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Sean Maloney's Files
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FOIA Number: 2016-0970-F
FOIA
MARKER
This is not a textual record. This is used as an
administrative marker by the William J. Clinton
Presidential Library Staff.
Collection/Record Group: Clinton Presidential Records
Subgroup/Office of Origin:
Staff Secretary
Series/Staff Member:
Sean Maloney
Subseries:
OA/ID Number:
14868
FolderID:
Folder Title:
Tuesday, October 5, 1999 [1]
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Section:
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40
5
3
1
Withdrawal/Redaction Marker
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. note
[Personally Identifiable Information] [partial] (1 page)
10/00/1999
b(6)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Staff Secretary
Sean Maloney (Chron File (Oct 99))
OA/Box Number: 14868
FOLDER TITLE:
Tuesday, October 5, 1999
2016-0970-F
rs3012
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
THE
PRESIDENT
HAS
SEEN
wen 10-5-99 13" is X of ULTRA OR BUT mey XX way
USER 19/9/19 the 2
as
copied
Berger
Podesta
Robert D. Novak
Labor and Gore
Next week brings an unwelcome conjunc-
ey-laundering conspiracy aimed at keeping
But the United Auto Workers have not been
light, and though not officially targeted, he
tion even someone so close to the Clinton-
charmed by Gore's long-standing vendetta
could become involved in the New York City
Gore political apparatus as Trumka.
tion of events for the AFL-CIO hierarchy in
Hoffa out of power.
general and Secretary-Treasurer Rich Trumka
Hoffa and his friends, occupying the Team-
against the internal combustion engine, and
trial scheduled to begin Oct. 12.
Thus, the voiding of Carey's 1996 election
in particular. At the labor federation's exec-
its president, Stephen Yokich, has held back
Just how far afield that trial goes is up to the
and Hoffa's victory in the 1998 special election
sters palace on Capitol Hill, threaten the cozy
utive counsel meeting Oct. 11 in Los Angeles,
partnership between the Democratic Party
from endorsing the vice president. So have the
defendant: William Hamilton, the Teamsters'
pose long-term consequences for the labor-
and big labor. Indeed, they are still bitter
political director during the Carey regime. He
Democratic marriage. The new Teamsters
Trumka will press hard for an immediate pres-
painters and electricians.
idential endorsement of Vice President Al
about plotting between the White House and
Trumka's high-profile activity for Gore pins
is charged with orchestrating the money-
leader rejected a feeler from Pat Buchanan to
Gore. On the next day, when a labor-Demo-
AFL-CIO that rigged the 1996 election to keep
down Teamster non-support. In November
laundering conspiracy intended to swap in-
be his vice-presidential running mate on the
1997, a court-appointed master ruled that
flated contributions to the Democratic Party
Reform ticket. But Hoffa has signaled he likes
cratic Party federal corruption trial begins in
Hoffa out power. The Teamsters don't figure
New York City district court, Trumka will be
they can block the Gore endorsement, but
Trumka had improperly raised $50,000 for
in return for funds to reelect Carey. He has
Buchanan because they share the same views
then-Teamsters President Ron Carey's 1996
been under intense pressure to make a plea
on NAFTA and Mexican long-haul trucking.
praying just as hard that he is not involved.
they want no part of it.
The offstage actor in both events is Team-
Gore is desperate for help from his friends
reelection, which defeated Hoffa but was void-
bargain by testifying against other conspira-
The Republican front-runner, Texas Gov.
in labor. Moving his headquarters to Nashville
ed by court order. Trumka then invoked the
tors. The master's report also has McEntee
George W. Bush, also has good relations with
sters President James P. Hoffa. The reason the
and challenging Bill Bradley to a series of de-
Fifth Amendment in refusing to cooperate
improperly sending $20,000 to the Teamsters,
Hoffa and opposes a continuation of court-
AFL-CIO brass has to work so aggressively for
bates betray weakness. AFL-CIO President
with the federal government's investigation.
but he is not a prosecutorial target.
ordered supervision over the Teamsters. So
the Gore endorsement is that the Teamsters
John Sweeney wants to endorse the vice presi-
Sweeney did not ask for Trumka's resignation,
A government source says that if Hamilton
the Teamsters say no to Al Gore and secretly
support that would have gone automatically to
the vice president was withdrawn immedi-
reversing an AFL-CIO practice of 40 years.
is to avoid the possibility of a prison term, his
hope the money-laundering case actually does
dent, and the heat has been applied to recal-
best bet would be to "give up" Trumka. If he
go to trial.
ately when Hoffa was 'ected president nearly
citrants by Trumka and Gerald McEntee, head
According to Justice Department sources,
a year ago. The New York trial charges a mon-
of the big government workers' union.
Trumka has been in the investigative spot-
did, it might be too late to save from prosecu-
© 1999, Creators Syndicate Inc.
10
ation Act.
Iraq."
that will topple.
military.
MONDAY, OCTOBER 4. 1999
The Washington Post
The writer is a Democratic senator from Nebraska.
supplanted by security, prosperity and creative diversity.
where ethnic rivalry, poverty and excessive armaments will be
to starve. A democratic Iraq will transform the Middle East,
war against one another. Democracies do not allow their people
democracy, our pride should double. Democracies do not wage
stand we took. And if our subsequent support of Iraq leads to
truth about Saddam's regime spills out-we will be proud of the
The liberation of Iraq is inevitable. When it comes-and the
articles for the Tragi opposition authorized under the Iraq I iber-
er boldness, especially with regard to the draw-down of defense
the same time, I encourage the administration to with great-
Iraq, to unite the Iraqi opposition and coordinate U.S. policy. At
Ricciardone, the special representative for the transition in
posed to Saddam's regime. I also appreciate the efforts of Frank
administration for putting the United States on record as op-
Iraq that have shaped the safe-sided U.S. approach. I praise the
The Iraq Liberation Act counters false presumptions about
day embroils our military in combat operations.
its neighbors, fired ballistic missiles at Israel and which even to-
that used chemical weapons on its own people, invaded two of
been more interested in avoiding risk than in ending the regime
been callous by failing to support the Iraqi opposition. We have
We have been callous, but not through sanctions. We have
that we are "insensitive to the human disaster underway in
spection system. French Foreign Minister Hubert Vedrine says
is, drop the sanctions, and accept a "less confrontational" in-
cares. Some of our allies suggest we accept the Iraqi regime as it
Behind the arguments for inaction is the notion that no one
a unified, well-financed rebel movement. This is leadership
self and two sons. This is not a coalition that could withstand
and two sons-in-law. His leadership circle has shrunk to him-
tle insulation from Saddam's wrath; he murdered his cousin
but also his more effective lieutenants. Family ties provide lit-
force his authority. Saddam has eliminated not only his rivals
Saddam is also weak in terms of subordinates who can en-
tions suggest that little fighting spirit is to be found in the Iraqi
saw in the Gulf War that few wanted to make the supreme sacri-
them. Iraq's air defenses are daily proven ineffective. Also, we
lightly armed Kurds or Shia rebels-but not enough to conquer
Saddam looks weak. He may have enough capability to terrorize
A third presumption is that Saddam is strong. Iraq is almost
Americans in American government.
of nationality:
eration.
fice to follow Saddam's orders, and the many ensuing deser-
terms of current capability against a well-armed rebel force,
certainly developing more weapons of mass destruction. But in
participation in Israeli politics and the participation of Arab
elections in Jordan, Kuwait and Lebanon, as well as Israeli-Arab
selves better than others can rule them. I believe this based on
with a small as well as a large D, I believe Iraqis can rule them-
are missing from their DNA, is racist. Because I am a democrat
cy. The notion that Iraqis are deficient, that the democracy lines
A second presumption is that Iraq cannot practice democra-
glot composition of Baghdad demonstrates Iraqis' strong sense
performance of Iraqi soldiers in the war with Iran and the poly-
into ethnic mini-states, threatening its neighbors' stability. The
tion on this is that without a dictatorship, Iraq would dissolve
thaw, dictatorships end not with stability but uproar. A varia-
Stasis freezes things. And because frozen things inevitably
Arab world proves this notion's falsity. Dictators bring stasis.
The first presumption is that dictators bring stability. The
false presumptions and delays a fuller commitment to Iraq's lib-
Iraq fatigue exists among policymakers. This fatigue is based on
inevitable but also may be imminent. Yet a certain amount of
This is an important step toward liberation, which is not only
tion will meet in New York to hold their first national assembly.
Hussein. Later this month, members of the united Iraqi opposi-
finished business, none more urgent than the regime of Saddam
tion have helped liberate many countries. But we have un-
Throughout this century, American support and determina-
To Liberate Iraq
Bob Kerrey
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
10-5-99
copied
Blumenthal
Podesta
100)
10/03/99
SUN
08:04
FAX
For now, the situation is bleak
Heavy Debt Erodes
and getting worse. Л study pub-
Either way, the result is the na-
Bahed last week by the Organiza-
lion's most fundamental prob-
tion of Economic Cooperation
lems have not been addressed
United Germany's
and Development showed that in
since unification," Baring said.
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
terms of growth and Jobs outlook.
Upon taking office, close asso-
Germany languishes at the bac.
clates say Schrocder was stunned
tom:
10-5-99
Prosperity, Power
by the ruinous state of the na-
The basic problem is clear: The
tion's (inances that he had inher-
terms of the generous social con-
Ited from Kohl. As a master of
A1
tract drawn up in the days of
B) WILLIUM DROZDIAK
Germany's postwer economic
consensus. the chancellor of Gcr-
Wushington Phot Foreign Service
boom have become too expen-
man unity had tried to please
sive. The high cost of subsidiaing
everyhody by pouring huge sums
BERLIN. Oct. 2-When its 82 million people
4 million unemployed workers
of money Into the cast while
bridged the Cold War divide to become a reunited
and their families, paying pen-
fueling an economic boom In the
nation nine years ago Sunday. Germany acemed poised
sions sometimes cqual to full rala-
to emerge (rom the shadows of Nazi and Communist
rics and lavishing almost $100
west.
dictatorships and blossom into a new superpower
billion a year on the east have
"We now realize we should
whose political inducnce would be commensurate with
caused the national debt to triple
have used reunification as an
its clout as the world's chird-targest economy.
in less than a decade. It is running
opportunity to push through re-
Yet nearly a decade after the fall of the Berlin Wall
close to $900 billion-a burden of
forms needed to modernize Ger-
signaled a new era of German ascendancy. the founda-
$11,000 for every German.
meny and prepare the nation for
dony of the nation's prosperity are rapidly eroding.
Just when Germany requires
the 21st century." said Wallgang
There is broad agreement among politicians, econo-
more investment, the enormous
Schaeuble, the Christian Demo-
mists, labor leaders and businessmen interviewed that
price of doing business here is
cratic Union leader who was
Europe's most Divotal state is living perilously beyond
driving away domestic and for-
Kohl's most trusted licutenant.
its means and has failed to achieve a consensus on how
clgn companies. With average
"But we had campaigned on the
to solve the crisis.
wage costs running close to $30
an hour. nearly double that of the
promise that it all could be
We simply cannot go on living the way we have been
doing," Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder said In a recent
United States, many Dagship
achieved without any pain."
debate in the newly refurbished Rclehstag. "We have
companies like Siemens AG and
Schroeder also prumised a bet-
built up a mountain of debt that is placing an intokrable
Volkswagen find it more profit-
burden on the backs of our children. We are dealing
able to shift production abroad.
More than a million jobs have
ter life and thus shirked from
with nothing less than a challenge to the nation's future
as one of the world's most affluent democracter"
been lost since 1995, and the
making a dramatic bid' for CCO-
Acknowledging a crisia, Schroeder has staked his
trend is accelerating.
nomic reform. During his first
government's survival on what he describes as "the
In addition,much of the state's
months in office. he even re-
biggest reform package in postwar German his-
treasury is being wasted on are
versed the modest stepe Kohl had
tory." He plans to trim the budget by $16 billion
serving jobs in antiquated indus-
taken toward reducing the
next year and raise gasoline taxes to slop the
tries, such as coal and steel, rath-
growth of pensions and sick
hemorrhaging debts caused by Germany's runaway
er than building up a strong
leave.
spending on entitlements.
technology sector. Despite such
As the U.S. and Britain pruned
occasional success stories as the
the role of government, Germa-
But the stinging defeats he and
SAP software firm, Germany's
ny's dependence on the state ex-
his ruling Social Democratic Par-
economic power is largely con-
centrated in three sectors: auto-
panded when West Gentiony ab-
ty have suffered in recent state
mobiles, chemicals and machine
sorbed 17 million people born
elections suggest that voters are
not willing to make even taken
tools.
and raised in a cradle-co-grave
sacrifices to redresa Imbalances
Meanwhile. the tax base la
communist society. Schroeder
in the nation's social contract.
ahrinking. A growing number of
now proposes to reduce the
How Germany copes with the
joblesa people means that (ewer
state's role in the German econo-
challenge of modernizing its
are paying taxes and more are
economy will also shape its neigh-
drawing state benefits. Helty tax-
my from 48 percent to 40 percent,
but his loss of support in the cast
bora' destinies. As the continent's
ea have encouraged a flourishing
targest nation west of Russia,
underground economy worth
testifies to deep anxiety about
such a move.
surrounded by nine countries and
$350 billion, about one-sixth of
"We are not ready to make the
endowed with an economy twice
total output. And many large
companies in Germany still find
jump into a market society like
the size of Britain's, Germany has
legal ways to avoid taxes. A gov-
the United States," said Lathar
become more critical than ever 34
de Maiziere, a lawyer who served
an anchor of stability in the heart
ernment study found that corpo-
rations in Germany pay only 8
as the last prime minister of the
of the continent.
defunct German Democratic Re-
As a regional power that, in
percent of total tax revenue, com-
pared with 24 percent In the
public. "History took such 10
Foreign Minister Joschka Fisch-
er's words. "prefera to lead from
United States.
amazing and sudden turn for us
Having one of the world's law-
that the social problems of adapt-
the second row," Germany has
est birth rates also threatens Ger-
ing to a new society were badly
made impressive gains toward
shedding past inhibitions while
many's future. Soon, one in five
underestimated. How much free-
facing up to historical responst-
Germans will be retired and
dom can someone bear who is not
drawing a large pension, yet the
prepared for it?"
bilities, In Kosavo, it disparched
imploding demographic pat-
As Germany confronts the
pencekeeping troops beyond Its
tern-coupled with an aversion
pressing challenge to streamline
borders for the first time since
the Nazl era; it has welcomed
to accepting more immigrants-
the welfare state and adapt to the
more refugees from the Balkan
means that a much smaller care of
competitive pressures of a global
wars than all other European
working people will support
economy, it seems less prepared
them.
than at any time since reunifica-
nations combined: and it took the
lead in promoting carly European
"We are in the process of be
tion to undertake the wrenching
Union membership for new East.
coming an old people's home and
changes needed to revitalize soci-
em European democracles, such
an industrial muscum," says Ar-
ety and make people more re-
as Poland, Hungary and the
nulf Baring, an economics profes-
sponsible for their own welfare.
Czech Republic.
for at Bertin's Free University
The whole nation may be re
But the future of its political
and the author of a bleak progno-
united, but It is in a bad mood,"
ambitions, German officials say,
sia titled "Is Germany Failing?"
says Guenter de Bruyn. an east-
will depend on the nation's ability
He says the combination of Ger
CTR German novelist whose latest
to put Its economy in order. "A
many's low birth rate and heavy
book explores the widespread
prosperous Germany is necessary
welfare costs is a ticking time
feelings of disenchantment felt
to ensure stability not just at
bomb that frightens politicians.
nearly a decade after the wall
home but also beyond our bor.
and voters so much that no one is
came down. "Few people are hap-
ders," said Michael Stuermer, a
willing to touch it.
py about the way things turned
foreign policy expert and adviser
"Are the people to blame for
out and the direction they are
to-former chancellor Helmut
demanding no cuts in subsidies
going." The Westerners, de Bruyn
Kahl. "If Germany continues to
and benefits, or are the pollti-
said, are disgrunted because
gosinto serious decline. it will
cians to blame for our stagnation?
they resent having to subsidize
bring a lot of other countries
the east with their high taxes.
down with it."
And the easterners dislike the
patronizing attitudes they en-
counter among their rich cousins
The Washington Post
in the west.
Indeed. one eighth of Germans
say they would like to restore the
SUNDAY, OCTOBER 3. 1999
1/2
017
10/03/99
SUN
08:06
FAX
Berlin Wall and the Iron Curtain
that once sundered their nation.
The wall in people's minds" -of-
ten evoked to describe the dispar,
ity between case and west-still
remains 10 formidable that only
one in 10 says it is correct. to'
speak about a single German peo-
ple, added De Bruyn.
"We are still a long way from
seeing the light at the end of the
cunnel of reunification." says Roll
Schwanitz, the chancellor's chief
adviser on rebuilding eastern
Cermany. "Despite all the subsi-
dies that have been provided, the
problems we face in bridging the
gap remain gigantic."
With former Communists es-
tablished as the second-most
powerful party In the cast and
xenophobic right-wing parties
gaining a foothold In state parlia-
menta. there is mounting concern
that successive failures of 'ccn-
trist governments Icd by Social
Democrats and Christian Demo-
crats will fuel the rise of fringe
parties.
Kurt Biedenkopf. the Christine
Democratic premier of Saxonis'
said Germany suffers from the
"Buddenbrooks phenomenon." 2
reference to the Thomas Mann
novel that describes the rise and
fall of a German family.
The first generation were the,
Counders, the second enlarged.
the wealth and the third squan-
dered it." he said.
"Many Germans, especially in
the west, are part of that third
generation that became spalled
because they grew up knowing
only good times. Now that we are
spending far more than we can
afford, nobody is willing to tight-
en belts because they still Urink-
the government is obliged to care
for them."
The Washington Post
SUNDAY. OCTOBER 3, 1999
2/2
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
10-5-99
copied
Blumenthel
Reed
Podesta
Bes
10/03/99 SUN FAX
THE
HAS
SEEN
The President Sees Consensus, While Religious Leaders
10-5-99
Disagree About the Church-State Divide
By E.J. DIONNE Ja.
chac the current argument over the role ol
religion in public Instkulions-especially
90 of our leading previdential on
in the public
T
didaced, Terms Cov. George W,
American history, in 1844, be notes, six
Bush and Vice President Core, are
people were killed in a not In Phtlaclelphis
talking enthusianteally about what
over what version of the Ten Command.
government can do to help "faith"
ments should be posted in the public
David organizations" salve social
schools. Whatever one Chinks ol today's
problem At a While House praver breakfast
battles over whether lo past the Ten Com-
with religious leaders last Turaday, President
mandments in goveratient buildings. noth-
Cirlon embraced what he alled "an emerging
ing that disturbing has happened yes,
conseques about the ways In which faith organt
If all crangetical Christians Usuught like
the old-line Haplist separational Clinton
nations and our government on work hopether."
and allre Doliticians prohably wouldo'l be
Paston dealing with social problems are landing
talking 10 repturously about a new rela.
on the covers of national macazince and scholars
clonship between church and slace. But the
are predicilog a new "greal awakening of refr
culture ware changed the Shurch-stale as
dous fervor is the country.
nument by moring many Boodsu 2010
What's going ON here? is the wall between
evangaticals to a new view, that reparacion
deurch and slate numbling down?
was promoting secularize and luming
Not at all But che tara of the alternium in
onceriendly public institutions into cnvit
America any well be remembered as a time
conments hossile Lo religion. The Re:
when the country reneyatisted the relationship
Richard John Neuhaus captural this ICELAC
beliver rellaion and public life. faith and at
in kis 1984 book, The Naled Public
ture Don't be acced by this: WE at not about to
Square."
chuck religious freedam. impose amsorship or
Thus, on church-stace lasues, клур Rich-
hard everyone into & charch, synagogue or
and Clark director of the Washington alTice
maaque Indeed, il is partly because of advance
of the National Association of Evangelicals
in religions trade renk or on deci-
(NAE), his organization has really dooe 1
160 [degree wont over the PART 40 years.
sions and changes that accurred during
Once apposed to state aid to rellgious
the 1960e-that it is CUCTI possible to all about
schools, Cizik said, the NAE now supports
increased overado betwan the religious and
private school muchers and has endorsed
governmental worlds
the "charilable choice" provisions or che
There is no consendua yet un how shurch and
1997 welfare bill promoting government
state are supposed lo work together, let alone
aid to faith-lased charicies
how much. This is nothing new. Arguments for
strong burriers between religion and goucro-
ment have wared and waned through American
bisiory. for mulically different reasons in differ-
E
artier in our history, arguments over
amparation were just as Geroc, but had
different insplacions. When Calliolic
CAL does
Imerigrance begon Dounling America from
Separation belween church and state never
Iscland in the 1840s. there was simne Proe-
mean that religiou had no place In American
eatant opposition to any government assis-
life remember, this la a mation that cull ecumps
tence to the schools the Cathulics were ca-
Tn God We Truse" on iLF currency. But the
cablishing. Here. separaciam was less about
risd or the religious conservesives and the
protecting government or religion then in
culture ware of the Dare hro decades sharp-
opposing any expansion or "Aupury."
card the delate over acparation and
Similar Ashes broke OHL from the tale
sroused halb rides.
'con through the '60s over government aid
On' the one side, relegious
lu parachial schools Eleanor Roasevelt
docried the crowing "Methrization" of
carried out a ismous and biller public NEW
America and edcaged la what sociologist
DIGIN with New York's Cardinal Spellmen
Naihan Classe has alled a "defensive of
on the issue
Censive" meant lo restore the corrences on
"Conninly there's been a regretiable his-
values that eristed or at Icam acemed to
tory of animas toward Calholica says Me-
extr tefore the '60a. On the other. chose.
lissa Rogers, associate general columel at
disourced by the religious right saw sep
the Buptist Joine Commillee on Public AL
aratice as a butwork against the crowing
Girs, whose group is separations and
influence of organizations such M the
spun off from Southern Baptiet Convention
Christian Coalition and the Moral
after Baptist conservatives defealed
Majorita
moderates and liberula
Many ranb-and-Gie conselied Chris
Davis 1000 that reparation was often
dans found themeclves as turned off M the
"fueled by this anti-Catholic blas." But both
real of the country by polarization sround
political issues related to religion There's
Davis and Rogers inglet that anri-Catholic
a certain becklarh acainst the shril, Darth
cien Yes legs Important historically to KD
san'warmage they've heard" Nathan Hatch.
arrionists then a general lear of the effect
the provest at Nobre Dame and & historian
of state involvement la religion on both
of conficial Christianity, told & confer
and the religious institutions
end unputed by the Elbia and МЫЖ
chemselves
Policy Caller be week "A for of event
What's atriking now la that CORRETVALIVE
stick are suburban people and they
who long apposed aid LO Cath.
much more easily identify with a George
allc schools any find themselves allied
Bush chan a Jerry Falwell or a Gery Bater.
with Catholics on the voucher issue. "One
They're people of values They're also lot
of the must remarkable changes of the 20th
crark There's a sense that the alimit mode
contary is the virtual evaporation of hastb
h consulerproductive."
ity serveen Processints and Catholics,"
Mys Grent Wasker. a professor of rellations
history of Duke University Divinily School.
T
the charact state divide has okca been
cast as , Aght between religious peo
of don't chink it's because Bapsists have
DK and their decularise locs But out
come to have a green respect (or TridenClue
of the Dublic R. there is a lively requent
theology. It's because they BCC Catholics as
Laking place JTDONE religious leaders them
allica against graver Droblems. There's a
selver about the visdom of allowing any
large reconfiguration going on now."
breach of the charch-ste wall
Indeed in the expersuionist ward, Bap-
There was once a Lime when the lep
lists fled themselves allied with Jews and
aration of church and state was a cardinal
mady mainline Protescalt durches. But
of Southern Repulate and
nearty al english Protections For most
of these Protectally. spending every a dime
of public maney on religious schools or
church programs was to assend the Found-
cTB. dessay religious beedom and uwn
God loto a - of the state
The Washington Post
1/2
Mad people think churchetate kp
arationisus are achicies or humanists or hist
bad people said Derek Davia director of
SUNDAY. OCTOBER 3, 1999
the JM. Dawan lastitute of Church-State
Studies at Baylor University "It's just not
that way at all
David's center at Baylor are of the coun-
try's prevaier Deptist institutions. speaks
for the old deparadonist tradition that Kill
hads many adhercats in the - of Bar
ust charches He obers voctul reminders
John F. Kennedy's election as president
even more relevant are liberal/conscrva-
marked the full entry of Roman Catholics
live splits within the denominations and
into the mainstream of American life. The
faiths themselves. On some church/state
clvil rights movement sought lo right his-
questions, Reform Jewa an: on the прро-
toric wronks donc to African Americans.
site side from Orthndos Jews In chc Cliris-
The cra swept away long-acanding barriers
cian churchea, Liberals and cunservalives
lo Jews. the effective end of restrictive COV.
(or. as some would have iL modernists and
county and new movements to defend the
unditionallets) ally against each other
rights of Latinos and Asians. All brought
across denominational Lines, creating a
the pervasively white and Protestant ethos
new politics.
in government-financed institutions and
suciety inco question.
W
has sense can be made of this, and
Tuday's commotion is rooted in D new
in particular of the turn toward
fear-chat the combination of legal decr
faith-based institutions? is a new
sions and cultural trends has marginatived
national CONSTITUS on church-acate ques-
religion more than is either necessary for
tions possible?
religious freedom or deairable for the COUTH
A consensus is possible if it will
try. In creating what Yale Law School pro-
be hard to achieve the current argu-
(essor Stephen Carter alled The Culture
ments are understood as the third htage in
of Disbelier in his book of that title, che
a long national debate.
country seemed to replace old prejudices
While Protessant hegemony in Amer-
(of race and religion) with 1 new prejudice
ia-the first stagebegan to erude with
against belid itself.
the end of Prohibition, arguably the last po-
The current renegotiation of hounder-
litical project to unite mainline and funda
ins-the third singe-bas already bornc
mentalist Protcolants. But the formal dom-
fruit. In 1995. new federal guidelines to
inance of Protestantism was larguly
school administrators were designed to
repealed in the 1960m often with the
make dear that while the stile cannot im-
arong support of progressive Procestants
pose religion. students cannot be forced to
themselves.
be secular agained their will or allenced in
The second stage involved a hard push
their personal expressions of religion. Indi-
for separation, including many of the rele
vidual students could not be stopped from
vant court decisions. It was no accident
praying. Jewish students could not he
that this occurred as the country was com-
barred from wearing skull caps, any kid
ing to lefths with its historic treatment of
who wanted to talk about religion on
minorities. 7 see the '60s as a time when
school grounds had the right to do so, Ла
we Degan to grow up a title bil," says Da-
the president said at the time, the Conklity
vis, director of the Baylor celler. "If we
tion "docs not require children to leave
want to be a democracy that supports the
their relixion at the schoolhouse door."
rights of minerity groups, including reli-
In 1997, the administration issued
gious nunorities. we an't have I govern.
guidellnes requiring government supervi.
mene that stands behind and supports one
son to respect individual expressions of
world vicw."
Gith by religious employees Christians,
the guidelines aid, can keep Bibles on
their desks. Muslim women can wcar head
serves, Jewish workers should be accont
modated as much as possible in scheduling
LD they an honor the High Holidays This
may all seem like common scase. but it -
liects an awareness that a desire to pre
serve religious freedom entails both keep-
iog the government out of the way and
protecting the free expression of bellevern
The battle over expanded government
aid to Gichbased institutions will not be so
essy. Rogers calls it the wrong way to do
right" She means that the admirable cf-
forty by faith-based charlties should get
much more private and corporate support,
but not government help. Yet Gore's en-
document of what bas come to be known
as "charitable choice" suggrets a slow shift.
ing of the boundaries bring drawn by mod-
crate and even liberal Democrals who have
come to see the churches as indispensable
allies to government in solving problems.
The NAE's Cizik thinks the rise of reli.
gious feeling in America and a decline in
the hostility to religious institutions may
be 9 sign that 's ncw. more acceptable con-
sensus would replace partisan religious
fights." Even active participants in the cut
lure he says. are tired of them.
Amen to that. And if a new consensus
still involves some contention, that's net
ther surprising or disappointing. What clac
do you cxpccT in country wixre people
have rioted over the Tcn Commandments?
The Washington Post
But somehow, preciscly because cvcry gen-
cration has been willing to argue about it.
WE have managed to preserve religious
SUNDAY. OCTOBER 3. 1999
liberty.
42
THE FR... AS SEEN
10-5-99
T6L copied Berger Polesta
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
10-5-99
By DEBORAH SONTAG
The debate over security and sov-
JERUSALEM, Oct. 3 - Israel and
ereignty caught some by surprise.
the Palestinian Authority, marching
They had not realized just how regu-
forward to carry out their latest
lated the route would be, thinking it
peace deal, hit a snag this weekend
would return their lives to the way
on an issue fraught with emotions,
things were a decade ago, when
politics and history for both sides.
movement was freer and Palestinian
They delayed opening a safe-pas-
license plates were commonplace on
sage route connecting the Gaza Strip
Israeli roads.
and the West Bank today after a
"I feel really let down," said
fundamental disagreement about se-
Khaled Khader, 36, a bank officer in
curity procedures.
Gaza City. "How can the safe pas-
While officials called the disagree-
sage be safe if Israelis have the right
ment technical and said would be
to arrest our people when they cross
resolved within days it brought to
the surface some of the distrust that
gets suppressed in the name of
Emotions Run High as Israeli-Palestinian Talks Hit a Snag
peacemaking.
A disagreement over
The Israelis and the Palestinians
essentially clashed over who would
a corridor brings
control the flow of human traffic on a
28-mile route that is to link the two
Arab-Israeli distrust
Palestinian territories. They also dis-
agreed about whether the route,
to the surface.
along existing Israeli roads, would be
considered "extraterritorial," as the
Palestinians demand, or would re-
main under Israeli sovereignty.
the border? How can it be free if the
Specifically, the Palestinians insist
Israelis have the right to define who
that they, rather than the Israelis,
can use it or not."
issue the magnetic cards that will
Ahmed al-Dali, 49, a shopkeeper,
The New York Times
MONDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1999
serve as border crossing permits.
said, "The Israelis as usual want to
And they demand that Israel let all
dictate all the terms to the Palestin-
travelers be safe from interception
ians, and unfortunately the Palestin-
- and arrest - by the Israeli police
ians usually end up accepting them
for prior offenses or for questioning.
in the end."
"Should Israel be able to seize
The safe passage promised un-
people using the safe passage, it will
der a 1995 interim peace agreement
turn into a trap for the Palestinians,"
and then stalled by successive Israe-
said Jamil Tarifi, the Palestinians'
It Governments for fear that it would
Minister for Civilian Affairs.
abet terrorists was meant to re-
The route, connecting Erez in
establish a lifeline between the two
Gaza and Tarqumiya near Hebron in
Palestinian regions.
the West Bank, was scheduled to
Thousands of families are divided
open last Friday under the peace
between the West Bank and Gaza,
agreement signed on Sept. 5. Be-
cause of the Jewish and Muslim days
just as many Palestinian businesses
Those who did not arrive at the
of rest, it was postponed until today
and universities depend on a reliable
checkpoint at the opposite end within
by: mutual decision but then got
link. Without safe passage, the new
an allotted length of time would be
mired in a discussion of details that
Palestinian national soccer team
declared missing, and the Israeli po-
went deeper.
awkwardly held separate practices
lice would go after them.
As negotiations wended into the
for its West Bank and Gaza Strip
"What's the difference between
night, officials said they expected to
players, although it captured the
this kind of safe passage and the
reach a compromise and open the
bronze medal in the recent Arab
present situation?" said Mr. Dali, the
safe passage by the end of this week
Games anyway.
at the latest. After four hours of
Between 35,000 and 40,000 Gazans
Gaza shopkeeper. "People can go in
talks, negotiators for both sides said
hold crossing permits that allow
and out with permits and magnetic
they would reconvene on Monday.
them to enter Israel. Most are day
cards now. Maybe it will be even
It was clear today, though, brought
laborers, and some are merchants
worse: two checkpoints rather than
into relief by the delay, that this is a
and politicians. Women who seek to
one."
tender subject for both sides, bring-
visit relatives in the West Bank are
But Israeli officials predicted that
ing to the surface the Israeli fear of
often given permits that last several
the trip, even with its security re-
terrorism and the Palestinian fear of
days. Many men do not have Israeli
quirements, would become routine
having the Israelis control their des-
security clearance to visit at all.
after a while, especially when the
tiny.
Those types of permits will super-
Palestinians came to see that Israeli
Even though the opening did not
sede the privileges of those who will
intentions were good. "This road is
take place, a few hundred Israelis,
be allowed safe passage. Holders can
not meant to be an ambush for Pales-
both for and against, went ahead
enter Israel and drive on any roads;
tinian citizens," said Moshe Debby,
today with previously scheduled
they are not limited to traversing
an adviser to the Israeli Internal
demonstrations along the route.
Israel to get to Gaza or the West
Security Minister, Shlomo Ben-Ami.
At Qiryat Gat right-wing Israeli
Bank.
demonstrators some costumed as
"This is a new Government," Mr.
For the purposes of travel on the
supposed terrorists, with Arab
Debby said. "We want peace. The big
safe-passage route, the Palestinians
scarves, toy guns and Palestinian
majority of Palestinians will have no
would be divided into two groups,
flags protested that the route
problem. But if we have information
each elaborately monitored by the
would allow "safe passage" for guns,
Israelis.
that there is suspicion of a car with a
bombs and terror. Israeli doves, on
Those Palestinians who do not
bomb or somebody who wants to
the other hand, traveling in a convoy,
have security clearance would be
make an explosion, we have the right
applauded the long-awaited "route to
allowed to travel between Gaza and
to stop these people."
peace," even though it had not actu-
the West Bank on special buses es-
In the long term, Prime Minister
ally opened.
corted in both directions by the Is-
Ehud Barak hopes to resolve the
In the Gaza Strip, many Palestin-
raeli border police.
passage issue by creating a way that
ians voiced disappointment that
their isolation had not ended on
Those with Israeli security clear-
Palestinians can move across or
schedule and deep suspicion of the
ance would be issued magnetic cards
under, or over - Israeli land without
Israelis and their own leaders.
to present at Israeli checkpoints.
having any contact with Israelis. He
They could travel by bus or car. All
has asked Shimon Peres, the Minis-
vehicles would undergo inspection by
ter for Regional Cooperation, to ex-
the Israelis at the checkpoints. Cars
amine the possibilities of an elevated
would be marked with dated, timed
causeway or tunnel or train, any of
stickers, which would be monitored
which would take years to finance
by computers.
and develop.
Don't Jettison
Russia Just Yet
multinational corporations operating
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
By Boris Nemtsov
in Russia, keeping money out of the
10-5-99
and Ian Bremmer
hands of the corrupt elite while pro-
viding the intellectual and physical
infrastructure of a market-based
ith the year
economy. The I.M.F. could take the
W
2000 bringing
money earmarked for defending the
presidential
ruble and use it to finance a micro-
sawly
elections in
loan program aimed at building a mid-
both the Unit-
die class, creating a tax base so that
ed States and
the Government can meet it debt obli-
sonu good
Russia, the emerging scandal over the
gations (finally putting the horse in
possible laundering of billions of dol-
front of the cart). Russia's Soviet-era
lars from Russia through the Bank of
debt could and should be forgiven.
iseas
New York has, predictably, already
But at the same time, there must be
prompted a politically tinged search
accountability. The I.M.F. has made
for scapegoats. And in both countries,
clear that It hasn't the ability to follow
see whether
the leading culprits are the same -
money once it goes overseas. The
the Democrats and the "democrats."
American and Russian intelligence
sonu them
In Russia, President Boris Yeltsin's
communities should form a joint in-
administration, through Inept govern-
vestigative body to track Western
ance and suspected corruption, has
money - through Russia, through the
managed to give reform a bad name.
West and through offshore sources.
By
The opposition, frustrated in its efforts
Yuri Skuratov, who was dismissed
to break Mr. Yeltsin's power, has tak-
as Russian Prosecutor General
en to blaming "democrats" and their
earlier this year after pressing an
accomplices in the West for the coun-
investigation of Mr. Yeltsin's inner
try's many troubles.
circle, has said that the Russians will
In the United States, the problem is
not cooperate in such an effort. Cer-
tainly there is little reason for Presi-1
dent Yeltsin to initiate it. But if an
The New York Times
official proposal comes to Moscow
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 1999
Money-laundering
from the Clinton Administration, it
would be politically difficult for Mr
allegations vs. the
Yeltsin to say no.
The investigation now under way in
big picture.
the United States will, it is hoped,
copied
determine where the money that went
through the Bank of New York came
Bergen.
from. Our theory is that Russia's ill-
different, but the tactic of the opposi-
fated treasury bills - the G.K.O.'s -
Podesta
will account for much of it.
tion is the same. A strong economy,
The bills were canceled after the
victory in Kosovo and the nagging
fiscal crisis in August 1998, but con-
suspicion that Monicagate may have
vertibility continued for several
helped more than hurt the Democrats
months. Russia's elites knew that they
have left the Republicans in a quanda-
needed to get their money out fast, and
ry: how to set upon the Clinton record
as insiders they knew exactly what to
without seeming priggish, pharisaical
do. Insider trading is deplorable, espe-
and small? The answer of the moment
cially given its compounding effect on
seems to be to focus on the Adminis-
the long list of ills brought upon Rus-
tration's fascination with and support
sia's economy by its oligarchs. But
for a limping Russia, particularly the
there is a big difference between the
prominent role of Vice President Al
politically savvy flight of capital and
Gore.
money laundering. Russia simply
Is this the end of the entente be-
doesn't have the institutions in place
tween the United States and Russia?
to regulate these transactions prop-
Should the West continue to provide
erly. This should be a priority for the
aid? Won't International Monetary
future.
Fund dollars end up in the hands of
All of this is very different from the
Russian mobsters?
allegations of corruption involving
Before we write off the relationship.
those in and around the Yeltsin family.
we should remember that the Russian
Here America's role must be careful-
economy is moving very slowly to a
ly balanced. The United States has
free market. The billions of dollars
been remiss by supporting the first
that have left Russia in the past dec-
democratically elected head of the
ade will never come back if Western
Russian state instead of the processes
governments bury their heads in the
and institutions of democracy. The
sand, and they will come back only if
corruption allegations surrounding
and when Russia becomes an integrat-
the Yeltsin family should be discussed
ed part of the global economy.
frankly and with vigilance. This does
Western governments should recog-
not mean Russian reform is at an end.
nize this and focus spending where it
We should keep our heads about
can make the greatest difference. The
us. Michel Camdessus, the I.M.F.'s
West could finance institutional sup-
managing director, has stated that in
port through Western nongovernmen-
its initial scrutiny of the Bank of New
tal organizations - NGO's - and
York case, the I.M.F. has found no
indication that loan money was in-
Boris Nemtsov is a former First
volved. Russia's relationship with
Deputy Prime Minister of Russia.
the West is much more important
Ian Bremmer is a senior fellow at
than presidential politics in either
the World Policy Institute and presi-
country. Let's not blame the D/dem-
dent of Eurasia Group.
ocrats for that
10-5-99
'99 SEP 26 PM8:02
[ Cuteu
copied
Cutler
This is wonderpul-
Podesta
thom we can Crick
ground while the
Ptin here
Be
Pine Ridge
Youth Wellness and
Opportunity Center
BOYS & GIRLS CLUBS
OF AMERICA
Pine Ridge Youth Wellness and
Opportunity Center
OUR VISION
The Oglala Youth Coalition is seeking $5 million dollars to build a
youth wellness and opportunity center in Pine Ridge Village on the Pine
Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. The lead entity will be the
SuAnne Big Crow Boys and Girls Club, which was the first Boys and
Girls Club on an Indian Reservation in the United States. Once this first
center is built, we plan outreach activities in each of the other eight dis-
tricts of the reservation. The Center will provide space and a focal point
for wellness, education, training, recreation, and social development of
reservation youth up to the age of 21.
OUR NEED
The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in southwestern South Dakota is the
second largest in the U.S. The Oglala Lakota (Sioux) are the people of
Crazy Horse and Red Cloud. Of Billy Mills and SuAnne Big Crow. Of
Dances with Wolves and Thunderheart. Of Black Elk Speaks and The
Broken Cord. Of Wounded Knee and the Badlands.
When President Clinton visited Pine Ridge on July 7, 1999, the media
called the reservation the "ground zero of poverty in America." The 150-
year history of the Lakota since contact with the encroaching settlers and
gold seekers is a familiar story of wars with the United States, the taking
of lands, the confinement to a reservation, the breaking of treaties by the
U.S. government, and past attempts to stamp out Lakota language and
culture. The designation of the Oglala Sioux Empowerment Zone and
President Clinton's visit are indications that the new century will be a
positive turning point. During his visit, President Clinton told the
Oglala people, "Give us your vision, we will work to attain it".
The 1990 U.S. Census shows that Shannon County, which constitutes the
majority of the Reservation, has the following national statistics:
lowest per capita income
highest percentage of families below poverty level (57%)
highest percentage of persons below poverty level (63.1%)
2nd highest percentage of children under 18 below poverty level
The social and economic environment of the Reservation is a grave prob-
lem, as shown by the following indicators:
1991 Average Annual Per Capita Income:
National
$14,421
South Dakota
$12,500
Pine Ridge
$ 3,417
1991 Single Parent Households:
National
20 %
Bronx, New York
49 %
Pine Ridge
52 %
The Health of the Oglala Sioux People:
A Turning Point, (11/92 IHS Aberdeen Area) shows that the Pine Ridge
Reservation has a higher rate of diabetes, alcoholism, heart disease, road
accidents, other accidents, and suicide than the American Indian popula-
tion as a whole, and all other races. The infant mortality and suicide
rates are three times higher than the national average and the tuberculo-
sis rate is eight times higher. Alcoholism affects nearly every family on
the reservation. A recent study by The Diabetes Project shows that 15%
of our Pine Ridge youth are at risk for diabetes. USA Today published
an article in December, 1997, based on a Harvard School of Public
Health study, that found the life expectancy of Lakota men and women
living on Pine Ridge to be the lowest in the U.S. and the second lowest
in the Western Hemisphere. In June 1997, The New York Times said of
the Pine Ridge Reservation:
It is as poor as America gets. A visit to Pine Ridge is a striking
reminder that most reservations remain places of bone-crushing poverty.
And things are likely to get worse as the government cuts some of its
welfare payments that are crucial to their economies.
The Indian Service Population and Labor Force Report of 11/16/98 by
the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) shows the following for the Pine
Ridge Market Area (on or near reservation)
Population
- 39,321
Tribal Enrollment
- 39,734
Unemployment Rate
- 73%
High School Dropout Rate
- 68%
Fifty-percent of the population of the Pine Ridge Reservation is under
age 21. Sixty-nine percent of these youth live in poverty. From 1992 to
1996, there were 360 births to single teens-those teens represent 21% of
the teenage population. From 1992 to 1996, there was a 244% increase
in the teen violent death rate. Since November 1998, there have been 17
suicide attempts by youth and six deaths of youth that are either suicide
or alcohol-related.
The Oglala Nation Education Coalition, made up of the majority of
KADOKA
I
schools on the reservation, chose the development of education and
recreation facilities as a priority goal in the Oglala Sioux Empowerment
Zone Strategic Plan.
ROSS VINT COUNTRY MRI
The backlog of facility needs on the reservation is staggering. There are
no recreation facilities outside of the schools, except for the SuAnne Big
Crow Boys & Girls Club in Pine Ridge, Wakanyeja Youth Club in Kyle,
and a small recreation center being built in Wanblee by Crazy Horse
School. The existing facilities in Pine Ridge and Kyle are woefully inade-
quate to meet the needs of our youth.
Although the Pine Ridge Reservation is the economically poorest area in
America, it is one of the culturally richest. The schools are working on
preservation of language and culture. The culture has helped the Oglala
to survive, but we owe it to our children to give them a chance to thrive
as we enter the 21st Century.
OUR PURPOSE
The Youth Center will allow the SuAnne Big Crow Boys & Girls Club to
expand wellness activities, attract older teens, and serve more youth. The
Center will become a one- stop Youth Opportunity Center where in-
school and out-of-school youth can come for counseling, job training,
recreation, and wellness activities, tutoring, life skills, entrepreneurship
education, etc. The preliminary site selected near the Pine Ridge High
School is also near the new Lloyd Eagle Bull Center of Oglala Lakota
College, which provides GED tutoring, vocational training, college class-
es, and higher education counseling. The Center will become a focal
point for all programs having to do with youth and their families.
At the present time, the Oglala Sioux Tribe, Oglala Lakota College,
SuAnne Big Crow Boys & Girls Club, ONEC, and Oglala Sioux (Lakota)
Housing are putting together a major proposal for a 5-year/$20,000,000
Youth Opportunity Grant that targets Empowerment Zones. If the Youth
Opportunity Grant is funded, the Center will become a one-stop youth
center which will provide enrollment, assessment, service strategies, per-
sonal planning, work experience, training, personal skills development,
mentoring and follow-up. The focus will be holistic and will include
physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development of youth as indi-
viduals, as members of a family, and as citizens of the tribe and of the
United States.
The Oglala Youth Coalition is committed to developing a center for one-
stop, seamless services for youth. The Youth Center in Pine Ridge
Village will be the start of this, with other centers being developed in
other reservation communities. The Center will address the problems of
youth through a comprehensive approach of programs and services.
Some of the specific problems and programs are:
Problem:
Service/Program:
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Teen Pregnancy
Smart Moves
Gangs /Violence
P.L.A.Y./
Tournaments/Respect
and Protect
School Completion
Mentoring/Tutoring
Suicide/child abuse and neglect
Counseling/
Community Service
We will measure our success in the success of our youth by examining:
high school graduation rates
college and other postsecondary training matriculation rates
reduction of births to single teenage mothers
reduction of youth suicide, car accidents, and other accidents
increase in youth fitness and health
reduction of alcohol and drug use
participation of youth as members of families and communities
increase in youth employment rates
increase in youth taking leadership roles
OUR PARTNERS
When President Clinton visited Pine Ridge, he spoke to tribal leaders and
community members, and heard of the tremendous needs. Shortly after his
visit, he expressed his desire for Secretary of Agriculture Glickman and
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Cuomo to develop a youth
recreation facility for Pine Ridge Village.
During July and August, an Oglala Youth Coalition created to plan the facil
ty and program. The Coalition was spearheaded by Tribal Youth Coordinat
Frances "Pigeon" Jack at the behest of Oglala Sioux Tribal President, Harolc
Salway.
THE ULTIMATE
The local partners include: The SuAnne Big Crow Boys & Girls Club, Oglala
Lakota College/Welfare to Work Program, Pine Ridge Indian Health Service,
THUNDERBI
Pine Ridge Agency/Bureau of Indian Affairs, Oglala Sioux Tribe, Oglala Siou
(Lakota) Housing Drug Elimination Program, Oglala Sioux Tribe Education
Department, Oglala Nation Education Coalition, and the Oglala Oyate
Woitancan (Empowerment Zone) Board.
The lead national partners are the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural
Development Program and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development Office of Native American Programs. Other partners include
the U.S. Department of Justice, Boys & Girls Clubs of America, the
Northwest Area Foundation, and other foundations.
The Youth Coalition partners decided during three meetings that the recre-
ation facility was needed, but the Center must do more. To help youth and
their families break the chains of poverty the Center must be the hub of edu
cational, work experience, personal skills development, and wellness. The
Coalition put together a plan for a facility that could accomplish this.
THE FACILITY
The building will contain the following:
multipurpose gymnasium
auditorium
ten offices
kitchen/concession
library/technology center
multipurpose rooms
conference room
day care space
wellness room
locker rooms
swimming pool
20 guest rooms
exercise/fitness room
individual counseling rooms
THE COSTS
Design
Boys & Girls Clubs of America has agreed to provide the technical
assistance for design, bidding, etc.
Construction
Based on similar buildings constructed recently in the region, the
estimated construction cost is $5 million dollars for approximately
50,000 square feet; a per square-foot cost of $100.
Operations and Maintenance
Costs for building operations and maintenance will be a minimum of
$300,000 per year.
Program
Basic salaries for activity directors, etc. will cost about $200,000 per year.
Expanded program services will be available as programs are obtained.
The plan is to put into place a professional management team for the
seamless delivery of youth services and a resource development team to
assist with fiscal management and the raising of funds for programs
through an annual fund and endowment campaign.
OUR RESOURCES
Planning/Fundraising
Boys & Girls Club of America
USDA Rural Development
HUD Office of Native American Programs
Oglala Lakota College Development Office
Oglala Sioux Tribe Grantsmanship Center
Construction
USDA Community Facilities Grant
($300,000)
Possible Congressional Line Item Funding
Foundations
Corporations
Federal and State Programs
Operations and Maintenance
Boys & Girls Club of America
Memberships
Rentals
Endowment
Programs
Youth Opportunity Grant
SuAnne Big Crow Boys & Girls Club
Oglala Sioux (Lakota) Drug
Elimination Project
Indian Health Service Wellness Promotion
Department of Justice Circle Project
Oglala Lakota College Welfare to
Work Program
Oglala Oyate Woitancan
Empowerment Zone
One of our goals is to obtain development resources to research funding
sources, organize data, and develop quality proposals to foundations, cor-
porations, State and Federal agencies, and other potential funders. The
Oglala Youth Coalition and Youth Center focus on this effort. Poverty
has forced us to neglect our youth for too long. All of our efforts for
economic and tribal development will fail if we do not help our children
and grandchildren achieve wellness and the opportunity to reach their
full potential. SuAnne Big Crow was an all-state high school basketball
player, honor student, and ambassador of the Oglala people. The Youth
Coalition is working to achieve her vision of all Oglala youth being phys-
ically and mentally healthy, academically successful, and prepared for a
productive life.
HOW YOU CAN HELP
For more information, contact one of the following core group members:
Leatrice "Chick" Big Crow
605-867-1011
SuAnne Big Crow Boys & Girls Club, Pine Ridge, SD
Terry Albers
605-867-1503
Oglala Lakota College/Welfare to Work, Porcupine, SD
Dallas Tonsager
605-352-1100
U.S. Department of Agriculture/Rural Development, Huron, SD
Jackie Johnson
202-401-7914
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC
DONATIONS
Private or Corporate donations may be forwarded to:
Boys & Girls Clubs of America
c/o Pine Ridge Building Fund
600 Jefferson Plaza, Suite 401
Rockville, MD 20852
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THE WHITE HOUSE
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9/28
WASHINGTON
Edgar Wayburn, M.D.
Honorary President
Sierra Club
Second Floor
85 Second Street
San Francisco, California 94105-3441
Dear Edgar:
Thank you very much for your letter. I was honored to present
you with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and I'm glad that
you followed up on our conversation regarding the creation of
new national monuments.
I agree that the Antiquities Act of 1906 has played an impor-
tant role in our overall effort to safeguard our country's
natural resources and that it presents us with a unique tool
for preserving our national treasures. I was pleased to use
it as the mechanism to designate the Grand Staircase-Escalante
National Monument in 1996. Be assured that I will carefully
consider your recommendations for the creation of new national
monuments. I value your wise counsel, and as we continue
working to protect national and historic lands across our
country, I'm glad to know I can count on your help.
Thanks, too, for passing along your daughter's letter. It
was good to hear from her, and I have responded to her concerns
directly. Best wishes.
Sincerely,
Trin
316238
SIERRA
CLUB
FOUNDED 1892
August 25, 1999
The Honorable William J. Clinton
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. President:
Let me thank you for the great honor you have conferred on me by the award of the
Presidential Medal of Freedom. It is a source of lasting satisfaction to me to have been able to
participate in the preservation of some of America's magnificent natural heritage.
You will remember that at the reception following the ceremony, I suggested that the use of
the Antiquities Act to preserve additional treasures of the American heritage would be an
outstanding gesture with which to close your Administration in a memorable way.
You were kind enough to ask me to send in my recommendations for possible new national
monuments. I list below my suggestions.
My first choice would be protection of the Giant Sequoias in California. This world class
ecosystem in the southern portion of our great mountain range, the Sierra Nevada, is
grievously threatened. Because we have a Sequoia National Park many people erroneously
assume the giant sequoias, those ancient, massive trees that inevitably awe the human
viewer, are well protected. Unfortunately, fewer than half the groves of these noble giants
are in national parks or wilderness. The majority, which are in the Sequoia National Forest,
have been and still are subjected to logging. While today the Forest Service does refrain
from logging within the actual confines of the groves per se, the entire surrounding areas --
on which the majestic Sequoia trees, as the center of a complex interrelated ecosystem,
depend for their continued life and vitality -- are subject to continued cutting. The Sierra
Club, working with the late Congressman George E. Brown, has advocated the Sequoia
Ecosystem and Recreation Preserve Act -- legislation to preserve a 370,000 acre area in the
Sequoia National Forest--the heart of this extraordinary ecosystem. What an appropriate
gesture it would be for your Administration to protect the awesome groves of giant sequoias
and at the same time honor the memory of environmental champion George Brown by
setting aside 400,000 acres in a Giant Sequoia National Monument!
A second area worthy of consideration as a national monument is Steens Mountain in Oregon --
considered the "crown jewel" of Oregon's high desert. Less known than the coasts, the forests,
AUG 30 1999
and volcanos of western Oregon, the eastern Oregon high desert is breathtaking in its vastness
and its solitude. Rising more than a vertical mile from the floor of the Alvord desert in Harney
County in southeastern Oregon is Steens Mountain, a lofty fault block mountain 40 miles long
north to south and 20 miles wide east to west. Near the northernmost boundary of the broad
Great Basin ecosystem, Steens Mountain provides an ideal study area for basin and range
topography and wildlife. With its dramatic silhouette against the sky, it offers great contrasts. It
engenders its own weather, wringing the last moisture from the Pacific clouds as they blow east.
The severe rain shadow at the foot of its eastern escarpment created the Alvord desert, a true
playa, which receives less than 7 inches of rain a year. Truly a geology texbook, the mountain
records millions of years of successive layers of flood basalts that poured over the region. The
adjacent valleys, Kiger, Little Blitzen, Big Indian gorge, and Wildhorse Canyon, are from 1500
to 2000 feet deep, and vividly show the power of glacial carving. The gorges reveal the striking
beauty of the huge glacial cuts with their basalt spires and cliffs, shimmering groves of aspen and
cottonwood, and silvery bunchgrasses and wildflowers of all colors. Wildhorse Lake, in the
uppermost cirque of Wildhorse Canyon, is the largest alpine lake in the Great Basin. Many
species of raptors soar over the wet meadows and the rimrock of the canyons, while on the
ground bighorn sheep dance among the rocks, and deer, elk and coyote roam the mountain
slopes.
A third area deserving consideration is the Shivwits region in Arizona and a small portion of
Nevada This is one of the remotest spots in the Lower 48. A large area, about 2 million acres
of public land adjacent to the northwest boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, it is almost
entirely intact; its towering cliff faces, vast vistas and moutains and valleys that make it a
paradise for high-desert and mountain wildlife and recreationists. In March, 1999, Interior
Seeretary Bruce Babbitt proposed protecting 550,000 acres. The Sierra Club and other
conservation groups supported the concept, but we urged that a much larger area be designated
as a "Shivwits National Monument". This land has survived a uranium claim staking boom in
the 70's and 80s, but the potential for a mineral comeback poses a threat to the area unless it is
protected for the future. The most notable feature is the Grand Wash Cliffs, running north from
the existing BLM Paiute Wilderness to the south into Lake Mead National Recreation Area and
Grand Canyon National Park. Wildlife include desert tortoise, pronghorn, deer and turkey. It is
N
most extraordinary because of the area's solitude, the unspoiled hills of pinon-juniper and, in
piaces, pondersosa pine, and the unbroken view of northern Arizona and parts of Nevada and
Utah.
In any program for national monuments, Alaska must be remembered. Recently, the door was
opened to oil and gas leasing in the vast northern expanse of the National Petroleum reserve-
Alaska. While allowing for exploration in some portions of this 23-million acre wilderness, the
Administration could establish a protected reserve of the most sensitive and crucial wildlife rich
areas_ Most appropriate would be a national monument of approximately 37 million acres,
comprising the Teshekpuk Lake and the Colville River Areas in the northeast quadrant of the
National Reserve, long recognized as areas of special biological importance. The Teshekpuk
Lake area about 1.7 million acres includes important nesting, staging, and molting habitat
for a large number of ducks, geese, and swans. The Colville is the largest northward flowing
river in Alaska, and the Colville River Special Area more than two million acres in size
includes the river bluffs and riparian habitats unique both biologically and geologically in the
Alaskan Arctic. This system has been recognized since the 1950's as one of the most significant
regional habitats for raptors in North America. As the BLM states, "Nowhere else do raptors
enjoy such favorable juxtaposition of abundant nest sites with diverse and abundant prey." The
Teshekpuk Lake area also contains critical calving habitat for the Teshekpuk Lake caribou herd,
which, without additional protection, is now at risk. The present leasing proposal opens a
significant portion - sixteen percent - of its critical calving area to development via surface
occupancy. The calving area is the most critical habitat for the herd and should be fully
protected from all development.
Other areas that deserve mention for potential protection are the Owyhee Canyonlands in Idaho,
the stunning San Rafael Swell area of Utah, and of course, the extremely worthy but endangered
Everglades ecosystem of Florida. I cannot close without mentioning one of the world's premier
-- perhaps the world's premier wilderness and wildlife area: The Coastal Plain of the Arctic
National Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Alaska. The Sierra Club has been most grateful for
your steadfastness in preventing the oil industry from opening up this unique, remote, wildlife-
rich area to unnecessary, unwise oil exploration and drilling. Use of the Antiquities Act, now,
could assure this irreplaceable, precious Arctic ecosystem remains off-limits to rapacious
development.
Mr. President, I would be most happy to send you further information on any of these areas,
should you desire it.
Thanking you once more,
Sincerely,
Edgan Wouthern
Edgar Wayburn, M.D.
Honorary President
10-7-99
Send to Bunkhardt?
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George L. Bristol, President
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CT7AM9:57
Letter to
October 1, 1999
(Expage) Reed Hawn -Suser,
J
The Honorable and Mrs. Bill Clinton
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, D.C. 20500-2000
Dear Mr. President and Hillary:
1 just returned from a two-week journey into our national parks with a board meeting of
the National Park Foundation in Olympic National Park and then over to my beloved Glacier
National Park. It was a splendid meeting with many exciting new programs in the offing which is
as good a way as any to segue into this letter which in part will be a report to you as I begin my
final year on the National Park Foundation Board.
First, again and again let me thank you for the great honor you bestowed on me allowing
me to serve my country in a way uniquely suited to me. At all times I have tried to honor that
trust, and I think that on balance I can report to you that my stewardship has been successful. At
the outset I wrote a letter to a number of friends asking them to join us in supporting the work of
the National Park Service. One of those letters caused an immediate, and to date, lasting effect.
A friend of mine took up the cause of the parks and the Foundation and went to Canon USA with
a proposal that they consider supporting the Foundation's work. Through a series of
negotiations, Canon, I and others hammered out a program that became so meaningful to Canon
that they have extended their initial $1 million gift each year (4 years) for Expedition grants and
$2.5 million for Science Scholars for a total of $6.5 million. That result in and of itself would
have made that letter successful, but there was even a more extraordinary response which will
take a moment to explain.
Another friend, Reed Hawn of Austin, called me immediately, asking if I were interested in
trying to work with the U.S. Mint, Congress and others on the Yellowstone Coin. For your
information. Reed Hawn, at my recommendation to Secretary Bentsen, became a member of the
Citizen's Commemorative Coin Advisory Committee in 1993. I told Reed that, of course,
anything pertaining to the parks was of vital concern to me, but I saw no direct benefit to the
National Park Foundation. The initial thought was that the all profits would flow to the
Yellowstone Fund. Reed explained to me at that point those concerns were a moot question, as
there appeared to be little support and much competition for coins that would be minted at the
close of the century. He also opined that he though there was room to effectuate some changes
4201 Speedway Austin, Texas 78751 512/458-2543 Fax 512/458-4314
Page 2
and compromises including directing some of the funds to the Foundation. With that objective,
Reed and I went to work and after a great deal of maneuvering, including a personal visit from me
to Secretary Bentsen, Congress approved the minting of the Yellowstone National Park
Commemorative Coin Program with one-half of the profits flowing to the National Park
Foundation. The coin was struck on July 15, 1999 and to date has benefitted the National Park
Foundation in the amount of $1 million. Based on initial projections and sales to date, I think it is
safe to say that the National Park Foundation will benefit from this program in excess of
$2,000,000 at a minimum.
Holding that thought a moment I have a favor to ask of both of you. While I made a
number of strategic calls throughout the legislative process, Reed Hawn was absolutely faithful in
his commitment to working to insure that the coin fell into this century and profits shared with the
National Park Foundation. I hope that you will take the time to drop Reed a note thanking him
for his service on the Committee. His address is 3005 Scenic Drive, Austin, TX 78703.
In closing I hope by the end of my final year there will be more to report on other exciting
programs that we are about to initiate including an entire new message concept for the parks and
the National Park Foundation. On the completion of these vital innovations, I know in August of
2000 I can, without fear of contradiction, say that I have honored the trust you bestowed on me.
With every best wish, I remain
Sincerely,
Feorge
George L. Bristol
GLB/lm
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The Honorable and Mrs. Bill Clinton
GLB Incorporated
The White House
4201 Speedway
Austin, Texas 78751
1600 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, D.C. 20500-2000
20500-0005
Nancy V. Hernreich
10/12/99 03:01:00 PM
Record Type:
Record
To:
Justin L. Coleman/WHO/EOP@EOP
CC:
Subject: Re: letter ]
I know him but we do not do recs. to the military academies. Maybe you can pull from orm our past
policy if they have it- we need it to reply to this letter.
Dan-
Per Nancy / We have a policy of never recommending
to Militay schools We should do a letterexplaining
this policy and wishilng him the best,et
10-5-99
Who should handle ?
Sendto Dany B
checker/Nomy 56 B. Delia
onwell POTUS
knowshim?
TIMES
Serving Crittenden and Surrounding Counties
111 EAST BOND STREET, POST OFFICE BOX 459, WEST MEMPHIS, ARKANSAS 72303, 501/735-1010 FAX 501/735-1020
Alexander P. Coulter
President, Publisher
September 30, 1999
William Jefferson Clinton
President of the United States
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, D.C. 29500-0001
Dear Bill,
My nephew Nicholas Alexander Coulter is most inter-
ested in attending the U.S. Naval Academy upon gradua-
ting from West Memphis High in the year 2001.
It is customary to solicit the endorsement of our
senators and congressmen, which I have correctly done.
However, I understand a letter of recommendation from
the President, which would be included in his portfolio,
is most valuable in obtaining an appointment.
I'm confident he can meet the academic challenge and
he possesses the personal drive to meet the challenge.
Your letter of recommendation addressed to me and in-
clued in his file would be personnally appreciated. Thank
you.
Ast Your friend,
Alexander P. Coulter
President, Publisher
APC/dd
TIMES
Serving Crittenden and Surrounding Counties
111 EAST BOND STREET, POST OFFICE BOX 459, WEST MEMPHIS, ARKANSAS 72303, 501/735-1010 FAX 501/735-1020
Alexander P. Coulter
President, Publisher
September 30, 1999
William Jefferson Clinton
President of the United States
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20500-0001
Dear Bill,
I am very envious and proud of my friend Glen Fenter
and what he has done for MSCC and the Delta.
Through his leadership and vision, he has packaged a
plan that I consider to be both economically and polit-
ically correct for the Delta.
Bill, your interest in this part of the state through
Rodney and others in your adminstration is most evident.
However, we both know it dates back to the mid seventies
and for that reason I'm confident your support of this
project personally and financially is a natural and most
deserved.
Your riend,
Ale ander P. Coulter
President, Publisher
APC/dd
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
November 18, 1993
Alex Coulter
Evening Times
Post Office Box 459
West Memphis, Arkansas 72303
Dear Alex:
Thank you for your letter of November 14 and
for reminding me of our efforts in Crittenden
County over the years. I was so happy about
the millage election, and I know you and others
are working hard to put the money to good use.
Your kind and encouraging words in support of
what we seek to do here mean a great deal to
me
We're making progress every day.
With regard to federal money available for the
new school, I have shared your letter with
Education Secretary Riley.
Sincerely,
This
Bill This Project Need deported gives qify angu w withing ave
EVENING
TIMES
Serving Crittenden and Surrounding Counties
111 EAST BOND ST., P.O. BOX 459, WEST MEMPHIS. AR 72303-0459
President Clinton
Withdrawal/Redaction Sheet
Clinton Library
DOCUMENT NO.
SUBJECT/TITLE
DATE
RESTRICTION
AND TYPE
001. note
[Personally Identifiable Information] [partial] (1 page)
10/00/1999
b(6)
COLLECTION:
Clinton Presidential Records
Staff Secretary
Sean Maloney (Chron File (Oct 99))
OA/Box Number: 14868
FOLDER TITLE:
Tuesday, October 5, 1999
2016-0970-F
rs3012
RESTRICTION CODES
Presidential Records Act - [44 U.S.C. 2204(a)]
Freedom of Information Act - [5 U.S.C. 552(b)]
P1 National Security Classified Information [(a)(1) of the PRA]
b(1) National security classified information [(b)(1) of the FOIA]
P2 Relating to the appointment to Federal office [(a)(2) of the PRA]
b(2) Release would disclose internal personnel rules and practices of
P3 Release would violate a Federal statute [(a)(3) of the PRA]
an agency [(b)(2) of the FOIA]
P4 Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential commercial or
b(3) Release would violate a Federal statute [(b)(3) of the FOIA]
financial information [(a)(4) of the PRA]
b(4) Release would disclose trade secrets or confidential or financial
P5 Release would disclose confidential advice between the President
information [(b)(4) of the FOIA]
and his advisors, or between such advisors [a)(5) of the PRA]
b(6) Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
P6 Release would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy [(b)(6) of the FOIA]
personal privacy [(a)(6) of the PRA]
b(7) Release would disclose information compiled for law enforcement
purposes [(b)(7) of the FOIA]
C. Closed in accordance with restrictions contained in donor's deed
b(8) Release would disclose information concerning the regulation of
of gift.
financial institutions [(b)(8) of the FOIA]
PRM. Personal record misfile defined in accordance with 44 U.S.C.
b(9) Release would disclose geological or geophysical information
2201(3).
concerning wells [(b)(9) of the FOIA]
RR. Document will be reviewed upon request.
DAN 3
They will be in Washington the 22,23 and the 24th of November
PARENTS:
Adrienne L. Wynkoop
(b)(6)
Leonard A. Wynkoop
BD 3.14.26
SS# 542.20.1776
12909 SW Derby Court
West Linn, Oregon 97068
Married November 24, 1949
NEED Porus 50th
LETTER
Aniall. NEXT MONTH
THANKS
M
OCT. 2.1999 2:47PM
WHSR 03
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
10-5-99
Berger
Podesta
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Chronology During the Clinton Administration
March 3, 1993: Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA) Lake
orders completion of an interagency Presidential Review of U.S. Policy on Nuclear Testing
and & Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
April 4, 1993: Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin agree at the Vancouver summit that
negotiations on a multilateral nuclear test ban should commence at an early date and that the
two governments would consult with each other accordingly.
April 23, 1993: President Clinton releases a White House statement on advancing U.S.
relations with Russia and the other New Independent States stating his intention to begin
consultations with Russia, our allies and other states on the specific issues related to a CTBT
negotiation within the next two months.
July 3, 1993: President Clinton announces in his Saturday radio address to the nation the
conclusion of the Presidential review on nuclear testing and a CTBT and states his intention
to extend the U.S. testing moratorium and seek to negotiate a CTBT.
August 10, 1993: The Geneva Conference on Disarmament (CD) decides to give its Ad Hoc
Committee on a Nuclear Test Ban a mandate to begin negotiations on a CTBT in January,
1994. The Chairman of the AHC is authorized to proceed with intersessional consultations
on the specifics of the CTBT mandate and other issues.
October 5, 1993: China conducts first nuclear test since President Clinton's appeal for a
global moratorium. White House issues statement regretting China's decision to resume
nuclear testing.
December 16, 1993: United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) passes resolution 48/70 by
consensus supporting the multilateral negotiation of a CTBT. This is the first time that a
consensus resolution in support of a CTBT has been adopted by the UNGA.
January 25, 1994: The CD reconvenes in Geneva and directs the Ad Hoc Committee to
negotiate intensively on a universal and multilaterally and effectively verifiable
comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty, which would contribute effectively to the prevention
of the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects, to the process of nuclear
disarmament and therefore to the enhancement of international peace and security.
Negotiations begin in the Ad Hoc Committee.
December 15, 1994: UNGA passes resolution 49/70 by consensus reaffirming its support for
multilateral negotiations on a CTBT.
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January 30, 1995: APNSA Lake announces that the President has decided to extend the
moratorium on U.S. nuclear testing until a CTBT enters into force (assuming signature
before September 30, 1996). Lake also announces that the U.S. will withdraw its proposal
for a special "right to withdraw" from the CTBT ten years after it enters into force, noting
that the President considers the maintenance of a safe and reliable nuclear stockpile to be a
supreme national interest of the United States.
May 11, 1995: The NPT Review and Extension Conference agrees to extend the NPT
indefinitely and without condition The Conference adopts "Principles and Objectives for
Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament" calling for the conclusion of negotiations on a
CTBT in 1996.
June 13, 1995: President Chirac announces he will resume nuclear testing in September,
conduct eight tests, to be completed by May, and be ready to sign a CTBT in the fall of 1996.
White House issues statement regretting France's decision to resume nuclear testing.
August 11, 1995: President Clinton announces that the United States will support a true zero
yield CTBT banning any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.
September 5, 1995: France resumes nuclear testing in the South Pacific. White House issues
a statement regreting this action.
September 14, 1995: The United Kingdom announces its support for a zero yield CTBT.
October 20, 1995: The United States, France and the United Kingdom release a joint
statement at the United Nations and in capitals stating their intent to sign the Protocols to the
South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone (SPNFZ) Treaty "during the first half of 1996."
October 23, 1995: Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin agree at Hyde Park to work together to
succeed in getting a zero yield CTBT in 1996.
December 12, 1995: United Nations General Assembly passes resolution 50/65 by
consensus calling On the CD to conclude the CTBT so as to enable its signature by the outset
of the 51st session of the General Assembly.
January 29, 1996: President Chirac announces the end of French nuclear testing in the South
Pacific.
February 29, 1996: Australia submits a 102-page draft CTBT text to the CD and calls on
negotiators to reach an agreement by late June.
March 19, 1996: UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali appeals to the CD to
complete a global treaty banning all nuclear explosions by June 30.
March 25, 1996: U.S., France and the UK sign three Protocols to the South Pacific Nuclear
Free Zone Treaty in Suva, Fiji.
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April 11, 1996: U.S. signs Protocols I and II to the African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone
Treaty in Cairo, Egypt.
April 20, 1996: Moscow Nuclear Summit issues statement on CTBT calling for concluding
and signing the CTBT by September, 1996.
May 28, 1996: Nuclear Test Ban Ad Hoc Committee Chairman Jaap Ramaker of the
Netherlands tables a draft "Chairman's text" stating he had concluded that the best way to
meet the internationally agreed deadline was to "present a complete draft to show the way
forward."
June 28, 1996: Chairman Ramaker tables compromise draft text at the conclusion of the
second part of the 1996 CD session. White House releases statement by the President from
Lyon, France, applauding the compromise draft and calling on members of the CD to return
to Geneva in late July prepared to agree to forward & CTBT to the United Nations, so that the
Treaty can be approved and opened for signature in the United States in September.
July 29, 1996: China conducts nuclear test and declares it will start a moratorium on nuclear
testing effective from July 30, 1996.
August 9, 1996: After consultations in the Ad Hoc Committee, Chairman Ramaker
announces that he has confirmed that continuing negotiations on the draft Treaty as 8 whole
would not likely yield further results. Announces one modification in the draft Treaty
relating to the number of states required to approve an on-site inspection.
August 16, 1996: Nuclear Test Ban Ad Hoc Committee meets and agrees to a report to the
CD stating that "no consensus" could be reached either on adopting the text of the CTBT or
on formally passing it to the CD, due to Indian objections.
August 23, 1996: Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer announces Australia will
sponsor a resolution seeking the endorsement from the United Nations General Assembly of
the CTBT and its opening for signature at the earliest possible date.
September 10, 1996: UNGA reconvenes and votes to adopt the CTBT and open it for
signature at the earliest possible date by a vote of 158 in favor, 3 opposed (India, Bhutan,
Libya), and 5 abstentions (Cuba, Lebanon, Syria, Mauritius, Tanzania).
September 24, 1996: President Clinton is the first world leader to sign the CTBT.
November 19, 1996: Meeting of CTBT signatory states adopted by acclamation the Text on
the Establishment of a Preparatory Commission for the CTBT Organization, developed at the
CD.
November 20, 1996: Preparatory Commission convenes its first meeting to begin the process
of developing Rules of Procedure, Financial Regulations, and other necessary measures for
the future operation of the Organization in implementing the Treaty.
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July 2, 1997: The Department of Energy (DOE) successfully conducts a high explosive
subcritical experiment ("Rebound") at the Nevada Test Site to obtain scientific data and
technical information on the effects of aging and behavior of nuclear weapons materials.
September 18, 1997: The DOE successfully conducts a high explosive subcritical
experiment ("Holog") at the Nevada Test Site.
September 22, 1997: President Clinton transmits the CTBT to the Senate for advice and
consent.
December 2, 1997: NATO Defense Planning Committee and the Nuclear Planning Group
endorse CTBT.
January 27, 1998: Four former Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff - Generals John
Shalikashvili, Colin Powell and David Jones, and Admiral William Crowe - call for Senate
to approve CTBT.
February 3, 1998: President Clinton visits Los Alamos National Laboratory; the Directors of
the nation's three nuclear weapons laboratories - Dr. John Browne of Los Alamos, Dr. Paul
Robinson of Sandia and Dr. Bruce Tarter of Lawrence Livermore- - affirmed "We are
confident that the Stockpile Stewardship program will enable us to maintain America's
nuclear deterrent without miclear testing."
February 12, 1998: President Clinton forwards to Congress the annual certification from the
Secretaries of Defense and Energy that the nuclear stockpile remains safe, secure and
reliable.
February 15, 1998: The American Association for the Advancement of Science, one of the
nation's oldest professional societies, urges the Senate to give early and favorable
consideration to the CTBT and its advice and consent to ratification as soon as possible.
March 25, 1998: The DOE successfully conducts a high explosive subcritical experiment
("Stagecoach") at the Nevada Test Site.
April 6, 1998: France and Great Britain become the first nuclear weapon states to ratify the
CTBT, depositing their instruments of ratification in New York.
May 11, 1998: Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee announces that India conducted three
underground nuclear tests.
May 13, 1998: India announces it has conducted two "sub-kiloton" underground nuclear
tests, claiming tests are last in planned series.
May 16, 1998: President Clinton, in his weekly radio address, proclaims that India is on the
"wrong side of history" in conducting nuclear tests.
NO.781
P.28
OCT.
2.1999
2:49PM
WHSR 03
5
May 27, 1998: Former Senators Hatfield, Exon and Mitchell urge the Senate to act on the
CTBT without delay.
May 28, 1998: Pakistani Prime Minister Sharif announces five nuclear devices detonated
this morning.
May 30, 1998: Pakistani defense officials say Islamabad detonated two more nuclear.
devices.
June 4, 1998: P-S Foreign Ministers meet in Geneva, issue Joint Communique urging India
and Pakistan to adhere to the CTBT immediately and unconditionally.
June 12, 1998: G-8 Foreign Ministers issue Communique calling On all states to sign and
ratify the CTBT.
July 13, 1998: Brazil ratifies the CTBT and accedes to the NPT. President Clinton issues
statement congratulating President Cordoso and the Government of Brazil for taking this
historic step, calls on U.S. Senate to ratify CTBT.
July 29, 1998: Senstors Specter and Biden urge Senate to schedule hearings on the CTBT.
September 23, 1998: Prime Minister Sharif, in a speech to the UN General Assembly,
commits to adhere to the CTBT by September 1999.
September 24, 1998: Prime Minister Vajpayee, in a speech to the UN General Assembly,
states that India is prepared to bring discussions with key interlocutors to a successful
conclusion so that entry into force of the CTBT is not delayed beyond September 1999.
President Clinton issues a statement strongly urging the Senate to give its advice and consent
to the CTBT as early as possible in 1999.
September 26, 1998: The DOE successfully conducts a high explosive subcritical
experiment ("Bagpipe") at the Nevada Test Site.
December 11, 1998: The DOE successfully conducts a high explosive suberitical experiment
("Cimarron") at the Nevada Test Site.
January 12, 1999: APNSA Berger announces in a speech at Camegie Conference on Non-
Proliferation that ratification of the CTBT this year is a top priority of the Administration.
January 19, 1999: President Clinton calls on the Senate to give its advice and consent to
ratification of the CTBT in the State of the Union address, stating: "It has been two years
since 1 signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. If we don't do the right thing, other
nations won't either. I ask the Senate to lake this vital step: Approve the Treaty now, so we
can make it harder for other nations to develop nuclear arms - and we can end nuclear
testing forever."
NO.781
P.29
OCT. 2.1999 2:50PM WHSR 03
6
February 4, 1999. Letter from the Committee to Support the CTBT, signed by Paul Nitze
(Chairman), sent to Senator Jesse Helms urging Senate to ratify CTBT "as soon as possible."
February 9, 1999: The DOE successfully conducts a high explosive subcritical experiment
("Clarinet") at the Nevada Test Site.
April 26, 1999: President Clinton forwards to Congress the annual certification from the
Secretaries of Defense and Energy that the nuclear stockpile remains safe, secure and
reliable.
May 24, 1999: Senator Byron Dorgan delivers speech OA Senate floor OO CTBT: the
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is here in a committee without movement. There
were no hearings on the treaty in the last session of the 105th Congress. We are now 5
months into the 106th Congress. I intend to work with a number of my colleagues to see if
we are able, in the coming weeks. to speak with some aggressiveness on this issue here on
the floor of the Senase and on behalf of the American people, 10 make the case that we ought
10 have the opportunity to vote on the ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Treaty. We ought to do it soon. this is a critically important issue to our country and to the
world"
July 20, 1999: 45 Democratic Senators write Senator Jesse Helms requesting hearings on
CTBT: "The United States must not relinquish its leadership in the nuclear non-
proliferation arena. We respectively urge you to hold all necessary hearings and to report
the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to the Senate for timely consideration before the CTBT
inaugural conference."
July 20, 1999: President Clinton calls on Senate Foreign Relations Committee to hold
hearings on the CTBT this fall: "Hearings would allow each side 10 make its case for and
against the treaty, and allow the Senate to decide this matter on the merits."
July 20, 1999: Latest CTBT nationwide poll shows 82 percent of Americans support Senate
approval of the CTBT.
July 30, 1999: Nine scientific and military experts write Senator Trent Lott endorsing Senate
ratification of the CTBT: "Nuclear proliferation- aided by espionage or no1 - - is one of the
greatest threats to American security. U.S. ratification and entry into force of the CTBT will
greatly strengthen the nation's ability to contain this threat, and thus enhance the national
security interests of the United States."
August 9, 1999: President Clinton again calls for hearings on the CTBT this fall, and the full
Senate to vote for ratification as soon as possible: "This will strengthen [the] national
security not only of the United States, but of people around the world"
Sausy
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
10-5-99
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this to sendar pneu people - It's
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B1
10-01-99
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 30. 19
MEMORANDUM FOR THE X PRESIDENT
10/5/99
LC
FROM:
Mary Beth Cahill MBC
Assistant to the President and Dire
CAHIC
Laura Efurd
A
Deputy Assistant to the President a
SUBJECT:
Asian Pacific American Outreach
Over the last two years the Asian Pacific American Comr
impact of the Campaign Finance situation and the more recent Los Alamos espionage case, has
caused this Administration to shy away from the Asian Pacific American Community. To
address this concern OPL, has been working hard on outreach efforts to the Asian Pacific
American Community. Including the following:
OUTREACH MEETING: June 7th POTUS participated in an outreach meeting with 12 Asian
Pacific American leaders from around the country.
APA EXECUTIVE ORDER: June 7th POTUS signed an Executive Order to improve the
quality of life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. A signing ceremony and reception was
held. This historic Executive Order, the first ever to improve the lives of Asian Americans and
Pacific Islanders, has been well received in the community, and is perceived as one of the most
significant accomplishments of this Administration that will impact the APA community. OPL
has conducted the following outreach activities associated with the Executive Order.
OPL developed and disseminated a Fact Sheet on the Executive Order to the APA
community throughout the country.
Deputy Director of Public Liaison spoke at a variety of meetings and conference on the
Executive order including:
-
National Asian Pacific American Families Against Substance Abuse annual
Conference (7/22- 24).
-
National Organization of Chinese Americans Annual Conference (7/30-8/1)
-
Houston Asian American Health Summit (8/26).
-
Asian American Government Executives Network (7/27)
-
Coalition of Asian Pacific American Federal Employee Organizations (8/29)
1
10-01-99
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 30. 1999
MEMORANDUM FOR THE X PRESIDENT
FROM:
Mary Beth Cahill MBC
Assistant to the President and Director of Public Liaison
Laura Efurd
Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy Director of Public Liaison
SUBJECT:
Asian Pacific American Outreach
Over the last two years the Asian Pacific American Community has been concerned that the
impact of the Campaign Finance situation and the more recent Los Alamos espionage case. has
caused this Administration to shy away from the Asian Pacific American Community. To
address this concern OPL, has been working hard on outreach efforts to the Asian Pacific
American Community. Including the following:
OUTREACH MEETING: June 7th POTUS participated in an outreach meeting with 12 Asian
Pacific American leaders from around the country.
APA EXECUTIVE ORDER: June 7th POTUS signed an Executive Order to improve the
quality of life of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. A signing ceremony and reception was
held. This historic Executive Order, the first ever to improve the lives of Asian Americans and
Pacific Islanders, has been well received in the community, and is perceived as one of the most
significant accomplishments of this Administration that will impact the APA community. OPL
has conducted the following outreach activities associated with the Executive Order.
OPL developed and disseminated a Fact Sheet on the Executive Order to the APA
community throughout the country.
Deputy Director of Public Liaison spoke at a variety of meetings and conference on the
Executive order including:
- National Asian Pacific American Families Against Substance Abuse annual
Conference (7/22- 24).
-
National Organization of Chinese Americans Annual Conference (7/30-8/1)
-
Houston Asian American Health Summit (8/26).
-
Asian American Government Executives Network (7/27)
-
Coalition of Asian Pacific American Federal Employee Organizations (8/29)
I
OPL has conducted outreach activities to solicit recommendations for the APA
Commission as authorized under the Executive Order. We received recommendations for
over 200 individuals.
OPL is working with Presidential Personnel to develop decision memo on the
Commission for POTUS.
OPL is working with HHS on an event to introduce the new Executive Director for the
Commission and White House Initiative to the APA Community.
INTRODUCTION OF APA LIAISON: Mailed to over 1,000 APA community leaders a letter
introducing the new Asian Pacific American outreach liaison at OPL. Letter included a copy of
the APA Executive Order and Fact Sheet.
ONGOING COMMUNICATION WITH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: OPL has
ongoing communication with APA national organizations and key leaders, through bi-monthly
meetings, weekly consultation by phone and email.
COMMUNITY MEETINGS: Deputy Director of Public Liaison held meetings with APA
community leaders in Los Angeles, CA and Houston, TX.
POTUS STATEMENT ON CHANG LIN TIEN: OPL disseminated to the APA community
copies of POTUS statements on the installation of Chang Lin Tien as a National Science Board
member, which included strong statements that the patriotism of Asian Pacific American
scientists should not be questioned in the wake of recent allegations of espionage at one of the
national laboratories.
ACTIVITIES FOLLOWING THE HATE CRIME KILLINGS: OPL worked to address
concerns of the APA community following hate crime incidents in Indiana and Los Angeles,
including securing White House and Administration representation at memorial services. The
Director of OPL participated in a memorial vigil in Washington DC for Joseph Ileto, the
Filipino-American postal worker who was killed in LA. OPL also worked to produce messages
from POTUS and VPOTUS for this event.
ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN EVENTS: OPL continues to work toward scheduling POTUS.
VPOTUS and FLOTUS at one major APA event this fall. The following events have been
requested for POTUS' schedule, but due to previous commitments all have been regretted:
October 22ⁿᵈ Groundbreaking ceremony for the Japanese American Patriotism
Memorial (commemorating Japanese Internment during WWII) Norm Mineta has
requested POTUS to attend. (Washington, DC) Note: you are participating in the WH
Conference on Philanthropy that day and may travel that evening to a fundraising dinner.
2
October 26th - Day of Remembrance Premiere of Film on contributions of Chinese
Americans during World War II. (Washington. DC) Note: This is the First Lady's
Birthday. you have the day and evening off.
November 4th - Anniversary Gala Charity Dinner for A Magazine. The dinner will honor
100 top Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. (New York, NY) Note: You are
scheduled for New Markets Travel on this day
OPL requested that FLOTUS attend the National Federation of Filipino American Association's
3rd Annual Convention on October 16th in New York City. This will be largest gathering of
Filipino Americans this year. In the 2000 census, Filipino-Americans are expected to be largest
ethnic group within the Asian Pacific American population. The First Lady's office has
expressed interest in this event and we are pending a final response.
OPL requested VPOTUS to attend the National Asian Pacific American Bar Association Annual
Convention in Los Angeles, CA on November 13th. VPOTUS has agreed to attend.
PROPOSED ACTIVITIES:
A meeting with the Asian Pacific American Caucus (Oct/Nov). POTUS has only met
once with the Congressional Asian Pacific Caucus during his term in office. A meeting with
the APA Community leaders in Congress would signify that this Administration is interested
in the concerns of this community.
White House Event Announcing the Asian Pacific American Advisory Commission
Members (from Executive Order). When the Commission Members are named or when
they are in DC for their first meeting, we suggest that an event at the White House to
recognize the establishment of the Commission would demonstrate strong White House
interest in the success of the Commission and White House Initiative established under the
APA Executive Order.
POTUS Participation on Asian Pacific Heritage Month Events. Next May, during Asian
Pacific Heritage Month, OPL suggests that POTUS attend the major dinner/gala sponsored
by the Asian Pacific American Institute for Congressional Studies (Norman Mineta's group)
and that the White House host an event for the APA community during that month.
Los Alamos: The most immediate concern of the community is the impact of the Los
Alamos espionage case on Asian American scientists at the Dept. of Energy National
Laboratories, as well as the broader impact on Asian American federal employees in national
security, technology and other sensitive posts. The Department of Energy has been
conducting a number of activities to investigate complaints of discrimination at the labs and
assure a non-hostile working environment of Asian Americans in the labs. However, the
community is concerned that the impact of Los Alamos goes beyond the labs and that Asian
American federal employees in other agencies are also impacted by racial profiling or
3
discrimination that will prevent them of obtaining security clearances needed to obtain jobs
or job promotions. To address the issue at the labs and the broader issues OPL suggests the
following:
-
OPL to work with Dept. of Energy to outreach to the community on the positive steps
Department of Energy has taken to address the concerns regarding treatment of Lab
Scientists.
-
POTUS to issue a directive to all Cabinet Secretaries and heads of independent
agencies that racial profiling or discrimination against employees on the basis of race
will not be tolerated.
-
POTUS to direct OPM in consultation with EEOC and other appropriate agencies to
issue guidance on what may constitute discrimination on the basis of race in
conducting background investigations, security checks, or clearance determinations.
-
APA Community meeting with John Podesta or other high level White House Staff to
discuss current concerns of the community and actions taken by the White House to
address the concerns of racial profiling and discrimination of Asian Americans in the
federal government.
Bill Lann Lee: Bill Lann Lee continues to be a strong symbol for Asian and Pacific
Americans representing this Administration's commitment to diversity and inclusiveness.
The White House should continue activities to secure his confirmation in the Senate.
4
THE PRESIDENT PAS SEEN
10-5-99
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10-5-99
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FORSETI ÍSLANDS
PRESIDENT OF ICELAND
Benantasis
William J. Clinton
1999
President of the United States
The White House
Dear Previdend Clinion
I would like to begin by thanking you for our very enjoyable and
constructive meeting in Washington.
In our talks I mentioned the recent publication, for the first time, of
the Complete Sagas of Icelanders in English translation. This publication is
a major cultural achievement. Numerous American and Icelandic scholars
collaborated on producing these translations of the sagas and presenting
them in the new edition.
The set of books contains 40 dramatic sagas which recount the
exceptionally democratic Icelandic commonwealth that lasted from
roughly 900 to 1300, the settlement of Iceland by Vikings, power
struggles, the establishment of a national legislative assembly at Iceland's
"national shrine" Thingvellir and the laws passed there for centuries
afterwards, along with poetry and tales of love and adventure.
The Sagas of Icelanders are a unique contribution to world literature
and invite comparison with the classics of ancient Greece and Rome. Their
action takes place 1000 years ago and spans the then known world from
the Mediterranean and Russia, across northern Europe to Scandinavia and
from Iceland to America.
Besides their outstanding literary qualities, the sagas are also
remarkable records about politics of a democratic society, the
establishment and activities of Iceland's national assembly, the Althing, at
Thingvellir in AD 930, the oldest national legislature in the world. It was
therefore a highly appropriate gesture when, in 1930, to mark the 1,000th
anniversary of Iceland's parliament, the US Congress presented the
Icelandic nation with a gift of a statue of Leif Eiriksson, which now stands
in a public square overlooking the centre of the capital.
In light of your interest in ancient and modern history, literature and
politics, I mentioned at our meeting that I would be delighted to present as
a gift the new Complete Sagas of Icelanders in English - both for your
own enjoyment and interest and also to mark the approaching millennium
of the discovery of America.
The first sagas in the set are those of Eirik the Red and the
Greenlanders. Both were written shortly after 1200 and are unique records
of the voyages made by Icelanders to Greenland, where they established a
community that lasted until the 15th century. These two sagas also describe
how explorers from Iceland ventured westwards from Greenland to a
country that they named Vinland but is now known as America. Many
voyages were made and those pioneers wintered in the new continent they
had found.
Besides describing the life and voyages of Leif the Lucky and his
family, these sagas include a fascinating portrait of his sister-in-law,
Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir, one of the greatest female explorers of all time,
who became the first woman in history to visit both America and Rome,
shortly after the year 1000. Gudrid's son, Snorri, was the first child of
European descent to be born on the American continent. Herself born in
Iceland, Gudrid went to Greenland and America, then back to Iceland and
on to Rome and southern Europe, before returning to Iceland where she
died. Her transatlantic voyages were made just after 1000 and certainly no
woman would surpass her as a traveller for the next five hundred years!
In fact, with their independence, rights, influence and distinctive
attitudes and philosophy, women played an important part in the pioneer
society described in the sagas. Present-day campaigners for female rights
2
and equality can certainly find much food for thought in the sagas, and
have done so.
As pioneer literature, the sagas give people in Iceland a closer affinity
than other European nation with the American nation, by providing us with
invaluable accounts of our origins: the discovery of new territories, their
settlement and the evolution of our society from its earliest days.
The sagas may even be claimed to share certain characteristics with
American westerns, although Iceland's settlers did not clash with native
inhabitants in the country where they made their home. Those who sailed
the ocean to Vinland remained by and large on peaceful terms with the
indigenous North Americans. Some movie directors who shaped the
tradition of westerns knew the sagas well; John Ford, for one, is said to
have been influenced by their characterization. Both these distinctive
genres, the sagas and the western, portray bold and determined men of
exceptional character who enter an undiscovered natural paradise, the vast
expanses of a new world, virgin territory which needs to be explored and
transformed into a human society. These men were pioneers, heroes and
trailblazers.
Besides the Sagas of Eirik the Red and the Greenlanders, with their
accounts of the discovery of America, I would like to draw your attention
to a number of sagas in particular:
- Njal's Saga and the Saga of the People of Laxardal are
masterpieces of epic writing, alive with human insights and
momentous events that have inspired poets and thinkers for
centuries. Men and women are swept by their honour and by fate
into inescapable tragic action: many of the male heroes die brave
and heroic deaths in the face of overwhelming odds, while the
women are forceful characters, active manipulators of events, in
every respect a match for the men.
3
- The Saga of Hrafnkel is a cleverly devised tale about a leader
of men, his advancement and struggles, his authority and
dealings with other leaders and his own supporters. In many
ways a shrewder guide than Machiavelli's The Prince for leaders
of nations and politicians at all times!
- The Sagas of Grettir the Strong and Gisli Sursson are powerful
stories of ill-fated heroes, individuals who refuse to give way
against insurmountable forces of man and providence.
The underlying theme of the sagas is how conflicts among
individuals are resolved within a society which is evolving its
own laws and codes of behaviour through a legislative assembly
and courts, an ancient society which cherishes above all else law,
rights and democratic processes. In effect they portray in detail
the democratic society which, 1000 years ago, forged a pioneer
culture that encouraged bold men and women to venture into the
unknown and cross the ocean in search of new lands. This
ancient heritage is still relevant to us today, at the dawn of a new
millennium and all the uncertainty that this entails.
In general the sagas are set between the end of the settlement around
930 and the middle of the eleventh century, but their sharpest focus is on
the events of the last quarter of the tenth century and the first quarter of the
eleventh. Thus they also hinge on the turning-point in Icelandic history
when the ancient pagan faith was peacefully abandoned in favour of
Christianity almost 1000 years ago. The new era that dawned then had a
far-reaching impact on the world of the sagas: new Christian ethics of
forgiveness and reconciliation restricted the scope for heroics, the society
of peaceful farmers became increasingly intolerant towards men of the
sword.
The Viking settlements in the New World make the sagas one of the
cornerstones of the American heritage. We in Iceland value the
contribution by American scholars to realizing this publication of the sagas
4
in English, and also their decades of contribution towards a wide range of
academic studies of this unique literature, these histories of a democratic
society that spawned brave discoverers.
It would be a great pleasure for me, for the Icelandic government and
in fact for the whole Icelandic nation if some kind of collaboration could
be arranged with US government authorities, both in Washington and at
state level, and with US universities and libraries, to launch a project
involving a "Millennium Gift of the Icelandic 'Discovery of America'
Sagas." Such a project, granting young people, scholars and the general
public access to the sagas throughout the whole of the USA, would
certainly be an interesting and important input to the Millennium
celebrations. Although an Internet presentation is admittedly technically
feasible, there is still nothing to compare with holding these ancient stories
in one's own hands.
We have discussed with the Library of Congress plans for an
exhibition in Washington at or just after the turn of the century, featuring
the ancient Icelandic manuscripts in which the sagas are preserved. Such
an event would be the first time that these ancient calfskin manuscripts
describing the discovery of America one thousand years ago have ever
been exhibited in the United States. Most of the manuscripts date from the
13th and 14th centuries.
I have also been engaged in developing ideas for a Multimedia-
Internet-CD-ROM project linking the saga accounts of the discovery of the
New World and descriptions of life in the year 1000 with the state of the
Earth in the year 2000, which would also enable children and young people
to compare both scenarios with their own ideal visions of the state of the
planet in the year 3000 - firmly addressing conservation of the
environment and biosphere, and including material dedicated to the sea
and its importance for mankind's future.
When these proposals, which are primarily conceived as projects for
multimedia corporations, have been developed further I would be delighted
5
to keep you informed of their progress. The interaction of a new century, a
new millennium, with stories of explorers and the discovery of America,
and issues involving our dreams and hopes for mankind's future on Earth,
could prove an exciting challenge for young people in search of channels
for creating a better world.
Various other ideas were aired at a recent meeting between the Leifur
Eiriksson's Millennium Commission of Iceland and the White House
Millennium Council, where a gratifying new stage was reached in
developing cooperation between our nations to celebrate the millennium of
our common heritage.
I wish you - and your wife and daughter - many hours of enjoyment
reading the sagas of Icelanders, stories that my nation have taken a delight
in for centuries.
I know that this letter is rather longer than is customary under such
circumstances, but in effect it combines a formal message to accompany
this gift with my own deliberations on a topic that has been discussed in
Iceland for centuries and will doubtless live on well into the new
millennium.
6
William J. Clinton
President of the United States
The White House
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10.5.99
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ASSISTANT DEMOCRATIC LEADER
HARRY REID
UNITED STATES SENATE
NEVADA
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20510-7022
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ASSISTANT DEMOCRATIC LEADER
UNITED STATES SENATE
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20510
The President
The White House
Hand Delivered
HARRY REID
NEVADA
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LOS ANGELES TIMES
With an Eye on His Legacy, a President Faces Aging
Unashamed
(first-edition) Page 1 for Tuesday, Oct. 5, 1999:
By Jack Nelson
Los Angeles Times
Top of page:
ATLANTA Jimmy Carter, wearing faded, tight-fitting blue jeans
and a white, yellow and blue polo shirt with the initials of the U.S.
Col 1: Foreign newsfeature. Moving later with art.
Naval Academy, relaxed in an easy chair and propped his loafers on
a coffee table last week. In a few days, on Oct. 1, the former
Cols 2-5: Master Cheng Yen is Taiwan's version of Mother
president would turn 75 years old. Now, in his spacious office at the
Teresa
Carter Center, he was spending an hour reflecting on questions
a woman ministering to the poor and hoping to educate the rich
about his presidency and post-presidency, his relations with
and the recent devastating earthquake in Taiwan has brought out the
President Clinton and three former presidents and even about life
best of her highly regarded organization. (with art) (TAIWAN-
and death and his 53 years of marriage with Rosalynn.
CHARITY, moving Tuesday).
Carter, who has been nominated several times for the Nobel Peace
Prize, disclosed that he had expected to receive the award in 1994
Col 6: An Illinois jury orders the nation's largest car insurer to pay
for his efforts in North Korea, Bosnia and Haiti, but is now
$456 million for allegedly cheating millions of customers by
reconciled to never receiving that honor. He also voiced irritation
ordering body shops to fix their cars with low-cost generic
that the Clinton administration has sometimes excluded the Carter
replacement parts. (INSURE-TIMES, moved).
Center from its international diplomacy. Yet, the former president
was clearly at ease with himself and the life he has made since
Above fold:
leaving the Oval Office in 1981.
He had just finished printing out a manuscript copy of his 14th
Col 2: Advances in medical treatment for radiation victims give
book, a memoir about growing up in the South during the
hope that one or more of the three workers severely irradiated last
Depression. And he waxed enthusiastically about his 15th book, a
week in Japan could survive, doctors say. (JAPAN, moved).
novel-in-progress about the Revolutionary War that is three-fourths
completed. He plans to write other books, he confides, but never
Cols 3-4: Newsfeature. Moving later.
another with Rosalynn because the tensions created by the one book
they co-authored, dealing with health issues, almost wrecked their
Col 5: The Supreme Court clears the way for mandatory drug
marriage.
testing for school teachers, rejecting a constitutional challenge that
The former president talks unabashedly about his deep love for
called the program an exercise in symbolism. "(SCOTUS-TIMES,
his wife, and both of them say these are the best years of their lives.
moved).
In his 1998 book, `The Virtues of Aging," Carter, writing about
older couples continuing to enjoy sexual relations, observed that
Below fold:
``well past 70, Rosalynn and I have learned to accommodate each
other's desires more accurately and generously, and have never had
Col 4: National newsfeature. Moving later with art.
a more complete and enjoyable relationship."
Question: You wrote about there still being a lot of prejudice
Bottom of page:
against the aged, that it's like sexism or racism.
Answer: There is. A lot of that is self-criticism. It's the
Cols 1-3: Foreign newsfeature. Moving later with art.
underestimation of people about growing older, about what they're
still capable of doing, so they withdraw from active and expansive
Cols 5-6: As recently as three or four years ago, if you spent your
participation in life and lead an increasingly and unnecessarily
college career burrowing into English literature or Picasso's
restrictive life.
In generic terms, America does slough away a
paintings and then went looking for a job in business, you might
tremendous reservoir of potentially beneficial human beings
have had trouble getting the time of day with many top corporate
because they themselves, and the general society, put a limit on us.
recruiters, but not any more. (LIBERAL-ARTS, moving Tuesday).
Like a mandatory retirement age of 60. Or almost all the major
corporate boards require somebody to resign when they're 65. I'm
fortunate in that that has not affected me. Rosalynn's mother had to
retire from the post office when she was 70. She's now 94. She
could have worked 15 more years, I think, and very beneficially.
But I tried to outline in the book some things that might be used to
accommodate that: part-time work, obviously beneficent work. We
have people in their 90s that are still helping us build houses for
Habit for Humanity.
Q: You're just turning 75 and you're as busy as you were when
you were 65 or 55. I want to know your secret.
A: I spent a year or two studying other people's aging processes
when I wrote "Virtues of Aging." I talked to people and analyzed
my own habits and those of Rosalynn and how other people in my
family have done. But I think I've just been blessed. So far, I've had
good health. We are vigorous. Rosalynn and I do everything
together, which is one secret. But we take up new habits, like
climbing mountains or bird watching or fly fishing or downhill
skiing. We do it together. We're always together, just about. We
have unique responsibilities.
But I think that keeps us vigorous and interested in things. I've
had the Carter Center as an almost unlimited menu from which I
could choose. We have, for any particular day, maybe 50 things
presented to us that we could select, and we choose the ones that we
want to do. It's never boring. Negotiating peace and dealing with
human-rights problems at the highest possible level. We monitor
elections and promote democracy. We have health programs,
agriculture programs in Africa. We have programs in 65 foreign
countries. And with a former president, the opportunities to
consummate a desire are almost unlimited. When I go to an African
country it is a big deal. It's not as big as the queen of England, but
it's a big deal.
Q: President Clinton recently presented both you and Mrs. Carter
with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Can you say something
10-5-99
about your relationship with Clinton? It's been a little bit rocky in
part because the industry's standard defense that victims accepted
the past.
the risk is not applicable.
A: It's been quite rocky in the past. But, I think, the last few
Cigarette makers won the only two secondhand smoke cases to be
months, at least, both of us have gone out of our way to be
decided by juries, but in 1997 they agreed to settle a class action by
reconciled and to understand each other a little bit better. I'd say the
airline flight attendants for $349 million. The money was for health
exclusion of the Carter Center by the Clinton administration from
research and legal costs, not damages, but the agreement gave flight
issues and assignments that I thought were appropriate for us is
attendants a one-year window to sue once the settlement was final.
what caused my problem. When President Clinton went into
It became final last month, when lawyers opposed to the deal
office and The Washington Post and others began to report all the
withdrew their challenge. As a result, a flurry of suits by flight
people that he brought in around him, in foreign policy, were
attendants is likely over the next 12 months. A handful of
Jimmy Carter people at that time, I really had a very low reputation
secondhand smoke cases already are pending, including class
my stature in the country was lower six years ago than it is now.
actions on behalf of casino workers.
But, I think, there was just a general statement, OK, we will not use
The industry counterattack produced a big victory last year when
Carter.
a federal judge in North Carolina ruled that the Environmental
Q: Any particular projects you can think of?
Protection Agency had made procedural and substantive errors in a
A: I have offered a number of times to be directly involved when
landmark report in January 1993, concluding that secondhand
I had an opening in the Mideast. In recent years, since I came back
smoke is a significant cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers. Federal
from North Korea, I have had direct invitations from the North
officials have appealed the ruling.
Koreans to come back and help resolve a crisis, and (from) Sudan.
In fighting to secure the Fontham data, the industry is taking aim
Q: But has the Clinton administration resisted your going back to
at a major piece of research that helped persuade the EPA and other
North Korea?
health organizations to declare secondhand smoke a significant
A: Yes. Yes. All three of those places.
hazard.
Q: Any other place?
Named for Elizabeth Fontham, a principal investigator and lead
A: That's the only three I want to mention.What we've done is to
author, the project teamed researchers from Louisiana State
carve out for the Carter Center in the fields of foreign policy
University, Emory University, the University of Texas and the
although we have no authority those areas of the world where it
California Department of Health Services, along with USC, in a
does not create a problem with the White House or the State
study of nearly 2,000 nonsmoking women in Los Angeles, San
Department. And that's primarily the forgotten kinds of nations.
Francisco, Houston, New Orleans and Atlanta including 1,253
His people know what I'm doing, and I have never been on a trip
subjects who were healthy and 653 with lung cancer. Their
overseas that I didn't send him immediately, the day after I returned
conclusion: Exposure to secondhand smoke raised the lung cancer
home, a full report on everything I did that I think is important.
risk about 30 percent.
Q: What is your relationship with Vice President Al Gore?
The data sought by cigarette makers includes medical records and
A: Friendly, I would say. After Gore and Clinton were re-elected,
personal information on study subjects, such as work and marital
I realized that we had a problem in this Carter Center relationship. I
histories, dietary habits and exposure to other toxic substances. But
never have had a problem personally with President Clinton or
the researchers say they promised never to divulge that information,
anyone else, but I wanted particularly to see if I had done things
and that it will be hard to gain cooperation in future studies if they
that aggravated the White House, and I know I'm pretty aggressive
go back on their word.
when I go overseas. Clearly when I went down to Panama
But tobacco lawyers say it is perfectly natural they would want to
examine the data. The Fontham study is the No. 1 piece of
evidence against us in any (secondhand smoke) lung cancer case,"
Tobacco Firms in Secondhand-Smoke Court Battle
said Barry Davidson, a lawyer for Philip Morris.
By Myron Levin
Davidson called the confidentiality issue "a total red herring,"
Los Angeles Times
noting that Philip Morris has sought a redacted copy of the data,
LOS ANGELES Mobilizing against smoking bans and lawsuits
with names, addresses and phone numbers of study participants
that could cost them billions, tobacco companies are engaged in a
deleted.
far-reaching campaign to discredit evidence that secondhand smoke
Patricia Buffler, one of the Fontham researchers, acknowledged
is harmful to human health.
some anxiety over the industry's intent to discredit the study. ``If
Nowhere is the strategy more evident than in a legal battle over
you know anything about statistics," she said, ``adjustments can be
the evidence that has occupied at least 10 courts, including U.S.
made to produce conflicting results."
District Court in Los Angeles, where it appears likely to be resolved
Indeed, secondhand smoke research may be uniquely vulnerable
in the industry's favor.
to the kind of torture test the industry would like to apply to the
In the latest phase of the discovery battle, Philip Morris is fighting
Fontham data. The reason is that even in the most incriminating
University of Southern California researchers to get access to a
studies, although the impact of secondhand smoke across the whole
single computer disk containing raw data from an influential five-
population may be substantial, the risk for each exposed person is
city study, known as the Fontham study, that found
low.
a causal link between lung cancer and secondhand smoke. The
For a toxic agent to be deemed a proven risk to health, researchers
company wants to scrutinize the data in hopes of casting doubt on
typically insist that the rate of illness at least double, or increase 100
the evidence, which is weaker for second-hand smoke than for some
percent, for those who are exposed. Otherwise, other environmental
other environmental hazards.
factors or errors in classifying data might explain the difference.
Fontham and similar studies have provided the scientific bedrock
The Fontham study, typical of research indicting secondhand
for a small but growing wave of secondhand smoke litigation that
smoke, found an added cancer risk of about 30 percent, well below
the industry aims to head off. At the same time, cigarette makers are
the traditional threshold. By comparison, longtime smokers face a
determined to slow the spread of California-style smoking bans to
roughly twentyfold, or 2,000 percent, greater lung cancer risk than
less-regulated areas of the United States and to foreign markets
nonsmokers. Lifetime smokers have about one chance in eight of
where smokers still light up wherever they choose. Research
dying of lung cancer, compared with a risk of one in 200 for those
suggests that smoking restrictions reduce cigarette sales by inducing
who never smoked.
many smokers to cut down or even quit.
The industry's quest for the Fontham data began in 1994, when
Researchers from USC and other institutions involved in the
cigarette makers subpoenaed it from Louisiana State University as
Fontham study say the industry's relentless pursuit of the data could
part of their defense of a secondhand smoke case in Texas. But
have a chilling effect on future health research. Citing promises of
Louisiana law provides sweeping protections against disclosure of
confidentiality to subjects in the study, they have resisted demands
confidential data in health studies, and the industry was turned
to cough up the data, which cigarette makers say they need to
down by three different state and federal judges when it tried to
defend themselves in court.
enforce its subpoenas.
The industry has been largely thwarted in this long-running game
Tobacco lawyers made two trips to state court in Georgia and
of cat and mouse, obtaining but a sliver of the data. But its five-year
finally got data from Emory University, but only for the Atlanta
quest may be about to pay off. In Los Angeles, U.S. District Judge
portion of the study.
Richard A. Paez will decide if USC must honor an industry
In California, the first industry subpoena was quashed in 1997 by
subpoena, and he has already ruled for the industry once.
a San Francisco Superior Court judge. In Los Angeles, cigarette
Although tobacco companies have their hands full with litigation
makers also subpoenaed the data from USC, first for defense of the
over primary smoking such as the huge case filed last month by the
flight attendants class action, and then in the secondhand smoke
Justice Department secondhand smoke is an emerging threat, in
case of a Florida woman named Roselyn Wolpin.
10-5-99
Samly
Sour interesting
litter articles new
Haut dicde Jurise of
taking any cityer onting
BR
Sandy
Some interesting
10-5-99
letters, articles here.
Have to decide if were
to NSC for reply ?
Yes- No -
taking any citizens
on trip
B.
BC
CL: Podesta
2
Yes No- -
of
Ja/2491
SEEN
September 21, 1999
10-5-99
Copy
to yough
to
all
pros.
Dear Mr. President,
I am writing you this letter to give you some first hand insight on what I experienced in Cyprus and Greece during
my trip in August 1999. I feel there are some facts about the peoples of Cyprus and some official's attitudes that
you may not be aware of, that could be of value to you.
The first four days of our trip was in Cyprus. We stayed in Nicosia (Leftcosia) and Limasol. We spoke to lots of
people and saw many things.
I spoke with a taxi driver for an hour on many topics. He lives in a small village on the Greek side. There are
several Turks in their village. They all live together with no problems. This man told me that he thought the Greek
Cypriots made a mistake trying to force the British out of Cyprus when they did. He said they would have left
anyway and would probably not have started the trouble between the Greeks and Turks. He loves his island and the
history of the island. I asked him if he had bad feelings towards the Turks or if he felt if others did. He said his
14
family lived with the Turks for many years with no problems and couldn't understand how anyone could think that
Greeks could or would terrorize or massacre them. "Not even thinkable", he said. Mr. President, don't let anyone
tell you that one. The Greeks do not have that in their blood.
I then met with George Paraskevaides. This man is a very successful builder. This company is named J&P. They
are a worldwide contractor that builds large hotels, highways etc. I was thinking, "Oh here we go." But this guy
was so nice and spoke of history and how much he loves his homeland. He built an airport on Cyprus for Churchill.
The Cyprus connection during WWII made a big difference on the results of the war. He and Churchill had several
conversations. He is so proud to have helped the cause of good during the war. His home is on the other side of the
line and like the others in Cyprus would like to go back. This man has done much for the working class people in
Cyprus and around the world. He has set up many programs for his employees to help them be happy productive
people. He is a humanitarian that you would be proud to call your friend. He has seen the brutal attitudes of the
Turks and is very afraid that all they want, when the U.S. is not looking or paying attention, is to take over the
whole island. Many are very concerned about what it would be like with a Muslim ruled island located in a location
so critical to that region of the world. With the history of brutality they have and their aggressiveness in taking
lands over the years, many in Cyprus have this paranoia. Mr. Paraskevaides just wants to see the history of the
island be honored and the Greek and Turkish Cypriots live together in one Cyprus as it had for hundreds of years.
V/l
He is convinced that the economy on the Turkish side would improve and be strong with a free Cyprus. His
company pays basic salaries twice as high as the average working class salary on the other side. You will find a
letter from him attached.
We also met Captain Panagiotis Tsakos. He is another wealthy businessman. He is a ship owner and very
successful. Again, I said to myself, "He probably just has selfish reasons for the solution of the Cyprus issue." But
when you speak with him and see his eyes and listen to his concerns, you soon realize his sincerity. He is a real
student of history and quotes much of it in his attitudes towards the resolution of this issue. I have also included a
letter from Captain Tsakos for your information. Again, information that might be of some use to you, Mr.
President.
IV
I spoke with the Mayor of Nicosia, Lellos Demetriades, and he told me that he was working with the Turks on the
other side of the line behind Danktosh's nose to get things accomplished that are good for the divided city. Lellos
told me there was no way the Greek majority would terrorize the Turks on the island. They have worked together for
years and will continue to. He has been Mayor for 28 years and is loved by most. After all he has helped make this
divided city successful in a few short years since the division. Pretty amazing huh? I think he may run for Prime
Minister of Cyprus next. To talk to this man and look into his eyes is incredible. He is so wise and calm and
forgiving and confident. I wish you would go there and meet him, or at least call him and speak to him about the
reality of Cyprus. I asked Lellos to write you a personal letter so you could hear right from his mouth, unfiltered by
anyone. His letter is also attached.
Anyway I also spent some time with both foreign ministers and they were very articulate. They told me that they
believed this can be solved but that no deal is better than a bad deal. They are willing to give and to be fair,
however, since they are not the aggressor or the guys who did this deed, they will not tolerate more unfairness and
more taking advantage the Greeks. They both told me the Greeks and Turks could really strike up a great economic
relationship. It would be great for the whole region. They really have a lot in common from the business
perspective and would love to get on with it.
THE PRESIDENT SEEN
Did you know that:
10-5-99
The Turks are moving the outcasts from the mainland and to Northern Cyprus to increase the population so that over
time they can use that as a bargaining tool?
Many of the Turkish Cypriots have moved out of Cyprus to London because they cannot tolerate those mainland
If
Turks who have been moved there to create a false population balance? The Greek and Turkish Cypriots that live in
London, live amongst each other. Using the same neighborhoods and restaurants, etc.? Does this sound like people
willing to kill each other. I don't think so.
That the Turkish economy north of the Green Line is very depressed, while the Greek Cypriot economy in the south
is flourishing wildly. Definitive proof that the Turks don't really care to be there for any other reason other than an
occupation for a further agenda to take over the island.
That many successful Greek Cypriots would hire and pay large numbers of Turks, far more than they are making
today in a free Cyprus.
To start trouble years ago Denktash had a bomb set in a Turkish office in Cyprus. When it went off, needless to say
the Turks attacked the Greeks. Years later Denktash admitted doing this deed to get recognition for Turkish
Cypriots throughout the world.
Anyway Mr. President, even without any of these facts, the right thing to do is to restore those who have been driven
from their homes, graveyards, schools, businesses, churches, and land. You have set the correct, moral, ethical and
just plain the right precedent by doing the right thing in Kosovo. You helped return these people to their homes,
graveyards, businesses, schools, churches and land. This is the right thing to do and you should do it in Cyprus.
The great thing is that it will greatly improve the overall economy in Cyprus. Seems to me if Cyprus has one
Federal Government to represent all of the people as part of the European market, wow would that stabilize that part
of the world. It would help Turkey and Greece enter into a lot of trade and maybe even Turkey would and could
move towards trading with Europe. I think you would start a great domino effect of stabilization in that part of the
world by doing the right thing.
This paragraph is fully my view, not anything buy my attitudes. Mr. President, you know a lot about history. You
know the tendency the Turks have to be aggressive and that has not changed. You know they will not just throw up
their hands and say, "Oh we did the wrong thing and we now want to make it right." It will take pressure, pressure
no President has had the guts to place on them. It seems to me that a lot of things are coming into play to make it
possible to prove to them it is the best for them to relent and do the right thing. Please don't let your State
Department sell the Greeks out just to get a deal. Just to say we got an agreement. Seems to me that having two
governments would be wrong, not letting the Greeks buy or get their land back is not right, basically anything that is
not what we know democracy is, is wrong. Please don't let might and influence determine this result. Do what is
courageous as you have so many other times during your Presidency.
L
You must be taking a Greek contingent with you on your trip. Will you be taking Andy Manatos and Andy Athens?
They more than any Greek Americans I know have worked all over the world to keep sanity in the heads of the
American Greek community. They don't jump from one extreme to the other about your administration. They keep
a calm head about what is happening. They don't jump from one extreme to the other every time you open your
mouth. A lot of Greeks listen to them. Andy Manatos has a lot of common sense and knows how Government
works. They have never never asked me for anything. I consider them very honest and sincere.
Well, I hope this gives you some useful information. I love you and I love my heritage. It is a special thing that my
good friend has the power to make the world a little better, a little stronger.
God Bless You, Mr. President,
David Del L. Ah
THE TOWN HALL
Eleftheria Square
P.O.Box 21015
CY-1500 Nicosia Cyprus
Telephone (00357) (2) 673124/7
Facsimile (00357) (2) 663363
E-mail: [email protected]
Nicosia Municipality
MAYOR'S OFFICE
DETERMINED TO BE AN ADMINISTRATIVE
MARKING INITIALS: M DATE: 8/20/16
CONFIDENTIAL
2011-0970-F
7th September, 1999
The President of the United States of America,
The White House,
Washington DC,
USA
Dear Mr. President,
I took the liberty of writing to you after meeting with your good friend Mr. David
Leopoulos a few days ago in Nicosia.
I took David and his family around the town and we visited, of course, our famous or
infamous "Green Line", which is in fact the United Nations demarcation line, cutting
across the heart of the city and dividing it into two.
David was really moved by what he saw and he asked me to write a letter to the
President (which he promised to deliver himself) and explain a few things about my
town and what I am doing.
It is a demanding and difficult job to be a Mayor in any town, but it is even more
difficult to manage a town which is divided, without freedom of movement of people,
or, worse than that, of the possibility of sharing feelings and ideas.
If I look back over the years, I can see that perhaps the most important thing that I
tried to achieve, was to build and maintain some bridges of communication between
the two parts of the town and I speak, of course, metaphorically. As early as three
years after the invasion of the Turkish army in Cyprus in 1974, I established contact
with the Turkish Cypriot local leaders and since that time we continue to co-operate
on the Local Authorities Level. The result of these endeavours was to start
functioning our common sewerage system which is still working ever since May
1980, benefiting both sides of Nicosia. We also agreed and we implement up to this
day a common Town Planning Scheme which enables both sides of the town to
develop in a way which is not conflicting with the other side, avoiding in this way the
creation of any obstacles, physical or otherwise which may delay or interfere with
the smooth unification of the city. In previous years, before the issue of the latest
directions of Mr. Denktash prohibiting contacts between Greek and Turkish Cypriots
in Cyprus, we had cultural and social gatherings, as well, between the two
Communities in Nicosia.
2/
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
10-5-99
Date: 7 September 1999
- 2 - -
In spite of the present difficulties we intend to keep on maintaining our bridges and I
am sure that one day these bridges will be used by others, in an effort to reach a
settlement on the Cyprus problem. This is because I strongly believe that towns can
not possibly remain divided forever and I hope that your new attempt, Mr. President,
for a solution of the Cyprus problem, will bring about better days for Cyprus.
I know that our problem is a difficult and complex one. I think that one way to solve it
is to address the two main issues involved in this whole affair, beyond the issue of
geographical demarcation of the two areas which will be inhabited predominantly by
members of the same Communities, an issue which is more or less resolved. I feel
that these two issues relate to security and keeping Cyprus as one Sovereign State.
The security issue I think can be tackled now on the basis of similar cases. The
sovereign issue may be resolved by the creation of a single Federal State, the
inhabitants of which will have the same nationality and a common Issuing Bank, a
Foreign Ministry enforcing a common foreign policy and with wide powers given to
the two Communities. I believe that this can now be achieved if at the very moment
of the creation of this new State, the European Union accepts it or agrees to accept
it as its new member.
Having been actively involved in public affairs (I prefer that, than saying "being in
politics", because I do not belong to any particular Party), for about 40 years, during
which I served both as a member of the House of Representatives for ten years as
well as the Mayor of the Capital of Cyprus for 28 years, I think the above basis will
be accepted by the Cypriots as a reasonable arrangement, provided it is presented
as a final solution and not as a stepping stone for further negotiations, between the
parties. Needless to say that this expose is, certainly, an over-simplification of the
Cyprus problem, but I hold the view that it is a solid basis for a possible solution.
I do apologise, Mr. President, for taking your time, but I thought it was my duty and,
of course, my honour, to address myself to the President.
I remain,
Dear Mr. President,
Yours faithfully
Lellos Demetriades
Mayor of Nicosia
T
CPT. PANAGIOTIS N. TSAKOS
13th September, 1999
Mr William Jefferson Clinton
President of the United States of America
The White House
Washington DC
U.S.A
Dear Mr. President,
I have much admired your resolute position on many issues, both the domestic
and international, over a number of years. Your personal involvement in the efforts to
solve many international problems, some of which were considered to be intractable,
has been of great significance. It has been, Mr. President, not only the increasing
influence of the USA, but your stature and skills which often carried the day.
As a Greek , I have been gravely disappointed that the problem of Cyprus
remains unresolved. I have followed the developments on the problem for many years
and I have discussed it with many personalities who were involved with the problem
over the years.
The long history of the many attempts for its solution has taught us that only
an initiative with the personal involvement of the President of USA can lead to a just
solution, as the Turkish Governments perceive the personal effort of the President as
evidence of high level interest on the part of the Administration.
This perception, Mr. President , fades out, when the Administration relegates
the handling of the problem to Officials, and statements such as " We support the
mission of good offices of the UN Secretary General", reflect the low priority
accorded to the Cyprus problem by the Administration.
Mr. President,
The purpose of my letter is to beg you to launch your personal initiative and
use your stature and skills for the solution of the Cyprus problem. The Peoples of
Greece and Cyprus expect that the first power of the world can decisively act for the
consolidation of the ideals of Freedom, Democracy and Peace in the area. It is evident
to all that you are inspired by this high mission of strengthening of these ideals in the
world. They think that the time has come for the United States to expect from Turkey
actions on the Cyprus issue in the interest of Peace.
You will be visiting the area in November of this year. It is surely a golden
opportunity for a new high level initiative, an initiative that will have excellent
prospects of success, the President Clinton initiative.
MEGARON MACEDONIA
367, SYNGROU AVE., P.O. BOX 79 141 (AMFITHEA), 175 02 ATHENS, HELLAS.
10200700
0
Mr William Jefferson Clinton
President of the United States of America
U.S.A.
Page 2
Mr President,
I share and further support the above opinions and expectations of the
common citizen of Greece and Cyprus. By having though, slightly better familiarised
with the legal frame of the problem, I would like to be permitted to respectfully
suggest that-you bring with you to the area outline proposals on some of the principal
parameters of the problem such as:
Territory : Proposals based on the Gobi or Ghali maps of 1992.
Security : The demilitarisation of Cyprus as envisaged by the two parties in Cyprus in
the second high - level agreement (1979) and the deployment of an international force
to foster peace and co-operation between the two Cypriot communities.
Constitutional Aspects : A bizonal, bicommunal federation with one international
personality, one sovereignty, one citizenship (as provided for by all recent Security
Council decisions) and with membership of the European Union. (The allocation of
powers to the Federal Government).
Respect for Human Rights as provided for by the Universal Declaration of Human
rights, the European Convention of Human Rights, and the law of the European
Union.
Mr. President,
You have a real opportunity to resolve a long-standing problem, which has
caused untold unhappiness to the Peoples of the countries involved. I beg you to
consider favourably my suggestions for resolving the problem and for launching the
Clinton initiative to resolve the Cyprus problem before the end of the Millennium.
Respectfully Yours
Tomás
Capt. Panagiotis Tsakos
George Paraskevaides O.B.E.
1. Byron Avenue
Tel: 866800
P.O. Box 1178
Fax: 2 818868 (Gr 4)
CY 1503 Nicosia
2-476269. 466918 (Gr 3)
CYPRUS
7th September, 1999
The Honorable
Mr. Bill Clinton.
President of the United States of America,
The White House,
Washingtor. DC
Dear Mr. President,
May = take the liberty with this letter to express my
views on the very serious problem which my country Cyprue
facts for the last 25 years.
Recently I had the opportunity to meet with your great
friend Mr. David Leopoules and nis family, while they were
on holiday in Cyprus. I am really very pleased and happy
to have met and spent some time in the company of such
a genuine and kind man.
Mr. Lacpoulos was very kind to take an interest in
the tragic Cyprus problem and to spend time locking into
certain or its details. Before leaving Cyprus, he expressed
his will that upon his return to the U.S.A., he would be
writing to your Honorable goodself expressing his V1AWS
on the Cyprus issue, formed during nis visit to the Island.
It is upon his request that I am also writing this letter
to express my opinion on this tragedy that has bafallen
my country.
Honorable Mr. President, knowing your enormous
responsibilities and your great wish on behalf of your great
country to promote world peace, I am sure you will find
of assistance the attached coinion and views of mine on
this very important international problem.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to you,
Mr. President, for taking the time to consider my views
as expressed herewith. My country and myself are eternally
grateful to you and to the U.S.A. for your continuous efforts
.../2
I NEVER RECEIVED
ThE ORIGINAL
HE FAXER it from
chpins.
DAVID
2
2
George Paraskevaides O.B.E.
1, Byron Avenue
Tel: 2. 868600
P.O. Box 1178
Fax: 2- - 618668 (Gr 4)
CY . 1503 Nicosia
2- - 476269, 466908 (Gr 3)
CYPRUS
- 2 -
for a peaceful and just settlement of the Cyprus
problem.
God bless you and your family, God bless
America.
Yours most respectfully,
George E. Faraskevaides.
GP/MTh/MS
THE CYPRUS QUESTION
(The Framework for a Solution)
The framework for a solution already exists and is none other than the resolutions of the
United Nations and the high-level agreements. The EU's own resolutions and decisions
on Cyprus, which are fully in line with those of the UN, provide additional guidelines and
express the Union's commitment to the principles involved.
The basic elements of the framework prescribed by these resolutions include the re-
unification of Cyprus, the removal of foreign occupation troops and settlers the return of
displaced persons to their homes under conditions of safety and safe-guarding the
independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Cyprus.
Additional elements are provided by two specific agreements reached between
Presidents Makarios and Kyprianou on the one hand and the Turkish Cypriot leader, Mr.
Denktash on the other in 1977 respectively. These agreements provide for the
establishment of a bi-communal federation, the safeguarding, of human rights of all
Cypriots and the exclusion of union in whole or in part with any other state or partition in
any form.
Unfortunately a solution according to these agreed principles has not been forthcoming
despite the continuous efforts of the United Nations Secretary-General under his mission
of good offices entrusted to him by the Security Council. As matter of fact the Security
Council has had to condemn actions by the Turkish side which were contrary to those
agreements, the United Nations resolutions and international law and which intended to
dismember Cyprus by declaring an independent state on the territory of the Republic
occupied by Turkish troops. Similar condemnations were expressed by the Counc:: of
Europe, the Commonwealth and other world bodies.
It is now universally realised and widely accepted that the only force that can induce the
Turks to come to terms for a fair, just and viable solution of the Cyprus question is the
Government of the United State of America.
"The war will be won by those who have the last drop of oil". Rommel in Cairo
tried to capture Cyprus because of its strategic location for the control of oil
supply in the Middle East and Arab countries
My opinion is that Europe, U.S. and the Middle East need Cyprus to
safeguard the supply of oil from the Middle East to the rest of the world. I
repeat a free united and democratic Cyprus for all it's people, is a diamond in
the Eastern Mediterranean.
Europe and the U.S should spare no efforts to convince the two countries
Turkey and Greece to be on friendly terms for their own interests and then
there will never be a problem in the Easter Mediterranean. If this happens,
that day will be written in golden letters in the world history.
MR. PRESIDENT,
Below Are SOME Thoughts from
MEMO
A PERSON high rr The GREEK GOVERNMENT.
10.IX.99
ShE IS BELIEVE is AN AMERICAN
Dear David,
WE hAD AINNER with bin. Very Intelligent.
As we discussed on that lovely evening in Athens, here are some notes referring
to the Cyprus issue from Greek eyes. However, I must add that while the eyes
DAVID
may be Greek the positions are not less pertinent.
Rauf Denktash is in the winter of his political career. His primary political
goal at this point in his life is to have history remember him kindly. As such,
there is no incentive to be either compromising or forthcoming. Denktash will
move only as much as he may have to, in order to appease the power-
players. His agreement to come to the tables again as a "community leader"
and not as a president will be his concession. Anyone expecting much more
will be disappointed. Denktash sees history as describing him as a leader
that "defended his people and fended off superpower pressure until his
death." He sees no reason to jeopardize this.
Both Greece and Cyprus are flexible, creative and sincere in their efforts to
propose and resolve the issues on the island. By directly or indirectly yielding
to Denktash, the prestige and authority of two governments is at stake.
Clerides based his election campaign as well as this government, on imminent
resolution of the Cyprus issue. He had hope in Holbrooke, but lead to a
dead-end. He put hope in the S-300s, but that boomeranged and failed.
Being unpredictable, Clerides will be so weakened in the eyes of his country
that it wouldn't be beyond him to quit if he foresees failure once again. If so,
what would be the next government? For another indefinite number of
times, the entire process of seeking a solution for Cyprus begins from zero.
The same would apply to the Simitis government. The attacks from the
opposition, to include the internal opposition, were it perceived that the
Greek government was not holding up to its obligation to protect Cypriot
interests, would be relentless.
Turkey is the key in resolution of the Cyprus question. Turkey tells the US
that "Denktash" has the upper hand and they can't exert more pressure on
him. This is not true, just as much as it's not true that the US can't exert
more pressure on Turkey. There are always ways, provided there is the will.
Turkey is the player in the Cyprus equation, and more specifically the Turkish
military. If the US looks beyond a narrowly defined national interest
presumably served by favored relations with Turkey, then the potential for
extracting Turkish concessions become enormous.
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
10-5-99
The German example of membership in the EU is well known. When West
Germany joined the EU it was with the understanding that whenever the
unification of West and East Germany were to be achieved membership to
the EU was automatically for the entire unified state. This is the most logical
application for Cyprus also. The umbrella of the European Union can gives
the guarantees that each side seeks. It is the only opportunity that offers a
just and viable solution. What more security guarantees could the Turkish
Cypriots seek other than those to be found in EU membership with all the
benefits that a member state has?! The Turkish Cypriots would have all the
advantages the EU has to offer to include employment, development, and
better standards of living to only name a few. If their security were under
question in a majority Greek Cyprus, if human rights as they fear would be
violated, if opportunities would be minimal. Even Turkey stands to gain by
one Cyprus is the EU-one of the official languages of the EU will become
Turkish; Turkish products and collaboration with the T/C community would be
promoted in Europe.
0
While NGO level interrelations are good for atmospherics in Cypriot relations,
it's not enough. High level politics sets the tone and makes or breaks these
efforts. Take for example, when Holbrooke made a break through and
actuated a telecommunications link between the two communities, Denktash
obstructed its function in practice. When the relations at the public level
became more frequent and people got together an both sides, Denktash
unilaterally created "TRNC passports" requiring visas, making crossings of the
green line nearly impossible. He does not want the people to come together -
it undermines his role of King in a Kingdom. However, relations in Cyprus
have seen a roller coaster of hope-disappointment at that level.
0
Demography of northern Cyprus:
120,000 Turkish settlers
40,000 Turkish military
80,000 real Turkish Cypriots (from 160,000 in 1974)
Migration of T/C has been enormous in the last few years. The demography
of the island has changed immensely. We are about 2/3 of the population
being Turkish and only 1/3 being Turkish Cypriot.
In recent years the Turkish Cypriots migrated primarily to England Now the
majority are moving to Australia, Canada and the US. Unemployment
amongst the T/C is much higher than that of Turkish settlers because the
Turkish settlers are given incentives to go live in Cyprus. Naturally the first
incentive is that of employment. With recent events, Turkish Cypriots have
lost hope for development and a better standard of life in Cyprus. The
Turkish Cypriot and Turkish cultures are different just as the Greeks and
Greek Cypriots are. The fact that northern Cyprus is being 'taken over' by
Turks, and the fact that there is no solid promise of a solid future, they are
seeking stability and quality of life away from their homeland.
0 Clinton stated on national television that he would not rest until every single
Kossovar refugee returned home. 250,000 Cypriot refugees ask why is it that
after more than 25 years no one seems to be concerned with their going
home. The latest 'argument' from people in State Department is "Cypriots
refugees? It's not the same, they have villas and Mercedes" After twenty-five
years, refugees of Kossovo will also have Mercedes and villas. This
argument is insulting.
0 Cypriots have been disappointed over and over again with "international
interest". If the mediators complain (especially those from the US) that there
is no "political will" on the part of the Cypriots to resolve the problems on
Cyprus, it could be attributed to the fact that there have been so many
beginnings, so many disappointments and so little ever accomplished. The
question that should really be asked, however, is a different one: Is there
really the international political will to find a just and viable solution based on
the principles of international law? Or is the goal of the mediators actually to
"stabilize the region" at all costs and in any manner. The motivation of the
mediators is a major factor in the outcome of Cyprus. Is it international law
that serves as the guideline to mediation or economic/political interests? If
it's the latter then justice cannot be served and if justice is not served, then
the chances are that a solution will never be found.
0
There are risks if this problem continues to linger on and if the Cypriot
question is not settled with accession to the EU serving as an umbrella of
security and prosperity for all Cypriots. The sense of insecurity will continue
to grow even for Greek Cypriots. Productive capital will start leaving the
island. Cyprus can become the Switzerland-economic hub-for the Middle East,
Southeast Europe but also the Caucasus. As the external borders to the east,
the EU, but also the US, has enormous interests in making sure that Cyprus
becomes secure as soon as possible.
¥
Ecevit's (and Denktash) repeated statements that "Cyprus is settled" there is
nothing to be done anymore is an illusion. When there was momentum in
Cypriot negotiations in 1996 two Cypriots were killed by Turkish troops. This
didn't happen because the situation in Cyprus was still 'dangerous and
explosive' as Turkey held. On the contrary, exactly because things were too
'peaceful' Turkey had to prove that security was still an issue, otherwise their
arguments were invalid. The worse part of this incident was that suddenly the
Greek Cypriots woke up from their slumber. They realized that the status
quo was not security for them.
THE PRESIDENT SEEN
10-5-99
0
Neither Turkey nor Denktash wants to change status quo. Denktash for the
reasons noted above. The real obstacle, however, is that Turkey has no
incentive to change status quo.
1. If Cyprus were settled, then Turkey would have no legitimate reason to be
involved with Cypriot affairs. As a member of the EU, the role of "guarantor"
would be meaningless. Even if Cyprus were simply an independent non-
aligned state satisfied with its government, Turkey would not have any say
on the internal affairs.
2. Cyprus has always been a bargaining chip for Turkey:
-
Access to Cyprus is defacto territorial extension for Turkey
-
Turkish relations with Denktash has made it possible to send goods to
the EU
-
In geo-political terms, Turkey has a foot in the regional importance of
Cyprus
What incentive does Turkey have to settle the Cyprus question? They have,
on the other hand, much to gain by continuing the impasse by virtue of
involvement and intervention on the island's affairs. Accession to the
European Union would solve all problems on Cyprus, but it would also mean
that Turkey would no longer have that card to play.
0 The US could exert more pressure on Turkey. It is understandable that the
US perceives that many issues of American national interests can be served
through Turkey. However, Turkey also understands this. As such, Turkey
knows that the US will chastise on issues of human rights or on the Cyprus
question, but will not go as far as to actually 'punish' Turkey for 'misbehavior'.
Perhaps the US should try this once. Turkey has no where else to go.
Fundamentalism is not really possible in Turkey-the State Department knows
this. Barring a real threat to normal relations, Turkey has no reason to back
off from its policy of 25 years.
¥
US interests in settling Cyprus:
Cyprus is an economic center-a rising star- and important crossroads to
the Middle East, Caucuses, SE Europe and Africa.
Oil lines through Cyprus are sound and feasible through Cyprus.
Investments to from and to the Middle East
Russians are in Cyprus
Geographically and politically useful to purposes of west-If NATO bases
were in Cyprus it would be even better
It would give more independence to the US if Cyprus were disengaged
from Turkey. If there were instability in Turkey it would inevitably spread
to the northern part of the island. The US would have more options-
policy options- if Cyprus were truly an independent state. By having all
American eggs in one Turkish basket, the US risks a replay of Iran. The
US is relying on an eggshell foundation in Turkey. This was especially
seen in the aftermath of the earthquake, where for the first time public
opinion openly and consciously challenged the all mighty Turkish State.
The image has been cracked. While the military guarantees democracy in
Turkey, and while the possibility of Turkey turning fundamentalist is
minimal, instability still exists.
0
If Cyprus is in EU then Turkey will undoubtedly be helped in its effort to join
the EU
0
The Balkans, Middle East are priorities for US foreign policy. Cyprus is in that
arch of instability. If the link is broken, then the chain is useless. Cyprus is a
rock of security that the US could rely on, were it settled with the EU context.
The Washington Times
TUESDAY, JULY 20, 1999 / PAGE A19
ORHAN SULEIMAN
rue or false?
EOKA terrorist bent on immediate
T
NATO is to Kosovo as
Cyprus
Enosis, and the extermination: of
Turkey is to Cyprus.
Turkish Cypriots, replaced Makar-
You decide.
ios. And the bloodbaths began
No Turkish Cyprio
NATO's justification of its 1999
again.
military intervention in Kosovo
tensions
were attacked or
When the Greek military coup
was twofold: to remedy the over-
promised a reprise of the 1963-64
throw of traditional Kosovar auton-
horror story for the Turkish Cypri-
Killed. The junta
omy within Yugoslavia; and to undo
and punish ethnic cleansing and
revisited
ot people, Turkey intervened with
military force as both a humanitar-
killed approximate
war crimes perpetrated by
ian mission and as a defender of
Yugoslav President Slobodan Milo-
international order. The dispatch
200 Greek Cyprio!
sevic and his loyalists.
of troops was expressly authorized
Turn the reel of history back 35
under Article IV of the Treaty of
overthrowing the
years to Cyprus.
From a population approximat-
Guarantee and was legally irre-
In December 1963, a bloodbath
ing 120,000, tens of thousands of
proachable; it was no lawless inva-
cyprus government
commenced with a premeditated
Turkish Cypriots were slaugh-
sion.
Greek Cypriot attack on the Turk-
tered, plundered and driven from
The Athens Court of Appeal no
ish Cypriots in pursuit of their age-
their homes into defensive
partisan of Turkey, explained in a
Other parts of
old dream of "Enosis" (union with
enclaves by Greek and Greek
March 1979 decision: "The Turkish
Greece). The lethal and brutal
Cypriot soldiers and guardsmen.
military intervention in Cyprus
this article and
assaults persisted for 11 years
More than 20 percent were made
which was carried out in accor-
under the aegis of Archbishop
refugees or displaced persons, the
dance with the Zurich and London
much information
Markarios, the "president" of the
proportionate equivalent of 70
Agreements was legal. Turkey, as
1960 Republic of Cyprus. It was
million Americans. More than 100
one of the Guarantor powers; had
that is presented
founded as a partnership state of
villages and mosques were
the right to fulfill her obligations.
the two peoples of the island guar-
destroyed.
The real culprits
are
the
Greek
ON the Turks'
anteed by international treaties.
Was this genocide?
Officers who engineered and staged
The Greek Cypriot leadership
This is the testimony of United
the coup and prepared the condi-
behalf crosses
aimed to destroy the very same con-
States Undersecretary of State
tions for this intervention." The
stitution and partnership that it had
George Ball in his "Memoirs":
Athens court echoed an earlier con-
the line of
pledged to honor.
"Makarios' central interest was to
clusion of the Standing Committee
The 1960 partnership Republic
block off Turkish intervention so
of the Consultative Assembly of the
propaganda.
erected safeguards against Greek
that he and his Greek Cypriots
Council of Europe.
Cypriot domination. The Turkish
could go on happily massacring
Since 1974, two equal and demo-
Cypriots enjoyed a fixed quota of
Turkish
Cypriots.
I
said
to
him
cratic political sovereigns have
executive, legislative, judicial, civil
sharply The world's not going
evolved on Cyprus amidst peace
service and military representa-
to stand idly by and let you turn this
and general tranquility: the Turkish
tion, plus strong local autonomy in
beautiful island into your private
Republic of Northern Cyprus head-
specified municipalities. The Turk-
abattoir.' I telegraphed the presi-
ed by President Rauf Denktas; and
ish Cypriot vice president held a
dent The Greek Cypriots do not
a Greek Cypriot administration led
veto equivalent to that of the Greek
want a peacekeeping force; they
by President Glafcos Clerides.
Cypriot president. In its initial
just want to be left alone to kill
The United Nations Security
years, this partnership arrange-
Turkish Cypriots.'
Council, the European Union and
ment operated with minor bumps
On Feb. 17, 1964, The Washing-
President Clerides, however, insist
created by the Greek Cypriots. For
ton Post reported that "Greek
the Greek Cypriot administration
example, Archbishop Makarios'
Cypriot fanatics appear bent on a
hold the legitimate. right to rule
bold vow that, "Even if the Consti-
policy of genocide." Former Greek
over the Turkish Cypriot people.
tutional Court says that what I am
Prime Minister Constantinos Mit-
That posture contradicts interna-
doing [on municipalities] is uncon-
sotakis recently acknowledged:
tional law and morality and the
stitutional, I will not respect any of
"The attempt by Makarios to abro-
facts on the ground, akin to denying
those things," provoked the resig-
gate the very agreements he had
the Pythagorean theorem.
nation of the German president of
signed was a mistake which con-
Negotiations between the Greek
the court.
stituted a crime. Because from that
and Turkish Cypriot states that do
In December 1963, Archbishop
point on the situation dragged
not at the outset officially recognize
Markarios manufactured a crisis by
Cyprus into bloody events and led
their sovereign equality would
insisting on amendments that would
to crimes committed by the Greek
build on a false bottom and instant-
shatter the partnership Constitution
Cypriot side against the Turkish
ly capsize. The withholding of that
and reduce the Turkish Cypriot peo-
Cypriot side which we cannot
recognition is what is stalling a per-
ple to servility. The Turkish Cypriots
deny."
manent agreement on Cyprus
balked, and for the temerity of
On July 15, 1974, the military
defending their constitutional rights,
junta ruling Greece overthrew the
Makarios unleashed the notorious
Greek Cypriot administration of
Orhan Suleiman is former presi-
"Akritas Plan," a mini-version of the
Archbishop Makarios by force.
dent of the Maryland American
Final Solution.
Nicos Sampson, a malevolent
Turkish Association.
This Anticle Shows how untruiths
ARE CiRCULAtED to Chroge history,
NO tunks WERE KillEn By Greeks.
IT WAS AN all GREEK happering:
There is histonical proof of This
DATID
Defense
Foreign Affairs
Strategic Policy
Pakistan's Bid
For Leverage
Mountain Warfare, Trench
7, 7,1999
Tactics and Global Maneuver
TURKEY at its Most Vital Strategic Crossroad
Learning the AIR POWER Lessons of Kosovo
and Washington, Too, Looks at Kosovo's Lessons
Defense
Foreign Affairs
Strategic Policy
The Journal of the International Strategic Studies Association
www.StrategicStudies.org
The Cover
Special Studies
than they need to be
20
The international
instructed. Human
The Kashmir War:
An Indian Army Chetak
4
journal of
helicopter flies between
nature has not changed
Neither Safe Nor
Turkey, So Close to
in the 200 years since he
national
the mountains of
the Promise of
Ending
said it and the
Kashmir near Kargil
Fighting in Kashmir
management
Atatürk, Sees Its
Strategic Policy Senior
opportunities to
between India and
Strategic Options
demonstrate it have
Editor Yossef Bodansky
Pakistan continues, and
took the shot from a
Withering
grown. Witness the
it is a foreboding of a
Founded in 1972
second Chetak. flying
The end of the Cold War
recent air campaign over
much bigger conflict to
over Indian positions
brought the promise that
Yugoslavia. Before diving
come. Strategic Policy
FOUNDING EDITORS
and Pakistan Army
Turkey would be able to
into the flood of detailed
Senior Editor Yossef
Gregory R. Copley
recapture its lost
technical studies of what
positions inside the
Bodansky, in Kashmir to
Indian side of the Line of
went right and wrong, it
Dr Stefan T. Possony
influence in Central
observe the conflict at
1913-1995
Control during the
Asia, among the Turkic
is worth looking back at
current fighting.
nations newly-freed from
the basic truths which
first hand. has filed
extensively on the events,
the USSR; that it would
emerged from air
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
following his report in
Gregory R. Copiey, GCHT* GCEL
command, in a modern
warfare early and have
Departments
the 5-6, 1999, edition of
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stayed true.
this journal
ASSOCIATE
Muslim world. And that
2
13
The new war, however, is
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
it would be the massive
Early Warning
Pentagon Report:
far more than merely a
Dr Stefan T. Possony
Eastern anchor of
Turkey's Time of
Washington Looks
revival of old fighting
1972-1995
Historic Decision
Europe. The dream
at Kosovo's Lessons
along the Line of Control
SENIOR EDITOR
India and Pakistan at a
proved ephemeral.
Did the Kosovo air war
(LOC). The war has
Yossef Bodansky,
Dangerous Junction
11
create a de facto new
been the key to Pakistan's
Washington DC
Air Power and the
3
"doctrine"? Indeed, just
moves to
EUROPEAN EDITOR
internationalize the
Ian G.S. Curtis, London
En Clair
Kosovo War
what are "the lessons
The Lusaka Accords
Dr Johnson remarked
learned". The US is now
Kashmir crisis, and
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
that men need to be
starting to seriously look
involve the US in a
Gen.-Maj. Evgeny Nikitenko,
May Create More
resolution.
Moscow
reminded more often
at the impact of the
Instability
Purvis Hussain. Islamabad
Sierra Leone "Peace
conflict, and its cost.
Saniiv Prakash, New Delhi
Frederick Barnes. The Pentagon
Accord" Presages an End
to Electoral Government
STRATEGIC WEAPONS EDITOR
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ISSN: 0277-4933
VOLUME XXVII, NUMBER 7
7, 1999
DEFENSE & FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC POLICY
1.
Early Warning
By Gregory R. Copley
Turkey's Time of Historic Decision
RUTUS, IN SHAKESPEARE'S Julius Cæsar, in one
for all.
B
of the verses which, to me, serves as a great
The cultural changes required - such as giving up the
warning against delay, notes: "There is a tide in
dreams of empire as Britain, France, Russia and others
the affairs of men / Which, taken at the flood,
transformed their own dreams - seem more difficult for
leads on to fortune; / Omitted, all the voyage of
Turkey. Indeed, the dreams are perhaps more critical at a
their life / Is bound in shallows and in miseries. / On such a
time when economic and political problems plague the av-
full sea are we now afloat, / And we must take the current
erage voter.
when it serves, / Or lose our ventures."
Part of the change will need to be transforming Turkish
The fortunes of one of the pivotal states of the past thou-
policy with regard to the Cyprus question. A quarter of a
sand years- Turkey- are now at that flood tide. This most
century ago, in 1974, the re-conquest of Northern Cyprus
vital geopolitical entity, which serves as the crossroads be-
by Turkish forces came as a result of decades of dreaming,
tween Europe and Asia, North and South, between
and seemed to answer a need among many Turks
Westernism and the Middle East, faces a critical
to reclaim not just part of Cyprus but their na-
series of choices over the coming couple of years.
tional pride. It was a brief meal, and it has caused
Failure to act appropriately will condemn the
prolonged indigestion.
Turkish State and Turkish People to decline and
Today, few could manage a credible strategic,
perhaps erosion within, say, 20 years.
1972
economic or social argument to sustain Turkey's
Turkey must decide almost immediately if it is
going to accept the only real strategic option open
1999
continued position with regard to Cyprus. In-
deed, the political, strategic and economic costs
to it — integration with the West, both the Euro-
of Turkey's present Cyprus position are now un-
pean Union and NATO/North America- or re-
tenable and unaffordable for the country.
alize that, "omitted, all the voyage of its life is
Many states have spent decades supporting
bound in shallows and in miseries".
Defense
Foreign Affairs
Turkey because of its geo-strategic importance.
There are those who will say that this is too
LEADERSHIP
The US, Israel, Germany, France and Britain,
harsh, or too dramatic, a portrayal of Turkey's op-
have all helped support Turkey, often overlook-
tions. In this edition of Strategic Policy, we have at-
ing political, social or economic problems which
tempted to show why there can be no further delay in
they would not overlook in others. Turkey's friends will
Turkey coming to grips with the challenge. It is a critical de-
continue to support her, but if Turkey fails to help itself, and
cision not only for Turkey, but also for all of Western and
fails to take the most logical path of integrating itself with
Eastern Europe, Russia and the CIS states, and for the
the global trading community, then those states will not be
United States. It is not overstating the case to say that it
able to save Turkey from the destructive forces which will
could also be critical for Israel, Egypt and the flow of East-
beset it.
West maritime trade through the Eastern Mediterranean.
And at that time, perhaps starting a decade from now and
But it is not an easy path for Turkey. The country faces
maturing a decade farther on, Turkey's onetime allies will be
many economic and political problems, domestically, at
guarding against the instability which will come from or via
present, and these problems will certainly be made more dif-
Turkey, rather than trying to help her. There is no easy path
ficult or challenging by attempting to move the country in
for Turkey's leaders today, but there is a right one.
the direction needed to attune Turkey to the West, once and
India and Pakistan at a Dangerous Junction
E HAVE BECOME ALMOST INURED to the news of
was a source of concern to Pakistan.
W
renewed fighting in Kashmir. There always seems
Pakistan's thrust into Kashmir could well have been an attempt,
to be "renewed fighting" at this "roof of the
among other things, to open up the linking geography between Paki-
world" battlefield. But today, there is something
stan and China, thus obviating any need for Beijing to become too
different. The Kashmir dispute has been, finally,
close to India. The move could also have been meant to placate an in-
internationalized by the deliberate and delicate military-political
creasingly radical segment of Pakistani society as the "Talibanization"
policies which Pakistani leaders have played out by opening a major
of Pakistan occurs due to the spillover of fundamentalism from the
military front against the Indian-controlled sector of Kashmir.
Afghan war and societal evolution.
Significantly, the evolution of events had been conspiring to mar-
The method of enhancing its significance internationally, how-
ginalize Pakistan's strategic importance of late. China, Pakistan's
ever, may have been too risky and ill-considered, however. Pakistani
longtime ally and protector vis-à-vis India, had become less than ever
leaders say (as noted in our report on page 20) that the initiative has
dependent on Pakistan for routes to the south-west. The rapproche-
internationalized the Kashmir dispute, at last, with the US Clinton
ment suggested by Russia between herself, China (PRC) and India
Administration committed to a resolution within 18 months. So
would totally have marginalized Pakistan. It is true that such an alli-
once again, we see Pakistan risking its survival over Kashmir.
ance might never become workable, but that it had been suggested
Is this the most efficient way Pakistan can rebuild its security?
2.
DEFENSE & FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC POLICY
7,1999
The Eastern Mediterranean
By Gregory R. Copley, Editor
Turkey, So Close to the
Promise of Atatürk, Sees Its
Strategic Options Withering
The end of the Cold War brought the promise that Turkey would be able to
recapture its lost influence in Central Asia, among the Turkic nations
newly-freed from the USSR; that it would command, in a modern sense,
influence over the Muslim world. And that it would be the massive Eastern
anchor of Europe. The dream proved ephemeral. The question is, what can
Turkey salvage of its strategic vision? Because it must decide quickly.
S
TAND BACK FROM THE issues of immediate
For the followers of the late President
concern clouding the situation in the Eastern
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk - who believe as
did his Young Turkswhen they overthrew
Mediterranean and it is clear that the options
the Ottoman Sultanate early in the 20th
for Turkey's strategic future are slowly, but inexorably, be-
Century that Turkey's future lay with
modernization, industrialization, and
coming increasingly limited. It is at a point where it must
secular Westernism - what today seeps
make choices, and make them soon, if it is not to slide into
into Turkey from the Muslim world,
along with the trade and investment, is
a decline of far greater significance than the loss of the Ot-
radical politics, either of the Islamist vari-
toman Empire.
ety or of the separatist Kurdish kind.
Even Turkey's most industrialized
Turkish political and (more signifi-
As well, the People's Republic of China
Muslim neighbor, Iran, holds no enor-
cantly) military leaders will at first deny
(PRC) and Russia have a strong hold on
mous promise of future mutual eco-
this reality, but the trends are ominous
the attention of the Central Asians, at
nomic growth; rather, it remains a rival in
and seemingly unrelenting. The end of
present. The "New Silk Road" and the re-
Central Asia, a competitor for influence
the Cold War changed Turkey's geopo-
gional exploitation of fossil fuels and
in the Balkans, a source of instability and
litical and strategic realities and options
other resources holds, by and large, much
a font of radical Islamism and even a ha-
in a quiet process which is continuing.
more appeal.
ven for Kurds. Iraq is damaged beyond
The anticipated benefits of the end of the
Dreams of Samarkand remain just
the hope of becoming a great market for
bipolar world have not materialized for
dreams.
Turkey in the coming decade or two;
Turkey.
And of the prospects of returning as a
Syria is more rival and antagonist than
The Central Asian Turkic states have
political and economic leader to the tra-
market. And Iraq and Syria will increas-
not overwhelmingly embraced Turkey in
ditional Ottoman lands to the South and
ingly become querulous and troublesome
the wake of the Soviet withdrawal; nor
East, there also remains far less hope than
on the question of sharing the down-
were they in a position to do so. The an-
originally anticipated. Egypt remains a vi-
stream waters which originate in Turkish
ticipated political and economic benefits
able trading partner, as does Iran (which
rivers.
have not materialized from Turkey's
was never in the grasp of the Ottomans),
If the Turkish General Staff could seal
well-conceived and strong commitment
but neither would treat with Turkey other
Turkey's borders with the Muslim
to diplomacy, aid and trade in this region.
than as equals. The remaining remnants
neighbor-states - perhaps leaving
It may have been that Saudi and Iranian
of the Ottoman Empire are, for Turkey,
enough of a gap for the oil pipelines to
competition and aid in the region proved
changed beyond return. None of them
flow up from the South - then in all
more attractive, but those states, too, have
promise the hope of becoming part of a
probability it would. To the North, Rus-
not achieved any great strategic success in
modern Turkish trading empire, but sev-
sia, Ukraine and Georgia hold little
Central Asia. It is more likely that the
eral hold the prospect of poisoning Tur-
promise of sufficient support for a revival
states of Central Asia were not ready or
key with radicalism which has no care for
of Turkish power and wealth. Reasonable
able to commit to any great new alliance.
worldly prosperity.
trading partners, but not the stuff which
DEFENSE & FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC POLICY
7. 1999
Turkish dreams of great prosperity and
the General Staff's hand off the levers of
revival are made of.
power, many secularists today believe.
All that remains is the vision which
And there are many in the US and Europe
Atatürk painted for them: the West.
(and Israel) who agree with this.
And it is in the West that Turkey has
The problem is that unless something is
prospects: from trade, investment, indus-
done fairly quickly, Turkey will be in-
trial and technological partnership, po-
creasingly isolated from Europe and the
litical interaction, respect and acceptance.
opportunity will pass. As it is, every year
Turkey performed bulwark service for the
which passes is a year in which Turkey
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
falls behind the economic growth of
(NATO) for almost 50 years; it earned re-
Western Europe. [Significantly, the stra-
spect, and its geography guaranteed it a
tegic gap between Turkey and Greece, its
ròle in the West's containment of the So-
major rival" in the region, narrows each
viet Union and (in the minds of some
year, both in economic terms and militar-
Westerners) post-Soviet Russia.
ily. This is a process which will certainly
And yet the West, too, is a poisoned
continue, given present trends.] Ironi-
chalice for Turkev.
cally, the leadership (as opposed to the
If the North, South and East promise
general publics) of most member states of
Turkey nothing but stagnation, or at best
the European Union themselves want
decline and emptiness, at leastin the West
Turkey to be able to join them, but only if
there is the prospect of being part of the
Ankara can dispense with some of its bag-
Turkish Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit: Can he
and the Turkish General Staff make the
industrial, prosperous group of nations.
gage along the way.
necessary changes to take advantage of
But to achieve entry into the West - the
Even among the Kemalists, however,
new opportunities in the West?
European Union, in particular -
the thought of Turkish membership of
changes must be made in the very way in
the European Union has what is almost
which Turkey is governed and how it con-
too high a price: the subordination of the
tional Monetary Fund (IMF) in July 1999
ducts its domestic, regional and interna-
Turkish identity and the abandonment
clearly placed terms on its support for
tional affairs. What has beguiled Turkish
for all time of the revival of Turkish gran-
Turkey. The IMF said in early July 1999
leaders and lulled them into a false sense
deur as a separate and sovereign thing.
that Turkey must take "strategic steps"
of security is the fact that Turkey has been
The same type of fear has plagued many
before a new economic reform program
able to pursue its own path in the post-
in Britain, and many in France. And some
can be agreed and a possible $5- to $10-
World War II years, without major inter-
in Germany who had hoped, finally, to
billion loan package agreed. Turkey lost
ference from either the US or Western
see a united Germany fulfill the promise
some $7-billion in foreign capital during
European states. On the contrary, even
which Bismark held out to them. But
the Russian crisis of 1998, but to get in the
when its actions were seen as un-
these once-imperial powers gulped and
new IMF funding the structural changes
democratic (such as the military assump-
shrugged off their scarlet and ermine
needed are likely to face enormous union
tion of government at the expense of the
cloaks to build a more prosperous world
and popular pressure.
democratic process), the US and the ma-
within a united Europe. That, at least, was
Already the Turkish public deficit is
jor European states protected the Turkish
the recompense for making an historical
expected to rise to 12 percent this year,
leadership from criticism.
break with the past.
from 7.7 percent last year. The pension
Now, for the first time, Turkey is likely
For Turkey, the choice is far more sim-
system alone shows a deficit equivalent to
to face some changes in that regard.
ple. The last hope of the revival of a
three percent of the GNP. The plans by
For a start, the European Union (EU)
Kemalist-led Ottoman-like empire, brief-
the three-party Ecevit coalition to raise
will never consider Turkey a candidate for
ly glimpsed as a prospect at the end of the
the retirement age from 38 to 62 for
EU membership as long as the Armed
Cold War, has gone if it ever existed. The
women and from 43 to 62 for men have
Forces, via the General Staff, hold sway
choice is between decline and chaos
encountered strong union resistance, and
over the elected Presidency and Govern-
within two decades, or to find a way to
the parliamentary bill for the plan was
ment and not the other way around. But
join the West. Within "the West" there
withdrawn in early July to be re-designed
in order for Turkey to qualify for mem-
also remains the choice between the
and re-presented in late July 1999. A na-
bership on the grounds of economic sta-
United States (say, North America) and
tional strike is possible.
bility and political and social stability, the
the European Union, because at some
How, then, can Turkey overcome its
General Staff feels that its hand alone is
stage in the future the EU and the US will
problems, enter into Europe, expand its
strong enough to suppress the nagging
become economic competitors, if not
special relationship with the US, and be-
radicalism, irredentism and anti-prog-
geo-strategic ones.
come, finally and forever, part of the lead-
ressive traditions of some aspects of the
For Turkey, the most viable future,
ership of the West?
society.
however, lies with the geographically
There are many who say that Turkey
In other words, if the General Staff
more logical association with the Euro-
could not in 50 years meet the criteria for
agrees to suborn itself entirely to the
pean Union. This does not preclude a
joining the EU, and there is little likeli-
wishes of the elected Presidency and Par-
continued special relationship with the
hood that the rules would be bent too far
liament, then the State will (the military
US but this has its limitations. As Ankara
to allow a non-compliant Turkey into the
believes) fall into chaos as the populism of
recently discovered, the US "recommen-
club. But those who say that Turkey can-
politicians panders to religiously-orien-
dation" that the EU embrace Turkey was
not change sufficiently rapidly, nor bring
ted and ill-educated voters. Turkey would
not well received by the EU. In the mean-
its house to order, are reminiscent of
return to the internal wars of the 1970s
time, the present half-link between the
those who felt that the decayed commu-
when, basically, the secularists, the popu-
EU and Turkey and the friendly support
nist states of Hungary, the Czech Repub-
list Islamic sector, the Kurds, Armenians
from the US combine to give Turkey a
lic and Poland could never break their
and others all pitched into an unruly fray.
modest outlook for the next few years.
molds and reshape them - as Omar
So there can be no sudden rush to take
Again, not without a price: the Interna-
Khayyàm said - "nearer to thy heart's
i. 1999
DEFENSE & FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC POLICY
5.
desire".
There is, however, a harsh period
man Empire was a cumbersome remnant
Turkey has the base of educated, skilled
ahead which Turkey cannot avoid. No
of an inefficient and antique past. In other
workers and the capital base to make the
matter what options are chosen (includ-
words, the loss of the territory could be
transition within a reasonable timeframe,
ing making no major decisions), there is
accepted because its loss was at the hands
if given the opportunity. But there remain
no escape from the coming hardship. The
of, or because of, the failed Sultanate and
other problems: the Kurdish question
IMF has confirmed that 1999 GNP
no blame could be attached to the Kemal-
and the Cyprus question.
growth will be down by 0.5 percent
ists.
Both relate to the fundamental ques-
against the Government's modest 2.3 per-
Today, the Prime Minister of Turkey is
tion of respect for human rights, although
cent estimate, to 1.8 percent. The GNP
the same Bulent Ecevit who ordered the
Turkish leaders would balk at this. And
fell 8.4 percent in the first quarter of 1999
invasion of Cyprus in the Summer of
Turkish leaders would also claim that
after a 3.8 percent growth in 1998 and 8.3
1974. [At that time, the Armed Forces
these are both issues of domestic concern;
percent in 1997.
made it clear that he would not survive,
indeed, that the Cyprus question is al-
In the face of this, the Cyprus issue
politically, unless he went through with
ready "settled". After all, the Cyprus inva-
seems unimportant to Ankara or, at best,
the invasion; indeed, the Nixon Admin-
sion took place 25 years ago, in the Sum-
an opportunity to distract Turkish voters
istration in the US and the Greek junta
mer of 1974; it is ancient history.
from problems at home.
had given their blessings to it. Britain, a
Why would Turkish leaders not say
Among the more immediate concerns,
guarantor power of the 1960 independ-
this? The Western supporters of Turkey
however, are the ramifications of the cap-
ence, walked away from its responsibility,
have consistently allowed Turkey to be-
ture, trial, and sentence of execution of
also clearing the path for Turkey's ac-
lieve that these were issues which would
Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK) leader
tions.] Theoretically, it would seem that
not invoke penalties.
Abdullah Ocalan. The execution of Oca-
he would be the last to surrender what
But the Turkish belief that these issues
lan creates a Kurdish martyr. To compro-
Turkey had planned so long to re-acquire.
will not be the cause of their long-term
mise with Ocalan - who in July was still
And yet Ecevit also knows that the stra-
isolation is a form of psychological denial.
begging for his life in exchange for coop-
tegic realities which impelled the 1974 de-
They yet will haunt the Turkish leader-
eration with the Government - may
cision no longer exist. However, even
ship.
have some short-term advantages, but ul-
though the strategic framework has
The Turkish belief that the nation's
timately would probably lead to longer-
changed, the structures put in place as a
geopolitical importance to the West will
term creation of an even more angry and
result of the 1974 decision do remain, and
outweigh these "small problems" will be
vengeful PKK.¹
it is these structures which now impede
proven false. What will happen, if Turkey
It is probable that there is a middle
the Ecevit Government from moving for-
fails to mend its problems, is that the EU
way: commuting his sentence to life in
ward.
and the US will continue to deal with Tur-
prison, but yet not using Ocalan as the
Now it is the Summer of 1999. Dust
key as they deal with it today, and the
conduit to the disenfranchised Turkish
rises from the Cypriot plains; haze pastels
Turkish economy will bump along as it
Kurds. Rather, taking the opportunity
the empty spartan hills. Cyprus bakes in a
does today, unable to make the break-
separately to politicize the Kurdish issue
seemingly motionless and quiet after-
through necessary to restore true stability
in such a way that it can be channeled into
noon siesta. Nothing seems to have
and economic power.
the mainstream. There is no easy answer,
changed; all appears as it was and will be.
How many analysts believe that Tur-
and the Turkish Government, committed
But the vision is false.
key's stability will improve over, say, the
to maintaining the dignity of its princi-
There has been substantial strategic
next decade, unless Turkey has the inter-
ples and the majesty of its laws, is unwill-
change on the ground on the island of Cy-
nal resources, will and support to finally
ing to compromise.
prus over the past two years. Turkish
eradicate political unrest, raise living and
The same is true of the Cyprus ques-
militarization of the northern sector of
educational standards and eliminate ter-
tion. Turkish politicians know full-well
the island - the 37 percent of the land-
rorism? It has been said by numerous ob-
that the electorate by-and-large views Cy-
mass seized in the invasion and now
servers of Turkey that the fatalism and ig-
prus through the prism of the maxim
claimed as the Turkish Republic of
norance of the majority of the population
noted earlier: "Land which has been taken
Northern Cyprus (TRNC) - has in-
in the past was the key to the military's
by Turkish blood cannot be surren-
creased substantially. Not only has the
ability to control the state and to perpetu-
dered". What Turkish politician would
military infrastructure been modernized
ate its secular ideals. But it has also been
retain his power base if he went against
and enlarged, but so too have the num-
said that the fatalism and ignorance
this sentiment? Indeed, what Turkish
bers of Turkish forces deployed to Cy-
which still widely exist - although to a
politician even feels the need to modify
prus.
lesser extent than even a few decades ago
national policy on this issue: the US, Brit-
The Turkish invasion was approved by
- will lead to the downfall of Turkey.
ain and even Greece (under the ill-fated
Ecevit in 1974, ostensibly because there
This is the fatalism and isolationism
junta of the colonels until 1974) had liter-
was a security threat to the Turkish Cyp-
which leads many Turks to believe that
ally encouraged Turkey- - at least de facto
riot minority on the island from the ma-
the world is against them; that the world,
- to partition Cyprus in 1974.
jority Greek Cypriot community. In fact,
indeed, is jealous of Turkey's pride. This,
Of course, in reality the entire Otto-
there is strong documentary evidence
in turn, induces a belief among many that
man Empire was surrendered in various
that there had been considerable plan-
the pressures of an outside world to com-
stages from the Balkans and the Mediter-
ning afoot in Turkey and among those
promise - to give away that which had
ranean to the Arabian areas in the 19th
Turkish Cypriot leaders holding cabinet
been won by blood - may safely be ig-
and 20th Centuries. The Young Turks
posts in Cyprus, well before the invasion.
nored.
were able to accept this because the Otto-
Indeed, as the Turkish Cypriot minority
1
Turkish officials acknowledge that the death sentence imposed on Ocalan could lead to a deterioration in relations with its Western European and
US weapons suppliers. A Defense News report from Ankara, published on July 12, 1999, said: "At the same time, Turkey's relations with the United
States are expected to fray over another controversial issue: Cyprus. Analysts in the United States warn that Turkey's likely resistance to Western
pressure for concessions on the Mediterranean island may complicate US arms sales to Ankara. 'Disputes with Germany and Britain are [also]
almost inevitable,' one Turkish Defense official told Defense News, speaking of Ocalan's death sentence. 'The French, however, may remain rather
pragmatic'."
6.
DEFENSE & FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC POLICY
7. 1999
SEEN
10-5-99
had been scattered throughout the overall
has even admitted in 1984 that a colleague
accession into the EU brings the unre-
community it did not comprise a major-
had planted the June 7, 1958, bomb at the
solved problem once again into the spot-
ity in any area of the island. The objective,
Turkish Consulate's Information Office
light. And with this have come European
to make viable a "federal" division - - tak-
in Nicosia. This was undertaken "to cre-
Court law suits against Turkey for restitu-
sim, meaning "partition", in Turkish -
ate an atmosphere of tension so that peo-
tion of property to Greek Cypriots, and
of the island was to bring Turkish Cypri-
ple would know that Turkish Cypriots
other EU comments on the problem.
ots into consolidated areas, where they
mattered", but clearly so that the Greek
The problem is only now, in reality, be-
could command a local majority, policed
Cypriot community would be blamed for
coming an obstacle for Turkey's progress
by its own officials.
the incident. And it is true that in those
in its relations with the West.
Rauf Denktash was later (and still) to
days there were also Greek Cypriot ex-
But perhaps, also, the delay may mean
say that the Turkish Cypriots were
tremists. The incident sparked the riots
that the issue could provide an opportu-
hounded into ghettos by the Greek Cypri-
and subsequent intercommunal violence
nity for Turkey. It is probably the most
ots. But the documents which subse-
in which, in the short term, many died.
significant bargaining chip in Turkey's
quently came to life, and signed by the
Ultimately, it led to the polarization of the
diplomatic arsenal.
Turkish leaders, disprove this. The US
communities, which was in part used by
Firstly, Turkey's Government must
Johnson Administration had made it
Greece and Turkey for the Greek junta's
evaluate the strategic realities surround-
clear to the Turks that taksim could not be
abortive but violent coup against Cypriot
ing the Cyprus issue, from its own stand-
considered unless the Turkish Cypriots
President/Archbishop Makarios III in
point.
had territory identified with them. Hence
1974, the consequent 1974 Turkish inva-
the move to consolidate, often forcibly,
sion, and today's stagnant separation.
THE MAIN OBSTACLES
the Turkish Cypriot minority into north-
This report does not have the scope to
WITHIN CYPRUS
ern Cyprus.
give the complete details of the back-
HE TOTAL SEPARATION of the
Today, in any event, the 124,000 or so
ground and rationale of the Turkish inva-
sion. Clearly, the Greek-organized at-
withered down to about 80,000 at most;
tempted coup against the Cypriot Gov-
T
Greek Cypriot and Turkish
Turkish Cypriot community of 1974 has
Cypriot communities for the
past 25 years, because of the
possibly as few, in 1996, as 65,000. The re-
ernment, ostensibly in order to achieve
policies of the Denktash lead-
mainder have left the island to seek new
Cypriot enosis (union) with Greece, was
ership of the Turkish-occupied areas, has
lives elsewhere. Dramatically more Turk-
the casus belli for the Turkish invasion, as
meant that the two formerly integrated
ish Cypriots left the island in the past 25
both the Greek military junta knew it was
communities are now, to some extent,
years of "protection" by Turkish troops
to be and as the US Nixon Administration
strangers to each other. However, it is
than was the case in the 25 years leading
encouraged it to be.³
fairly accurate to say that the Turkish
up to 1974.
It is claimed now - to use the Croa-
Cypriot community still, in some ways,
Now, these 80,000 remaining Turkish
tian phrase invented for use against the
feels closer to the Greek Cypriots than to
Cypriots are guarded by some 40,000
Serbs in World Wars I and II - that Eu-
the Anatolian Turkish settlers who have
Turkish mainland forces, quite apart
rope's first post World War II case of
been brought into the Turkish-occupied
from the Turkish force contingent per-
"ethnic cleansing" took place in the 1974
areas by the Turkish Government.
mitted under the 1960 Accords at the in-
invasion: some 200,000 Greek Cypriots
dependence of Cyprus from the United
deprived of their homes and livelihoods;
The process of acceptable normaliza-
Kingdom, and apart from the security
tion of a unified Cyprus would clearly en-
many were killed, raped and wounded.
forces of the TRNC Administration of
tail the conscious creation by the two
Many disappeared. And the Turks have
Rauf Denktash.
communities of integrated planning to
never responded to requests for informa-
The Turkish Cypriots who have left did
agree common national social and eco-
tion about those who were swallowed up
so because of the loss of opportunity and
by their invasion.
nomic goals. This is far more feasible now
than was the case in 1974 when the Turk-
because the Turkish Government insti-
Greek Cypriots were denied the right
tuted a policy of bringing in mainland
ish invasion occurred, partly because the
to return to their homes.
settlers from Anatolian Turkey. Now the
Greek Cypriot community has dramati-
It is the same story of moral outrage
settlers comprise the majority of the
which was claimed to have impelled the
cally changed its views.
TRNC population: there are more than
The insensitivity of the majority
US and NATO to launch a war this year
100,000 of them in Northern Cyprus,
Greeks toward the Turkish Cypriot com-
against Yugoslavia, except that in 1974
some intermarried with the Turkish Cyp-
munity before 1974 has been recognized,
the deaths were more readily docu-
riot population.
and today's Greek Cypriots both at
mented and the world community was si-
Turkish Cypriots have always had a
lent. For Turkey, the matter was settled,
governmental as well as at grass-roots lev-
els have come to understand the need
separate identity and culture from main-
and the world has not yet really com-
land Turks. They share language and re-
plained. The various United Nations
to give more than equal treatment to the
ligion, but not necessarily in the same
Turkish Cypriot minority. The real prob-
resolutions attempting to settle the mat-
lem lies with the introduction into the is-
way. Some Turkish Cypriots undoubt-
ter have been ignored with impunity by
edly have followed the same passionate
land of the Anatolian Turkish popula-
Ankara. Why should Turkey not feel that
pro-mainland line of Rauf Denktash;
the matter has been laid to rest and for-
tion, now outnumbering the Turkish
most, however, have traditionally lived in
Cypriots.
gotten?
harmony with their Greek Cypriot, Or-
The Greek Cypriot community would
Clearly, however, the question of the
thodox Christian neighbors. Denktash
clearly like, as a settlement measure, to see
application by the Republic of Cyprus for
2
Hitchens, Christopher: Hostage to History: Cyprus From the Ottomans to Kissinger. Preface to the Second Edition. Quoted from the Third Edition.
London. 1997: Verso books. This outstanding book details much of the documentary evidence of US, British, Greek and Turkish planning leading
to and following the 1974 invasion.
3
There is now widespread documentary evidence that the Turks were given reason to believe that the US and Greece supported taksim and the
overthrow of Archbishop Makarios' Government, and that this was the solution which suited not only Turkey but the West. Significantly, there
has been no pressure since 1974 to change this belief. despite occasional public expressions of concern over the unresolved situation in Cyprus.
Certainly, there has been no real attempt to address the "ethnic cleansing" through which the Turkish invasion killed or displaced some 200,000
Greek Cypriots.
7,1999
DEFENSE & FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC POLICY
7.
THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN
10-5-99
Turkish troops after World War II: already planning for the partition of Cyprus.
as many of these Turkish mainland set-
with Yugoslavia's President Slobodan Mi-
Clearly, as the reality of the European
tlers returned to Turkey proper. This
lošević who was elected to office demo-
and world situation impels a resolution of
would only be partially feasible, given the
cratically, it could be said that Denktash
the Cyprus issue, Denktash has strength-
fact that many now have Cyprus-born
has not actually fully and honestly repre-
ened his determination to resist this "in-
children and may have married into the
sented the best interests of the Turkish
evitability". There are strong signs that he
Cypriot community. This the Greeks un-
Cypriot community. The economic sta-
is reviving his push for international rec-
derstand and accept for obvious humani-
tistics speak for themselves. Turkish Cyp-
ognition of the TRNC, but even Turkey's
tarian reasons; for the remainder, they
riots earn only 30 percent of the wages of
allies in Central Asia have not agreed to
would be prepared, it seems, to offer fi-
their counterparts in the Greek-speaking
this (which demonstrates as well the fail-
nancial incentives for their return to Tur-
area. And the infrastructure of the occu-
ure of the Central Asian policy of the
key. And many Turkish Cypriots, par-
pied territories falls increasingly behind
post-Cold War Turkish Government).
ticularly those who since 1974 felt
that of the rest of Cyprus. The gap is wid-
The international Islamic Conference,
impelled to leave the island in the face of
ening, and there is little hope of catching
representing the Muslim states, recently
the loss of their country to the mainland
up, given present trends. Little wonder
indicated that it sympathized with the
Turks, agree, and such a move would cer-
that Denktash prohibits his people from
TRNC, but this has not yet resulted in any
tainly bring about the return of many of
mingling with Greek Cypriots.
formal recognition by Muslim states.
the 40- to 45,000 Turkish Cypriots who
As presently configured, it is unlikely,
Delegations from Pakistan and Chechnya
had left their homeland for economic and
then, that the Denktash Administration,
also recently visited the TRNC, but
social reasons over the past 25 years.
or its successor (under the present politi-
whether this is a prelude to recognition is
But this is a functional problem. The
cal structure in occupied Cyprus), will
debatable.
major problem well ahead of such practi-
ever willingly go along with the reintegra-
At the same time, Denktash, and the
cal considerations, both with regard to
tion and normalization of Cyprus. It re-
Turkish Government, have during the
domestic barriers to resolution of the
mains unlikely that he or his Administra-
past two years plowed an enormous
situation as well as to international barri-
tion will participate properly in the
amount of their resources into building
ers, remains psychological. The Turkish
proposed Autumn 1999 UN-sponsored
up their military positions in Cyprus,
Cypriot leadership around and including
talks in West Point, New York (or similar
both in terms of military structures and
Rauf Denktash can clearly see no advan-
venue), aimed at moving toward a resolu-
infrastructure. But for what purpose? Not
tage in "resolution"; they would lose their
tion of the issue.
even the Denktash Administration be-
status, freedom of action, and their
In the minds of Denktash, there is no
lieves that a Greek/Greek Cypriot military
wealth. Almost certainly, Rauf Denktash
problem to resolve; the matter has already
assault is likely to be mounted to reunify
and the "power élite" of the Turkish-
been finalized with the creation of his
the country, despite the outdated claims
occupied area will not agree to any form
"state", no matter that it is neither eco-
of Denktash's officials that the Greek
of reintegration of the two parts of Cy-
nomically viable nor internationally-
community remains "bent on the Hel-
prus unless forced to do so by events or by
recognized. And here, by viability, we
lenization of all of Cyprus".
the Turkish Government. And at present,
mean the ability of the body to survive in-
Turkish and Greek officials in mid-July
they hold the Turkish Government hos-
dependently without economic, military
1999 were still arguing about the with-
tage.
and political support of an ongoing na-
drawal of US-supplied weapons systems
At present, it could be argued, the
ture from an outside sponsor. At present,
from their respective forces in Cyprus,
Denktash Administration electorally rep-
the TRNC lacks the vital elements of sov-
demanded by the US. However, in 25
resents the Turkish Cypriot and Turkish
ereignty, although it could just as easily in
years the Turks, in particular, have not
émigré peoples of the occupied area of
the past 25 years have achieved them. Had
bothered to respond to this demand, and
northern Cyprus. But that is largely be-
it done so (and this would have meant
have not withdrawn their US equipment.
cause of the votes for Denktash by the set-
taking an economic and political policy
Given that most of the Turkish armor in
tler groups as much as anything; after all,
line not tied with the Turkish lira, among
Cyprus [see box] is US-made, it is un-
settlers now outnumber the Turkish Cyp-
other things), Denktash's case would be
likely that full compliance will occur.⁴
riot community. But, as in the parallel
much stronger today.
Turkish President Suleyman Demirel
1999
8.
DEFENSE & FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC POLICY
said on July 9, 1999, that Turkey could
tween the economic and political wealth
not go back to the status quo ante. "We
of the Greek Cypriot Government-
The Turkish Forces
cannot revert to the past. Let our brethren
controlled part of Cyprus and that of the
in Cyprus rest assured. We will come for
Turkish-occupied zone. This inexorably
in Northern Cyprus
the anniversary of the intervention [on
growing gap has been ignored, even con-
The Turkish forces in Northern Cyprus
July 20, 1999]. This is a national cause for
tributing to the firmness of the Denktash
are under the command of Lt.-Gen. Aydin
in5 At a meeting in Turkey with TRNC
position.
Sen. who had earlier been commanding of-
leader Rauf Denktash, he said: "As you
The obvious conclusion is that neither
ficer of a division stationed on Cyprus.
must have observed. this is a national
Denktash nor the Turkish Government
The Turkish Army force on Northern
cause for us. There are martvrs and war
care for the Turkish Cypriot community
Cyprus, some 35,000 to 40,000 strong, is the
veterans. There are those who are shed-
nor for regional cooperation. There is a
11th Army Corps, which is part of the 2nd
ding tears. This is an epic story. We fully
growing belief that Turkey, because of its
Army, based in Malatya. Turkey. It consists
concur with your [Denktash's] efforts.
setbacks with the European Union, has
of two infantry divisions. the 28th and 39th,
and an independent brigade. the 14th Ar-
We have the same enthusiasm and the
resigned itself to remaining outside the
mored Brigade. which consists of two tank
same feelings. This characteristic is an in-
EU; perhaps even preferring this status to
battalions and self-propeiled artillery units.
dication of Turkey's greatness."
compromising what Demirel calls "Tur-
As well, the force has mechanized support
Turkish Bayrak radio the same day
key's greatness".
units. The 14th Bde. has 100+ main battle
quoted Denktash as saying that what was
A continuation of this position ulti-
tanks (MBTs), appr. 100 armored person-
to be done on the Cyprus issue from now
mately could lead to the Greek Cypriot-
nel carriers/fighting vehicles (APCs/IFVs),
on would be decided together with the
controlled area of the Republic of Cyprus
and self-propelled artillery.
Turkish Government. This was, of
being admitted to the EU, with de facto
The following weapons systems are em-
ployed by the mainland Turkish Army in
course, always the case; by stating it,
partition of the island being acknowl-
Northern Cyprus:
Denktash clearly wanted to indicate that
edged. The economic gap would widen
Artillery
Qty.
Origin
there would be no separation of the Turk-
further between the communities, but the
ish and Turkish Cypriot positions.
EU would then offer the 63 percent of Cy-
M101 105mm
72
US
M52 155mm SP
36
US
But at all times before proposed talks
prus controlled by the Republic the pro-
M44T 155mm SP
24
US
between the Greek Cypriot and the Turk-
tection of being a part of the larger family.
M114 155mm
18
US
ish Cypriot communities, Denktash has
Does Turkey care? It affects not to, pre-
M110 203mm how.
12
US
"hardened" his position. The result has
ferring the fact that Turkish control of
Milan ATGW
66
..Germ.
always, in the past, meant that the Greek
northern Cyprus affords strategic or geo-
TOW ATGW
48
US
Cypriots have been pressed to offer a pri-
political protection to the South of Tur-
106mm RCL
156
US
4.2in. mortar
148
ori concessions to the Turkish commu-
key. This is a pseudo-military argument
120mm mortar
54
nity before "unconditional" talks began.
which can be easily refuted. The reality is
Bofors 40mm AAA
48
Swedish
At the end, the Turkish Cypriot position
that most Turks would prefer national
.50 cal. quad AAA
48
US
has been advanced, and all Greek Cypriot
grandeur to an improvement in living
Oertikon 35mm AAA
16
Swiss
proposals rejected.
standards. This situation is likely to con-
Armor
Qty
Origin
As several Greek Cypriot leaders have
tinue to apply until more widespread
M113 APC/IFV
265
US
noted, but particularly the one who ar-
education is achieved in Turkey.
Nurol IFV
211
Turkish*
guably knows Denktash best, onetime
Denktash may argue that Turkish Cyp-
M48A5T1/T2 MBT
386
US
Makarios minister Tassos Papadopoulos
riots have now achieved the dignity of
and currently a Member of Parliament
self-government. Turkish Cypriots com-
Turkish-made M113 IFV variant.
for the Democratic Party and chairman of
prised 18 percent of the overall Cypriot
the Cypriot Parliamentary Committee on
population in 1963' and until the 1974 in-
Turkish Cypriot Forces
Foreign Relations and European Affairs:
vasion, but owned only 13.9 percent of
The Turkish Cypriot Security Forces,
"Denktash has made no concessions since
the land (in 1963; the figure fluctuated
numbering some 5,000 personnel, are un-
1974. None.'
over the years up or down by a percent or
der the command of Brig.-Gen. Hassan Be-
At present neither Denktash nor the
so). But they were a minority in every
ker Gunal. These forces operate as light in-
Turkish leadership give any indication of
community; nowhere did they constitute
fantry. The main equipment of the forces is:
proposing any concessions, nor accepting
a majority or a separate community.
Milan ATGW
6
Fr..Germ.
the concessions made by the now Greek-
Now a territorial basis exists for a
106mm RCL
36
US
120mm mortar
73
dominated Republic of Cyprus Govern-
"Turkish Cypriot territory", thanks to the
ment. Indeed, the Greek Cypriots have
policy of "gathering in" some Turkish
The United Nations Secretary-General,
offered the Turkish Cypriots literally eve-
Cypriots into a half-dozen enclaves in a
in report S1994/680, paragraph 28, of June
rything they have sought, but with each
process for which planning appeared to
6, 1994, said: "The presence of Turkish
submission to the Turkish position,
have begun before independence in 1960,
troops makes the occupied area [of Cyprus]
Denktash has moved the goalposts.
and then implemented from 1963 to
one of the most highly-militarized areas in
There is every indication now that the
1974, and consolidated and "completed"
the world in terms of the ratio between the
Greek Cypriots have come to the end of
by the Turkish invasion and "ethnic
numbers of troops and the civil popula-
tion."
their desire to offer concessions. By never
cleansing" of 1974. Even this has been ac-
This statement was made before the re-
being satisfied, and never entering real
cepted by the Greek Cypriots, who agreed
cent build-up of Turkish mainland and
negotiations, Denktash and the Turkish
to the "bi-communal, bi-zonal" future
TRNC forces on the island.
Government have widened the gap be-
form of the Republic.
4
"We finished withdrawing the items of concern in the area under our control by June 15 [1999]," a Turkish Foreign Ministry official is quoted as
saving in the July 12. 1999, Defense News. "Many such items in the other sector have not been returned to Greece." However, Defense & Foreign
Affairs Strategic Policy has ascertained that Turkey has not withdrawn the main items of US equipment, but has, instead, been building up its
military equipment and capability in the Turkish-occupied sector of Cyprus.
5
Quoted by the Turkish Anatolia News Agency, July 9, 1999.
6
Author's conversations with Mr Papadopoulos, Nicosia. July 9, 1999.
7
Cyprus Government census figures.
7. 1999
DEFENSE & FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC POLICY
9.
Compare this with the Kurdish posi-
have been forgiven for believing that the
key gain full entry to the EU.
tion in Turkey itself. Kurds there who are
Clinton Administration was hostile to-
At the same time, Greece would be per-
by birth part of the Turkish State are for-
ward the Republic of Cyprus Govern-
mitted to maintain its forces in Cyprus,
bidden from using their own language;
ment, given the accusations that Cyprus
also within agreed bases, until Turkey and
are forbidden to form a separate commu-
was allowing the money laundering of
Cyprus were both fully admitted to the
nity; and face massive military suppres-
Serbian funds, particularly those of Yugo-
EU. All this would, for example, come un-
sion at the hands of the State. So clearly
slav President Slobodan Milosević. This
der a UN Security Council mandate, per-
the Turkish position on Cyprus is driven
unfounded allegation [Cyprus, although
haps with NATO and EU rôles.
by ethnic chauvinism, not by even strate-
sympathizing with the Serbian people,
This would not preclude a sovereign
gic or human rights considerations.
had rigorously clamped down on cur-
Cyprus, within the EU, from placing its
POSSIBLE OPTIONS
rency transactions] caused a rift with the
bases at the disposal of NATO forces, and
US Ambassador to Cyprus, who is now in
particularly EU member-state forces, on a
IVEN THAT Turkey cannot
the process of being replaced. But the
cooperative basis or on agreed terms.
G
at this stage surrender its
Clinton Administration has moved to re-
In theory, the admission of Turkey and
ongoing interest in the se-
store its goal of "solving" the Cyprus
Cyprus to the EU should give both com-
curity and welfare of the
problem before the end of its term.
munities comfort that the interests of
Turkish Cypriot popula-
It is also probably true that the Clinton
their respective peoples were fully pro-
tion, nor its geostrategic interests inher-
Administration is unaware of the fixation
tected by EU law.
ent in its projection into Cyprus, any
which the Turks have with retaining and
Cyprus may find it strategically or dip-
solution to the Cyprus issue must reflect
even expanding their control over north-
lomatically useful to continue the Turk-
that reality. Clearly, the Turkish Govern-
ern Cyprus. On the other hand neither do
ish, Greek and/or British basing on a con-
ment itself also needs to realize - - if it has
the Turks fully comprehend the level of
tractual or treaty basis thereafter, within
not already done so - that the present
hostility which this determination will
the framework of the EU's laws.
structure does not really look after the
engender in Washington (the Clinton
And none of this would necessarily in-
needs of the Turkish Cypriots as well as
Administration and Congress) and in
terfere with the effective demilitarization
had been intended, and nor do the strate-
Western Europe, even from their tradi-
of the island's Greek Cypriot and Turkish
gic realities, so different from 25 years
tional ally, Germany.
Cypriot communities, other than for nor-
ago, mean that the present form of Turk-
A period of confusion and anger is
mal policing functions.
ish military deployment onto Cyprus is as
likely to occur.
Such an agreement would demonstrate
beneficial as it should be, in proportion to
It is in Turkey's benefit to realize that it
trust, and would, of necessity involve EU
the political and economic cost.
has achieved literally everything it
monitoring. Additionally, the US may it-
The question for Turkey, in reality,
claimed it wished to achieve in Cyprus. It
self be involved as a guarantor power,
however, is one of national psychology
sought a bi-zonal, bi-com- munal federal
which equally, but neutrally, represents
and national pride, rather than one of
structure. This it has won, without ques-
the interests of the Greek, Turkish and
strategic benefits and costs. It is the task,
tion, along with many other concessions
Cypriot governments.
then, of the Turkish General Staff and the
to the Turkish Cypriot community.
The actual monitoring force, the um-
Government to determine whether it
As noted earlier, however, whenever
pires, could remain the United Nations
should embark on the task of "re-
the Greek Cypriots have made conces-
Forces in Cyprus (UNFICYP), which
conditioning" the Turkish electorate to a
sions, Denktash - and Ankara - have
have done such an excellent job in the
new reality, which could indeed address
moved the goalposts further away. This
past 25 years of maintaining the separa-
Turkish strategic needs. These strategic
has, to a degree, given Turkey much more
tion of forces along the UN 1974 ceasefire
needs now include national integration
than it could have reasonably expected to
line and buffer zone, the Nekri Zoni
with the West, the preservation of na-
achieve. The question now, however, is
(Dead Zone).
tional pride and identity as a factor in se-
realizing that the concessions can go no
further.
CONCLUSIONS
curing national unity and political cohe-
sion, and in maintaining military pro-
Transitional Basing Rights: Turkey's
HE REAL, unanswered ques-
tection to Turkey's southern littoral.
40,000 troops on Cyprus represent An-
kara's determination to maintain an of-
T
tion to Turkey's dilemma is
All of these can be achieved, but not
whether the Turkish leader-
without a conscious program. Moreover,
fensive capability on the island, sup-
ship really wants the country
this program would of necessity include a
ported by mainland-based air power
to become part of Europe and
re-thinking of the value to Turkey of
which can be over the area in minutes.
part of the West. If Turks want a secular,
TRNC President Rauf Denktash.
Clearly, this major force represents an ex-
prosperous society able to integrate freely
The US Clinton Administration, which
pensive and excessive capability in the
with their neighbors to the West, then
worked well with the Turkish Govern-
event that a peaceful basis for coexistence
changes must be made. If they want to
ment in the recent Balkan NATO cam-
can be found.
sustain their traditional identity, slipping
paign, has exhibited a strong commit-
One option would be to create basing
further behind the West, then either they
ment to achieving some positive results in
options in the currently Turkish-
will succeed in total isolation or be over-
Cyprus. It has 18 months to do this. The
occupied area, which would allow the
taken against their will by radical Isla-
Turkish Government may want to stall
Turkish Army - at an agreed level - to
mism.
until the Clinton Administration is out of
remain in specific bases on the island for a
The first key to resolving Turkey's cri-
office, or it may wish to make a virtue out
transitional period. This period could be,
sis lies in resolving the Cyprus question to
of cooperating with Washington and
for example, until both Cyprus and Tur-
the satisfaction of the West as well as Tur-
achieving other concessions as a result. In
key have acceded to the European Union,
key. Once that is done, attention can be
any event, the sooner the concessions are
at which time the Turkish forces would be
focused concurrently on the Kurdish
made, the sooner Turkey can accelerate
withdrawn.
question and domestic economic revitali-
its integration into the Western econo-
It could also be argued that this should
zation. This is the test of statesmanship
mies.
be tied to an end to the British sovereign
which Turkey's leaders have not had to
It is true that Turkish officials could
bases on Cyprus when Cyprus and Tur-
face since the death of Atatürk.
10.
DEFENSE & FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGIC POLICY
7. 1999
BRIEF OUTLINE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A FEDERAL REPUBLIC AND
FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE CYPRUS PROBLEM
The aim is to have comprehensive negotiations, with all basic aspects of the Cyprus
Problem being on the negotiating table, to be discussed simultaneously and in
parallel, aiming at reaching an agreed solution, to be presented to the Cypriot
people in the form on one general referendum.
1)
SECURITY AND DEMILITARISATION
Withdrawal from the Republic's territory of all non-Cypriot military forces, complete
disbanding of all Cypriot military forces, timetable for the demilitarisation of the
Republic. Creation and positioning in Cyprus of an international force made up of
NATO-countries' forces. Greek and Turkish forces may by included.
II THREE FREEDOMS
Throughout the Federal Republic's territory the freedoms of movement,
settlement and the right to property must continue to apply. Any practical
difficulties will be dealt with so as to enable these freedoms and the principles
involved therein, to be implemented.
The best way to achieve this is by agreeing a timetable for the restoration of the
basic freedoms.
III. GUARANTEES
International guarantees, multilateral in nature, in accordance with the UN Charter,
the best being one by the Security Council, without any unilateral right of intervention,
aiming at safeguarding the unity, independence, territorial integrity, sovereignty and
constitutional order of the Federal Republic.
IV. TERRITORIAL ASPECT
Kay issue
The greater the number of Greek Cypriot refugees who can be resettled in their
homes under Greek Cypriot Administration, the less the extend of any practical
difficulties to be overcome as a consequence of G/C refugees resettling in the T/C
administered privince/Zone, (Varosha is a priority issue in this respect).
V.
CONSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
One State, a central Government with enough powers so as to guarantee and
sustain the unity of the State, substantial powers to be reserved to the federated
provinces leading to maximum possible autonomy in administration. Equitable,
adequate and effective bicommunal participation in all governmental organs,
legislative, executive administrative and judicial .
VI. EU
(a) Acceptance of Cyprus' accession to the EU, without preconditions of separate
referenda or ratifications.
(b) The agreed solution should in every respect be in accordance with the acquis
communautaire.
Extract from the Book "THE WAR SPEECHES" Vol. II
from THE COLLECTED WORKS OF SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL Vol. XX - page 396.
VISIT TO CYPRUS
A SPEECH TO A REPRESENTATIVE GATHERING OF THE ISLANDERS, FEBRUARY 1, 1943
This is my third visit to your beautiful island, and I
heroic Greece, who in these modern days has re-
descended upon it rather suddenly yesterday
vived her fame of ancient times. The sufferings
evening. I hope that this has caused no undue per-
of Greece are terrible, but one can already see the
turbation. My first visit was a very long time ago,
light breaking in the sky which will herald a day
thirty-six years ago, when I came here as Under-
when she will be delivered from the foul bondage
Secretary of State for the Colonies and spent two
and tyranny by which she is now overpressed, and
or three days in this capital of Nicosia, and also in
will take her place restored and proud in the ranks
riding about the whole island and seeing as many
of the victorious nations.
people as I could. In those days I began to work
for the abolition of the Tribute, which I consid-
We have seen some very dangerous and dark times
ered was an undue burden upon the island; but
during this war, which was forced upon us by those
things worked very slowly, and it was not until I
whom we had beaten a generation ago, and whom
became Chancellor of the Exchequer, twenty years
we foolishly allowed to prepare their deadly plans
afterwards, that I was in a position to bring that
again. We have passed through many dark, several
system to an end.*
very dark, phases but now, I am able to assure you,
the United Nations represent incomparably the stron-
In the time which has passed the island has pros-
gest group of human beings that has ever been mar-
pered and progressed, and now I am glad to say, in
shalled in arms in the whole history of the world; not
consequence of the very powerful forces that are
only in their numbers, not only in the great arma-
now gathered here to join the Cypriots in the de-
ments that are now being prepared on a scale
fence of their island home, that for a period con-
hitherto unexampled, not only in material force, but
siderable, though temporary, prosperity has come
in their unity of purpose and in their comradeship
to pass. I would respectfully give my advice to the
and in their inflexible resolution. They are strong, and
islanders to be careful not to spend the additional
they will march forward from strength to strength
money which comes in under the strange workings
until unconditional surrender is extorted from those
of wartime, and to save it for the rainy days which
who have laid the world in havoc and in ruins.
may well follow; because, after the war is over, there
will be a great effort needed to rebuild the world,
Now I am glad to tell you in Cyprus how much
and that will be the time when it will be a good
admired in the Motherland, in old England, is the
thing to have savings to use.
sturdy spirit in which you have prepared to defend
your island, and the vigilance with which you guard
Now I come to you from Turkey, where I have
it, aided by the troops of the British Empire.
had a most agreeable meeting with President Inönü
and with the chiefs of the Turkish State, and I am
Believe me, after the war is over, the name of
glad to tell you that our relations with the Turks
Cyprus will be included in the list of those who
are of a most friendly character. Their views are very
have deserved well, not only of the British Com-
much like our own, and we intend to help their own
monwealth of Nations, not only of the united
general defensive security in every way in our
peoples now in arms, but, as I firmly believe, of
power. Our hearts all go out to gallant Greece,
future generations of mankind.
* The 'Turkish Tribute' referred to by the Prime Minister in the above speech arose from the taking over by Britain of the administra-
tion of Cyprus in 1878. Turkey remained nominally sovereign and received an annual payment of £92,800. After the annexation of
Cyprus in 1914 the Tribute was continued for a time under the name of the 'Cyprus share of the Turkish debt charge'.
I don't like to go through all the events that happened in the 25 years after the
invasion.
Following the invasion the U.N. and all countries in the world including the
U.S.A. and European countries, expressed their views on the tragic event of
the invasion and it's consequences, 30,000 Turkish troops on the island, and
the occupation of Greek towns and villages.
The Turkish propaganda completely ignored the UN resolutions and the
world, instead of recognizing the invaders for what they really are, allowed
them to create all kinds of completely false impressions which go against all
human rights and democratic ideals
I give you here a short statement on the Cyprus question which give correct
possibilities for solving this tragic problem.
My humble opinion is that the case is as follows, Cyprus is a free democracy
recognized and accepted by the U.N. and the whole world. There are of
course minorities, as in many other parts of the world.
I don't think, though, that world wide it is acceptable that minorities can divide
a country into small pieces to create independent state of minorities, whatever
their reasons maybe..
Minorities of course have to be respected by the majority they must have
equal rights freedom and be on the same terms as the majority. Such rights
and freedoms must be adequately safeguarded and guaranteed. Our case in
Cyprus, may have had some incidents in the past, I will not discuss where the
responsibility lies but it is absurd for a democratic country to be destroyed for
such isolated incidents.
The Turkish Cypriots and any other minorities will be fully respected and fairly
treated and have exactly the same rights as the majority one thousand
percent guaranteed. On these conditions Cyprus must remain an
independent republic, united, for all its people majority and minorities. Other
solutions will have tragic consequences in the future to the detriment of peace
and democracy in the Mediterranean and the world.
Please allow me to express my very realistic opinion on what may happen if
other solutions are implemented to solve the problem.
The idea and the insistence of creating an independent small Turkish state on
the island of Cyprus. I don't think is so simple. It means that in the island of
Cyprus we are erecting a fundamentalist tower and the whole stability peace
and safety of oil and gas supplies in the area is exposed to dangers. Let us
not forget that fundamentalist groups in this area are in big numbers and their
policies are against freedom and democracy. Allow me to repeat the famous
words of Sir Winston Churchill in 1943 during the last war:
and
10/4/94
Walf OSTP
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
October 5, 1999
The Honorable Daniel S. Goldin
Administrator
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Washington, D.C. 20546
Dear Dan:
Thank you for serving as my personal
representative at the recent Paris Air Show
and for your August 16th letter summarizing the
major issues raised by industry at the event.
I believe it is vitally important for the U.S.
to maintain in international leadership position
in aeronautics and space. Your presence at the
air show was a clear signal of our country's
commitment to a strong, stable, and balanced
U.S. space program.
Thank you again for your service in advancing
America's leadership in space.
Sincerely,
10/5/99
Trin
CC : PODESTA
FYI
By
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
September 10, 1999
sear you
MEMORANDUM FOR JOHN PODESTA
FROM:
NEAL LANE
me
SUBJECT:
Report from Dan Goldin on Paris Air
As you recall, the President requested that NASA Administrator Dan Goldin serve as his
representative to the recent Paris Air Show. During the air show, Dan had the
opportunity to hear from a broad cross section of the U.S. and international space and
aeronautics communities. I asked him to summarize his thoughts in a brief memo to the
President (Tab A).
Dept
Foremost among the concerns of industry is the potential impact that revisions in U.S.
export regulation of commercial communication satellites could have on U.S.
competitiveness. A number of companies expressed concern to Dan that State
JOHN
Department's licensing process needs to be streamlined to ensure that U.S. satellite
manufacturers can retain a dominant position in the market. They also expressed concern
about the general decline in national funding for aeronautics, noting the importance of a
national strategy in this area.
With respect to the two points Dan raises, we are working with State Department and
OMB on State's FY01 submission to ensure that the Office of Defense Trade Control, the
entity responsible for licensing commercial communication satellites, has the resources it
needs to do the job. We are also working with DOT, NASA and DoD to develop a
National Strategy for Aeronautics R&D which will be completed later this fall.
The report will focus on the importance of R&D investments in aviation safety, aviation
security, environmental aviation technologies, and aviation efficiency.
I have attached a proposed reply from the President thanking Dan Goldin for his service
(Tab B).
Recommendation:
That you forward Dan Goldin's memorandum to the President and request that he sign
the letter at Tab B thanking Dan for his service.
Attachments
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Office of the Administrator
NASA
Washington, DC 20546-0001
The President
The White House
AUG I 6 1999
Washington, DC 20500
Dear Mr. President:
I want to thank you for the opportunity to serve as your personal
representative at this year's Paris Air Show and to convey to you my findings. For
this purpose, I have enclosed a report on the 1999 Paris Air Show's activities as
well as issues identified by U.S. industry representatives.
The 1999 Paris Air Show was a tremendous success for U.S. aerospace
industry. At this year's Air Show, more than 400 U.S. firms exhibited - which
represented an increase of over 30 percent from just the last Paris Air Show.
Moreover, this year, over one-third of the non-French exhibitors were from the
United States. During the course of the Air Show, a record $50 billion dollars in
contracts were signed or pending of which $25 billion involved the sale of U.S. and
foreign manufactured aircraft.
During the course of my time spent at the Air Show, I formally met with over
20 U.S. companies and had informal discussions with scores of U.S. industry
executives. These discussions provided useful insight into the challenges that U.S.
aerospace industry faces today. Almost every company with which I met identified
export controls as the overwhelmingly number one concern. U.S. industry
executives reported that the current export control licensing system is severely
undercutting U.S. industry's current competitiveness, is threatening the United
States' long-term export base, and needs to be fixed. Yet, U.S. industry was not
alone. I heard the same comments from foreign governmental and industry
officials as well. Other key issues cited by U.S. industry included: developing a
national strategy for aerospace R&D funding; encouraging private investment in
commercial reusable launch systems; providing subcontractors the same rent-free
use of government facilities and tooling as currently enjoyed by prime contractors
when supporting U.S. Government projects; establishing a policy that fosters and
rewards Russian non-proliferation compliance; bolstering U.S. Export-Import Bank
financing; and ensuring that Airbus aircraft financing and subsidies are consistent
with international trade agreements.
2
It is my intent that by forwarding this report, senior U.S. Government policy
makers will have a better understanding regarding the issues and concerns
highlighted by U.S. aerospace industry during this Paris Air Show.
Again, I want to express my gratitude for having the opportunity to act as
your representative at this year's Paris Air Show.
Respectfully,
Caril Joldi
Enclosures
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON THE 1999 PARIS AIR SHOW
FROM THE
PRESIDENT'S PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE
TO THE PARIS AIR SHOW
Synopsis
The 1999 Paris Air Show was a tremendous success for U.S. aerospace
industry. More than 400 U.S. firms displayed exhibits -- an increase of over 30
percent from the last Paris Air Show. During the course of the 1999 Paris Air
Show, a record $50 billion dollars in contracts were signed or pending, of which
$25 billion involved the sale of U.S. and foreign manufactured aircraft. Serving
as President Clinton's Personal Representative to the 1999 Paris Air Show,
NASA Administrator Goldin greeted foreign dignitaries including French
President Chirac and met with U.S. and foreign industry representatives.
According to U.S. industry executives, U.S. export control policy and procedures
is the most critical issue facing the U.S. aerospace industry at this time. U.S.
industry and foreign officials asserted that lengthy delays in processing licenses
and the increased volume of licensing requests need to be addressed by
increasing staffing and financial resources as well as streamlining licensing
requirements. Other issues raised by industry included: the need for a national
strategy for research and development funding; shortage in trained engineers;
encouraging private investment in commercial reusable launch systems; U.S.
launch facility modernization and expansion; rent-free use of government tooling
and facilities for subcontractors; reinforcing relations with Russian companies
that embrace non-proliferation objectives; U.S. Export-Import Bank financing; and
Airbus financing arrangements. Attached to this report for reference are letters
from U.S. firms in which their concerns are delineated.
The 1999 Paris Air Show
The 1999 Paris Air Show was held at Le Bourget airfield, the same airfield at
which Charles Lindberg landed after his historic trans-Atlantic flight in 1927. At
this year's air show, more than 35,000 exhibitors representing 1900 companies
from 40 different countries were present. From the United States, over 400 U.S.
firms displayed exhibits - an increase of over 30 percent from the 1997 Paris Air
Show. In addition, U.S. firms made up about one-third of all non-French
exhibitors. The Paris Air Show provided an excellent opportunity for both large
and small U.S. firms to showcase their products to nearly 300,000 visitors
including 143 official delegations from 63 countries. The Paris Air Show also
proved to be an effective site for commercial activity as a record $50 billion
dollars in contracts were signed or pending of which $25 billion involved the sale
of U.S. and foreign manufactured aircraft.
Activities of the President's Personal Representative to the Paris Air Show
The President's Personal Representative to the Paris Air Show underscores the
Administration's strong support to U.S. aerospace industry. This year, NASA
Administrator Daniel S. Goldin was designated to serve as the President's
Personal Representative. As defined by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the
President's Representative plays a key role by representing the highest levels of
the U.S. Government as well as serving as a strong advocate for U.S. industry.
While at the Paris Air Show, Administrator Goldin's activities included: presiding
over the grand opening of the USA National Pavilion; greeting, on behalf of the
President of the United States and the American people, French President
Chirac and other foreign delegations at the Paris Air Show; touring the U.S.
military aircraft displays and meeting the service men and women in attendance;
visiting the exhibits of U.S. industry; and meeting with U.S. and foreign industry
representatives. While at the Paris Air Show, Administrator Goldin held formal
meetings with over 20 companies, visited tens of U.S. exhibits, and exchanged
views with scores of governmental and industry representatives.
Issues Identified by U.S. Aerospace Industry
As a result of the activities described above, the President's Personal
Representative obtained first-hand insight into the U.S. aerospace industry's
concerns and challenges. Issues raised during discussions with industry
included:
improving U.S. export control policies and procedures;
developing a national investment strategy for research and development;
encouraging young people to pursue a engineering careers;
encouraging private investment in commercial reusable launch systems by
demonstrating U.S. Government support to reduce technical and financial
risk;
modernizing and expanding U.S. launch facilities;
providing to subcontractors the same rent-free use of government tooling and
facilities as currently provided to prime contractors;
establishing a policy to reward Russian companies that embrace non-
proliferation objectives;
bolstering the U.S. Export-Import Bank's financing capability by advocating
increased funding levels and filling vacancies on the Bank's Board of
Directors; and
ensuring that European-sponsored financing arrangements for Airbus aircraft
are consistent with current international trade agreements.
Export Controls
The number one concern identified by industry, by an overwhelmingly large
margin, is U.S. export control policies and procedures. Every company with
whom Administrator Goldin met raised this as a priority issue; most indicated that
the magnitude of this problem dwarfed all other issues. Industry representatives
believe that the current export control licensing system is undercutting U.S.
industry's viability as a global provider of commercial products and that, if support
for the U.S. export base is to be maintained, the delays and seemingly
inconsistencies in processing licenses need to be fixed. Industry
recommendations included:
Establishing an urgent response team to re-engineer the export control
process so as to minimize near-term loss of pending sales and to undertake a
systemic revamping to assure efficient license processing while protecting
information vital to national security.
Dedicating additional personnel and financial resources needed to process
export control license requests.
Generating for industry and government clear, non-conflicting guidelines that
identify the responsible licensing agency and licensing criteria in order to
establish transparency and predictability.
Examining ways to streamline and/or reduce the number of licenses requiring
U.S. governmental review (e.g., elimination of licensing requirements for
spare parts to NATO countries, creation of multiple destination licenses).
Developing incentives for U.S. agencies and their representatives to be
advocates of U.S. industry.
Establishing an interagency electronic licensing system.
Establishing a foreign availability database.
One final note regarding current U.S. export controls policies and procedures.
U.S. industry was not the only sector voicing its consternation. Officials from
both foreign governments and foreign industry expressed deep concern about
the effect of the U.S. export control process on trans-Atlantic commerce.
National Investment Strategy for Research and Development
Industry notes that, while total R&D spending is expected to reach historic levels
(over $80 billion estimated), the governmental aeronautics R&D budget
continues to experience significant reductions. Industry asserts that past U.S.
Government investment fostered the U.S. industry's present day leadership in
the aerospace and defense sectors and that U.S. leadership in the future
requires continued U.S. Government investment in effective, high-quality
research and development.
Promoting Engineering Careers
Industry observes that there is a short supply of engineers in the United States
and asserts that government and industry need to continue its efforts to attract
young people from all sectors of society, including women and minorities, to
pursue a career in this field.
Government-Commercial Support of New Reusable Launch Vehicles
Industry recognizes that it is in the national interest to develop new launch
systems that provide low-cost, increased-reliability, and rapid access to space.
Industry notes that neither the U.S. Government nor industry can do this alone.
Industry seeks a partnership with the U.S. Government in which the U.S.
Government will take measures designed to reduce technical and financial risk
so that industry will be able to access capital markets to finance new commercial
space launch technologies and systems.
U.S. Launch Facility Modernization and Expansion
Industry believes that U.S. launch facilities need to be modernized and
expanded, especially if restrictions on the use of foreign launchers continue.
Industry proposes that now may be the appropriate time for the Administration,
Congress, and industry to work cooperatively to modernize and expand U.S.
launch facilities.
Government Facilities/Tooling Use Flow-down
Current legislation and practice allow for prime contractors supporting U.S.
Government activities to use government facilities and tooling rent-free. Industry
is petitioning that the same allowances be granted for subcontractor companies
supporting U.S. Government activities.
U.S.-Russian Commercial Relations and Non-proliferation
Industry recognizes and supports the need to encourage Russian aerospace
firms to adopt non-proliferating practices. Industry asserts that benefits of
commercial joint ventures between U.S. and Russian entities can be
demonstrated through steady generation of jobs and revenues as well as
continued expansion of such ties. Russian aerospace firms that comply with
non-proliferation policies should be rewarded through the expansion of
commercial opportunities. Such additional opportunities would provide concrete
evidence that genuine benefits can be obtained for good non-proliferation
behavior and that it is in Russian aerospace companies' self-interest to observe
non-proliferation practices. Industry argues that, unfortunately, instead of being
viewed as beneficial, U.S.-Russian joint ventures are considered by Russians as
restrictive. Industry urges that a White House policy be established to permit
Russian companies that support non-proliferation to be rewarded or it is likely
that future U.S. access to Russian technology will be limited severely.
U.S. Export-Import Bank
Industry indicates that export financing has become a critical factor in concluding
aerospace-related contracts, especially those involving the sales of aircraft and
appreciates the Clinton Administration's support of Eximbank's financing
activities. At the same time, industry is troubled by the number of current
vacancies on the Eximbank's Board of Directors and resultant implications on the
Eximbank's ability to continue to function legally.
Airbus Subsidies
Boeing states that Airbus, which has emerged as a significant competitor, has
received more than $30 billion in government supports/subsidies and thereby
enables it to compete without the same economic disciplines as Boeing.
Additionally, Boeing contends that the European Union is not complying with the
terms of international trade agreements (i.e., the 1992 U.S.-European Union
Large Civil Aircraft Agreement or the WTO Subsidies Code) and is concerned
that European governments' subsidies to Airbus firms will be forgiven once the
merger/privatization of the Airbus consortium is completed.
sil
capied
Matter 1/10/499 /h/
Currie
'HITE HOUSE
SHINGTON
October 5, 1999
Mr. David M. Matter
President and
Chief Operating Officer
Oxford Development Company
Suite 4500
One Oxford Centre
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219-1489
Dear Dave:
Thanks so much for sending me the shirt from
this year's golf classic. I'm sure it was
a great tournament.
I hope you and Susan are well -- it's always
wonderful to hear from you.
Sincerely,
Triu
Oxford Development Company
412/261-1500
412/642-7543 FAX
Dancy - -
Would you please
see that Bill gets the
enclosed gift from this
year's soff townownt.
Hope you are doing
well
But regards,
Dan Matter
Oxford Development Company
David M. Matter
President and
Chief Operating Officer
September 20, 1999
Bill -
Here's 6 the players gift
from this year's golf
tournament. I hope you like it.
But,
Dave
P.S. I miss seeing you!
Suite 4500
One Oxford Centre
Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania
15219-1489
(412) 261-1500
Printed On: 09/22/99
White House Gift Record
Presented: 09/21/1999
Gift ID: 5001356/ZANLUNGC
Arrival: 09/22/1999
Entered: 09/22/1999
Donor Information
Mr. David M. Matter
President and CEO
Oxford Development Company
Suite 4500
One Oxford Centre
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
BY
Acknowledged By: Pending Draft, 09/22/1999
Comments:
Gift was forwarded to the Gift Office by Mary Morrison's intern, Andreas. Gift was
mailed to Mary Morrison. BC Sig per previous correspondence.
Gift Information
Intended:
President
Disposition:
Archives
Description:
Location:
X-large Ralph Lauren black-watch plaid
The gift is in Archives.
Golf sweatshirt that reads "Dick Caliguiri
Memorial Pirates, 1999 Golf Classic."
Total Gift Value is $125