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8-26-95 WY - National Parks (Radio) [3]
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001
08/17/95 13:56
TAKE
U.S.
THE WITERIOA 04 THE INTERIOR
PRIDE IN
United States Department of the Interior
AMERICA
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
EASY NARCH 1.
Washington, D.C. 20240
FAX COVER PAGE
FAX NUMBER:
202/208-3231 or 202/208-5133
i
PHONE NUMBER:
202/208-6416 or 202/208-3171
TO:
Don BAER
AGENCY/FIRM:
PHONE:
FAX:
456 456-5709 5709
FROM:
PASL BLEDSIE
COMMENTS:
NAT'L PARK SERVICE PARK
ClosuRE clips.
78
There are 14 page (s) including this cover page.
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS
1849 C STREET, N.W.
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240
08/17/95
13:56
002
SENT BY PROBLEM? 6026387720
; 6- 7-95 :11:38AM ; GRAND CYN NATL PARK-
202 213 0910;# 21 3
JACKSON HOLE NEWS
TEL 307-733-2047
May 30:95
3:33 No. 007 P.01
Volume 18
Issue 105
26-28, 1996
FREE
Jackso Daily
Babbitt: Budget
means closure of
Maureen-
national parks
I am having difficulty
Roderfeller Parkway pargeted, Yellowstons
tracking down the Billings
could class in winter
36 percent reduction in
Baythe article you requested
ByAnges y Thusemer It.
Jaden Hole New
National Part Service
Here is a related Artick
Secretary of the Interior
funding by 2002
Bruce Babbirt Thursday
enacted, # would to
blasted a House budget
the closure of the
(2 pagrs) for your information,
resolution that would at
Reckefeller
National
I will kups
his agency's funding and
Parkery and Emit
force # to reduce the public's
B. Yellowstone - possibly
to national parks.
closing the world's first
The resolution for the
national park in the
searching Thank you
Fiscal year '28 bodget has
whater.
dracerize impacts for the
The simply creamst keep
West," Babbitt said in $
the public lands open ad
Stay
telephone interview with
available if - to required
solected Western reporters
to air Babbitt aid The
(307)344-2013
The proposal would see a
Continued on page s
Senate approves GOP
balanced-budget plan
WASHINGTON (AP) -
budget balancing outline,
The Senate passed 1
the Senste voted 57-42,
milestone Republican plan
mostly along party lines, to
Transday that promises to
wring $958 billion out of
half three decades of
federal Jedgerbooks by
Insurance
bodget dubcits and change
2002 The aring) would be
A television contration records the "shapelier. rounder and
thereface of government
forged children's from
for butters" 8 8 model wearing Birecial Boost jeans during a
the door open.
Modicare, Medicaid and
press previow Thursday in New York Denim company Sue
dezans of other benefits,
Apparal Inc. introduced the blue jeans that us described 23
1 week after the
and 181 agencier-and
providing rounder and firmer bettom" without
will
j
is
08/17/95
13:57
003
SENT BY PROBI EM? 6026387720
; 6- 7-95 :11:39AM ; GRAND CYN NAIL TARK-
202 215 USIU.# d/ J
UDI our
10.10
GT GUI ... 6611
JACKSON HOLE NEWS
TEL :307-733-2047
May 30'95
3:35 No.007 P.02
LOCAL
Babbitt
first be the reduction of seasonal
employees. "Pacity stoo you have a
BUFFALO MEATS
Continued from page !
limit visitors," Babbitt and
The Park Service will, my You
point will come in which we we'll
ant CHECKS in the summer, you have
have to be closing them for three
to come in the
months 3 year, is months a year or
Another alterhative would be to
priting restrictions B visiter days"
shut Yallowite down in the Winter,
The House resulation would CREW
Rabbite ssid Them are the kinds of
the Park Service to class 200 of the
choices
eggilat parks at menuments and
Bard 7. A
rulan access to others, Babbitt and
real
Habbitt
said
₫
Among the SCO imallest units are the
the disc Hole and
Rocksfeller National Parkway
between Yellowstone and Grand
This austanity,"
are
Tetan, Fessil Butte National
be at 8
Monument, Devil's Tower, Little
broader, identificat 25
Bighters, Craters of the Moon, Fort
years of empromental protections,
Lavende Arches, City of Recks and
and against Interior department
Conyon de Caelly.
agancies likerthe U.S. Flex and
Rabbitt said he would work to
Willite Service which administers
preserve the system. But the
the Endonsed Special Act
national treasures cannot be thrown
They are singling outherse
upon to exchan missa
agencies for disproportionate ans,
Wast Te get to do is guarantee a
knowing there's no support for a
MS MCS MX3 NC HCS
protect the resource and provide 1
beaden dismonthing X the National
mininsure level of public safety," he
Part Service, be and The House is
aid "Yellowstone is 8 nice example
saying "Just B size we Tiss the
You have millions of people up there
Endangered Species Act. we'ze
interecting with the geysors, wildhfe
coming from activer
The more likely scenario" would
gutting the budget"
THE MOVIES
MOUNTAIN CAMERA SUPPLY
&
I
Screety
1
France
TOTAL
CINEMA
MOVIEWORKS
7:00 & 8:30
a
7:00 & 9:15
=
7:00 & 9:00
in
While
You
Were Sleeping
CRIMSON TIDE
7:00 & 9:15
7:00 & 9:00
7:00 & 8:00
EE'S
TEES
FORGET
PARIS
JOHNNY
19
The Arizona Republic
Twesday, June 6, 1995
THREATENED FEDERAL
Famed Arizona sites
PARKLANDS
11
15
APACHE
IN ARIZONA
MOHAVE
20
9
1
Congress is considering
10
COCONINO
on the chopping block
outling the National
Park Service budget and
19
y
forming of a commission
17
NAVAK
to recommend closure of
18
The Artzona Republic
21
"
SENT BY:PROBLEM? 6026387720 7-95 8:59AM GRAND CYN NATL PARK-
08/17/95 13:58
By Steve Vorwisk
some parke. There are 22
As Texas tourist Phil McGraw
federal parklands in Arizon
14
0
gazed up at 1 9-centuries-old adoba
Most of the places we've
building once used to brack the
been lately have already cut
. May be subject to cheeses
changing BEASONS, he mused on the
12
future of Cus Grande Ruins Na-
back. They're already in a
because of Crderst Budget
cate:
Nonal Monument.
holding pattern as they are.
1 Canyan de Ohilly
Casa Grande and 13 other federal
National Mornumers
PHIL MCGRAW
parks in the alato may face the AMOU
2 Casa Grands Ruins
TEXAS TOURIST WHO HAB VISITED
National Monciment
Into as the Hohokam people who
SEVERAL NATIONAL PARKS
3 Chiricahua National
bullt the four-story structure.
Monument
The Hobokam disappeared, and
4 Coronado National Momorial
there may come a time when some of
parks.
-
5 Fort Bowlle National Historic Site
Arizona's parklands no longer have
Care. Grande, Adrona's first
0 Hohokern Plana National
60 Am
federal protection.
federal park and the nation's first
Monument.
Gobject b closurs by the proposed
Last week, National Park Service
archacological preserve, includes the
7 Hubbell Trading Post National
National Park Review Commissione
Director Roger Kennedy released a
adobe built by the Hohokam people.
Htateric Site
16 Olen Caryon National Recreation Are
"hit Lins" of the 200 smallest Nice in
11 once overlooked irrigation canals
0 Montszume Castle National
10 Lake Moad National Recreation Arm
Monument
the 360-unit National Parks System
that flowed from the NOW dry Oila
11 Sureet Crater Monument
n Navajo Material Monement
16 Witnit Caryon National Monument
that ke said could be closed by a
River. Windows in the structure may
10 Organ Plps Oachie National
10 Wapali Metional Monument
10 percent budget out proposed by
have allowed munlight through the
Monument
Congress,
building at different times of the
11 Plps Spring National Manument
Exempt from of course
The proposal could mean closure
year, telling the people when to plant
18 Tomo National Manument
20 Grand Canyon National Park
21 Petricied Forest National PARK
of the parks, rurning them over to
and when to harvest their crops.
13 Termacian National Mornament
14 Tuagoot National Monument
22 Seguaro National Park
the Male for mahagement or to
McOraw, of Lake Jackson, Teass,
private business owners,
has visited many parks across the
Bodros: National Park Bervice a National Parks and Conservation Association
The MM Includes some of Arizo-
na's most well-known and revered
The Arizona Republic
- See FAMOUS, page AS
202 219 0910:# 8/12
004
58
005
08/17/95
13:59
rood
J-UUAM
ukanu
LIN
NAIL
CARAZ
CUL 213 UJIU-I 3/12
SENI 0020007720
Famous Arizona parks are
on the chopping block
FAMOUS from page Al
nation and sadly noted the deteriorat-
ing condition of some of them.
National parks are worth
"Most of the places we've been
lately have already cut back,"
McGraw said. "They're already in a
the money, Americans say
holding pattern 25 they are
-[ don't think if should be
By Stave Yorwiak
slonaires contributed more.
abandoned," be said of the monument
The Arizona Republic
$100 million would be raised annu-
southeast of Phoenix that is visited
Most Americans think national
ally.
annually by 180,000 people.
parks are worth the tax money iI
That is about the same amount
Other Arizona parks that could lose
takes to support them, with some
B the badger cars being proposed
federal funding are Canyon de Chelly
people willing to pay higher
by Congress that Interior Secretary
National Monument, one of the most
currance fees, 8 recent survey said.
Bruce Babbin said could closc
photographed puehlo ruins in the
When asked to rate the amount
Bearly 200 of the nation's smilless
Southwest; Pipe Spring site of a fort
of federal tax dollars spent an
federal parklands.
both by Mormon pioneers; and
national parks, only about 6 per-
Some Republican members of
Coronado National Memorial, size of
cett said the money was "too
Congress believe Babbiu is using
the first exploration of Arizona by
much," according to a national
seare tactics Congress is taking a
Furopean seniers.
survey of 943 people conducted by
look = the cuts in its efforts to
Chiricalina National Monument, 2
Colorado State University.
balance the budget
collection of bizarte rock formations
Taxpayers pay more than SI bil-
The survey also showed that
near a favorite hiking area for
fion 2 year toward national parks.
nearly four our of five people favor
backpackers, also may be in for a
Two-thirds of the respondents
increasing cutrance fees. if the
change.
mid funding is "abour right" but
money would bc spent on park
The proposal would exempt the
nearly a third said that if any-
improvements and protection.
nation's 54 largest parks, including
thing, "not enough" is being spent
Park fees now are collected by
Grand Canyon, Petrified Forest and
an parks
Saguaro national parks in Arizona.
the Treasury Department and
The same (political) leaders
During a visit to Rocky Mountain
rarely are returned to the parks.
who asy we can't afford so many
In addition, three out of four
National Park last month, Interior
Secretary Bruce Babbitt called cod-
parks have failed even to consider
respondents said they would sup-
gressional budget proposals a "Inesk
new park revenues," said Paul
part 2 SI checkoff on their federal
attack against the national parks
Pritchard, president of the Na-
income-tax returns to help fund
tional Parks and Conservation
Babbitt said the real agenda is a
the National Park System.
auction off the parks B timber, mining
Association. an advocacy group
The survey was conducted by
and other development interests.
that commissioned the survey.
telephone in early February by the
In addition 9 funding cots, Con-
Pritchard said that if the park
CSU College of Natural Resources.
gress is moving ahead on plans to form
service were allowed to develop its
Its margin of CTTCK is plus or minus
a National Park Review Commission
own fee structure and if CONCES-
3 percentage points.
The proposal to form the commission
has been approved by a key committee
in the House bux has yet to pass
Congress is just trying to make the
Shadegg, who was joined by another
Congress If the commission is formed,
park system more efficient.
freshman Arizona Republican, Rep.
it will consider curring funding a five
Rep. John Shadege R-Ariz said
ID. Hayworth, in voting to ses up the
parks in Arizona.
he doubts many parks would be
commission.
Crities liken it to another congres-
closed. The comparison to the base-
Shadegy said the parks review is no
sional commission that resulted in the
clossre commission is unfair. he said.
different from 2 bipartism measure
recent closure of military bases
because the park review board's
that passed the House last year by a
nationwide
recommendations require specific 20
unammons vote. He said the measure
Some Western Republicans said
tion by Congress before any parklands
would try to establish which areas
that Babbitt is trying to play polities
would be closed.
don't wairant being a park and see
and that the Repablicate-centrolled
"There's nothing automatic." said
which could be turned over to the
5%
08/17/95
14:00
006
SENT BY:PROBLEM? 6026387720
;
6-
7-95
:11:36AM
:
GRAND
CYN
NATL
PARK-
202 219 0910:#
BOZEMAN CHRONICLE
Park chief:
May 31, 1995
Cuts would
OFTIONAL FORM " (7-90)
FAX TRANSMITTAL
. of pages 3
mean loss
To Elsine Seiry
From
moureen
Dept
Phone .
of revenue
Fax # Please Diliver
KSN 7960-01-317-7388
Sobs 101
GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
SCUTT McMILLION
Chronicle Staff Writer
Cutting 10 ipercent of Yellowedone National
Park's budget will mean shorter tourist at
Park cuts/from page 1
sons, locked gates and closed campgrounds
and lodges, park superintendent Michael Failey
all name of some of Gam DUY be involemented
A
Finley's meins spelled and the following possibili-
T. If also weans mountain passes won't be
thes
plowed, emergency services will stall and por-
Close facilities at Canyon Village. enving
holes will 8" untended.
$424,000. eliminating 280 caraprites, 607 rooms and
Forley said to & report to
other facilities.
his supervisor in Date:
Close facilities at Grant Vilage. saving $412,000.
Plus, the $24 million
eliminating 403 campsites and 296 rooms and other 1a
in cuts would mean losing
dillies
almost two dollars in -
Clore facilities II Madison, siving 3298,000. elim
ende for every dollar
Insting 292 campaires and must programs
and A partial shundown
Close Excitities of Norma usoving $110,000, elimi-
of services also could
nating geyser basin access and timetims
break contract with parts
Shorteu winter and summer seasons her locking
concessioners, possibly
some park gates, seving $335,000 In the sommer and
requiring an additional
$51.000 in the winter.
$10 million payment m
STOP plowing Beartooth Pass. saving $35,000 and
them.
delaying opening or the road all July 15.
I is frome that the
Stop plowing Dunraves pass, saving $10,000.
reductions in services,
Finlay
closures, and other costs
savings actions will actu-
ally result in more revenue being lost fixes the
proposed CATE would date," Finley wrote in 1
May 25 memo to the field director of the -
Car the welf program in half saving $130,000
mountain area
Reduce rund crewn unving $100,000. but allowing
Committees in both bouses of Congress
roads to deteriorate further.
have asked for a 10 percent parin the National
Reduce rall CTIMS, saving $100,000 but possibly
Park Service budget and parks untionside are
closing same traik
looking It Pays a make at according to Loan
Cut staff hard caving $160,000
Cut educational programs, dont replace whiches
Anxelino. the park service's spokeswomen in
Washington D.C.
If quickle, and reduce gitzing bear. fishertes. geother-
ml monitoring and emtic weed programs.
The request applies to the budget yes be
Payroll is the park's biggest expense, Karle said.
gianing in October and other as may be come:
and most of the CHIS would result from not hiring selve
ing. the added
sonal workers or extending namedal leyalic for other
:-In Vellowstone. the Park Service is "Dreas
people Some of the work bow done by seasonal peo-
much at the finit now at whe we an accor-
ple would be doge by permanent employees the said.
plich" with its existing budget according a
but tummy tisks would 8 undone
spokesworman Marsha Kirls.
A spokerman for Sea Coursed Burns. R-Mont at
Karle stressed that nous of the as are feel
day said Finlay's memo may be part OI a general be
as this prior They are only suggestions in ID
remeratic overreaction to congressional Clients as limit
spouse.in a magnazional request she ald and
specifing.
adore on Park cuts, page 8)
25
BA
THE DENVER POST
Many U.S. parks facing closure
Ev Gannell Have Emerion
Babbitt fights GOP cutback plan
110m the bottons, eliminating the
WASHINGTON Repablican bad-
least expensive ones first, M would
act cute could close scores of small
have to dose THE of its 201 wake That
national parks, from the Manners
etails while m vaportaing services and
from the bruet of the care while dig-
Includes. wome IIIIIE-known and
08/17/95 SENT BY:Xerox 14:01 Telecopier 7021 6- 7-95 7:16AM
Buttlefield to Mount Reskmere, and
facilities that many Americans are as
cing deeper late such areas as pro-
sparmely visited facilities such AS Cal-
stach measural visitation to swels ma-
their Airthright.
lesting endangered specica
Ifornda's Devils Partpile National
Boast treasures as Vellowstome and
Senior Senate Republicans down-
Babbitt Instited be decard weat to
Monument and the Kalsepapa Na-
Grand Canyon, Interier Decretary
played Babbill's warring, telling Mm
be the Mrs. Interier exerctary to elease
Monal Histerical Pmk, the Heasen's
Pruce Babbitt said yesterday
be should eliminate winer Interior
the gALes as a antional park, and be
disease (legrony) colony em Hawaii's
"There esta cannet be carried out
fractions and curtail will others to
naid he's opposed to shatting down
Motelal island,
M we are to lave a national park sys-
make up the estimated $1.6 billion k
each whan parks and memorials as
Bal is also includes Mornt Runh-
term as we know 19," Babbill told the
Budget outs Senate Budget
Baltimore's Fart Molicary or Wash
more, Apperacitor Court Blouse and
Sesate Appropriations panel that
fee chairman Pete Dermenici, R-NM,
lagion's Ferd's Theater.
Creters of the Moses National Monu-
oversees the Department of Interior,
called Babbill's comments prema-
But bis options are clearly Marked
mest.
Stepplng up Ali shetesic on the per-
tore, since the House and Benate have
u (unding be cut view million (bir
Moreover, HABBILI to leaving open
as of addi-unscertate Republican plans
yet to agree on how much the admin-
year and then froms through 2002, as
the possibility of sparing some of
to balance libe federal budget in sev.
intration must pare in order to most
the Senate Dudget Chruntiee recom-
those smaller units by tradically
en years Babout wareed senatore
the balanced budget goals,
mends, cleaing parks world become
culting services at the big parts. On
that be already Bas chopped 5,800 of
Ben. Blade Clerica, R-Weal., cluse-
DDC of the few wayne make WP what
the table to A provible cloaing
1,600 Interior join be plans is climit-
man of the appropriations vehecon-
world be a **** million shortials by
of the liverglades and winter clesings
nate this year. Dat be maid there's be
miller, also said the pasel may direct
2002.
of Grand Canyon's NOMA Rim and
way Ms department can make deeper
Bubbitt to spare the callobal parks
If lbe government call the parts
Vellawstone.
Denner Post
6/7/95
7. #:01AM RL? ZOZ
008
08/17/95
14:02
1-206-220-1139
NAT'L
SERVICE
IR P82/83 JUN 08 '90 15:07
Origin
A18
4M
NATION
Babbitt slams proposed cuts,
says that they threaten parks
The U.S. Geological Servey
then freeze it for the five years
Care Lake National Park said
and the Fish and Wildlife Service
hr an effective reduction foat Bab
Thursday that it was premature to
bitt estimated = = percent
speculate about the impact as One
face deep staffing cultacks;
The former Arbonz evernor
gon's only national park
some wildlie refuges will close
termed the proposal "radical" Be-
of don't want to make dire prodio
the Mount Bushmare and the a
days based CHI & proposal that is just
By JAMES LONG
gan sites, Bubbitt's closure IN to
to- proposal" be and
of The Grapenise -
endes the Fort Vancouver National
Oregon also is home as 19 federal
Historic Site, Appoination Court-
wildlife refuges, ranging fram lange
Interior Secretary Brace Babbitt
house - sils the surrender of me
penular turding areas such = the
villified Republican spending pro-
Confederacy to end the Civil War
Malbeur and Klamath national wild
pesals Thursday as an "undercover
and George Washington's birthplace
life refuges in the high desert to 1
assanlt an the environment" that
in Virginia.
SELIES of small Willamette Valley
would crispis national parks and x
Except for three that and nothing
preserves set B to promot migrat-
vance 2 conservative agenda of sell-
the ast of miletains cach of the
ins waterford.
ing off public lands
National Part Service sites ranges
Susm Sml a spokeswoman for
He said he might have to close
from $25.00 to 113 willion a your.
the US Fish and Wildhfe Service to
Mount Ruchmore and 197 imaller
Babbitt and other options include
Portland, said the agency WES X
national parks, monuments and his
closing dix have parks. renegorist-
plaring cost-saving alternatives but
the concession. larne and uning
had not decided which refuges a
torical tites if Congress remities the
spending cats
our some of his department's fino-
close in the event of deep budget
This is ideology masquerading B
tions LD the states.
ams.
The National Park Service will
"We are anticipating budgets will
"budget" Babbits told Western
have no choice but to pull Langurs
remain static or take real CRIS in the
states newspaper reporters.
of the landscape, doe many parks
nume," Sanl $310 We are looking
Babumr lashed out at a House bad-
and mill access to others if the
at alternative seanarios about how
get resolution that would shrink the
cuts became Law, Babbitt and
- 10 = leaner when we are at
Interior Department by 1 mird E
The secretary still the budget
realy lean."
the Deft Live years.
would abolish the National Einlogi-
The National Biological Service,
The House passed the resolution
al Service and its 1,000 wildlife aci-
the Interior Department's research
last month, and the Senate passed
entists, and reduce by one-third the
SENL was created two years am E
its own plan this week Both -
U.S. Geningical Strvey and its cadre
= efficiency move to house # vari-
groscional chambers are under Re-
of aurthquake and water quality A
our He acientists under que admin-
publican control.
perts
istradve roof
Babbitt's Hst of threstened do
Another make casulity, be said.
"It's one-stop shopping for #
sures includes Oregon's John Day
would be the Fish and WILdHS Serv-
of said Michael Collegy, direc-
Form Bods me the Oregon Cares
ice. "Forty-five nathmal Wishile not-
tar of the Forest and Expeniend Eco-
National Memorant
uges will be closed to the public or
system Research Center in
Same compressional Republicans
markhalled with be active conserva-
Corvallin
have proposed selling federal prop-
Bon management," be vid
There, 20 scientists specialize in
arties to help balance the budget
He also warned that the Bureau at
firest and range management Their
Bur they dismiss IS hyperbole the
Land Management sould have to re
$6.3 million budget pays for about 70
recusions of Democrats that the
duec recreational access to public
withine studies, ranging from the
Grand Canyon could and up in pri-
Ind while the Office 8 States
northern spotted out and marbled
vale hands.
Mining would lose much d #
nurrelect to the impact of forest far
The House budget would reduce
by to prevent violations mch & acid
CE wildlife
the Interior Department's spending
mine drainage IIIIID watersheds.
Brian Member of The Oregonian
by nearly 17 partent DEXT yesr -
Al Handleks, superintendent of
contributed to this report.
600
GOP uses spending bills to
The Coloradoan, Monday, July 17, 1995, NATION/WORLD, A5
w
reshape environmental policy
THIS W BAER,
By H. JOSEF HEBERT
Endangered Species Act to the
The Associated Press
size of its public relations office.
WASHINGTON From en-
"It's a tremendously cynical ap-
Environment
dangered species protection to
proach to public service," he
easing standards for drinking
added. "They are basically sitting
toxic emissions from factories.
water, the Republican-led Con-
down in back rooms with the lob-
Restrictions in a House spend-
gress is using its power of the
byists and conspiring to find ways
ing bill would "effectively create a
purse to refashion the nation's en-
to avoid having any debate."
moratorium on the Clean Water
vironmental protection policies.
A spending bill moving toward
Act," said EPA Administrator
Spending bills moving through
House approval, for example,
Carol Browner. One House provi-
the House were stocked with rid-
would curtail the Environmental
sion would forbid the EPA from
CTB that directly affect the way the
Protection Agency's budget by at-
using money. to require pretreat-
federal government will imple-
most a third and cut its enforce-
ment of sewage OF to protect wet-
ment laws to protect the environ-
ment program by $130 million.
lands.
ment.
Agency officials said violations
"What you see when you look at
The effect, critics sald, is es-.
by some polluters would no longer
the whole picture is an organized,
sentially to rewrite the nation's
be pursued. The agency would
concerted effort to undermine
environmental agenda without a
also be prohibited from pressing
public health and safety and the
full, public debate on the laws.
pending regulations on toxic re-
environment," Browner said.
"It's a sneak attack," said Inte-
leases from cement kilns and cer-
Congress' power of the purse
rior Secretary Bruce Babbitt,
tain incinerators.
has never before been used this
08/17/95 14:03
whose department has been the
The measure would scrap rules
broadly to affect environmental
subject of numerous directives
on pollution from automobiles and
protection programs, said Rep.
through the appropriations pro-
industrial plants, and scale back a
Gerry Studds, D-Mass.
cess from how it implements the
public information program on
Rep. Bob Livingston, R-La.,
010
chairman of the Appropriations
transfer to the park agency. It
Limit the ability of the gov-
Committee, said he isn't happy
stripped away all but $1 for the
ernment to declare wetlands, and
about all the policy riders either,
preserve's management.
require property owners to be
but explained that his party is re-
Various money bills moving
compensated for lost land values
acting after having been out of
through Congress would also:
as a result of wetlands protection.
power for decades In the House.
Ban new listings of en-
Appropriators also dramatically
"You've got to understand there
dangered species and curtail
curtailed Energy Department
are a lot of hungry Republicans
sharply the Interior Department's
conservation programs and cut
here who want to resolve immedi-
research and proliminary work
funding for federal programs to
ate issues," he said.
rolated to species protection.
deal with the prospects of global
Bubbitt said there's no better
Make it easier to build road-
warming. The GOP's seven-year
example of Republicans using the
ways in national parks and wil-
budget envisions opening the Arc-
power of the purse to affect policy
derness areas, open national for-
tic National Wildlife Refuge in
than in the controversy over
ests to increased logging and
Alaska to drilling for oil.
Southern California's Mojave
freezo most land purchases for
"Every economic interest that
Desort.
parks.
makes a living exploiting the pub-
Last year, the Democratic Con-
Sharply cut money for ro-
lic lands is lined up because their
gress, after years of trying, set
search programs to protect the
friends are in power," said Brock
aside a vast part of the Mojave as
Pacific salmon and various ocean
Evans, legislative director of the
a protected preserve under the
fisheries protection programs.
National Audubon Society.
National Park Service. Now the
Prohibit or curtail scientific
"We're scoing one environmen-
House, at the insistence of Rep.
research and surveys of species.
tal statute after another being
Jerry Lewis, R-Calif, a staunch
Federal officials would be banned
gutted, repealed or strangled
opponont of the desert protection
from going on private land to
through this process," said Karl
bill, has moved to block the land's
make ecological surveys.
Gawell of the Wilderness Society.
08/17/95 14:04
08/17/95 14 04
ARIZONA DAILY SUN, Flaguiafi, Artzona, Tuesday, June 6. 1995-
Serving Flagstaff and northem Arizona since 1883
June 6, 1995
Canyon faces deep cuts
But other parks
around If M feels the chop of Congress'
cy'u smallest parks, monuments and histort-
"Visitors pay for the park's operation
budget cleaver, which may back 10 percent
cal other would be thist down to pay for the
through their entrance fees," MoCain said.
from the funding Grand Canyon National
proposed budget cute. That's more than half
"H. would be grossly unfalr to the park, to
would shut down
Park currently receives.
of the 360 areas the Park Service manages,
visitors and to Arizona for that money to be
Gary Cummins, deputy park superinten-
Both the U.S. House of Representatives
diverted for other purposes, particularly
1 LUKAS VELUSH
dent, said the park may. also be forced to
and the Senate have passed bills ordering a
when the needs or the Grand Canyon are to
reason
- Staff Reporter
adopt a reservation system and about its
10 persent Park Service budget cul, and the
great."
If proposed National Park Service budget
gates to about a half million of Its nearly 5
legislation la now in the hands of a Joint
Lisa Jackson, A spokesworman from the
its go through, some Grand Canyon
conference committee to reconcile the dif:
million annual visitors If an scross-the-
office of Rep. Bob Stump, R-Arla., said the
siters will be dented the chance to use
ferences.
board 10 persent National Park Service
Park Service budget cuts are far from final.
'cat Rkm Drive, take day tikes to the
budget cut becomes reality.
"The park needs more resources, not less,
She sold и is still early in the budgeting
nyon's fower regions, visit the north vim,
to properly serve the 5 million people who
process u the two houses mill have to reach
I up camp or ride B mule.
In that noenario, the casyon would be one
visit the park each year." said Sen. John
A consensus.
If they can get in as all, that is.
of the luckler Park Service entitles. Interior
MoCaln, R-Ariz., in a statement issued
The park will make restrictions all
Secretary Bruce Babbitt says 200 of agest-
today.
See DEEP, Page 5
27/11/2019 "
TTO
00:11 SSST-LB-NTI
14:05 08/17/95
Don't Give Sagamore Hill a Rough Ride
A classic bureaucratic response to threat-
House (where Lee surrendered to Grant) and
ened budget outs is an impossioned warning
Little Bighorn (where Custer made his lant
that they will force the bureaucracy to curtail
stand). Nobody's going to close them down.
its most vital or popular services. In Washing-
But the reality La bad enough. Sagamore
ton this is sometimes called the close-the-Idn-
HEALL. the first Summer White House, is looking
coin-Memorial ayndrome. The Long Island
at a 10-percent. budget reduction this year.
version might be shut down Bagamore HALL
and a freese after that - effectively an end-
Theodore Roosevelt's delightful family re.
less series of further cuts because of inflation
treat in Cove Neck is an a Not of 199 sites the
A Friends of Sagamore BILL group is being
National Park Service says could be closed in
organized to help mise private funds, and
seven years unless Congress relants on 12m
they're badly needed. Even more essential is
budget-balancing plans,
a Congress that won't secrifice access to the
Trust un, that's a fantasy. The hit list in-
nation's finest historic sites and scenic gran-
cludes Mount Rushmore, Apporattox Court
deur on the allar of n balanced budget.
NEWSDAY, TUESDAY, JUNE e, 1996
55
012
013
08/17/95
14:06
DENVER POST 6/6/95
Romer: Possible
closure of 7 parks
in Colo. 'dumb'
By Kit Miniclier
near Grand Junction
Denver Post Staff Writer
Bent's Old Fort National Monn-
Gov. Roy Romer and several local
ment, near La Junta.
officials expressed disbelief and out-
Florissant Fossil Beds National
rage yesterday at word the National
Monument, west of Colorado Springs.
Park Service is considering closing 23
Hovenweep and Yueea House na-
many as seven park units in Colorado
tional monuments, near Cortez
because of possible congressional
Romer said that if the federal gov-
budget cuts.
ernment needs partners to keep park
"This is a grave mistake. This is
sites open, it "should come up with a
just a dumb, dumb thing for the feder-
creative proposal and get local and
al government to be thinking about,"
regional support."
Romer said "This is our land. We
There already are agreements that
ought not to be kept from using it. We
give the state a roll in managing cer-
ought to be condemned as a govern-
tain federal parklands, including the
ment if we can't find an efficient,
Arkansas Headwaters Recreational
cost-effective way to get people on
Area and Mount Evans Together the
national lands."
seven Colorado sites attract nearly
Colorado park sites facing closure:
16 million visitors annually and local
Black Canyon of the Gunnison
communities rely heavily on their
National Monument, near Montrose.
dollars to keep local businesses alive.
Great Sand Dunes National Mon-
Both houses of Congress have ap-
ument, in the San Luis Valley.
Colorado National Monument,
Please see PARKS on 5B
G 9
001
08/17/95
14:12
Romer: Possible
closure of parks
is 'dumb, dumb'
rector of Colorado State Parks -
PARKS from Page 18
"Those treasures need to stay in
proved resolutions calling for an ini-
the federal system and Congress
tial 10 percent cut in the National
needs to give the (Park Service) the
Park Service annual budget and what
ability to charge reasonable amounts
amounts to a cumulative decrease of
of money and keep the money within
40 percent over the next seven years,
the park," said Mathews, whose 40
according to the watchdog National
state parks pay 70 percent of their
Parks and Conservation Association
own way through fee collections.-
The congressional Joint Appropria-
A 10 percent cut in the part opera-
tions Committee is expected to con-
tions budget of $1.1 billion would be
sider the cuts next week
about $108 million, equal to the total
If enacted, some park facilities
operating budgets of the Park Ser-
would be closed to the public or ac-
vice's 152 least visited units Four
cess would be limited until an alter-
Colorado facilities are on that list,
native management system could be
and all seven Colorado sites being
found, said Destry Jarvis of the Park
considered for closure are among the
Service's Washington office
200 with the smallest annual budgets.
Agency officials say they are con-
"I think the community of Mon-
sidering shutting down the 150 least-
trose would be outraged if they close
visited park service facilities, or the
the Black Canyon," said Montrose
200 with the smallest budgets.
Mayer Pro Tem Tom Cheney. "It is
Is such talk just a scare tactic?
one of the things which makes us a
"I don't think so. The truth of the
destination rather than just a space in
matter is that the Park Service is
the road.
faced with some pretty draconian
Last year, more than 214,000 peo-
budget cuts and it is hard to imagine
ple visited the monument, which-fea-
not having to close some parts," said
tures a narrow, sheer-walled gorge
spokesman Kathy Westra of the con-
on the Gunnison River.
servation association.
"We would try to do anything possi-
"This Congress has been very busy
ble" to keep Great Sand Dunes open,
with negative parks legislation and
said Alamosa Manager Michael
failed to even hold bearings on no
Hackett, noting that the expanse of
forming concession and park en-
sand hills attracts more than 312,000.
trance fees," steps that would have
tourists annually.
brought in additional revenue, added
Nearly 900,000 people a year visit
Westra. Private concessionaires that
Colorado National Monument to en-
run park hotels and other tourist is
joy its spectacular red cliffs and
cilities pay the government under a
spires.
negotiated fee system.
"If the feds abandon it, the local
Instead of cutting parks while Colo-
community would try to adopt it in
rado's population is growing, the gov-
some way to assure its continued of
ernment should be adding parks, said
eration," said Mark Achen, city man-
both Romer and Laurie Mathews, di-
ager of nearby Grand Junction
ic
100
P.C.P.C.
08/22/95 TUE 09:18 FAX 2023955567
THE PRESIDENT'S CRIME PREVENTION COUNCIL
736 JACKSON PLACE, NW
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20503
(202) 395-5555
fax (202) 395-5567
Karen Pittman, Director
DATE:
8/22/95
NUMBER OF PAGES INCLUDING COVER: 3
FROM:
S ferie Panith
TO:
Terry Idminds
COMPANY:
FAX NUMBER:
OFFICE NUMBER:
MESSAGE: more into re base
recess - -
SP
08/22/95 TUE 09:19 FAX 2023955567
P.C.P.C.
002
08-21-1995 05:01PM FRUM UNIT ur MUNTERET OND
IV
71002
Sylvia - -
This was in the Sunday (20July)
Examiner This provides Dr as little mol
last week.
detail on the issue I alerted you to
Fred
SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER
^ reliew - - - Smith - and & benefits
STATE
'You' VE GOT PROPERTY OUT THERE DECLINING 20
TO 25 PERCENT A YEAR.
,
- Les White, executive director of the Reuse Agency
CRAMINER PHOTOS DV MAT ROGERS
United playground equipment on the Fort Ord Army have male in . weed-streion fucil.
08/22/95 TUE 09:20 FAX 2023955567
P.C.P.C.
003
08-21-1995 05:02PM FROM CITY UH MONTEREY CMO
IU
EXAMINER PHOTOS BY KURT ROGERS
Unuand playground equipment as the Fort Ord Army base rests in a weed-strewn field.
Going to seed
Two years after the last families left Fort Ord, base housing is falling apart
By Eric Branil
figure out what to do with 901
would slow the transfer of title, said
17
OF THE EXAMINER STAFF
units of Treasure Island housing
Santa Cruz
2021
Col. Ila Meter-MeCutchen, garrison
FORT ORD - When President Clinton visits this
now occupied by Navy personnel.
commander of the Presidio of Moor
closed Army base on Labor Day, hell witness a prob-
who will vacate in 1997. Because
terey and what used to be Fort Ord.
it's expensive to make the housing
allrey
Iem that has the military and the city of Marina seri-
162
Meter-MeCutahon is dealing with
ously worried: 1,327 vacant, next-th-now homes.
earthqunke-safe, Mayor Jordan's
a base closurs of vast complexity,
Citizens Been Re-Use Committee
falling spart Cost.
with 72 separate properties on
We're very apprehensive about that deterioration,"
may recommend demolition
Fort ord
15G
44,000 acrea. It involves all the cities
said Jim Volcelks. mayor of Marina, which includes
Marine, the Anny and the Fors
in Monterey County and the county
Onl Reuse Agency are all painful.
Hollister
3,100 acres of Fort Ord within its limits. "We don't
itself. plus the Reuse Agency and oth-
ly aware that allowing the two,
disclines
want to have chat happen at all. and we're not going to
or public agencies such as the Bureau
three- and four-bedroom units to
let it happen."
of Land Management.
fall into disuse would be an en-
Goblincah acknowledged that the
Novertheless, two years after soldiers and their
barrassing waste of publicly fund
families left the post, their boarded-up townhouses are
Montaray
Army was "deluged with base do
ed Assets and a potentially long.
cures, and Congress gave them no
mildewing inside, shingles are blowing off roofs. win-
4m necial problem.
1
(101)
staff to handle it, but his mandate la
dows are broken. Manicured lawns and landscaped
Conveying due to Martha could
to keep the houses from failing spart.
neighborhood parks have reverted to sand and woods.
take two years. maybe more. Ma-
When Clinton visits the base, At-
Unused playground equipment rusts in the
rine and the Reuse Agency want
10 -
EXAMPTER
tention will forus on California State
ocean breeze.
to temporarily lease homes to
University-Monteray Ray, where
Although Fort Ord has been designated a base-do-
herep them from going further downhill
classes begin Aug. 28. The Army's swift transfer of
sure model by the Department of Defense. both the
"We don't really anticipate that all the units will he
1,365 acree. plus school buildings and 1,250 units of
military and civilians have had R tough time figuring
rented out, but we're trying to get enough people in
duplex and apartment housing to the school was a
how to salvage that housing. equal to about 35 percent
there to be able to patrol the area. to have a presence."
government efficiency.
of Marina's housing stock It 10 also a cautionary tale
acid Geblirsch.
But the obstacles in readying the Preston and
Sere the Bay Area. Sagramento. Orange County and oth.
He hopes the leasing program could be ready to go
Abrams parks for conveyence to Marina, with no glam-
or areas with surplus reflitery housing.
in six months.
areus, high-profile conants walting engerly in the
"Sometimes we wonder what the Army has been do
Marina officials say the city's future is tied to the
wings, are for more challenging.
ing for the last three years," said Dick Coolirsch. hous-
military housing. It could provide homes for workers in
Qoblirsch extimates that renovation costs could run
ing and economic development director for Marina
industries Marina aims to attract. The prices could be
population 32,000. "They are like it's brand new to
as high as $35,000 per unit. Residences must meet the
among the lowest on the Montarey Peninsula:
them"
stote building code. They need water and gas maters,
$100,000 to $175,000.
sound walls and insulation. The Army has to clear up a
Putting renters on the front Lines
The prices ATE low enough that people can live close
toxic ground-water "plume" underlying both areas.
Despite Army skepticism, Marina and the Fort Ord
w the occan, and they get n Lot of value for their mon-
cy, said Mayor Volcelka.
"We need to crystalites this in two to three months,"
Rouse Agency have begun an ambitious plan to but
said Reuse Agency executive director White. "This
renters in the empty houses early next year.
Army is deluged with closures'
base is going downbill fairly quickly, and we won't
"You've got property out there declining 20 to 25
But the Army and the Department of Dofense have
have the mency to do it perfectly. but if WC get the office
provent a year, and if we save six months when We
little Enthusinsm for the leasing plan, partly because it
involved in maintenance. that will help."
start occupying, then
we've halted 5 to 10 per-
cent of the deteriors.
Housing on Fart Ord,
tion." said Les White, ex-
ocutive director of the
some of it nearly new
Reuse Agency, a public
corporation.
The subdivisions.
townhouses, equale
called Preston and
Adrams parks, were
about 25 parcent of the
constructed in the 1370s
and 80% and Fort Ord's
notal housing stock of
scrub OAK. sugebrush
and and dunes. during
A Defense Department
Marina. The Please
building boom.
For communities
Agency and Manna
dealing with box: clo-
sures. the Fort Ord eltu-
ation is nn exemple, al.
have began plans to
though the Army SCOTT
no other aloned Dase has
put renters in the
much vacans housing.
San Francisco has to
empty houses.
08/21/95 12:39
1 307 344 2014
YNP PUBLIC AFFRS
001
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
WYOMING 82190
DATE:
August 01-1995
2020 456-5709
TO:
Kristen White House Researc Dept.
FROM:
Mansha Karle, Chief PublicanAffairs
SUBJECT: Yellowstone Info
TOTAL # OF PAGES INCLUDING THE COVER SHEET)
16
MESSAGE
We be senden several issue
Kister Followings info on Gullowstone
paper shortly that bensending
Maisha
307-34-2015
THE
INTERIOR
IF THERE IS A PROBLEM, PLEASE CALL (307) 344-2013
Facsimile Machine No. :
44-201
YELL 257
A BRIEF HISTORY OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
08/21/95
BY AUBREY L. HAINES, PARK HISTORIAN
In the truest sense, the history of this park covers only a little more than 150 years, for
In 1869, a different type of exploration, based on curiosity rather than profit, was begun.
12:40
our written record had its origin in the vague information Indians gave explorers as
The first group to come into the Yellowstone country for the sole purpose of seeing what
Lewis and Clark were toiling up the Missouri River on their journey across the
it contained was the Folsom-Cook-Peterson party, and the information brought back led
continent.
to a more thorough exploration by the Washburn-Langford-Doane party in the following
year. The writing and lecturing done by members of this second expedition resulted in
And yet, men had lived on the Yellowstone Plateau for a very long time. A projectile
an official exploration by the United States Geological Survey of the Territories in 1871.
point unearthed a few miles from Park headquarters indicates that Indians may have
From that came a recognition of the superlative nature of the Yellowstone "wonder", and
hunted where the town of Gardiner, Montana, now stands as much as 5,000 years ago.
the Congress of the United States was persuaded to set aside a vast area of 2.2 million
344 31 307
The finding of ancient campsites and stone articles at many points within the area of the
acres as The Yellowstone National Park, established March 1, 1872.
park, and in the mountains and valleys around it, hints strongly that men have lived here
for most of the 8,500 years since the last ice age.
The new park was placed in the care of a superintendent, who was left without funds for
its maintenance and without laws for its protection; hence he could not accomplish what
At the opening of the historic period, the only Indians making their home in the park
they expected of him. The four superintendents who followed him were likewise
area were the "Sheepeaters" (whose name indicates their staple food, not their tribe).
incapable of adequately developing and protecting the park, so that the job of managing
They were a mixed group of Shoshone and Bannock Indians who lacked the horses and
it for the nation was given, at last, to the United States Army.
guns necessary to compete with their neighbors, and had retreated into the mountains to
live furtive impoverished lives, even by Indian standards.
From 1886 until 1917, that trust was ably handled. The necessary public works were
completed by officers of the Corps of Engineers, while soldiers stationed at key points
John Colter, a fur trapper, appears to have been the first white man to see this land of
brought respect for law and order with the assistance of hardy scouts. Thirty-two years
hot springs and geysers. He probably passed through it during the winter of 1807-08,
of brusque but fair administration had so far corrected the early abuses that civilian
while searching for Indian customers for a trading post established by Manuel Lisa,
management could again be tried.
lower down the Yellowstone River. The fur trade flourished briefly in the Rocky
YNP PUBLIC AFFRS
Mountains, bringing such men as Jim Bridger, Joe Meek, Daniel Potts, Osborne Russell
A new organization, the National Park Service, was authorized by Congress on August
and Warren Angus Ferris into the area which is now Yellowstone Park; but a growing
26, 1916. Under it, the park was administered by a superintendent, assisted by a corps
scarcity of fine furs, coupled with changes in fashion, brought the fur trade to an end
of rangers, who had the powers of civilian policemen. The new form of management
about 1840. The trapper disappeared from the Yellowstone Plateau, leaving it nearly-
has proven satisfactory through the intervening years to the present, allowing the
forgotten wilderness.
Yellowstone National Park to serve the people of this nation as an unrivaled vacation
land; a place where they may see some of nature's grandest works, do some wholesome,
The discovery of gold in neighboring Montana a little more than twenty years later,
refreshing things, and go away with their spirits lifted and their viewpoints broadened.
brought exploring parties of miners to the upper Yellowstone country in 1863. In the
The proof that it has been a worthwhile venture lies in the marvelous growth of the
years that followed, mining activity established a chain of rude settlements and isolated
National Park System in this country, and its influence throughout the world.
claims up the Yellowstone and Lamar Rivers to the headwaters of the Clark's fork
River. Some of the knowledge which had been a commonplace to the fur trappers was
rediscovered and interest in the geyser regions was rekindled.
In 1972, Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks hosted the
Second World Conference on National Parks. In 1976, Yellowstone
was designated a U.S. Biosphere Reserve, and in 1978, a World
Heritage Site, emphasizing the park's evolving significance as a
natural phenomenon and as a cultural heritage.
002
08/21/95
12:43
1 307 344 2014
YNP PUBLIC AFFRS
007
OLD FAITHFUL INN
The first hotel built at the Upper Geyser Basin was erected in 1885; a plain, uninviting, frame structure.
It burned in 1894 and was not replaced immediately because the law prohibited placing a building
within one-fourth mile of an object of interest in the park. The old hotel had been illegally placed closer
to Old Faithful Geyser than that, but a new one would have to comply with the law. The Yellowstone
Park Association, then hotel concessioners felt this would be too far from Old Faithful for the
convenience of their guests. The law was changed in 1894 to permit construction up to one-eighth mile
from an object of interest.
In 1902 a young architect, Robert C. Reamer, was selected to design and build the new hotel.
Construction was begun in 1903, continued through the long, cold winter, and was completed before
the park opened in 1904. The primary building materials were native to the area. All the logs and
twisted supports were gathered locally, the stone, including the 500 tons required for the fireplace, was
quarried from a hill about five miles from the site, on the road to West Thumb. The original building
contained 140 rooms and was described as the largest log hotel in existence.
The Inn was designed to harmonize with its environment in both style and scope. It does not face Old
Faithful, as might be expected, but is placed so that guests have a direct view of the geyser as they
draw up to the entrance. The entrance doors are made of split logs and hand-wrought hardware. The
central lobby is 64 feet square and rises to 85 feet at the ridge. Dormer windows light the soaring
ceiling: This use of dormer windows became a trademark of Mr. Reamer's later designs. Four
overhanging balconies descend the walls. The massive, rough-stone fireplace is actually four fireplaces
combined into one structure. The clock on the front of the fireplace, the copper light fixtures under the
balconies, and all other hardware used in the building were designed by Mr. Reamer and wrought by a
blacksmith on the site.
The wings of the Inn were also designed by Mr. Reamer and added 230 rooms to the original structure.
The east wing was built in 1913 and the west wing in 1928. The automatic sprinkler system was
installed throughout the building in 1948.
In winter temperatures at Old Faithful Inn may reach 60 degrees below zero and snow may drift 20 feet
deep around the bullding. Each autumn it is prepared to withstand this onslaught. Wooden shutters
are placed over the lower windows to prevent breakage from the pressure of the snow and extra roof
supports are added to withstand its weight. All water, steam, and drain pipes are disconnected and
blown out with air to prevent freezing. A winter keeper is assigned to care for the building. One of his--
duties is to remove snow from the roofs when it becomes excessive.
The summer staff arrives in early May and soon the Inn is ready to receive guests. Approximately
90,000 park visitors stay here each season.
You are indeed a welcome guest at this renowned
Inn. We invite you to extend your stay -
and visit with us often.
08/21/95
12:43
61 307 344 2014
YNP PUBLIC AFFRS
008
PRESIDENTS WHO HAVE VISITED
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
While In Office:
Chester A. Arthur (1881-85)
August 1883
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09)
April 1903
Warren G. Harding (1921-23)
June 1923
Calvin Coolidge (1923-29
August 1927
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-45)
---
September 1937
Gerald Ford (1973-77)
August 1976
Jimmy Carter (1977-81)
August 1978
George Bush (1989-93)
June 1989
While Not In Office:
Theodore Roosevelt
1886, 1890, 1891
Benjamin Harrison (1889-93)
August 1881
Herbert Hoover (1929-33)
1936, 1938, 1939, 1941
and possibly other years
Jimmy Carter
August 1993
08/21/95
12:43
61 307 344 2014
YNP PUBLIC AFFRS
009
OF
THE
TAKE
PRIDE IN
United States Department of the Interior
AMERICA
U.S.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
MARCH
1849
Yellowstone National Park
3,
Wyoming 82190
IN REPLY REFER TO:
F30 (YELL)
May 25, 1995
Memorandum
To:
Field Director, Intermountain Area
From:
Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park
Subject: 10% budget reduction impacts
Enclosed for your review are the actions that we propose to take
at Yellowstone National Park in order to meet our anticipated
funding reductions. It should be noted that our $2.4 million
dollar reduction includes a 10% reduction which equates to $1.95
million, plus $450,000 pay and inflation factors for the total
figure of $2.4 million.
It is ironic that the reductions in services, closures, and other
costs savings actions will actually result in more revenue being
lost than the proposed cuts would save.
In summary, a budget reduction of $2.4 million will result in the
following lost revenue and, most notably, increased financial
obligations: (estimates)
1. Lost collection revenue
a. shortened shoulder seasons
$1,311,500
b. lost campground revenue
120,500
C. Norris closure
85,000
$1,517,000
2. Concessions
a. loss of concessions revenue
to U.S.
1. Grant Village
$1,000,000
2. Canyon Village
1,300,000
3. Lost aid to National Park System
from reduced sales at Cooperating
Associations outlets, minimum.
$ 250,000
Total lost revenue to the U.S.
$4,067,000
08/21/95
12:44
307 344 2014
YNP PUBLIC AFFRS
010
4. Increased Financial obligations
Existing concession contracts
(Hamilton Stores) would require
compensation to the concessioner
for facilities closed at Canyon
and Grant Village--compensation
for possessory interest.
$10,000,000
5. Impacts to local and regional
economy (example just Maintenance)
a. loss of jobs in park maintenance
(60 reduced work schedules)
b. 65 terminations
These losses would increase unemployment costs and result in loss
of training and continuity of workforce.
In summary, in order to save $2.4 million, we would lose
$4,067,000 in potential revenue due the United States. In
addition, we would incur a one time cost of $10,000,000 to buy
out the possessory interest from our concessioner.
Moreover, there is no way to reduce park operations of this
magnitude without compromising visitor safety and increasing the
potential tort liability of the U.S. While I understand the need
to reduce federal expenditures, it doesn't make sense to target
parks and park operations where more money is generated to the
Treasury than is lost. Saving one dollar to lose two dollars in
revenue doesn't make sense.
Michael Enclosure M.U. V. Finley
EFFECT OF REDUCTION ON OPERATIONS
08/21/95
Rocky Mountain Region
Yellowstone National Park
($000)
($000)
($000)
Area Proposed Action
Impacte
FY 1995 FY 1996 Savings
12:44
Parkwide
Shorten Winter Season
Major socio/economic to surrounding
51,000
51,000
(3rd wknd in Dec. through
communities, increased crowding/
President's Day wknd)
congestion in park areas, reduced
opportunity for visitor enjoyment of
park features, Increased response time
for emergency services, Increased waits
for food, gas, and other services.
Reduced "concession revenues, loss of
fee revenue to Treasury. Impacts on
61 307 344 2014
outfitters and concession operations.
Shorten Summer Season
Same as above. Additionally, loss of
335,000
335,000
(June 15-Sept. 15)
850K in fees to Treasury in shoulder
Beasona. Impacts on outfitters and
concession operations.
Reduce Fisheries Program 30%
No stream monitoring, loss of continuous 45,000
45,000
(No work outside Yell Lake)
data on Grayling and fisherles diseases
resulting in damage to Yellowstone
fisheries.
YNP PUBLIC AFFRS
Reduce Grizzly Bear Management
Loss of continuous data on bear
14,000
14,000
(Seasonals)
statistics necessary to support delisting.
Reduce Geothermal Operations
Loss of scientific monitoring.
8,000
8,000
(Seasonals)
Reduce Exotic Weed Control
Loss of native species and Increase in 10,000
10,000
exotic plants,
Yellowstone Center for Resources
Increase furloughs for six (STF)
Delayed planning/publications documents 30,000
30,000
people for 12 pay periods.
including six-year soil survey.
011
08/21/95
EFFECT OF REDUCTION ON OPERATIONS
ROCKY MOUNTAIN Region
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
12:45
($000)
($000)
($000)
Area Proposed Action
Impacts
FY 1995 FY 1996 Savings
Beartooth Pass
Open July 15 through Labor Day
Loss of visitor access/experience to the 35,000
35,000
GYA, impact USES campground opening dates,
resulting in lost fees, reduced access for
hunting, socio-economic impacts on
communities.
Dunraven Pass
61 307 344 2014
Do not open area
Loss of visitor accees/experience to
10,000
10,000
park, increased traffic congestion on
other road corridore.
Canyon
DO not open area.
Significant loss of facilities for
424,000
424,000
(this includes VC, campground,
visitor uee, i.e. 280 campsites, 2
housing, all concession
stores, 607 lodging units, 2086 beds,
facilities.)
72 nights, VC, gas station, and access to
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River.
Loss of concession revenues of 1.3 mil
to U.S.
YNP PUBLIC AFFRS
Madison
DO not open area
Busiest corridor in winter, second
298,000
298,000
(this includes vc, campground
busiest In summer, loss of 292 campsites
housing, etc.)
and elimination of all naturalists
walks/talke/roving.
Norris
DO not open area
No geyser basin access, loss of 116
110,000
110,000
(this includes VC, campground,
campsites, 2 museums closed including
housing, etc.)
Museum of National Park Ranger. LOBB
of fees to Treasury.
Grant Village
Do not open area
Loss of 403 campaitee, 296 lodging
412,000
412,000
(this includes VC, campground,
units, 1184 beds, 109 nights, gas
housing, concession facilities)
station, 2 stores, 2 VCB. Loss of
concession revenues of 1 mil to U.S.
012
EFFECT OF REDUCTION ON OPERATIONS
08/21/95
ROCKY MOUNTAIN Region
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
($000) ($000) ($000)
Area Proposed Action
Impacts
FY 1995 FY 1996 Savings
12:45
Parkwide
Wolf Reduction 50%
Limits our ability to meet commitment to 140,000
140,000
(No more Canadian Wolves)
surrounding states, and properly manage
wolves, 1.e., fewer monitoring flights, etc.
Parkwide
Reduce Road Crews
Accelerated deterioration of NEW roads 100,000
100,000
due to Lack of maintenance and little or
no maintenance on remaining OLD roads.
61 307 344 2014
Parkwide
Cut EE Program
Loss of residential program which denies 12,500
12,500
local/regional children educational
opportunities. Eliminates day-use programs
to gateway communities.
Parkwide
Cut travel by 50%
Minimize opportunity for training,
150,000
150,000
reduce coordination with other agencies,
limits ability to keep up with
technological advances, reduces
communication within GYA.
Parkwide
YNP PUBLIC AFFRS
Reduce Trall Crew operations
Resource impacts Including damage to
100,000
100,000
traile through Lack of maintenance,
may cause closure of trails which would
impact outfittere.
Parkwide (Administration)
a. Increase efficiency in
Additional burden placed on Supervisory 25,000
25,000
purchasing.
staff, vendors not paid promptly.
b. Delay replacement of emergency
Increased maintenance coste, breakdowns. 110,000
110,000
service vehicles.
C. Terminate some planning processes.
(i.e. FB Campground Replacement EIS)
Total
2,419,500
013
Environmentalists prod Clinton on parks
lems, why are you being so public
ing fees, challenged a 123-year-old
conservation organization.
By Paul Bedard
[on the mine project]?' It's a flash
mining law, banned some assault
He said Mr. Clinton can redeen
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
point," said James King, an associ-
weapons and signed a budget bill
himself with environmentalists by
JACKSON HOLE, Wyo: - Envi-
ate professor of political science at
that allows new timber harvesting
opposing a Canadian firm's pro
ronmental groups, armed with
the University of Wyoming
With each) move, he appeared to
posal to mine for gold, copper and
polls showing President Clinton
Mr. King said. the president
anger rural Westerners and envi-
silver on Henderson Mountain, 2½
can't win re-election without a re-
must walk a middle road and take
ronmentalists alike. "People here
miles from the northeast corner of
peat victory in most Western
pains to W00 rural Westerners, and
feel policies are being made by
Yellowstone.
states, are urging him to battle
not just environmentalists, if he is
people who don't understand life
In a June meeting in Billings,
threats to parkland that they say
to do well here. But, he added: "I
in the West," Mr. Kingsaid.
Mont., Mr. Clinton expressed con-
are being orchestrated by the GOP
don't think Clinton can turnhis im-
In Wyoming, the president's
[cern about the New World Mine
and corporations.
age of a liberal president conduct-
popularity is at a dismal 22 per-
and a plan to store mining waste in
But Mr. Clinton, whose pop-
ing a war on the West."
cent. He won eight of 13 Western
fortified pools.
ularity in the region is at an all-
White House officials hope that
states in 1992, due largely to the
The pools would be built in a
time low because of policies seen
Mr. Clinton's 17-day vacation here
independent candidacy of Ross
wetland now occupied by Fisher
here as anti-West, isn't eager to
will show his affection for the area
Perot, who did well in the region.
Creek, which flows into a larger
stir' up a dispute that will only
and give him a few chances to
But unless Mr. Clinton's image is
river that reaches, into Yellow-
draw more attention to such de-
speak out on generally popular
rehabilitated, aides fear he is not
stone. Fisher Creek would be di:
cisions as proposed grazing-fee in-
Western issues, such as fighting
likely to win more than three West-
verted around waste ponds where
creases or even the reintroduction
Republican efforts to cut funding
ern states in 1996 - possibly Cali-
mining tailings would be stored.
of wolves to Yellowstone National
for the Park Service and environ-
fornia, Washington and Oregon:
Despte the request for high-
Park.
mental protection.
That's where environmentalists
level inspection, however, officials
For example, while Mr. Clinton
He already has been seen
hope they can play a role. They
said that while he will visit the
plans to tour Yellowstone Park on
sporting a cowboy hat and other
claim that if Mr. Clinton can re-
park Friday to commemorate Na-
Friday and speak out against GOP
Western wear. Yesterday he hiked
establish his environmentalist
tional Park Day, he isn't scheduled
cuts in funding for parks and envi-
in Grand Teton National Park with
roots, he can collect enough liberal
to fly over the mine:
ronmental protection, he is ex-
first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton
votes here to win re-election.
In fact an administratic
policy
pected to snub environmentalists
and daughter Chelsea
The administrations record on
paper on the mine, owned by
who want him to fly over a pro-
The trip comes as the White
Western issues is mixed
He
Crown Butte Mines Inc, a Mon-
posed gold-mine site nearby that
House wants to bolster Mr. Clin-
now has an opportunity to show
tana firm owned by a web of Cana-
foes claim will pollute its streams.
ton's political standing that
environmental leadership," said
dian-corporations, call for mon-
"If he did that, people would
dropped when he proposed - and
Randy Showstack of American
itoring tougher regulations rather
ask, 'If you want to avoid prob-
then withdrew graz-
Rivers, the nation's leading river
than outright opposition
Westerners set for fight over grazing
Babbitt imposes
Congress and the Clinton adminis-
the grazing act with a public infor
tration over how to administer mil-
lions of acres of public land. "It's
mation campaign, including anti
tough new rules
grazing radio ads in Mr. Domen
depressing," said Truman Julian
ici's home state of New Mexico.
director of the National Public
Lands Coalition and a southwest
The senator is using the recess to
By Valerie Richardson
Wyoming sheep rancher.
bolster statewide public opinion
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
for the measure, say aides.
"We trying to resolve this is
DENVER - The ranchers:who
sue so we can get on with our
Environmentalists also appear
flocked here for last week's meet
lives," he continued. "We're right
to have scored a key victory in win-
ing of the American Sheep Indus-
back in politics as usual. We a
thing over recreation groups. In
try Association had more on their
political football, and depending
their literature, green groups say
minds than wool.
on who's at Interior, we get kicked
the Republican proposal would
Many were less worried about
Like most Western ranchers,
close public land for hiking, fish
Mr. Julian favors the proposed
ing and hunting in favor of
the wolves on the range than the
predators in Washington. When
Livestock Grazing Act, a package
ranching
voters ushered in a posse of land-
sponsored by Sen: Pete Domenici
For the 907 million visitors that
use conservatives in November,
New Mexico Republican, and Rep
use forests and rangeland each
many ranchers were elated, hop-
Wes Cooley, Oregon Republican.
year, the impact could be severe,
ing. Congress would rein in Inte-
The proposal would raise grazing
said Fran Hunt of the Wilderness
rior Secretary Bruce Babbitt's un
fees from $1.60 per animal-unit
Society in a mailing
friendly rangeland agenda
month to $2.10 and allow ranchers
Republicans say the bill does
Unfortunately for the ranchers
greater autonomy on public land
Mr. Babbitt has proved much more
used primarily for grazing
nothing to exclude on-ranchers
MONDAY AUGUST 1995
The Washington Times
from enjoying public lands. "It
adept at playing defense than he
The Babbitt regulations, omit
specifically points out that multi
was at offense. Blocked by West--
fee increases but toughen environ-
ple use is still the rule of the land,
ern senators from passing his pro-
mental restrictions and give non:
said Domenici spokesman Chris
green rangeland program two.
ranchers greater voice over public
Gallegos. "Recreationalists may
years ago, the secretary plans to
lands through newly constituted
be wary, but if those groups take
enact today a series of grazing re-
Resource Advisory Councils
time to read the bill, I think they
strictions via administrative fiat.
Ranchers say the new rules would
walk away confident that nothing
Western Republicans, unable to:
put as many as 20 percent of them
will impinge on their right to hunt,
persuade Mr. Babbitt to delay the
out of business as a result of the
fish and hike
move, have vowed to pass a 90-day
more onerous regulations:
Western lawmakers have also
moratorium on the administrative
Republicans are confident they
rules as soon as Congress recon-
accused the Interior Department's
can send the bill to the, White
Bureau of Land Management of
venes. A coalition of ranching in-
House. Unfortunately for them,
violating federal law by lobbying
terests, including the sheep asso-
the administration is almost cer
ciation, have filed suit in U.S.
against the Domenici-Cooley bill.
tain to veto the measure in its cur:
District Court in Cheyenne, Wyo
Sen. Craig Thomas, Wyoming Re
rent form, particularly with the
to stop Mr. Babbitt
publican, has launched an inves
Babbitt plan in place.
For the nation's 29,000 cattle
tigation into allegations that the
And Washington isn't the only
and sheep ranchers, the dispute
department has instructed its
trouble spot.
means another year of being
rangers to praise the Babbitt rules
In the West, environmental
caught up in the struggle between
at the expense of the GOP pro-
groups have;undercut support for
posal among ecreationalists
PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
Advertisers
The Washington Times
MONDAY, AUGUST 21, 1995
call tobacco
proposal a
virtual ban
The agency's rules for print ad-
vertising are twofold. Ads appear-
ing in magazines read by teens can
be black and-white text only - no
A1
pictures, no color
By Karen-Riley
Ads in teen magazines must also
THE WASHINGTON
carry a special health statement in
The cigarette ad of the future
Since the federal government
addition to the surgeon general's
will be a white page full of black
prohibited cigarette advertising
warning, such as "About one out of
type that reads: Marlboro Ciga-
on television and radio in 1970,
three kids who become smokers
rettes -A Nicotine-Delivery De:
cigarette advertising and promo
will die from their smoking." The
vice."
tional spending. has grown from
FDA has begun testing these warn-
Gone will be the colorful Kool
$361 million to $6 billion, accord-
ings with teen focus groups.
clocks marking the time in gas sta-
ing to the Federal Trade Commis
Publications that are read by
tion minimarts and curbside
adults are free to continue to run
sion.
Camel signs promising gas, coffee,
FDA Commissioner David
traditional ads. But to do so, they
cigarettes and newspapers. Gone
Kessler said at a Georgetown Uni-
must provide the FDA with market
too will be the Marlboro signs on
versity seminar Wednesday that
data proving that no more than 2
shopping baskets at the nation's 7-
his proposals are intended to "dra-
million children read the publica-
Elevens, And countryside barns
matically change the public land-
tion or that at least 85 percent of
will have to paint over signs for
its readers are adults.
Red Man chewing tobacco.
scape, where cigarette advertising
is ubiquitous.
There's just huge confusion"
They want the ads to become
Listen to the words of one 18-
about how to comply with the rule
invisible, complains Daniel Jaffe,
year old, and Iquote: figure if it's
because there's scant information
executive vice president of the As
sociation of National Advertisers,
really SO bad for you, they won' be
on teen readership, said a major
magazine publisher
lambasting the Food and Drug Ad-
selling it everywhere. I mean, you
The FDA rule says magazines
walk into the Stop-and-Go and
must count readers, not sub-
see TOBACCO, page A18
there's a whole wall of them right
scribers. "How does the magazine
up front at the cash register.
count the teen who has access to
From page Al
The proposed regulation would
Daddy's magazine at home or to a
ministration's sweeping.new rules
outright forbid caps and T-shirts
magazine available at any school
released last week aimed at curb-
and other paraphernalia bearing
or public library?' asks Mr. Fith-
ing teen-age smoking
cigarette logos, ban cigarette
ian
The government has now be
sponsorship of sporting events,
The upshot: Most major publi-
come the copywriter and the ad
and prohibit all cigarette advertis
cations that currently carry to-
director for tobacco advertising
ing on billboards or other outdoor
bacco ads, such as Sports Illus-
They can speak through your ads,
displays within 1,000 feet of a play
trated or Rolling Stone, will be
but you can't It's a very substan
ground or school
restricted to the plain vanilla ads.
tialstepina free society, Mr. Jaffe
Although the distance may
said
seem short, some industry offi-
The rule would also limit in-
After a week of examining the
cials did a quick survey of one big
store placards, billboards away
city Detroit and found that
from schools and direct mail (even
fine print of the new cigarette and
there are few locations that would
if the mailing list is drawn from
smokeless tobacco rules, adver
qualify for a cigarette billboard.
the seniors magazine Modern Ma-
tisers say the FDA proposal is po-
tentially even more damaging than
Experts who have examined the
turity) to the black-and-white text-
they first thought
rule say that buses and taxis could
only format.
Industry officials say that
a
also be barred from carrying ciga-
And the FDA is talking about
closer look at the regulations
rette ads on placards because they
writing other rules as well. It is
shows that advertisers would be
invariably pass in front of schools
reviewing whether to require ads
limited to using only ads that el
during any day.
to carry "contraindications" -
ther no one will notice or compa
Under the proposed rule, the
those lengthy lists of potential side
nies won want to runs
FDA would allow limited advertis
effects and other medical data it
"We think this whole thing is a
ing in magazines and newspapers,
now requires for all prescription
complete tobacco-ban,' scoffed
on posters and store placards, and
drug advertising. And it also wants
John Fithian a lawyer with the
on other outdoor displays away
to take over the Federal Trade
Washington firm of Patton Boggs
from schools, provided they in-
Commission's jurisdiction over ad
who is representing the nation's
clude the added language Ciga
claims so in the future it could re-
six major advertising associations
rettes A Nicotine-Delivery De
view claims made in ad copy
vice
in lawsuit to block the new rule
aimed only at adults.
For convenience: stores, race-
tracks, farmers and others who
agree to carry cigarette advertis
ing, the FDA rule also means lost
fees, such as the $10a month RJR
Nabisco Inc pays minimarts to
display its Camel tank top-promo-
tion
"My folks are going to be under
the gun Cigarettes are profitable
They do much more promotion
than soft drinks, said Daskal,
counsel for the Service Station:
Dealers of America and Allied
Trades in anham.
PHOTOCOPY
PRESERVATION
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 11:48 ;
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GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK
NATIONAL
PARK
SERVICE
CONTRACT
of DE enronce
DATE: 8-21-95 TIME: 12:02 ROCKY MTN. DAMLIGHT
TO: KRISTEN
FAX NUMBER: (202) 456 - 5709
FROM: BILL swiFT - GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARIC
SUBJECT: ATTACHED GENERAL iNFO
NUMBER OF PAGES TO FOLLOW
34
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS: MANY PAGLES ARE COMBINATION PAGES FROM
8'/2"x14"
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PLEASE CALL SENDER OR
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Towering more than a
reach above 12,000 feet
slopes gently, showing
the Teton Range displays
mile above the valley
elevation, high enough to
the engle of tills of this
some of North America's
known as Jackson Hole,
support a dozen mountain
rectangular block of the
oldest rocks.
the Grand Teton rises to
glacters. In contrast to
Earth's crust. Youngest
13,770 feet above sea
the abrupt eastern face,
of the mountaine in the
level. Twelve Teton peaks
the west side of the range
Rooky Mountain system,
Photo above by Pat o Here
Deprey phoro by Franz Camenhine
The geologic foroes and natural systems that Interest
People entered Jackson Hole an estimated 12,000
to produce inspiring scenery also nurture I remarke-
years ago. Archeological evidence Indicates that small
bie diversity of animals. Despite a short growing
groups hunted and gathered plants in the valley from
season. the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem supports
5,000 to 600 years before the present. During historic
the largest elk herd remaining In the world. Nearly
times no one tribe claimed ownership to Jackson Hole,
3,000 summer in Grand Teton. A amail herd of buffalo
but Blackfeet, Crow, Gros Ventre, Shoshone. and other
also summers In the park and winters on the National
Native Americans living on surrounding lands used
Elk Refuge. Moose meander beside canyon streams
this neutral valley during the warm months. Severe
during warm weather but sook protection from frigld
winters prevented year-round habitation.
winds In valley bottomiands. Beldom soon black bears.
and an occasional grizzly, forage in canyons and
John Dolter ellegedly was the first white man in the
woodlands to store body fat for winter sleep.
valley, entering in the winter of 1807-1808. Mountain
Bald eagles and osprays fish and nest along the
Snake River. Several eegies endure the cold months.
Each spring great blue herons return to their rookerles.
Pierce Cunningham
Trumpeter swans. the largest North American water.
renched near Spread
towl, build sizeble pond-level nests; when Ice prevails
Creek about 1889. He
circulated a petition in
they depend on warm springs in the region. Beavers
1925 among local land
dam streams to create ponds that benefit Canada
owners asking Wyoming
geese, mailards, cinnamon teal, and a multitude of
Nearly 3,000 alk summer
triggere migration to the
or the Federal Govern-
summer and migratory waterfowl.
in the park. Free ranging
National Elk Retuge im-
ment to set the valley
and migratory, elk spend
mediately south of the
aside "for the educa-
The Greater Yellowstone Eoosystem, which Includes
all summer gaining weight
park. Fall migratory herds I
tion and enjoyment of
to sustain them through
sometimes number 200
the Teton Range and Jackson Hole. remains as the
the Nation as a whole.
the coming winter. Snow
or more.
A self-guiding trail ex.
largest essentially Intact natural area In the contigu-
piores the Cunningham
ous United States. Evergreen forests and wild rivers
Cabin Historic Site.
abound. Elk. buffalo, bears, eagles, and awans that
season. Meadows of scarlet gills, baisamroot. lupine.
once thrived nationwide now survive on this Island of
larkspur. and wild buckwheat bloom In multiple com-
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 11:49 ;
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709:# 3
Camping
Water Safety
Wildlife and Wildflow
Camping is permitted in
Ploating the Snake River
Motorboats are permitted
Swimming in park waters
Water in all streams and
Feeding wildlife is pro-
5 park campgrounds: fee
within the park la allowed
on Jackson, Jenny (7))
is generally a cold expe-
lakes. although clear and
hibited. Animals in the
charged. All except Jenny
only in hand-propelled
h.p. llmit). and Phelps
rience. Shallow areas of
cool, should not be drunk
park are part of complex
Lake (tents only) accom-
boats and rafts. but never
Lakes. Hand-propelled
Jackson. String. and
unless properly treated.
and protected natural
modate trailers, RVs.
in Inner tubes. Each craft
craft are permitted on
Leigh lakes have reason-
Untreated water may
systems. Let animals fin-
and tents. Campgrounds
must be registered yearly
Jackson, Jenny, Phelps,
able water temperatures
contain Glardia. Campylo-
natural foods. Ground
operate first-come. first-
at the Moose or Colter
Emma Matilda. Two
during July and August.
bacter. and other harmful
squirrels can carry dis-
served. Advance reserve.
Bay Visitor Centers. A1-
Ocean, Taggart. Bradley.
but there are no swim-
organisms. These can
eases and should never
tions are not accepted.
though the Snake may
Bearpaw, Leigh, and
ming areas with life-
cause severe gastrointes-
be touched. Larger ani-
Backcountry camping is
not seem powerful on the
String Lakes. Salling.
guards. Swimming in the
tinal distress. Before be-
mais are quick, powerfu:
permitted only in desig-
surface. only exper-
windsurfing. and jet and
Snake River is not
Ing used, untreated water
and unpredictible. Ap-
nated areas. A permit is
lenced floaters should at-
water skilng are allowed
recommended.
must be brought to a boil
proaching too closely
required for all overnight
tempt this awift, cold
only on Jackson Lake. Per-
to kill harmful organisms.
can result in serious
tripa.
river.
mits required for all craft.
injury.
Trall
Turnout or averlook
to
Ranger station
A
Campground
"
Food service
E
Gasoline
Unpaved road
Glacier/snowtleid
A
Planic grea
Tent only campground
Lodging
Br-
Store
1 Kilometer
,
0
1 Mile
North
YELLOWSTO
Roe:
TRABBY LAKE
REBERVOIA-
JOHN D. ROCKEFELL
WINEGAR HOLE
Grany Lake Road
WILDERNESS AREA
closed by show,
MEMORIAL PARKV
Lake or me Woode
No walters or targe Ave
on one lane partion.
Indian LEKE
TARGHEE
NATIONAL FOREST
Park
92777
2020m
Barry
C/osk
Conant
S
Creak
WEBB
Sign
COLTER CANYON
Vocce
Mountain
0004h
BAGN
GRAND TETON
1085m
NATIONAL PARK
Rengar Pask
113851
3461m
JEDEDIAH SMITH
4LLB
CANYON
WILDERNESS AREA
Esgies Rest Page
Talue
11268H
Later
343im
Rolling ThunderMounisin
(0908)
1124m
Maran
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 11:50
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709:# 4
Official Map and Guide
Grand Toton
Teaminal Mountain
Mount Own
Toton
Noz Perce
Middle Toton
Glader
Rocky Mountain scenery offers drematic vistas but
Over a comparatively short span of time, mountain
The Snake River originates in the wilderness near the
few more impressive than the Telon skyline. As the
glacters of the last major glacial period shaped the
south boundary of Yellowstone-a meanders into
Teton Range rose through aporadio earthqueke-pro-
Teton skyline more than any other erosional force. At
Jackson Lake. The Snake River Hows out of the lake
ducing joite. the valley called Jackson Hole subsided.
upper elevations. where the most snow accumulated.
through Jackson Lake dam. then runs eastward past
Because of the way the mountains formed. no 1001.
the heads of the glacters scooped out depressions.
Oxbow Bend: The slow-moving water of Oxbow Bend,
hills hide lagged peaks and broad canyons. At the
and frost wedging augmented their quarrying action.
a out-off meander of the Bnake River, provides rich
base of the range, large lakes mirror the mountains on
Sheer cirque walls, rugged ridges, and lagged peaks
habitat for a diverse array of wildlife including herons.
calm summer days, doubling their prominence.
reflect the slow, dynamic carving by these great
waterlowl, pollcans, muskrets. beavers. river afters.
masses of moving Ice.
and moose. At Moren Junction the river turns abruptly
During the Immense span of time before the moun-
southwest and flows down the broadoned bed of the
tains' rise. vast 8088 repeatedly advanced and re-
Rooks of all sizes, failing onto and plucked by these
encestral Snake. which disgonally bisects Jackson
treated. leaving behind a thick. nearly flat blanket of
moving glaciers. increased their grinding power. The
Hole. Today's river erodes with a fraction of its original
sedimentary rook layers. Between 60 and 70 million
flanks of the range display scoured canyons that dive
force.
years ago ancestral mountains rose here as a broad.
toward the valley. Upon leaving contining canyons,
northwest-trending arch. and the last seds retreated
the larger glaciers spread onto the valley floor, while
From Jackson Lake the Snake winds in braided chan-
eastward. Jackson Hole east of the arch became the
melting at 4 speed equal to their flow. An Immense
nels for 27 miles within the park. Slower moving
site of enormous sheets of gravel Interapersed with
volume of unserted rook, transported and dumped by
water In side channels ensures essential habitat for
thick voloanio ash. lave, and freshwater lake sedi-
these glaciers In a conveyor-belt action. formed natu-
numerous aquatio animals and plants. Beavers. river
ments. Enormous tensional faults fractured these for-
ral dams. These now encompass lakes called Leigh.
olters, and trout swim by moose feeding on aquatic
mations, and 9 million years ago today's Teton Range
Jenny, Taggart, Bradley, and Pholps. Similarly a lobe
plants. Native Snake River culthrost trous depend on
started rising. Broken sedimentary layers of ancient
of the extensive Yellowstone snoweap extended south-
the park's natural aquatic system for survival. Trout
sandatone. shale. dolemite. and limestone still cap
ward as a broad glacier that reposited rock as mo-
consume aquatle Insects and small fish. Bald oagies,
each end and the west side of the range. The sand-
reinal ridges. damming meitwatere to create Jackson
eapreya. and otters in turn feed on the trout.
stone remnent stop Mount Moran. over 6,000 fest
Lake,
above the valley, once connected to the same sand-
Along the river. willows thrive smong tall cottonwood.
stone layer that now lies an estimated 24,000 feet
South of Jackson Lake. torrential meltwaters spread
spruce. and occasional aspen trees. Moose browse on
below the valiey floor blook resulting from the faulting
cobbies and gravels to form broad terraces. Additions
shrubs and trees that line the river's banks. Beavers
process that created these mountains.
of looss (wind-deposited siii) helped to form fair soils,
eat the inner bark of willows. aspens. and cottonwoods
but reinfall percolates repidly through the underlying
in
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 11:51
;
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709:# 5
(307) 733-2053. Basic information about the park is
available in German, French, Spanish, or Japanese.
This Superintendent of Grand Teton also administers
the John D. Rocketeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway.
$
Vehicles and Pets
Climbing
Fishing IS allowed in most
Wildflowers are part of
Drive only on established
Oversnow vehicles must
Pets must be kept on a
Climbing mountains is a
park lakes and streams.
the park's natural setting
roadways and observe all
be registered yearly at
leash (meximum length 6
technical aport requiring
A Wyoming fishing 11.
and add a special touch
posted speed limits. Use
the Moose or Coller Bay
feet) at all times. Pete are
proper knowledge, expe-
cense Is required and
of color to the mountain
caution when passing bi-
Visitor Centers. A state
not permitted In public
rience. physical condition.
may be purchased at the
and valley scenery. Reg-
cycles. Dawn and dusk
snowmobile registration
buildings. on trails. in the
and equipment. Climbers
Moose Village Store,
ulations prohibit the
are excellent times to ob.
is also required. Snow-
backcountry, on ranger-
must sign in before and
Signal Mountain Lodge,
destruction, Injury. dis-
serve wildlife. so watch
mobiles are permitted on
led activities. or in visitor
immediately after each
and Colter Bay Tackle
turbance. or removal of
other drivers for sudden
designated unplowed
centers. They are prohib-
climb. The Jenny Lake
Shop. Visitor centers
public property or natural
stops. Pull vehicles well
roads when Bnow condi-
Ited In boats on rivers and
Ranger Station is the
have information on spe-
features including plants,
off the road into the paved
tions permit. Maps of
lakes other than Jackson
center for climbing infor-
clal park fishing regula-
animals. or rocks. Fire-
or gravel turnouts to ob-
permitted snowmobile
Lake. Never leave pets
mation and registration
tions, bait restrictions,
wood may be collected
serve wildlife and scenery
routes are available at
unattended. Pet regula-
from June through mid-
creel limits, and open
for personal use if the
or to take photographs.
Moose.
tions are strictly en-
September. Solo climb-
seasons.
tree is dead and down.
Be alert for animals cross-
forced.
ing is not advised.
ing the roads.
12 Reprint 1002
Self-guiding
' Distances are shown
Marina
Do not use into map for
nature trail
between markers.
backcountry hiking. Buy
USQS topographic maps
Stables
at visitor centers.
TO West Thumb
E
NATIONAL
PARK
used by snow from
Nov. 1 to April 00.
Poulty Times
JR.,
Flagg Ranch
AOUS
Br
Huckleberry Mountain
98159
2931m,
amt
13km
Pimion Peak
AMBOR
97000
untain
2956m
ren
79m
BRIDGER. ETON NATIONAL FOREST
Lisard Creek
^
TETON WILDERNESS AREA
/\
π
Arisona
island
A
Fork
89
Anrone
Laxe
1811
287
East
++
PAgrim Mountain-
8274M
Leaks Marine
2322m
Clear
DMR
Coller Bay Village
1.
Pacific
16ml
26km
A
Colter Bay
1.
Visitor Center
Grand View Paint
752711
Aone
2233m
Swant
Lane
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 11:51
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709:# 6
tors to the alpine zone discover brilliant cushions of
trappers traversed this crossroads of the western tur
Wildflowers in an emazing variety and protusion
color that hug the ground. including the official flower
trade until the era ended about 1840. Valley settlement
bloom through the warm months. Sagebrush butter-
of the park, the alpine forget-me-not.
began in 1884. After 1900. some settlers realized that
cups follow receding snowpack. Springbeauties, yel.
owbells, and steershead blossom closely behind.
growing close to the ground for protection from
ate snowstor or frost. Brilliant color
covers the valley floor during late
June, the peak of the wildflower
Jerry Jacks
See a fine collection of
liets. and Ilfestyle of
Native American art at
numerous North Ameri-
the Coller Bay Visitor
can nations. especially
Center. Exhibits Illumi-
the Plains Indians.
nate the creativity, be-
"dudes winter better than cows" and started dude
ranches.
In 1829. much of the Toton Range received protection
through the establishment of the park. After years of
debate Congress addod the Jeckson Hole portion
In 1950. Prehistorio people came to feed the body.
Today's visitors nourish the spirit. Management of the
park honors the mandate to protect, for the enjoyment
of future generations. the natural systems that pro-
duce the scenery and wildlife.
Crosscountry skiers en-
by Impressive scenery on
winter's own terms. Win-
ter sports require prepare-
tion and appropriate gear.
Moose Visitor Center
serves as a registration
point for all winter ac-
tivities.
Wildflowers, Pat o Here
Jackie Gilmore
Winter dominates the Teton country for more than
half the year. Deep snows cover the backside of the
range. Prevailing winds from the southwest often howl
Elk
Moore
Mule dect
Black bear
Bigham sheep
Bultate
Pronghorn
Coyote
3
past high peaks. Storm clouds may hide the mountains
Villow Fleis
for days. but. after they pass, cold. clear air permits un-
nd Oxbow Bend
surpassed views. Lower temperatures and avaisnohe
potential make mountain travel risky for those without
proper knowledge, skills, and equipment. Crosscountry
liver bottomiands
skis and showshoes permit safe travel to exceptionally
nd pond areas
quiet, often windless valley vistas. in central Jackson
Hole an average of 4 feet of snow covers segebrush
Asgebrush flats
and falien trees. Nightly temperatures often tall below
-25°F during December and January, but low humid-
by and the warming sun greatly lessen the effects of
Jong Teton
the cold. Moose, coyotes, and snowshoe hares make
'ark Road
tracks in freshly fallen snow. Seeing them enriches
any ski trip.
Nooded slopes
Moose Visitor Center distributes the map of park ski
tralls. along with Information on weather. avalanche.
Mountain canyons
and road conditions. Plows clear the main park road.
but the roads at the 1001 or the range. and in Yellow-
Alpine areas
stone. remain closed by snowpack until spring. Also at
Moose, rangers provide snowshoes for twice-weekly
hikes to help visitors appreciate winter in the park.
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 11:52
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709:# 7
100100
.3325 m
Traverse Peak'
*Blvouse Peak
TÉTON
11051h
10825h
3358m
3209m
Moren
Creek
Grassy Island
MORAN
CANYON
TARGHEE
Thote Glaciers
Mount Moran
NATIONAL: FOREST
1260517
Skillel Glecier
3842m.
Trapper
Falking les
Lake
Cirque
Lake
*Thor Pask
Glagies
Bearde# LAI
1202911
STUDENT
GRANITE
RANGE
2888m
CANYON
BASIN
Mount Woodring
MINK
LEIGH
115600
Leign
3583m
Lara
(arizaty Bear
Lake
String LEI
i)
Traithead
Lake
Bobbude
Holly
Rochenuck Peak
π-
Lake
111449
Grand Thrghes
3337m
Resort ald Are
Mount
sinng Lake
Bt John
South Leigh Lakes
MICA
11430n
I
Lake
3484m.
Jr
Paterson
Glacter
MANGING
SENION
Case
Inspiration Point
Taton
CARCADE
Jenn
CANYON
Castado
Creat
Hidden
^
Teawingt Mountain
South
Mount Owen
Trailles
129260
12325n
Table Mountain
3840m
.3757m
11100M
to
3385m
Grand Teton
137708
Teron Glecter
4197m
Meadows Traineed
Middle Telon
Road Gloss
TRED417
emplimester Lake
39030
Schoolem Glacker
points
12026R
CARNET Surprise
Driggs
sssem
Scott Teton
"Nes Perce CAVION
128140
119019
3814m
Bradley
Teton Gistler 1
ALASKA BAW (Sunset Lane
3627m
Browdritt
Lake
Climbers
Lake
CANYON.
Ranch
aml
13km
Tagger
*Mount Wister
Lake
11400n
Besin
3503m
A
Lakes
Lake Tral
Assis
"Buck Mountain
119000
3539m
Windy Point
Turnout
Memor's Farry Mistoric Slie
Chopelist
33
Transfision
GANYON
Death Califon
form Intrance Bestion
Reprock
1
Lake
Maose Visitor-Center
Park Headquerters
Patt burnett
Photos
Lake
O
OPEN CANYON
7AM
Creek
For
Mount Munt'
Moose-Wison Road clased
1078311
to trucks. trailers, and RVa.
Upckson
LIMITION Lake
3287m
Mole
Road a by show.
Airport
IDAHO
WYOMING
GRANITE SANYON
6404/1
, 1952m
aml
manite Conyon
13km
Victor
Treatment
Moore
Lake
lasho
Falls
Jackson Mote
Bkl Area
Teton
Village
Rendeavous Pask
10927M
3331m
Mooda-Willson Road
Gros Ven
BRIDGER-TETON
Lase
NATIONAL FOREST
Trall Creek
A
a
River
Jackson Nations'
(Fish Hosehery
22
1
/
191
Cent
PHOLIPS ROGE
IF SOME BUTE
BITE
(winter only)
Coal Creek
Taton Pass
8431A
2570m
F $
WILSON
22
information
Center
JACKSON
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 11:53
(307) 739-3438-
82024565709;# 8
glaciers long ago stripped sedimentary layers off the
water essential to stands of lodgepole pines and
central peaks. uncovering basement rock nearly as
sub-alpine firs. High on alpine slopes. trees and flow-
old as the Earth Itself. Resistant granite, sculpted into
ers struggle in tragile soil. where harsh weather limits
growth. At all elevations, geology and available water
UPTHROWN FAULT BLOCK
7
Two rectangular blocks of
DOWNTHROWN
the Earth's crust moved
PAULT BLOCK
like giant trap doors, one
swinging skyward to form
the mountains, the other
hinging downward to ore-
Jeff GALING
ate the valley. Wind. rain,
loe, and glaciers con-
and weave brenches Into lodges and dams along side
stantly eroded the rising
channels. In the summer the riverbottom teems with
range. Meanwhile. onor-
diving. wading. and woodland birds, while elk graze in
mous glaciers and torren-
tial meltwaters flowed
wel meadows. During darkness owis and other preda-
southward carrying cob-
tore hunt In this riparian ecosystem.
bles, gravel, and coarse
sand and periodically re-
Born of wilderness snowpack, the Snake River swells
leveled the floor of the
with meitwater. Trappers and settlers called It the Mad
sinking valley.
River, as II was more than B challenge to cross during
1
Taton Faun Zone
Valley floors filled with
6
Bedrock
the spring. Today's challenge is to protect this powerful
sediments of cobbles,
:
Steep castorn face
gravel. and sand.
Sedimentary rook layers now
Ilfe-supporting river as it flows through the park and as
worn away: these matched
It winds westward to the Pacific Ocean.
3
Gentle western slope
5
Sedimentary rock Layers
layers 5
the Grand Teron and adjacent peaks, towers as the
determine vegetation. which in turn controls the vari-
central range's exposed core.
ery, abundance. and distribution of wildlife.
Cascading water initially CUI stocp, V-shapod gorges
At upper elevations a dozen smaller glactors slowly
throughout the rising range. Changes in the Earth's
flow from the oirques out by Ice Age giants. School-
climate caused long periods when snowtall exceeded
room Glacier. so named for Its easily observable
classic characteristics, represents but one page of the
living textbook that Includes the accessible rook of
the Teton Range. Jackson Hole, and adjoining tea-
tures. This rock offers the most complete geologic
record in North America. Future events will Include
Infrequent earthquakes that signal movement along
the fault zone as the Teton Range continues to rise,
and Jackson Hole drops down. Wind, water, and Ice
will sculpt ancient rook into a different, but no less
Impressive skyline.
Jaff Foott
Moose browse on willows
along rivers and streams.
When bulls raise their
heads while feeding on
underwater equatic
plants In ponds, water
melting, precipitating glaciers In sizes beyond Imagi-
pours off their palm-
nation. Glaciers advanced. and In warmer times re-
shaped antiers. Killdoer
feed in wet areas. They
ceded, in mountain gorges and out across the floor of
nest on gravel where
Jackson Hole. Southward-tiowing ice more than 3,000
camouflage conceals
feet thick filled the valley. overriding buttes and sur-
their eggs.
rounding mountains. Only the high Teton poaks pro-
truded through enquifing 100. Mountain glacters,
particularly during the last loe Age, widened steep
AI right. top to bottom,
gorges Into broad, U-shaped canyons.
yellow-bellied marmot,
coyote, and pronghom
are Inset into ML Moran
and a meadow of
balsamroot.
Visitor centers at Moose and Colter Bay provide assist-
Ranger-led activities offer increased understanding
Belf-guiding trails provide insight into the story behind
ance and Information, offer audiovisual programs and
and appreciation of park resources. The Toowing: lists
the scenery. Booklets available at each trailhead de-
exhibits, and issue permits daily from mid-May through
. variety of talks, walks, hikes, demonstrations. and
scribe prominent features bordering the 2-mile Colter
September. Moose Visitor Center is open daily the rest
other programs conducted from mid-June through
Bay Nature Trail and the 3-mile Teggart Lake Trail
of the year on a reduced schedule. Park headquarters
September. Slide-illustrated campfire programs cover
and discuss history along the 1/2-mile Menor's Ferry
adjoins Moose Visitor Center. Coller Bay Visitor Cen-
a wide range of topics at Gros Ventre, Signal Moun-
and the X-mile Cunningham Cabin Trail. Trailhead
ter exhibits an extensive collection in ha Indian Arts
tain, and Colter Bey Amphitheaters,
locations are shown on the park map. The Casosde
Museum and ollers audiovisual programs. Publica-
Canyon trail begins at the south end of Jonny Lake,
tions for sale at each visitor center by the Grand Toton
Wayside exhibits at many turnouts along main park
and the booklet explains natural teatures up to Lake
Natural History Association include the official national
roads Identify major pocks and explain natural 100-
Solitude, 9 miles from the trailhoad.
park handbook. Grand Teton. and Association publica-
tures. Turnouts also Insure safe parking for viewing
tions: Creation of the Peton Lendscape, From Trapper
and photographing the mountain scene.
Tralls traverse the valley and mountains for more than
to Tourist. and Toton Trails. Write to P.O. Drawer 170.
200 miles. They provide access to backcountry lakes.
Moose. WY 83012, for a complete list of books end
Located in the park, Teton Science School offers a
streams, canyons. and camping zones. Trall difficulty
maps. Earnings from this non-profit corporation sup-
wide variety of In-depth courses year-round. This non-
levels range from easy to strenuous, and lengths vary
port the park's Interpretive efforts. Including tree pub.
profit school employs highly qualified instructors to
from nikes of a few minutes to several days.
lication and audio program production.
teach a spectrum 01 topics related to the Toton Range
and Jackson Hole. Courses for all ages in natural his-
Visitors who take the time to hike mountain trails dis-
Teewinot, the tree park newspaper. offers current Intor-
tory and ecology stress field study supplemented by
cover the magnitude and hidden qualities of the peaks
mation on a host of subjects. including natural history.
Informal lectures. Summer seminars last 3 to 6 days
and canyons. The Teton Crest Trail runs from the south
camping. and self-guiding trails. Reewingt also con-
and usually cover geology. plants, animals. birds, and
boundery of the park to Paintbrush Canvon. It afters
tains a comprehensive list of concession services, note
photography. For information and schedules, write to
extensive views of the range and distant land, Visitors
biy lodging, restaurants. stores, gas atations, and
the Director. Teton Science School, P.O. Box 68,
unscoustomed to high elevations may descand to the
mountaineering and float trip services.
Kelly. WY 83011, or call (307) 733-4785.
Crost Trail from the top of the tram at Telon Village.
Rewarding trails in Granite, Death and Gasgado
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 11:54 ;
(307) 739-3438-
82024565709:# 9
"
D
W
FIBIS
INTION
WILLOW FLATS
Ordon Bend Turnout
YERMINEY
Jackson Lake Junction
Lotier Hill
Elk Island
7080 n
Jackson Lake Dam
ENXECAN BEND
5 ml
2336 M
Doncho
Chapel of the
8
km
Point
Bared Heart
A
Valicy
Road
Signal Mountain Ledge
Road
3
Marie
00
Calliamans
Suffato
A
I
launch
Moran Entrance Statter
taland
Bndge
Signal
^
Moren Junction
to
Mountain
Signal Mountain
2mi
7593N
3AM
2314m
26 287
Matchel
12ml
A
To Dubois
I
18km
applaing
'91
UNI Mill
7443 #
2269 in
Park
n
Town
Mount steren Turnert
Teten Paun Turnout
orth Jenny Lake Junction
THE FOTHOLES
Cunnimphare Cabin
metral Group Turnout
Mistoria file
y Lake Lodge
1.
/
Canyon Tumput
Spread
he Turned
Trinding X Rench
River
Ran terms
my Lake
d bost dock
ring registration
sparte
Snake REC. Quartion
9
Tappings Late
now
$
18ml
29am
MOUNTAIN
Tetan Doint
out
PLeasy Lake
Tumput
Raft
townsh,
BRIDGER-TETON NATIONAL FOREST
Glocker View Turnout
Fiste
Biacktall Ponds Anteleps
Taton Science Behopi
soch
Overlook
90
DER Junation
Alherton Creek
R.
Blacktall Butle
70880
weeks
Kelly
Gros Ventre
Stide
Ventre
Red Hills
Crystal Creak
A
River,
A
E
>
anyen
Gree
Ventre
Upper Side
creak
Lake
River
Junction
NATIONAL
LK REFUGE
Flat
Curtle Canyon
A
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 11:55
;
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709;#10
Grand Teton
National Park
Drawer 170
Moose, WY 83012
1307)733-2880
High valley elevation and mountains
WEATHER
influence weather patterns in Grand
Teton National Park and the John D.
Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway.
Summers are brief but spectacular.
Winters last up to five months and
snowstorms may occur throughout the
year.
2 SHEETS
SPRING (LATE APRIL- JUNE)
Mild days and cold nights Intersperse with rain and occasional snow. Valley lakes
usually thaw by late May. Depending on snowpack, snow level remains just above
valley elevation until mid-June. Valley wildflowers begin blooming as the snow
melts, peaking in June and July.
SUMMER (JULY AND AUGUST)
Warm days and cool nights prevail, with afternoon thundershowers common. Snow
level gradually retreats, with divides between mountain canyons free of snow by
August. As valley wildflowers fade, canyon and alpine wildflowers peak.
FALL (SEPTEMBER- NOVEMBER)
Sunny days and cold nights alternate with rain and snowstorms. Aspen and cotton-
wood turn gold in late September and early October. As snow becomes persistent
by late fall, elk move to wintering areas at lower elevations.
WINTER (LATE NOVEMBER - APRIL)
Snow blankets mountains and valley, with accumulations of ten feet common In the
mountains and two to five feet in the valley. Travel is not advised during blizzard
conditions. Between storms, sunny days and frigld nights provide perfect conditions
for winter photography and cross-country skling.
TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Average High Temp. (°F)
25
31
38
48
61
71
81
79
69
57
39
28
Average Low Temp. (°F)
2
5
11
22
31
37
41
39
32
24
15
3
Extreme High Temp. (°F)
50
55
58
72
81
88
92
93
88
78
62
48
Extreme Low Temp. (°F)
-46
-39
-25
-10
10
20
27
23
15
1
-20
-43
Average Snowfall (Inches)
49
33
24
11
3
0
0
0
1
6
25
40
Average Rainfall (inches)
0
0
0
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
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FOR YOUR SAFETY
HYPOTHERMIA
Road elevations in Grand Teton Na-
Caused by exposure to cold and aggra-
cases, give the victim warm, non-
tional Park and the John D. Rockefeller,
vated by wind, exhaustion and being
alcoholic drinks and dry clothes. For
Jr., Memorial Parkway range from 6400
wet, hypothermia can kill Prevent
serious cases, keep the victim warm,
feet to 7600 feet. High elevation may
hypothermia by choosing proper equip-
dry and awake . to sleep is to die!
cause breathing difficulties and may
ment and clothing to keep you warm
Put the victim, stripped, in a sleeping
aggravate heart problems.
and dry.
bag with another person and give
warm drinks.
Remember the chill factor, which means
Watch for the warning signs of hypother-
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
that wind reduces the effective air
mia: uncontrollable shivering, Incoher-
temperature, and dress accordingly.
ent speech, and apparent exhaustion.
When hiking, always carry extra clothing
Help the viotim Immediately. For mild
and rain gear.
75
PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPERI
Rev. 1/91
1916-1991
TM
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National Park
Grand Teton
P.O: Drawer 170
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway
Moose. Wyoming 83012
307 739-3300
Journey Through the Past:
A Geology Tour
Read the past as you view the Teton Range today. The ancient
geologic processes that shaped the mountains and valley have left
visible marks. Watch millions of years of dynamic geology unfold
before you while exploring Grand Teton National Park.
Rock Formation
The geologic story of this range starts with
Next, magma (molten rock) forced its way up
diabase dike on the Middle Teton is re-
the formation of the rocks that make up the
through cracks and zones of weakness In
cassed because the granite of the central
mountains, recks far older than the moun-
the gnelss. This igneous (formed by heat)
peaks erodes more slowly than the diabase.
tains themselves. The process began over
rock slowly cooled, forming light-colored
2.5 billion years ago when sand and volcanic
dikes of granite, inches to hundreds of feet
Shallow seas that covered the Teton region
debris settled In an ancient ocean. For
thick. Look for larger dikes as you view the
600 million to 65 million years ago have left
millions of years, additional sediment was
mountains from the Jenny Lake
and
sedimentary formations, still visible at the
deposited and burled within the earth's crust.
String Lake
areas. Uplift and erosion
north and south ends of the Teton Range
Heat and pressure metamorphosed
have exposed the granite that now forms the
and also on the west slope of the mountains.
(changed) the sediment into gnelss. the
central peaks of the range
and
,
Marine life, especially tiny trilobites, corais
rocks that comprise the main mass of the
and brachiopode, flourished in the shallow
Teton Range. The stress of metamorphosis
Diabase, a dark-colored Igneous rock, 1.3
seas covering this area.
caused minerals to segregate. Today.
billion years age flowed up through the
alternating light and dark layers identify
gneiss and granite, resulting in the promi-
The seas repeatedly advanced and re-
banded gneiss, readily seen In Death
nent vertical dikes seen today on the faces
treated. During retreat of the younger seas,
Canyon
(numbers refer to map on back)
of Mt. Moran
and the Middle Teton
this area became a low-lying coastal plain
and other canyons in the Teton Range.
The diabase dike on Mt. Moran protrudes
frequented by dinosaurs. Fossilized bones of
from the face because the gneies surround-
& homed dinosaur, the Tricoratops, have
ing It erodes faster than the diabase. The
been found east of the Park near Togwotee
Pass
JOIN
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MOUNTAIN BURDING
VULCANISM
Compression of the earth's crust 80 million
formation on the opposing blocks. On the
Vast clouds of volcanic ash blew into the
JOINEY
to 40 million years ago caused uplift of the
summit of Mt. Moran 0. 6,000 feet above
Teton region from the west and north.
Rocky Mountain chain, from what is now
the valley floor, lies a pink cap of Flathead
beginning more than 20 million years ago.
THROUGH
Mexico to Canada. While the mountains on
Sandstone, visible when the snow has
White ash accumulated on the sinking floor
the south and east 18 formed during this
melted. On the valley side of the fault, this
of Jackson Hole 9 million to 10 million years
THE
period, the rise of the Teton Range as we
formation lies buried at least 24,000 feet
ago, leaving deposits nearly one mile thick.
now see It had not yet begun.
below the surface.
Between 6 million and 600 thousand years
ago, flery Incandescent clouds of gaseous
Stretching and thinning of the earth's crust
Early nineteenth century fur trappers referred
molten rock originated in what is now central
caused movement along the Teton fault to
to high mountain valleys as "holes." When
Yellowstone Park and flowed southward on
begin about 6 - 9 million years ago. Every
they named this valley Jackson Hole, they
both sides of the Teton Range. Remnants of
few thousand years, when the elasticity of
were geologically correct Today the sheer
this flow are exposed on Signal Mountain
the crust stretches to its limit. a fault or break
east face of the Teton Range, rising abruptly
and on the north end of the Teton Range.
of about 10 feet occurs, relieving stress In
more than a mile above the valley, captures
the earth's crust. The blocks on either side
our attention more than the valley does.
of the fault moved, with the west block
Rocks and soll, thousands of feet thick,
swinging skyward to form the Teton Range,
transported Into the valley over the past
Collecting Rocks
the youngest and most spectacular range in
several million years, mask the subsidence
the Rocky Mountain chain. The east block
of the valley.
dropped downward, forming the valley called
Park law prohibits collecting. Please leave
Jackson Hole. The valley block under your
Some of the deposits filling Jackson Hole
rooks where you find them so that others
feet has actually dropped down four times
contain innumerable rounded rocks varying
may enjoy the intact geologic story.
more than the mountain block has uplited.
in color from white to pink and purple. These
quartzite rocks eroded from an ancestral
Total vertical movement along the Teton
mountain range probably located 20 to 70
fault approaches 30,000 feet. Evidence for
miles northwest of the Teton Range. Rivers
the amount of movement comes from the
rounded the quartzhe into cobblestones as
present location of Flathead Sandstone.
they carried the rocks into this area.
Activity along the Teton fault separated this
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 11:57
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N
R A N G E
/
12
li
E
n
11
1
10
13
Jonny Lake
:,
Metter Center
:>
Teton
Colter Bay
:
Visitor Center
Village
14
15
Jackson Lake
Moose
11.
Junetion
Jackson
Visitor Center
17
N
Moran
Refly
Paved Roads
Unpaved Roads
11.
in
20
1
Snake River Range
B
Cascade Canyon
15
Burned Ridge Moraine
Death Canyon
=
Jenny Lake
16
Signal Mountain
3
Phetps Lake
10
String Lake
17
Snake River Overlook
-1
Taggart Lake
11
Leigh Lake
111
Gros Ventre Range
S
Bradley Lake
12
Mount Moran
19
Buffaio Valley
JOIN
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 11:58
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Ajoin
THROUGH JOURNEY BACK SIDE
THE
6
Middle Teton
13
Jackson Lake
20
Togwotee Pass
/
Grand Teton
14
Timbered Island
Glaciation
The sculpturing Influence of ice has provided
As glaciers flowed down the canyons, rocks
projecting above the valley floor. such as
a final spectacular touch to a scene that
and loe smoothed and polished canyon floors
Timbered Island 1.1 and Burned Ridge
already boasted mountains rising sharply
and walls. Look for glacial polishing today in
Glacial moraines also surround the lakes at
from a broad, flat valley. About 150,000
Cascade
and other canyons. Other
the base of the peaks.
years ago this region experienced a slight
telitale signs of glaciation include cirque lakes
cooling that allowed an accumulation of
high up in the canyons. such as Lake
Where glacial meltwater washed away most
more and more snow each year. Eventually
Solitude in the north fork of Cascade Canyon.
of the soll, the cobbles and poor, thin soll left
glaciers (masses of ice) began to flow from
The peaks of the Teton Range became more
behind cannot retain moisture or nutrients.
higher elevations. Over two thousand fest
jagged from frost-wedging. where water
Sagebrush, certain wildflowers and grasses
thick In places, the Ice sheet flowed from
treezing In the rocks exerted a prying force,
can tolerate such desert-ilke growing
north to south through Jackson Hole. The
eventually chiseling the rocks free, leaving
conditions. Thus the geologic history of a
glacier finally halted south of the town of
the sharp ridges and pinnacies seen today.
region determines the vegetation and
Jackson and melted about 100,000 years
ultimately the wildlife, too.
ago. About 60,000 years ago the glacters
Although the last great Ice masses melted
returned, first surging from the east down
about 15,000 years ago, a dozen re-estab-
stopping near the
lished glaciers etill exist In the Teton Range.
Flathead Sendstone
the Buttalo Valley
Snake River Overlook The most recent
Mt. Moran exhiblte five glaciers: Triple
Diabase Dike
ice advance flowed from the Yellowstone
Glaciers on the north face, preminent Skillet
Plateau south down the Snake River
Glacier on the east face and Falling Ice
Skillet Glacier
drainage and east from the canyons in the
Glacier on the southeast face. Teton Glacier
Teton Range, about 20,000 years ago. The
lies in the shadow of the Grand Teton
Yellowstone ice mass gouged out the
One way to view a glacier up close involves a
depression occupied today by Jackson Lake
ten-mile hike (twenty miles roundtrip) up the
11
south fork of Cascade Canyon " to School-
room Glacier. It demonstrates all the features
Smaller glaciers flowing eastward down the
of a classic glacier.
Mount Moran
Teton Range broadened the V-shaped
stream canyons into U-shaped canyons,
Moraines (deposits of glacially-carried debris)
As you enjoy the scenic beauty of the Teton
typical evidence of glaciation. Ice flowed
accumulated at the terminus of each Ice
Range and Jackson Hole, remember that the
from the canyons Into Jackson Hole, then
surge, Because moraines contain a jumble of
physical forces that created these features
melted to form the basina that small lakes
unsorted rocks and soll that retains water and
still exen their influence. Mountains continue
occupy today. Glacial lakes Include:
minerals, glacial debris today supports dense
to rise, while erosion by wind, water and loe
Phelps
:
Taggart
1
Bradley
Jenny
lodgepole pine forests. To locate moraines,
pares the mountains down. And so the story
String In and Leigh
look for large stands of pines on ridges
never ends.
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 11:59
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National Park
Grand Teton
P.O. Drawer 170
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway
Moose, Wyoming 83012
307 739-3300
MountaineerIng
John McMullen
General Information
The mountains in Grand Teton National
There are many inherent risks and hazards
Any person pursuing these activities
Park offer some of the most accessible and
associated with climbing and mountain
assumes all risks of and responsibility for
diverse climbing In the country. A wide array
travel (hiking, sking etc.). Risks include, but
any injury, including death, that may result.
of rock, snow and ice, and mixed routes are
are not limited to: lightning, rockfall,
Competent technique, experience, safety
available that range from easy outings to
avalanches, crevasses, and extreme
equipment, physical fitness and good
very difficult undertakings. Nearly all of the
weather conditions (even during the summer
judgment are essential to preventing or
peaks have been climbed in one day. The
months). Falls on steep snow and the
minimizing the chances of an accident
higher and more remote peaks and the
subsequent inability to use an Ice axe to
occurring.
longer and more difficult routes are usually
perform a self-arrest have been the number
climbed from a high camp or with a bivouac,
one cause of accidents and deaths over the
JOIN
however and FOR take has MP more Have
veare
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 11:59 ;
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JOIN
MOUNTAINISTUNG.
-
3
ПОМ
Mountain Weather
Climbing Information
Weather conditions are usually best from
temperatures. During the period of heavy
The Jenny Lake Ranger Station is the
mid-July through August, although afternoon
snow accumulation from December through
center for climbing Information from June to
thundershowers are common during these
May, avalanche danger Is frequently high.
mid-September. Climbing rangers on duty
months. At least one period of extended
Winter mountaineering trips should be
provide current information on the nature
Inclement weather with snowfall in the high
undertaken only by well-equipped, self-
and condition of climbing routes, equipment
country usually occurs in late August. In the
sufficient parties with considerable
and experience considerations, and time
fall, major storms can occur anytime after
experience. May and June are characterized
factors. Guidebooks, maps. and photo-
mid-August, producing snow and ice on
by prolonged periods of heavy rain, some
graphs of various peaks and routes are
most routes. Winter weather In the Teton
snow and sub-freezing temperatures. During
available to assist in planning climbs.
Range can be severe with heavy snowfall,
these months, rocklall and wet-snow
high winds, and extremely low
avaianche activity is & common occurrence.
SENT BY GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 12:00
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Registration
Equipment
Accommodations
Registration is not required for climbing.
Conventional mountaineering equipment is
The Grand Teton Climbers' Ranch, a
mountaineering or day hiking. A free permit
satisfactory for climbing in the Teton Range
concession operated by the American Alpine
is required for all overnight use. The park
during the aummer. An ice axe and
Club. provides low-cost accommodations for
does not check to see that you get safely
expertise In Its use is perhaps the single
registered climbers. For Information contact
out of the backcountry. Make 8 friend or
most important technique that one can
the manager, Climbers' Ranch, Moose, WY
relative aware of where you are going
possess for early season climbs. Climbing
83012. Park campgrounds may be used as
and your Itinerary. It is your responsibility
helmets are strongly recommended for
base camps, although each campground
to have someone report your absence If you
technical climbs and for routes where
has a limit-of-stay. Off-trail campsites or
are overdue. If you do not have a friend or
rockfall could occur. Climbing equipment
bivouac sites are not reservable, but are
relative in the area with whom you can leave
and food suitable for backpacking may be
assigned on a first-come, first-served basis.
this Information a voluntary registration
purchased in the area, and a limited
system Is available at the Jenny Lake
selection of equipment may be rented.
Ranger Station.
Rescue Guidelines
Self-Rescue
Grand Teton National Park Rescue
nature of the Injuries, time of the accident,
In the event of an accident or other problem,
Team
equipment at the accident scene, number of
depend first and foremost on yourself,
The park's search and rescue team is fully
persons remaining at the accident scene
other party members, and your own
staffed only during the summer months. If
and their plan of action, If any.
efforts! Enlist the aid of other climbers in
self-rescue Is Impossible, notify the park as
the area. Practice self-sufficiency to the
quickly as possible.
Search and Rescue Funding
greatest extent possible; do not depend
solely on the park rescue team. In the event
What To Do When An Accident
All climbers should be aware that search
of a known injury. the resoue team will make
Occurs
and resoue operations are funded from the
reasonable efforts to help you, Keep In
Do not leave an accident victim alone
park operating accounts and large
mind, however, that the decision if, when or
unless absolutely necessary. If It la
expenditures may result In the elimination of
how to initiate a search or rescue is left to
necessary to leave an injured person alone,
other services. Donations to support the
the discretion of Grand Teton National Park.
provide first aid, secure the injured person
rescue team are 8 welcome source of new
Many factors, such as weather, darkness,
to prevent further Injury, leave him/her as
resoue equipment. Sand tax deductible
and hazards to the resoue team may delay
much food, water and warm clothes as
contributions to: Mountain Rescue Fund,
or Indefinitely postpone any resoue effort by
possible and then go for help. Relay the
Grand Teton National Park, P.O. Drawer
the park.
following information: Name, age and weight
170, Moose, WY 83012.
doin
of victim(s), exact location of the accident,
SENT BY: GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 12:00
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doin
Literature
The guidebooks that are currently available
for the Teton Range Include Teton Classics
by Richard Rossiter and selected Alpenglow
guides by Jim Olson. Topographic maps of
the park and a guide for the park trail
system, Teton Trails, are also available.
These publications may be purchased at
park visitor centers or by mail from the
Grand Teton Natural History Association,
Grand Teton National Park, P.O. Drawer
170, Moose, WY 83012.
Guide Services
Mountaineering guide service and Instruc-
tion may be obtained from:
Exum Mountain Guides, Inc., P.O. Box 56,
Moose, WY 83012
Jackson Hole Mountain Guides, P.O. Box
7477, Jackson, WY 83001.
John McMulien
A Climbing Ethic-Renew your commitment to leave no trace!
We are appealing to all climbers to accept
Know and respect environmentally
Accept responsibility for yourself and
personal responsibility for the care of fragile
sensitive areas. Be considerate of wildlife
others. "Leave No Trace" depends more on
resources. Toward this goal, please adhere
and other users. Keep a respectful distance
attitude and awareness than on regulations.
to the following code of ethics for minimum
from all animals to avoid disturbing their
impact climbing:
natural routines.
Pack out all litter. Use toilets where
available or bury human waste 200' from
Use existing access trails to approach
Leave the rock and its environs in ha
water and high use areas. Double bag tollet
climbs. Short-cutting trails causes plant
natural condition. Avoid placing permanent
paper in ziplock bags and carry it out or use
damage and erosion and is prohibited.
protection. Motorized drilla are prohibited.
natural options such as stones, sticks or
snow.
During approach and descent where there
Plan your trip. Know and abide by all park
are no trails. carefully choose routes to
regulations.
Only by following B minimum Impact
avoid the heavy impact of human feet. Step
climbing ethic can outstanding natural
on rocks and non-vegetated surfaces where
features be protected for future generations
possible.
of climbers. The future of climbing is In your
handel
Printed on recycled paper.
MOUNTAIN
GENING
GRTE 4-95
BACK SIDE
SENT BY GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 12:01
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82024565709:#20
Grand Teton
National Park
P.O. Drawer 170
Moose, Wyoming 83012
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway
739-3300
4
SHOETS
Common Plants
Wildflowers color the Tetons as the
snow meits. Warm weather arrives first
In the Jackson Hole valley. Snow level
gradually retreats up the mountain
canyons throughout the summer.
Behind the melting snow come the
wildflowers, brightening valley then
canyon. Eventually snow leaves areas
above treeline, allowing dwarf alpine
plants their time to flower.
Growing Zones
ALPINE (above 10,000 feet)
Lodgepole pine, the most obvious and
Cottonwoods, close relatives of aspens,
Above treeline, plants adapt to wind. snow,
abundant conifer in the park and parkway,
grow along rivers and creeks In the valley
and laok of soll by growing close to the
grows on the lower slopes of the Tetons
and lower parts of mountain canyons. Bark
ground. Alpine plants take advantage of a
and on well-drained glacial aolls throughout
on mature trees Is heavily furrowed. The
brief growing season by flowering soon after
the valley. Needles are 2 - 3 Inches long,
species that occur In the park-lanceleaf
the snow melts. Some species grow only In
clustered In bundles of two; cones are 1 - 2
cottonwood, narrowleaf cottonwood and
the alpine area; others grow tall at lower
Inches long.
balsam poplar-hybridize freely, so identifi-
elevations but are dwarfed in the alpine.
Douglas fir Inhabits dry, south- and east-
cation of individual species may be difficult.
CANYONS AND SUB-ALPINE
facing slopes, although dense stands of
(7,000 - 10,000 feet
young trees grow on some north-facing
Common Shrubs
Between the crage of the Tetons, ice Age
slopes. Large diameter trees have coarse,
glaciers have carved deep canyons. Today
furrowed bark.
Blg eagebrush thrives in dry habitate and
the canyons contain dense conifer forests
Subalpine fir occure on wetter north-facing
carpets most of the valley floor. Plants are
and open meadows of wildflowere. As
valley sites and at higher elevations in the
one to five feet tall; leaves are graylsh
elevation increases, wildflowers abound
mountains. Smooth bark and spire-like
green. Tiny yellow flowers bloom in August.
while trees become stunted and eventually
growth form Identify subalpine fir. Needles
Antelope bitterbrush occurs with sage-
ahrublike. "Krummholz" (German for
occur singly and feel soft. Cones grow
brush in the southern half of Jackson Hole.
"crooked wood") plants are dwarfed forms
upright on branches.
Bitterbrush grows to three feet tall. Cream-
that are treailke at lower elevations.
Engelmann spruce occurs with subalpine
colored flowers bloom in June.
VALLEY (6,400 - 7,000 feet)
fir, especially along creeks in the canyons
Huckleberry grows two to four feet tall In
Porous valley solls support plants able to
between Teton peaks. Rough bark and
lodgepole pine forests In the valley and
tolerate not and dry conditions. In addition to
abundant cones hanging down from upper
mountain canyons. Purple berries are
abundant sagebrush, numerous wildflowers
branches Identify Engelmann spruce.
produced in August.
and grasses grow. During June and July, a
Cones have papery scales and are 1 1/2
Serviceberry grows to ten feet tall. Showy
profusion of color enlivens the valley: the
Inches long.
white flowers bloom In spring. producing
yellow of balsamroot, the blue of lupine, and
Blue spruce lines rivers and creeks In the
purple berries by late summer.
the red of gilla. During August, sunflowers
valley. Cones have papery scales and are
Chokecherry is a large shrub that grows to
replace baleamroot.
twice as large as those found on Engel-
twenty feet tall. Cylindrical clusters of showy
mann spruce. Spruce needles occur singly
white flowers bloom in spring.
Common Trees
and are sharp to the touch.
Utah honeysuckle grows in open lodgepole
Individual limber pines grow on open, dry
pine forests. Leaves are opposite. Paired
Most of the trees in the park are conifers
valley sites. Needles grow In bundles of
cream-colored flowers bloom in early June,
because of the short growing season.
five, Cones are 4 - 8 Inches long.
producing fused red unpalatable berries.
Conifers retain their leaves (needles)
Whitebark pine grows above 8,000 feet in
Mountain ash grows on the lower slopes of
throughout the year and can produce food
the mountains. Needles are In bundles of
the Tetons. This tall shrub has compound
(photoeynthesize) on warm spring days.
five. Cones are purple and shorter than
leaves. Flat-topped clusters of white flowers
Deciduous trees shed their leaves in the fall
those of limber pine.
bloom In June. In fall bright orange fruits.
and must grow new ones each spring before
Aspen grows In stands on level, moist sites
complement vivid red leaves.
they can photosynthesize. Aspens and
and on dry slopes. Aspen bark Is smooth
Willows occur in moist areas, especially
cottonwoods have chiorophyll In the bark
and cream-colored. Reproduction is
along stream banks. Twenty species are
and 80 can photosynthesize before produc-
primarily from shoots sprouting from
found in the park and parkway.
Ing leaves.
horizontal roots.
Snowbrush ceanothus thrives in burned
areas. Shiny, leathery green leaves are
retained through winter. Clusters of aromatic
white flowers bloom in June.
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 12:02
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canyon. Eventually snow leaves aleas
above treeline, allowing dwarf alpine
plants their time to flower.
Growing Zones
ALPINE (above 10,000 feet)
Lodgepole pine, the most obvlous and
Cottonwoods, close relatives of aspens.
Above treeline, plants adapt to wind, snow,
abundant conifer In the park and parkway.
grow along rivers and creeks In the valley
and lack of soil by growing close to the
grows on the lower slopes of the Tetons
and lower parts of mountain canyons. Bark
ground. Alpine plants take advantage of a
and on well-drained glacial soils throughout
on mature trees Is heavily furrowed. The
brief growing season by flowering soon after
the valley. Needles are 2 - 3 inches long,
species that occur in the park-lanceleaf
the snow melts. Some species grow only in
clustered in bundles of two; cones are 1 - 2
cottonwood, narrowleaf cottonwood and
the alpine area; others grow tall at lower
inches long.
balsam poplar-hybridize freely, so Identifi-
elevations but-are dwarfed in the alpine.
Douglas fir Inhabite dry, south- and east-
cation of Individual specles may be difficult.
CANYONS AND SUB-ALPINE
facing slopes, although dense stands of
(7,000 - 10,000 fest)
young trees grow on some north-facing
Common Shrubs
Between the crags of the Tetons, Ice Age
slopes. Large diameter trees have coarse.
glaciers have carved deep canyons. Today
furrowed bark.
Big sagebrush thrives In dry habitats and
the canyons contain dense conifer forests
Subsipine fir occurs on wetter north-facing
carpets most of the valley floor. Plants are
and open meadows of wildflowere. As
valley sites and at higher elevations in the
one to five feet tall; leaves are grayish
elevation Increases, wildflowers abound
mountains. Smooth bark and spire-like
green. Tiny yellow flowers bloom In August.
while trees become stunted and eventually
growth form identify subalpine fir. Needles
Antelope bitterbrush occurs with sage-
shrubilke. "Krummholz" (German for
occur singly and feel soft. Cones grow
brush in the southern half of Jackson Hole.
"orooked wood") plants are dwarfed forms
upright on branches.
Bitterbrush growe to three feet tall. Cream-
that are treelike at lower elevations.
Engelmann spruce occurs with subalpine
colored flowers bloom in June.
VALLEY (6,400 - 7,000 feet)
fir, especially along creeks In the canyons
Huckleberry grows two to four feet tell in
Porous valley solle support plants able to
between Teton peaks. Rough bark and
lodgepole pine forests in the valley and
tolerate hot and dry conditions. In addition to
abundant cones hanging down from upper
mountain canyons. Purple berries are
abundent sagebrush, numerous wildflowers
branches Identify Engelmann spruce.
produced in August.
and grasses grow. During June and July, a
Cones have papery scales and are 1 1/2
Serviceberry grows to ten feet tall. Showy
profusion of color enlivens the valley: the
inches long.
white flowers bloom in spring, producing
yellow of balsamroot, the blue of lupine, and
Blue spruce lines rivers and creeks in the
purple berries by late summer.
the red of glila. During August, sunflowers
valley. Cones have papery scales and are
Chokecherry la a large shrub that grows to
replace balsamroot.
twice as large as those found on Engel-
twenty feet tall. Cylindrical clusters of showy
mann spruce. Spruce needles occur singly
white flowers bloom In spring.
Common Trees
and are sharp to the touch.
Utah honeysuckle grows in open lodgepole
Individual limber pines grow on open, dry
pine forests. Leaves are opposite. Paired
Most of the trees In the park are conifers
valley sites. Needles grow in bundles of
cream-colored flowers bloom in early June,
because of the short growing season.
five. Cones are 4 - 8 Inches long.
producing fused red unpalatable berries.
Conifers retain their leaves (needies)
Whitebark pine grows above 8,000 feet in
Mountain ash grows on the lower slopes of
throughout the year and can produce food
the mountains. Needles are in bundles of
the Tetons. This tall shrub has compound
(photosynthesize) on warm spring days.
five. Cones are purple and shorter than
leaves. Flat-topped clusters of white flowers
Deciduous trees shed their leaves in the fall
those of limber pine.
bloom in June. In fall bright orange fruits
and must grow new ones each spring before
Aspen grows in stands on level, moist sites
complement vivid red leaves.
they can photosynthesize. Aspens and
and on dry slopes. Aspen bark Is smooth
Willows occur in moist areas, especially
cottonwoods have chlorophyli in the bark
and cream-colored. Reproduction is
along stream banks. Twenty species are
and so can photosynthesize before produc-
primarily from shoots sprouting from
found In the park and parkway.
ing leaves.
norizontal roots.
Snowbrush ceanothus thrives in burned
areas. Shiny. leathery green leaves are
retained through winter. Clusters of aromatic
white flowers bloom in June.
Reminder
Books on Plants
Enjoy the wildflowers but please leave them
For further Information on wildflowers,
for others to appreciate also. Picking
consult Plants of Yellowstone and Grand
wildflowere la prohibited within Grand Teton
Teton National Parks by Richard J. Shaw,
National Park and the John D. Rockefeller,
Vascular Plants of Grand Teton National
Jr., Memorial Parkway. Edible berries,
Park and Teton County, An Annotated
plants and mushrooms may be gathered by
Checklist by Richard J. Shaw and A Field
hand for personal daily consumption.
Guide to Rocky Mountain Wildflowers by
Please be certain of plant Identification
John J. Craighead. Frank C. Craighead. Jr.,
before eating parts of any wild plants.
and Ray J. Davis.
Ripine Target.me.net
official park flower
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;
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Flowering Times of Selected Flowers and Shrubs
Valley
Canyons
Alpine
White Flowers
Huckleberry
Jun
Jul
Mountain Ash
Jul
Birchleaf Spirea
Jul
Jul
Chokecherry
Jun
Woodlandster
Jun
Richardson Geranlum
Jun - Aug
Jun - Aug
Thimbleberry
Jun - Jul
Green Gentian
Jun - Jul
Jul - mid Aug
Snowbrush Ceanothus
Jun - Jul
Cowparsnip
late Jun - mid Aug
Jul - Aug
Serviceberry
Jun
American Bistort
Jun
Jul
Aug
Ladies-tresses
Aug - mid Sep
Aug - Sep
White Bog-Orchid
late Jun - mid Aug
Jul - Aug
Manyflowered Phlox
Jun - mid Jul
mid Jun - Jul
Colorado Columbine
late Jun - Aug
Marsh Marigold
Jun - mid Jul
Jun - Jul
Yampah
Jul - mid Aug
mid Jul - Aug
Engelmann Aster
Jul - Aug
Yarrow
Jul - early Aug
mid Jul - late Aug
Aug
Yellow Flowers
Mules-ear Wyethia
mid Jun - Jul
Hymenoxys
Jul - Aug
Sunflower
mid Jul - Aug
Balsamroot
Jun - mid Jul
Rabbitbrush
mid Aug - Sep
Heartleaf Arnica
mid Jun - mid Jul
late Jun - late Jul
Shrubby Cinquefoll
Jun - Sep
Yellow Monkey-flower
Jun - mid Jul
mid Jun - mid Aug
Lanceleaved Stonecrop
Jun - Aug
Glacier Lily
Jun - Jul
Jul
Western Wallflower
Jun - Jul
Subalpine Buttercup
Jul - Aug
Deathcamas
Jun
mid Jun - early Aug
mid Jul - Aug
Oregongrape
May - Jun
Sulfur Buckwheat
mid Jun - mid Aug
Bracted Lousewort
late Jun - mid Jul
Jul
Yellow Columbine
late Jun - Jul
Jul - late Aug
Yellow Fritillary
mid May - mid Jun
Butterweed Groundsel
late Jul - Sep
Pink - Red Flowers
Springbeauty
May
Jun - mid Jul
Sticky Geranlum
Jun - Aug
Parry's Primrose
Jul - Aug
Aug
Prairiesmoke
Jun - early Jul
Globemallow
Jul - mid Aug
mid Jul - Aug
Steershead
late May - mid Jun
late Jun - mid Jul
Subalpine Spirea
mid Jul - Aug
Shooting Star
Jun
late Jun - late Aug
Ladysthumb Knotweed
Aug
Lewis Monkeyflower
late Jun - Aug
Mountain Snowberry
Jun - Jul
Jul
Spreading Dogbane
Jul - Aug
Mountainheather
Jul - Aug
Aug - Sep
Fireweed
mid Jul - Aug
Moss Campion
Jul - mid Aug
Calypso Orchid
Jun
Elephanthead
late Jun - Jul
mid Jul - Aug
Indian Paintbrush
Jun - Jul
Jul - Aug
mid Jul - early Sep
Striped Corairoot
Jun - Jul
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American Bistort
Jun
JUI
Aug
Ladies-tresses
Aug - mid Sep
Aug - Sep
White Bog-Orchid
late Jun - mid Aug
Jul - Aug
Manyflowered Phlox
Jun - mid Jul
mid Jun - Jul
Colorado Columbine
late Jun - Aug
Marsh Marigoid
Jun - mid Jul
Jun - Jul
Yampah
Jul - mid Aug
mid Jul - Aug
Engelmann Aster
Jul - Aug
Yarrow
Jul - early Aug
mid Jul - late Aug
Aug
Yellow Flowers
Mules-ear Wyethia
mid Jun - Jul
Hymenoxys
Jul - Aug
Sunflower
mid Jul - Aug
Balsamroot
Jun - mid Jul
Rabbitbrush
mid Aug - Sep
Heartleaf Arnica
mld Jun - mid Jul
late Jun - late Jul
Shrubby Cinquefoil
Jun - Sep
Yellow Monkey-flower
Jun - mid Jul
mid Jun - mid Aug
Lanceleaved Stonecrop
Jun - Aug
Glacier Lily
Jun - Jul
Jul
Western Wallflower
Jun - Jul
Subalpine Buttercup
Jul - Aug
Deathcamas
Jun
mid Jun - early Aug
mid Jul - Aug
Oregongrape
May - Jun
Sulfur Buckwheat
mid Jun - mid Aug
Bracted Lousewort
late Jun - mid Jul
Jul
Yellow Columbine
late Jun - Jul
Jul - late Aug
Yellow Fritillary
mid May - mid Jun
Butterweed Groundsel
late Jul - Sep
Pink - Red Flowers
Springbeauty
May
Jun - mid Jul
Sticky Geranium
Jun - Aug
Parry's Primrose
Jul - Aug
Aug
Prairiesmoke
Jun - early Jul
Globemallow
Jul - mid Aug
mid Jul - Aug
Steershead
late May - mid Jun
late Jun - mid Jul
Subalpine Spirea
mid Jul - Aug
Shooting Star
Jun
late Jun - late Aug
Ladysthumb Knotweed
Aug
Lewls Monkeyflower
late Jun - Aug
Mountain Snowberry
Jun - Jul
Jul
Spreading Dogbane
Jul - Aug
Mountainheather
Jul - Aug
Aug - Sep
Fireweed
mid Jul - Aug
Moss Camplon
Jul - mid Aug
Calypso Orchid
Jun
Elephanthead
late Jun - Jul
mid Jul - Aug
Indian Paintbrush
Jun - Jul
Jul - Aug
mid Jul - early Sep
Striped Coratroot
Jun - Jul
Skyrocket Gilla
mid Jun - Jul
Blue - Purple Flowers
Wild Blue Flax
July - Aug
Rock Clematis
Jun
Jul
Sky Pilot
July - Aug
Monkshood
late Jun - mid Jul
mid Jul - mid Aug
Low Larkspur
mid May - Jun
Mountain Bluebell
mid Jul - early Sep
Fringed Gentian
late Jul - mid Aug
Aug - early Sep
Harebell
mid Jun - early Sep
Lupine
Jun - Jul
Mountain Bog Gentian
late Jul - early Sep
Silky Phacella
late Jun - Jul
mid Jul - late Aug
late Jul - early Sep
Blue Camas
Jun
Alpine Forget-me-not
Jul - early Aug
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Grand Teton
P.O. Drawer 170
Moose, Wyoming 83012
307 739-3300
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway
2 SHEETS
A WALK THROUGH TIME
The Earliest Visitors
Archeological studies established human occupation of Jackson Hole for at least
11,000 years. Knowledge of early people is extremely limited. Data suggests that
they used the area from spring to fall, based on seasonal availability of resources.
Prehistoric people crossed the passes Into Jackson Hole en route to seasonal
hunting grounds in the region. In historic times, Indian tribes such as the Shoshoni,
Gros Ventre, Flathead and Blackfeet knew the Teton country.
Days of Mountain Men
The splendor of the Teton Mountains first dazzled fur traders. Although evidence is
inconclusive, John Colter probably explored the area In 1808. By the 1820s, moun-
tain men followed wildlife and Indian trails through Jackson Hole and trapped beaver
in the Icy waters of the valley.
The term "hole" was coined by fur trappers of the 1820s to describe a high altitude
plateau ringed by mountains. Thus, Jackson Hole is the entire valley, 8 to 15 miles
wide and 40 miles long. The valley was named for David E. Jackson, a trapper who
reputedly spent the winter of 1829 along the shore of Jackson Lake.
After the decline of the fur trade In the late 1830s, America forgot Jackson Hole until
the military and civilian surveys of the 1860s and 1870s. Members of the Hayden
Survey named many of the area's features.
Settlers at the Turn of the
Because of its geographic location, Jackson Hole remained unsettled until late in
Century
the 19th century. The first permanent homesteaders, John Holland and John
Carnes, settled north of the present town of Jackson. By 1890 Jackson Hole had a
population of 64 people, The solls and climate made ranching and farming risky.
Mountain-valley ranching was the chief occupation; settlers grazed cattle on the
public domain in the mountains while cultivating hay In the valley to provide winter
feed. While a few prospered, most lived at a near-subsistence level.
As settlement progressed, small communities emerged to provide goods and
services. By 1910 Jackson, Wilson, Kelly and Moran had become the dominant
villages in Jackson Hole. Elk, Marysvale, Grovent, Zenith and Menor's Ferry had
post offices. Incorporated in 1914, Jackson became the seat of Teton County and
the commercial center of the valley.
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The First Tourists
The region acquired a national reputation for its splendid hunting and fishing in the
1880s and 1890s. Many settlers supplemented their incomes by serving as guides
and packers for wealthy hunters. A few, such as Ben Sheffield, made It a full-time
occupation. He acquired a ranch at the outlet of Jackson Lake in 1902 to use as a
base for outfitting his expeditions. The ranch became the town of Moran.
Others recognized that dudes winter better than COWS and began operating dude
ranches. The JY and the Bar BC were established in 1908 and 1912, respectively.
By the 1920s, dude ranching made significant contributions to the valley's econ-
omy. At this time some local residents realized that scenery and wildlife (especially
elk) were valuable resources to be conserved rather than exploited.
The Jackson Hole Story
Much of the recorded history of Jackson Hole Involves the story of Grand Teton
Continues
National Park. The emergence of the conservation movement In the United States
prevented the transfer of public lands to private ownership in the Tetons. Through
the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, President Grover Cleveland established the Teton
Forest Reserve in 1897. Teton National Forest was created in 1908. These re-
serves Included much of the land of Jackson Hole.
Congress established Grand Teton National Park in 1929. The 96,000 acre Park
included the main portion of the Teton Range and most of the glacial lakes at the
base of the mountains.
After touring the area in 1926, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., decided to buy private
lands in Jackson Hole for Park use. Rockefelier's agents formed the Snake River
Land Company that purchased over 35,000 acres during the next 20 years.
Political controversy defeated attempts to add the valley to the Park in the 1920s
and 1930s.
In 1943 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt Issued a proclamation establishing
Jackson Hole National Monument by authority of the Antiquities Act of 1906. The
210,000 acre monument Included most federal land In Jackson Hole. In 1949 the
Rockefellers donated nearly 33,000 acres to the federal government and in 1950,
Congress passed legislation merging the Park and National Monument.
Today tourism Is the cornerstone of the local economy. Visitors come to enjoy
breathtaking scenery, wildlife and other natural features of Grand Teton National
Park and the John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway.
Rev. 3/92
SENT BY: GRAND TETON NAT PARK; 8-21-95 12:05
(307) 739-3438-
82024565709;#26
Grand Teton
National Park
P.O. Drawer 170
Moose, Wyoming 83012
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway
07 739-3300
4
SHUETS
Mammal-Finding Guide
"Why do we so delight in the wild creatures of the forest, some of us so
passionately that It colors our whole life?" -Wildlife biologist Olaus Murle
In Wapiti Wilderness.
General Information
Habitat Types
The diversity of wildlife communities in
Alpine
Forests
Grand Teton National Park and the John
Wind and snow limit life above treeline
From treeline to valley floor, forests provide
D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway
(about 10,000 feet). Some plants and
cover and food for many mammal species.
complements the spectacular scenery.
animals have adapted to the seemingly
Lodgepole pines dominate, but forests also
Part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosys-
harsh conditions. Plants are mat-like,
contain firs, aspens and spruces. Look for
tem, the two National Park Service areas
animals are few. Look for yellow-beliled
elk, mule deer, martens, red squirrels, black
offer wildlife a variety of habitats. Each
marmots, pikas and bighorn sheep.
bears and snowshoe hares.
habitat must supply the basic needs of
wildlife: food, water, cover and living
Sagebrush
Rivers, Lakes and Ponds
space. Familiarity with the habitats and
The most widespread habitat type in the
Aquatic habitats and adjacent forests,
habits of park and parkway wildlife results
park, sagebrush flats occur on dry, porous
marshes and meadows fulfill the needs of
in increased viewing opportunities.
soils. More than 100 species of grasses
many forms of wildlife. Diverse and abun-
and wildflowers grow along with abundant
dant vegetation offers excellent food and
sagebrush. Lack of cover makes large
cover. Water is plentiful. Look for moose,
animals conspicuous. Look for pronghorns,
river otters, beavers, muskrats, coyotes,
coyotes, bison, badgers, alk and Ulnta
bison and mule deer.
ground equirrels.
List of Mammals
Insectivora (Insect-eaters)
C Southern Red-backed Voie
Procyonidae Raccoon Family
c Masked Shrew Sorex cinereus
Clethrionomys gapperi
r
Raccoon Pracyon lotor
c Vagrant Shrew Sorex vagrans
c Heather Vole Phenacomys
r
Dwarf Shrew Sorex nanus
intermedius
Artlodactyla (Even-toed Hooves)
u
Northern Water Shrew Sorex palustris
a
Meadow Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus
Cervidae Deer Family
a
Montane Vole Microtus montanus
a Elk (wapiti) Cervus elaphus
Chiroptera (Bats)
U
Long-talled Vole Microtus longicaudus
C
Mule Deer Odocolleus hemionus
c Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus
C
Richardson Vole Microtus richardsoni
I
White-talled Deer Odocolleus virginianus
u Long-eared Myotis Myotis evotis
r
Sagebrush Vole Lemmiscus curtatus
a
Moose Alces alces
U Long-legged Myotis Myotis volans
C
Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus
u Silver-legged Myotis Lasionycteris
C Western Jumping Mouse Zappus
Antilocapridae Pronghorn Family
noctivagans
princeps
C Pronghorn Antilocapra americana
r
Hoary Bat Lasiuris cinereus
C
Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum
u
Big Brown Bat Eptisicus fuscus
Bovidae - Cattle Family
Carnivora (Flesh-eaters)
C Bison Bison blson
Lagomorpha (Rabbits and Hares)
Ursidae - Bear Family
Mountain Goat Oreamnos americanus
c
Pika Ochotona princeps
c
Black Bear Ursus americanus
u Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis
c
Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus
U
Grizzly Bear Ursos arctos
U White-talled Jackrabbit Lepus
townsendii
Canidae Dog Family
Key to Symbols
a Coyote Canis latrans
a - Abundant likely to be seen In appropri-
Rodentia (Gnawing Mammals)
Gray Wolf Canis lupus
ate habitat and season.
a Least Chipmunk Tamias minimus
I
Red Fox Vulpes vulpes
c - Common- - frequently seen in appropriate
C Yellow Pine Chipmunk Eutamias
habitat and season.
amoenus
Mustelidae - Weasel Family
u - Uncommon - seen irregularly in appropri-
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 12:06
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709;#27
"Why do we SO delight in the wild creatures of the forest, some of us so
passionately that it colors our whole life?" -Wildlife biologist Olaus Murie
in Wapiti Wilderness.
General Information
Habitat Types
The diversity of wildlife communities In
Alpine
Forests
Grand Teton National Park and the John
Wind and snow limit life above treeline
From treeline to valley floor, forests provide
D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway
(about 10,000 feet). Some plants and
cover and food for many mammal species.
complements the spectacular scenery.
animals have adapted to the seemingly
Lodgepole pines dominate, but forests also
Part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosys-
harsh conditions. Plants are mat-like,
contain firs, aspens and spruces. Look for
tern, the two National Park Service areas
animals are few. Look for yellow-bellied
elk, mule deer, martens, red squirrels, black
offer wildlife a variety of habitats. Each
marmots, pikas and bighorn sheep.
bears and snowshoe hares.
habitat must supply the basic needs of
wildlife: food. water, cover and living
Sagebrush
Rivers, Lakes and Ponds
space. Familiarity with the habitats and
The most widespread habitat type in the
Aquatic habitats and adjacent forests,
habits of park and parkway wildlife results
park, sagebrush flats occur on dry, porous
marshes and meadows fulfill the needs of
In Increased viewing opportunities.
soils. More than 100 species of grasses
many forms of wildlife. Diverse and abun-
and wildflowers grow along with abundant
dant vegetation offers excellent food and
sagebrush. Lack of cover makes large
cover. Water is plentiful. Look for moose,
animals conspicuous. Look for pronghorns,
river otters, beavers, muskrate, coyotes,
coyotes. bison, badgers, elk and Uinta
bison and mule deer.
ground squirrels.
List of Mammals
Insectivora (Insect-eaters)
c Southern Red-backed Vole
Procyonidae Raccoon Family
C Masked Shrew Sorex cinereus
Clethrionomys gapperi
r Raccoon Procyon lotor
e Vagrant Shrew Sorex vagrans
c Heather Vole Phenacomys
r Dwarf Shrew Sorex nanus
Intermedius
Artiodactyla (Even-toed Hooves)
U Northern Water Shrew Sorex palustris
a Meadow Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus
Cervidae Deer Family
a Montane Vole Microtus montanus
a Elk (wapiti) Cervus elaphus
Chiroptera (Bats)
u Long-tailed Vole Microtus longicaudus
C
Mule Deer Odocolleus hemionus
c Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus
c Richardson Vole Microtus richardsoni
1
White-talled Deer Odocoileus virginianus
u Long-eared Myotis Myotis evotis
r
Sagebrush Vole Lemmiscus curtatus
a
Moose Alces alces
u Long-legged Myotis Myotis volans
c
Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus
u Sliver-legged Myotis Lasionycterls
c Western Jumping Mouse Zappus
Antilocapridae Pronghorn Family
noctivagans
princeps
c Pronghorn Antilocapra americana
Γ Hoary Bat Lasiuris cinereus
C Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum
u Big Brown Bat Eptisicus fuscus
Bovides Cattle Family
Carnivora (Flesh-eaters)
C Bison Bison bison
Lagomorpha (Rabbits and Hares)
Ursidae Bear Family
X
Mountain Goat Oreamnos americanus
c Pika Ochotona princeps
c Black Bear Ursus americanus
U
Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis
C Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus
U Grizzly Bear Ursos arctos
U White-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus
townsendli
Canidae Dog Family
Key to Symbols
a Coyote Canis latrans
a - Abundant likely to be seen In appropri-
Rodentia (Gnawing Mammals)
X Gray Wolf Canis lupus
ate habitat and season.
a Least Chipmunk Tamlas minimus
r
Red Fox Vulpes vulpes
c - Common - frequently seen in appropriate
c Yellow Pine Chipmunk Eutamias
habitat and season.
amoenus
Mustelldae Weasel Family
u - Uncommon seen irregularly in appropri-
u
Uinta Chipmunk Tamlas umbrinus
c Marten Martes americana
ate habitat and season.
c Yellow-bellied Marmot Marmota
u Short-tailed Weasel Mustela erminea
I - Rare - unexpected even in appropriate
flaviventris
1
Least Weasel Mustela nivalls
habitat and season.
a Uinta Ground Squirrel Spermophilus
C Long-talled Weasel Mustela frenata
X - Accidental - out of known range, or
armatus
U
Mink Mustela vison
reported only once or twice.
c Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel
I
Wolverine Gulo gulo
? - Questionable verification unavallable.
Spermophilus lateralis
c
Badger Taxidea taxus
a Red Squirrel Tamasciurus hudsonicus
И
Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis
Abundance categories are based on the park
u Northern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys
c River Otter Lutra canadensis
and parkway wildlife database, research
sabrinus
projects and observations by biologists and
U Northern Pocket Gopher Thomomys
Felldae - Cat Family
naturallsts.
talpoides
1
Mountain Lion Fells concolor
a Beaver Castor canadensis
I
Lynx Felis lynx
a Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus
I
Bobcat Fells rufus
u Bushy-talled Woodrat Neotoma
cinerea
Printed on recycled paper
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT PARK 8-21-95 12:07
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709;#28
Where to Look for Wildlife
Northern Jackson Lake
viewed from the back deck of Jackson Lake
tion. Please park in turnouts or pull vehicle onto
From Lizard Creek Campground for four miles
Lodge and the Willow Flats Overlook, 1/4 mile
the road shoulder while watching wildlife.
south, Highway 89-191 follows the eastern
south of the lodge. Shrubby willows provide
shore of Jackson Lake. Several turnouts and
browse for moose. In evening and early morn-
Timbered Island
two plenic areas provide vantage points for
Ing elk graze on grasses growing In large
A forested ridge surrounded by sagebrush lies
enjoying the view of the Teton Range across
patches among willow stands. Beavers have
southeast of Jenny Lake. Small bands of
the lake and for wildlife watching. Along the
created ponds by damming streams through-
pronghorns, fastest North American land ani-
lakeshore, aspen groves and colorful wild-
out Willow Flats; beaver ponds also harbor
mal, forage on sagebrush. Elk leave the shade
flower meadows alternate with extensive co-
muskrats and waterfowl.
of the forest at dusk to eat grasses growing
nifer forests. Lush meadows attract mule deer
among the sagebrush.
and elk; while the lake attracts American white
Oxbow Bend
pelicans, Canada geese and other waterfowl.
A cut-off meander of the Snake River is one
Snake River
mile east of Jackson Lake Junction. Slow-
From Jackson Lake Dam south, the riparian
Colter Bay
moving water provides habitat for fish such as
area along the Snake River attracts a variety of
The roads and trails in the Colter Bay area
suckers and trout, which become food for river
wildlife. Elk and bison graze In grassy mead-
provide views of a wide array of mammals.
otters, beavers (at dawn and dusk) and musk-
ows along the river. Bison also eat grasses in
Deer feed at the edge of conifer forests. Uinta
rats. Moose browse on abundant willows at
the sagebrush flats on the benches above the
ground squirrels flourish in dry sagebrush
the water's edge. Elk occasionally graze in the
river. Beavers and moose eat willows that line
meadows, while red squirrels chatter inces-
open aspen groves to the east.
the waterway.
santly from conifer forests. Alert observers
catch occasional glimpses of snowshoe hares
Teton Park Road from Signal Moun-
Blacktail Ponds
and martens in the conifer forests. Trails in the
tain to South Jenny Lake
This turnout Is located 0.5 mile north of Moose
Colter Bay area lead to ponds inhabited by
Extensive sagebrush flats are Interspersed
on Highway 26-89-191. Old beaver ponds have
beavers, muskrats, waterfowl and sometimes
with stands of lodgepole pines and aspens.
filled in and now support grassy meadows
river otters; hiking may also provide views of
Pronghorn gather In small groups in the flats
where elk graze during cooler parts of the day.
moose and elk.
where they browse on sagebrush. At dawn
Moose browse on willows growing along the
and dusk look for elk grazing on grasses and
river.
Willow Flats
wildflowers growing among the sagebrush.
The extensive freshwater marsh between
Blson occasionally may be found between
Jackson Lake Dam and Colter Bay can be
Signal Mountain and North Jenny Lake Junc-
Hikes
Hermitage Point Trail
Cascade Canyon and Death Canyon
Beavers thrive In numerous ponds, while
Trails
moose forage on succulent pond vegetation
Look and listen for pika and marmots in
and browse on willows. Deer and elk favor
boulder fields along the trails. Moose
open forests.
browse on willows and other shrubs
growing along creeks. Black bears frequent
Two Ocean Lake and Emma Matilda
both canyons. Mule deer are occasionally
Lake Tralls
seen at canyon mouths.
Numerous elk summer in this vicinity,
feeding on meadow grasses during cooler
Taggart Lake and Beaver Creek
Bull moose (foreground), bull elk (center) and
parts of the day; open forests provide refuge
Trells
buck mule deer (background). Males have
for elk during hot summer days. Moose
Willows growing along Beaver Creek
antiers; females do not. Antlers are shed
browse on willows growing along the
provide food for moose. Elk graze on lush
each year-In December and January for
lakeshore. Mule deer, coyotes, black and
grasses and deer browse on shrubs that
moose, In late winter and early spring for elk
grizzly bears, martens and red squirrels also
proliferated since the area burned in 1985.
and deer.
frequent this area.
Bears
Black and grizzly bears live throughout the
Avoid Encounters
Aggressive Bears
park and parkway and may be active any
Make bears aware of your presence by
If a bear approaches or charges you. do not
time of the day or night. To learn the
making loud noises like shouting or singing.
run. It will Increase the chances of attack.
differences between black and grizzly
Be especially careful in dense brush or
Do not drop your pack; It may protect your
bears, consult the summer edition of the
along streams where water makes noise.
body if attacked. Bears often "bluff charge,"
park newspaper, the Teewinot. The
Bells are not recommended because the
stopping before contact. Bear experts
following guidelines are for your protection
sound does not carry well. Look ahead
generally recommend standing still until the
and for the preservation of bears, one of the
when hiking.
bear stops, then backing away slowly.
true signs of wild country.
Climbing trees is no protection from black
If You Encounter a Bear
bears and may not help with grizzlies either.
A Fed Bear Is a Dead Bear
Do not run. Running may elicit an attack. If
If you are knocked down. curl into a ball
Feeding spells death for bears. Allowing a
the bear is unaware of you, detour quickly
protecting your stomach and back of your
bear to obtain human food, even once,
and quietly away. If the bear is aware but
head and neck.
results in aggressive behavior. The bear is
has not acted aggressively, back away
then a threat to human safety and must be
slowly, talking in an even tone while waving
removed or destroyed. Do not allow bears
your arms.
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 12:08
(307) 739-3438-
82024565709:#29
DOGI 1110 euyo
at
the sagebrush flats on the benches above the
ground squirrels flourish in dry sagebrush
the water's edge. Elk occasionally graze in the
river. Beavers and moose eat willows that line
meadows, while red squirrels chatter inces-
open aspen groves to the east.
the waterway.
santly from conifer forests. Alert observers
catch occasional glimpses of snowshoe hares
Teton Park Road from Signal Moun-
Blacktail Ponds
and martens in the conifer forests. Trails In the
tain to South Jenny Lake
This turnout is located 0.5 mile north of Moose
Colter Bay area lead to ponds inhabited by
Extensive sagebrush flats are interspersed
on Highway 26-89-191. Old beaver ponds have
beavers, muskrats, waterfowl and sometimes
with stands of lodgepole pines and aspens.
filled in and now support grassy meadows
river otters; hiking may also provide views of
Pronghom gather in small groups In the flats
where elk graze during cooler parts of the day,
moose and elk.
where they browse on sagebrush. At dawn
Moose browse on willows growing along the
and dusk look for elk grazing on grasses and
river.
Willow Flate
wildflowers growing among the sagebrush.
The extensive freshwater marsh between
Bison occasionally may be found between
Jackson Lake Dam and Colter Bay can be
Signal Mountain and North Jenny Lake Junc-
Hikes
Hermitage Point Trail
Cascade Canyon and Death Canyon
Beavers thrive in numerous ponds, while
Trails
moose forage on succulent pond vegetation
Look and listen for pike and marmots in
and browse on willows. Deer and alk favor
boulder fields along the trails. Moose
open forests.
browse on willows and other shrubs
growing along creeks. Black bears frequent
Two Ocean Lake and Emma Matlida
both canyons. Mule deer are occasionally
Lake Trails
seen at canyon mouths.
Numerous elk summer in this vicinity,
feeding on meadow grasses during cooler
Taggart Lake and Beaver Creek
Bull moose (foreground), bull elk (center) and
parts of the day; open forests provide refuge
Tralls
buck mule deer (background). Males have
for elk during hot summer days. Moose
Willows growing along Beaver Creek
antlers; females do not. Antlers are shed
browse on willows growing along the
provide food for moose. Elk graze on lush
each year-in December and January for
lakeshore. Mule deer, coyotes, black and
grasses and deer browse on shrubs that
moose, in late winter and early spring for elk
grizzly bears, martens and red squirrels also
proliferated since the area burned In 1985.
and deer.
frequent this area.
Bears
Black and grizzly bears live throughout the
Avoid Encounters
Aggressive Bears
park and parkway and may be active any
Make bears aware of your presence by
If a bear approaches or charges you, do not
time of the day or night. To learn the
making loud noises like shouting or singing.
run. It will Increase the chances of attack.
differences between black and grizzly
Be especially careful In dense brush or
Do not drop your pack; it may protect your
bears, consult the summer edition of the
along streams where water makes noise.
body if attacked. Bears often "bluff charge,"
park newspaper, the Teewinot. The
Bells are not recommended because the
stopping before contact. Bear experts
following guidelines are for your protection
sound does not carry well. Look ahead
generally recommend standing still until the
and for the preservation of bears, one of the
when hiking.
bear stops, then backing away slowly.
true signs of wild country.
Climbing trees is no protection from black
If You Encounter a Bear
bears and may not help with grizzlies either.
A Fed Bear Is 8 Dead Bear
Do not run. Running may elicit an attack. If
If you are knocked down, curl into a ball
Feeding spells death for bears. Allowing a
the bear is unaware of you. detour quickly
protecting your stomach and back of your
bear to obtain human food, even once,
and quietly away. If the bear is aware but
head and neck.
results In aggressive behavior. The bear le
has not acted aggressively, back away
then a threat to human safety and must be
slowly. talking in an even tone while waving
removed or destroyed. Do not allow bears
your arms.
or other wildlife to obtain human food.
Etiquette for Wildlife Observers and Photographers
Be a responsible wildlife observer,
hand that feeds them. Do not feed wildlife,
you are too close to the nest. Unattended
patience is often rewarded by witnessing
including ground squirrels and birds.
nestlings readily succumb to predation and
interesting animal behavior not Influenced
Do not harass wildlife. Harassment la any
exposure to heat, cold and wet weather.
by human presence.
human action that causes unusual behavior
Allow other visitors a chance to enjoy
Use binoculars, spotting scopes or long
or change of behavior by an animal.
wildlife. If your actions cause an animal to
lenses for close views and photographs.
Repeated encounters with people have
flee, you have deprived other visitors of a
Maintain a safe distance of at least 300
cumulative results Including stress and
viewing opportunity.
feet from large animals such as bears,
behavior changes, such as avoidance of an
Use animals' behavior as a guide and limit
bison, moose and elk. Do not position
essential feeding area after frequent
the time you spend with wildlife, just as you
yourself between an adult and its
approach by people.
would when visiting a friend's home.
offspring. Females with young are
For wildlife, raising young is a private
Follow park regulations and policies-see
especially defensive.
affair. Nesting birds are easily disturbed. If
the Teewinot, the park newspaper for more
Feeding wild animals makes them
an adult on a nest flies off at your ap-
information.
dependent on people. Animals often bite the
proach, or circles you or screams in alarm,
GRTE 4/96
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT PARK; 8-21-95 ; 12:09
(307) 739-3438-
82024565709;#30
Grand Teton
P.O. Drawer 170
Moose, Wyoming 83012
307 739-3300
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway
Bird-Finding Guide
Grand Teton National Park and the John D. Rockefeller, Jr.,
Memorial Parkway encompass a range of habitats, from
alpine meadows to sagebrush flats, from lodgepole pine
forests to mountain streams. Birds use habitats that meet
their needs for food, water, shelter and nest sites. Some birds
frequent only one habitat type while others occupy a variety
of habitats. This guide will acquaint you with some habitat
types of the park and parkway as well as specific locations to
look for birds. Use It In conjunction with a park map, The
Birds of Grand Teton National Park by Bert Raynes, the
checklist Birds of Jackson Hole and Finding the Birds of
Jackson Hole by Bert Raynes and Darwin Wile, available at
the Moose, Colter Bay and Jenny Lake Visitor Centers.
Great blue heron
Please report at a visitor center any sightings of birds listed
as rare or accidental on the bird checklist.
Habitat Types
Bird-Watching Etiquette
Lodgepole Pine Forests
species flourish. Look for sage grouse,
Enjoy birds but be a responsible birder.
Ledgepole pine grows In dense forests
vesper sparrows, Brewer's sparrows and
Nesting birds of all species are easily
covering much of the valley and the lower
sage thrashers.
disturbed. If an adult on a nest flies off at
slopes of the mountains. Expect olive-sided
your approach or ciroles you or screams in
flycatchers, yellow-rumped warblers, ruby-
Alpine
alarm, you are too close to the nest.
crowned kinglets, mountain chickadees,
Above 10,000 feet, severe conditions limit
Unattended nestlings readily succumb to
white-crowned and chipping sparrows and
vegetation to low-growing forms. Birds that
predation or exposure to heat, cold and wet
dark-eyed juncos (especially in developed
weather.
nest above treeline migrate south or to lower
areas within lodgepole forests such as Colter
elevations for winter. Watch for golden
Good birding areas often attract other
Bay).
eagles, Clark's nutcrackers, rosy finches,
wildlife. Maintain a safe distance (300 feet)
from large animals such as moose, bears
white-crowned sparrows and water plpits.
Aspens
and blson. Do not position yourself between
Aspens occur chiefly in pure stands, often on
a female and her oftspring.
hillsides. Many of the aspen stands in the
Aquatic and Riparian
Numerous rivers, creeks, lakes and ponds
park and parkway have rotting trunks that
provide habitats where Canada geese and
attract numerous woodpeckers. Saw-whet
owls, house wrens, mountain and black-
other waterfowl nest and osprey and bald
eagles hunt for fish. Common snipe, white-
capped chickadees, tree swallows and
crowned and Lincoln sparrows, yellow and
violet-green swallows nest In old woodpecker
cavities.
MacGillivray's warblers and common
yellowthroats nest and forage in adjacent
Sagebrush Flats
wet meadows. American dippers search for
Insects in fast-moving streams.
Sagebrush covers most of the valley called
Jackson Hole. Despite the hot dry conditions
existing where sagebrush grows, some
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 12:10
(307) 739-3438-
82024565709;#31
Birding Hot Spots
Grand View Point.
Cascade Canyon.
Phelps Lake Overlook
Old growth Douglas fire support
Glaciers gouged out Cascade
The trail to the overlook traverses
Williamson's sapsuckers, red-
Canyon thousands of years ago.
a lateral glacial moraine where
naped sapsuckers and other woodpeckers.
Today Cascade Creek carries melted
mixed conifers and aspens grow. Be-
Common songbirds include mountain
anow through conifer forests and meadows
cause the trail follows a small creek,
chickadees, red-breasted nuthatches,
of wildfiowers, while the Teton peaks
expect abundant birdlife. Look for
dark-eyed juncos, western tanagers and
tower above. American dippers frequent
western tanagers, MaoGillivray's war-
Townsend's solltaires. Blue grouse and
Cascade Creek near Hidden Falls.
biers, northern flickers, Lazull buntings,
ruffed grouse nest here. At the summit,
Western tanagers, ruby-crowned kinglets
ruby-crowned kinglets and green-talled
look up for red-talled hawks, white peli-
and yellow-rumped warbiers nest near the
towhees. Listen for the sweet songs of
cans and other soaring birds.
trail. Also look for golden eagies, Steller's
hermit and Swalnson's thrushes. Calliope
jays, gray jays, golden-crowned kinglets,
and broad-talled hummingbirds feed on
Christian Pond
dark-eyed juncos and occasional
scarlet gilla below the overlook.
Several species of waterfowl nest
Townsend's warblers. Secretive hariequin
here. Look for ruddy ducks, ring-
ducks sometimes nest along the creek.
necked ducks, American wigeon and
American coots. Trumpeter swans
Taggart Lake Trail
occasionally nest on the pond. Because
In 1985 a lightning-caused forest
human presence Interferes with the
fire burned most of the trees on the
awans' nesting effort, remain on the
glacial moraine surrounding Taggan Lake.
trail on the west side of the pond, at
Insects feeding on the decaying trees
least 300 feet from the edge of the
attract woodpeckers. Look for black-
pend. and obey all posted closures.
backed and three-toed woodpeckers.
Abundant Insects also attract mountain
Willow Flats
bluebirds, tree swallows, olive-sided and
Extensive willow thickets merge
dusky flycatchers, western wood-pewees
with wet grassy meadows. Small
and yellow-rumped warblers. Calliops
creeks and beaver ponds provide riparian
hummingbirds frequently perch In willows
and equatio habitats. Look for cinnamon
near the base of the moraine.
teal, green-winged teal and American
wigeon in ponds and creeks. Sandhill
Antelope Flats - Kelly Road.
cranes, northern harriers, American
Large hayfields attract raptors that
bitterns. common snipes and seras nest
search the fields for abundant
Sandhill crane
here. Calliope hummingbirds feed on
small rodents. Look for American kestreis,
acarlet gilla growing near Jackson Lake
prairie falcons, red-tailed hawks,
Lodge. Red-naped sapsuckers and other
Swainson's hawks and northern harriers.
Partners in Flight
woodpeckers abound. Frequently saen
Check fence posts for western meadow-
songbirds include willow flyeatchers, citti
larks, western and eastern kingbirds and
Migratory Bird Conservation Program
swallows, yellow warblers, MacGillivray's
mountain bluebirds. Scan irrigated pas-
Most of the birds found in the park and
warbiers, common yellowthroats, Wilson's
tures for long-billed curlews and savannah
parkway are migratory, spending only 3-6
warblers, fox sparrows, white-crowned
sparrows.
months here each year. Migratory birds are
sparrows. pine siskins and yellow-headed
protected while they nest In national parks,
blackbirds. Lazull buntings and green-
Menor's Ferry at Moose
but may lose safe nesting sites on other
tailed towhees use the drier hillsides
Follow the self-guiding trall to turn-
lands due to human activities. Migratory
adjacent to Willow Flats.
of-the-century cabins along the
birds also face numerous perils on their long
Snake River. Bird life abounds due to
journeys to and from wintering grounds.
Oxbow Bend
riparian habitat. Violet-green, tree, cliff and
Human-caused habitat changes fragment
A slow-moving, cut-off meander of
barn swallows scoop Insects out of the air
forests and remove safe feeding and
the Snake River, Oxbow Bend
as western wood-pewees, dusky flycatch-
roosting areas in migration corridors. Birds
supports lush underwater plant growth and
ers and mountain blueblrds hawk for flying
that migrate to the tropics may lose their
abundant fish, food for aquatic birds. Great
insects. Yellow warblers glean Insects
winter range due to deforestation.
blue herons and osprey nest here. White
from cottonwood trees and willow and
pelicans, double-crested cormorents,
silverberry shrubs lining the Snake River.
Birdwatchers and scientists allke have
common mergansers and bald eagles fish
Calliope, broad-talled and rutous hum-
become concerned about the future of
in the shallow water. Because of Oxbow
mingbirds seek nectar from wildflowers.
migratory birds. Show your concern by
Bend's proximity to Willow Flats, the
Kingfishers, common mergansers, ospreys
enjoying birds in your backyard and In
birdlife is quite similar.
and bald eagles catch fish In the river.
your travels! Assist scientists to mea-
sure bird population changes by partici-
Two Ocean Lake
pating In bird counts and surveys, such
Western grebes, trumpeter swans,
as Christmas Bird Counts, the North
common mergansers and
American Migration Count, and Breed-
occasional common loons summer on the
ing Bird Surveys. Find out about the
lake. Western tanagers, pine grosbeaks,
Partners in Flight program in your home
Cassin's finches and other songbirds
state. You can use your interest and
abound in the open coniferous forests and
knowledge of birds to help assure their
aspen stands surrounding the lake.
futurel
GRTE 3/94
SENT BY:GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 ; 12:11
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709;#32
Grand Teton
National Park
P.O. Drawer 170
Moose, Wyoming 83012
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway
307 739-3600
4 SHEETS
Elk Ecology & Management
"Often from out of the forest, as I sit here
writing, comes the long clear bugle note
of a bull elk These are the adventures
of the wilderness, the scenes which
make up Nature's great mosaic. Why do
we so delight in the wild creatures of the
forest, some of us 80 passionately that It
colors our whole life." Elk biologist Olaus
Murie, Wapiti Wilderness.
Jackson Hole Elk
Physical Characteristics
About 95,000 elk live in the Greater
Elk are ungulates (hooved animals) that
growth period, antiers are covered with
Yellowstone Ecosystem, a twelve-million
belong to the deer family. Elk have a dark
"velvet," a fuzzy substance composed of
acre area that includes Grand Teton and
head, neck and legs, with a lighter brown
blood vessels that nourlsh developing
Yellowstone National Parks, the Rockefeller
body and a oream-colored rump. Wapiti,
antiers. Antlers are cartifage-like during
Parkway, seven national forests and two
the Shawnee name for elk, means white
formation. but later become bone. When
national wildlife refuges. Elk residing in
rump. Females have & darker body than
antiers are fully developed. bulls rub the
Grand Teton and the Rocketeller Parkway
males.
velvet off by scraping their antiers against
are part of the targe Jackson Hole elk herd.
saplings.
Management of this herd, Including elk
Mature males have branched antiers;
within the park and parkway. to intensive
yearing males, called spikes, usually have
Adult males weigh 550 800 pounds; adult
and involves an authorized hunt.
unbranched antiers. Antler size Indicates
females weigh 450 550 pounds.
dominance, nutritional state and genetic
The breeding period, called the rut, occurs
fitness. Females do not have antiers.
from late August to early November.
Large males shed their antiers each year
The gestation period is 8-1/2 months;
during March and April, while younger
calving occurs In late May and June. Usually
bulls shed their antlers later in the spring.
one call is bom: twins are very rare. New-
New antler growth begins within a week
born calves weigh 30 - 40 pounds at birth
after shedding and continues until late
and 200 pounds at the end of their first
August when the antiers are full-sized. At
summer.
peak rate of growth in summer, antlers
Most elk on the National Elk Refuge are 3
may grow one Inch per day. During the
- 10 years old. The oldest elk was a 30 year
old female; oldest male was 18 years old.
National Flk Refuge
Elk Annual Cycle
Settlement of Jackson Hole blocked
During autumn males gather harems of
funnel to wintering grounds. Many elk winter
traditional elk migration routes and winter
females that they mate and zealously
on the National E& Refuge at the southern.
range. Elk were attracted to hay that
guard. Bulls bugle, a high-pitched whisting
lower end of Jackson Hole. Migration begins
renchers stored for livestock. Because of
sound, followed by grunts, 88 part of the
In October and is usually completed by mid-
conflicts between wintering elk and livestock,
mating ritual. Bugling is a male dominance
December.
the National Elk Refuge was established in
display that attracts females and states the
1912 to provide a secure winter range for
rank of the male. Rival males respond by
As snow melts in early spring. elk begin to
elk. Today the refuge is comprised of 24,700
bugling back. Bulls may actually spar with
stream off the refuge. They follow leafing-out
acres of land kept largely in native grasses
challengers, after first demonstrating threat
of vegetation as they return to their tradhional
and other plants elk will eat. When snow
postures, then thrashing the ground with
summer ranges in higher elevation mead-
becomes crusty or too deep, elk are fed
their antiers.
DWS. Females give birth to calves on their
pelleted alfalfa hay. Elk are on the refuge for
summer range; some may calve during
about six months and are usually fed for
Females enter estrus (breeding receptivity)
migration. Cows, calves and young males
about two months. Winter mortality on the
for a twelve hour period. H they are not
remain in small groups throughout the
refuge is about 1.5%; under more natural
bred. estrus may recur up to four times at
summer, while older males, their antiers in
wintering situations, up to 20% mortality can
twenty day Intervals. Eighty-five to ninety
velvet, form bachelor herds.
be expected depending on weather,
per cent of females become pregnant each
year.
SENT :GRAND TETON NAT'L PARK; 8-21-95 12:12
(307) 739-3438->
82024565709;#33
3
we 80 delight in the wild creatures of the
forest, some of us SO passionately that it
colors our whole life." Elk biologist Olaus
Murle, Wapiti Wilderness.
Jackson Hole Elk
Physical Characteristics
About 95,000 elk live in the Greater
Elk are ungulates (hooved animals) that
growth period, antiers are covered with
Yellowstone Ecosystem, R twelve-million
belong to the deer family. Elk have a dark
"velvet," a fuzzy substance composed of
acre area that includes Grand Teton and
head, neck and legs, with a lighter brown
blood vessels that nourish developing
Yellowstone National Parks, the Rockefeller
body and a cream-colored rump. Wapiti,
antiers. Antiers are cartiage-like during
Parkway, seven national forests and two
the Shawnee name for sk, means white
formation, but later become bone. When
national wildlle refuges. Elk residing In
rump. Females have a darker body than
antiers are fully developed, bulls rub the
Grand Teton and the Rockefeller Parkway
males.
velvet off by acraping their antiers against
are part of the large Jackson Hole elk herd.
saplings.
Management of this herd, including elk
Mature males have branched antiers;
within the park and parkway, la Intensive
yearling males, called spikes, usually have
Adult males weigh 550 - 800 pounds; adult
and Involves an authorized hunt.
unbranched antlers. Antier size Indicates
females weigh 450 - 550 pounds.
dominance, nutritional state and genetic
The breeding period, called the rut, occure
fitness. Females do not have antiers.
from late August to early November.
Large males shed their antiers each year
The gestation period is 8-1/2 months;
during March and Aprtl, while younger
calving occurs in late May and June. Usually
bulls shed their antiers later in the spring.
one call is bom; twine are very rare. New-
New antler growth begins within a week
bom calves weigh 30 - 40 pounds at birth
after shedding and continues until late
and 200 pounds at the end of their first
August when the antiers are full-sized. At
summer.
peak rate of growth In summer, antiers
Most elk on the National Elk Refuge are 3
may grow one Inch per day. During the
10 years old. The oldest elk was a 30 year
old female; oldest male was 18 years old.
National Elk Refuge
Elk Annual Cycle
Settlement of Jackson Hole blocked
During autumn males gather hareme of
funnel to wintering grounds. Many elk winter
traditional elk migration routes and winter
females that they mate and zealously
on the National Elk Refuge at the southern,
range. Elk were attracted to hay that
guard. Bulls bugle, a high-pitched whisting
lower end of Jackson Hole. Migration begins
ranchers stored for livestock. Because of
sound, followed by grunts, as part of the
In October and is usually completed by mid-
conflicts between wintering elk and livestock,
mating ritual. Bugling is a male dominance
December.
the National Elk Refuge was established In
display that attracts females and states the
1912 to provide a secure winter range for
rank of the male, Rival males respond by
As snow melts in early spring. elk begin to
elk. Today the refuge is comprised of 24,700
bugling back. Bulls may actually spar with
stream off the refuge. They follow leating-out
acres of land kept largely In native grasses
challengers, after first demonstrating threat
of vegetation as they return to their traditional
and other plants elk will eat. When snow
postures, then thrashing the ground with
summer ranges in higher elevation mead-
becomes crusty or too deep, alk are fed
their antiers.
ows. Females give birth to calves on their
pelleted alfalfa hay. Elk are on the refuge for
summer range; some may calve during
about six months and are usually fed for
Females enter estrus (breeding receptivity)
migration. Cows, calves and young males
about two months. Winter mortality on the
for a twelve hour period. If they are not
remain in small groups throughout the
refuge is about 1.5%; under more natural
bred, estrus may recur up to four times at
summer, while older males, their antiers in
wintering situations, up to 20% mortality can
twenty day Intervals. Eighty-five to ninety
velvet, form bachelor herds.
be expected depending on weather.
per cent of females become pregnant each
year.
Summer is a brief time of plenty. Elk are
Elk on the refuge spend summers in Grand
primarily grazers-they eat lush grasses and
Teton National Park, the Bridger-Teton
The rut is an Intense time for bulls. Domi-
wildflowers, although when food is scarce,
National Forest east of the park or in the
nant males expend a considerable amount
they will browse on woody shrubs and
southern part of Yellowstone National Park.
of energy and rarely eat. The price for
saplings. Elk eat at dawn and dusk, and
passing on their genes consists of entering
spend warm days In the cool. shade of foresta
winter with their resources severely
as they ruminate (chew their cud). At first
deplated.
females leave their nearly scentless spotted
calves curled up as they feed some distance
Snowfall in the high country prompts elk to
away. Within a week or two, calves follow
move from their summer ranges to lower
their mothers.
elevations. To reach the grasses they eat,
elk paw through snow, so their feeding is
By late summer males' increased testoster-
hampered by deep or crusty enow,
one levels have resulted in completion of
Throughout the fall, elk In Grand Teton
antler development and the start of the rut.
follow drainages and ridge lines as they
As tall colors peak, the haunting sound of
bugling elk fills the air
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Population Regulation
Female elk are able to begin breeding when
they are 1-1/2 years old, but most start
Flagg Ranch
North
breeding at 2-1/2 years of age. Females
Village
usually breed every year and have one call
ROCKEFELLER.
per year until they die, although about 70%
of juvenlies do not survive their first year.
Life expectancy for female elk averages
twelve years, but some may live Into their
twenties. Elk have a high reproduction
potential: A ten-year old female may
account for five additional living descen-
dante, which le a five-fold Increase in the
population.
Teton Wilderness
Bridger-Teton
Winter mortality, disease and predation
National Forest
contribute to olk population reduction, as
does hunting. Available natural winter range
GRAND
Area 71
is limited due to human development. The
National Elk Refuge is designed to support
up to 7,500 elk each winter. In recent years
TETON
about 10,000 elk have wintered on and near
LAKE
the refuge; about 90% of the Jackson Hole
elk herd winters on the refuge and on three
NATIONAL
state-operated feed grounds in the Gros
Ventre River drainage. Some elk winter
singly or in small groups seattered through-
PARK
Colter Bay
out Jackson Hole. The Jackson Hole elk
herd consists of about 16,000 alk, although
k Rd
the management objective is 11,000 elk.
Elk Management Program
Bignal
Mountain
The elk population within Grand Tetan
National Park is jointly managed by the
Laigh
Wyoming Game and Fish Department and
Lake
the National Park Service. The present
Area
boundaries of Grand Teton National Park
were established In 1980 by Public Law 81-
787. Congress Included a provision for
Jenny
Snake
managing oik numbers through a special
Lake
annual elk management program. According
Shading Indicates
to this law, hunters selected to participate in
area open to
the hunt must have legal Wyoming hunting
Bridger
hunting
licenses for special areas 75/76 and 79 and
Are
Teton
are also deputized as park rangers.
National
Hunt Camp
Forest
1994 Elk Management Program
Hunting occurs in Grand Teton National
Park from October 15 through December 4,
Moose
1994. Between Moose and Moran, legal
hunt areas are east of the Snake River.
North of Moran Junction, legal hunting
occure east of Highway 89 and throughout
Kelly
the Rocketeller Perkway. See the map for
action yourself. This is a job for a ranger.
specific areas that are open to hunting.
Note the location. description of the people
Check at the Moose Visitor Center (open
Cros Ventre River National
Involved, license numbers and descriptions
daily 8 a.m. - 5 p.m.) for more details.
of any vehicles and report the Incident as
Elk
soon as possible. Call 911 or park dispatch
Hunt camps are located within the park at
Refuge
at 739-3301. Call 1-800-442-4331 to report
Paoific Creek and at Pilgrim Creek; only
poaching outside the park.
hunters possessing valid permits for the
park elk management program may camp at
Visitor Safety
Pacific Creek, while Pilgrim Creek is also
Road closures
Hunting is prohibited within 1/4 mile of state
open to those hunters with general licenses.
Certain park roads are closed or have
highways 26 and 89 and within 1/2 mile of
Hunters may not camp elsewhere In the
nightly closures to allow elk to migrate freely
buildings. Some parts of Area 76/76 have a
park. Hunters that kill alk are required to
and to prevent poaching. The RKO Road,
1/4-mile closure. Closed parts of Area 75/78
hang the meat at least ten feet high from the
the River Road and the Bar BC Road
are posted. Shooting is permitted adjacent to
racks provided In the hunt camps to prevent
(unpaved roads from Signal Mountain south
secondary roads within aleas open to
black and grizzly beare from obtaining the
to Cottonwood Creek) are closed at all
hunting. While visitore may hike in parts of
ment
SENT BY: GRAND TETON NAT PARK; 8-21-95 12:14
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82024565709:#35
does hunting. Available natural winter range
GRAND
is limited due to human development. The
Area 71
National Elk Refuge is designed to support
up to 7,500 elk each winter. in recent years
TETON
about 10,000 elk have wintered on and near
the refuge; about 90% of the Jackson Hole
elk herd winters on the refuge and on three
NATIONAL
state-operated feed grounds in the Gros
Ventre River drainage. Some elk winter
singly or in email groups scattered through-
PARK
Colter Bay
out Jackson Hole. The Jackson Hole elk
herd consists of about 16,000 elk, although
k Rd
the management objective Is 11,000 elk.
Elk Management Program
Nanal
Mountain
The elk population within Grand Teton
National Park is jointly managed by the
Leigh
Wyoming Game and Fish Department and
Lake
the National Park Service. The present
Area
boundaries of Grand Teton National Park
were established in 1950 by Public Law 81-
Ford
787. Congress Included a provision for
Jenny
Snake
managing elk numbers through a special
Lake
annual elk management program. According
Shading Indicates
to this law, hunters selected to participate in
area open to
the hunt must have legal Wyoming hunting
Bridger
hunting
licenses for special areas 75/76 and 79 and
Are
Teton
are also deputized as park rangers.
7
National
Hunt Camp
Forest
1994 Elk Management Program
Hunting occure in Grand Tetan National
Park from October 15 through December 4,
Moose
1994. Between Moose and Moran, legal
hunt areas are east of the Snake River.
North of Moran Junction, legal hunting
pccurs east of Highway 89 and throughout
Kelly
the Rockefeiler Parkway. See the map for
action yourself. This is a job for a ranger.
specific areas that are open to hunting.
Note the location, description of the people
Check at the Moose Visitor Center (open
daily 8 a.m. - 5 p.m.) for more details.
Vantre
involved, license numbers and descriptions
National
of any vehicles and report the Incident as
Gros
Elk
soon as possible. Call 911 or park dispatch
Hunt camps are located within the park at
Refuge
at 739-3301. Call 1-800-442-4331 to report
Pacific Creek and at Pligrim Creek; only
poaching outside the park.
hunters possessing valid permits for the
park elk management program may camp at
Visitor Safety
Pacific Creek, while Pilgrim Creek is also
Road closures
Hunting is prohibited within 1/4 mile of state
open to those hunters with general licenses.
Certain park roads are closed or have
highways 26 and 89 and within 1/2 mile of
Hunters may not camp elsewhere In the
nightly closures to allow elk to migrate freely
buildings. Some parts of Area 75/76 have a
park. Hunters that kill elk are required to
and to prevent poaching. The RKO Road,
1/4-mile closure. Closed parts of Area 75/76
hang the meat at least ten feet high from the
the River Road and the Bar BC Read
are posted. Shooting is permitted adjacent to
racks provided in the hunt camps to prevent
(unpaved roads from Signal Mountain south
secondary roads within areas open to
black and grizzly bears from obtaining the
to Cottonwood Creek) are closed at all
hunting. While visitors may hike in parts of
meat.
times effective October 1, 1994. The
Grand Teton National Park and the
unpaved portion of the Moose-Wilson
Rockefeller Parkway that are open to legal
Hunting In the Rockefeller Parkway
Road Is closed nightly from 8 p.m. - 8 a.m.
hunting, h is not recommended. Most of the
The John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial
Mountain Daylight Time (7 p.m. - 7 a.m.
park's hiking trails are located in areas not
Parkway unites Grand Teton and
when Mountain Standard Time starts)
open to hunting. Consult the map or check at
Yellowstone National Parks. This 24,000
effective October 18. 1994. This portion of
the Moose Visitor Center for recommended
acre unit is administered by Grand Teton,
the Moose-Wilson Road closes for the
hiking trails.
but hunting regulations are in accord with
season with the first significant snowfall and
Wyoming State law. Elk hunting occurs
is not plowed after November 1. The Teton
Safe Driving
throughout the Rockefeller Parkway. The
Park Road is closed for the winter from
Rockefeller Parkway is also open for legal
three miles north of Moose to Signal
Watch for large animals on the road. Drive
hunting of several other game species from
Mountain effective November 1, 1994.
slowly at night. Elk, blson and mule deer
September 1 through December 31.
frequently migrate at night and may be
Poaching
difficult to see. Moose use roads as travel
Abundant wildlife in national parks attracts
corridors. Hitting & large animal at highway
poachers. If you witness any activity you
speeds has resulted in fatal accidents.
believe to be illegal, do not attempt to take
Careful driving protects you and wildlife.
PRESIDENT WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON
RADIO ADDRESS TO THE NATION
AUGUST 26, 1995
Good morning. There is an old Native American saying that goes,
"In all our deliberations we must take into account the well-
being of the seventh generation to follow." The wisdom of those
words has come alive to me during my family's Wyoming vacation.
During the past week, Chelsea, Hillary and I had the pleasure of
visiting two of this nation's most spectacular national treasures
-- Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks. Looking out at
the grand vistas of mountains, rivers and sky, I have felt deeply
grateful that those who came before us saw fit to preserve this
land for the enjoyment of future generations.
That was the intent of Congress when it established the National
Park Service 79 years ago yesterday. August 25, 1916 marked the
beginning of America's bipartisan commitment to promote and
preserve our natural, cultural and historic heritage.
I can think of few things as nourishing to mind, body and soul as
a hike in the breathtakingly beautiful American wilderness that
is so striking up here in Wyoming. And I can think of few things
that mean more to the national life of our country than our
national parks.
Last year, more than 270 million visitors made their way to
places like Yellowstone, Grand Teton and Grand Canyon National
Parks -- and to urban treasures like Golden Gate in California,
Cuyahoga in Ohio, and Gateway in New York. Our 369 national
parks are not only aesthetically pleasing, they are important to
the economies of their communities. In 1994, visitors to
Yellowstone pumped more than $643 million into the local economy,
creating more than 12,000 jobs. Visitors to Big Bend National
Park along the Texas-Mexico border spent more than $77 million
while creating 1,544 local jobs.
But while our national parks have been good for local economies,
many of them have fallen into disrepair. If we want them to be
there for our children in the 21st century, we are going to have
to turn this around. But there is a right way and a wrong way to
do this. The wrong way is just to say this is an investment not
worth making -- to close parks and sell them off to the highest
bidder. That would not be keeping faith with the kind of common
sense values that made this country great.
That's why my Administration joined with the American people this
summer in refusing to allow budget cuts proposed by the
Congressional majority that could have forced the closing of more
than 200 national parks and recreation areas.
1
The right way to help our parks is through sensible reforms like
the ones my Administration has proposed.
First, we want to put our parks on sound financial footing by
keeping fees in the parks. Most visitors to our national parks
believe the fees they pay are used for park improvements. They
are not. But that will change under our reforms. Visitors tell
us they want their money to stay in the parks and they would even
pay a little more if they knew that was the case. That's what we
propose to do.
The other thing that has to be changed is the archaic contract
policies that have kept concession fees unreasonably low. We're
going to change that. Those who make a profit from the private
businesses they run in our parks should pay a fair amount for the
privilege. And some of that money should also be returned to
benefit the parks.
As we reform the way we manage our national parks, we must also
make sure we continue to meet the larger challenge of keeping our
environment safe and clean. Right now, we face a big threat from
those who would depart from what has been a bipartisan
commitment. Under pressure from polluting industries, the House
recently voted to gut environmental and public health
protections. If they get their way, the safety of our air, our
food, our drinking water, the water we fish and swim in will be
compromised. The budget bill they passed would cut environmental
enforcement by 50 percent. It would virtually bring to a halt
federal enforcement of the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act, and
it would stop toxic waste cleanups. This would be a terrible
mistake, and I will not let it happen. The minute these anti-
environment measures hit my desk, they will be dead.
The American people have stood together on common ground to
preserve our environment. President Theodore Roosevelt, a
Republican, began this century with a fervent call for
conservation. In 1905 he said, "There can be nothing in the
world more beautiful than the Yosemite, the groves of giant
sequoias and redwoods, the Canyon of the Colorado, the Canyon of
the Yellowstone, the Three Tetons -- and our people should see to
it that they are preserved for their children and their
children's children forever
"
I second that emotion -- and
after spending the past week in Wyoming, I have an even deeper
appreciation for its meaning.
Let us end this century by meeting the challenge Teddy Roosevelt
set for us at the beginning. We have made enormous progress in
the protection of our environment the last two decades. The
future can be even brighter. It's up to us.
Thanks for listening.
2