programs have as they set 760 MINNESOTA been neglected," Wellstone said. His amendment which does not apply to companies with 50 or was killed, 64-36. fewer employees. will be in effect only from Jan. Wellstone is a strong supporter of changing 1, 1998. to Sept. 30, 2001, and will be waived for the way congressional campaigns are funded. He companies if it causes their premiums to rise 1 has called for public financing of political cam- percent or more. Both senators had watched paigns and for a national campaign finance close relatives struggle with mental illnesses and awareness day styled after Earth Day. "I hope had been trying for four years to stop health people in this country turn up the heat," he said. insurance plans from providing far less coverage "Because this is the ethical issue of our time. It for the treatment of mental illnesses than for certainly appears that national political leaders physical illnesses. are for sale." Wellstone can also be a lone wolf. He held up He was one of the first Democrats to call for approval of a rescissions bill in July 1995, object- an independent counsel to investigate White ing to spending cuts to the Low Income Home House fundraising practices during Clinton's Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), education, 1996 re-election campaign. And in March 1997. job training and to a tiny program that offers con- he was one of only three Democrats to buck his sumer counseling to senior citizens on medical party and vote to kill a resolution stating that insurance. "I've been around here for a long time, only Attorney General Janet Reno has the right and I've never dealt with a guy like this," a furious to name an independent counsel and urging that Dole muttered about Wellstone. "Everybody's if a counsel is named. an inquiry explore tired." Wellstone responded. In the end, Wellstone fundraising in congressional as well as presiden- forced the Clinton administration to shift money tial campaigns. around to restore $5.5 million for the senior citi- With Republicans running the Senate in the zens counseling program. He got his floor amend- 104th, Wellstone finally achieved a victory he had ments on LIHEAP and job training programs. been denied when his party held the Senate Both lost, and the Senate eventually passed the majority tighterung the rules against senators rescissions bill, 90-7. receiving gifts and meals from lobbyists. "We did In July 1996. Wellstone struck again, threaten- something very important." he said after the bill ing to block approval of legislation guaranteeing passed in July 1995. "We took a step toward that individuals who lose or leave their jobs could changing the political culture in Washington." maintain health insurance coverage, even if they The gift-ban effort had died at the end of the are sick. The conference report stalled because of 103rd Congress because of a last-minute a provision to renew American Home Products' Republican filibuster of the conference report. patent of a single drug, Lodine, that otherwise After threatening to attach the gift ban to the could be sold in less expensive generic form by telecommunications deregulation bill in the 104th other manufacturers. Wellstone threatened to Congress. Wellstone and Carl Levin. D-Mich., won hold up the bill unless the drug patent provision a promise from Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole. was excised. He succeeded in persuading Lott to R-Kan.. to bring up the measure in July 1995. allow it to be stricken. The Senate passed the ban, 98-0, but not with- In the 105th Congress. Wellstone took a seat out a floor battle. The resolution originally would on the Foreign Relations Committee, leaving the have allowed lawmakers to accept meals and gifts Energy and Natural Resources Committee. where. worth no more than $20. with a maximum of $50 as a devout environmentalist. he frequently was at from any one source. But the Senate approved. 5-8- odds with GOP Chairman Frank H. Murkowski of 46. an amendment by Majority Whip Trent Lott. R- Alaska, and, when the Democrats were in control. Miss.. to raise the individual gift limit to $50 and J. Bennett Johnston of Louisiana allow a maximum of $100 in gifts from any one Wellstone's style and persistence raised eye- source. The amendment also proposed to exempt brows in Washington almost from the moment he gifts under $50 from counting against the $100 first arrived at the Capitol in the converted school limit. bus that served as his 1990 campaign symbol. Wellstone then proposed requiring all gifts Upon arriving in Washington, Wellstone told above $10 to count against the $100 aggregate reporters that since the age of 19 he had "despised" linut. Supporters told Lott that they would insist and "detested" North Carolina Republican Sen. on debating the issue and would seek a recorded Jesse Helms. In January 1997, Wellstone and vote if it was resisited. The threat resonated. Lott Helms once found themselves waiting for the accepted Wellstone's modification without floor same elevator. Helms made a passing remark debate and it passed by voice vote. about how dramatically radio equipment had His other major success during the 104th changed since his days in the business. "Right?" ('ongress came during congressional approval of he asked Wellstone. "He expects me to agree?" the fiscal 1997 VA-HUD spending bill. The mea- Wellstone asked in mock incredulity. "Wrong!" sure included a provision. co-authored with Pete Both men laughed as they entered the elevator 1: Domenici. R-N.M.. requiring group health insur- together. ance plans that cover mental illness to set the At Home: Republican Rudy Boschwitz. the same annual and lifetime limits on that cover nly incumbent senator of either political party to as they set on physical illness. That marriate, love a re-election bid in 1990, tried to avenge that 761 MINNESOTA loss to Wellstone by waging a comeback in 1996. Wellstone found himself perfectly positioned to Supported with a separate advertising campaign exploit voters' antipathy and topple a senator who Rod financed by the National Republican Senatorial as late as mid-October had been considered a safe Committee, Boschwitz called Wellstone "ultralib- bet for re-election. It was an upset unrivaled since Of Anoka eral" and "embarrassingly liberal." citing his votes 1980. when several surprise Republican victories on welfare and Clinton's 1993 deficit-reduction propelled the GOP to a 12-seat pickup and a Biographic package, which raised income taxes on the Senate majority. Born: Feb 4. " wealthiest Americans. Boschwitz erected bill- A political science professor at Carleton Education: Anc boards saying, "Old Math: Wellstone = Welfare. College. Wellstone co-chaired the Rev. Jesso Carroll College New Math: Boschwitz = Workfare." Jackson's 1988 presidential campaign in Minne- Occupation: C. Wellstone struck back, criticizing Boschwitz sota He had lost his only previous outing as a can- Family: Four cr for accepting campaign contributions from tobac- didate a 1982 bid for state auditor. Religion: Luthe Political Caree co interests and for voting against an increase in But his humorous television campaign against Capitol Office: the minimum wage while backing a pay increase Boschwitz caught the imagination of voters. In for senators. As the campaign neared the finish some of the most original advertisements of the line, polls suggested that Boschwitz's cries of "lib- year, Wellstone starred in a Minnesota version of eral" were falling on deaf ears. Wellstone ended Michael Moore's sardonic documentary "Roger up winning with votes to spare. 50 percent to 41 and Me," in which Wellstone. instead of stalking percent. General Motors Corp. Chairman Roger Smith That victory was a landslide compared with sought out Boschwitz. his initial 1990 win by 2 percentage points over In another ad. Wellstone raced across the state Boschwitz, when Wellstone was boosted by voter speaking increasingly rapidly, explaining that he disillusionment with Minnesota elected officials, had to talk fast because he did not have beginning with Republican Sen. Dave Durenber- Boschwitz's $6 million treasury to buy more ger's hearings before the Senate Ethics Commit- media time. tee and his subsequent denunciation. On Election Day. Minnesotans revolted against Some state legislators also had well-publicized establishment candidates. They threw out 10-year scandals. Questions about GOP Rep. Arlan Democratic Gov. Rudy Perpich. voting in maver- Stangeland's office phone bill further contributed ick Republican Arne Carlson, who had replaced in the cong to Minnesotans' gloom, as did the October sur- Grunseth as the party's nonunee only a week ear. times. he prise of Republican gubernatorial nominee Jon lier. (Carlson was the winner over Wellstone in the embodied Grunseth, who was edged off the ballot after he 1982 auditor's race.) Stangeland lost his re-elec- With Amer was accused of sexual indiscretions. tion bid. And Wellstone beat Boschwitz, 50 per. Grams Touting a fresh. anti-establishment message, cent to 48 percent. House Rt Gingrich. legislation who had J SENATE ELECTIONS CAMPAIGN FINANCE died at the 1996 General Receipts Expend- "When Paul Wellstone (D) 1.098,493 (50%) Receipts from PACs itures feel to be Rudy Boschwitz (R) 901 282 (41%) 1996 Dean Barkley (REF) 152,333 (7%) Wellstone (D) $5,991,013 $571.723 (10%) $5.979,224 tell them I 1996 Primary Boschwitz (R) $4,423,974 $1,035.527 (23%) $4,409,982 In Mar Paul Wellstone (D) 194.699 (86%) Barkley (REF) $37,725 0 $37 240 Dick Franson (D) 16,465 (7%) Hanson (RES) $49.489 0 $49,487 infuriated Ed Hansen (D) 9.990 (5%) Republica Oe Savior (D) 4,180 (2%) VOTING STUDIES order to I Presidential Party Conservative Previous Winning Percentages: 1990 (50%) used to Support Unity Coalition Year S o S o "Such a TO S 0 KEY VOTES 1996 85 15 92 8 11 89 Grams in 1997 1995 88 12 95 5 7 93 Grams Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment N 1994 81 18 94 6 3 97 Approve chemical weapons treaty Y 1993 91 8 94 5 5 95 cause tha 1996 1992 23 75 92 5 8 92 GOP con Approve farm bill N 1991 22 75 91 5 8 88 departme Limit punitive damages in product liability cases N Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage N INTEREST GROUP RATINGS Departme Approve welfare overhaul N Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU in the 10-1 Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation Y 1996 95 n/a 31 5 His ta Overnde veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions N 1995 100 100 32 4 1995 of his pn 1994 100 100 10 4 Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts N 1993 100 82 10 1 tory in N Approve constitutional amendment bamng flag desecration N 1992 100 92 10 0 power pl. 1991 95 83 20 5 plagued In Mi vote aga Energy : viewed - 43 - issue by 762 WASHINGTON in Patty Murray (D) of Of Seattle — Elected 1992, 1st term of Biographical Information Committees Born: Oct. 11, 1950, Seattle. Appropriations Education: Washington State U., B.A. 1972. Energy & Water Development: Foreign Operations: Labor, Occupation: Educator. Health & Human Services & Education: Military Family: Husband, Rob Murray; two children. Construction (ranking); Transportation Religion: Roman Catholic Budget Political Career: Shoreline School Board, 1983-89, Wash Select Ethics Senate, 1989-93. Labor & Human Resources Capitol Office: 111 Russell Bldg. 20510: 224-2621 Aging; Children & Families Veterans' Affairs In Washington: Having sur- mental and other safeguards for the Pacific vived a brutal 104th Con- Northwest. Y Y gress as a member of the During the 103rd Congress. Murray had lost a Y minority, Patty Murray no high-profile fight over abortion restrictions. But N longer considers herself "a she won a major round in the 104th with an amend- mom in tennis shoes." She ment to a fiscal 1997 defense authorization bill told a Seattle crowd late in allowing military personnel to have abortions on 1996 that. while she may still U.S. bases overseas. The amendment overturned a pursue the personal legisla- ban on the procedure that had been enacted the tive agenda that fits that year before, with exceptions for rape or incest or sobriquet, her style has risk to the woman's life. The Defense Department changed. had allowed military women to transfer to non-mil- "I stand before you not as a mom in tennis shoes itary hospitals for abortions, but Murray argued but as a mom in combat boots." she said. that military women should have the same right to As Republicans took over Congress in 1995, an abortion as private citizens back home. Murray immediately strode into some of the mud- In a floor debate over Murray's amendment, diest legislative ground, including the divisive Indiana Republican Daniel R. Coats asserted that issues of abortion and the environment. the taxpayer money used to operate military hospi- Murray pulled her boots on again in early 1996 tals shouldn't be used on abortions. But Murray for the fight over timber harvesting in the Pacific pointed out that public funds were still being used Northwest. Murray tried to repeal a provision from to fly women back to the United States on military a bill enacted the previous year that had led to what airplanes to obtain their abortions. "It's dangerous, environmentalists call overharvesting of old- unnecessary and just plain wrong" to ban abortions growth forests. The timber companies and their at overseas bases, she said. allies in Congress argued that the provision. which In a 45-51 vote, Murray overcame an attempt to exempted certain timber sales from environmental kill her amendment. convincing 13 Republicans to laws. protected jobs in the Northwest and forced vote with her. The amendment then passed on a the administration to live up to existing contracts voice vote. with the timber companies. Murray was one of the Senate's most ardent Murray's amendment would have opened the backers of surgeon general nominee Dr. Henry W. timber harvesting to legal challenges under envi- Foster Jr., who failed to gain enough votes for con- ronmental laws, allowing sales to be halted in firmation after he came under intense scrutiny for court. "My bill cuts a middle path." she said. "It says his abortion stance. to workers: Salvage logging is something we should She was one of five women senators led by always be able to do. It says to conservationists: Democrat Barbara Boxer of California to pressure You will have an opportunity to hold the adminis- the Ethics Committee to hold public hearings on tration to its word." But while the amendment was sexual misconduct and other charges against for- backed by the Clinton administration. it was reject- mer Sen. Bob Packwood, R-Ore. In the wake of that ed by the Senate 42-54. controversy, Murray called for the establishment of Another major environmental fight claimed a clear sexual harassment policy for the U.S. Murray's attention early in the 104th Congress: the Senate. similar to one she had authored while in debate over the ban on exporting oil from Alaska's the Washington state Senate. North Slope. Murray contended that exporting At Home: Murray came to the Senate as one North Slope oil would increase U.S. dependence on of those political outsiders who seized the inside foreign oil and cost jobs in the Pacific Northwest. track in the 1992 election. The self-styled "mom in Although she failed to stop the lifting of the ban. thoes," Murray seemed to embody just she did win concessions to put in place environ about every national campaign trend: She was a 1519 WASHINGTON woman who sought to enter the predominantly nominated for the Senate in 1992, a record that 1 Ri male Senate, an outsider who vowed to oust the made national headlines and meant network TV incumbent and a relative newcomer seeking a time for Murray and some of the other female Of Bainbric voice among the pros. nominees. Two early breaks gave Murray a decisive boost In the weeks after the primary, Murray main- in her Senate race. First, the disgraced incumbent, tained a daunting lead. Her suburban populism. Biographical Democrat Brock Adams, dropped out in March level gaze and tone of empathy resonated far Born: Nov. 6, 195 after a newspaper article detailed similar beyond expectations. By contrast. Chandler's Education: Dartm Pantheon Sorbo accounts by eight unidentified women who said heavy-handed approach included ending an hour- Occupation: Law Adams had made unwanted and inappropriate long, one-on-one debate by reciting the chorus Family: Wife, Vik sexual advances toward them. from the late Roger Miller's song "Dang Me." The Religion: Presbyte The only Democrat in the race when Adams last line - "Woman would you weep for me?" - Political Career: pulled out, Murray said she entered because of prompted Murray to say: "That's just the attitude Capitol Office: 1 her outrage over the Senate's handling of the that got me into this race, Rod." Clarence Thomas Supreme Court confirmation Murray never relinquished her lead and won hearings. "It's not just Brock," she told The Seattle on Election Day with 54 percent to Chandler's 46 Times. "It's the whole U.S. Senate." percent. Murray got another break when the popular Murray had her first taste of politics in 1979 Democratic Gov. Booth Gardner, who was leaving when she petitioned the state Legislature not to office, decided against seeking a Senate seat. Still, cut funding for a co-op preschool program in to win the primary and the general election, which she was involved. One legislator gave Murray had to get past two better-known and pop- Murray the mom-in-tennis-shoes label — implying ular moderates who had years of congressional she could have little influence — that she used to experience, Democratic former Rep. Don Bonker such advantage in 1992. She went on to organize and GOP Rep. Rod Chandler. It was their strength, 12,000 families statewide and preserve the however, that gave Murray her leverage: She was preschool program. able to portray both as Washington insiders. That just whetted Murray's appetite. She Bonker, who had lost in the 1988 Democratic served six years on the Shoreline School Board that discomfi primary for the Senate, touted his Washington just outside Seattle before winning election to the Seattle distriction experience, saying that he, unlike Murray, would state Senate in 1988. She became the Democratic White's su not need to be trained to be a senator if elected. whip two years later. In truth, by the time Murray a ban on c But on primary day, Murray surpassed Bonker by ran for the U.S. Senate, she was far more the weapons. to more than 100,000 votes and outpolled Chandler politician than she let on in her campaign. leading other enviro too (he was on the same ballot in Washington's all- the Seattle Times to say at one point that she was cost savings candidate primary). She was the 11th woman "neatly packaged as unpackaged." Medicare and of many an SENATE ELECTIONS KEY VOTES groups such 1992 General 1997 grew so inte Patty Murray (D) 1,197,973 (54%) Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment White freque Rod Chandler (R) 1,020,829 (46%) Approve chemical weapons treaty run against I 1992 Primary + 1996 Patty Murray (D) 318,455 Approve farm bill no one is par (28%) Rod Chandler (R) 228,083 (20%) Limit punitive damages in product liability cases Like man Don Bonker (D) 208,321 (19%) Exempt small businesses from higher minimum wage White was ( Leo K. Thorsness (R) 185,498 (16%) Approve welfare overhaul Tim Hill (R) Bar job discrimination based on sexual orientation fires fanne 128,232 (11%) Gene David Hart (D) 15,894 (1%) Override veto of ban on "partial birth" abortions began to que Marshall (D) 11,659 (1%) 1995 the new Ho Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts + In Washington's "jungle primary," candidates of all parties Approve constitutional amendment barring flag desecration within the S are listed on one ballot. we had mor VOTING STUDIES we signed [t CAMPAIGN FINANCE Presidential Party Conservative Neverthe Receipts Expend- Support Unity Coalition Receipts from PACs itures Year S o S o S o the benefits 1992 1996 85 10 94 5 18 8. with 54 per Murray (D) $1,496,204 $439,766 (29%) $1,342,038 1995 89 9 92 7 19 his 1994 ta Chandler (R) $2,592,759 $1,143,695 (44%) $2,504,777 1994 94 6 97 2 13 1993 90 3 85 6 22 Committee. financing he INTEREST GROUP RATINGS trict is ho Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU 1996 90 n/a 17 0 BA 1995 95 100 33 C help from 1994 90 88 20 0 munication 1993 90 91 14 0 Microso referent in White had 45 of telecom 1520 RHODE ISLAND Jack Reed (D) Of Cranston — Elected 1996, 1st term Biographical Information Committees Born: Nov. 12, 1949. Providence, R.I. Special Aging Education: U.S. Military Academy, B.S. 1971, Harvard U., Banking, Housing & Urban Affairs M.P.P. 1973. ID 1982. Financial Institutions & Regulatory Relief: International Military Service: Army. 1967-79 Army Reserves. 1979-91 Finance: Housing Opportunity & Community Development Occupation: Lawyer Labor & Human Resources Children & Families: Public Health & Safety Family: Single. Religion: Roman Catholic. Political Career: RI Senate, 1985-91 U.S. House, 1991-97 Capitol Office: 320 Hart Bldg. 20510; 224-4642 The Path to Washington: in amending the immigration bill to include a pro- The son of working-class vision that bars people who renounce their U.S. parents, Reed stands in citizenship from avoiding taxes when re-entering stark contrast to the man he the country. succeeded in the Senate. When Pell announced in September 1995 his wealthy patrician Claiborne plans to retire. Reed was well-prepared to expand Pell. But while their back- his campaign operation into the state's other dis- grounds are dramatically trict, where. because of Rhode Island's small size, different. both are classic his name recognition already was high. liberals. Reed will vote He avoided a potentially contentious primary much as Pell did. when Joseph Paolino Jr., a former Providence Reed's father was a custodian. his mother a mayor and former U.S. ambassador to Malta, factory worker in South Providence. At his passed up the race, running instead for Reed's Catholic prep school. he was an overachieving, open House seat. Reed wound up with only token 12+pound defensive back who won admission to opposition in the Senate primary. West Point in 1967. He later commanded a com- In the fall campaign, Reed's opponent was pany of the Army's 82nd Airborne Division. state Treasurer Nancy J. Mayer, a socially moder- At 29. Reed left the Army for Harvard Law ate, fiscally conservative Republican in the mold School. He took a job at Rhode Island's biggest of the state's GOP senior senator, John H. Chafee. corporate law firm and a year later. in 1984. was Mayer said she would bring the fiscal acumen elected to the state Senate. she had demonstrated at the state level to In 1990. he ran for the House. emerging from Washington and put it to work trying to eliminate a pack of Democratic hopefuls and then in the federal deficit. November defeating Republican Gertrude M. However. her campaign had problems from "Trudy" Coxe. a well-known environmentalist. He the beginning. She managed to get the official took the 2nd District seat that GOP Rep. Claudine party endorsement by only one vote over conser- Schneider (1981-91) had given up to wage an vative businessman Thomas R. Post Jr., who had unsuccessful challenge to Pell. unsuccessfully challenged Chafee two years earli- Reed easily won two House re-elections. er. The deciding vote was cast by the state party building up a reputation as a nice guy who deliv- chairman, John A. Holmes Jr. cred crackerjack constituent service. Before long Although Mayer was an easy winner in the pri- he was widely regarded as heir-apparent to Pell. mary over Post and another even more conserva- whose health was failing. tive candidate. she entered the general-election In the 104th Congress. Reed did battle with the campaign a decided underdog, with Reed enjoy- GOP majority on some high-profile issues. During ing a comfortable lead in public opinion polls. work on a welfare overhaul bill. he tried but failed Reed stayed well ahead despite negative to ensure that welfare block grants to the states advertising paid for by the National Republican would grow automatically when the national Senatorial Committee, which sought to convince unemployment rate rose above 6 percent. He voters that Reed was a tax-and-spend liberal. The opposed the GOP on welfare until late July 1996. ads did not have the desired impact, in part when Republicans made enough adjustments in because Reed had always worn his party label their legislation to elicit a promise from President proudly in his previous campaigns, to no ill effect Clinton that he would sign it. at the polls. On immigration law overhaul. Reed voted In fact. Reed turned the GOP ads to his advan- against a Republican proposal to deny public edu- tage during a debate with Mayer. When she cation to illegal immigrants. a provision that to back an overhaul of the campaign passed the House but then died. Reed succeeded finand system. including banning "soft money," 46 1285 RHODE ISLAND the unregulated contributions that both political system when Baby Boomers start to become eli- parties used to run attack ads in the fall campaign. gible. "One of the strengths of the system is that 1Pa Reed countered that Mayer should have stopped it doesn't depend on the income of people or the NRSC's ad campaign against him if she their illness" he said. "Everyone is covered." Of Provide believed soft money was wrong. "You could have Otherwise, he told The Journal-Bulletin, "well taken a stand," he told her. "You could have stood get to the point increasingly where the affluent up and said, "This is wrong." will sense that they're putting a lot of money Biographica Born: July 14, 19 The final outcome was a rout for Reed, as he [and] if you're poor you get it and if you're rich Education: Provid took 63 percent of the vote. you don't get much." Occupation: Pub During his first week in the Senate, Reed left Reed also opposes Republican-backed legisla Family: Single Washington to tour Bosnia and neighboring tion that would allow companies to offer their Religion: Roman regions involved in the conflict there. He told The employees comp time in lieu of overtime pay. say. Political Career: Providence Journal-Bulletin that he was looking ing it "undermines longstanding wage protec- Capitol Office: at how soon the United States realistically could tions." Organized labor, a major force in Rhode plan to bring home its peacekeeping troops. Island politics, opposes the idea. Reed's committee assignments primarily will Reed's early moves in the Senate were consis- involve him in domestic policy concerns: He tent with his past loyalty to the liberal Democran serves on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs; line. In March 1997 he voted against a balanced. Labor and Human Resources; and Special Aging. budget constitutional amendment, and he joined a Reed opposes "means testing" for Medicare coalition of Democratic senators and citizen and favors the creation of a commission to activist groups in calling for public financing of determine what should be done to stabilize the congressional elections. SENATE ELECTIONS CAMPAIGN FINANCE 1996 General Receipts Expend- Jack Reed (D) 230,676 (63%) Receipts from PACs itures Nancy J. Mayer (R) 127,368 (35%) 1996 Donald W. Lovejoy (I) 5,327 (1%) Reed (D) $2,688,136 $1,031,702 (38%) $2,732.01 1996 Primary Mayer (R) $787.231 $132,368 (17%) $773,789 Jack Reed (D) 59,336 (86%) that they ha Don Gil (D) 9,554 (14%) VOTING STUDIES "because yo Presidential Party Conservative killed." Previous Winning Percentages: 1994* (68%) 1992*(71%) 1990* (59%) Support Unity Coalition But there Year s o S o S o House Service: es a path di - House elections 1996 80 19 88 12 27 71 Congress - 1995 82 18 91 8 26 74 KEY VOTES Sen. Edwar 1994 90 9 96 3 28 72 1997 1993 82 17 96 4 23 75 sachusetts I Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment N 1992 14 86 94 5 17 83 Unlike then Approve chemical weapons treaty Y 1991 29 71 92 7 27 70 House Service: lems with L 1996 INTEREST GROUP RATINGS to cut defen Approve farm bill N Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU budget for Deny public education to illegal immigrants N House Service: Y Kennedy Increase minimum wage 1996 80 0 31 5 Freeze defense spending N 1995 90 100 25 12 Committee Approve welfare overhaul Y 1994 85 78 50 5 leader Fide 1995 1993 90 100 18 9 Approve balanced-budget constitutional amendment N civilian pl. 1992 90 92 13 1. Relax Clean Water Act regulations N 1991 95 92 20 0 Americans Oppose limits on environmental regulations Y Kennedy S. Reduce projected Medicare spending N Approve GOP budget with tax and spending cuts N out "the us act of wan supported publican 1 blockade American chased or that were During ment from back awa fight for f [John F.] administr: by the CI island nat 47 Defen Kennedy's 1286 1997 Sept17-18 09/18/97 Senate Votes on NEA Funding On Soptember 17 and 18, the Senate voted on four amendments to FY'98 funding for the NEA The following is a vote count on those proposals. Amendment 1: Asboroft/Helms amendment to eliminate the NEA Member Defeated: 77/23 Amendment 2: Abraham amendment to privatize the NEA over a three year period. Labor Uniented: 73/26 Amendment 3: Hatchinson/Sessions amendment to block grant 99% of the funding to the states. Human Defeated: 62/37 Resources Amendment 4: Hutchison amendment to allocate 75% of the funds to states and 25% at the national Committer level. Defeated: 61/39 ( The Alliance's position was NO on all four amendments. Alliance position = pro NeA Senatory Amendment 1 Amendment 2 Amendment 3 Amendment 4 Spencer Abraham (R-MI) NO YES YES YES Daniel K. Akaka (D-HI) NO NO NO NO Wayne Allard (R-CO) YES YES YES YES John Ashcroft (R-MO) YES YES YES YES Max Baucus (D-MT) NO NO NO NO Robert Bennett (R-UT) NO NO NO NO Joseph R. Biden, Jr. (D-DE) NO NO NO NO Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) NO NO NO NO Christopher S. Bond (R-MO) NO NO NO YES Barbara Boxer (D-CA) NO NO NO NO John B. Breaux (D-LA) NO NO YES NO Sam Brownback (R-KS) YES YES YES YES Richard H. Bryan (D-NV) NO NO NO NO Dale Gumpers (D-AR) NO NO NO NO Conrad Burns (R-MT) NO NO YES YES Robert C. Byrd (D-WV) NO NO NO NO Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R-CO) NO NO NO NO John H. Chafee (R-RI) NO NO NO NO Max W. Cleland (D-GA) NO NO NO NO Dan Coats (R-IN) YES YES YES YES Thad Cochran (R-MS) NO NO NO NO Susan M. Collins (R-ME) NO NO NO NO Kent Conrad (D-ND) NO NO NO NO Paul Coverdell (R-GA) NO YES YES YES Larry E. Craig (R-ID) NO NO YES YES Alfonse M. D'Amato (R-NY) NO NO NO NO Thomas A. Daschle (D-SD) NO NO NO NO Mike DeWine (R-OH) NO NO YES YES Christopher J. Dodd (D-CT) NO NO NO NO Pete V, Domenici (R-NM) NO NO NO NO Byron L. Dorgan (D-ND) NO NO NO NO Richard J. Durbin (D-IL) NO NO NO NO Michael B. Enzi (R-WY) YES YES YES YES Lauch Faircloth (R-NC) YES YES YES YES Russ Feingold (D-WI) NO NO NO NO Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) NO NO NO NO Wendell H. Ford (D-KY) NO NO NO NO Bill Frist (R-TN) NO YES YES YES John Glonn (D-OH) NO NO NO NO 48 PLEASE DELIVER TO: DICK WOODRUFF 09/18/97 Slade Gorton (R-WA) NO NO NO NO Bob Graham (D+L) NO NO NO NO Phil Gramm (R-TX) YES YES YES YES Rod Grams (R-MN) YES YES NO YES Charles E. Grassley (R-IA) NO NO YES YES Judd Gregg (R-NH) NO NO NO YES Chuck Hagel (R-NE) YES YES YES YES Tom Harkin (D-IA) NO NO NO NO Orrin G. Hatch (R-UT) NO NO NO NO Jesse Helms (R-NC) YES YES YES YES Emest F. Hollings (D-SC) NO NO NO NO Tim Hutchinson (R-AR) YES YES YES YES Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-TX) NO NO YES YES James M. Inhofe (R-OK) YES YES YES YES Daniel K. Inouye (D-HI) NO NO NO NO Jim M. Jeffords (R-VT) NO NO NO NO Tim Johnson (D-SD) NO NO NO NO Dirk Kempthoma (R-ID) NO NO YES YES Edward M. Kennedy (D-MA) NO NO NO NO J. Robert Kerrey (D-NE) NO NO NO NO John F. Kerry (D-MA) NO NO NO NO Herbert H. Koni (D-WI) NO NO NO NO Jon L Kyl (R-AZ) YES YES YES YES Mary Landrieu (D-LA) NO NO NO NO Fronk R. Lautenberg (D-NJ) NO NO NO NO Patrick J. Leahy (D-VT) NO NO NO NO Carl Levin (D-MI) NO NO NO NO Joseph I. Lieberman (D-CT) NO NO NO NO Trent Lott (R-MS) YES YES YES YES Richard G. Lugar (R-IN) NO NO YES YES Connie Mack (R-FL) YES YES YES YES John McCain (R-AZ) YES DIDN'T VOTE DIDN'T VOTE YES Mitch McConnell (R-KY) YES YES YES YES Barbara A. Mikulski (D-MD) NO NO NO NO Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL) NO NO NO NO Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D-NY) NO NO NO NO Frank H. Murkowski (R-AK) NO NO YES YES Patty Murray (D-WA) NO NO NO NO Don Nickles (R-OK) YES YES YES YES Jack Reed (D-RI) NO NO NO NO Harry Reid (D-NV) NO NO NO NO Charles S. Robb (D-VA) NO NO YES* NO Pet Roberts (R-KS) NO YES YES YES John D. Rockefeller IV (D-WV) NO NO NO NO William V. Roth, Jr. (R-DE) NO NO NO NO Rick Santorum (R-PA) NO NO YES YES Paul S. Sarbanes (D-MD) NO NO NO NO Jeff Sessions (R-AL) YES YES YES YES Richard C. Shelby (R-AL) YES YES YES YES Gordon Smith (R-OR) NO NO NO NO Robert C. Smith (R-NH) YES YES YES YES 49 PLEASE DELIVER TO: DICK WOODRUFF 09/18/97 Olympia J. Snowe (R-ME) NO NO NO NO Arten Specter (R-PA) NO NO NO NO Ted Stevens (R-AK) NO NO NO NO Craig Thomas (R-WY) NO NO YES YES Fred Thompson (R-TN) YES YES YES YES Strom Thurmond (R-SC) YES YES YES YES Robert G. Torricelli (D-NJ) NO NO NO NO John W. Wamer (R-VA) NO NO NO NO Paul David Wellstone (D-MN) NO NO NO NO Ron Wyden (D-OR) NO NO NO NO *Senator Robb's office later stated that his vote had been recurdal incorrectly. 50 U.S. SENATE COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES 105th Congress, 1st Session (As of: 1-15-97) Chairman: James M. Jeffords (VT) Ranking Member: Edward M. Kennedy (MA) (NB: BOLD indicates new members from 104th Congress and * indicates freshmen.) REPUBLICANS (10) DEMOCRATS (8) James M. Jeffords (VT) 100% Pro Edward M. Kennedy (MA) 100% Dan Coats (IN) 0% Christopher J. Dodd (CT) 100% Judd Gregg (NH) 75% Tom Harkin (IA) 100% Bill Frist (TN) 25% Barbara A. Mikulski (MD) 100% Mike DeWine (OH) 50% Jeff. Bingaman (NM) 100% *Mike Enzi (WY) 0% Paul Wellstone (MN) *Tim Hutchinson (AR) 0% 100% Patty Murray (WA) *Susan Collins (ME) 10070 *Jack Reed (RI) 100% John Warner (VA) 100% 100% Mitch McConnell (KY) 0% NR: In the 105th Congress, matters relating to the Arts and Humanities will be kept at the full committee level -- there is no subcommittee. 1997 voting record based on 4 NeA -related votes conducted Sept 17 - 18, 1997. 51 SENATE COMMITTEES Appropriations Committee PROFILE Agenda: Appropnators like to boast that they have the heavi- est load of any committee - 13 major bills that must be fin- ished by the Oct. 1 start of the fiscal year. Add to that this year a potentially controversial supplemental spending bill for U.S. military operations in Bosnia and other purposes, plus a looming fight between the GOP and President Clin- ton - and between House and Senate Republicans - over how much to spend on defense and non-defense ap- propriations in fiscal 1998. Senate appropriators have been more spending-oriented than their House counterparts since the GOP took control of Congress two years ago, and this panel's subcommittee chairmen have been some of the fiercest opponents of House plans to slash spending on Ted Stevens, Alaska Robert C. Byrd, W.Va. social programs. That said, though, neither panel has been Chairman Ranking Member quite as generous as Clinton would be, and the two sides start off this year far apart on the amount appropriators Republicans (15) Democrats (13) should spend in 1998: Clinton's $531 billion versus the Ted Stevens, Alaska, Robert C. Byrd. W. Va., $494 billion Republicans designated for 1998 in their fiscal chairman ranking member 1997 budget resolution last year. Thad Cochran, Miss. Daniel K. Inouye. Hawaii Arlen Specter, Pa. Ernest F. Hollings. S.C. Chairman's role: The combustible Ted Stevens, R-Alaska, Pete V. Domenici, N.M. Patrick J. Leahy. VI. has taken over as chairman, following two of the Senate's Christopher S. Bond. Mo. Dale Bumpers. Ark. most courtly traditionalists: Mark O. Hatfield, R-Ore., who Slade Gorton. Wash. Frank R. Lautenberg. NJ retired after chairing the committee during the 104th Mitch McConnell, Ky. Tom Harkin, lowa Congress. and Robert C. Byrd, D-W.Va., who chaired the Conrad Burns. Mont. Barbara A. Mikulski, Md. panel in 1989-95 and now sits as ranking Democrat. Both Richard C. Shelby. Ala Harry Reid. Nev. Judd Gregg. N.H. Herb Kohl. Wis. fostered a bipartisan atmosphere in which time-consum- Robert F. Bennett, Utah Patty Murray. Wash ing disagreements were routinely deferred to the Senate Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Byron L. Dorgan, N.D. floor. Whether Stevens wants to continue that tradition - Colo. Barbara Boxer, Calif. or can, as the Senate and the committee itself grow more Larry E. Craig. Idaho polarized - remains to be seen. Though he also serves Lauch Faircloth, N.C. as chairman of the Defense Subcommittee. Stevens is no Kay Bailey Hutchison, foe of domestic spending, which he has unabashedly Texas sought for his home state. Stevens will come under pres- sure to help balance the budget, which means short ra- tions for both parties' priorities. Democratic clout: Byrd is close to Stevens and shares his view that properly directed federal spending can be a Full Committee transforming force, both for his home state (Byrd brought enormous resources to West Virginia when he was chair- PHONE: (202) 224-3471 OFFICE: S-128 Capitol man) and for the nation at large. There was much less partisan warfare here than in House Appropriations in Staff Director: Sleve Corlese 224-3471 S-128 Capitol 1995-96, but that could change. Minority Staff Director: James H. Ingish 224-7200 5-20m (upitel Jurisdiction: Appropriation of revenue: rescission of appropria- Other key players: Labor-HHS-Education Subcommittee tions: new spending authority under the Congressional Budget Act. Chairman Arlen Specter, R-Pa., VA-HUD Subcommittee Chairman and ranking minonty member are non-voting members ex Chairman Christopher S. Bond, R-Mo., and Energy-Water officio of all subcommittees. Subcommittee Chairman (and Senate Budget Committee Chairman) Pete V. Domenici, R-N.M., are among the GOP chairmen who have played particularly important roles in trying to work out spending levels with their House Appropriations counterparts and with the Clinton White House. Geographic consideration: All major regions are represented. Top aides: Steven J. Cortese takes on the top job of GOP staff ditector, in addition to his role as clerk of the Defense Subcommittee; James H. English is the committee's Democratic staff director. 52 MARCH 22, 1997 CQ subcommittees SENATE COMMITTEES Appropriations WHO'S WHO Subcommittees Agriculture, Rural Defense Development and Related PHONE: (202) 224-7255 Agencies ROOM: SD-122 PHONE: (202) 224-5270 SENATI ROOM: SD-136 Clark: Steve Cortese 224-7255 SD-122 (lerk: Reberra M. Davies Minority Clark: Charles J. Hour 224-5270 SI-136 224-7293 SD-117 Minima Clerk: Galen H. Fountain Stevens. chairman Gregg McConnell Boxer 224-7202 SH-123 Cochran Inouye Cochran. chairman Specter Hollings Energy and Water Interior Domenici Specter Bumpers Byrd Development Harkin Bond Bond Leahy PHONE: (202) 224-7233 McConnell Bumpers PHONE: (202) 224-7260 Gorton Kohl ROOM: SD-131 McConnell Byrd Shelby Lautenberg ROOM: SD-127 Burns Leahy Gregg Harkin Clerk: Vacant Hutchison (Texas) Dorgan Clerk: Alex Hint 224-7233 SD-131 224-7260 SD-127 Minority Clerk: Sue Masica Minority Clerk: Greg Daines 224-5271 SH-123 Commerce, Justice, State District of Columbia 224-0335 SD-156 Gorton, chairman and Judiciary Domenici. chairman Stevens PHONE: (202) 224-2731 Byrd Cochran Reid Cochran Leahy PHONE: (202) 224-7277 ROOM: S-128 Capitol Gorton Byrd Domenici Bumpers ROOM: S-146A Capitol McConnell Hollings Burns Hollings Clark: Vacant Bennett Murray Bennett Reid Clerk: /im Monthard 224-2731 SD-128 Burns Kohl Gregg Dorgan 224-7277 S-1thd Capitol Minority (lerk: Terrence F. Sauvain Craig Dorgan Campbell Boxer Minuntr Clerk: Scott B. Curtes 224-0338 SD-144 224-7270 SD 160 Faircloth, chairman Gregg. chairman Hutchison (Texas) Boxer Foreign Operations Stevens Hollings PHONE: (202) 224-2104 Domenici Inouye ROOM: SD-142 McConnell Bumpers Hutchison (Texas) Lautenberg Campbell Mikulski Clerk: Robin Cleveland 224-2104 SD-142 Minority Staff Director: Tim Rieser 224-7284 SH-123 McConnell. chairman Specter Leahy Gregg Inouye Shelby Lautenberg Bennett Harkin Campbell Mikulski Stevens Murray Jurisdiction over NeA 53 budget CQ MARCH 22, 1997 - 17 HOUSE COMMITTEES House Authorizing Education and The Workforce Commi Hee PROFILE Agenda: The committee, which changed its name for the second time in two years, has a full plate of education and labor issues to handle. A top priority is to reauthorize and revise the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). which helps states pay for special education and related services for disabled students. The reauthoriza- tion effort died in the Senate last year. Major higher edu- cation programs also are set for reauthorization. And the committee will probably help shape President Clinton's many education initiatives for fiscal 1998. On work force issues, the panel is likely to devote much of its energy to proposals that died in the last Congress. Republicans say they want to allow businesses to give private sector work- Bill Goodling, Pa. Williana t. Clay. Mo. ers a choice between overtime pay or time off. And they Chairman Ranking Member want to pass the "TEAM Act" to make clear that business- es can establish management-employee groups that Republicans (25) Democrats (20) could discuss such issues as quality control, productivity Bill Goodling. Pa., William L. Clay. Mo., and safety. Clinton vetoed a similar measure last year. chairman ranking member Tom Petri, Wis. George Miller. Calif. Chairman's role: Bill Goodling, R-Pa., was among the com- Marge Roukema, N.J. Dale E. Kildee. Mich. mittee's several top-ranking Republicans who had been Harris W. Fawell, III. Matthew G. Martinez. Calif considered moderates but who hewed more closely to a Cass Ballenger, N.C. Major R. Owens. N.Y. conservative GOP line in the 104th Congress. He was re- Bill Barrett, Neb. Donald M. Payne. N.J buffed in his efforts to give states control over the school Peter Hoekstra, Mich. Patsy T. Mink. Hawaii Howard P. "Buck" McKeon. Robert E. Andrews. N.J. lunch program. An outspoken critic of federal mandates Calif. Tim Roemer. Ind. and government intrusion, Goodling has been critical this Michael N. Castle. Del. Robert C. Scott. Va. year of some of Clinton's education initiatives. But he sup- Sam Johnson, Texas Lynn Woolsey. Calif. ports many of Clinton's goals and said so in a recent visit James M. Talent. Mo. Carlos Romero-Barceló. to the White House. He prefers, though, to study the use- James C. Greenwood. Pa Puerto Rico fulness of existing federal education programs before em- Joe Knollenberg. Mich, Chaka Fattah. Pa. barking on new ones. A former teacher and school admin- Frank Riggs, Calif. Earl Blumenauer. Ore. istrator, Goodling generally shies away from intimate Lindsey Graham, S.C. Rubén Hinofosa. Texast involvement with labor policy. Mark Souder, Ind. Carolyn McCarthy. N. Y.T David M. Mcintosh, Ind. John F. Tierney. Mass. Democratic clout: On education issues, major Democratic Charlie Norwood. Ga. Ron Kind. Wis. t players are Dale E. Kildee of Michigan and George Miller Ron Paul, Texast Loretta Sanchez. Calif. and Matthew G. Martinez, both of California. Expected to Bob Schaffer, Colo t Harold E. Ford Jr.. Tenn. , John E. Peterson, Pa.t play significant roles on labor policy are Miller and William L. Fred Upton. Mich. Clay of Missoun, ranking Democrat on the full committee. Nathan Deal. Ga. Van Hilleary. Tenn. Other key players: Frank Riggs, R-Calif.. takes over the Joe Scarborough, Fla. Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth and Families. INTIONS with responsibility for IDEA legislation. Howard P. "Buck" McKeon. R-Calif., chairs the Subcommittee on Postse- condary Education, Training and Life-Long Learning. Pe- ter Hoekstra, R-Mich., is analyzing the effectiveness of current federal education programs as chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Cass Bal- lenger. R-N.C., will lead the Subcommittee on Worktorce Protections. while Harris W. Fawell, R-III.. will again chair the Employer-Employee Relations Subcommittee. Geographic concentration: Six members are from Califor- nia, and nine are from the Northeastern states of New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. There are few South- erners among committee Democrats. Top aides: James M. "Jay" Eagen III is majonty staff director. Republicans also rely on labor coordinator Randel K. Johnson and education coordinator Victor F. Klatt 111. Key Democratic aides include staff director Gail Weiss and general counsel Broderick Johnson. 54 70 - MARCH 22, 1997 CQ House Committee Au thorizing HOUSE COMMITTEES Education and The Workforce WHO'S WHO Full Committee PHONE: (202) 225-4527 FAX: (202) 225-9571 OFFICE: 2181 RHOB HEARING ROOM: 2175 RHOB Stall Director: James M. "Inr" Engen III 225-4527 2181 RHOB Minority Stall Director: Gall Wriss 225-3725 2101 RHOB Jurisdiction: Measures relating to education or labor generally; child labor: Columbia Institution for the Deaf. Dumb and Blind: Howard University; Freedmen's Hospital: convict labor and the en- try of goods made by convicts into interstate commerce; food pro- Hoekstra Ballenger Martinez grams for children in schools: labor standards and statistics; media- tion and arbitration of labor disputes: regulation or prevention of importation of foreign laborers under contract: U.S. Employees' Oversight and Workforce Protections HOUSE Compensation Commission: vocational rehabilitation; wages and Investigations PHONE: (202) 225-4527 hours of labor: welfare of miners: work incentive programs. The chairman and ranking minority member are non-voting members ex PHONE: (202) 225-4527 ROOM: 2181 RHOB officio of all subcommittees of which they are not regular members. ROOM: 2181 RHOB Staff Director: James M. "Jay" Subcommittees Staff Director: James M. "Jay" Eagen III 225-4527 2181 RHOB Eagen III 225-4527 2181 RHOB Minority Staff Director: Gail Weiss Early Childhood, Youth and Employer-Employee Minority Staff Director: Gail Welss 225-3725 2101 RHOB Families Relations 225-3725 2101 RHOB Ballenger. chairman Hoekstra, chairman Fawell Owens PHONE: (202) 225-4527 PHONE: (202) 225-4527 Norwood Mink Barrett (Neb.) Miller (Calif.) ROOM: 2181 RHOB ROOM: 2181 RHOB Hilleary Kindt Hoekstra Martinez Scarborough Sanchezt Graham Andrews Stall Director James 11. "Jay" Staff Director: James M. "Jay" McKeon Fordt Pault Woolsey Engen III 225-4527 2181 RHOB Engen III 225-4527 2181 RHOR Fawell Schaffer, Bobt Minonn Stall Director: Cril Wiss Minority Staff Director: Gail Wass 225-3725 2101 RHOB 225-3725 2101 RHOB Riggs. chairman Fawell, chairman Castle Martinez Talent Payne Postsecondary Education, Johnson. Sam Miller (Calif.) Knollenberg Fattah Training and Life-Long Souder Scott Petn Hinojosat Learning Pault Fattah Roukema McCarthy (N.Y.)T Goodling Kildee Ballenger Tiemeyt PHONE: (202) 225-4527 Greenwood Owens Goodling ROOM: 2181 RHOB McIntosh Payne Peterson (Pa.)t Mink Staff Director: James M. "Jay" Upton Roemer Eagen III 225-4527 2181 RHOB Hilleary Minority Staff Director: Gail Welss 225-3725 2101 RHOB Subcommittee McKeon, chairman Goodling Kildee Petri Andrews Roukema Roemer Subcommi Hee Barrett (Neb.) Woolsey wl oversight Greenwood Romero- Graham Barceló McIntosh Blumenauer Schaffer, Bobt Hinojosat jurisdiction w/NCA jusisdiction Peterson (Pa)t McCanny (N.Y.)+ Castle Tiemeyt Riggs Kindt Souder Sanchezt Upton Fordt Deal 55 CQ MARCH 22, 1997 - 71 HOUSE COMMITTEES Appropriations Committee PROFILE Agenda: To the committee's usual heavy load - 13 regular spending bills that must be done by the Oct. 1 start of the fiscal year - add a potentially contentious supplemental appropriations bill for Bosnia military operations and an- other showdown with President Clinton over total appro- priations spending. As they began work on the fiscal 1998 appropriations bills. congressional Republicans and the president were more than $35 billion apart - Clinton's $531 billion versus the $494 billion Republicans proposed for 1998 in the fiscal 1997 budget resolution. Under pres- sure to balance the budget, policy-makers have consis- tently looked to appropriations to bear some of the heavi- est cuts - a decision that helps politicians avoid more Robert L. Livingston, La. David R. Obey, Wis. difficult cuts in entitlement programs such as Medicare Chairman Ranking Member but which puts enormous pressure on appropriators to cut or kill hundreds of established programs. Republicans (34) Democrats (26) Robert L. Livingston, La., David R. Obey. Wis.. Chairman's role: Now in his third year as chairman. Robert chairman ranking member L. Livingston, R-La., could benefit from the political Joseph M. McDade. Pa. Sidney R. Yates. III. eclipse of House Speaker Newt Gingrich, R-Ga., who C.W. Bill Young, Fla. Louis Stokes, Ohio kept committee chairmen on a tight leash in 1995-96. Liv- Ralph Regula. Ohio John P. Murtha. Pa. ingston had a near-impossible job - move all 13 spend- Jerry Lewis. Calif. Norm Dicks. Wash. ing bills as efficiently as possible, while substantially re- John Edward Porter, III. Martin Olav Sabo. Minn. ducing spending and accommodating dozens of Harold Rogers. Ky. Julian C. Dixon. Calif. Joe Skeen, N.M. explosive legislative provisions that Gingrich and others Vic Fazio, Calif. Frank R. Wolf. Va. W.G. "Bill" Hetner. N.C. insisted he try to graft onto the bills. When Livingston Tom DeLay, Texas Steny H. Hoyer. Md. complained that the riders were slowing or stalling must- Jim Kolbe, Anz. Alan B. Mollohan, W.Va. pass bills, leaders told him to get with the program. Now, Ron Packard, Calif. Marcy Kaptur. Ohio with Gingrich weakened by ethics problems, Livingston Sonny Callahan, Ala. David E. Skaggs. Colo. and other chairmen could assume some of the indepen- James T. Walsh, N.Y. Nancy Pelosi, Calif. dence that made their Democratic forbears so powerful. Charles H. Taytor, N.C. Peter J. Visclosky. Ind. David L. Hobson, Ohio Thomas M. Foglietta. Pa. Democratic clout: Ranking Democrat David R. Obey of Wis- Ernest Istook. Okla. Esteban E. Torres. Calif. consin is a perfect foil for Livingston - just as hot-tem- Henry Bonilla. Texas Nita M. Lowey, N.Y. pered, just as dedicated to his job and just as passionate- Joe Knollenberg. Mich. Jose E. Serrano. N.Y. ly liberal as Livingston IS devoutly conservative. Obey has Dan Miller, Fla. Rosa DeLauro. Conn. led the fight for Democratic priorities as the GOP majority Jay Dickey. Ark. James P. Moran, Va. Jack Kingston. Ga. John W. Olver. Mass. attempted to scale back programs that Democrats spent Mike Parker, Miss. Ed Pastor. Ariz. years building up. By late 1996, Republicans had found it Rodney Frelinghuysen, N.J. Carrie P. Meek. Fla. politically mandatory to go along with Democratic de- Roger Wicker, Miss. David E. Price. N.C. + mands that they add back money for education, the envi- Michael P. Forbes. N.Y. Chet Edwards. Texas ronment and other priorities. George Nethercutt. Wash. Mark W. Neumann, Wis. Other key players: Most appropriations bills are compara- Randy "Duke" Cunningham. tively non-controversial, but a select few have sparked Calif such disagreements between the Democratic White Todd Tiahrt. Kan. House and the GOP Congress that they have threatened Zach Wamp. Tenn. to collapse the process. That makes the subcommittee Tom Latham, Iowa chairmen with responsibility for some of the toughest bills Anne M. Northup. Ky. + Robert B. Aderholt, Ala. + important to watch. They include Labor-HHS-Education Subcommittee Chairman John Edward Porter, R-III., Commerce-Justice-State Subcommittee Chairman f Denotes freshmen Harold Rogers, R-Ky., and Interior Subcommittee Chair- man Ralph Regula, R-Ohio. Geographic concentration: Virtually all areas of the country are represented. Top aldes: James W. Dyer is the committee's clerk and Re- publican staff director; R. Scott Lilly is staff director for the Democrats. 56 60 - MARCH 22. 1997 CQ HOUSE COMMITTEES Appropriations WHO'S WHO Full Committee PHONE: (202) 225-2771 OFFICE: H-218 Capitol HEARING ROOM: 2360 RHOB Clerk and Staff Director: Jumes III the 225-2771 11-218 Capitol Minority Staff Director: R Srott 1.1111 225-3481 1016 LHOB Jurisdiction: Appropriation of the revenue for the support of the government: rescissions of appropriations contained in appropria- tion acts: transfers of unexpended balances: new spending authori- ty under the Congressional Budget Act. The chairman and ranking Skeen Taylor (N.C.) Yates minority member are voting members ex officio of all subcommittees of which they are not regular members. Foreign Operations, Interior OUSE Subcommittees Export Financing and PHONE: 225-3081 Related Programs District of Columbia ROOM: B-308 RHOB Agriculture, Rural PHONE: (202) 225-2041 Development, FDA and PHONE: (202) 225-5338 Related Agencies ROOM: H-150 Capitol Staff Director: Drborah A. Weatherty ROOM: H-147 Capitol 225-3081 B-308 RHOB PHONE: (202) 225-2638 Staff Director Charles O. Flickner Minority Staff Assistant: Del Davis ROOM: 2362A RHOB Stalf Director: America S. Mironi 225-2041 11-150 Capitol 225-3481 1016 I.HOB 225-5338 11-147 Capital Vinority Staff Assistant: Mark Regula, chairman Staff Dirrior: Timothy A. Sanders Minonty Staff Assistant: Chel Murray 225-3481 1016 LHOB McDade Yates 225-2638 23621 RHOB Smith 225-3481 1016 1.110B Kolbe Callahan, chairman Murtha Minority Staff Assistant: 1)rl Davis Taylor (N.C.). chairman Porter Skeen Dicks Pelosi 225-3481 1016 LHOB Neumann Moran (Va.) Wolf Yates Taylor (N.C.) Skaggs Cunningham Sabo Nethercutt Skeen. chairman Packard Lowey Moran (Va.) Tiahrt Dixon Walsh Kaptur Northupt Knollenberg Foglietta Miller (Fla.) Dickey Fazio Aderholtt Forbes Torres Wamp Kingston Serrano Kingston Nethercutt DeLauro Frelinghuysen Bonilla Latham Commerce, Justice, State Energy and Water and Judiciary Development PHONE: (202) 225-3351 PHONE: (202) 225-3421 ROOM: H-309 Capitol ROOM: 2362 RHOB stall Dordor: James Kuhkauske will Director lames Ogshun 225-3351 11.309 (upitud 225-3421 2362 RHOB Minonts Strill Assistant: I'vi Minority diall Assistant: Mark Schlulen 225-3481 1016 LIOB Murray 225-3481 1016 1.1103 Subcommittee Rogers. chairman McDade. chairman Kolbe Mollohan Rogers Fazio Taylor (N.C.) Skaggs Knollenberg Visclosky Regula Dixon Frelinghuysen Edwards w/ jurisdic tion Forbes Parker Pastor Latham Callahan Dickey Over NCA budget NOTE: F7'99 Budget hearing scheduled 3/12/98 57 Interior Subc annittee 1997 - 61 RCB. Regula Dresiding NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS NOVEMBER 24, 1997 YEAR-END REVIEW FISCAL 1997 In Fiscal Year 1997 (October 1, 1996 - September 30, 1997), the NEA operated with a budget of $99.5 million, the same amount provided in FY 96. Legislation also continued the prohibition of grants to most individual artists, seasonal support, and subgrants by any grantee except state, regional, and local arts agencies. APPROPRIATIONS -- FISCAL 1998 On February 6, 1997, President Clinton requested $136 million for the National Endowment for the Arts in FY 98, a 37% increase over the FY 96 level. The FY 98 NEA appropriations process began March 13, 1997, with a hearing of the House Interior Appropriations Subcommittee chaired by Representative Ralph Regula (R-OH-16). The Senate Interior Appropriations Subcommittee, chaired by Slade Gorton (R-WA), held an NEA budget hearing on April 24, 1997. The House Appropriations Subcommittee marked up H.R. 2107, the FY 98 Interior Appropriations bill, on June 17. The bill presented by Chairman Regula (R-OH-16) recommended "an appropriation of $10 million dollars for an orderly termination" of the agency. An amendment offered by Representative Yates (D-IL-9) to strike the termination language was agreed to on a voice vote. A second Yates amendment to increase the FY 98 appropriation to $99.5 million was defeated on a 6-5 party line vote. On June 26th. the full House Appropriations Committee completed committee action on the bill. Representatives Sidney Yates and Michael Forbes (R-NY-1) again offered the amendment to increase the NEA appropriation to $99.5 million. The amendment failed, by a vote of 28-31. Prior to the full Committee markup, the President's Budget Director, Franklin Raines, wrote to the House Appropriations Committee Chairman Bob Livingston threatening to veto the Interior bill because of its lack of support for NEA. The letter stated: The Administration strongly objects to the Subcommittee's drastic reduction in funding for the National Endowment for the Arts. The President's senior advisors would recommend that he veto the bill if this funding level were to remain. On Wednesday, July 9. the House Rules Committee reported out a Rule governing subsequent consideration of H.R. 2107 on the House floor. The Rules Committee at the behest of the House Republican leadership, essentially ruled out of order any amendment to increase NEA funding on the House floor. The only arts-related amendment ruled in order was an amendment to be offered 58 by Representative Vernon Ehlers (R- MI-3) that would have eliminated the NEA and provided $80 million in block grant funds to the local education boards (60 percent) and to the state arts agencies (37 percent). On Thursday, July 10, the Rule was debated by the full House. Because the Rule severely restricted amendments on NEA, the debate and vote on the Rule became the de facto vote on whether members supported or opposed continuation of NEA. Unfortunately, the Rule passed by a narrow, one-vote margin, 217-216. All but five Democrats voted against the Rule and they were joined by 15 Republicans who went against their leadership to support NEA. After adoption of the Rule, the House began consideration of H.R. 2107. Representative Philip Crane (R-IL-8) raised a technical point of order striking even the $10 million that the bill provided for the NEA in the bill for close out. Representatives Vernon Ehlers (R-MI-3) and Duncan Hunter (R-CA-52) then offered the block grant amendment, which was defeated by a vote of 155-271. Democrats and moderate Republicans who supported NEA teamed up with conservatives who opposed all arts funding to defeat the amendment. The final bill passed the House on July 15, 1997, by a vote of 238-192. with 18 Republican members voting against final passage. Following the House action. the Senate Interior Appropriations Subcommittee. chaired by Slade Gorton (R-WA), marked up its version of H.R. 2107 on Friday. July 17. providing $100.060 million (the current FY 97 amount plus a small addition for inflation) for the agency. On Thursday. September 11, 1997, the Senate began debate on the FY 98 Interior Appropriations bill. Prior to Senate debate. the Executive Office of the President released another Statement of Administration Policy that reiterated the President's strong support for full funding of the Endowment. The statement said: The Administration appreciates the Committee's commitment to providing funding for the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA). The Administration would like to work with the Congress to increase funding for both the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities up to the President's requested level [$136 million] as the bill moves through the process. The Administration understands that an amendment may be offered to increase significantly block grants to the States. thus severely diminishing the Federal leadership role of the NEA. In addition, the Administration understands that an amendment may be offered making it administratively impossible for NEA to carry out its function. If such amendments were adopted. the President's senior advisors would recommend that the President veto the bill. 59 Debate concerning the NEA began on Monday. September 15, and continued through September 18. On September 17, the Senate began a series of votes on four amendments to eliminate or to substantially restructure the agency. All four amendments were defeated by substantial bipartisan margins. The amendments. in order of consideration, were: A Jesse Helms (R-NC)/John Ashcroft (R-MO) amendment to eliminate the agency was defeated by a vote of 23-77; A Spencer Abraham (R-MI) amendment to cut the NEA's funds by 1/3 this year and give the funds to the Smithsonian, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Park Service for various projects was defeated by a vote of 26-73; A Tim Hutchinson (R-AR)/Jeff Sessions (R-AL) amendment that would have eliminated the NEA and block granted 99 percent of the $100 million to the governors and send 1 percent to the Treasury to issue the checks was defeated by a vote of 37-62; A Kay Bailey Hutchison amendment that would have sent 75 percent of the agency's funds to the states in block grants. retained 20 percent for national grants, and 5 percent for administrative costs was defeated by 39-61. Sixteen Republicans joined with all the Democrats to defeat this amendment. Two amendments concerning the NEA were adopted by voice vote: An amendment by Senator Ted Stevens (R-AK) and Senator Chris Dodd (D-CT) expressing the Sense of the Senate that hearings should be held and legislation addressing the proper mechanism for federal funding in the arts and the role of the private sector to supplement support of the arts should be brought before the full Senate for debate and passage during this Congress: and An amendment by Senator Mike DeWine (R-OH) stating that the agency shall ensure that priority is given to projects that serve underserved populations. The full Senate passed the FY 98 Interior Appropriations bill by a vote of 93-3 on September 18. After passage by the Senate, a conference to reconcile the differences between the two versions of the bill was held. During Conference, a compromise concerning the NEA was struck that will provide the agency with a budget of $98 million for FY 98. Although the respective House and Senate Interior Subcommittee Chairmen. Ralph Regula (R-OH-16) and Slade Gorton (R-WA), had agreed to $100.060 million (the Senate number) prior to the formal conference meeting, House conferees led by the full committee Chairman Bob Livingston (R-LA-1) and Subcommittee member George Nethercutt, Jr. (R-WA-5) offered an amendment that would have cut $10 million 60 from the budget, forcing Chairman Regula to offer the $2.060 million cut as an alternative. The Regula compromise was approved by the House conferees, and quickly accepted by the Senate conferees in order to seal the entire NEA agreement. The following additional terms were included by Chairman Regula in the Conference Report in return for accepting the Senate's general position on funding: Increased the reservation of grant monies for state arts agencies from 35 percent of grant-making funds to 40 percent; Established an overarching 15 percent cap on the total amount of NEA grant funds arts organizations in any one state may receive. However, grants for projects that are of "national impact or availability or are able to tour to several states" are excluded from this cap; Gave the Arts Endowment the authority to "solicit and invest" funds; Required NEA "to ensure that priority is given to providing services or awarding financial assistance for projects that serve underserved populations"; Required NEA to "ensure that priority is given to providing services or awarding financial assistance for projects that will encourage public knowledge, education, understanding and appreciation of the arts"; Froze the agency's administrative expenses at the FY 97 level; Reduced the National Council on the Arts to 20 members: 14 appointed by the President and 6 Members of Congress (4 appointed by the Speaker and Majority Leader of the House and Senate, and 2 by the Minority Leaders of the House and Senate.) The provision required the immediate retirement of current members of the National Council whose terms expired in September 1996. (Council members previously had served until their replacement was confirmed by the Senate.) No additional Presidential nominees may be added until 8 sitting members retire in September 1998. bringing the number of sitting Presidential appointees to fewer than 14 members. The Members of Congress are supposed to be appointed not later than December 31, 1997, and will serve one year. Thereafter, the Members of Congress will serve two-year terms to run concurrently with the Congressional term. Finally, the Congressional Members will serve in a non-voting, ex-officio capacity, advising on matters of policy. NEA has been advised by the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel that, based on legal precedent, "the amendment's provision for Congressional representatives on the Council must be considered constitutionally questionable in 61 the absence of contrary authority from the Supreme Court." Nevertheless, it appears the provision will stand until successfully challenged by a party with standing before the court. The Conference Report also retained the ban on grants to most individual artists. subgrants and seasonal support first enacted two years ago (FY 96). Finally, the report included the non-binding Sense of the Senate resolution offered by Senators Stevens and Dodd calling for hearings and legislation on the subject of arts funding in 1998. On October 24, the House passed the Conference Report by a vote of 233-171. and on October 28, it passed the Senate by a vote of 84-14. The President signed the bill into law on November 14, 1997 (PL 105-83). REAUTHORIZATION The reauthorization process began in the 105th Congress with a hearing held on April 29, 1997, chaired by Senator James M. Jeffords (R-VT), head of the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee. On July 15, 1997, Senators Jeffords (R-VT), Kennedy (D-MA), and Chafee (R-RI) introduced a five-year bill (S. 1020) authorizing appropriations of up to $175 million in 1998 and "such sums as necessary" thereafter. The bill is similar in form to the Kassebaum-Jeffords bill introduced and reported from committee in the previous Congress with a few significant exceptions. The measure would divide the agency's grant-making funds into four areas: 40 percent to the states; 40 percent for national grants that will require 3:1 or 5:1 matches from the grantee, depending upon the grantee's annual budget; 10 percent for grants that will require a 1:1 match; and 10 percent for arts education and grants to underserved and rural areas. In addition, the bill mandates that any funds appropriated in excess of $99.5 million be used exclusively for arts education projects. On July 23, 1997, the full Labor Committee marked up S. 1020, and added a number of significant amendments to the bill by voice vote: By Senator John Warner (R-VA): Dropped the 1998 authorization level for the NEA from $175 million to $105 million, continued the "such sums as necessary" for the next four years. By Senator John Warner (R-VA): Capped administrative expenses at 12 percent, to be phased in one year from enactment of the legislation. This is an extremely problematic amendment that would require a massive staff reduction-in-force at NEA, and would prevent NEA from serving the public. 62 By Senator Susan Collins (R-ME): To direct the agency to give priority consideration to proposed arts education project applications in all funding areas. The only significant amendment defeated in Committee was offered by Senator Judd Gregg (R- NH). The amendment would have block granted 60 percent of the agency's grant budget to the states. The full Committee then voted to report out the amended bill by a bipartisan vote of 14 to 4 -- Senators Jeffords (R-VT), Gregg (R-NH), Collins (R-ME), Warner (R-VA). McConnell (R-KY), DeWine (R-OH), Reed (D-RI), Wellstone (D-MN), Murray (D-WA), Bingaman (D-NM), Mikulski (D-MD), Kennedy (D-MA), Dodd (D-CT), and Harkin (D-IA) voted for the bill, and Senators Frist (R-TN), Hutchinson (R-AR), Enzi (R-WY), and Coats (R-IN) voted against. The bill is currently pending on the Senate Calendar. No further action has been scheduled as of this time. In the House of Representatives, the Chairman of the Early Childhood, Youth and Families Subcommittee, Representative Frank Riggs (R-CA-1), and the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Representative Peter Hoekstra (R-MI-2), held a joint hearing on the National Endowment for the Arts on May 13, 1997. Neither chairman committed to moving a reauthorization bill through the Committee. The House Leadership remains opposed to NEA reauthorization. The Congress has adjourned for the year and will not reconvene for the Second Session of the 105th Congress until January 27, 1998. We expect no action on significant legislative matters before that time. 63 MOST Recent NeA- Related hearing of Senate Labor Committee REAUTHORIZATION OF THE NATIONAL EN- DOWMENTS FOR THE ARTS AND HUMAN- ITIES: A FOCUS ON EDUCATION TUESDAY, APRIL 29, 1997 U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES, Washington, DC. The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:13 a.m., in room SD-430, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Senator Jeffords (chair- man of the committee) presiding. Present: Senators Jeffords, DeWine, Hutchinson, Warner, Ken- nedy, Dodd, Bingaman, and Reed. OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR JEFFORDS The CHAIRMAN. Good morning. Today we will be discussing the reauthorization of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities. As we have a number of people to hear from this morning, my comments will be brief. While we will cover the issue of reauthor- ization with a broad brush today, the particular focus of this hear- ing is education. Both agencies have great potential to enhance and improve the educational opportunities for the people of our Nation. We must explore ways in which we can increase the capacity each agency has to feed the need for learning that exists throughout the country. The NEH and the NEA are agencies that have had some serious problems over the years-there is no doubt about that-not created by them, I will say. Congress tends to spend a lot of time discuss- ing controversial grants. In response to these concerns, the Senate during the last Congress closed the loopholes that existed in the administration of the NEA, greatly reducing the likelihood of past mistakes being repeated in the future. Still, what I have come to realize in the perennial debate that occurs on the Federal role in supporting the arts and humanities is that most times, the meaningful accomplishments of these agen- cies are lost in the shuffle. Education is primary among these accomplishments. Both of these agencies provide support for extraordinary education pro- grams which benefit kids in elementary and secondary schools, col- lege students, parents, day care providers-in other words, all kinds of people in all parts of the country. (1) 64 2 There are other noteworthy programs that, with a little invest- ment from the NEA or the NEH, could be replicated and their ben- efits realized by a broader audience. This committee passed a reauthorization bill last Congress by a bipartisan vote of 12 to 4. That bill made substantial changes aimed at tightening up the administration of both agencies, closing loopholes, providing more direction as to how Federal funds should be spent, and merging and streamlining some functions. It is legis- lation that I hope we can use as a basis for the discussion this year. I am confident that we will be able to move forward this Con- gress and craft legislation that addresses concerns yet allows the agencies to continue to fulfill their mission of increasing access to the arts and humanities for the benefit of the American public. Senator Kennedy? OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR KENNEDY Senator KENNEDY. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, for con- vening this hearing on the National Endowments for the Arts and the Humanities. These agencies are small, but their impact is enor- mous. Programs supported by the Endowments are found in com- munities in every corner of the country. Amid the reckless calls for dismantling these agencies, Chairman Jeffords has been a strong and determined voice calling for their renewal, and I commend him for his leadership. It is a privilege to welcome Chairmen Jane Alexander and Shel- don Hackney. They have done exceptional jobs guiding their agen- cies through this period of attacks and controversies. Under their skillful guidance, the agencies have reached even higher levels of excellence, if not funding; and we will have to keep working on the funding. As chairmen, they have provided impressive leadership as well as a refreshing openness and cooperation with the Congress. All of us who know him regret very much that Dr. Hackney has decided to return to teaching at the University of Pennsylvania. He will be greatly missed at the Humanities Endowment. He is well- known for his integrity and scholarship, and I thank him for his efforts on behalf of the Endowment and wish him well in the years to come. Our country is strengthened and enriched by its cultural herit- age. The sculptures of Frederic Remington, musical scores of Aaron Copland, photographs of Mathew Brady, and choreography of Agnes deMille have captured and immortalized essential aspects of our history. Their images bring an understanding and context of the early American spirit for every subsequent generation. So, too, jazz and the great musicals of Broadway are uniquely American expressions. They are part of the American cultural leg- acy that reflects, chronicles and explains who we are as a Nation. The mission of the Endowments is to provide support for cultural programs in communities across America and to sustain an envi- ronment in the country which encourages the growth and develop- ment of the arts and humanities. By any fair accounting, the En- dowments are doing an excellent job under very difficult conditions. There will always be naysayers who reject any role at all for gov- ernment in the preservation of the Nation's culture and heritage 65 3 and who spend their time looking at the Endowments with a micro- scope, trying to find an inappropriate grant. Occasionally, these critics discover a grant they dislike among the tens of thousands of grants that the Endowments have awarded since 1965. They then misuse these discoveries to try to taint the entire Endow- ments and claim that they should be eliminated. American families want the arts and humanities in their lives. They agree that government has a valid role. Perhaps that role can be improved, but it certainly should not be eliminated. As we on this committee are well aware, the arts are an effective tool in education. Arts education helps young people find fulfill- ment in their lives. It also gives teachers useful new learning tools in their classrooms. In preparation for the hearing this morning, I looked at the College Board's report on those who have been study- ing the arts-we will get into this perhaps later on-and one of their observations is that, "In 1995, SAT takers with course work experience in music performance scored 51 points higher on the verbal portions of the test and 39 points higher on the math por- tion than students with no course work or experience in the arts. Scores for those with course work in music appreciation were 61 points higher on the verbal and 46 points higher on the math por- tion." The report goes on in further detail. It is really extraor- dinary. As the country prepares a millennium celebration, cultural ac- tivities will be in the forefront. The Library of Congress intends to convene a conference of the great thinkers of our time. In Massa- chusetts, the Boston Symphony has plans to commission new work for the celebration. Similar cultural activities are likely to occur in every city and town in the country, and the Endowments have an indispensable role to play in preparing for these occasions. We have enjoyed the opportunity to talk with Jane Alexander and also with Sheldon Hackney about how, as we enter the next millennium, the role of the arts and humanities can be recognized and projected into the next century. So I look forward to our hearing this morning and to the reports by Chairman Alexander and Chairman Hackney on the activities of the Endowments and to early action by the Congress to reau- thorize these two agencies and enable them to carry on their im- portant work. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. The CHAIRMAN. Thank you for that excellent information as well as a very pertinent and appropriate statement, Senator. Before we begin I have statements from Senators Enzi and Hutchinson. [The prepared statements of Senators Enzi and Hutchinson fol- low:] PREPARED STATEMENT OF SENATOR ENZI Mr. Chairman, I want to thank you for holding this hearing today on the reauthorization of the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities. I would also like to welcome our witnesses and particularly Dr. Hackney and Ms. Alexander for taking time to be here to present their testimonies. 66 4 Everyone involved in this hearing today is familiar with the trou- bles surrounding the issue of funding for the National Endow- ments. As a new member of this Committee, I want to add some of my own perspective to this debate. I believe the driving force be- hind the ongoing controversy is that the agencies have been on auto-pilot-with little direction from Congress-for four years. I was not here when the Committee debated this issue two years ago, but I think it is time to get something done. It is a circumven- tion of the legislative process to continue trickling funds to the Foundation, without authorization, while putting off any legislative discussion. Nobody seems to want to talk about it. It's like some embarrassing relative. As policy-makers, we cannot responsibly allow an agency to lin- ger on without authorization. Since 1993, Congress has left the NEA and the NEH to drift in a sea of uncertainty. The result is that the chairpersons have had to maintain the course of least re- sistance with little direction from Capitol Hill. With that in mind, I would like to commend the witnesses here today for making some tough decisions and using real initiative to redefine and reorganize their agencies. It is time we move forward and reach some consensus on funding for the arts and humanities. I am pleased that the Committee is taking a look at the issue and that we will have a chance to review the facts. We will have a chance to see how recent changes will af- fect program delivery. We will also be able to judge for ourselves whether the taxpayers are getting value for their money. That is what we must do. Responsible legislating requires that we separate out the rhetoric that is used to blur distinctions on both sides of this debate. Then we will get at the heart of the issue. That is, should we fund art? If so, who gets to decide how we do it? I view financial support for our cultural resources the same way I view spending on education. If we are going to spend federal dol- lars, then they should be administered at the state or local level. Programming decisions, like education curriculum decisions, must be subject to local sensitivities and needs. So often, Washingtonians get caught up in the phraseology of the moment-particularly when it comes to children. I believe-as do most parents-that education is a local priority, that our kids go to local schools, not to national ones. But some Washingtonians seem to confuse "local priority across the nation" with "national priority." That view, inevitably, results in some bureaucrat trying to expand Washington's control. I feel the same way about funding for our cultural resources. We should administer all of the grants at the local level. People live at the local level, not at the national level. Adults and children learn at the local level, not at the national level. And people produce and appreciate art at the local level, not at the national level. Even the Smithsonian, National Gallery and Kennedy Center produce and display collections of local art. So if we are going to fund our cultural resources with taxpayer's dollars, then let's give the taxpayers-people who live at the local level-the opportunity and the responsibility to do it right. In my hometown of Gillette, for example, where I served as mayor for eight years, we are particularly proud of Camplex, our Campbell County arts and activities center. Residents from all over 67 5 northeastern Wyoming take advantage of the performances and ex- hibits offered at Camplex, and many of those productions are made possible using Wyoming Arts Council support to leverage addi- tional matching funds from local, state and national sources. We do understand the importance of arts and humanities funding in places like Wyoming. I know that both Ms. Alexander and Dr. Hackney have visited my state and have had an opportunity to ex- perience some of the institutions, activities and education programs supported there. I hope they would agree that the State is doing a fine job administering the arts and humanities grants. Before I conclude, I want to make this Committee aware of a Joint Resolution that was recently adopted by the Wyoming State Legislature in support of state and national funding for the Wyo- ming Arts Council. That is a pretty heavy endorsement from a fair- ly conservative crowd. Sixty-seven Republicans and twenty-three Democrats made up the 54th Wyoming Legislature, and sixty eight of them signed the Resolution. I believe that voice indicates the na- ture of support for the arts and humanities in my state. There is some misconception out there that conservatives do not appreciate the value of arts and humanities in our society. That is not an accurate view because I know that support funding for the arts and humanities. A number of my "conservative" colleagues support the arts and humanities. I do believe there is a place for cultural resources and education-but that place is not in Washing- ton. I will work for a reauthorization that leaves Foundation fund- ing in the hands of the state arts and humanities councils. Thank you again, Mr. Chairman, for holding this hearing and thank you to the witnesses for sharing your thoughts with us. PREPARED STATEMENT OF SENATOR HUTCHINSON Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for calling this hearing today, and for giving us the opportunity to hear from these various witnesses their thoughts on the role of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). I look forward to the opportunity to ask questions of them as well. Let me begin by stating that I believe the arts are extremely im- portant to American society. That's why I'm happy to report the arts are thriving in our country! To that end, I realize how NEA grants have been beneficial to many fine Arkansas art-related orga- nizations, and how much these organizations, in turn, have done to enrich the cultural life of many Arkansans. Last year alone, nearly $10 billion was contributed by the private sector, which traditionally has funded the arts in America, while the federal share was only $99 million-just 1% of total funding. It's a myth that the multi-billion dollar U.S. arts community de- pends on a small Washington bureaucracy to succeed, and is inter- esting to note that while NEA funding has been cut over the past several years, private giving and state and local government con- tributions to the arts have increased significantly. Americans will spend close to $4.2 billion this year on spectator sporting events, and almost that much-$4.1 billion-to attend per- forming arts events. I doubt anyone would suggest we need to sub- sidize major league sports, yet the debate continues as to whether our hard-earned tax dollars should go to the NEA 68 6 I believe it is a question of priorities. Although I am committe to ensuring that America's rich history in the arts is preserved, i light of the current federal budget crisis, we must carefully cor sider every tax dollar we spend. Our budget deficit continues to rise annually, and our nation: debt increases by a trillion dollars nearly every four years. Or children and grandchildren are going to be burdened with th crushing debt unless our nation finds the will to begin acting nov That's why nearly every program in the federal budget is facing r ductions. I believe that the $99 million spent on NEA funding could go long way in reducing our national debt and providing for America families. This year alone, that $99 million could be used to provide a $500-per-child tax credit for 198,000 children, cover the Medica: costs of almost 17,000 Americans, or be used to eliminate what 8 most 5,000 hard-working Americans owe toward the national det Instead, our tax dollars continue to support artwork that is ofte offensive, sacrilegious and sexually explicit. In addition, states like Arkansas aren't treated fairly by tl NEA's funding decisions, as the NEA continues to send much of i direct grant money to the largest U.S. cities, such as New Yor Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, and Washington, D In fact, out of 12 grant applications my home state submitte last year, only ONE was approved for funding! It is very difficu for me to believe that the NEA's funding formula is fair and equ table across our nation when the entire state of Arkansas, throug the Arkansas Arts Council, received $410,200, while just one m seum in one big city was awarded a $400,000 grant for a single e hibit. Furthermore, it becomes increasingly harder to justify the exis ence of the NEA when one takes a careful look at the overhead ar salary costs of the agency. For example, from 1994 to 1996, the a ministrative costs of the NEA rose from over 14% to almost 19 at a time when the agency was cut by 39%, and was faced with loss of 89 positions. A more careful review of the Administration's budget proposal f. permanent positions shows an increase of 22 from the 1996 lev with 80 of 161 positions to be filled by individuals at the GS- level or higher with salaries ranging from $45,939-$98,714. Th number does not include the Director's Executive level salary the other 5 individuals who also earn between $101,000-$123,00 These high administrative costs may be due in part to the la of strict accounting and management at the NEA. The NEA is no subject to the types of accounting standards, such as the Chief F nancial Officers Act, maintained in the private sector, and whi have recently been placed on other federal agencies. Just as millions of American families are required to do eac year in their own household budgets, decisions must be made the federal level concerning what items are absolutely essentia and what items fall into the nice-to-have category. At a time whe we are trying to balance the budget and reduce the size and SCOP of the federal government, we must carefully consider every ti dollar we spend. 69 7 Nearly $10 billion in private donations last year alone prove the arts are alive and well in America, and that government funding is no longer necessary or appropriate. Mr. Chairman, I again want to thank you for calling this hearing, and look forward to future discussions on this important issue. The CHAIRMAN. Our first witness is the honorable Sheldon Hack- ney, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities. It is with some sadness that I greet you today, Dr. Hackney, knowing that, in a brief period of time, we will not have the pleasure of working with you and I just want to commend you for all the work that you have done. As many of you know, last week, Dr. Hackney announced that he would be leaving the NEH and returning to the University of Pennsylvania to teach history. I wish we had a little bit of history for you in this particular endeavor we are discussing today. Any- way, I would like to commend you for your extraordinary service these past years and for the extraordinary accomplishments that the NEH has achieved under your leadership in rather difficult times. I have truly enjoyed working with you, and I am sure I am not alone in praising you for your work and missing you. We will also have the pleasure of hearing from the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, the honorable Jane Alexan- der. Thank you for being with us today, and we look forward to your testimony as we always do. Dr. Hackney, please proceed. STATEMENTS OF HON. SHELDON HACKNEY, CHAIRMAN, NA- TIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES, WASHINGTON, DC; AND HON. JANE ALEXANDER, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL EN- DOWMENT FOR THE ARTS, WASHINGTON, DC Mr. HACKNEY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for those nice words. I must say that these last 4 years have been very exciting ones for me-not exactly what I had planned to do when I came to Wash- ington-but probably the most satisfying professional period of my life because I have worked with an extraordinary staff at the NEH, and we have done some good things through some difficult times, and I have enjoyed very much the opportunity to work with you. And I thank you also for the opportunity to appear before your committee this morning to talk a bit about the National Endow- ment for the Humanities. With your permission, I will not read my statement, but I would appreciate it being included in the record. The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, that will happen. Mr. HACKNEY. What I would like to do is very briefly make two general points about the NEH, to illustrate the first with one ex- ample and to illustrate the second with three examples. The first point is that all of our activities in the National Endow- ment for the Humanities-and here, I am thinking of activities in the area of research, of preservation, of formal education programs, public programs, the activities of the State Humanities Councils— all of those various fields of activity that the NEH is engaged in are mutually dependent; they are interrelated in a very real way. They depend on each other. And if our task is really to ensure progress in the humanities, as our legislation requires us to do, the 70 8 NEH really must be active in all of those areas because they de- pend on each other. Let me give you a dramatic example in a single person, that is, Laurel Ulrich, who was teaching at the University of New Hamp- shire in 1982, having started her academic career after her family responsibilities were over, and she was therefore a rather young historian at that time. And she got from the NEH a summer sti- pend, which she used to go to Maine to look through the State ar- chives there. And in the State archives, she found a diary that no- body had worked with before and that nobody had seen. It was the diary of Martha Ballard, who was an 18th century midwife. It was fascinating. Of course, diaries are episodic, and you cannot simply read them and know exactly what is going on, so the life of Martha Ballard needed to be reconstructed if it was going to tell us anything about how people live in the 18th century. So Laurel Ulrich worked away on that. She got a full year's fel- lowship from the NEH in 1985 and spent that year reconstructing the life of Martha Ballard, really, decoding that diary, and turned that decoding, her work, into a book called "A Midwife's Tale." It won the Pulitzer Price in 1991 and also the Bancroft Award given by the American Historical Association. That book, "A Midwife's Tale," has now been turned into a film by the independent filmmaker, Laurie Kahn Levitt, and the film is very interesting. It will be shown on PBS next fall, and it is fas- cinating, and I recommend it to you. It will tell you more about the 18th century than you have probably learned from books, because it is quite graphic. It is in part a documentary of the reconstruction of life in the 18th century by Laurel Ulrich, the historian, and it is partly a dramatization of the life of Martha Ballard, done with great attention to authentic detail. And it is quite a powerful edu- cational piece. Now, while she was going through this business of research and writing the book, Laurel Ulrich was also engaged in doing seminars for the State Humanities Council in Maine and in New Hampshire, appearing in public, and teaching her students using the material that she had gleaned from her research itself. So here is a single project that has gone from a summer stipend and a full year's fellowship through teaching and public programs into a book form, and now has been translated into a film that will reach millions of people and provide a sense of life in the 18th cen- tury and therefore some perspective of our life today. I think it is a dramatic example of how all of these areas of humanistic activity are related to each other an dhow they support each other. So I think the NEH must be engaged in all of those areas of ac- tivity. The second general point is that everything we do is in some sense educational, both formal, in classrooms with students whc think of themselves as students, and informal, as continuing edu- cation, if you will, in public programs, in films on television, in ex- hibits, in reading and discussion programs. So we are engaged fundamentally in education. We are focused now in education and technology and are funding programs that dc two things. They provide high-quality content in education and also 71

nara / coll_wjc-fl / doc

Confirmation of William J. Ivey, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts [binder] [1]

ID: 55031545
Type: document

Citation Image

Metadata

id	55031545
sourceUrl	https://catalog.archives.gov/id/55031545
contentType	document
collections	Records of the First Lady's Office (Clinton Administration) Melanne Verveer's Subject Files
iiifBase	https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/clinton/2068127/Batch0002/2068127-20130534S-081-010-2022.pdf
thumbnailUrl	https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/clinton/2068127/Batch0002/2068127-20130534S-081-010-2022.pdf
largeImageUrl	https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/presidential-libraries/clinton/2068127/Batch0002/2068127-20130534S-081-010-2022.pdf
imageCount	1
hasImages	yes
source	import

Additional Source Fields

url	https://catalog.archives.gov/id/55031545
naId	55031545
levelOfDescription	fileUnit
otherTitles	2068127-20130534S-081-010-2022
recordType	description
ocrSource	nara-archive

Pages

Page 1 OCR

Survos folio item chat

Ask the Scholar

Scholar Source Context